NYU IFA LIBRARY
3 1162 04538737 1
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT
Edited by F. Ll. GRIFFITH
SE VENTEEX'JII MEMOIR
THE EOCK TOMBS
OP
EL AMARNA
PAET V -SMALLEE TOMBS AND BOUNDABY STEL.VE
BY
N. Di: G. DAVIlvS
FORTY-FOUR PLATES AND COLOURED FRONTISPIECE
LONDON'
SOLD AT
Tin: OFFICES OF THE EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND, 37, CSrkat Kosskll Stukkt, W.C.
AND PlERCK BUILDINO, CoPLKY SQUARE, BOSTON. MaSS., U.S.A.
AND BY KEGAN PAUL, TREXrH, THObNER & CO., Dryden House, 43. Ckkuaud Stklkt. .^ouo, \V.
B. QUARITCll, 11, Grafton Street, New Bond Street, \V.
ASHER & CO., 13, Bedford Street, Covknt Garden, W.C, and 50, Untkb den I.inhen, Bkrun
AND HENRY FROWDE, Amen Corner, E.C.. and 01 and 93, Fifth Avwtje, New York.
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El Amarna V.
Frontispiece.
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ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF EGYPT
Edited by F. Ll GRIFFITH
SE vi:xri:i:\ i ii mkmoir
THE HOCK TOMBS
OF
EL A M A R N A
PAET V -SMALLEE TOMBS AND BOUNDAl^Y STELAE
BY
N. im: G. DAVIES
FORTY-FOUR PLATES AND COLOURED FRONTISPIECE
LONDON
SOLD AT
The 0KF1CE8 OF 'I'HE EGYPT EXPLORATfON FUND, 37, Uueat IUsskli, Stukkt, W.C.
AND Pierce Huildino, Copley Squake, Boston. Mass., U.S.A.
AND iiy KKGAN PAUL, TRENCH, I'RUBNEI? & CO., Dryden Mouse, 43. Gebrakd Street. Soiio. W.
H. (Jl'AKITCH, II, (iRAKTON .STRr.F.T. .Vew Bond .Street. \V.
ASIIIM; & CO., l:!, Hkhfoud Street, t:ovENT Garden, W.C. and .")0, Unter dkn Linden, Berlin
AND HENRY FROWI'K, \mi:n Corner, E.C., am. !II and '.». Fii'tii Avenuk. New York
IIMIS
ui^f-rn
wcviorr
1
I-dSUUN :
I'HINTKli BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SuNS, LIMITED,
T)CRE STHEET. STAMFORD STRKKT. S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET. W
NEW YORK UMiVEHSlTY
LIBRARY
S3
IT
EGYPT EXPLOEATTON FUND
prcslOcnt
P. G. HILTON PRICE, Esq., Dib.S.A.
UlcespresiDciits
The Et. Mox. The Earl of Cromer, G.C.B., G.C.M.G.. K.C.S.I. (Eg>-pt)
Sir John Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., The Hon. Chas. L. Hutchinson (U.S.A.)
F.R.S., F.S.A. Prof. T. Day Seymour (U.S.A.)
SiH ]■]. Maunde-Thompson, K.C'.ll, D.C.L., Prof. Ad. Er.man, Ph.D. (Germany)
LL.D. Prof. G. Maspero, D.C.L. (France)
The Rev. Prof. A. II. Savce, M.A., LL.D. , Joriah Mullens, Esq. (Australia)
Prop. W. W. Goodwin (U.S.A.) I
1bon. Jlreaeurers
H. A. Grueber, Esq., F.S.A. Edward R. Warren, Esq. (U.S.A.)
"Ibon. Secretary
.1. S. Cotton, K>^(|.. M.A.
Members of Connnittce
T. IL n.wiAn, Esq., M.A., K.C, V.D.
C. F. Mouerly Bell, Esq.
The Hon. J. R. Carter (U.S.A.)
SoMERH Clarke, Esq., F.S.A.
Newton Crane, Esq. (U.S.A.)
W. E. Crum, Esq., M.A.
Louis Dyer, Esq., M.A. (U.S.A.)
Arthur John Evans, Esq., M.A., D.Litt.
l'\U.S.
PlSOl". IjUNEST A. (JAUU.NKU, M.A.
F. Ll. Griffith, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
F. G. Kenyon, Esq., M.A., I). Lilt.
PuoF. Alexander Macalister, M.D.
Mrs. McClure.
The Rev. W. MacGreoor, M.A.
RoiiEUT MoND, Esq., F.R.S.E.
The Marquess of Northampton.
Francis \Vm. Pehcival, Esq., M..\.. F.S.A.
Sir Heuhert Thompson, B.u«t.
Mrs. Tiharu.
Emanuel AL Cnderdown, Esq., K.C.
John Ward, Esq., ]'\S.A.
T. Herbert Warren, Esq., M..\.
E. Towiiv Whvtk, 1-".s(|.. M..\. F.S..\.
CONTENTS
Li^r 111- l':.\TKs
C'liAi'TKi; i. 'I'liK 'I'oMii (11 May.
A. I'n'\inus Wdi'k
T>. Ardiili-ci iiijil I'^'iituros.
I'lxtii'iiir
[»jt('ii(ir
\'nnlt .
( '. f^cciics ami Inscriptions.
NDrtli tliiek'ncss
South thickness
West AVall : Smiih Side
I). Muv, liic Official .
ClIAlTKi; II. TlIK Tii\ll>, nv AnY.
A. Arc liitcc-lurai I'Vaturcs.
Kx tenor
Interior
Elllraiirr
Corridoi'
?)uriai shaft .
Shrine.
Pi. Scenes
I'. I'crsoual .
D. Votive stelao
( 'hai'TKi; 1 1 1. S\iAi,i, oi; l".\i\sii:i
Chai'tkh I\. Tin: nKr.Kiiots Tkxt
A. I'rayers hy I lie deceasod
II. Iliiriai petitions .
I'AOF.
vii
i:ii To\|i;
2
2
3
4
(i
7
7
8
8
8
8
it
K
If.
17
CONTENTS.
Chapter V. The Boundat!y Stelae.
A. Their distrilmtion
B. Their history and rontents
C. Descriptiou of the Stelae
D. Previous work on the site
E. The earlier proclamation
F. The later proclamation .
19
20
22
27
28
31
Index
35
LIST OF PLATES
WITH KKKERK.N'GES TO THK PA(iES UN WHUH THKV ARK DE.SCRIBKD.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VTl.
VTTI.
IX.
.\.
XI.
XIJ.
XIII.
XIV.
XV.
XVI.
.WII.
X\lll.
*XIX.
*xx.
*XXI.
*XX1I.
*XXITT.
*xxn.
XXV.
XXVI.
XX VII.
XXVI 11.
XXIX.
XXX.
XXXI.
XXXI I.
XXXI II.
'i'oiiili (if May'. I'laii iiiid s('i-rii)ii .
Sc'ctiiiii, cnliiniii. aoil iii.-^cription.s .
N. thif;kne.s.s. The Ro3-aI family worship.s Ateu
S. tliifkiie.s.« aiul janilis
W. wall. The (}uay ..f .\klR'tateii .
Tumi. If). Plan
,, Sections, etc
Section. Tonil) 23 (Any ). I'lan ami .sections
'I'onili uf .\n\ . Sliiine : left wall .
Shrine : right wall.
,, Outer jamhs and grattito.
Tnnilis 17 and liO. i Mans and sections .
Tombs 18 and -14 (Pa-aten-em-heb). Plans, etc.
Tomlj.s IL', •J.5a and li) (Sutau). Plans, etc.
Toiiil) I'O. Lintel. Tomb of Sutan. lu.scription
Tunili L'L.' Lintel, 'i'unib^l. I'laii and sections
Tomb 'Jl'. Plan and sections
Tunilis 7i' and ■_'4a. Plans and sect ion> .
Site of Tond)s. Prayer of j\ lay
Fiiiure and shi'ine of .\ny ....
Steliie of Palslia and Ncbwawi
Stelae oi .\n\-nicn and Tliav
Stelae of Ptahinay and .\y ....
Tomb hi. Interior . . . • •
Stela I . Lower part . . . • •
Stela S ...... •
('ollnteil text of bounilarv stelae
,, [ruii/liiiii'd)
Stela K. Te.xt
(fdii/iiiai'd) ....
Stela .\. Te.xt
{i-niil'nntiil) ....
Stelae A and X. Fnigmeuts. Slelae .\ and I!. Clusuig lines
* Photographic Plates.
\.
I'.\f:K.S
1, -'
•1, 4, 5. 16
.>
•2. 3, 4, 5
1. 3. 4
l:!
13
i, 7. 3. 13
8, 17
8, 9, 17
7, 8, 17
13. 14
14, 15, 18
12, 13. 14. l.T
14. 17
14
14
12, 15
I-.', ir,
7, 8
It, 10
10
in. II
ly
•-'7. 3-J, 33
•-••J, 23, 26
20. :t 1 . 32
32, 33
28, 29, 30, 31
.30, 31
28, 29. 30. 31
30. 31
20. 22. 23, 25
LIST OF PLATES.
PLATE
XXXIV. Stelae A aud U.f Fragraeiit.s. ^lap of Aklietateu
*XXXV. Interior of Torn!) 21. Hall of May .
*XXXVI. May : N. thiekocs.s. Tomb 22. Stelae A an
*XXXVII. Stelae K and U
*XXXVIII. Stela K: lines 1-:^
*XXXIX. Stela S .
*XL. Stelae S aud N
*.VLI. Site of Stela (,). Stela A .
*XLn. Stelae (,» and I!
*XLIII. Stela A. {Dr.nrliuj I,;/ Hay)
*XL1\'. I'otterv. Frasjment.s of Stelae. Site of Stela, S.
PAGES
19, 20, 23, 24, 31, 33
2, 14
2, 14, 23, 24
24, 25, 27
28, 29, 30, 31
22, 23, 26
23, 25, 26
23, 24, 26
26
23, 24, 27
23, 25, 26, 27
Phi'tc/fi djilnt' P/fitcs.
t Wnun/hf U-ftcrc'l in ike I'luir.
THE
ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
PART V.
CHAPTEK I.
THE TOMB OF MAY (^
i).
A. Previous Work.
The existence of this large tomb (No. 14) must
have l)een patent to visitors at all periods ; but
as the entrance was almost completely blocked
with sand, what was visible was extremely un-
promising, and tlu' tonil) was not cleared bv
JVl. Bouriant in ls,s:;. This task, however, was
carried out, b) M. Ilarsanti ten years later, and
M. Daressy p>il)lished most of the texts of this
tomb of a " flabellifcn-e," but rmt liis name, for
lie found it erased from the inscriptions.'
B. Architectural Features.
(Plaips i,. ii.)
iL.X'rKHioR. - The approach which has been cul
through tlie rock-slope is not much broader tlian
the portal. Tlir latter has the custom;ir\- Ibrm
and decoration, but the surface <il' the linlcl is
abnost destroyed. It sliowed the usmd dupli-
cated .scene of the Royal family adoring Aten.
.\s may be gathered tVoni fi'aginents of ihe
nmlh end L;i\en on I'lare v.. ihrei' princes.ses
••ind the (^>ueen's sister Mutlienret wen' ineludeil.
' BoDRiANT, Deux joura do fouillt'it, p. 8 ; I)ai!i;.ssy, Be-
eueil, XV., pp. 38-41. The name, though defaced, wa.s
picked out by me on the left jamb some years ago, as also
by BiPastpd iiidepeiuleiitly. It is absolutoly pliiin on the
South Thickness, ami legible on the ceiling; liul the tomb
is still anonymous in Man. du Culte d'Atonoii, I., pp. 71-77.
The in.scription here apparently refers to the
retinue : " The royal followers after their multi-
tudes, attendants on the feet of their lord (0 • • •'
The name of the deceased, as well as his title of
" Royal Scribe" at the end of the columns on
the jambs, has been hacked out and the remains
have been covered over with tenacious plaster.
(The text will be found on Plate iv. and a trans-
i latioii on ]ip. 1 7, 18.)
Intkkior (IMate xxx%'.). — .\lthough the hall
as planned wiis ambitious enough, its present
appearance is very unattractive, less owing to it^s
unfinished state than to the blackness and filth
wliieh o\eilie> all the interior, exicpt low down
neai' I he entrance where the walls have always
i)een protected b\- the invading sand. This
grime is due largely, it not entirely, to the
coui\tle.ss bats which have housed here fnini
time immemorial, and still assert their ancient
privilege. But the state of the walls and columns
.seems also to show that at .some time when the
hall was filled with coflined mummies a tierce
lire broke out in this intlanmiabic matcrinl : for
a I'leiid atmo.sphere .seems hardly able to ac-
count for the appearance of the tomb, ami .some
of the bones recently thrown out are <ertainly
calcined, l)Ut whether by th»' excavators or no I
cannot .say.
The ceiling of the liall was intended t<i be
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
carried by twelve papyrus-coliuimy ; hut, as
usual, only those of the central aisle have beeu
given their final form (see Plate ii. for details of
the west column on the north side of the aisle).
The adjoining two in the west row merely show
the stems on the capitals ; the rest on the north
are even less advanced, while on the south one
is still a square pillar. Of the remaining two,
only the abaci have been detached from the
mass of unremoved rock which still fills this
corner of the hall to within a yard of the ceiling.
The usual features of this type of tomb are
to be found, though in an unfinished state, viz.,
the doubly-corniced door which was the promise
of an inner chamber, and the shrines for statues
of the deceased at each end of the nearest cross-
aisle. The door is undecorated and now much
mutilated. The North Shrine contains a standing
figure of Mav, which, though the merest hozzo
allows his long wig and the fan of office over his
right shoulder to be divined. The north and
south walls of the hall are in the roughest state,
but it is evident that the inner row of columns
at least was to terminate in pilasters of the
usual form. The unfinished pillar is still attached
to the side by a party-wall of rock, to which
a rough coping has been given in order to make
the best of the unremoved mass.
Vault. — A rough place of burial has been
provided by means of a stairway, which descends
in the north-east corner of the tonilj and pene-
trates a short distance under the east wall. At
the nineteenth stair a level space leaves scanty
room for an interment. The lower half of the
pilaster has been cut away to give a wider
passage, showing that the staircase was not part
of the original design.
C. Scenes and Inscriptions.
(Plates ii., iii., iv., v., xix., xxxvi.)
The only mural decorations witliin the tomb
occur on both sides of the entrance and on the
south side of the west wall.
North Thickness.— (Plates iii., xxxvi.)'. On
the left hand in the thickness of the wall of rock
the scene of the worship of the Aten by the Royal
family takes the main place, and below this was'
the prayer and praying figure of May. The King
and Queen, who present the censer and libation-
vase to the sun from behind a laden altar, are
followed by three of their daughters and by Mut-
beuret. The last is attended, as she is wont to
lie, by her two female dwarfs. Para and Re-neheh."
The presence of this princess here has no special
significance. The subjects of the various walls of
tomlis in this group seem to have been settled
by the example of Ay, who, as father of Nefertiti
and of Mutbenret, naturally included the latter
also in the Royal group.
The text of the prayer of May will be found
on Pis. ii., xix., its translation on p. 16.^ It is
in excellent condition ; but the kneeling figure
of May has been remorselessly destroyed and
the space covered with coarse plaster. It can
just be seen that ]\Iay was kneeliug with right
hand uplifted and the left holding the fan over
his shoulder. Apparently he wore the festal
cap. His name, which occurred in the middle of
the inscription, has been similarly expunged, and
this hostility has been also shown to the menti(jn
of his office of Royal Scribe and of some other
dignity, as on the jambs out.side.
South Thickness. — The same evidence of a
fall from fav(_)ur appears on the South Thickness
(PI. iv.), where May had another address of his
inscribed in five columns the full height of the
wall, and in shorter columns over a kneeling
figure.^ In this case not only was the figure
overlaid (probably after defacement) with a
' Mon. du Culie d'Atouou, Plate xxxii. The sky in the
scene extends over the doorway on the left hand, its end
resting upon the mountains.
= Cf. Part II., pp. 13, U, Part VI., Pis. xxvi., xxviii., xxxi.
■* Mon. du Culte d'Aionou, PI. xxxiii. A translation is
also given in Bee.^sted, Records, II., pp. 412, 413.
* The figures shown in Plates xxxiii., x.\xi\'. of the abovu
work, though fictitious, since the original is invisible, seem
roughly to resemble the original attitudes.
THE T0.M13 OK MAY.
rough and most tenacious plaster, but the incised
hieroglyphs also were filled up. In part owing
to the different nature of the defacing plaster,
they now assume the form of an inlay and are
legible ; but a large part 1 fouml <iuite obliter-
ated and had painfully to pick out the filling.
Sometimes this came away readily and left the
original sign clear, but often the process was
difhcult and the resulting form uncertain. Some-
thing might still be done to improve the text,
and it may be that the short columns can also
be recovered in part. (For a ti'aiislntion see
below. )
West Wall : South Side. — This wall is the
only one inside the tomb whicli sliows decora-
tion or is prepared to receive it. Even here the
scene is only traced in ink, and only preserved
as far up as the protecting bank of sand extended.
Fortunately the part saved is that wliicli has
the most interest (Plate v.).
The scene seems to have been tliat of the
reward of May at the balcony of the palace, but
the artist has deviated from the usual model
and has given a foreground to the sccne.^ The
palace, as we know, lay near the i)ank of the
river, and this, with the Eoyal l)argcs, landing-
stage and gardens, has been included by him in
his picture. Presumably the scene is as close to
fact as an Egyptian artist could make it."
In the background we see a colonnade running
along the river-front of the palace. A uraeus-
crowned gate having seven columns with open
papyrus-capitals on either (?) side of it forms the
entrance to the palace ; and from il two diverging
paths lead down the bank (in a sloping line there-
fore) to two landing-stages raised on piles and
carrying uraeus-topped kiosks or fencing. At
one the barge of the King, at the other that of
' I may be wrong in supplying columns here. The
portico would be on the other side of the biiildinj;.
- A fragment of a .similar scene is among the pieces in
Cairo Museum which came from the wreck of Akhonaton's
tenii>le at Karnak. Ft shows uracus-crowned gates, on
which .Xtcn sheds his niys, a tree in the sunshine, and a
mail cain-iiii; nars.
the Queen, is made fast to mooring-stakes at
stem and .stern, with a crowd of craft above and
below, similar but simpler, to accommodate the
Royal hou.sehold. On the foreshore the crews are
busy at work repairing the tackle, etc. To
the riffht lie the oars ncatlv lashed together, the
mast, the yards, the sails and the tackle. A
sailor is making a net in approved fashion, hold-
ing the end taut between his toes, while with
one hand and the (jther foot he extends the
edge on which he Ls working. His right hand
holds the netting-.shuttle. Near him a man is
trimming the shaft of a paddle which a boy
holds steady for him. Elsewhere men are taking
oars from a pile or Ijiuding masts. Stands of
meat are shown also. Further up the bank
gardeners are busy removing l)ouquets and
foliage which thev have been cutting for decora-
tions. The strip of ground between the palace
and the quay is thickly planted witli palms,
leafy shrul)s, clumps of papyrus and fluwors : and
on the right a tree is seen, growing in a brick
holder, which is pierced with outlets for the
moisture.
