Rod and gun

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Volume III.

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June, 190]

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SANA

Number }.

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Pe cralapceli pe ake-

A FEW FAVORITES FOR HUNTING.

Model 1895.

Army

a 1894.

Model 1804.
we t
Model 1892.
7k
Model 1886.
ad.

r, “ Take Down,” weight

45-70 caliber, “ Extra Light,” weight

Shoot W Sp RES Made for all Kinds of Guns.

FREE. — Send Name and

HAMILTON POWDER CO.

HAS MANUFACTURED

SPORTING GUN POWDER

Since 1865, as a result you have

““CARIBOU™ made from best materials, perfectly
put together “DUCKING hard pressed
slow burning. keeps well under all conditions
*\ SN4&P SHOT ™ high velocity, moist residiu
Cheap. The powder for every day use

ENGLISHMEN SAY

Powder can be g a
pu . le is a a ag
t he rt ir—J. J. W.%
Fic
AMERICANS SAY

This Gide ids — Pawde

‘ I ef ur Ww I
give e re t e
w I

CANADIANS ABROAD SAY

BRITISH AMERICAN HOTEL
WINDSOR, ONT,

LEADING HOTEL IN THE CITY
SPECIAL RATES FOR TOURISTS
T. W MCKEE, PROPRIETOR

In point of cuisine and equipment, THE
ROSSIN is the most complete, the most
luxurious of modern Ontario hotels. The
rooms, single or en suite, are the most airy
and comfortable in the Dominion. The
Union Depot and Wharves but two mins

utes’ walk.
A. & A. NELSON,
Toronto, Ont. Proprietors.

Address on Postal for 158-page Illustrated Catalogue

WINCHESTER REPEATING ARMS CO.,

NEW HAVEN, CONN

Sie é me

al cu

G. W. COLE CO.

143-145 Broadway New York City

od Salmon

lease OF go
Wanted. Pi hing for June. Must
ve sufficient for three
rods, with house suitable for lady’s oc-
ecupancy. Address, with full particulars,

M. M. GILLAM
Temple Court, New York.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.
Frontispiece—Posing for their Pictures
Fishing in a Great Lone Land, by L. H. Smit l
Influence of Climate on Animals, by the late Fra H. Risteen
A Moose Hunt in New Brunswick
Amendments to Quebec Game Laws t
The Ontario Fishery Report }
Correspondence .- 3
Forestry Department ...... renee 6-S
Montreal Horse Show, by J. C. Alloway 8
Fish and Fishing 9
Editorial 0
Kennel Department, conducted by D. Tay 11-12
The Gun, conducted by ‘* Bob White” I4
The Landscage—On the Introduction of Figures. 14-16
Answers to Correspondents : : 16
Amateur Photography, conducted by Hu t McBean Johnstone... 17-20

Sellish Fish and Game Protection.

ARE YOU A ;
FISHERMAN

flies have been selected carefully by

as killing as any in your book

have used heretofore.

perhaps even

Probably ;

ing offer: If you will send in the

hence we make the follow=
names of six of your friends, san ple
ROD AND GUN IN
CANADA shall be mailed to them

copies of

immediately, and should any of

them subscribe we will send you

Half a Dozen Choice
Trout

or Bass Flies

for each subscription received. These

an experienced fisherman, and will prove

more deadly than those you

Rod and Gun Publishing Co.

603 Craig St.. MONTREAL.

One Dollar Per Annum.

ROD AND GUN
IN CANADA 2% % % et

MONTREAL, JUNE, 1901.

DEVOTED
TO

THE
FISHING
GAME AND
FOREST
INTERESTS
OF
CANADA.

|
Single Copies Ten Cents. |

FISHING IN A GREAT LONE LAND.
By L. H. Smith,

Illustrations by the Author
(CONTINUED)

The fish in the river are of a much darker color than those
in the lake. Instead of the silver sheen which those of the lake
show, the river fish are of a dark golden yellow, and some of a
purplish cast. As fighters, I have not been able to detect any
difference between the fish of the lake (Superior) and those of
the rivers. The good fight of one large trout is so much like

that of another

more line, until I reached a ford shallow enough to wade. As
it was I had to cross where it was deep and swift, and Tom and
I fastened on to each other till we got across. I don’t think I
had more than a dozen turns of line left on my reel. The fish
still sulking I reeled in quickly; he soon started off again, but
now I had him in good water. How he fought!
clean out of the water time and again; ran up-stream and down-

He leaped

stream, and to make matters more interesting, it commenced
to rain; however, I had a firm hold of him, and my tackle
held. I played him completely out. When he turned on his

side, done, Tom

that to name
eyery one would
be simply a con-
stant repetition
of fish stories. I
will give a short
account of one,
and this must do
for many very
similar ones.
Fishing in a

small side pool
near my camp
on the river one
evening, I was
standing on a
smooth rock,
shaped like a
turtle’s back,
when a fish

rushed at and
took one of my
flies. Tom
so near the fish
that he saw him
plainly ; ‘‘ Holy
Kit,’’ he said,

was

Steel River,

“did you see
him? he’s a whopper.’’ I did not; the shade of light
was not favorable to my seeing him. As soon as I struck

him, he went to the bottom and sulked, and stayed there
for several minutes, after a little urging he made a bolt
out into the stream, which here was very swift and deep. I
could not follow and he ran out about thirty yards of line,
when, luckily for me, he sulked again. I now had to cross the
river, and in order to do so had to back up, and let out still

Telford Pool—looking down

scooped him out.
He was a grand
fish, but I was a
bit disappointed

in his weight;
in the water I

had guessed him
at 5 lb. ; put on
the balance he
weighed 43 lb. I
hurried
changed my wet
clothes
ones, while Tom

and
for dry

hurried up a cup
of black tea (our

substitute in

camp for whis-
ky). Noman can
do as much

wading or stand
as much expos-
ure on whisky as
he can on black
tea.
On one of my
trips up Steel
River I camped
where it empties into the river.

on Mountain Lake just

After supper, Tom and I were chatting over our camp-

fire, when we saw a birch-bark, with two men, heading
for the shore, just where we were camped; they were two
prospectors, Duncan McIntyre and Scotty Parker; they
pitched their camp close by ours. These men had for

years hunted for hidden wealth in the rocks in this

great waste country; Duncan has made two what are called

2 Rod and Gun

strikes, but I fear has not been permanently benefited by the
few thousand he received for his claims. For one or two
reasons I hired Duncan to go with me, help pack my camping
outfit, and do the work about the camp. Many pleasant
hours have I spent with him in front of our camp-fire; of
his early life I could learn but little. A Scotchman, well
educated at one of the colleges in Glasgow, his intelligent
looking face be-peaks a better and more regular life than he
has led. His native “mountain-dew’’ possibly is responsible
for his not occupying a more prominent position in the world
“than he does. He could rattle off lines from Burns and Long-
fellow in a style that made me feel my own ignorance. His
manner and whole demeanor was that of a refined and educated
man, and one that made it a pleasure to be in his company.

One day, wanting Duncan, I went on a little exploring
expedition to find his cabin. Though not more than a mile
back from the railroad track, it was in a lonesome spot, not a
seul near him. A shanty built of spruce poles and chinked
with moss was his mansion. The dreadful lack of order and
cleanliness, and the complete absence of all comfort inside,
made one chill with pity to think that a human being would
eat, drink and sleep in'such a miserable shack. No one could
more completely isolate himself from the “ madding crowd”
than by taking up his residence in such a place. I took his
picture, with that of the shanty, and named him ‘‘ The North
Shore Hermit."

Black River, twelve miles west of Jackfish, is a beautiful
stream. Between the railroad bridge and the lake, some two
miles, are some magnificent falls. he first one from the
bridge is a dark and mighty chasm, which makes one shudder,
a fearful abyss, wild and awe-producing in its terrible fierceness.
Those below it, and nearer the lake, are extremely beautiful ;
it is too bad that the R. R. bridge did not cross the stream just
below one of these, so that the passengers on passing trains
could view the grandeur of a waterfall on this wild river. The
water is dark and still for a mile or more up from the bridge,
after that it is wild and rapid. I made a trip up its banks once
only. My take was not a large one. Last August I fished it
down with but little success. 1 know it is a good trout stream,
but to fish it one needs a canoe (and camping outfit) and to
ascend it up to beyond where it has been fished. It is a larger
river than the Steel, and I know no reason why it should not
be as good a trout stream. I believe it is a better one, as it is
much Jarger and longer, and I have reliable information of
large fish having been taken in it.

Pine River, at'Mazokama Station, is a pretty stream; I
camped on it several days on one of my fishingtrips. I had for
x companion a locomotive engineer, whom I picked up at
Schreiber ; he was a splendid fellow in camp, and we had a
pleasant time. About three miles up the river we came to an
almost solid barrier of rock, broken, tumbled and jammed into
the river’s course, the water percolating through clefts and
crevices. Weclimbed this almost perpendicular dam of rock,
and found that above it was a stretch of still water : as we had
no canoe with us, we could not explore any further, so I do not
know what there may be beyond.

The next station west from the Mazokama is the world
renowned Nepigon—safe to say the greatest tront stream in the
world. Thonsands of newspaper coluinns have been filled, and
books been written, extolling its great wild beauty, and fishing
resources, #o it is needless for me to give more than a passing
description of it. It is the largest river of all those I have
named as running into Lake Superior, To Lake Nepigon it is

hirty miles long, but in this course it passes four or five

in Canada

smaller lakes. The scenery along the river is of the grandest
description, and is well worth going to see, even though one
never catches a fish. Lake Nepigon is a magnificent sheet of
water, seventy miles long and fifty wide, studded with a
thousand islands; it is a picture that would make the eyes ofa
Rnskin sparkle with joy. The Nepigon Lake is perhaps the
source from whence the river draws its endless supply of
trout ; and while many tourigts go every season and fish it, to
all appearances the numbers are as great to-day as when the
first white man wetted a line in it. The fish may be, and very
possibly are, more whimsical, at times preferring certain flies to
others, and, as in all rivers I have fished, may have their off
times, when they will not take anything you may offer them;
but the great Nepigon River fished as it is to-day, will afford
good sport to the skilful angler long after all the disciples of
Walton now living will be dead and gone.

The Nepigon, besides being the largest and best trout river
flowing into Lake Superior, is the easiest fished, as Indians,
with their canoes and camping outfits can be hired there ; while
doing the sinaller rivers it is only by chance that one can get a
guide or companion to go along to help over the portages and
do the work around camp.