The barges of the King and Queen are dis-
tinguislied not onh' by their .size, but by the
heads of their ^lajesties (the King wearing the
Atef-cvown, the Queen the double plume), carved
at the top of the steering-paddles. Otherwise, the
two boats are similarly constructed. Along the side
runs a light hooped railing to prevent accidents.
On the deck there are three erections. .\t each end
is an open kio.sk, the canopy of which is adorned
with uraei and supported on slender columns.
Whether they contain images or deck-.seats for
their Majesties is no longer clear, but it may be
that the Queen and her daughters are to be
seen there on the after-deck of their boat, in
the middle of each vessel is a much larger two-
storied construction. X cabin furnished with
side doors and windows is seen below, .\bove
this there ia a covered upper-deck, reached by a
companion-ladder aft, whicii ascends inidcr .1
coluiiinicl portico to a l<ytlia exactly rc.-icml)hng
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
that of the palace. It would seem from the
port-holes that there are cabins also in the hull.
Ribbons flutter from the columns, from the
steering-paddles and from the stern itself, and
all is lioht and oay as if designed for careless
hours.
This detailed picture Iw a contemporary towns-
man, of a spot which we can definitely locate
and visit, firings the far Past up before us with
rare vividness.
The picture is surrounded by a border of
yellow and red lines outside that shown in the
plate.
The tablets of the columns in the aisle still
retain traces of the red and black ink of their
design, showing the King, Queen, and at least
one princess, adoring to right and left of the Aten.
On the north half of the west wall are some half-
eftaced grattiti (Plate v.),^ reading, perhaps,
" this piece (?) 2 days " ; " this piece (?) 5 days " ;
" year ii. . . ." (possibly the date of construc-
tion). The inscription on the ceiling of the hall,
if there was one, has perished. That in the
entrance is partly legible. (Plate ii. Tran.sk-
tion on p. 18.)
D. May, the Official.
As the inscription on the South Thickness
(PL iv.), which attempts to put into words
May's loyal attitude to the King, is, despite
all grandiloquence, a description of his career,
it is in place to insert it here.'
" An adoration of Horakhti[-Aten, who giveth life ; of
the King of South and North, living in Truth], Lord of
the Two Lauds, Nefer-khejieni-va-ua-en-ra, the Son of the
Sun, living in Truth, Lord of Diadems, Akhenaten, great
in his duration ; and of the heiress, great in the palace, fair
of face, gay with the two plumes, beloved of the Aten, the
chief wife of the King, whom he loves. Lady of the Lands,
Nefertiti, living for ever and ever.
(2) "The Bearer of the Fan on [the right hand of the
King] whom the King of the South hath enlarged
whose .sustenance (or " whose £^a ") the Sovereign
hath provided, one belo\ed by his Lord every day ; one
whose happiness comes (though) old age arrives and whose
body is hale (though) time passes ; one great in favour and
happy in [honours ?] ; one who followed [his] lord and was
the companion (?) ^ of his feet for life, whose love is stable ;
the Royal Scribe, Scribe of recruits. Overseer of the hou.se
of Sehetep-Aten, Overseer of the house of Ua-en-ra in On,
Overseer of the cattle of the temple of Ra in On, (3) [Over-
seer] of all [the works] of the King, Overseer of the soldiery
of the Lord of the Two Lands, May.
" [He says : ' Listen] * ye to what I say, all men (lit.
'• every eye") both great and small; (for) I relate to you
the benefits which the Ruler did me. Then truly ye shall
say, " How great are these things that were done iov this
man of no account!" Then truly ye shall [ask] for him
(the King) an eternity of se(?-festivals, an everlasting
period as Lord of the Two Lands, (i) Then truly shall "^ ho
do for yovi [such as] he has done for me ; the God who
dispenses life !
" ' I was a man of low origin Ijoth on my father's and on
my miither's side, but the Prince established me. He
caused me to grow, he me by his bounty, when
I was a man of no property. He made my people to grow
in number (?) for me, he caused my (-5) brethren to be many,
he caused that all my people worked '^ for me ; (and when) T
became lord of a town, he caused me to associate witli
Princes and Companions (though) I had been one who
held the last place.' He gave to me provisions and
rations '^ every day, T who had been one that begged
bread.' He caused ' '
May held the rank or office of
1. Erpa prince.
2. Ha prince.
3. Royal Chancellor.
4. Sole Companion.
5. Scribe of the King.
6. Overseer of the soldiery of the Lord of the
Two Lands.
If we may emend to H
IV., ii.
■■ Reading
Read
Reading
I I
Cf. III., xxvii. ;
Cf. TL, p. 29. l^ead "^^ ll« ^ and lower down
hxs^ ,
' Cf. Mom. du Cwlte. iVAUmou, I., p.
- Ih., Plate xxxiv.
•-* Emending to '"^ ' ' f ^
Hill
' I
ill'
Iteadi
THE TOMB OF MAY.
7. Overseer of the house of Sehetep-Aten.' '
8. Overseer of the house of Ua-en-ra in On.
9. Overseer of tlie cattle of the temple of Ra
ill ( In.
10. Overseer of all the works of the Kinn'.
1 1 . Scribe of re(;ruits.
12. Bearer of the fan on the right hand of
the King.
The two broken titles on the ceiling (PI. ii.)
perhaps only repeat titles 6 and 10. If we are
to give full credit to this list, we must assign
to May a high place amongst those who early
tlirew in their full lot with the new 'Teaching'
and were entrusted with the highest adminis-
trative posts. The offices occurring immediately
before his name in the above inserij^tion are
probably those which imposed detinite duties,
while that of Bearer of the Fan, wliirh he places
first, l)rought him most into personal contact
with the King. The post of Acting Scribe to
the King was in tliose times the most difficult
and responsible, and it appears to have been in
the discharge of its duties that he met sudden
disgrace and, not improbabl}-, sudden death.
Life, however, if short for ^lav, must have l)een
full of the sweets of successful amliition and the
satisfaction of well-rewarded activity. He became
one of those who entered most closely into the
friendship and projects of the King, and has set
down in lasting letters, as well as in charming pic-
ture, his pride in the hours ofclo.se companionship
with the King on tl
ic river 111
liis splendid barge.
' This house is mentioned on ostraca at El Amarna
(Gkifkitii, in Petrie, T. A., p. 33, PI. xxii., Nos. 5, 19-22).
It appears to be the name of a royal person (" who appeases
.\ten "), wiietiier it 1)0 a rarely-meiitioiicd appellation of
the King, or his father, or the Aten-name of some other
member of the Royal fimiily. Breasted [Records, II.,
p. 411) s\ii)iX).sos it to 1)0 a temple. Tiie writing of the name
in the fourtli eoliniin of the left jaml) (PI. iv.) is a serilial
erroi- (ef. the muddied spelling of Title H im the rij^dit jand)).
The Egyptian official was wont to find in his
rapid rise from low (jffice and origin the greater
matter for pride, ^lay glories in the fact that
whereas he had formerly begged his bread he
now associates with princes ; Imt Egyptian
sentiment was probably not .so far different
from our own but that we may su.spect that this
was a cause of his downfall. His degradation
was even more swift and absolute than his rise.
If the names both of his father and his mother
were of no ticcount, the King now sought to blot
his out altogether from the book of life. We
cannot wonder, as we read May's lavish expres-
sions of gratitude, that Akhenaten took special
care to erase this biography, lest it should stand
as a satire on the favour of kings. It has been
the more pleasure to baffle May's enemies and
restore his name to history.
It is interesting to find that May had special
offices outside Akhetaten, but it is of course
precisely in Ileliopolis that the jurisdiction of
the sun-worshipping King would be most readily
accepted. Our desire for information as t<> the
administration of the country from the new
capital is little advanced, therefore ; for it would
be rash to conclude from the mention of a
palace of Akhenaten in < Mi that the King at
times resided there.
The depiction of three princesses in the tomb
shows that it coukl not have been iu.scribed
earlier than the seventh year of Akhenaten, and
the downfall *'i May probably occurred almost
immediately. It is pos.sible that he was suc-
ceeded in his office of Overseer of .soldiery bv
Rames or Paatenemheb, as Overseer of works
by Tutu, as Faubearer by Ahmes, and that his
honours as Erpa Ihi Prince and Royal Chancel-
lor fell to Nckhtpaaten. But our knowledge of
the iidministration of Hgvpt is all too meagre for
aii\thiiig liiit surmi.sc.
CHAPTER II.
THE TOMB OF ANY
^111
The position of this tomb (No. 23) will best be
learnt from the map (IV., xiii.). A broad road
leads to it from the river, marking out the spot
as the site of an important tomb. It was, how-
ever, not opened till 1891, when M. Barsanti
cleared this and other toml^s of the Necropolis.^
The tomb differs in appearance from all and
even in type from most others in the southern
group, and by its greater similarity to the
corridor tombs of the N. group it gives a
hint, confirmed elsewhere, of its later position
in the series.
A. Architectdral Features.
(Plates viii., xi.)
Exterior. — The tomb is uniijue in the
Necropolis in regard to many details of con-
struction, all tending to tasteful finish and archi-
tectural decorativeness. The greatest innova-
tion, and one rare in rock tombs in Eoypt, is
the provision of a portico outside. As this
convenience was well known in domestic as well
as in temple architecture, and the palace at El
Amarna in particular set an example of luxury
in this respect, it is not to be wondered at that
the Egyptians de.sired to furni.sh their " houses
of eternity" with it also. But the labour in-
volved rarely permitted this in the case of rock
tombs, and Any was able to gratify his finer
tastes only by restraining his amliitions in point
of size and complexity.
' M. Daressy published the texts in the fifteenth volume
of the Recueil, pp. 42-45, and the whole tomb has been
included in Mov. <hi Cnltr d'Atonou. Pis. .x.tv.-xxix.,
pp. 49-DG.
Even so, the architect was not able to do mure
than indicate how pleasing was the design which
it was his intention to carry out. As it stands,
the exterior is only a rough-hewn sketch which
the imagination must complete. The tomb being
set in a hill of very gradual slope, the approach
was never excavated.'^ One reaches the tomb
by a long flight of steps in a somewhat narrow
cutting, so that the fagade lies in an under-
oround area and is robbed of a great deal of its
eff"ectivenes8. The jjortico was not to be of the
usual type, extending across the frontage and
shading the door, but took the form of porches
on either side of the doorway, as if they were
the ends of a more extended colonnade. Al-
though this architectural feature is only touched
in, so to speak, the Imilder's intentions just
emerging from the living rock l)elow and around,
yet it is plain that the column which supports
the corniced architraves on either side was to be
the only one, being lialauced, no doubt, by a
pilaster of the usual form in the rock- wall. The
narrow width of the hall inside would not have
justified a greater breadth outside. The walls
and floor of the excavation are left in the
uneven state which marks an abandoned enter-
prise, but in the wall under the portico on the
right will be seen three rounded niches, and
there is a similar one nn the left. These niches
contained votive tablets of stone dedicated to
Any by his household, which fortunately were
still in place when the tomb was cleared,
- The slope of the hill ccmtiiiues far beyond the limit of
the plan, so that an approach at the floor level would have
been quite feasible, and was no doubt contemplated.
THE TOMB OF ANY.
and arc now, with two others, in thi- Cairo
Museum.'
The portal, which is of the usual form, has
also tlie customary scenes and inscriptions ; but
the lintel, which showed the King and Queen,
followed by three princesses and by attendants,
offering to Atcn on eacli side of a central altar-
table, is too weather-worn to be worth repro-
ducing. On the right hand the King and Queen
offer kherp sceptres ; on the left, globular
vases (?). The faces of the Queen and of the
youngest princess are still fairly well preserved.
The door jambs arc not occupied Ijy burial
petitions, but simply l>y a salutation of the
regnant powers, divine and human, three times
repeated on cither side in incised hieroglyphs
(Plate xi. ; cf. I., xxxv.). The later form of the
cartouches of Aten is adopted here (cf IV.,
p. 14). Beneath this on both sides are the
prayers and praying figures of Any. (For trans-
lation, see p. 17.)
Interior. — The corridor to which the portal
gives entrance creates a most pleasing eflect,
for though the tomb had to be left almost
untouched a.s regards mural decoration, yet a
complete finish was given to the tomli in other
respects, and in particular the cornice under
the ceiling .•uul user tlic portal of the shrine,
with its bright l)ars of blue, green, blue, red,
gives an air of gaiety to the hall (Plate xx.).
The statue in its shrine, too, is sufficiently
perfect to create a true impression.
Entrance. — 'J'he decoration on the iliirknrss
of the walls has lieen hastily yet neatly carried
out in crude colours. .Vffinity to the northern
toniks is again shown in the full-sized figures
of the deceased which occupy the walls ; tiiat on
the right, strangely enough, being represented
as entering, while tiuit on the left faces out-
ward. The whole wall is laid out in yellow
wash, and the pictures are surrounded by a
border of blue and red bands ; the square hole
' See Ix^low.
fashioned on the left, to receive the door-bolt
when shot, being also neatly outlined. The
enclosed space on the right occupies only half
the wall, so as to admit of the door being thrown
back. The figures are in solid red, the flesh
tints showing faintly when under only one thick-
ness of raiment. On the right band (Plate xx.)
Any enters, carrying staff and nosegay and shod
with sandals, as if he had just been for a stroll
in the sunshine and plucked some Howers on the
river bank. On the left, however, he stands
with upraised hands adoring the sun, an attitude
wlii(-h befits the text inscribed in front of him
in black ink. It is a recension of the Shorter
Hymn to the Aten, but the upper part of the
lines is obliterated.'^ The personal ending to
the hymn is as follows : —
U
A r\ £i /w^ h ^ / ft ^ /
^_^^J"^^||^ '-The intimate of
the King, whom liis Inid h)ves. the favourite
whom the Lord of the Two Lands (^) created by
iiis liounty, who has reached the blessed reward
by the favour of the King, the acting scrilie of
the King beloved by him. Scribe of the Altar
of llie l.iird <if liie Two Lands, S<Tibe of the
Offering Taiih' i>\' Atru for the Aten in the
temple of .Vtea in .\khctaten.' Steward of the
house of King Aa-kheperu-ra, Any, ble.ssed with
a good burial, says (it)." What is legible of a
short biographical notice in front of .\ny on ihe
opposite wall adds nothing to this.
On the vacant space on the right-hand wall a
fiiiure has been scratched roughly in the plaster
with many strokes of a sharp point (Plate xi.).
'^ For text and translation .sw Vol. TV.. Plates xzxii.,
xxxiii., and pp. 28, 29.
•' This may he the buiiiiiiig iiieiiiiiiiiod in I., \xx. (p. 3G).
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
It evidently represents Any, for this, like other
well-preserved profiles of Any, shows a peculi-
arity which may have been a consequence of
age — a falling in, namely, of the upper lip or
a tiehtenino; of it on the teeth. The artist
apparently wished to practise Any's portrait or
to leave it as a guide to the decorators.
The ceiling has been squared out in readiness
to receiv(> a pattern.
(JoRRiDOR (Plate XX.). — Though the walls are
well finished, no trace of design is found on
them. The hollow cornice, bright with colour,
which runs along the sides under the ceiling
is in itself very decorative. This feature is
present besides only in Tomb 21. With us the
cornice is a familiar feature of house decoration,
l)ut to the Egyptian it was known rather as a
form of wall-coping. Here it projects a little
beyond the spring of the slightly vaulted ceiling,
as if to suggest that the latter was a light canopy
resting on solid walls.
Burial-Shaft.— No chaml)er other than the
shrine being provided, the place of interment was
I'eached from a shaft in the floor of the corridor.
A door in the further wall of the pit admits to a
roomy chamber under the shrine, on the left-hand
(NE.) side of which is a second pit ov shaft,
capable of being covered with slabs. The sand
remaining in this did not permit me to ascertain
its depth. In the back wall two little recesses
are cut which have evidently been used to set
lamps or candles in, and were probably intended
to serve this purpose either to the excavators or
to the spirit of the deceased. There is one also
on either side of the entrance to the chamber.^
Shrine. — The portal to this is of the usual
corniced type, as if leading from the outer air.
It was decorated, but only in ink, and this has
so faded that we can only see that Any and
his prayers were to occupy the ends of the
1 Probably the chamber was used for later interments,
(he original burial having been disturbed to make room for
them, for nothing of the burial equipment was found hy
the French excavators, if we may judge by their silence.
lintel with the series of cartouches in the centre,
while columns of text occupied the jambs.
The shrine is almost filled with the rock dais
(.>n which the chair of the deceased is set. This
is guarded in front by a little parapet neatly
finished on top with a rounded moulding between
flat edgings, and is reached by a flight of four
shallow steps. Despite the capital preservation
of the tomlj, the statue has suffered considerable
damage. It retains, however, its general form,
and depicts Any in full wig sitting in a chair
with his feet on a high footstool.
B. Scenes.
(Plates ix., x.)
The walls of the shrine on either side are
decorated in colour in a very simple way, appro-
priate to the place. The sketch (which is mainly
in red paint) is very rough, and has been much
corrected by a more skilful hand in red line.
In ea(_-h case Any, seated on a chair, receives
oflerings at the hand of one of his servants
named Meryra. A mat is spread lieneath his
feet. On the left wall Any helps himself from a
table piled with provisions, while Meryra appears
to be reciting the formula? which give them
efficacy On the right wall Any is accompanied
by a ladv, and holds the baton of office. Meryra
presents him with a cruse of ointment (!'),
accompanying the act with many a prayer for
his happiness. The inscriptions above both
s(-enes are unfortunately almost indecipherable :
the fi'ao'ments exhibited, having been secured
with great difficulty, are offered with as much
reserve. (For translations see p. 17.) The
recipient is described as " the Scribe of the King,
l»eloved of his lord, [Scribe of the altar-table of]
the Aten, Scribe of the altar of . . . [Overseer]
of the works of the Lord of the Two Lands
in Akhetaten, [Steward of the] House of Aa-
kheperu-ra, who giveth life. Any, maakheru . . .
in peace." The lady who stands behind Any
(Plate X.) apparently survived him, for we read.
THE TOMB OF ANY.
"[His wife(?)] the lady of the house (?), A . . .,
says ... he ordered (?) for thee thy house of
eternity. "
C. Personal.
The six stelae reproduced on Plates xxi., xxii.,
xxiii., were found in this tomb when it was
cleared by M. Barsanti in 1891,' as the Museum
records show. They are of very exceptional
interest, and since no others have been forth-
coming on tliis site we may suppose that Any
especially deserved, and in marked measure won,
the regard of his servants or friends. The donors
appear to have been for the most part small
officials, prol)ably in his own service, with the
exception of his brother, who dedicates one of
the least pretentious of the stones. The little
monuments seem all U> lie the outcome of a
o-enuine affection which sought some means of
expression, though that of the charioteer may
fall in a difi'erent category. This impression is
deepened when we find the characteristic facial
features of the dead man reproduced with such
care upon them all. From this we gather that
Any was an old man, and had joined Akhen-
aten's enterpi'ise late in life. It accords with this
that no other grave of the officials of Akhetaten
gives such sure indications of having been occu-
pied, and that his brother Ptahmay clung to his
banned name. A further evidence of Any's age
is that of his title of Steward of the House of
King Aa-kheperu-ra. As the reign of that king
(Amenhetep 11.) would only carry us back about
fifty years, and the office might possibly con-
tinue, or even begin, after the king's death, there
is no reastm wliy .Any should not have seen four
kings on the throne of Egypt, m- why one sliould
' M. Dakessy in his account {Becueil, xv., pp. 44, 45)
knows of only five. That of (Ptiih)may ho reports to have
been found in the ilehnu, implyin;,' that th>' other four were
discovered in tlieir niches. Stkiniiorfp ha.s dealt fully
with these four in A. Z., 189(), pp. 63-60. I am greatly
indebted to M. Lacau for discovering the two lost stelae
in the Museum, and to Rrugsch Bey for having them
photographed for this work.
search after other Royal persons of this name whose
existence is more than doulitful." That Any's
life should extend so far back beyond days when
Egypt was troubled by religious schism would be a
new reason for the esteem in which he was held.
The death of Any probably did not take place
before the abandonment of the necropolis, for
the new form of the cartouches of Aten is
already seen on the outer door-jambs, which
would be the first part Uy be engraved. His
offices need not have entailed any great activity
on his part. Of his relationships or previous
career we kiujw nothing.
D. Votive Stelae.
The six votive stelae referred to above are as
follows : —
1. Stela of Pakha ' (Plate .\.\i.).
On the left Any sits in a high-backed chair placed upon
a mat. His right hand holds a napkin or sash, his left is
laid upon a b;isket of provisions which stands before him.
Any, " blessed with goodly burial," is given his usual titles.
A man in official's garb who presents hiui with a bouquet
is identified by the inscription below: "The Overseer of
works, Pakha C^K^ "^^ 1 "^^,1) "'«a*'"'™. made(it)."«
His prayer is —
u
f
/S/i/WVA
o
III
*M1
^-?ji,n^'^
C) •
(2
>(0
(')
^ See Leorain in Mon. du Culte eFAtonou, pp. S3, 54.
The cartouche occurs also, I think, on a fragment from
Akheiiaten's temple at Karnak (Cairo Museum). A frag-
ment from El Amarna depicted by Wileinson in his
Mdihrn Egypt, II., p. 69, shows Akhenat<>n olTering to
Aten, and describes the gml as dwelling in the midst of
the house of King Men-kheperu-ra (Thothmes IV.) in the
house of .Vten in Akhetaten. If this is correct, it is easy
III admit a house of his predecessor also, what<>ver those
shrines (1) may have U'en.
^ No. 29745 in the Museum Journal. Inscriln-d " (ii-otte
No. 24, Hag Candil. 26.10.91." Height, 41 cm. : breadth,
27 cm. This and the following stela, from their size, seem
to have come from tlie niches in the W. [Mirch. .'^t«indorl^
re.ids the name as Pa-kharu, '• the Syrian." .Von. du Ctille
d'Atoiiim, PI. xxvi.
* Apparently Pakha seta maakhfru, "nrllg," after his name
in devout anticipation of his own day of death.
C
10
THE BOCK TOMBS OF EL AJIAENA.
" Unto thy Ka '. A bouquet of the Aten. May he
give to me breezes. Jlay he knit thy limbs. Mayest thou
see Ra whenever he rises and adore him, and may he listen
to what thou sayest."
2. Stela of Nebwawi^ (Plate xxi.).
On the upper half Any is seen standing on the right
with stafT and handkerchief. The scribe Nebwawi, dressed
very simply, and holding his papyrus roll, says to him
a ^
.^3-
^ ,1 1 ^.
'■ Behold the o.x as to which it was said : ' Bring it.' "
We are permitted to see the noble beast for ourselves ;
for, in a second scene, Nebwawi leads it forward, gay
with lotus flowers attached to a broad collar round its
neck.
(5
I
ii
I
III
A
f4
G •
' The scribe
Nebwawi saith : ' We (?) have seen the good things which
the good ruler has done to his Scribe of the Altar. He
has ordered for him a goodly burial in Akhetaten.' "
.'5. Stela of Any-men - (Plate xxii.).
' The servant Any-men made (it) for the
Royal Scribe Any."
On the left Any sits on a folding stool over which a
skin is stretched as a seat. Behind him is the latticed
door of the shrine in his tomb, and in front of him a table
spread with viands and flowers. Any-men extends to his
master a large jar " for the fc« of . . . Any, maakheru,"
: " Let wine be poured
/W^AA^
D
saying,
out for thee."
4. Stela of Thay ^ (Plate xxii.).
Unlike the other stelae, this makes no contribution to
the maintenance of the lea of Any, nor is it expressly
devoted to him by any of his servants, though naming and
depicting " the charioteer of the Royal Scribe Any, Thay."
The subject is such as would suitably form a scene on the
walls of the tomb, and it is not unlikely that Any, having
a just foreboding that these would never be executed,
caused this charming stela to be made as a provisional
decoration, and there is, in fact, a little space of this shape
marked out in ink low down in the centre of the right-
hand wall of the corridor. It may have been intended,
therefore, to set the stela up at this point. Never probably
had the aged Any had happier moments in his later
years than those which he or Thay here commemorates,
when he drove along the cleared road from the city to this
tomb which was being prepared for him by the order of the
King.
The little monument represents Any being driven in his
pair-horsed chariot by U I 1"^ (] [] ^ (|f) , " *''^'=
charioteer Thay." Any is in full gala costume. The
conical cap is on his long wig, a ring is in his ear, five
golden collars hang on his neck, and armlets and bracelets
adorn his arms. His face gives a most life-like impression,
and corresponds exactly to the other profiles which we
have. The head of Thay is probably also modelletl from
life with more or less exactness. The inscription informs
us —
1 No. 29746, Inscribed as above. Height, 42 • 5 cm. ;
breadth, 28 cm. Mon. du Culte d'Atonou, PL xxv.
- No. 29747. Docketed as above. Height, 27 cm. ;
breadth, 23 cm. The little stela is carefully worked, and
the colour is still preserved, as well as the gold leaf which
overlaid the collar, armlets and bracelets. Portraiture
has evidently been attempted. Mon. du Culte d'Atonou,
PI. xxvi.
^ No. 29748. Same docket. Height, 27 cm. ; breadth,
23' 5 cm. An exquisitely- worked little stela in perfect
condition. It is coloured yellow, and has a blue rim and
blue hieroglyphs. The horses are red, as are also the panels
of the car and of the bow-case. The flesh is red, and Any's
hail' and eye black. Mon. du Culte d'Atonou, PI. xxv.
w=
n 1
I I I
II
7^
.^
■ I III T AAAAA^ 1 ^S 2? J O 0
'The Royal Scribe, etc.. Any,
maakheru, (says) ' I come in peace with the favour of the
King, who orders for me goodly burial, and grants that I
reach the guerdon (of the dead) in peace.' "
5. Stela of ... . May (Ptahmay 1).* Plate xxiii.
Any sits on a chair on the left, holding a kherp baton
and kerchief. A table of provisions is before him and he
is being addressed (I I
his brother . ,
ill
■by
prays —
AAAA^A
O ©
. . May,^ " who carries a scribe's roll and
(SIC)
* No. 29749. Same docket. The stela has lost its
lower scene, if it had one.
^ The signs before the name have been erased. One
would say that they had read ° § (^~ (1(1) "Ptahmay."
The word " Ptah " would no doubt account for an era,sure.
This name is common at Memphis, whence many of
Akhenaten's craftsmen would be sure to come, and there
are men of this name whose relations bear names so well
known at El Amarna as to ofier tempting identifications,
THE TOMB OF ANY.
11
"May there be made for thee a dij lietep selen of bread,
beer, oxen, fowl aad a libation of wine and milk." '
The faces of the two brothers are much alike, but the
work is less careful.
especially Ptahmay, father of Pa-aten-em-heb (Lieblein^
670 ; also ib. 2016). Daressy {Eecueil, xv., p. 45) boldly
jumps the difficulty. Though " the Scribe May " is not an
impossible reading, it would be too hazardous to seek an
identification with the owner of Tomb 14.
but the I must be
I 6. Stela of Ay = (Plate xxiii.).
Any sits on the left before a small stand with flowers,
his feet resting on a footstool. The stela was devoted
' Prima facie " milk of the kin;
mistake for the determinative ^.
1
\
shown presenting a bouquet to Any.^
who is
Ki^m
u
I
" (For) thy Ara .' A bouquet
f
Q (3 it^ (S.
of the Aten, who favours and loves thee
- No. 29750. Height 23 cm. ; breadth 15 cm. A poor
little stela, but the face of Any still shows the familiar
features. Hitherto unpublished.
^ The reading sdm 'ash was pioposed to me by M. Lacau.
12
CHAPTEE III.
SMALL OR UNINSCRIBED TOMBS.
In Part IV., Chapter II., some general observa-
tions were made on the architecture and types
of tombs in the Southern Necropolis. It re-
mains to supplement this by more detailed notes
on the tombs separately. The official enumera-
tion, which starts with the most northern tomb
of the group, will be followed.'
Tomb 7.\. (Part IV., Plate xxxiv.)
A small tomb, of the cross-corridor type, of which I
cleared only the entrance, as no trace of inscriptions was
found in the parts which are wont to receive them first.
The cornice outside is destroyed. The floor is still deep in
stone chips removed in trimming down the upper part of
the tomb. The aisle is, as usual, higher than the rest of
the corridor.
Tomb 7b. {ib.)
This tomb adjoins the last and \\ould probably have
resembled it within as well as without, but the interior
has been little more than attacked.
Tomb 7c. (Plate xviii.)
This is a much larger tomb, reaching the dignity of a
single row of columns and a roughly cut second chamber
and place of interment. But there are plentiful signs here
of haste and slovenly construction, and, as there is an
enormous pile of broken vessels of late date outside, it is
possible that the rough corridor beyond the hall and the
low chamber on the north are later additions. The fac^ade
has suffered greatly, and as there was only a remote chance
of finding a name in ink on the outer jambs, I did not
attempt to remove the mass of sand outside. The door
was blocked up with bricks and stones, and loosely-buOt
walls of stone had been placed to keep the approach clear.
Inside only the upper part is finished. The columns and
the walls splay out near the gi'ound and almost nieet.-
Of the four columns only the two of the aisle have been
given any decoration. The sharp rib of the eight imaginary
' The map in Part IV. (Plate xiii.) should be consulted
for positions. Tombs 7 (Parennefer), 8 (Tutu), and 25
(Ay) will be described in Part VI. Plate xix. will give
some idea of the character of the site.
•^ In consequence, the plan of the walls as given is taken
three feet above lowest floor-level.
papyrus stems is shown between the inserted stalks, and is
continued above the sheathing on the capital.^ No trace
of inscription is visible.
Tomb 9.\. (Part IV., Plate xxx.)
This little tomb also is unfinished inside. The fac^ade
shows the usual portal, but is quite blank of any record.
Tomb 9d. (Part IV., Plate xxxiv.)
This tomb is of the simplest type, the door being set in a
rough pit to which two or three steps descend. The front
shows no decoration. In the little chamber to which the
entrance admits there is a shallow burial-pit on the right-
hand side ; but I found it empty, though I appeared to be
the first who had cleared it.
Tomb 9c. (Part IV., Plate xxx.)
This is similar to the last, but the chamber within is no
more than a slight enlargement of a natural fissure. The
door is reached by a stairway ; bvit no doubt, had the tomb
been elaborated, this well would have been conrerted into
an open approach by the removal of the rock-slope in front.
Tomb 12. Nekht-pa-.\ten. (Plate xiv.)*
This tomb, which was to have been of the same type as
Tombs 10 and 13, has only had its fa(;'ade and entrance com-
pleted. Inside there is a small area of floor, and the upper
parts of three columns have been detached and remain as
square pillars of rock. Though this was but a doorway to
a projected tomb, the owner had laid claim to it ; for those
who excavated it found traces of three columns of hiei'oglyphs
in ink on both jambs outside.^ The first column probably
contained an adoration of the Aten and of Royalty, the
second the prayer, and the third the titles of the official.
The second column on the left ended with
" ^^ =^,C^ ■ the third
I
0
ended with ^^/
A^^,VlA
o ■
II ' ^^Ifti/ I
Tills name can hardly be anything but
^ Above AB it is an inset of plaster only. On the
S. column the capital was made too short — a defect that
was probably rectified by plaster, now fallen away from
the neck.
* Having neglected to plan this tomb, I have given here
the sketch plan uf M. Gautier (Mon. du Citlte d'Aionou, I.,
p. 81). The scale is jjj, not Jg as marked.
^ Daressy, Becueil, xv., p. 38. The same spelling, and
the inscriptions after the first sign, are confirmed by Petrie
from notes made six months later.
SMALL OR UNINSCRIBED TOMBS.
13
A/wv^A^
o
an erroneous writing for Nekht-pa-aten, though supported
by the corresponding text on the right jamb ® -^ /y^ il
No trace of thLs inscription now remains.
Tlie owner of tliis unprepossessing sepulchre, then, was a
man of tlio liighest rank, an trpa- and /la-prince, chancellor,
and vizier. It miglit bo conjectured that lie was a man of
modest prospects, and, being suddenly ennobled on tlie
downfall of May, astutely profited by that lesson and
avoided ostentation, like Apy and Rames. Most probably
these three officials were deprived of more stately tombs by
the deplorable quality of the rock at this point.
Tomb 16. (Plates vi., vii., viiL, xxiv.)'
Had this tomb been completed, it must have ranked as
one of the finest roek-iiewn Ijurial-places in Egypt, and
fortunately the great hall is sufficiently complete to allow
the fancy to supply what is lacking. Unlike the rest of
the tombs, it faces eastwards. The cornice of the outer
portal is lacking, and the appi-oach has never been com-
pletely hewn through the rock-slope. But as soon as one
enters the hall, blank even of a graffito, but \vith walls as
yet unstained and smooth,- its spaciousness and the grace
of its slender columns make aiii])le amends. One wonders
at the feverish energy and courage which could, as if by
a magic wand, change this spot in the vast dead wilderness
of rock into a hall of subtle grace and mystery, and then,
before the toil could well serve any purpose, hasten away to
new enterpriser, as far in motive as in distance from the
world of busy life and human needs.
Columnar Hall. — The gi-eat hall is 53 feet long, 29
feet wide, 14 feet high. By setting the tomb low down,
the architect gave thickness to the roof and could almost
ignore its weight. He supported it, therefore, on twelve
columns, which by their comparative slimness and free
spacing are more than usually pleasing. Only the four
columns of the central aisK' (Plate xxiv.) and those of the
south side of the first cross-aisle are in any measure carried
out. The rest are in the state of incompleteness shown by
two columns in the Section, Plate viii. (cf. Plate xxiv.).
On the more finished columns the inserted bunches of stems
are not separated below the capital, nor divided into three
above it.' A capricious feature is the introduction of
three ribs on each of the eight stems, thus dividing each
stem into four, a feature which is carried a step further in
Tombs 0, 25, "<:. The tablets arc, as usual, so set as to
face the visitor as he WMJks down the aisle. Each of the
' The heading of Chapter viii. of Mim. <hi Cullf tl'Aloiiiiii,
which should have treated of this tomb, is the only i)art
applicalile to it, tlie appciuhMJ plan and description being
both borrowed from an entirely dissimilar tomb, No. 13.
'^ But this is not likely to last, unless the kindly sands
again intervene to protect the tomb ; for countless bats
make a home in it.
^ They were divided, but the divisions were afterwards
filled up wilh plaster.
two rows of columns terminates in .square pilasters, furnished
with base (generally in a rough state), roll, cornice, and
abacus.
Wall-decoration. — -The breaking up of the extensive wall
surfaces is one of the most pleasing elements of the architec-
ture. The mode was suggested by the need for providing
a shrine or shrines which the deceased, represented by his
sitting statue, might occupy at his ease. These were set
provisionally at each end of the first cross-aisle ; then in
succeeding aisles, if such were provided ; and in the back
wall of the main hall or of the further chamber. Each one
was furnished with a corniced door-frame, and in lofty
halls a superstructure, itself furni.shcd with a cornice, was
added above the door. Hence the wall at both ends of
each aisle of this tomb is corniced, yet in different ways.
In the nearest aisle the cornice is double ; probably an
entablature would have intervened. In the second there is
a single cornice set lower down ; no door, however, is yet
hewn out. In the third the single cornice is at the roof,
and the door was to be correspondingly raised and reached
by a little (light of steps, protected by a low ramp. The
door in the back wall also is adorned with a double cornice
with intervening open-work, on the ink design of which
latter a beginning has been made with the chisel.* This
diversity of application of the same feature is both striking
and .succes.sful, and it is still further exemplified in the CJise
of the Southern Shrine (Plate vii.. Section on AB). Here
the lower cornice (which is separate and fixed in a rebate)
is interrupted over the doorway and its place taken l)y a
rectangular slab (?), the setting for which alone remains.
Whether it was sculptured or inscribed, or indeed was
ever supplied, cannot be determined.
Additional Chamueks. — The two shrines in the first
cross-aisle contain rough blocks of stone which were t<»
be transformed into sitting statues. The room to which
the West Door gave entrance is only just begun, but
the work done indiwtes a low chamber with slim, thickly-
clustered columns. Perhaps the tomb was needed hur-
rietlly for burial ; for the owner did not w.iit for the
inner room to be completed, but excavated a long fiight of
steps in the south-west comer of the hall, which, turning
completely on itself in its descent, cnde<l in a small landing
and an unfinished burial chamber, twenty-six feet Ik-Iow
the floor of the hall.
Tomb 17. (Plate xii.)
This little tomb presents no interesting feature, except
that, Iwing ai)parently undisturlx'd, it .showed sherds and
IKittery lying in a layer upon the oripnal diift .vind.'
* We shall meet with this decoration in the tomb of
Tutu, which is of very similar type (Part VI., PI. xiii.).
'' The small {)ot with a foot and the saucers shown in
Plate xliv. came from this tomb. The tall jar is said to
have been found in tlie excavation of these tombs, having
been preserved since then in the house of a guard. The
fragments I picked up on the site. .Ml the above snem
14
THE EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
Tomb 18. (Plate xiii.)
This tomb is of the direct corridor type, like the tomb of
Any ; but the corridor is of the shortest. Yet simple as the
hall is and neatly finished off above with a ridge-pole roof,
the back part is still shapeless rock for a third of its height.
So soon as a tomb was within measurable distance of com-
pletion, Akhenaten or liis architects seem to have lost all
interest in it. In this case the shrine which was to be ex-
cavated at the end of the corridor is little better than a hole.
Nevertheless, as in so many other cases, an inscription was
written on the left jamb of the outer door, and even cut
for half its length. The lower half, with the name and
titles of the deceased, is lost to us, but the rest (now injured
by thieves) contains the opening of the salutations. A
translation is given on p. 18.