Of all the travelling on foot I ever did the going up the
trout streams I have named is the most laborious. Sometimes
in the river, sometimes along a shore so thick with alders and
willows as to make it impassable ; again, climbing over and by
steep rocks, in places the path is so narrow and dangerous that
only the long thick moss, which gives you a hold for your
hands and feet, makes negotiation possible. It is the hardest
of hard work, and if it be a strange river you are going up you
never know what may be in store for yeu a hundred yards
alread. It may be a sheer rock that completely bars your
progress and makes you take to the river again and wade, or,
shou!d the water be too deep and rapid, then there is no way
for it but to back up on your trail and strike a new line.
Though the labor be of the severest kind, the compensation is,
that you are exploring, and never know what pool or fine trout
stretch may open out to you in the river at any moment. All
the disappointments, all the excitement, all the enchanting
anticipation of new discoveries, are a part of your programme,
and for years afterwards you have in your mind's eye photo-
graphs of those wild rugged scenes you have encountered along
the rivers of the great ‘‘ Lone Land.”

I named all the pools on Steel River, from Lake Superior
to Mountain Lake. The first pool from the lake is “The
Lower Pool.”’ It is on the east side of the river, and. is dark
and deep ; formed by an outlet from Steel Lake, and a rush of
water as it leaves the gravelly rapids in the river and sweeps
along the rocks by the shore. Many are the big fish that have
been taken out of that pool, although I have not had my early
luck there during the last few seasons I have fished it. Perhaps
it is too conveniently fishable.

The first turn above the bridge is ‘“ Owl's Corner,’ so
named because one season when I fished the river, four or tive
young owls had their home there, and, when passing, we
almost always saw them sitting side by side on a spruce or
balsam limb. The first good pool up the river is the ‘* Rock
Pool.’ Some one has since honored me by calling it “ Smith's
Pool.’ It is on the west bank of the river, and is about a mile
up from the R.R. bridge. It is a beautiful stretch, and when
the fish are taking well, large ones are had here,

About a mile above the Rock Pool is ‘‘ The Basin,’’ the
best pool on the river. I named it ‘*The Basin’ because of
its peculiar formation, The river narrows and runs through

Rod

a smooth formation of rocks for a hundred yards or more,
which on one side particularly has the appearance of having
been chiselled out, so smoothly has it worn. The whole
stretch is like a ship’s basin. What ages must it have taken
for the passing ice and gliding water to have worn the rock and
left it in the shape it now is! I would be almost afraid to tell
of the creels I used to take out of the basin the first few seasons
I fished it. Some distance above the basin you come to the
foot of the rapids, they are about two miles long, and hard and
terrible miles to travel. Ihave hauled my canoe up them, and
I have portaged them ; either is labor of the hardest kind, but
it is one way to get to the upper pools of the river ; the other,
“and perhaps the easier way, is to haye a canoe on Clear Water
Lake, cross it and portage to Mountain Lake, and then to the
mouth of Steel River, where the lake empties into it. To take
this route you must have with you one who knows the way.
(Continued next month)
*
INFLUENOE OF CLIMATE ON ANIMALS.
By the late Frank H. Risteen.

The climate of a country has a very great influence not
onty upon the habits of animals but upon their appearance.
Take the case, for instance, of the black or silver-grey fox.
This is without doubt the progeny of the common red fox, yet
while it occurs so frequently in Labrador and the North-West
as to be a regular feature of the fur trade, it is many years since
one was found in New Brunswick. The same rule holds good
in regard to the pine marten or ‘‘sable.’’ In Labrador there
is a variety of marten which is perfectly black, and hence to
whieh the word ‘“‘sable’’ is properly applied. Our pine
marten is also found there, but the fur is darker, heayier and
richer.

The sable is more numerous in New Brunswick than any
other fur animal, and he is about the poorest specimen of a
sable to be found anywhere. His color is a light brown
inclining to yellow. The animal is about half the size of an
ordinary domestic cat. Its fur at present is worth from $1.50
to $2. Professional trappers use only the deadfall trap to catch
these animals. It is a shame to set steel traps for sable, as when
the animal is caught he threshes around so as to greatly injure
his fur, and at last dies a lingering death. The spring pole,
though it will remove your sable from the chance of being
snowed over or mutilated by the lynx or fisher, is so cruel a
contrivance that I have never cared to use it.

The old method of setting the deadfall on a stump about
three or four feet in height is the best. This keeps your sable, if
you catch him, from being snowed up and saves the bait
in large measure from being carried away by the wood mice.
T used to think there were about a dozen different varieties of
wood mouse in this country, but it looks to me now as if, at the
least calculation, two new breeds of mice appear in our woods
every year.

IT have noticed that the sable seems to prefer a mixed
growth of woods, such as spruce and hardwood on the sides of
ridges. In very cold winters they will be found chiefly in
cedar swamps. It is likely they go in there for rabbits. I have
never found a sable’s nest or den in all my experience. The
females are very cunning about the place they select to have
their young, in order to preserve them from destruction by the
males. In the case not only of the marten, but the fisher, the
mink, and, I think, the weasel, the males wou!d destroy the
kittens if it were not for the earnest effort made by the mother
to preserve them. The kittens are born about the latter part
of April or the first of May, I think, because long before the

and Gun

in Canada 3

fur begins to play out I have caught female sables with milk in
them.

The sable is a regular scavenger of the woods, devouring
anything and everything he can find that has, or had, life.
Mice and small birds are among their favorite dishes. They
will also feed on wild berries of all kinds, as well as mountain
ash and beechnuts to a considerable extent. They
remarkably rapid runners, will easily outrun a fox for a short
distance, and catch a squirrel in a tree in fair, square running.
When discovered by a man in a tree they will jump from tree
to tree or else hide in the top. If the tree is isolated, however,
I have known them to come down the trunk and jump to the
ground even if four or five men were surrounding the tree.

*
A Moose Hunt in New Brunswick.

are

On Sept. 15th, 1900, I started on a moose hunt to the
Kisunck Lakes in company with my friend Mr. H. Hanson, of
Stone Ridge, N.B. We left the settlement early on the morn-
ing of that day, and by 4 o’clock in the afternoon we had
arrived on the ground and were busily engaged in getting the
tent up and the camp in order. As soon as the necessary
chores; had been attended to, Hanson said to me, ‘‘Rainsford,
you had better call to-night and try if you caynot get a moose,
as the weather is all right.’’ So a little later we launched my
canoe and started up the lake.

It wasa perfect night for calling. still and calm. After
paddling about a half mile I got out the birch bark horn and
gave one call, but heard no reply. Twenty minutes later I
called again, and then a bull answered me from the side of a
hill, a mile away, as we judged.

We thought he would come up to shot, so I put my canoe
about 20 vards from the shore, at a point where we thought he
would break covert.

Well, sure enough the old fellow came along, grunting all
the time, but when he came to within about 80 yards of the
edge of the wood he stopped and seemed suspicious. By this
time it was getting very dark, so I wanted to get him in the
open as quickly as possible and in order to draw him on gave
a very low call almost a grunt, and out he came like a flash.

“Give it to him now,’’ whispered I to Hanson, and on that
he fired, hitting the moose, as I could see, somewhere in the
shoulder. The moose thrashed through the water for about
15 feet, when Hanson fired again and knocked him over once
more, but the bull was game and scrambled to his feet and
tried to make off, a third bullet however soon reached him,
and he went down for good and all.

We were well pleased with the result of our hunt as the
bull had a big and well shaped head of horns. As there has
been some discussion as to the best rifle to use for moose, I
may add that this shooting was done with a 30-40 Winchester.
This model will stop a moose quicker than any other gun I
ever saw, and sportsmen need not be afraid to put their
trust in it.

We have lots of hunting and fishing here; in summer
trout fishing in the lakes and streams is excellent, and in the
fall New Brunswick is a paradise to the man who wants moose,
caribou, deer or bear. RAINSFORD ALLEN.

Stone Ridge, York County, N.B.
*

In her grand head of game, the Dominion has a yaluable
asset, as our hunting grounds attract annually hundreds of rich
men who spend their money freely, especially among the
settlers who sell them provisions and act as guides.

4 Rod and Gun in Canada

Amendments to Quebec Game Laws.

During the recent session of the Quebec Legislature
several important amendments were passed. It was enacted
that :

““No person shall, in one season’s hunting, kill or take
alive more than one moose, two deer and two caribou.

“Widgeon, teal or wild duck of any kind except shel-
drake, loons and gulls are protected between the first of March
and the fifteenth of September of any year, but buffle-heads
(known as pied-ducks or divers) may be hunted, killed or taken
during the whole year.

“No birch partridge may be sold, or exposed for sale, or
held for the purpose of sale until October 1, 1903.

‘*No dog accustomed to hunt and pursue deer shall be
allowed to run at large, hunt or course in any place inhabited
by deer between the first of November sand Oct. 20th of the
following year. Any one may, without incurring any respon-
sibility, kill any such dog found running at large, hunting or
coursing in such localities between the above mentioned dates.”

An addition to article 1417 defines the rights conferred
by a hunting lease granted by the Quebec Government, and
another provides that persons trespassing and killing game
illegally may have any game they may have taken or killed
confiscated and become liable to a fine of not less than $20 nor
more than $100, and in default of payment imprisonment of
at least one month and of not more than six months.

A license may be granted by the Commissioner to any
person, company or corporation keeping cold storage ware-
houses, or to any hotel or restaurant keeper or to any club, an
annnal license permitting of the keeping in such cold storage
warehouses or in refrigerators during the close seasons, game to
be used as food, and in addition, if it concerns a hotel, restau-
rant or elnb to serve for consumption therein, during the close
season, all game of which the sale is not prohibited, provided
that in all such cases the game has been lawfully taken or
killed during the time when hunting is permitted.

All persons, companies, corporations or clubs so licensed
are prohibited from receiving game when the fifteen days
following the beginning of the close season has elapsed.

Warehouses or refrigerators are subject to inspection by
the Commissioner or his deputies at reasonable hours, and the
onus of proof of the lawful killing or storing of game rests with
the licensee. Contravention of this provision may be punished
by a fine of not less than $20 nor more than $100.

A clause added to article 1420 of the Revised Statutes
enacts that the Lieutenant-Goyernor in Council may, when-
ever he deems it expedient, prohibit for a term not exceeding
three years the sale or possession for the purpose of sale of any
game prohibited by the Act, or prolong for a similar time such
sale or possession.