Tomb]9. SuTAU Q ^i ? wj') (Plates xiv.,xv.).
This tomb, which is of the same type as the last, but has
a vaulted roof, is still more incomplete both without and
within, and even the little loculus for burial high up in the
south wall is probably a later provision. Yet so hopeless
was the owner of seeing further progress made, that he
prepared to commemorate himself and his king on the only
finished wall-space in the entrance. Here on the left hand
he caused the usual design, showing the Royal Family at
worship, to be traced in ink ; but this has now almost
disappeared. Beneath this his own figure and his prayer
were copied in thick black ink, and this has come down to
us in a fragmentary state, preserving to us little more than
his name, Sutau, Overseer of the Treasury (Plate xv. ;
translation on p. 17).
Tomb 20. (Plate xii.)
The approach to this tomb has not been carried through
to the outer level, and this incompleteness foretells the
state of the interior. The door-framing, however, is in
order, and its lintel has received the only effort at decora-
tion that was made (Plate xv.). Not that even this con-
ventional design of the adoration of Aten by the Koyal
family was carried to a finish. The sculptor abandoned it,
and by some caprice of his the figures of the Queen and
her three daughters have lieen omitted on both .sides.' The
one prmcess who is visible is the Queen's sister Mutbenret ;
she seems to have been fan-bearer to the Queen, for she
always carries a fan.
to be of Eighteenth Dynasty types, but the heaps of sherds
outside the chief tombs appear to be chiefly of quite late
forms. These, I suppose, were thrown out l)y the ex-
cavators, and were already broken for the most part.
Professor Petrie, in a note, describes Tomb 16 as con-
taining " burials in palm-sticks, coffins, etc.," and this was
also the case doubtless in the other tombs. Most of these
remains were destroyed, I believe, by the excavators ; but
some probably were taken to Cairo, and may yet be iden-
tified and dated.
' Perhaps three sculptors were engaged on the scene
simultaneously.
Inside, the cross -corridor has been roughly excavated,
and measures have been taken for carrying the hall farther
back, leaving a row of four columns in the centre. That
the latter were projected is shown in addition by a rough
sketch of a column in red ink on the west wall, 5 feet high.
Tomb 21. (Plates xvi., xxxv.)
Leaving the little bay of low rock where only unpre-
tentious tombs were admissible, we come to a hall which, if
unsightly, affords a unique architectural feature. There is,
as usual, a rough approach through the rock-slope to a
portal which is uninscribed, equally with the interior.-
After the cross-corridor had been hewn and shrines with
double-corniced portals set at the ends, the central aisle
was run out and a single row of three columns arranged for
and partly detached on either hand. (The greater part of
the mass has been removed from behind them on the west
side, but on the other a beginning only was made under
the ceiliug.) The square shape of the room, which allows
a greater number of columns in the depth than in the
width, is an innovation for the outer hall (cf. IV., xxxviii.).
It is more surprising to find the longitudinal architrave
arrested at the first column, and furnished with a cornice
(Plate XXXV.). The effect is in itself pleasing, yet bewilder-
ing ; for it can only give the suggestion of colonnades in an
open court. This idea is supported by the provision of a
cornice to the entrance on the inside, as if it were a gateway
in an outer wall. It would certainly be permissible to
regard this part of the funerary chapel as a colonnaded
court with private rooms opening out of it ; but it is more
probable that the owner of Tomb 21 was struck with the
novelty which his neighbour Any had provided in his
corniced portico, and, without regarding its significance,
adopted it as an internal feature of his tomb. The cornice
is carried round to the side walls, where the architraves
rest on pilasters of the usual type ; but in the aisle it has
not yet been completed past the second column on either
side.
Tomb 22. (Plates .\vi., .xvii., xxxvi.)
This tomb is similar in external appearance to the last,
liut the interior conforms to the usual type of columnar hall.
The shape is oblong, admitting two rows of four columns
each. Of the first row only two are detached and given
their approximate outline. The rest have only acquired
their abaci or are still to be formed by the removal of the
rock. The ground-plan shows little space cleared beyond
the cross-corridor ; but near the ceiling the central aisle is
carried out to its limit, and there the cornice of a door
gives promise of a further room or shrine in the axis.
A fragment of the design has been carried out on the
lintel of the facade, and shows the King, Queen, and three
daughters worshipj-iing Aten, and the Queen's sister in
attendance (Plate xvi.).
- The visitor will seek in vain for the figure and text
assigned to this tomb in Mon. du Ciilte d'Atonou, I., p. 60.
Both come from the tomb of Huya at Et Til (III., xxxvii.).
SMALL OR ININSCUIBEl) TU.MJiS.
15
Tomb 24.
Pa-aten-em-heb ( A^ i\ "^ ' § H
This is only the entrance to a tomb, for it has progresse<l
no further. Even the approach has not been liewu out, so
that one descends to it by rough steps. It is now destitute
of any recoi'd ; but, when first excavated, the ends of the
columns of inscription, written in ink on the jambs, were
visible and furnished us with the name of the too sanguine
owner. He was named Pa atcn-em-heb, and was a Royal
Scribe, Overseer of the soldiery of the Lord of the Two
Lands, Steward of the Lord of the Two Lands, and Over-
seer of porters in Akhetaten.'
Tomb 24a. (Plate xviii.)
This again is only an entrance to a tomb .md is without
inscription.
' The authorities for the insciiption art; Parkssv, Re-
cMcil, XV., p. 45, BouRiANT, Mon. du Culle d'Aionou, L,
p. 47, and notes by Petoie. I have bungled my sketch,
and the title
51
given by M. Dares.sy in the second
column of each jamb should certainly be accepted. The
inscription was sculptured, according to Petrie. The last
title is likely to be a misreading for "Overseer of works,"
but compare IIT., pp. 8, 9.
Tomb 25a. (Plate xiv.)
This tiny chamber was excavated in 1883, and those who
saw it in earlier years rep<jrt traces of illegible inscription
on the jambs. The name, however, though written in ink
only on the right jamb at the end of four columns of lost
inscription, Ls still almost legible.- On the right jamb the
upper parts of four columns of the praises of Aten are
partially preserved. (1) " Life to the divine and sovereign
Father, Horakhti-Aten, who gives life for ever and ever,
the living and great Aten within the «frf-festival "
(2) " the Aten (?) Lord of Existence, the Lord who
brings Eternity, Lord uf Everhisting, who flourishes . . . ."
(■
Will -rr
1A°1
D
{P)
(4) " Praise to thee, O living Aten who illuminest heaven (?)
with thy rays (?) "
On the lintel, and on a fragment fallen from it, is found
part of the usual scene. The King, Queen, and three
princesses were adoring Aten from behind altar-stJinds. I
did not clear the chamber anew.
It seems to read
or something similar.
16
CHAPTEE IV.
THE RELIGIOUS TEXTS.
As befoi'L', 1 divide tlii'se prayers iuto two classes
— those placed iu the mouth of the deceased, and
those prayers of the dy Jietep sden type displayed
on the door-jarabs or the ceiling in short for-
mulas, with a view to convenient recitation by
visitors for the benefit of the spirit.
A. Prayers by the Deceased.
1. May. North Tliickness. (Plato ii.)
Previous notices are : D.\kessy, Rrcueil, xv., pp. 38-9 ;
Mon. du Culte d'Atomou, PI. xxxiii. ; a translation by
Breasted from his own copy, Becords, ii., p. 412.
" An adoration of Horakhti-Aten, who gives life for ever
and ever, (of the) King of South and North, who li\'es in
Truth, Lord of the Two Lands, N., ("2) the Son of the Sun, who
lives in Truth, Lord of Diadems, A., great in his duration,
(and of the) chief wife of the King, whom he loves, Lady
of the Two Land.s, rich in love, N., who lives for ever and
ever.
(3) " Thy rising is beautiful on the horizon of heaven, O
living Aten, who dispensest life ! Shining on the eastern
horizon of heaven, thou fiUest the Two Lands with thy
beauty. Thou art bi-ight, great, gleaming, high above all
the earth. As for thy rays, they (4) embrace (all ?) the
lands, to the extent of all that thou hast made. Thou art
as the sun ; thou bringest tlieir sum ' and sulijectest them
to thy beloved Son.
"Thy rays are on thy bright image, the Ruler of Truth
who proceeded from eternity. (5) Thou givest to him thy
duration and thy years ; thou hearkenest for him to all that
is in his heart (because) thou lovest him ; thou makest him
like the Aten — him thy child, the King of South and North,
N., who proceeded from thy rays. He has made for thee
Akhetaten, (a city) very rich (6) in love, possessing favouri
abounding in wealth, within which is the bounty of the
sun. Men rejoice to see her beauty. She is adorned and
comely ; she is seen as a glimpse into heaven. Her extent
is not compassed ; the Aten dawns in her and fills her with
his rays.
(7) " (So also) he (" his heart " ?) embraces his Son, his
beloved, a Son of Eternity, who proceeds from Aten, and
1 Alliteration of ' sun ' (Ra) with ' sum ' (ra).
(who) administers the land for Hiui who set him on His
throne, and makes the land belong to Him who made
him. Every land makes festival at his rising. They
assemble, making ofl'erings to his Jca, to the Aten when he
rises on the horizon each morning.
(8) "(When) his son presents Truth- to thy fair face, there
is rejoicing. Thou lookest on him, for he proceeded from
thee and thou hast granted to him (tu be) a King like the
Aten, (he) Nefer-kheperu-ra-Ua-en-ra. May there be life
and health such as the Aten (has) !
"The hereditary crpa-prince and /tn-priuce, Royal
Chancellor and Sole Companion, (9) . . . , acting Scrilje of
the King, beloved of him. Commandant of the soldiery of
the Lord of the Two Lands, Overseer of the House of
Sehetep-Aten,^ [May].
" He saith ' I (am) a servant of him who fostered liim,
punctilious for the Lord of the Two Lands, serviceable to
his lord. I set truth in my inward parts ; falsehood is my
loathing, (10) for I know that the Son of the Aten, N.,
rejoiceth at it. He multiplies towards me my favours like
the number of the sand-grains. I am the first of the elders,
the chief of the Bel-hjt. (11) My lord promotes me Ijecause I
do his teaching. I hearken to his voice unceasingly ; my
eyes see thy beauty day by day — my lord, sapient hke
Aten, contented with truth !
'■ How prosperous is (12) he who hearkens to thy teaching
of Life. May he be made content by the sight of thee and
reach old age !
" Do thou give to me fair buiial as a gift of thy bounty
in the tomb which thou commandest for me to repose there
(in) the cliff of Akhetaten, (13) the seat of the elect. O thou
multitude of Niles, pouring forth waters daily, N., my god,
who created me and by whose bounty I live !
" Thou causest me to be content in following thee un-
ceasingly. (14) f) thou whom Aten bare, thou art to
Eternity ! O thou multitude of prayers (?), Ua-en-ra, how
he (?) prospers who follows thee ! (15) Thou shalt gi-ant to
him that all that he doeth abide eternally. (16) Then
shall his lord give him (?) burial (17) ; (for) his mouth holds
truth."
- Or "ofiierings." But the spiritual oblation seems to
have been typified by a votive tablet (IV., p. 19), so that
the reference may be to this.
■■ Probably the residence of some member of the Royal
family. See note, p. 5.
THE RELIGIOUS TEXTS.
17
2. Sutau. North Thickness (Plate xv.).
Previous copy : Mov. du Culte d'Atunou, PI. x.xx.i
" (9) Ua-en-ra . . . . ( 10)
serviceable to the Father ('(). Do thou grant to me (?) my
eyes to see thee (11) those who hear thy voice (?),
the King of the South and North, who lives in Truth, Lord
of the Two Land.s, N., (12) Son of the Sun, A., [great in his
duration,] and the chief wife of the King, whom ho loves,
Nofertiti, who lives for ever and ever.
(13) "The Overseer of the Treasury, [Sutau, says] . . . .
my lord(?), who made me into a man. Thou fosterest
me (14) by thy bounty, though I was of no account, [en-
larging (?)] me and building me up, O Ruler ! Thou settest
me (l.")) at the head of the daily with work-
men exceedingly [numerous (?)],'- (16) saying
unto me : ' Do (?) .so that (when) 1 call to
one of ten, answer (thou) at (17) the order.' O Ruler . . . •
.... production (?). Thou madest me Overseer of the
Treasury of the Lord of the Two Lands, Servant of Him-
who-is-great-in-his-duration, (18) the King's [Keeper (?)] (19)
of silver, gold, unguents, (20) oils, gums, (21) (22)
a courageous man (?), thy favourite handservant (?), the
Overseer of the Treasury of the Lord of the Two Lands,
Sutau."
.3. Any. Left Door Janil). (Plait; xi.)
Previous copy of the Jambs : Mim. du Culte d'Atonou,
PI. xxvii.
" Praise to thee, 0 living Ateu, lord of rays. Creator of
light. When he dawns all men live. May he grant a life
hajipy with the sight of his beauty, and good burial in
Akhetaten.
"For the lea of the Scribe of the King, the Steward
Any, maakhvru."
i. Any. Right Door Jamb. (Plato xi.)
" Praise to thee, O living Aten, lord of duration, who
givest repetition (of Life), lord of Fate, who fosterest ....
.... May he grant a sight of Aten as often as he rise.s,
and that thou adore him. May ho listen to what thou
sayest and give thee breezes to thy nostril.^
" For the ka of the Scribe of the King, the Scribe of the
Altar of the Lord of the Two Lands, the Steward Any,
maakhcru."
5. Any. Shrine. Left W.ill. (Plato ix.)
" Mayest thou receive offerings * [of the King's gift (?)]
[at] every shrine of thine, that thy name
may flourish [in the abode] which thou lovest(?). May
> Cf. Daressy, Becuetl, xv., p. 50.
I I I
may be conjectured.
^ £) I is omitted in the plate. See Mon. du Culte
d'Atonou, I., p. 52.
n
■* Emend to C'umiiarc 111., xx., a very similar
prayer, by help of which wi- are able to elicit the meaning
of this fragmentary text.
each generation that is to come (?) [address thee". May
thy name not be to seek [in thy house], since thou art a
son [to whom is made (?)] '•" a. dy lietep selen of thy bread and
thy beer of thy [house], wine of the hou.se (?) which has
been oflered in the Presence and [water] from thv sluice (?).
" The servant and agent of the Royal Scribe Any, «i<i«-
kheru, Meryra."
6. Any. Shrine. Right wall. (Plate x.)
((
since thou art one of the King has ordered (?)
for thee goodly burial (in) the cliff of Akhetaten, [and a
mansion of] eternity (?) in which thou art, thy shrine for
thy ka.
" the servant and agent ° of the Royal
Scribe Any, maakheru, Meryra."
B. Burial Petitions.
I.May. Left Jamb. (Plate i v.)
Previous copies of both jambs : Mon. du Cultf d'Atonou,
PI. x.xxi. ; Daressv, Reauil, xv., p. 41.
Col. 1. [Adoi-ation of Horakhti-Aten, the King and
Queen.]
Col. 2. " [A dy hetep seten of the Aten, living and great,]
dwelling in the serf-festival, Lord of heaven and earth, who
illuminates the Two Lands. May he grant that 1 see hLs
beauty day by day and that his rays be spread upon my
body.
"For the ka of one who greatly gratifies his lord ; one
to whom all manner of wt)rds are sjiid that he may lay
them before the Lord of the Two Lands ; Bearer of the
Fan on the right hand of the King, Acting Scribe of the
King, lieloved by him, May, maakheru."
Col. .'5. " [A dij hetep seten of the ka of the King, living
in Truth], Lord of the Two Lands, N., who gives life for
ever.
"May he grant good buri;il by command of his ka in the
demesne of Akhetaten.
" For the ka of the unique one, excellent in the
presence of the Lord of the Two Lands, one who fills the
ears of Horus with Truth, the Overseer of the soldiery of
the Lord of the Two Lands, Acting Scribe, etc.''
Col. 4. " [A dy hclep seten of the k<i of the King, who
lives in Truth, Lord of Diadems, A.], great in his duration.
" May he grant ingress and exit in the King's house,
with favour of the good god, until the coming of the goodly
guerdon.
"For the ka of him whom the King promoted for his
excellent achievements, whose success mode his pasitiim,
the Overseer of the House of Sehetep-Aten, the Acting
Scribe, etc."
'•' Or "in which ihuu art.
(cf. Plate X.).
« Read v>^ ^
May there be mode for thee "
18
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMABNA.
Col. 5. " [A (ly hetep selen of the Chief "Wife of the King,]
whom he loves, Lady of the Two Lauds, Nefertiti, living
for ever and ever.
" May she gi'ant her favour firm and fixed and that the
body be pro\nded with joy of her giving.
" For the Jm of the attendant of the King in his splendid
barge, he who is sent after the Lord of the Two Lands,
Overseer of all the works of the King, the Acting
Scribe, etc."
2. May. Right Jamb. (Plate iv.)
Col. 1 . This column and the opening phrases of the others
are as on the left jamb.
Col. 2. " ]Mav he grant a sluice of water and a scent of
wind, a reception of favour ' in the presence of the Lord
of the Two Lands.
"For the Jca of the favourite of the good god, one
advanced in office in the King's house, Bearei- of the
Fan, etc."
Col. 3. " May he grant life, prosperity and health, and
readiness in the presence of the Lord of the Two Lands,
and a life happy with the sight of the beauty of each
(recurring) sun - without intermission.
" For the ka of one great in his office, high in his rank,
a noble by whom the heart is gratified, Overseer of the
soldiery, etc."
Col. 4. " May he grant happy recollection (of him) in
the King's house and continuance in the mouth of his
courtiers.
" For the ka of the unique one, approved in the heart of
his lord, one whom he recognised as doing .serviceably,
Overseei' of the House of Ua-en-ra in On, [Acting Scribe,
etc.]"
^ The sculptor began to write snw, " a reception of food
from the Presence," and corrected it to hsw.
- Or, perhaps, " his beauty every day."
Col. .5. " May she grant an entrance of favour and an
exit of love, and gladness of heart in Akhetaten.
" For the ka of one who was a favourite of the King of
the South when he was a youth and who (now) has reached
the goodly guerdon, the Bearer of the Fan on the right
hand of the King, [the Acting Scribe, etc.] "
3. May. Ceiling Inscription. (Plate ii.)
Middle Column. " An adoration of thee (1) when thou
dawnest on the horizon, O Aten, Horus (?) of the two
horizons (Horakhti). Let there be no failure to see Ra ;
open thy two eyes to see him ; may thy corpse be firm and
thy name established "
North Column. '• For the ka of the
Overseer of [works] in all [the land]. Overseer of the
soldiery (?) of the Lord of the Two Lands (?), May."
4. Tomb 18. Left Jamb. (Plate xiii.)
Copy by Boueiant, Mission Fran^aise, i., p. 368.-'
Col. 1. "Life to the Divine and Sovereign Father,
Horakhti- Aten . . . ."
Col. 2. " Praise to thy ■• ka, O living Aten, according to
that which thy son says to thee ; he who proceeded from
thy body, thy child who knows thee and extols thee . . . ."
Col. 3. " Praise to thy ka, O Ruler of Truth who (art)
eternal like Aten, thriving and living and conducting^
things to which the living Aten has given birth . . . ."
Col. 4. " Praise to thy ka, O great royal wife of Ua-en-
ra, tall in the plumes and gleaming in apparel (?), charming
of voice in the palace . . . ."
^ The text, which was never completely engraved, now
lacks also the upper part.
■* Read ^:3:^ with Bouriant. The plate has followed an
erroneous reproduction of Bouriant's copy in 3Ion. dit Cidle
d'Atonou, p. 129.
^ I follow Bouriant, who read ~]T' J n before the
inscription was damaged.
19
CHAPTER V.
THE BOUNDARY STELAE.
A. Thkir Distribution.
The Boimdary iSlelat', of Akheuatua lie m the
semi-circle of hills which surround the plain of
El Amarna on the east side of the ri\i'r and in
the hills facing this on the west (Plate xxxiv.).
Fourteen arc now known ; three (A, B, F)' being
on the west side and eleven on the east." The
three stelae on the western mountains seem to
be the northernmost, midmost and southern-
most on this side, where the extent of cliff" suit-
a])le for sucli monuments is very limited. Prob-
ably no more were hewn there. Of those on the
east side we seem to possess the most northerly
in X ; for it lies beyond the plain at a point
where two narrow tracks into the plain diverge,
one keeping to the river-bank, the other tra-
versing the mountains. Its position on the
spur of tlie hills is accurately described in the
phrase "the headland of the Northern Stela"
(X, hne 42). A line joining A and X represents,
then, the north boundary of the district of
Akhetaten ; it faces several degrees east of
magnetic, north, perhaps llic true uorlii nf th;il
day.^ A parallel line, however, drawn from F,
' I adopt the lettering initiated by Professor Petbie
{Tell el Amnivn, pp. 5, G, Plato xxxiv.), who l)y his inde-
fjitigiiblo energy in this district in 1891-2 added so much
to our knowledge, and, by the intere.st whicli he excited,
became in no small measure responsible for the present
series of volumes. His uiiiniblished materials also have
always been unrcseivedly put at the disposal of other
workers, and I shall have to acknowledge my indebtedness
to him in several instances.
- I cannot admit that I, should be included. It is a
little tablet, about 5 feel, by .'! feet, retaining only a trace
of inscription, and having no resemblance to the other
monuments. It may not even be of this period.
'•' In these discussions of position 1 am entirely depen-
dent on Prof. Potrie's map.
southernmost on the west side, does not pa.ss
through .1, the soutlienmio.st on the east bank
of the river, but almost exactly through P, which
lies further south in the desert road behind the
mountains. A parallel line through B passes
through V, an obliterated stela near the mouth
of the defile througli wliieh the mountain-path
from X enters the plain. ^ These .stelae, then — A,
B, F and X, V, J (or P) — seem to represent the
six landmarks (northern, southern and middle,
on both banks) mentioned in the text (p. 34).
Three of the stelae on the east bank date
trom an earlier year and contain a special text,
viz., X (the northernmost), M (at the southern
limit of the plain), and K (a few hundred vards
south of M, on the river road, where every
vestige of cultivation now ends for many miles).
K (first series) and J (second series) seem to
represent a wish to include in the district of
Akhetaten some length of the approach to
Akhetaten by the river bank, so balancini; X
exactly."
The rest of the known stelae are distributed
unequally and their sites are fixed with more or
less obvious intentions. J, if not alreadv fixed
on the river bank as the Southern Stela, wa^j
needed to make known the later form of the
proclamation to travellei-s entering Akhetaten
by this route: I'. »,>, IJ. S ,liaw a chain <.f
' It would have been at the mouth, no doubt, but for
the desire to place it exactly opposite (ejist of) B.
' X and M .s«>m then to have been the lirst stelae to l)e
lived, K so<m after replacinu' M as the South Stela. Ijit<T,
I* wius made on the mountain-nuid, and from X and P (or J)
the positions of A and F were determiuetl on the western
mount^kin. The sit^- of |{ wa-n lix<>d on liecjiusi- im such
bold cliff oilers itself further to the south on this side.
From it the ]iosilion of V was taken.
20
THE EOCK TOMBS OF EL AMAENA.
information across the wide valley in which the
mountain roads from the south run : N lies in
the middle of the mountain-wall south of the
plain, U similaily on the east, near the entrance
to the ravine where the Royal tomb is hewn and
which is also a back-way into Akhetaten.
The eleven later stelae contain the same pro-
clamation, and as the copies differ only in
spelling and in the addition or omission of un-
important phrases, the text is now completely
restored by collation (Plates xxvii., xxviii.). The
stelae A and B on the western bank make an addi-
tion at the end of the usual text (Plate xxxiii.).
It is possible that a few more stelae have
perished or remain to be discovered ; but, as the
limits seem now to have been found, only a
copy of the earlier and sadly-injured proclama-
tion could add much to our knowledge.^
B. Their History and Contents.
When Akhenaten (or Amenheteja-neter-heqa-
Uast, as the orthodox knew him) came to El
Amarna (probably in the second year of his
reign), having decided to found a new capital
here which should at least prove a counterpoise
to Thebes' and form a soil where the worship of
Aten could flourish in purity, uncontaminated by
older traditions and without being overshadowed
by a more imposing cult, he must have set about
' I have personally visited and made notes of, or com-
pletely copied, all of them, according to their importance,
except Stela P. This is almost or completely sanded np,
and, in spite of the kind assistance aftbrded me by
M. Lefebvi'e and his officials, could not be found by the
native guards. This, combined with the inhospitality of
this remote spot, drove me back on two occasions, after
making planned efforts to reach it. Fortunately, Professor
Petrie copied all that remains of it, and as my visit
could have added but little to the information he gives,
I am almost glad that this stela must remain to his credit
alone, since no one can appreciate the fatigue involved
in beating the bounds of Akhetaten but he who has
essayed it.
- We have not sufficient material at present to enable
us to form any just idea of the position Thebes took during
this reign.
his project with enormous energy and initiative.
Apparently he did not wait for the completion
of his designs, but planned out a whole series of
temples, palaces, and tombs in advance, carrying
out their most essential features to begin with.
It may be that even at the end of his reign the
great temple lagged far behind the pictures of it
which the toml)s display, and we have already
seen the feverish haste in which sepulchral halls
were laid out and then abandoned because the
workmen were needed to push forward other
schemes. The same procedure probably governed
the foundation of Akhetaten, for we find that at
the end of the King's fourth year' he could
describe Akhetaten as containing numerous
temples, palaces, and royal and private tombs. ^
On the 4th day' of the 8th month of the 4th
year the King made a public appearance and
held a oreat ceremonv of dedication, but neither
the place of the ceremonial nor the exact scope
of it is now clear. If it was not the ceremony
of dedicating Akhetaten itself as well as of
officially marking its boundaries, it proljably
took place on the anniversary of that event.
^ Professor Petrie's story of the reign is largely governed
by the rejection of this date of the early stelae, which,
though not absolutely certain, is vouched for Ijy the
presence of one daughter only, by the peculiar form of the
Queen's name, and by the contents, which show plainly
that, at that time, only the Stelae K, X (or M, X) were
projected. Moreover, the date " Year 4 " occurs again in
the body of the text, though, unfortunately, in a dubious
connection (1. 20). The oil- and wine-jars dated to the
second and thii'd years, therefore, may not need to be
assigned to Akhenaten's successor (Griffith, in Petrie's
T. A., p. 32). If Akhenaten by the fourth year had
definitely abandoned his old name, the adoption of the
new titulary would in itself be a sufficient reason for the
erection of these three stelae.
■* I take the wording of the proclamation (K, col. xi.) to
refer to projects already taken in hand, even if their full
completion was still a thing of the future. If the King
was a mere boy, this and much else must be reconsidered.
^ It may well be "the 13th day," and so allow the
ceremony which the later stelae describe to have taken
place on the second anniversary of the first. The pro-
cedure on both occasions was so similar that the earlier
phraseology could be closely followed.
THE BOUNDARY STELAE.
21
After a great sacrifice had been made (in the
city ?), the King proceeded to the site of one or
all of the stelae. There he assembled the
dignitaries of the land and recounted to them
how that he liad founded Akhetaten in this
spot in obedience to a divine mes.sage which had
come to liim personally. Atcn had chosen this
place for liis worship without a rival, ami tlie
Roy.il pair were to reign for him over the whole
of Greater Egypt ; for the Aten was god also of
all the known lands. Then the King, lifting his
hand to heaven, made a solemn vow that he
would not remove Akhetaten fi'om the exact
bounds marked out li\- the stelae on tlie north
and south of the chosen district, and that the
city would be confined to the east bank of the
river. By settling in tliis formal way the limits
of ths new enclave on which the duty of sup-
porting the worship of Aten in Akhetaten was
to fall, the legal ])urdens on the land were fixed
and security given to tenure. The proclamation
informs us also what had been accomplished or
undertaken b\- the King. The list includes at
least five temples l)uilt to Aten in the city of
Akhetaten or on its island, palaces for himself
and liis Queen, a Royal tomli which he commands
shall be the burial-place of himself, his wife, and
his daughter, wherever they may chance to die,'
and sepulchres for the Mnevis-bull (the incarna-
tion of Ra of Heliopolis),' fur the high-priests of
Aten'' and the "Divine Fathers" of Aten, and
' The tomb iii the ravine where Meketateii whs buried
is therefore ahnost certainly tlie tomb wliich the King
intended to be the resting-place of liimsolf and his family.
The early death of his daughter may have rendered an
alteration of the original plan advisable. Hut the pre-
sumption is that the King also died suddenly, and wa.s
buried hero. It would bo no wonder if, under the circum
stances, the walls failed to be suitably inscribed.
- This interesting and surprising reading, which I
could wish were a little more jussured, I owe to the Editor.
^ The tomb of Meryra, in the N. group, is the only one
known to come under this head, and its decoration at least
seems to be of a later date, though it may have been pro-
jected from the fii'st, or have replaced an uninscribed tomb
in the S. group. Ay was not a " Divine Father" of Alcn.
for other otticiants (?). Then, in a few words, we
have what seems to be a brief relation of the
evils which had led to the religious reformation.
So little is known of Akhenaten's activity in Nubia
beyond what the ruins of the temples of Sedeinga,
Sole)), and Se.sebe di.sclose, that we must regret
the loss of the connection in which the land of
Kush is mentioned (K, line 25). Tlic proclama-
tion closes witli regulations for the festivals of
the Aten and for the upkeep of the temples
by dues. This recital, comprising the royal
oath and decree, were engraved on the three
boundary-tablets K, X and M : but before
the task was quite completed (probably well on
in the 5th year) Meketaten had been born to
the King, and her figure was in.serted on the
Southern Stela, K.
Un or aliout the second anniversary uf this
proclamation another oath was taken in public
by the King.^ The limits of the district of
Akhetaten had now been marked out, not onl\-
on the river, but also on the desert sides. Six
(additional ?) stelae were to be engraved, giving
the side-boundaries of Akhetaten in new and
more exact terms : one to north, nne t<» south,
and one between these on the mountain ranges
on both sides of the river.
From the description given (S, line 9) it woidd
seem that the King made his oath at the site of
the Stela J.^ Afterwards he seems to have
visited tlie Northern ami Middle Stelae on tlie
ea-st side (S, lines 14, Ki, 17).
On the givt'ii date — (itli year, 8th mouth,
* See note 5 on page 20.
'•" "South-east" can mean in the stela the southern
point on the east side (cf. S, line IG, where "the NE.
tablet'' must mean X). The King " makes southward," .so
jirobably J is meAut. .\s on the east side the hills closed
in on the river on the north and south, there wen- no
true NE. and SE. Stelae till V and S were liewn at
similar distjini-es from the south and north IxiundaricH n--
sixjctively. Stela S is due 8outh-ea.st from the city, so that
P or S might be indicated by the phrase, but P is almost
inacce-ssible by chariot. The roa<ls which are still U> l)c seen
lea<ling up to several of the stelae were pniljably made for
the King's visit.
THE EOCK TO.MBS OF EL AMARNA.
13th day — the King, after a great sacrifice to
Aten in the city, as on the former occasion, drove
southwards in his chariot, and '" on the south-
east mountain of Akhetaten " made a proclama-
tion defining the boundaries of Akhetaten more
precisely by means of the six stelae, and swore
that he would never overstep them or suffer
them to fall into decay/ The district (of which
he gave the exact length) he declared to belong-
to the x\teu, with all its inhabitants, animals and
products, for ever and ever, from the eastern
hills to the western.
Probably the work of engraving these land-
marks had not been begun at this time, and
while it was in progress an increase in their-
numbers was resolved on. In consequence the
eleven or more stelae were not ready till the
beginning of the 8th year.'^ By that time a
new asseveration of the oath had been arranged
for, probably in connection with the dedication
of the additional stelae, for the ceremonial seems
this time to have taken place on the south-east
boundary (S, line 26), where three or four new
stelae had been set up (P, Q, E, S). This was
in the 8th year, 5th month, 8th day, and the
western stelae seem to have been visited a few
days earlier (4 th month, last day). The pro-
ceedings perhaps took place on some anniversary
or festival, and were fixed long in advance, so
that the record of them could be added before-
hand to the rest of the inscription.^ On the
■ This must not be too strictly interpreted. J was
pushed some hundreds of yards south of K, and the Royal
Tomb lies beyond the boundary eastwards.
- In consequence of the heavy work entailed on quarriers
and sculptors, little or no work could be done upon the
tombs. For this reason no tomb shows two daughters, and
perhaps all in the S. group are later than the stelae.
'■'■ On every stela the oath and the record of its renewal
run on in the same line, and, so far as I can see, without
sign of erasure, though V, P, J, the stelae most concerned,
have lost the part in question. It .seems, ' therefore, that
the whole was cut on all at one time. The engraver of li
also knew the form prescribed for the addition ; but, wishing
to give the new oath at length, he changed it to a retro-
.spective note — " The oath was in the 6th year . . . " — and
eastern stelae (and also on F) ■* it took a simple
form : "' This oath was repeated in the year
. . . .' On A and B, however, the brief sum-
mary in which the substance of the previous
oath had been repeated was appended to it.
Before this longer text could be engraved,
Akhenaten's third daughter had been born, and
her name and figure were accordingly added at
the side (.)f the " altars " of these two stelae.^
C. Description of the Stelae.
These monuments are of an almost invariable
form, of whicli Plate xxvi. gives an excellent
example. They are rounded at the top, and the
sky from which Aten sends his divergent rays
on the altar and on the royal pair is corres-
pondingly arched. The upper part is occupied
by a .scene showing the King, Queen, and two
princesses adoring Aten, the former generally
having their arms outstretched from the shoulder,
while the princesses carry sistrums. Part of
this division, however, is often taken up by the
beginning of the inscription, arranged in vertical
columns, the rest of it being written on the
lower part of the stela in horizontal lines in
either direction.
In the scene above, the titulary of the sun,
of the royal pair, and of the princesses, is added
in columns. There is generally an altar-table of
common form, the two or three panels of which
are decorated with the five cartouches. The
then added the new oath thus : " 8th year, 4th month, last
day — ^the oath which the King spake when fixing the stelae
of Akhetaten. . . ." But he gives a different date in the
6th year from that which is unanimously given for the
later proclamation, even by A, which presumably followed
B in ending.
■• F, which does not share the peculiarities of A and B,
seems to be earlier ; since it gives a date (according to
Petrie) for the (forthcoming'!) ceremonial on the east side
which proved four months too soon.
■' The three dedications, then, seem to have briefly pre-
ceded the birth of three successive children. Did this
domestic King invite the favour of Aten, who " makes the
son to live in the body of his mother, nursing him in the
body," by these gifts and engagements?
THE BOUNDARY STELAE.
IS
table is piled with jars, meats, birds, vegetables,
flowers, and dishes of burning incense, and often
has a back like that of a chair at one end, and
at the other ;i kneeling figure iioldiuff a dish
filled with a cone of food (?). The altar, or one
of the two duplicated royal groups, is often
replaced by the columns of text.
The King and Queen are clothed in garments
of the usual fdini. The King usually wears the
khepei'sh head-dress, the Queen the two feathers
with horned disc. The bodies are given their
most exaggerated forms, and the faces tlieir most
repulsive outlines, on these stelae of the early
years of the reign. Indeed, these worst dis-
tortions are almost limited to stelae, trial-
pieces, etc.
The stelae of the later series, unlike the earlier,
are almost invarialdy flanked uu both sides with
groups of statuary of a special cliai-acter. They
are formed in the following way. The King
and Queen stand side by side in a combined
group, the King being on tlie side nearer tlic
stela; he is somewhat: stouter in build tli.-ui she,
liur the forms do not greatly differ. It is, how-
ever, only in A and S, where the stone is of good
quality, that the statuary is .sufficiently well
preserved to inform us on points of detail, and
here the moulding of the l)ody is exquisitely
soft and delicate, despite the exaggerated dimen-
sions of the hips and thighs (Plates xxxiv.,
xxxix., xl., xliv.). The bodies seem usually to
be nude, or nearly so. The King wears cither
the khepersh or the crown dI' I.ower Egypt, the
Queen her flat head-dix'ss or a cap ; but the
heads or faces have, in every case, ])cen broken
away.' The figures always have their arms out-
stretched either rrmn the shouhlci- (H- iVoin the
elbow (generally there is one group nf each
form), and each grasps tjie uppei- rim of a narrow
vertiial tablet inscribed with the names of the
' As the fragments were left wliore tliey fell, they iire
sometimes to be recovered from the sands. See below (N
iind Q). The heads of the stntues wore often separate, and
attached to tlio rmK- liv an inset.
Ateu and tlie royal pair." As these are joined
together and to the statues in a solid mass
(concealing the figures for rather more than half
their breadth, and .so obviating the need of
drapery), they resemble altars, but really show
the King and Queen "upholding the name of
Aten."^ The tablet is sometimes upright, some-
times leaning outwards at the top, as if to be
read the better. The heads and figures are
joined to the clift' by a stay of rock.
The statues of the little princesses are always
two in numl)er. The girls are nude, and wear
an enormous side-lock. They hold one another's
hands, and with her free arm ISIerytaten reaches
out to touch her mother. These figures are set
on a base, and against an arched liack, as if they
were a free-standing group (Plate xliv.).
Stela A (Plates xli., xliii.) lies three miles to
the south of Tuneh-el-Gebel, on the face of the
western hills. It is 14 feet high and 7 feet
6 inches Ijroad, with eight columns of text and
twenty-five liorizontal lines. The former are in
(air pi('ser\atiiin (I'l. xxxiii.) ; the latter seem
to have been systematically battered, but the
first six and last six lines and the ends of the
rest are fairly legible. The lower lines are
rapidly decaying. The writing is from left to
right. Tiie upper scene shows vertical lines of
text on the left, and on the right the King and
Queen adoring Aten behind a table of oHerings.