The foregoing enactments were assented to March 28th,
1901.

*
The Ontario Fishery Report.

The second annual report of the Department of Fisheries of
the Province of Ontario, covering the year 1900, has appeared.
Much useful information is being gathered by the department,
of which Mr. Francis R. Latehford is commissioner, and in the
course of time the statistics and observations so accumulated
will add greatly to our knowledge of the important fisheries
belonging to Ontario.

During the year covered by this report no fewer than
98,625,000 fry were deposited in provincial waters, but it is said
that these gains are probably offset by a tremendous loss of

spawn of Jake trout and whitefish which matures at a period
not covered by the present close season. In Lake Superior the
trout spawn from September 28th to October 10th, so that the
spawn of all fish taken during that time is a total loss, and it
would seem worth the while to imitate the example of the
State of Wisconsin which obliges its fishermen during the
spawning season to “take the eggs from the female trout while
alive, and the milt from the male trout while alive, and after
mixing them together in a pail or pan, immediately cast them
into the water from whence such fish were taken.’’ The
expense of keeping a watcher on each tug for a fortnight or so
would not be heavy, and the experiment is one worth trying.

Of the black bass the report has nothing but good to say.
It is claimed that ‘‘everything therefore points to the black
bass as being at present the ideal fish with which to stock our
waters.’’ The following should afford subject for discussion :
“Tt is erroneously believed that the large-mouthed variety
(species?) is less gamey than his small-mouthed cousin, but
this, perhaps, is only experienced when the former is taken in
ponds or sluggish waters, for a two-pound large-mouthed in our
cold or running waters will prove inch for inch every bit as
good a fighter as the small-mouthed, and is in every sense
adapted for transportation in any part of the province.”

No doubt this statement will not meet with universal
support, but, nevertheless, there is really very little difference
(in the cool waters of the Dominion) between the game quali-
ties of the two species, at even weights. But all heavy bass are
comparatively sluggish, and as the large-mouths grow to a
greater size than the others they usually are somewhat inferior
as game fish, though superior on the platter.

Ontario has not been successful in obtaining the ova of the
land-locked salmon from Quebec, so it is proposed to introduce
the steel-head salmon instead. It is to be hoped that the
claims of the Rainbow trout will not be overlooked, as there is
little doubt it would make a most valuable addition to Ontario's
salmonidse. The rainbow will thrive in water too warm for the
fontinalis, and as it grows to a large size and yields superb
sport no better species could be introduced.

The total value of the Ontario fisheries for 1900 was
$1,333,293, of which the salmonidse amounted to rather more
than half.

*
English Pheasants Succeed.

Iam pleased to report to Rop anp Gun that the English
pheasants sent to me by Mr. Herbert Gardiner, of Rond Eau
Provincial Park, were liberated on 5th April, on grounds near
Leamington, adapted to their habits and requirements. They
are doing nicely, and will eventually, without a doubt, stock a
good portion of this neighborhood. They lay, on an average,
from forty to sixty eggs during the nesting season, and are well
suited for our climate,

Leamington, Ont. Forgsst H. Conover.

*

Mr. John D, Pratt, Secretary of the Winnipeg Rowing
Club, has received from Lord Strathconaa donation of $100 asa
contribution for the prize fund. Lord Strathcona was elected
patron of the club at the annual meeting, an honor which has
been annually conferred upon him since 1882, and in sending
the cheque he makes a most gracious acknowledgement of the
compliment, and closed with a hope for the club’s continued
and increasing success,

The Winnipeg Club have under discussion a proposition to
send crews to the International regatta, which is to be held in
Philadelphia during the coming summer, .

Rod and Gun

CORRESPONDENCE.

To tHE Eprror or Rop anp GuN:

I see by an interview with Captain Jones, Commodore of
the Lumsden Line, when he visited Montreal a few days ago,
that he made the statement that in every lumber camp on the
Montreal River, Ont., and the lakes of the Kippewa Chain,
Que., moose meat is served regularly under the guise of beef.

Now, Mr. Editor, I cannot speak for the Montreal River
but I can for Kippewa Lake and some of the adjoining lakes,
as our firm have had three camps on Kippewa and adjoining
lakes both last year and this; and as agent for the company I
can tell him that the statement he makes so far as our camps
are concerned is without a particle of truth. I can tell him
that this season we got two quarters of moose meat from a party
of American sportsmen hunting under license and in the
hunting season, and last year we got the meat of one moose
under the same circumstances, and with these two exceptions
we have had no moose meat at our depdt or in our camps
during the last two years we have operated on Kippewa.

And the only other camps on Kippewa Lake that I knew
of last year were two of Mr. Lumsden’s. And does Mr. Jones
charge the foremen of those camps with violating the game
laws of the province, for that is what it amounted to, for it
cannot be used in the camps without the knowledge of the
foremen, and if they allow it they are breaking the laws of the
province and are liable to a fine or imprisonment ?

But, Mr. Editor, I know these foremen and visited their
camps last season very often, and I venture to say that the
statement as to their camps is just as reliable as it is to ours.
And I would advise Capt. Jones, if he is anxious to preserve
the game, as he pretends to be, that instead of making whole-
sale charges against agents and foremen in the lumber camps
he would give information to the proper authorities in
individual cases that he knows of. He would be doing more
for the preservation of the game both in Ontario and Quebec
than by making statements that are without foundation.

Trusting you will give this space in your valuable paper, I
remain, Yours truly,

D. B. Rocuxsrer,
Agent for the Hull Lumber Co.

Sunnyside, Que., April 5th, 1901.

*
Epritor Rop anp Gun:

In your issue of May, 1901, you ask your readers to give
their experience with the ‘‘ Colt Automatic Pistol.’ LIama
fortunate possessor of one, numbered 75 and I would like to
say that I believe the fellow that told you that he could not hit
a barn door at ten yards distance with the pistol is not worthy
of belief.

My experience has been that while it is not as good an arm
for target work, as a specially prepared pistol would be, bad
marksmanship, to my mind, is due entirely to the user’s inex-
perience with the weapon. You know a person cannot change
from a type of arm that they have been used to for a long
while to another, and do as good work ag with the former.

I myself consider it a very effective weapon and have had
very good results with it as a game weapon, last fall shooting a
good buck at about 40 yards, second show. On the water,
owing to the number and rapidity of the shots, it is very easy
work to hit a mark. The simplicity of the weapon makes it
very valuable, as it is almost impossible for it to get out of
order.

in Canada 5

I would also like to answer your C. R. Steele in support of
C. A. B. I have had a wide experience in camping out, from
the mouth of the Mississippi to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, both
in winterandsummer. I am a strong believer in the use of
blankets, rather than in the felts that C. R. Steele advocates.
I have found out by experience that several thin layers of
blanket are much warmer than one great thickness of the same
weight, and I construct a sleeping bag, the Johnson, made up
on this idea, using four blankets that weigh two and one-half
pounds each, laced together on the foot and side and covered
with a waterproof canvas cover, the whole sleeping bag
weighing but fourteen pounds. I may say that last winter in
January, I slept out of doors at 35° below zero with comfort,
in the Proyince of Quebec. Another great advantage of
having thin blankets is, the ease with which they can be aired
and dried when they happen to get wet.

New York City. Dayip T. ABERCROMBIE.
LS

To tHe Epiror or Rop anp GuN:

C, R. Steele asks why I recommend blankets instead of a
sleeping bag. Weight for weight they are warmer. Blankets
may be tucked in more closely, and are decidedly preferable to
a heavy sheepskin sleeping bag. The Indian rabbit skin
blanket to be bought at most Hudson Bay ports is, however,
the best winter covering. These are very light and almost too
warm. Mr. Caspar Whitney, if I remember correctly, found
the blue four-point blankets of the Company more serviceable
than a sleeping bag in the extremely low temperatures
experienced at Great Slave Lake in winter. A very light bag
of some waterproof material to go over the blankets and keep
out wind might be a good addition—only it should not weigh
more than two or three Ibs. ClA.B.

In reply to John Gird : Cut the blanket six inches longer
than the foot. The foot is placed on a diagonal line joining two
opposite corners, and the toe and instep covered by one corner
turned back. The opposite corner is twined up along the heel
tendon, and the remaining corners are folded over the instep
and first fold. The mocassin holds all in place. In very cold
weather two squares for each foot should be used. C.A.B.

FINE GUNS ANNUALLY RUINED.
Repeated use of Dry, Harsh Cleaners will Damage
Your Shooting Piece.

Every season thousands of fine shooting pieces are ruined
by the wrong kind of cleaner. Especially do sportsmen who
use smokeless powder find that many cleaners do more damage
than they do good. Cleaners that have acid are certain to
have a corrosive action on the boring of the tubes. ‘3 in 1”
oil is a cleaner that is all oil, and nothing else. It is the best
gun cleaner on the market. It is really the only gun cleaner
on the market, and does not contain a particle of acid or grit.
Gun clubs all over the country use it and find it to be the very
best they have ever used. Charles F. Stickle, of Springfield,
Illinois, is the Secretary and Treasurer of the Illinois State
Sportsmen’s Association, and has the following to say about
“3 in 1” :—*‘T invariably use ‘‘3 in 1”’ for cleaning out my
fire arms after shooting to remove the residue of powder. I
take a fine mesh Thompson cleaner, and coat the surface with
“3 in 1,” and find that it not only cuts out the residue, but
prevents the cleaner from wearing the choke. The use of
**3 in 1”’ I find not only cleans quickly, but protects the boring
of the tubes.”

6 Rod

FORESTRY

“Rod and Gun” is the official organ of the Canadian Forestry Association
The Editor will weleome contributions on topics relating to Forestry.

Editor—E. Stewart, Chief Inspector of Forestry for the Dominion and
Secretary Canadian Forestry Association, Ottawa, Ont.
Sub-Editor—R. H. Campbell, Treasurer and Asst. Secretary Canadian
Forestry Association, Ottawa, Ont.

THE GOVERNMENT PLAN FOR TREE
PLANTING IN THE WEST.

For anyone who takes time to stop and consider the ques-
tion there must be but one conclusion, that a wood lot is a very
useful adjunct to a farm, both for its direct returns in supplying
wood for fuel and other farm purposes, and for its indirect
advantages as a protection from the winds and a conserver of
moisture. This has been specially evident in the West, where
there are such large extents of level land almost or entirely
bare of trees. The land regulations which were »dopted by the
Dominion Government from the beginning of its administration
showed a recognition of the importance of this question, as
provision was made for dividing up wooded lands into wood lots
for sale to homesteaders who had not sufficient wood on their

own lands.