Merytaten and Meketaten shake sistrums behind
her.^ The horizontal ram's horns are added to
the disc in the Queen's head-dress.
Oil the south side of the stela arc two groups
- The tablets have rounded tops in Q (detaclieil fm_u-
ment).
•' In the case of S the lower altar holds the names of the
gofi and the Kin;; ; the higher one adds that of the Quc^n.
Probably this is the explanation of the two miHlcls.
' Their names are totally inisrejul by Piti8.>!K, .Vim. /?<;.,
PI. .\iv. Drawn by Uw, MSS., i;98U, fols. Xl-XU : the
first is reproduced in Plato xliii. by kind pcrnii.s.sioii of
the Director of the British Museum. Sketched also by
L'HoTK, Lcttrex SeriUf, pp. 59, 131, and .^fSS., III..
303-.tOG.
24
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
of statuary, one of each model (Plates xxxiv.,
xxxvi.). On both the figures are draped. The
King wears a broad girdle with falling ends, and
the clinging drapery of the Queen is delicately
indicated on her body and limbs. The fringed
upper hem of her robe is seen crossing above
and between her breasts, and its folds are
gathered together in a knot below them. It is
open in front, but a narrow sash knotted on the
navel seems to indicate an under-garment. The
upper arms and the breast of both figures are
adorned with cartouches of the Aten. It is jiecu-
liar to A and B that, though only two daughters
are shown in statuary, the figure and name of
Ankhes-en -pa-ate n were added to those of the
other two on one side of the north " altar,"
showing that she was born before the completion
of the work. The names are in the invariable
form (cf L., D., iii., 91a-/).
Stela B. — This lies about two miles to the
south of Stela A, but halfway l)etween them
a rock face has been cut, which may have been
the preparation for another stela. It is more
likely that it is only a quarry, perhaps even
of Roman date.^ By the side of it forty-one
steps, 7 feet broad, making use of a natural
gully, ascend to the top of the low clifi', wliere
signs of surface quarrying are frequent. A few
steps lead from the foot of this to the quarried
face, which is 14 feet high and 35 feet long.
Stela B is about the same size as the last, and
in much the same condition. There are seven or
eight vertical columns of inscription, and twenty-
seven horizontal lines. Columns 1-4 are nearly
illegible and line 27 entirely so, while the whole
has been very badly defaced by hammering. The
scene above shows the King, the Queen, and two
daughters lifting hands in adoration of Aten on
either side of the columned text. The figures on
the left are almost destroyed. The initial date
is also gone. On both side.s of tlie stelae are
' This must be the spot which M. Daressy erroneously
describes (Recueil, xv., p. iii, no. 7).
groups of the royal pair and their two daughters.
Three daughters are shown and named on the
side of the south " altar."
Stela F. — According to Professor Petrie, this
stela is " on a low scarp of rock in the middle of
a wide bay of desert" south of Gildeh, and is
usually buried in sand. The scene is gone, as
well as the first five discernible horizontal lines.
There are nine more lines, 49 inches long,
the last seven l)eing fairly complete. The in-
scription is so short that it would not even
contain the royal oath.' I think, therefore, that
either there was no upper scene at all and that
the remaining forty-one inches under the disc
were entirely occupied by inscription, or that the
top of the stela is quite gone. The text runs
from right to left.
Stela J. — This is situated high up on the
north side of the first ravine entering the hills
which rise from the western river-bank, south
of the village of Hawata. It lies a few hundred
yards to the south of Stela K.
The stela is in great ruin (Plate xxxvi.) ap-
parently from natural causes, the lower j^art of
the rock here being now a rough cave. The
stone was bad to liegin with, having to be ex-
tensively patched by the engravers with insets
which now have fallen out. The eight columns
of inscription are in very bad condition, the
date being indecipherable. The eight horizontal
lines, 75 inches broad, which remain, show
many gaps.^ The scene above is on the right of
the columns of text and shows the King, Queen,
and two princesses ^ adoring Aten with out-
stretched arms, behind an oftering-talile. The
text is written from left to right. The clifi' is
smoothed down on the left of the stela to receive
statues ; but, though their place is visible, they
have perished.
Stela K (Plates xxix., xxx., xxxvii.,
- Line 8 begins near the end of line 21 of Stela S.
^ The text extends to the end of line IG of Stela S. The
negative was kindly furnished by Professor Steindorfl.
* The upper one is gone ; the lower is named Meketaten.
THE BODNDARY STELAE.
25
xxxviii.). — This monument is cut in the high
cliff to the north of Stela J. It is 70 inches
broad, and the horizontal lines, which I
reckon to have been eighty in number, measure
eleven feet in height.' There were, besides,
twenty-one vertical columns. This magnificent
monument is ruined by natural decay, the lower
two-thirds being almost useless. It contains the
earlier text, written from left to right. The
scene above " shows the King adoring the Aten
on the right of the vertical columns. Behind
him, his wife and his daughter Merytaten rattle
sistrums (the Queen's name Ijoth above and in
front of her is written ( J ^ (| s=' \\ f^ 1 simply).
This leaves no room for further figures ; but the
border has been erased and, a little space having
been smoothed at the side, a tiny figure of
Meketateu, accompanied liy an attendant,^ has
been rudely inserted, and licr name added in a
column near her sister's. This might represent
a miscalculation liy the sculptor, l)ut is probably
an addition implying the l)irth of a second
daughter after the scene was executed. There
are no statues.
Stela M.— About 18 feet high (13 feet of
inscription possible) and 0 feet broad. The
stela is almost obliterated, but fragments of
the first eleven lines can be read, written from
left to right. These belong to the earlier pro-
clamation. The scene seems to have shown King,
C^ueen and possibly one or two daughters adoring
Aten to the right of several columns of text.
There are no statues. The stela is onl}' a few
liuiiilrcil yards imrllinl' K, and lies at tlie turn
of tlie mouiilaiii, just lidiiiid a sheikh's tomb.
It is set deep in a hewn recess.
' From the top o£ line 40 to the end of the inscription
is 66 inches. Tiie negative of the photogi-iiph on Plate
.xxxvii. was kindly furnished by Professor Sti-inilorfT.
- Fdi- the sccni- .SCO L., D., iii., 1 lofc, wliiih includes
twenty-one of the luiriziintiil lines.
■' Not a second daughter. An allcndiinl is not clscwhcn-
shown on the stelae, but the child was so young that a
nui-se seemed fittinjj.
Stkla N (Plates xxxiii., xl.). — About half-
way along the southern boundary of the plain,
just under the summit. It is 82 inches broad
and 13 feet high, half of the height being
occupied by twenty-six horizontal lines of text
reading from left to right. What is left of
this is in good condition, but the upper half is
largely lost by the falling away or theft of
patching-stones. The date is lost. The scene
shows two daughters.^ Steindorff cleared the
lower part in 1898 and found heads of the King
and Queen (replaced in Plate xl.)."
To right and left of the stela, and sheltered
by the overhang of the rock, are combined
statues of the King and Queen and of the two
princesses. The group on the right hand (west)
is smaller. The arms of the larger group bend
upwards from the elbow. The character of the
o-roup of children will best be learnt from the
photograph (PI. xliv.)."
Stkla P. — This is tlie westernmost of four
stelae which are set in a straight line (59°)
across the great valley which leads .southwards
from the SE. corner of the plain. This contains
two kho7-s, one on the west side of the valley
and one on the east. P is placed on the west
mountain -side, Q in the west ifior, R in the
east k/ior, S on the east mountain -.side. Stela
P was blown to pieces by gunpowder a few years
ago by Copts, who expected, as all Egyptians
do, to find that the stela was a door to a hidden
treasure-chamber.^ It was 70 inches broad
* For the scone above .see L., D., iii., llOd, and my
sketch (ba.sed on that and on photographs) on Plate xxxiii.
The faces of the King and Queen are rei>roduce<l in L,
D., iii., 29r>, nos. 4."), 4S, and are characteristic for the
stelae.
' STKlNlK'ltKF, Diirch die Ljihinchi- Wiiult, pp. 11. \2.
Bericht d. Kin). Sn.l.s. G.s. LeiyzKi, I'.'OO, pp. 210--.'12
(photographs).
" The nc'atives tor Ixiili phoio;,'niphs of this stela were
kindly furnished by Professor SteindorlV.
• Cf. Hay's account of his visit to the slela at Tuneh.
" The principal pei-sonage oouiniencitl by asking why we
had shut up the door as soon as wo saw them coming . . .
foi- he insisted that the Uiblct c«iuld bo nothing loss " (Add.
K
26
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMAKNA.
and 12 feet 6 inches high. Only a fragment
with the heads of the Royal pair remains. The
King, Queen and two princesses were shown
praying to the Aten on either side a central
altar-table. On the left the heads of both King
and Queen are preserved, but are removed on
the rioht.' The King wears the crown of Lower
Egypt on the left, that of Upper Egypt on the
right ; the Queen wears the plumes. Of the text
I copied two large detached fragments. There are
groups of the King and Queen and of the two
princesses on either side the stela. The Queen's
tablet contains the name of Aten and her own,
the King's that of Aten and his own.' One
head of Merytaten remains. The writing is
from right to left.
Stela Q. — This stela occupies a commanding
position at the top of a spm- facing northwards
down the western track (Plates xli., xlii.). It
is 8 feet high and 52 inches broad, containinc;
twenty-seven horizontal lines of inscription
written from right to left, liut below line 12
nearly all is lost.
The scene above shows the King and Queen
praying and the two princesses shaking sistrums
on either side of a central altar. None of the
cartouches are injured. There were the usual
groups of statues on both sides, the higher
tablet being on the right. They are completely
smashed, the injuries apparently being contem-
porary ; and on searching the slope and foot of
the hill I found the remains strewn about, but
badly weatherworn. They included (1) the head
of the Queen (or a princess) in an enveloping
wig, almost defaced ; (2) the face of the Queen (?) ;
(3) head of the King wearing the crown of the
North ; (4) torso and head of a princess, the
MSS. 31054, p. 163). Natural caverns at the foot of some
of the stelae (especially curious in S), help this fancy,
which is responsible for many injuries to monuments in
Egypt.
' I discovered and brought away tlu; profile of the
Queen.
- The south tablet is 43 inches high; that on the north,
35 inches.
former well formed and little injured ; (5) many
fragments of the tablets."
Stela R (Plate xlii.) is on the east slope
of the eastern kJior, about three-quarters of
an hour's walk from the southern tombs. It
is 88 inches high and 58 inches broad.
The text, which was contained in twenty-
nine (?) lines written from right to left, is
terribly mutilated, partly by natural decay and
loss of patching-stones, and partly through
wanton injury. The scene above shows the
royal family worshipping in the usual way on
both sides of an altar, near which are stands
with lotus-Howers.
There are fragments still on the left (N.) of
the stela, showing that tliere was a group of the
King and Queen and another of the princesses
on this side.
Stela S (Plates xxvi., xxxix., xl., xliv.)^ lies
a few hundred yards behind R at the foot of
the mountain-side. It is 60 inches broad and
100 inches high, and contains four (;olunins
and twenty-six lines of inscription written from
right to left. The sculptors chanced on a vein of
limestone as hard as alal)aster, so that the greater
part of the monument is marvellously preserved,
though spiteful attacks have been made upon
it lately. The work in the scene above the
inscription is beautifully fine, though the profiles
are hideous and the forms of the body out-
rageous.
The usual groups of statuary are found on
both sides of the stela and show admiral)le
modelling. The royal group on the right (S)
of the stela holds tlie tablets at shoulder-heisfht :
the others are held with ))ent arm. Except for
a narrow girdle round the loins of the King,
both figures are nude. The south figure of the
King wears the khepersh (?), that on the North
has the crown of the North. The south tablet
^ See Plate xliv. No. 3 i.s in the Museum of Melbourne,
Australia ; Nos. 2 and i are in the Caii-o Museum.
' Pkisbe, Man. Eij., PI. xiii. Copy by De Brynestyn
who appears to have diawn the scene from memory.
THE BOUNDARY STELAE.
shows the cartouches of King, Queen and Atcn ;
that on the north shows those of the King
and the Aten only.'
Stela U (Plates xxv., xxxiv., xxxvii.). — This
gigantic monument, measuring 25 feet from
top to bottom, occupies almost the entire
height of the cliflT in a little bay of the •eastern
mountain-range, just to the north of the mouth
of the great ravine in which the Royal tomb lies.
It is aijsolutely impossible of close approach
except by rope-ladder from above, and the text
is therefore ditticult to secure. There arc three
columns and twenty-four lines of text written
from left to right. The scene shows the King
and Queen praying with extended arms,'- and two
daughters shaking sistrums.
On each side of the stela a deep recess has
been cut in the rock to hold the groups of
statuary. On the right (S) was a group of the
King and Queen with tablets held breast-high
and inscribed with fuller eulogies of the King(?)
and (^ueen than usual. The princesses are
almost destroyed. On the left the remains show
separate statues, more than life-size, of the King
and Queen, each holding a narrow tablet shoulder-
high against the body. The statues of the
daughters are more than infantine in compara-
tive size. A broad road leads to it from the
city.
Stela V lies high up on the hills, a little
to tlic .soutli of the defile which pierces them
in tlio midst of tlie northern tombs, the
position being apparently chosen as directly
opposite B. Owing to the nature of the rock,
nothing now remains but half-a-dozen signs,
apparently fmm Hue 19 (S). TIhtc arc
traces of a roa<l leading to it from the citx
aint
' I made an attempt to liiul the hentls, but frtilod. A
fragment .sliowiug a cartouclio of Aten wiis sent to l\w.
National Museum, Melbourne, Australia, by M. Maspero'a
kind pennissi(ii\.
'■' Pkissk, Moil. 7v;/., I'l. xii. Sketch in L'Hoti:, Papicrs,
iii., 302. The figures in Prisse should conform in attitude
and dress to those in Plate xxvi.
Stela X, the most northern on the east
side, lies at the point where the track through
the defile just mentioned strikes the river again.
It is set high up on the shoulder of the
mountain, above the ruined tomb of the Lady
Zebayda, facing the river (225°). It contains
the proclamation of the fourth year, but is in
a state of ruin even more lamentable than that
of K, its fellow on the south. The stela is
81 inches broad, and there is more than 12
feet of height al)ove the lowest extant line
(No. 57). It affords room for tlie full text of
eighty lines.
Tlie scene above is only to be made out
with difhcultv. On the left the King stands
in adoration, and with him the Queen and Mery-
taten(?). In the centre are twenty-one columns
of text, and beyond this there .seems to have
been an altar lieaped with ofterings. Tlie writing
is from right to left.
D. Previous Work on the Site.'
Stela A, near Tuneh El Gebel on the West
side, was the first to be discovered. It was
known already to Wilkinson,* and probably Hay,
who drew it in 1827, learnt of its existence fnnii
him. Nestor L'Hote vi.sited it in 1830 ami
made rough drawings of it.'' Prissk did more,
publishing the entire momuiient. l-K.r.sirs pub-
lished only the date and ntimes. Daressy, in
1893, included this text in a collation.'
Stela l^ lieing near to the Northern tombs,
was discovered by H.\RRis and Glipdon in 1 840,'
sketched by L'Hote, and copied liy Prisse. It
is included also in M. Darc-^sy's collation.
Stela S was found and copied by Pe Brynks-
TVN. Pris.se's cimipauioii. ami pul)lislic<l by the
•' Fuller refereni-es are given elsewhere.
' Tnpngraphy of Tlirbit, p. 38.3.
■ Lcllrm tnilin, pp. 129-134.
« Hiiued lie Trataujr, xv., pp. 51-58, also p. f.l.
' PuissK, Mon. El]., p. 3.
28
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
latter.' M. Daressy pul)lished a fine photograph
and [>riiite(l the text (v. supra).
Stela K was jjublished liy Lepsius, as also
the upper part of Stela N."
Stela Q was first fouud, 1 Ijelievc, by Mr.
Ncwlierr}^
Stelae B, F, J, P, M, R, V were the reward of
Prof. Petrie's indefatigable scrutiny of the
whole district in 1892.' R is included also in
M. Daressy's collation.
Stela X, the farthest to the north yet dis-
covered on the east bank, was shown to me by
an Arab in 1901.* Breasted has made use of it
for his recent work.^
Steindorff, Borchardt and Grunau visited
the eastern stelae in 1898, copied the text of
eight of them, securing excellent photographs,
and made excavations at N.''
E. The Earlier Proclamation.'^
Year 4 * fourth month of the second season, [day] 4 (?).^
Liveth the Good God, etc.
' Prisse, BTon. Eg., p. 3 and PI. xiii.
- L., D. Text, p. 129. There are squeezes of K in
Berlin.
^ Petrie, Tell el Amarna, pp. 5, 0, PLs. x.xxiv., xxxv.
'' DAVIE.S, Sheilih Said, pp. .5, 6.
^ Records, ii., p. 393.
^ For references, see p. 2-5.
' Plates xxix.-xxxii., xxxviii. (photograph). The sources
used are the Stelae K, X, and M. Of M only a few phrases
are now legible. For K and X I have u.sed my squeezes
and photographs and plates revised on the spot. For K,
see also L., D., iii., llOfc. A fragmentary translation is
given in Bre.\sted, Records, pp. 392-394. The numbers
of the lines, where not othei'wise marked, are those of K.
The lines of X are marked off as far and as accurately as
possible in the text of K.
By much the larger share of any responsibility or credit
for the translation of these two proclamations must fall to
Mr. Griffith, to whom the final form it has taken is
also due.
" The reading is confirmed by the recurrence of " year 4 "
below (I. 20).
^ " Day 13," which the broken signs easily permit us to
read, would date the later proclamation to the anniversary
of this.
[Liveth Father] ( Hor-Aton J |" etc,
[Liveth HorusJ [■' (ITI Ca^
etc."
appearing on the throne of Re of the living (?)
like his father Aton every day, the good (?) god
I' might doing service to Him that formed (?)
him to the sky .... ]" when he places
himself .... the living Aton, lord [Son of
Re], living in Truth, [lord of] diadems, [" Akhenaton, great
in his duration, living for ever ;
(and) the hereditary-princess (?), great in the palace, fair
of face, beauteous with the double plume, mistress of happi-
ness, [endowed with favours] at hearing whose voice one
rejoices,'- ]"'' lady of grace, great of love, by whose nature
the lord of the two lands is well-pleased, great of
to the Aton, contenting in the horizon, for
whom every (word) that is spoken is done,'- |'' chief wife of
the king, whom he loves, mistress of the Two lands,
the Beauties of Aton, Neferteit I living for
I Beauty of
].
ever ;
On this day (Royalty) was" in [Akhetaton ?]. His
[Majesty ascended] a great chariot ]" of electrum, like
Aton when he rises from his horizon and fills the land with
his love, .... the Aton ; (and) started [a goodly course
to] Akhetaton, his place of the beginning which he had
made I'" for himself that he might rest within it daily (?) — for
his son ' The unique one of Re ' had made for him his monu-
ment in founding for him [Akhetaton] according (?) as [his
father had given command] to make it — [Heaven was]
in joy,'° earth in rejoicing, I"" every heart in gladness, when
they saw him. (And his Majesty) offered a [great] oblation
to Father ( Hor-Aton j of bread, beer, horned
Indls,
'" Aton was probably the true pronunciation of the god's
name, which thus differed by only one letter from Amon,
Amun, the god whom he displaced.