The forest tree culture claim regulation was also adopted
to encourage planting on the prairie lands, but this provision
did not remain long in force, and out of some 253 claims taken
up under it only six were carried tocompletion. This plan did
not work out with much greater success in the United States,
from which Canada had adopted it. The fact is that the con-
ditions to success were not understood eyen by the experts, as
inay be very well illustrated by the provision of the regulation
referred to, which required that the trees should be planted not
less than twelve feet apart.

The success which has rewarded the efforts of a few perse-
yering individuals, and the work which has been accomplished
by the experimental farms, has added much to the knowledge
of the subject, and has given a sufficient basis on which a
choice of species may be made and plans of management
adopted with reasonable certainty of success, and, without
repeating the somewhat extravagant estimates and prophecies
of some of the earlier advocates of tree planting, it may be
safely asserted that an intelligent and systematic effort to have
the planting of trees carried out generally will result in very
decided benefits to the individual and the country at large.

The forestry branch of the Dominion is making such an
effort, and the plan upon which they propose to work is out-
lined in a cireular which has recently been issued by the
superintendent, Mr. I. Stewart. Applications from settlers in
the West desiring to avail themselves of the co-operation of the
Government in the planting and cultivation of a forest planta-
tion, windbreak or shelter belt will be received at Ottawa. The
local tree planting overseer will visit the property of the appli-
cant and prepare a sketch and description thereof, with ful]
particulars and suggestions as to the plantation to be set out.
A working plan will be prepared from this information, a copy
of which will be sent to the applicant together with an agree
ment to be signed by him. The department will, as far as
possible, furnish seed and plant material, and it reserves the

and Gun

in Canada

right to take from any plantation set out under its direction any
seed, seedlings or cuttings that should be removed and may not
be required on the property. The department will render all
services specified free of charge, but the owner must prepare
the soil, set out the plantation, and properly care for it aiter-
ward. A minimum of half an acre of 1,500 trees and a
maximum of five acres of 15,000 trees has been fixed. The
agreement to be signed by the applicant contains the main
provisions above cited.

In addition to this special work the forestry branch will
issue circulars from time to time giving general information.
In the first of these, which has recently been issued, are given
general suggestions for the preparation of the soil for tree
planting. The object is to reproduce natural forest conditions,
particularly the loose, porous soil which characterizes it, and
we quote a few paragraphs from the circular giving directions as
to how this may be attained :

«4 piece of land which it is intended to plant up should in
every case be thoroughly worked up and cultivated some time
before the time for planting arrives. Land which has already
been under cultivation for some years will prove the best for
tree planting. If planting is expected to take place in the fall
the soil must be ploughed as deeply as possible during the
summer, if possible using a subsoil plough as well as the
ordinary plough. After ploughing, the surface must not be
allowed to get hard, but should be frequently harrowed in order
to preserve the moisture in the ground which would otherwise
be lost by evaporation. The chief advantage in fall planting
lies in the fact that at that season farm. work is not usually so
pressing as in early spring, but outside of this, spring planting
should always be resorted to if possible, as the soil is moist then
and the young plant has a whole season in which its roots may
become well established before the winter sets in.

“Preparation of the soil forspring planting should be com-
menced in the previous fall by as deep cultivation as possible,
The surface of the ground should, however, be lett rough in
order to catch as much snow as possible and also to expose a
larger surface to the weathering action of the frost. Imme-
diately before planting the ground should again be ploughed
deeply and the surface harrowed down. In cases where it is
wished to plant seeds instead of young plants the soil must
necessarily be brought into a finer condition. In cases where
seedling trees are available for planting it is recommended, as a
general rule, that planting operations should be carried on in
the spring rather than in the fall of the year. In the case of
certain seeds it is often advisable and cheaper to plant in the
fall.

““The site for a proposed plantation should be carefully
selected with a view to the requirements of the species which
it is intended to plant. As a general rule it may be taken that
slopes facing towards the north are best adapted to tree growth,
as they are usually moister, for the reason that they do not
receive the direct rays of the sun, and are less liable to sudden
changes of temperature than are southern slopes. Certain
trees, as willow, ash, and balm of Gilead, thrive best on moist
soil in the neighbourhood of streams and ponds and will often
prove a failure if planted on high land where the supply of
moisture is somewhat scanty,
elder, or Manitoba maple, are adapted to growth on higher
ground, although the same varieties would probably attain

Many species, however, as box

larger proportions in low land where they could obtain more
moisture. Such natural considerations as these must be care-
fully taken into account in connection with tree planting in
order to attain to any degree of success,”’

~

Rod and Gun

The cultivation of hoed crops, such as roots and potatoes,
between the rows of trees is suggested as a method of decreas-
ing the cost of the work necessary in the early years. The
system adopted in Germany is to place the seedlings in rows
about three and one-third feet apart and grow potatoes be-
tween them.

The plan outlined above is thoroughly practical and it has
received the very cordial endorsation of the people of the West
to whom it has been presented, and, if it is carried out per-
severingly and continuously, the results should be of the great-
est advantage.

Tt must be impressed that this work is not the work of a
day. Trees will not reach maturity in a year, or two years, or
three years. One cause of failure in the past has been that the
efforts made were spasmodic and lacked continuity. The
work can be done at comparatively small cost, but there should
be no hesitation at placing sufficient funds at the disposal of
the Forestry Branch to insure that it be done well. A good
beginning has been made and the foundation of the system has
been laid in such a careful and practical manner as to give the
assurance that it will be carried out wisely and economically.
The development of the West is of the greatest importance to
the future of Canada, and anything that tends to that end
should be of interest to every Canadian. We trust that the
influence of the Canadian Forestry Association will be exerted
to ensure that the scheme be given such generous support that
it will have the fullest opportunity to demonstrate its use-
fulness.

The plan adopted is largely based on that followed by the
Division of Forestry for the United States, but in that country
the field of operations is not confined to any particular section.
Whether it would be advisable for the Dominion Forestry
Office to extend its work in the same way or whether, in the
older provinces, the matter should be left in the hands of the
local authorities is a question worthy of consideration. The
need may not be so pressing in these provinces, but expert
advice would be very useful to anyone desiring to have a forest
plantation, and we trust that some means may be adopted for
the encouragement of such efforts throughout the whole

Dominion.
*

British Columbia Forests.
By T. C. Whyte, Crown Timber Office, New Westminster,

The preservation and perpetuity of the forests of the
Province of British Columbia is a question which has become
one of vital importance of late years. Ii something be not
done towards this end we may have in time to face the pos-
sibility of a timber famine even in this forest province. The
enemy that we have to fight against more than any other is
fire. The appointment of Fire Wardens by the Federal Goy-
ernment to protect the timber limits from the danger of fire is
a step in the right direction, and we are certain that beneficial
results will follow this move on the part of our Dominion
authorities. The greater portion of our vast areas of timber
limits has been partially or completely destroyed by fire. In
the majority of cases this has been the result of gross neglect
and carelessness, which could easily have been prevented
by the exercise of a little care and judgment. However, it will
be the duty of the Fire Wardens who have been appointed to
do all in their power to prevent the devastation of our timber
by the fire fiend. The Government has recently published
notices respecting the protection of forests against fires, in
which is embodied a general warning to the public, and a
heavy fine is imposed on any person who wilfully infringes

in Canada fi

the requirements of the Act. These notices have been widely
distributed throughout the province, and numerous copies
sent to licensees of timber limits or “‘berths,’’ as they are
called in official nomenclature. Those who have received the
notices have expressed their determination to carry out the
requirements thereof to the best of their ability.

Now, a word or two with respect to reforestation. In
Germany, when a tree is cut down, the laws of the country
demand that another be replanted, so that, in that country,
there is a continual supply of timber. The conditions which
prevail in this province, however, are entirely different. An
enormous quantity of our best timber has been cut down, and
it may be several years before a second growth appears. How-
ever, we think that some experiments should be made in the
way of replanting or reforestation. Of course there are
numerous. large timber limits on which, as yet, not a stick has
been cut. The timber on the latter will therefore be preserved
to us for future utilization, but as the demand will in time
undoubtedly exceed the supply unless we adopt some system
of reforestation the timber wealth of our province will suffer
materially.

The sooner our mill owners and Inmber men realize the
danger and take steps to apply a remedy or use their influence
with the Government to that end the earlier will the preserva-
tion and perpetuity of our forests be attained.

*

Two solid oak logs, in a state of excellent preseryation,
were recently found by the men excavating in the water course
leading to the former McKay mill at the Chaudiere Falls in
Ottawa. The logs were thirteen feet under a deposit of earth,
stones and other debris, and likely lay in that position since
1858, when the Chaudiere district was commencing to be opened
up. Over forty years ago oak trees grew around the rocks at
the Chaudiere.

The preservative effect of water on wood that is continu-
ously immersed is remarkable. There is in Ottawa—or rather,
in Ottawa East—one man who makes a very fair living from the
disposal of oak logs which have been sunk for years in the
Rideau River. The specific gravity of oak is very near that of
water and a very little soaking will cause it to sink. A great
deal of this timber was taken out trom the Rideau district, and
as it was transported by water many of the logs went to the
bottom. In one place there is a deposit of hundreds of logs
which had been piled on the ice, but broke through with their
own weight. These logs have been lying in the slime under-
neath the water for from fifty to sixty years, and when raised
at the present day are perfectly sound and of good color with
the exception of a small portion on the outside.

That the fisherman sometimes gives justification for the
reputation which he holds in general opinion as a retailer of
large stories was exemplified by a tale which we had from a
fisherman on the Rideau, of a famous oak tree fully fourteen
feet in diameter, a portion of the trunk of which was still vis-
ible, and upon which a team of horses and sleigh had been
able to turn. This was the story under the glamor of evening.
In the sober light of next morning the sleigh was detached,
and further enquiries from a more reliable source established
the fact that the tree was a very famous one indeed, so that
our informant, now over seventy years of age, had walked
miles in his youth to see it ; but the diameter was cut down to
seven or eight feet. He stated that the largest piece of oak
timber he had taken out, which was in the days before the
canal was built, squared twenty inches and was forty feet in
length.

8 Rod and Gun

Copies of the circulars issued by the Dominion Forestry
Bureau may be obtained on application to Mr. E Stewart the
Superintendent.

*

A local circle of the Canadian Forestry Association has
been formed at Crystal City, Manitoba, with a membership of
fifteen. The officers are :—President, J. J. King; Vice-Presi-
dent, Jas. Laidlaw ; Secretary-Treasurer, U.S. Jory ; Directors,
Jas. Colter, D. Potter, W. J. Parr, James Stewart, Thos. Baird,
John Greenway, F. McEwan. This circle are taking active
steps to have the members and others interested supplied with
material for tree planting. They intend to send out teams to
get young trees, mostly evergreens and elm, where they can be
obtained in the neighborhood and will supply them to those
requiring them at cost price, which will probably be about five
cents apiece.

A circle has also been formed at Virden, Manitoba, with a
membership of eleven. The officers are :—President, C. J.
Thomson ; Vice-President, John Caldwell ; Secretary-Treasurer,
James Rothnie ; Executive Committee, C. E. Ivans, H. C.
Simpson, Dr. Stevenson.

*

The Forestry Branch of the Department of the Interior has
issued the first circular on tree planting in the west. Special
stress is laid on the necessity for proper preparation of the
prairie soil in order to ensure success. Any member of the
Forestry Association who has not already received a copy may
do so on applying to Mr. E. Stewart, Superintendent of Fores-
try, Ottawa.

MONTREAL HORSE SHOW.
By C. J. Alloway.

On Saturday evening, May 11th, the second annual Horse
Show, held in the Arena, was brought to a close, and the
final act in which the bay mare Pearl jumped six feet six
inches, will long be remembered by those who remained to
witness this remarkable feat. From the opening event to the
last, at almost midnight on Saturday evening, the interest was
unflagging and the attendance excellent. The fashionable
world was well represented, the boxes being filled every even-
ing with a brilliant array of Montreal’s best gowned women
and men in eyening dress. The patronage of their Excellen-
cies, Lord and Lady Minto, added éclat to the proceedings, and
the Governor's well-known love for horses of a high class, and
a prize personally offered by him gave zest and impetus to the
enterprise.

Good music was furnished during the intervals of the per-
formances, which, with the interior decorations of bunting and
the Arena colors, made pleasant adjuncts and surroundings.

In the main the Show was a success, the number of entries
being much in excess of what had been anticipated.

From a financial standpoint the undertaking has come out
in a most satisfactory manner, the receipts being largely in
advance of those of last year. The original intention of the
management was to have the Show of three days’ duration,
with two performances (afternoon and eyening) each day. It
was found, however, that owing to the unlooked for number
of entries an extra entertainment would have to be provided,
and consequently the catalogue was arranged for seven per-
formances instead of six. The Show opened on Wednesday
evening, May 8th, and continued Thursday, Friday and Sat-
urday afternoons and eyenings without interruption. The
weather was fine throughout and just cool enough to be

in Canada

pleasant. Occasionally it threatened rain, but only once did it
even sprinkle, and then not enough to cause discomfort.

There were a few much needed alterations and improvements
made in the interior of the building, the chief of which was
the construction of a promenade around the ring in front
of the boxes. This change added very materially to its apear-
ance and to the comfort of the spectators.

The ring proper in which the judging took place was in
excellent condition, and was equal to, if not better, than those
of New York or Toronto. With one or two exceptions the
performances on each occasion were brought on promptly as
per catalogue, but owing to the large number of entries in
some of the classes, it was on one or two evenings quite late
when the last number was called. This seemed to be unayoid-
able, and the good-natured spectators did not seem to resent
the prolonging of the entertainment.

Of the individual prize winners those from Toronto and
London were by far the largest, George Pepper of the
former being credited with $830. Mr. and Mrs. Beck of
London won $570, and Mr. Geo. H. Gooderham carried off
prizes amounting to $410. Mr. W. W. Ogilvie was the largest
Montreal winner, taking the sumi of $245.

There were a few errors committed by the management,
and what was considered by some a miscarriage of judgment in
some of the decisions of the judges, but such things cannot
always be avoided, and no doubt as experience is gained these
little irregularities will disappear. One of the most apparent
shortcomings of the Show was the height of the jumps and the
number in each circuit. Two hurdles in the round is not
sufficient to test the best qualities of the average hunter, and
three feet six inches of timber cannot be called anything above
the ordinary. In contests where the best characteristics of our
finest horses are to be tried, no jump should be lower than
four feet of timber or wall. Anything of less dimensions is not
calculated to excite admiration in those who are posted as to
what the capabilities of the horses are. To test the powers of
well trained hunters a greater variety of jumps should be used
—not all the same height nor the same distance apart. No
competitor should have anything whatever to do with the
drawing up of the prize list, the framing of the conditions, or
be placed in a position to dictate the lines upon which our
Horse Show should be run, and no one competing should be
allowed to enter the ring when his entry is being judged.
These rules should be strictly adhered to, as nothing engenders
dissatisfaction more quickly than their violation. There were
very good exhibits made from the West, but no feature of the
show was more remarkable than the large number of really
first class animals which the exbibition was instrumental in
bringing forward from Montreal.

The Horse Show which has just closed has aroused a desire
among our best citizens to obtain, in future, a better class of
horses than they would otherwise have dreamed of. One most
noticeable characteristic of the Show was that it was what its
name indicated, all horse, and not as the one recently held in
Toronto, where the horse took second place to other attractions
that seemed to be demanded in that part of the Dominion.

The Horse Show is no longer an experiment, but is
unquestionably here to stay as an annual and permanent
institution, and with a shade more effort on the part of Montreal
owners, there can be little doubt that our friends from Ontario
will, in the future, have to be content with only a fair and
reasonable proportion of the prize money, and not the dispro-
portionately large percentage which, up to the present they
have secured,

Rod

FISH AND FISHING

Professor E. E. Prince, Dominion Commissioner of Fisheries,
Ottawa, read a paper on Fish Culture in Canada, before the
Ottawa Literary and Scientific Society recently. The professor
disputes the claim made by the late Samuel Wilmot to have
initiated fish culture in Canada, and thinks it is proved that
Mr. Richard Nettle, now a resident of Ottawa, began the
incubation of salmon and trout eggs in the City of Quebec in
1856-57. This was but three years later than Dr. Theodatus
Garlick, of Ohio, attempted for the first time on this continent
the artificial hatching of fish. By 1868 the Dominion Goyern-
ment had awakened to the value of this means of restocking
depleted waters.

Samuel Wilmot made a most zealous and indefatigable
Superintendent of Fish Culture, and though in the first instance
Canadian fish culture was conducted by rough and ready
methods by self-taught men, and many blunders committed,
yet so favorable were the conditions, so pure, abuudant and
cold the water supply, and so robust and healthy the parent
stock, that even from start a gratifying measure of success was
obtained. By far the most important requisite is pure water,
and in this respect there are few countries the equal of our
Dominion.

During the last 30 years the Canadian hatcheries have dis-
tributed 2,650,468,000 fry, the average during 20 years being
128,000,000. Out of this yearly total 85 millions of fry have
been of the salmon, great lake trout and whitefish—all of great

economic value.
*

Sea Trout.

The other day, in making eertain changes in the game and
fish laws at Ottawa, the question of whether “sea trout’’ should
be added to the provision respecting the exportation of trout
was brought up. In the end it was decided to insert these
words, although the gentleman who did so knew perfectly well
that we haye no such fish in Canada.

In Europe the sea trout, Salmo trutta, may or may not be
a good species—{ do not propose to discuss that here—but our
Canadian sea trout, so called, is nothing but our old friend
fontinalis, who has taken a trip down to salt or brackish water
and thereby acquired a silvery dress which, for the time being,
hides his rich coloring.

Once upon a time I was a believer in the sea trout as a
species. I had caught bright, silvery trout off the mouth of
Bathurst harbor which differed externally from the brook trout
I had caught up the Nipissiguit and other New Brunswick
rivers, so that I found no difficulty.in believing they were a
separate and distinct species. But my enlightenment followed
quickly. There are two rivers in New Brunswick which have
acquired a more than local fame for their sea trout,—l refer to
the Tracadie and the Tabusintac rivers,—as I found for myself,
one July, upon the extreme head waters of the former stream.
In order to get there I had taken asmall bark canoe twenty
miles over a bad road and then eleven miles through the bush.
My reward was great. There was a big run of sea trout in the
river. Every pool was full of them. In one half day’s fishing
IT had sufficient fish to fill a half barrel, when they had been

and Gun

in Canada 9
split open and salted. The smallest that I kept weighed three
quarters of a pound and the largest four and one quarter, and I
was smashed once by a far heavier fish (the big one that got
away). Having no further excuse for fishing, I ran down the
river to its mouth, and noticed that it discharges into a large
lagoon known as Tracadie Gully. Later in the year I made
other trips to the river, and as the season wore on found the
trout rapidly changed their appearance, until, as I saw when
caribou hunting during the spawning season, the sea trout of
the early summer had become the ordinary speckled trout we
know so well ; the males red as blood underneath, the females
almost inky black.

IT had seen enough to cause me to want to know more, so I
was at some pains to trace the life history of the Tracadie trout
—and this is what I found: After spawning, the river being
very small and shallow, the trout drop down stream and pass
the winter and spring in the salt waters of Tracadie Gully.
Here they grow lusty and bright, owing to the sea water and
the unlimited food they are able to obtain. As soon as the
spring floods have subsided the trout begin to make their way
up the Tracadie. They are then most beautiful to behold, with
small heads half buried in their massive shoulders, and with
plump sides which gleam like frosted silver when they are
struggling against the cruel hook. So the summer wears on,
each pool swarms with trout which do not seem to change
their quarters at all,—the truth being that one pool is as well
tenanted as another,—until, when the leaves are falling and
the hardwoods are glorious in their autumn liveries of brown
and crimson, each gravelly bar is a spawning bed, but the sea
trout have disappeared.

In the hundreds of rivers discharging into the St. Lawrence,
on either shore, the same thing happens. The inhabitants
know the sea trout well. In many a humble homestead the
salted fish, together with the small, sweet potatoes, yielded
grudgingly by the sandy soil, form the staple food of the fisher-
farmer folk.

Hence there was much wisdom in incorporating in the
game law the name of a fish which does not exist.

Sr. Crorx.
¥

Fishing in the Laurentians is unusually good this spring.
The season is fully two weeks in advance of that of last year.
Several hundred fishermen leit the city of Montreal on the
evening of May 23rd and were absent until the Monday follow-
ing. The sight presented by these crowds on their arrival in
the city was quite remarkable ; each man had a limited pro-
portion of trout and all agreed that never during recent years
had fly fishing been so good.