" The rendering as far as line xiv. is much guided liy
the later proclamation, where a full ti'anslation of the
similar titularies is given. The ordinary titulary of Akhen-
aten is abbreviated elsewhere in these pages to ( N. ] ( A. |
and the cartouches of the god to ( Hor-Aton I
'- The above titles of the Queen are those which she
bears in the later proclamation. Her name is often tran-
scribed Nefertiti.
'^ Of. II., p. 14. Read ^^zz^ -^
III
iif
^^ 1 at the end of line vii
it the end of line vi. ;
■^ ^^ at the end
of line viii. ; S-^ at the end of line ix.
'* Lit. " One was." " On this day " refei-s of course to the
opening date, what has intervened being merely jirotocol.
15 Read
S
III.
THE BOUNDARY STELAE.
29
polled bulls, beasts, fowl, wine, fruits, incense, frankin-
cense (?), all goodly herbs ' [on the day of demarcating]
Akhetaton [for the living Aton — who ac]cepted [favoured
and loved] 1"^' the Sovereign (L. P. H.), - Lord of the two
lands ( Beautiful of the furuis of i{c, L'niciuc one of Re I
After these things, the good pleasure (?) of the Aton was
done making for him joy .... |" Akhetaton
in gladness, ho rested on [his gre]at throne with which he
is well pleased, which uplifts (?) [his] beauties
I"' (And) [his Majosty stood] before Father fllor-Aton J
[and Aton radiated upon him in life and length of days,
invigorating his body every day]. [Said] j"" his Majesty :
" Biing nie the companions of the king, the great ones and
mighty (?) ones, the captains of soldiers, [of
the laud] in its entirety." They were|»''" conducted to him
immediately. They were on their bellies before his .Majesty,
smelling [the ground to his mighty will].
His [Majesty said] unto them : " Behold •' [Akhetaton (?)
which] I''" the Aton desires me to make unto him as a
monument in the [great] name of [my Majesty] for ever : *
it was the Aton my father that [brought me to] I""
Akhetaton. Not a noble directed (?) me to it,'' not [any
man in] the whole land directed (?) me to it say[ing " It is fit-
ting for his Majesty] that he |"' make an Horizon-of-Aton
(Akhetaton) in this place." Nay, but it was the Aton my
father that [directed (?) me] to it, to make it for him as
an Horizon of- Aton (Akhetaton). Behold |' T did not
find(?)''
.... Aton for the Aton my father : behold Pharaoh
L. P. H. found that it belonged not to a god, it belonged
not to a goddess, it belonged not to prince, it belonged not
to princess' |- . . . [There is no right for] any man to act
as owner of it .... I found .... witness .... every-
thing. For Father ( Hor-Aton | related to me .... of truth
• The term probably includes flowers.
- The salutation " Life, Prosperity, Health ! " often
attached to mention of Royalty. The preceding phrase
may be a stainling expression for the acceptance of a royal
oftering by the god.
■' y, not (I, should be read in the Plate.
■* M jrives ^^ here.
legarding Akhetatonforcver p and ever." Every eye seeth(?)
.... rays beauteous with (?) love, at .sight of which every land
liveth, he making!?) .... upon f N.J I* his child (?) ....
for ever and ever. For Akhetaton I Beauty
of the beauties of Atmi, Nefcrleit J to wife(?) .... for
ever and ever, said . . . . ( Hor-Aton j by command ....
1' monument of the AUm .... knowing the bounds of
eternity. Lo ! it is he that putteth in thy heart regarding
any place that he desires : he doth not uplift the name of
any king '■' [except] thy Majesty, [he] doth not |» . . . .
another except beneficent (?) .... of To-
Mera (Egypt) .... like the horizon of heaven ....
Aton .... great .... of making a monument to the
living Aton
I". . . . Aton thou drawest (?) unto him every land (?),
thou adornest for him village[8?] .... which he liath
[made?] for his own self, all lands, all countries, the
Ha-nebu with their products, their tribute on their backs
for him that made their life, him by whose rays one liveth
and breathes the air .... I" [may he grant me] eternity
in seeing his rays verily (?) Akhetaton is
thriving like Aton in heaven for ever and eternally.
Then his ^Majesty lifted his hand to heaven unto Hiin
that fcirmid hiiii. I Hor-Aton I, saying:
As Father f Hor-Aton ] liveth, |^ the great and living
.Vton, ordaining life, vigorous in life, my father,
my wall of a million cubits, my remembrancer of eternity,
my witness of that which belongs to eternity.'" that formeth
himself with his hands, whom no artificer hath known, who is
established in rising )'" and setting each day without ceasing.
Whether he is in heaven or on earth [every] eye sees him
without .... while he fills [the land with] his beams and
makes every face to live. With seeing whom may my eyes
be satisfied daily, when he rises in this House of Aton ' ' in
Akhetaton, and fills it with his own self by his beams |"
beauteous with love, and lays them upon me ia life and
length of days(?) for ever and ever.''''
■' Or " testified lo it,
M has
m
■•
.^n1^<Lij?'^'
(M.)
ci n 1 O ^vvw> A A A 0_»_V«=>i
• Read J, ^ from a rcNisod copy.
'■- Compare the pictures in which the King is scon
covered and embraced by the ni\-s of the sun, some of
them extending to him the sign of life and (more rai-ely,
I the Mdii sign of IxMigth of Days (?).
<l III
I I
30
THE ROCK TOMBS OF EL AMARNA.
1 will make ' Akhetaton for the Aton my father in this
place. I wdll not make for him Akhetaton south of it,
north of it, west of it, or east of it. I will not pass
beyonrl the southern tablet of Akhetaton southward,
neither will I pass beyond the northern tablet of Akhetaton
[northward, to] |''-^ make [for him] Akhetaton therein ;
neither will I make for him on the western side of Akhet-
aton. Nay, but I will make (?) Akhetaton for the Aton
my Father upon the Orient side of Akhetaton, the place
which he did enclose for his own self with cliff (?), and
made a liryt in the midst of it, that I might offer to him
thereon : this is it. Neither shall. the Queen say unto me |'^
" Behold there is a goodly place for Akhetaton in another
place " and I hearken unto her : neither shall any noble ....
.... of all men who are in the whole land [say unto me]
" Behold there is a goodly place for Akhetaton in another
place " and I hearken to them, whether it be downstream-
ward, or southward |" or westward, or Orient^ward. I will
not say " I will abandon Akhetaton, I will hasten away
and make Akhetaton in this other goodly place
for ever (?)." Nay, but [I did find (?)] this Akhetaton for
the Aton, which he had himself desired, and with which he
is delighted for ever and ever.
I will make a House of Aton for the Aton my father
in Akhetaton in |'-'' this place ;
I will make Aton for the Aton my father
in Akhetaton in this place ;
I will make the Shade of Re of the [great] wife of the
King I Neferteit ] - for the Aton my father in Akhet-
aton in this place ;
I will make a House of Rejoicing for the Aton my
father in the island of " Aton distinguished in Jubilees " in
Akhetaton in this place ^ ;
I will make a House p" of Rejoicing [for] the
Aton my father in the island of " Aton distinguished in
Jubilees " in Akhetaton in this place ;
I will make all works which [are required] to be done
for the Aton my father in Akhetaton in this place ;
I will make for the Aton my father in
Akhetaton in this place ;
I will make for myself 1^' the palace of Pharaoh
'L.P.H.) : I will make the palace of the Queen in Akhet-
aton in this place.
There shall be made for me a sepulchre in the ( )ri[ent]
mountain ; my burial shall be [made] therein in the multi-
tude of jubilees which the Aton my father hath ordained
for me, and the burial of the chief vdie of the King
1 Grammatically, it is equally possible to translate " I
have made," and so in all cases.
= Taia and Merytaton are each given a " Shade of Re "
in the texts. Nothing is known of a "Shade of Re" of
Neferteit, but it is not likely that Taia would be entitled
simply " icing's wife " in the reign of Akhenaton.
^ There is still a large cultivable island opposite Et Til,
but the river-bed shifts a good deal there.
( Neferteit 1 ' shall be made therein in that [multitude of
years] ^ I'** [and the burial of] the King's
daughter Merit-aton shall be made in it in that multitude
of years." If I die in any town of the north, south, west.
Orient in the multitude of years, I will be brought and my
burial made in Akhetaton. If the great Queen ( Neferteit I
who lives, die in any town of north, south, west, or Orient,
in the [multitude of years, she shall be brought j^^ and
buried in Akhetaton. If the King's daughter Meritaton
die] in any city of north, south, west, or Orient, in the
multitude of years, .she shall be brought and buried in
Akhetaton. And the sepulchre ' of Mreu (Mnevis) shall be
made in the Orient mountain of Akhetaton, [and he shall
be buried] therein.
[The] tombs of the "Great of Seeing""* and the divine
fathers of the Aton ^ and the [prie]sts (?) [of the A]ton
shall be made in the Or[ient] mountain [of Akhetaton and
they shall be buried in them, l'-"
The tomb of the officers, etc., shall be made in the
Orient mountain of Akhet]aton and they shall be [buried]
therein.
For, as Father (Hor-Aton J| liveth,
priests (?) more evil are they than those things which
I heard unto year 4, [more evil are th]ey than [those
* This shortened form of the Queen's name is used in
every case on these three stelae where it can be tested,
(though in broken cartouches the longer title seems indicated)
and seems a sign of the early date.
^ In each case the day of burial is postponed almost
infinitel}'.
** Evidently only the eldest daughter was yet born.
Dr. Elliott Smith's examination of the skeleton found with
the furniture of Queen Taia points to the startling con-
clusion that the King could scarcely have been fifteen years
old when he pronounced this oath.
' Or perhaps " necropolis." Read
■ f^-^^^
* The title of the chief priest of Re at Heliopolis. This
and, still more, the adoption of the sacred bull Mnevis show
a close connection of Aton worship with the cult of the
sun-god at Hehopolis, at any rate in the early years ; it
is very unexpected to find animal-worship thus retained in
some degree by the " hei-etic." Perhaps this was a conces-
sion to Egyptian prejudice and intended to concihate the
second or third greatest of the religious bodies in the
struggle with Amon-worship. On the otlier hand, it is
possible that Heliopolis was one of the main sources of
the "heresy."
^ I have neglected to enter in the plate the clearer
reading of K, which I obtained on revision :
.a AAAA^ 1 1 1 H AAj«/sA aft Q $J$$J,^ ri
o
THE BOUNDABY STELAE.
31
things] which I have heard iii ' the year (?) more
evil are they than those things which King
[heard], more evil are they than those things which j-'
I Men-kheperu-re 1(1) heard in the mouth (?)
of negroes, in the mouth (?) of [any ?] people . . . .-
IK is 1= X 26/ .... of Kush as far as ... .
IX 27
t shall not be said
l" "■>.... [of gaz]elles (!), of addax[es] ....
I"'' 31 ... . the headland of the . . . [tablet] ....
P' ^^ . . . . as my father ( Hoi-Aton 1 liveth ....
iK 31 (- M 31) _ _ . likewise all feast.s, every .season ....
the chief wife of the King, Neferteit . . . .•'
i'' ^'- . . . . Aton in the district Akhet-
aton, and I will not make
[''sa . . . in the central (?) foreshore[s],' in the cen-
tral (?) islands which I offer (?) to the Aton
[my father]. I indeed will make ....
1'^ " . . . . [the Aton my] father in the House of Aton
in Akhetaton ; he shall not offer (?). If I be (?) ^
if I be in any city,'' in any town ....
j"^ ^■' . . . . likewise the festival (?) [of] Aton, the offering ....
)-'' 3^ . . . . every place [unto?] which it is my desire
to go ... .
1^ ^' . . . which he found for him.sclf ....
|"3i . . . . [ships supplied] with everything in Akhet-
aton to let him voyage, whi-tlier he voyage iiorthwurd or
southward
|K40(=X40i .... THor-Aton J The celebration (?) of
a Jubilee the south (?) tablet of Akhetaton.
I will celebrate (?) the Jubilee ....
1^ ^2 . _ . the headland of the northern tablet . . . .
1^ ^' unto the west (?), to the Orient, to to
the water in the river ....
-^ ''^ . . . . trees (?), all things that are in thiMvhole land ;
they are for father I Ilor-Aton I ....
I'' " the granary (?) of Aton under (?) the hand of the
Superior of the house of Akhetaton .... his (?) palette
being in ... .
I"'"' upon their bellies unto Phariwjli, L. 1'. II.,
their (?) lord, and the Queen (?) [their misti-ess].
I"^'" . . . . with life and length of days (?), Tn.^
The whole land was in [.)oy| and holiday ....
I'"" in Akhetaton for ever and ever. (End).
II.
•■^
pp (revised reading).
^ tlJ (revised readiiiguf K).
irti*(i!ll]fl^<"-)-
4 ■90 (M:m
III
-m
$ @
fl^i, »...,.
A place of royal residence is probably meant.
F. The Later Proclamation.'
Year 6, fourth month of the second season, thirteenth
day.'
Liveth the Gofxi God, well pleased with Truth, |'' Lord of
heaven, Lord of earth. Living Aton. Great, Illuminating the
two regions.
Liveth Father ^ |"' ( Ra-hor, Horizon-god,"' rejoicing in
' The materials « hich 1 have used for the Plates xxvii.,
xxviii., xxxiii., are : —
Stel.\ A. — Pkisse, Mon. ig. xiv. Daressy, collation
ill llecucil XV., pp. 50-o8, with appendix of A in full (all
type-printed). My hand-copy and squeezes. These only
covered the portions of the stela which could Ije stylenl
legible. The rest is not absolutely erased, but for the
most part has very little evidential value. For two or
three phrases I found myself dependent on Daressy. A
partial copy in L'Hote, MS. III., 303, 304.
Stel.\ B. — Only my hasty hand-copy of the more legible
parts (last four vertical lines, end of lines 1-5, lines 8 to
near the end). A date in Petrie's notes.
Stel.\ F. — Only Petrie's hand-copy. I did not obtain
this in time to add it to the Plates, but have noted it^
readings where they have any importance.
Stela J. — My hand-copy of the more legible parts. Hand-
copy by Petrie. Photographs by myself and SteindorH'.
Stela N. — My hand-copy. Photographs by Steindorff.
Stela P. — My hand-copy of a few shattered fragments.
Stela Q.- -My hand-copy (revised) and photographs.
i Also hand-copies kindly furnished me by Mr. Newberry
and M. Maspcro (cojiy by Shabaan Effendi).
Stela H. — Daressy {loc. cit.). My own copy and
photograjihs.
Stela S.— Prisse, Mon. tig., PI. xii. ; Daressy, foe. cit.
(photograph). Cast from stiueezes by Petrie. Mv own
copy (revised), complete squeezes and photographs.
Stela U. — Prisse, Mon. £g., PI. xiii. Petrik, Hand-
copy. My own hand-copy (revised) and revision of this
by Steindorff. Photographs by Steindorff and mj-self.
My most serious indebtedness therefore is to Professor
Petrie for his copy of F and to Professor St«iiidorff for his
generous contribution of negatives for use and publica
tion, his revision of Plate .\xv., and general support of the
entcr)irise. Plates xxxiii. (vertical lines), xxvi., xxix.-
xxxii. are published from tracings of stiueezes.
In the collation no notice hius been taken of tlie different
ways of writing t, m, w, pa, or the plural.
" " Fourteenth day " in Q. In U the date is written in
reverse direction (Plate xxxiv., where U sliould Ik) read for
N), an Egyptian device for calling attention to a passage.
° See Vol. ii., p. 15. But prolmbly the true explanation
is that " Father mine " was the original nu-aning of this
group, but became a .st^jiiiiling epithet, u.se«l where "mine"
is inappropriate. The sullix of the tii-st pei-son .'singular is
written with the royal sign, liccause it refers to the King.
10 41 ]jo|.^ Horizon-god," or later " (P)Hn-Hor (i.e. the Sun-
THE liOCK TOMBS OF EL AMAKNA.
the Horizc)
DC
in his name of The Lii,'ht which is in At
'S\
who giveth ' life for ever and eternity, |" Living Atcjn, Great,
In sefZ-festival,2 within the temple of Aton in Akhetaton.^
|i Liveth the' Horns " Strong Bull, Beloved of Aton " ; The
Two mistresses, ^ " Great in Sovereignty in Akhetaton " ; the
Golden Horus " Upholding the name of Aton " ; the King of
Upper and Lower Egypt, " Living in Truth, Lord of the Two
lands ( Beauty of the Forms of Re, Unique one of Re J " ; the
Son of Re, " Living in Truth, Lord of diadems I Akhenaton ],^
Great in his duration, |- Who giveth life for ever and ever."
The Good God,'' Unique one of Re, Wliose beauties Aton
created. Truly pious of heart to his Maker," Contenting
Him with the pleasures of His Jca," Doing services to Him
that formed him, f Presenting the earth to Him ' that
put him on His throne, Provisioning His House of
Eternity '" with millions and myriads of things, Up-
holding Aton, Magnifj'ing His name, Causing the earth to
belong to his Maker — the King ( N. ] |< (A. ).
(and) The hereditary (?)-princess, Great in the palace,
Fair of face. Beauteous with the double plume. Mistress of
happiness. Endowed with favours, at hearing whose voice
one " rejoices. Chief wife of the King, beloved by him.
Mistress of the two lands,i= I Beauty of the beauties of Aton
Neferteit I, Living for ever and eternity.'^
f' On this day (Royalty) was in Akhetaton in the parti-
coloured pavilion " made for his Majesty L.P.H. in
Horus), Horizon-god,'' is the name of the sun-god of
Heliopolis.
' Or " to whom is granted."
- Apparently meaning " celebrating (his own) Jubilee,"
which the sun-god might be supposed to do unceasingly.
^ Meaning " Horizon of Aton."
* The king is identified with the vulture, goddess of the
South, and the cobra, goddess of the North.
^ Meaning " Pious (?) to Aton. '
6 " Liveth the good God." Q, U.
' A substitutes "Doing ser-vices to Him that formed
him," omitting this phrase where it occurs below.
" " That which his l-a loveth." R.
^ Or perhaps "administering the earth for Him."
1" " House of Eternity " is a phrase for the endowment
estate of tomb or temple.
^' The indefinite pronoun probably, as elsewhere, refers
to the King.
'■- " Regent of the South and North Lands." U.