The lakes adjacent to St. Faustin on the Labelle branch,
yielded particularly well. Some very large trout were taken.
One from Lake Superior weighed three pounds and there were
many others taken in that neighborhood nearly as large.
While a three pound trout is nothing unusu:!!, at least in print,
when caught fairly on the fly, such fish yield uncommonly
good sport and test the strength of the seyen ounce bamboo

rather severely.
*

Trout fishing at Square Lake, St. Faustin, has been very
good ever since the season opened. c
™
A magnificent Salmo purpuratus from Okanagan Lake is
now in the possession of Mr. John Fannin, curator of the
provincial museum at Victoria, B.C. It measured 34 inches,
and was said to weigh 154 lbs. when captured. Mr. Fannin is
now making a gelatine cast of the fish to place in the museum.

1 fe)

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GAME AND
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INTERESTS
OF CANADA.

ROD AND GUN

IN CANADA 44444

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Communications on all topics pertaining to fishing, shooting, canoeing,
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the writer, not necessarily for publication, however.

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oe eee oe ee

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Under date of April 16th, Mr. George

Carnegie, of Pittsburg, Pa.,

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‘Please send me ROD AND GUN
IN CANADA. Your paper is very
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Mr. Carnegie sent with the foregoing

his cheque for $10.00—the amount of a
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Ge eee

Spring fishing all through eastern Canada was unusually
early, and large One well-known
Montreal sportsman returned on the 13th from a short trip to
the preserve of the Laurentian Club with a ecreelfull, All his
trout taken on the fly and the average was 2 Ibs.
The fish were in superb condition.

catches are being reported.

were
It is almost inconceivable
should continue to fish in the
depleted streams of the United States, when a few hours’ run
will carry them to the streams and lakes of the great Dominion.

that men of means and leisure

+

of men now

We do not
refer to the extermination of certain species, nor to the forced
movement caused by the advance of civilization,

Game is migratory. Within the memory

living game has changed its habitat enormously.

but merely to
the rythmic ebb and flow whereby certain species change their
quarters, becoming scarce where they were previously abund-
ant, and numerous where they unknown.

were before almost

Rod and Gun

in Canada

The Virginia deer is steadily extending its range to the
northward. Recently extrao:dinary numbers have appeared
north of the Georgian Bay in Algoma, and they are fairly
abundant up to Temagaming. They have followed the courses
of the various tributaries joining the Ottawa from the north-
ward. They are particularly abundant on the heads of the
Rouge, Liévre, Gatineau and otherstreams. It was not always
so. Inthe region about Trembling Lake, where hundreds of
deer are shot annually, moose and caribou were the common
species 25 years ago. The laws of nature are sometimes mys-
terious. We do not always know what prompts the wild
creatures to change their abodes, but we do know that itis very
easy for persons who have paid but slight attention to the
matter to deceive themselves grossly. Very much of the game
which has been declared exterminated has simply moved on.

*

In last month’s issue, in the fishing department, attention
was called to the value of using small flies for trout. It is yet
very early in the season and for some weeks, at least, the value
of fine tackle will, perhaps, not be very apparent, but so soon
as the water shall have become warm and the appetite of the
fish less voracious, in order to make a good catch it will be
desirable to fish fine and far off with small flies and light casts.

Glancing through the columns of the London Fishing
Gazette a few weeks ago we became interested in an account of
an English sportsman’s fishing in the Kootenay River, southern
British Columbia. He said : ‘‘ The cast I had put together and
‘‘used the night before consisted of large, rouhly ties flies, of
“a pattern which I had found useful in the early season, the

cast being of coarse gut.’’ This combination did not work,
and he says : “I changed the cast itself to one of gut tapered
“from medium to fine undrawn, and also my reel to one con-
‘taining about forty yards of tapered line, putting on two
“flies and using as tail fly, a fly with dark grey wing, brown
“hackle Palmer-wise, and yellow body, the hook being a ‘0’ ;
“and as dropper a ‘00’ hook, the dressing of which I forget.”
Then the luck changed and when he left off he had 20 rainbow
trout, one of which was a three pounder, the total weight of
the creel being 24 pounds.

The rainbow undoubtedly prefers a small fly, but trout

fishermen will find that small flies and light tackle will
pay any time after the middle of June when fishing for
fontinalis.

On the eve of going to press we learn that the following
Order-in-Council has been passed :

No one shall receive, ship, transport or have in possession
for the purpose of shipping or transporting out of the Dominion
of Canada, any speckled trout, river trout or sea trout, taken
or caught in the province of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick,
Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island ; provided—

a) Any person may so ship such trout caught by him for
sport, to the extent of 25 Ibs. in weight, if the shipment is
accompanied by a certificate to that effect from either the local
fishery officer in whose district the fish were caught, or from
the local station agent adjacent to the locality in which they
were caught, or is accompanied by copy of the official license
or permit issued to the person making the ehipment.

(b) No single package of such trout shall exceed 25 Ibs. in
weight, nor shall any person be permitted to ship more than
one package during the season.

This will be welcome news to anglers, as such enactment
must have a happy effect upon our trout fisheries.

Rod and Gun

KENNEL DEPARTMENT

Conducted by D. Taylor

Correspondence ts invited on all matters pertaining to the kennel, and
tlems of interest concerning man’s best friend, will be welcomed. An effort
will be made to furnish correspondents reliable advice as to the care and
treatment of dogs in any case submitted. All communications for thts
department should be addressed to D. TAYLOR, ROD AND GUN IN CANADA,
603 Cratg street, Montreal.

At the time of going to press with this number of Rop
Anp Gun, the show of the Montreal Canine Association is an
assured success, at least as far as the number of entries are
concerned. Indeed, for Montreal, it will prove a record one.
This is very gratifying to the promoters who have spared no
expense to make the show attractive to exhibitors and to the

Airedale Terrier—Champion Dumbarton Lass
Owner, Jos. A. Laurin, Montreal

general public. It is believed that the entries will total over
800 and the number of dogs benched will 1ange about 425.

Although only a ribbon show with a yery considerable
number of specials thrown in (by far too large a number, we
are sorry to see, with strings attached to them) there will be a
fine exhibit of outside dogs well-known in the prize ring,
entries having come in freely from Western Canada. Among
those entered are Mr. A. A. Macdonald’s string of wire-haired
terriers. Mr. Millar’s (of Trenton) cocker spaniels and bull
terriers. The Newmarket Kennels will also have a large
exhibit of their famous bull terriers, while the collie classes
threaten to be the biggest ever shown in Canada, the veteran
ch. Old Hall Paris being amongst the number. Foxhounds
will also be a prominent feature, both the Montreal Hunt and
the Canadian Hunt Club sending the cream of their Kennels.
Given good weather and other favorable conditions the attend-
ance of the paying public should also be a record one.

in Canada II

Roy Montez, one of the finest English setters in Canada, is
owned in Victoria, B.C., by Mr. Charles Minor. He was bred
by Mr. J. R. Anderson, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, who
owned his sire, a good dog, of the best English setter strain,
his dam being the famous Lola Montez, imported from Cali-
fornia. Although a young dog, Roy has done some winning,
having taken first in open and winners classes at Portland,
Ore., and was also in the money at the late Chicago show,
where he ran up against some of the best in the States. Roy
Montez is generally admired for his admirable conformation
and typical setter head, and with good care and training may
yet prove a veritable mine for his lucky owner.

™

Mr. Farwell, of Toronto, has had the misfortune to lose his
fox-terrier Norfolk Victorious, which he only acquired a short
time ago from the Norfolk Kennels. The dog was found dead
in his crate on arrival at Chicago show for which he was
entered. The probability is that he was smothered through
baggage being piled too closely around him. The bulldog
Footpad, belonging to Tyler Morse, also met with a similar fate.

*

The seventeenth volume of the American
Kennel Club Stud Book for the year 1900
has just been issued and is a very complete
and comprehensive record of pedigreed dogs
of every recognized breed. While in some
breeds there is a slight decrease, the total
number of registrations show an increase of
524 over those of 1899. There is a decline
in St. Bernards, Mastiffs, Newfoundlands,
Russian Wolfhounds, Deerhounds, Fox-
hounds, Irish Setters, Gordon Setters, Fox-
terriers, ete.; while the breeds which show
increases are Great Danes, Bloodhounds,
Greyhounds, Pointers, English Setters, Irish
Water Spaniels, Field and Cocker Spaniels,
Collies, Bulldogs, Bull Terriers. Airedale Ter-
riers, Boston Terriers, Beagle , Dachshunds,
Irish Terriers, Scottish Terriers, etc.

*

Frank Dole has been finally induced to
part with his celebrated bull terrier, cham-
pion Woodcote Wonder, which has been sold
to a San Francisco gentleman. Mr. Dole
has been importuned for a long time to part
with this constant winner, and it is pre-
sumed the monetary consideration must
have been considerable to effect a change of owners. Wood-
cote Wonder is a wonderful dog, seeming to improve with age,
and has yet no doubt a long career of winning before him on
the Pacific Coast.