'^ B. substitutes " Who is hale, blooming, and strong for
ever and ever." ' |) | fl
O § . Cf. VL, x.xvii.
n
Akhetaton, the name of whicli is " The Aton is well-
pleased." His Majesty (L.P.H.) ascended a span of horses
and a great chariot p of electrum,i^ like Aton when he
rises from the horizon and fills the two lands with his love ;
(and) started a goodly course >* to Akhetaton, (as 1) on the
first occasion '" that his Majesty L.P.H. found it,"* to
demarcate (?) " it as a monument to the Aton — even as |'
his father ( Hor- Aton |, who giveth life for ever and eternity,
had given command to make a monument to him within it
— causing to be offered '-" a great oblation of bread, beer,
horned bulls, jiolled bulls, beasts, fowl, wine, fruits, incense,
all goodly herbs, on the day P of demarcating Akhetaton
for the living Aton, who accepted, favoured, and loved the
Sovereign (L.P.H.) for (?) the King Tn.J Ta.T
And liis Majesty (L.P.H.) went P southward and halted
on his chariot before his Father ( Hor- Aton I at the south-
east mountain of Akhetaton,^^ and Aton radiated!'" upon
liim in life and length-of-days (?),-'- invigorating his body
every day.
An oath pronounced by the king I N. ) ( A. I : —
" Probably variegated matwork or the like is meant ;
or possibly " tent of spreading."
"As Father |'M Hor- A ton j liveth, as my heart is happy
in the Queen and her children — as to whom, may it be
isfi
granted that the chief wife of the King ( Neferteit |, livina
for ever and ever, grow aged |''- with that multitude of
years,-^ she being in the hand of Pharaoh (L.P.H.), and
may it be granted that the king's daughter Meritaton and
the king's daughter Meketaton, her children, grow old,
they being in the hand of the chief wife of the king, |"
their mother, eternally for ever !
'^ Meaning, of course, " rode on a two-horse chariot."
"> Or " took the goodly road " ; the idea must be that
the royal tent was pitched iu the plain of Akhetaton and
the King now goes to the city itself in which the temple of
Aton was.
" A difficult passage, unless the word "as" may be
supplied.
''* Lit. "on the first occasion of finding it, which H. M.
cUd."
'^ This seems to be the original meaning of the worci,
but " dedication " may be more exact here.
'-" It is not clear whether the sacrifice was on the
previous occasion, or the present.
'-' It is not certain whether this means the southernmost
hill-side on the east bank of the river where J is, or the
hills wliich lie south-east of the city, near the tablets
P, Q, R, S.
-- Or " the rays of Aton «ere upon him in life and
joy (?)." The sculptor of B has made mistakes here and
left the signs in confusion.
■-■' /.(•. the years granted by Aton. The prayer seems to
be that King, Queen and cltildren may all hve long
together (in each other's hands).
THE BOUNDARY STELAE.
33
" My oath of truth, which it Ls my dusiro to prouounce,'
and of which I will not say, " it is false " eternally for
ever : —
" The southern tablet, which is on the eastern mountain
of Akhetaton. )'* It is the tablet of Akhetaton, (namely)
this (one) by which - I have made ^ halt : I will not pass
beyond it* southwards, eternally |'^ for ever. Make the
south-west tablet opposite it on the western mountain of
Akhetaton, exactly.
" The middle tablet, which is on the eastern mountain of
Akhetaton. It is the tablet of Akhetaton by which I have
made j"* halt on the orient^ mountain of Akhetaton: I
will not pass beyond it orient-wards, eternally for ever.
Make the middle tablet which is (to be?) on the western
mountain of Akhetaton opposite it exactly."
" The north-eastern taljlct |" of Akhetaton, by which I
have made halt. It is the northern tablet of Akhetaton :
T will not pass beyond it down-stream-wards, eternally for
over. Make the north ' tablet which is (to bo T) on the
western mountain of Akhetaton opposite it, exactly.
|18 II And Akhetaton (extends) from the south tablet as
far as the north tablet, measured between tablet and
tablet on the east mountain of Akhetaton, amounting to
6 afer, h and j of a Me and 4 cubits * ; likewise from the
' Petrie's earlier copy of J shows the same text as U
without oiiiissiou.
Read
in U ; the other texts afford no
[^1
evidence.
^ " I will make" would be a possible translation.
■* From the earlier decree it is evident that Akhenaton
does not bind himself to remain personally within the
limit, but only not to increase the territory of Akhetaton.
' A word from the root meaning " suiu'iso," useil for
" east " only in these texts of Akhenaton.
^ Of the texts on the west bank, F is destroyed, and A
is very fragmentary ; but B, which nmst have been the
tablet here referred to, gives the following special varia-
tion, " Make (?) the middle tablet which is on the western
mountain (?) of Akhetaton opposite it upon the western
Hiountiiin of Aklictaton : 1 will not pass beyond it west-
wards eternally for over."
' So S. B seems to read " west," th(^ otliers " [mirth ]-
west."
'^ The ater is the equivalent of the Greek uchiiiiiiin, tiie
length of whicli is still uncertain ; the khr is the scliucnium
of a hundred cubits. According to Professoi' Petrie's map
(Tell el Ainarnu, PI. xxxiv, ; see also tliis volume, PI.
xxxiv.), the distance between the earlier stelue X and K
"ives almost 4000 cubit.s to the ater, and the distance! X-.J
would give this to witliin a few cubits. It is to bo hoped
tliat a precise measui'cment will bo taken. On the west
bank the distance A to F seems to correspond precisely
to X to P, A being opposite X, B opposite V, F ojiposito P.
Tims measured, the length is considerably greater, giving
south-west tablet of Akhetaton to the north-west tablet on
the west mountain of Akhetaton, amounting to 6 a/er, |"
J and :} of a khe and 4 culjits, likewise exactly.
" And the j'-" area within these four tablets, from the
east mountain to the west mountain is Akhetaton in its
proper self ' : it belongs to Father ( Hor-Aton J — mountains,
|-' deserts, meadows, islands, upper-ground, lower-ground,
land, water, villages, embankments, men, beasts, groves,
and all things |-- which the Atou my father shall (?) bring
into existence eternally for ever.'"
" I will not neglect this oath which 1 have made to the
Aton my father eternally for ever ; nay, but |-^ it shall
be set on a tablet of stone as the south-east boundary,"
Ukewise as the north-east boundary of Akhetaton, and shall
be set likewise on a tablet of stone as the south-west
boundary, likewise as the north-west '- boundary )'-' of
Akhetaton. It shall not be erased, it shall not be washed
out, it shall not be kicked, it shall not be struck with stones,
its spoiling (?) shall not be brought about. If it be missing,'^
if it be .spoilt, if |-^ the stela on which it is .shall
fall, I will renew it again afresh in the place in which
it was."
This oath was repeated in year 8, tirst month of the
second season,' eighth day.'* (-" Royalty was in Akhet-
about 4.500 cubits to the aler. The wording " the south
tablet as far as the north tablet ... on the east moun-
tain," as opposed to the " south-west tablet " and " north-
west tablet," imply that the measurement on the east bank
is taken on the river (X to J), not in the desert (X to P).
° 8j^(N and U) "in regard to its body"; perhaps
" bodil}'," "exactly." B seems to read "from the west
mountain to the east mountain of(?) Akhetaton." The
AAAAAA before the name of Akhetulou is pi-obably a mistake.
'" In S was omitted by the sculptor, and had to Ihj
written over (Plate xxxix.).
" B reads " of Akhetaton ; likewi.se on the middle
tablet which is on(?) the [east] bounilary [of] AkhetaUm ;
likewise ou(?) the north-east boundury of Akhetaton;
likewise [on?] the south-west boundary of Akhetatoit ;
likewise on the middle tablet on the west mountain of
Akhetaton; likewise on (?) the [north]-west b<iundary of
Akhetaton."
'■- B appears to give only " west," U " north[we-st], " the
others have lost the passage. S seems to give only i-oom
for " likewise [the north-west] of Akhetaton."
iBhh, ichwh compare gOYge " abortus." | § ^ iKvurs
witii the si'nse canrc also in the hymn
" The texts genoniliy iigieo in this dale, nui !•' (PuTUli:)
K
34
THE UOCK TOMBS OF EL AMAUNA.
iildii, and Pharaoh L.P.H. stood, mounted ' on a great
chariot of electrum, inspecting the tablets- of the Aton 1
which are on the mountain^ as the south-east lionndary of j
Akhetaton.^
Un A, B, there is added :
Year 8, fourth month of the first season, last ilay.-'^
An oath pronounced by King ( N. jj f A. 1 at the fixing of
the tablets of [the] boundary of Akhetaton : —
" As Father (Hor-Aton J liveth :
25) ^ and B gives the curious date of the
<=^ 0 1 1 1 1
' sixth year, first (?) month of second season, day 4."
' The sculptor of S omitted
S
:ind had to insert it
- There were by this time many tablets for the south-
east boundary. S reads probably for I as on the other
tablets.
^ S has a larger space, perhaps originally left vacant.
F reads " on the east mountain as the south (!) boundary."
■> B fills up the line with " for the Father, the living
Aton," and F with fl '"""^ ll | ^
I /^^«A^ ■^ ~ " established to eternity and for ever, for
the living Aton."
whicli is quite clear, I have Petrie's sujiport.
O
For the rest of the date,
" The six '' tablets which I have fixed for bounilaries of
Akhetaton (are) the three tablets upon the orient moun-
tain of Akhetaton together with the three tablets opposite
them ; [the south stela which is upon] the orient mountain
of Akhetaton measured to the south stela which is opposite
to it upon the western mountain of Akhetaton, becoming
the south boundary of Akhetaton ; and the north tablet
which is on the orient mountain of Akhetaton, measured
to the north (?) tablet, which is opposite [to it upon] the
western mountain of Akhetaton, becoming the northern
boundary of Akhetaton ; likewise the middle tablet which
is upon the eastern mountain of Akhetaton measured to
the middle tablet which is opposite it upon the western
mountain of Akhetaton.
"And the breadth of Akhetaton is from mountain to
mountain, from the eastern horizon of hea\'en to the
western horizon of heaven.
in j, its mountains (?),
its deserts, .... its fowl, all its people, all its cattle, all
things which the Aton produces, on which his rays shine,
all things [which ?] are in the of Akhetaton,
[they ?] being for the Father, the living Aton, unto the
temple of Aton in Akhetaton for ever eternally ; they are
all ottered to his ka, and his rays are beauteous when they
receive them." *
It shall be ' for Fathei- Hor-Ato:
fno
'' A seems to read
is required.
' Read
■ five," B " six " ; the latter is what
(■')
** The rays of Aton
reach out to the otterings.
tlie scenes end in hands wliich
Nr
■^
3S
INDEX.
PAGES 1
PAGES
Administration of Egypt
"Agent"
Ahmes ......
5
. 17
5
"Chancellor" . . . .
Chairs ...
Chariot . . . . .
10,21,
4, 13, 16
8, 10
28, 32, 34
Akhknaten, age of ... .
. 30
Charioteer . . . . .
.
9, 10
„ depicted (see " Royal I'Viiiily
„ titulary of .
iO,
'^•2
-^-^)
27, 28, 32
Chronology ....
Colonnades . . . . .
. 4, 5
, 9, 20, 28
3, 6, 14
Akhetaten', foundation of
20,
28, 29, 32
Colour . . . . .
. 4,7
, 8, 10, 32
„ island of .
21,30
Columns ....
1,
3, 4, C
12, 13 14
,, la\idation of . . .
„ measurements of
. 16
33, 34
" Companion " .
Cornices ....
2, 6, 7
4, 16, 29
, 8, 13, 14
Alliteration ....
16,33
Costume ....
. 10,
23, 24, 26
Altars . . . . 2, 7, 8,
10,
22,
23, 26, 27
Ameniiete)' II. ....
Animal-worship ....
9
. 30
Daressy, M. . . 1, 6, '.
Dated events . . 4, 20, 21
>, 11,
,22,
15, 24,
28, 30,
27, 2t<, 31
31, 33, 34
Ankhesen-pa-aten
. 24
De Brynestyn
26,27
Any . . . . . 6, '
■, ^
, 'K
10, 11, 17
" Divine fathers of Aten "
21. 30
,, wife of ... .
. 8,9
Dy hetep seteii prayers .
. 11,
16, 17 In
Any-m E\ .....
Apy ......
. 10
. 13
Erasures ....
. 1,1
!, 5, 10,
22, 25, 33
Artists, work of Egyptian
3, 23, 26
" ErjM-prince " .
•
4, 13. 16
Aten, addressed as " Father "
. 31
Et Til, island of .
. 30
,, adoration of
Exaggerated forms
23, 26
1,2,4,7, 12,14,1.5,21,
22,
23
24, 25, 26
Excavations . . • 1> G.
8,9,
12, 13,
14, 1.5, 25
„ cartouches of . .7, 9, 24,
26,
27
28, 31, 32
„ hymn to .
7
Fire in tombs
1
„ temples of . . 7, 9, 20, 21,
29,
;!0
31, 32, 34
Flowers (see also " Bouquets ")
. 10,
11, 26, 29
AtiT, value of ... .
. 33
AV
2, 11, 21
Garden depicted .
Gildeh, Stela (^f .
3
. 21
Banquet of the dead
8, 9, 10, 11
Graffiti ....
4,7
Barsanti, M.
1,6,9
Griffith, Mr.
. 28
" Bearer of the fan " .
1, ->
, 11, 17, 18
Biography .....
I'.iiui|uets . . . . .
:i.
•1, 5, 7
7, it, 10. 11
" //n-prince"
lla-nebu, the
4, 13, 16
. 29
Bouriant, M. . . . .
1, l,s
llawata. Stelae of
. 24
Breasted, Professor
1,4,5,28
lleliopolis (see also " On ")
."t.
•Jl, ,10. 3-.'
Burial-chamber ....
2, 8, 13
JlenjI ....
. 30
,, shaft ....
8, 12
lligh-priest
21, .30
BuriaLs, secondary
1, 8. 11
Horns, horizou-god
" House of Rejoicing" .
31, 3l'
. 30
Cabins .....
Ceilings, decoration of .
. 3,4
. 1. 2. 4, 8
Ink designs . . 3, 1
7. s
10. 12
l.t. 11. ir.
.•i6
INDEX.
Inset stones
Island " Atim distinguished in Jubilees'
Jubilei^ (see " Si'd-festiy;
K.irnak
Kiosks
KusH
Lacau, M. .
Lamps, niches for
Later remains
May .
„ tomb of
Meketaten
Mensuration
Meryea
Merytaten
Mnevis-bull
Mummies
Museum, Cairo
„ Melljourne
MUTBENRET . .
")•
PAGES
G, 23, 24, 2ri, 26 I Para .
30 Parapet
Petrie, Professor .
I Pilasters
Portals
. 3, 9 ,, with double cornice
3 Port-holes .
21, 31 Porticoes .
Portraiture .
9, 11 Pottery
8 Prayers . . . 2,4,7,8,9.10,12.14,16,17
. 1,8, 12, 14, 24 Princesses (see " Royal Family").
3 Ptahmav , 9, 10, 11
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 13, 10, 17 , Queen (see also " Nepertiti " ; "Royal Family ")
PAGES
2
8
4, 15, 19,
20,
24, 28, 31,
33, 34
2,6,
13, 14
■ 1, 7, 8,
10, 13
0
13, 14
4
6, 14
8, 9,
10, 11
. 12,
13, 14
1 •> 3 4
21, 23, 24, 25, 32
. 33
. 8,17,21
23, 2.5, 20, 27, 30, 32
21, 30
3, 7, 9, 14, 26
26, 27
. 1, 2, 14
Nebwawi ......
Neferteit (see " Nefertiti ").
Nefertiti (see also " Queen," " Royal Fnmily '
Nekht-pa-atex ....
Netting . .'■" .
Nubia .....
Oars ......
Officials .....
„ promotion of .
On (see also " Heliopolis ")
Ostraca of El Amarna .
" Overseer of Cattle " .
" Overseer of Porters ' .
" Overseer of Soldiery "
" Overseer of the house of Aa-kheperu-r.a
" Overseer of the house of Sohetep-Alcii '
" Overseer of the house of Ua-en-ra "
" Overseer of the Treasury " .
" Overseer of works " .
Ox, sacrificial ....
. 10
2, 28, 30
. 5,12,13
3
. 21
3
4, 5, 9, 12, 29
. 4,5
. 4, 5
5, 20
. 4, 5
„ laudation of
4, 16, 17. 18, 26, 30, 31, 32
. 4, 28, 32
,, sister of (see also " Mutbrxret
„ shortened name of
Ra, " shade " of
„ temple of
Rames
Re-xeheh .
Bekhiit, the .
Rewards, roynl
Ribbons
Roads to tombs
Royal barges
" Royal Chancellor "
Royal family 1,2,3,4,-5,7,14,1
„ head-dre.ss .
„ oath . . . 21,2
" Royal Scribe " . ... 1
Royal statues
„ tomb
Pa-aten-em-heis .
Pakha
Palace of Akhenaten
Sailors depicted .
" Scribe of Recruits "
15 "Scribe of the Iving" (see " Royal
4, 15, 16, 17, IS " Scribe of the Altar "
. 7, 9 " Scribe of the Offering Taljlc'
4, 5, 16, 17 Scribes depicted .
. 4, 5, 18 &(i!-festival
14, 17 " Servant " (sedem o.s7))
. 4, .5, 9, 15, 18 '■ Shade of Ra" .
10 Shipping depicted
Shrines
. 5, 11, 15 Sistrums
9 I Smith, Dr. Flliot .
3, 4, 5, 6, 20, 21, 30 " Sole Companion"
1, 14
20, 2.5, 30
. 30
. 4,5
.5, 13
. 16
3, 10
4
0, 10,21,27
. 3, 5
4, 10
23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 32
. 3, 23, 26
, 24, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34
2, 7, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18
23, 24, 25, 2(1, 27
20, 21, 22, 27, 30
Scribe
3
. 4, 5
)•
I
7
. 10
4, 15, 30, 31, 32
. 10, 11, 17
. 30
3
, 8, 9, 10, 1.3, 14
22, 23, 25, 20, 27
. 30
4, 16
INDEX.
37
PACES
PAGES
Stairs 2, 3, 8, 12
13
13, 24
Thothmes IV.
9,31
Statues . . .2, 3, 7, 8, 13, 23, 24,
2.5,
26, 27
Tombs, Northern fO'oup of
6, 7,
21, 27
" Steward " (see " Overseer of the liouse ")
„ corridor .
8, 14
" Steward of the Lord of the two L;inds "
. 15
To-meua ....
. 29
Steindorff, Professor .... 24,
25,
28, 31
Tuneh-el-Gebel, Stela of
. 23,
25, 27
SuiAt:
14, 17
Tutu ....
5
Taljli'ts held l>y statues . . . .
23,
26, 27
XJa-en-ra ....
4, .5, 16, 17, 18,
28, 32
Tablets, votive . . . . . G, !),
10,
11, 16
Unfinished decorations .
. 3, 8, 12,
14, 18
Tackle of -ships ......
3
,, tombs
2, C, 12, 13, 14,
15, 20
Taia (Tvi), Queen
. 30
Tent of King ......
. 32
"Vizier" ....
. 13
Thay
. 10
Thebes
. 20
Windows . . . . .
3
London: printed dy wiluam clowks and sons, limited, dlke stiieet, stamfoud btuekt, b.e., and oukat windmill street, w.
PLATES.
NOTE.
An index to the passages of the text which are exphmatory of the several plates
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