*

The Canadian Kennel Club was organized in 1888 at
London, Ont., with Dr. J. S. Niven acting as chairman at the
inaugural meeting. The first president was Richard Gibson ;
W. J. Jackson was the first vice-president, and F. C. Wheeler
was the first secretary-treasurer. Other former presidents are
J. Lorne Campbell, T. G. Davey, Dr. T. Wesley Mills (Mont-
real), Dr. J. S. Niven (London), H. Bealington and Geo. B.
Sweetnam. ©C. A. Stone and S. F. Glass have officiated as
secretaries to 1891, when the present secretary was elected.
The club has seen trouble since its birth, but is now an influen-
tial incorporated association, with about six thousand pedigrees
of high-class dogs in its stud books, and a constantly growing

12

membership roll. The privileges of the club are open to
American as well as Canadian breeders, and the former are
availing themselves of that fact. The officers are: Patron,
Mr. William Hendrie, Hamilton; Hon. President, R. Gibson,
Delaware, Ont. : president, John G. Kent, Toronto ; first vice-
president, Dr. J. S. Niven, London; vice-presidents, F. T.
Miller, Trenton; Jos. A. Laurin, Montreal; E. R. Collier,
Winnipeg; Rev. J. W. Flinton, Victoria, B. C. ; Dr. F. W.
D’Evelyn, San Francisco, Cal.; James L. Little, Brookline,
Mass.; G. Allen Ross, Regina, N.W.T. ; secretary-treasurer,
H. B. Donovan, Toronto ; auditors, G. B. Sweetnam, Toronto ;
A. A. McDonald, Toronto; executive committee, James
Lindsay, Montreal ; Dr. Wesley Mills, Montreal ; H. Parker
Thomas, Belleville; Geo. H. Gooderham, Toronto; W. P.
Fraser, Toronto ; A. A. McDonald, Toronto; Dr. A. Boultbee,
Toronto: F. W. Jacobi, Toronto ; James Bertram, Dundas ;
C. Y¥. Ford, Kingston; Rev. Thos. Geoghegan, Hamilton:
H. J. Elliott, Brandon; F. C. Mills, Hamilton, Ontario.
Every dog-owner should belong to the Kennel Club. The
membership fee is small, only $2.00 a year, and among the
privileges are a free copy of the Canadian Kennel Gazette,
which, under its recently improved form is alone worth the

money.
*
The show of the Montreal Canine Association will bring

out a number of new faces amongst the exhibitors, especially
in the collie classes, the breed during the last few years having
been very popular here, quite a number of very promising
puppies changing hands within the past year. Among the new
fanciers is Mr. Alex. Smith (not “ Auchcairnie”’), of Laurier
avenue, St. Henri, who is the owner of a nice young sable and
white bitch, Glenlivet Lassie by Hielan’ Rory ex Queen Bess,
bred by W. Ainslie. Lassie was bred on the 29th to Mr. Joseph
Reid’s grand young dog, Logan’s Earl.
*

D. Taylor’s collie bitch, Lady Marjorie, gave birth on the
12th to a litter of eight—five males and three females. They
are by Hielan’ Rory and are all nicely marked tri-colors, black,

tan and white.
*

“ Peto,” in the Sporting and Dramatic News says :—“ The
life of dogs bred and kept solely for show purposes is not a long
one. The age of Greyhounds, Foxhounds and dogs used for
sport only, exceeds those of dogs kept by their owners as a
means of winning show honors. There are reasons for this,
and it is scarcely necessary to name them. The difficulties
that exhibitors of dogs have to contend with are basea on the
vagaries of ‘show condition.’’ But then ‘‘show condition ”’
has usually been the gorging of the dog as much as possible
and the drugging of him also. The wonder is that the losses
in some of the largest kennels where this system is allowed is
not more frequent. In the near future, purchasers will begin
to make inquiries as to how a dog has been fed and drugged
before spending a large sum of money on him. Moreover, it
is in the interest of the dog itself that he should live a more
natural life than many show-winners do. A breed thatdies off
more quickly than another is generally found to be one in
regard to which medicines and artificial means are most often
used.”

We are afraid that ‘‘ Peto”’ is drawing on his imagination
not a little when he alleges ‘‘gorging’’ and ‘“ drugging’’ to
keep a dog in good show condition, The fact of the matter is
that the experienced show breeder relies on cleanliness, a
moderate regular diet and plenty of exercise more than any-
thing else to keep his dogs in good condition,

Rod and Gun in Canada

Standard of the English Setter.

The English Setter Club of America, recently organized,
has adopted the following as the standard of the breed :—

Head, 20 points ; neck, 5; body, 36; legs and feet, 20; tail,
5 ; symmetry, coat and feathering, 15 ; color and markings, 4 ;
total, 100.

Head.—Should be long and lean, with a well-defined stop.
The skull oval from ear to ear, showing plenty of brain room,
and with a well-defined occipital protuberance. The muzzle
moderately deep and fairly square ; from the stop to the point
of the nose should be long, the nostrils wide and the jaws of
nearly equal length ; flews not to be pendulous ; the color of
the nose should be black, or dark or light liver, according to
the color of the coat. The eyes should be bright, mild and
intelligent, and of a dark hazel color—the darker the better.
The ears of moderate length, set on low and hanging in neat
folds close to the cheek ; the tip should be velvety, the upper
part clothed with fine, silky hair.

Neck.—Should be rather long, muscular and lean, slightly
arched at the crest, and clean cut where it joins the head ; to-
ward the shoulder it should be larger and very muscular, not
throaty, though the skin is loose below the throat, elegant and
bloodlike in appearance.

Body.—Should be of moderate length, with shoulders well
set back, or oblique ; back short and level ; loins wide, slightly
arched, strong and muscular. Chest deep in the brisket, with
good, round, widely sprung ribs, deep in the back ribs ; that
is, well ribbed up.

Legs and Feet.—Stifles well bent and strong thighs long
from hip to hock. The forearm big and very muscular, the
elbow well set down. Pastern short, muscular and straight.
The feet very close and compact, and well protected by hair
between the toes.

Tail.—The tail should be set on almost in a line with the
back ; medium length, not curly or ropy ; to be slightly curved
or scimitar-shaped, but with no tendency to turn upward ; the
flag or feather hanging in long, pendant flakes. The feather
should not commence at root, but slightly below, and increase
in length to the middle, then gradually taper off toward the
end; and the hair long, bright, soft and silky, wavy, but not
curly.

Symmetry, Coat and Feathering.—The coat, from the back
of the head in a line with the ears, ought to be straight, long
and silky (a slight wave in it not objectionable), which should
be the case with the coat generally ; the breeches and forelegs
nearly down to the feet, should be well feathered.

Color and Markings.—The color may be either black and
white, orange and white, lemon and white, liver and white, or
tri-color, that is, black, white and tan ; those without heavy
patches of color on the body, but flecked all over, preferred.

*

The St. Thomas Kennel Club has now seventy-four mem-
bers in good standing. A useful work at which the Club is
aiming is the reduction of city licence on registered dogs. The
fee is now $2 for each dog and $5 for each bitch, which is ex-
cessive in the case of dogs kept under control.

*

Chatham, N. Y., we hear, is to hold a show the week fol-
lowing the Pan-American, the date chosen by Toronto. This
is rather unfortunate for both, A fee of $2 for prizes of $10
And $5 or $8 and $4 will be charged.

A show will probably be held in St. Thomas some time in
the fall.

Rod and Gun in Canada I

THE GUN

Conducted by “Bob White”

THE SPORTSMAN’S RIFLE
By C. A. B.

One hears a great deal for and against the small bore high
velocity rifle as a game killer. The men, however, who are
using them for Canadian shooting are vastly on the increase,
and without possessing the gift of prophesy one may foretell,
safely, the advent of an era when the black powder rifle will
be as obsolete as the flintlock.

On paper the modern small bore has all the best of it.
Calculated by the usual formula, the 30-40 or the British .303
have a striking energy of over 2,000 ft. lbs.; very few of the
black powder rifles could inflict a blow of 1,500 ft. Ibs. It may,
therefore, be taken for granted that the modern rifle of the
same calibre as is used in the British and American services,
has an energy which is to that of the most powerful .45 as 4 is
to 3. But, of course, energy is not the only faetor to be con-
sidered. The area of the bullet is very much less, consequently
its penetration is enormously greater, but any such penetration
carrying the bullet through and beyond the animal fired at is
so much wasted force. Hence, the mantled bullet is utterly
inadmissible for American game, and the bullet with the lead
exposed at the point is used by all intelligent big game hunters.

This bullet is supposed to mushroom, or set up, upon
striking the animal, but it does not always do so, at least not
to the extent which is desired. Should it hit a bone, or a mass
of dense muscle, it will certainly expand, and make a larger
wound than the old fashioned rifle, even when the later was a
45 or 50 calibre. Where the modern small bore seemis to fail is
in a flank shot, where the resistance of the soft tissues has not
been sufficient to mushroom the bullet. In such cases the
game often escapes.

Excepting in this particular feature the modern rifle com-
pares fayorably at all points with those it is replacing. It may be,
and generally is, several pounds lighter, its accuracy is as
good, and its trajectory very much flatter, so that judging
distance need not be attended to so carefully, and, in the case
of game moying rapidly across the front of the shooter, the
allowance for such movement becomes so small as to generally
be a nominal quantity.

Lots of old hunters will not tolerate the high velocity rifle.
As young men they used the black powder rifle—it served their
turn well enough and they have no idea of forsaking it—but
the younger men are buying the new rifle, and when the grass
grows green over the heads of the old guard, the black powder
rifle will have disappeared with the men who carried it.

The new arms are not perfect, far from it. A perfect rifle
will never be invented. Ifa man must have a weapon which
will knock down his game, crush it to the earth, deprive it of
life, even at extreme ranges and at awkard angles, by all means
let him take a light field piece into the woods. It is the only
thing that will do it. But by shooting straight, which means
keeping cool, and refraining from firing at everything within
sight no matter what the range may be, the modern rifle will
be found a most satisfactory tool.

English sportsmen in tropical lands and in Central Asia
have to carry rifles of unusual power. Sir Samuel Baker swore

2
)

by a .577 weighing 12 pounds, and carrying a charge of 6 drams
of Curtis & Harvey’s strong No. 6 powder, and a soft lead
bullet weighing 640 grains. It takes a stout man to stand up
against a rifle like that, but Sir Samuel was a pocket Hercules,
and before his deadly aim, elephants, rhinocerii, lions, tigers
and butialo went down with unvarying regularity. Had he
been alive to day he would probably have done as other British
sportsmen are doing, laid aside his favorite .577 and adopted a
-400 or .450 high velocity rifle.
lines as the small bore modern military arm.

These are made upon the same
Their bullets
are comparatively light, but have a velocity always exceeding
2,000 feet per second. This gives them a striking energy of
from 3,000 to 4,000 pounds, yet they are light and handy as
compared with the rifles in use even as late as five years ago.

But for American game we need nothing so powerful. A
200 grain, soft pointed bullet, having a velocity of 2,000 feet per
second will, if it be properly placed, kill anything we have in
North America.

RIFLES FOR SMALL GAME.

Notwithstanding the time and money expended upon the
perfection of sporting implements in Great Britain, the sports-
men of the British Isles are a long way behind their Canadian
brethren in the matter of rifles for small game. In England
the sportsman is practically confined to rook and rabbit shoot-
ing when he wishes to use arifle. Each of these are easily
killed and moreover, the country is too densely populated to
make it safe to fire rifles having a considerable range at random.
So it has come to pass that a .250 burning 7 or 8 grains of
smokeless powder behind a 56 grain bullet is looked upon as
rather a powerful weapon. Here we should not consider it in
that light, on the contrary, the charge seems to us a badly
proportioned one for the bullet is over-light. We have found
that a bullet weighing from 77 to 86 grains, gives the best
results. One of the latter weight driven by 25 grains of gooa
black powder makes an ideal rifle for shooting animals up to
the size of a lynx, at a pinch it will kill a deer neatly, if the
bullet has been well placed. But it is quite unnecessarily
powerful for ordinary small game. A grouse, or hare, or
squirrel is hardly worth picking up if hit fair and square by
such a bullet propelled by the full charge.

The ideal small bore for forest shooting is the 22 calibre,
but, as is always the case with these tiny bores, it is difficult to
keep the rifling in good condition. They foul easily and are hard
to clean, yet if neglected rust soon forms and their shooting
becomes erratic. For actual game shooting, taking everything
into consideration, the best 22 cartridge is the Winchester rim
fire 22-7-45. It is not the most accurate cartridge, nor is it as
powerful as the 22 central fire, but it hits a happy mean, and a
man must be a very remarkable shot to discover any difference
in its accuracy as compared with the 22 long rifle, that is
shooting off hand at estimated ranges.

Owing to the attention called by the Boer war to the
Mauser rifle, we were threatened with a glut of these weapons.
We were told they would displace all other rifles for military
and sporting purposes, and the ignoramuses scoffed at the idea
of the Lee-Enfield being anything but obsolete.

We know now that all this was foolishness. The Lee-
Enfield is not a perfect rifle by any means, but even the Boers
prefer it to the Mauser. It has a longer range and the bullet
inflicts a much more dangerous wound. The British army
authorities are now working night and day on a new rifle, and
it is said by those in the know, that it will bear a stronger

14

resemblance to the Lee-Enfield than to the Mauser so belauded
by the ignorant scribblers. .

A very useful little rifle for Canadian sporting is a single
barrel with a Martini action and bored for the .303. These
may be had at a very reasonable price in Great Britain, but,
unfortunately, the Canadian gunsmiths rarely have them on
sale, consequently: they are littie known here.

*

A sportsman who has just returned from Western Ontario
tells Rop anp Gun that he found deer extremely abundant in
Hodgins County. This is easily reached from Sault Ste. Marie
and North Bay.

*

The Interstate Association Tournament at Sherbrooke,
July 1st and 2nd, should prove a great attraction to trap-
shooters. The Sherbrooke tournaments are always largely
attended and very enjoyable. The grounds and club-houses are
beautifully situated, and magautrap and expert traps are in
charge of experienced help, while the clerical work is perfec-
tion. Everything goes with that smoothness so essential to a
thorough enjoyment of the sport.

*

Mr. Forest H. Conover, the Canadian agent of the Dupont
de Nemours Co., requests that the secretaries of gun clubs will
be good enough to send him programmes of a]l tournaments
beforehand as he wishes to attend them all in the interest of
the Dupont Powder Co. His address is Leamington, Ont.

THE LANDSCAPE—ON THE INTRODUCTION
OF FIGURES.

Though this chapter, on the introduction of figures into a
view, may seem a trifle out of place in a series of landscape
photography, it is nevertheless most important, possibly more
so because it is a subject to which so little attention is given in
the photographie journals, and a subject which, if properly
understood, may be made not only to give point to what would
otherwise be extremely uninteresting pictures, but may in a
measure act in the same capacity as the painters’ coloring and
cover, or rather draw the attention from defects of composition.
By this it must not be inferred that any person who happens
to be with the photographer may wander into the view and
stand with hands in pockets, looking around, to give emphasis
to the fact that the prospect is fine, for though it is possible to
create such an idea in this way, in nine cases out of ten. unless
the figure is posed in such a position, and in such a spot, it will
detract from, instead of adding to, the appearance of the photo-
gram. However, in defiance of the fact that so little is said on
this subject of late years the sins against fitness are becoming
fewer and fewer, and anything, that is really of the vulgar class,
is extremely rare, for almost all those who are capable of
producing work that is good in all other respects are endowed
with sufficient innate good taste, to prevent them from making
any serious errors.

In the first place, for the benefit of those who have never
attempted to use figures in their compositions, and who propose
giving the matter a trial, it may be stated that as a rule the
“real thing’ will not answer the purpose, seldom being
sufficiently intelligent to take a pose without appearing
awkward, when asked to do so. With some discretion and a
hand-camera, however, it is occasionally possible to catch the
native unawares. At one time, having been struck with the
strong beauty of the sturdy fishermen lifting their nets, I

Rod and Gun in Canada

decided to photograph them, and actually made three unsuc-
cessful attempts with my tripot instrument from tke stern of
another boat. While expressing their entire willingness to
stand for a picture, they were utterly unable to take their
customary positions when asked to do so, and almost invariably,
one would either turn and look at the instrument, or roll his
eyes in my direction to an alarming degree, and instead of
appearing to be tugging at the nets would let his arms hang in
a listless, loose-jointed fashion, that was calculated to drive a
photographer to despair. Finally the hand-camera was brought
into play, and although the same difficulty was experienced on
first presenting it at the group, on being told that it was only
to see how they appeared on the finder, they resumed their
work and a good picture was the result.

But if nature in its wild state, so to speak, presents such
difficulties, art in the guise of a friend or two, and some suit-
able garments, supplies the remedy.

It is somewhat doubtful if the advice to pick up quaint
and picturesque bits of costume at every opportunity will meet
with the approval of the head of the household, who may not
fancy the idea of acquiring a large stock of second-hand wearing
apparel. And added to this difficulty, it will be found that
it is curiously seldom that anything really picturesque 1s met
with, and still harder to secure it. The wearer either imagines
you are having a little fun out of him, or else that perhaps you
may be a foolish millionaire and can put up a faney price if
your whims must be gratified. In trying to make such a
bargain it is better to come to the point at once and state why
you want the article and what you are willing to pay for it.
Then, besides clothing, it is necessary to have at least a small
collection of the utensils that are commonly to be met with in
such scenes as it is intended to portray. In gathering this
collection of cast-offs, if instead of aiming at a large and varied
collection a little care is taken and variety is looked for, it will
be found possible to get along without a great deal. Asa usual
thing each dress may | more or less arranged in different
shapes, so as to appear that the model has had a change of
clothes. Then it is a point worthy of remembrance that the
brilliantly colored or pure white objects that are to be photo-
graphed will of necessity be reduced to monochrone, and
following out this idea there is no reason why an article that is
to be represented as white in the picture should really be white,
when a pale green or blue will give the same result with much
more suggestion of half-tone.

Just one word more on clothing : Whatever you do, avoid
fancy dresses such as shepherds or milkmaids. Their day is
past, or as it has been said, “ they belong to a time when liter-
ature and art were in their most debasee and artificial state,
and should never be revived except in burlesque.’”’ The
figure that is really in keeping with the scene will appear to be
not in the scene, but of it, and none except the initiated will
ever suspect it was from a model; whereas figures in fancy
dresses will invariably present an artificial or dressed up
appearance.

Although landscape artists are daily paying increasing
attention to the introduction of figures into their photograms,
for some curious reason or other it has been decided by judges
at exhibitions, that if a landscape contain figures, it may
become a genre picture at the discretion of the judges, and
though in sorting the pictures this will be found very con-
venient, it is apt to be puaszling to those to whom the word
landscape means a definite kind of picture, even though the
term genre offers a considerable latitude as to its meaning.
In the April, 1900, number of the Photo-American there

Rod

appeared two genre pictures, ‘‘The Anglers,’’? by Chas. W.
Hull, and “The Fairy Tale,”’ by Nellie Contant, both of which
were good representatives of their class and winners in the
Photo-American prize competition. The first one, however,
“The Anglers,’ might just as well have been entered as a land-
scape with figures in it, though it is possible that under this
heading it would have stood less chance of a prize. The
second one, ‘‘ The Fairy Tale,’’ is by far the best representative
of the genre class. Not knowing the artist, I am not prepared
to say whether it was photographed from a dressed-up model,
or from real life in some of the European countries, but if it
belongs to the former class it is certainly a well-executed piece
of work. The pleased, attentive look of the child, and the
busy air of the young mother, to say nothing of the excellence
of the lighting for an out-of-doors picture, are worthy of high
commendation. The posing of the light figures against a dark
background is also a good point, inasmuch as it gives to them
a certain amount of relief, that they would not otherwise have.

and Gun

in Canada lis
and inserted a piece of dried grass that answered very well,
and three minutes later saw him in his shirt sleeves with hat
well tipped back and knees hunched up on the rocky bank,
leaning forward and watching intently.

If you see a young child that you believe would answer
your purpose, you must capture him wild, so as to steer clear
of white collars and creased trousers, and other starch and
awkwardness.

In looking at one of the landscapes with figures, that are
usually shown, the first thing that strikes one is, that the
figure is not suited to the scene or else could have been placed
in a much better position ; bat this only proyes that the
photographer was lacking in taste or knowledge, and not that
the landseape would haye been better without life. A land-
scape without a figure, usually shows to the trained mind an
opportunity wasted. Far too often after the focussing is all
done and everything ready for the exposure, the idea of a figure
comes to one, and any one who happens to be at hand is told
to wander in and take a posi-
tion, generally any position
they please. This is entirely

The Sportsman

If you decide on asking a friend to wear some of the ward-
robe you have gathered together, and pose for you, give him to
thoroughly understand before starting that you have an idea
of your own that you intend carrying out, and that no matter
whether he has some better advice to offer, it will be to his
advantage to keep it to himself, for, notwithstanding how much
superior his ideas of proper arrangement may be, if you allow
them to mix with your own, the few you have are almost sure
to go wrong. Nothing truer may be said in this branch of
landscape photography than that too many cooks spoil the
broth. In this point as well as in other matters, some models
will recuire considerable education, while there are others who
will grasp your ideas at once and set about putting them into
execution. One friend of mine, who was jaunting with me
across the bush and had little thought of posing for me, on a
request took a positionand made an excellent subject. We had
come upon a little pool, which by leaving both ends out of the
plate could be made to look like a stream, and the only thing
lacking was a fisherman to give point to the scene. We cut
a straight pole and then, for lack of a string, notched the end

contrary to what should con-
stitute good art, for though the
arrangement of the best pictures
may appear accidental, the
result is the outcome of delib-
erate educated purpose. If a
figure is introduced it should
be that it is the figure which
gives value to, or as it were,
makes the picture; if more
than one appears in the _pic-
ture they should look to so
belong to each other, that their
separation would result in the
work’s undoing.

In the doing of this first
choose the scene and make
careful notes of its arrangement
and the class of figure which
will be most in harmony with
it, then try to decide whether

7 a light or dark spot is
BycourtesyjoiEhoto-Brencan required for that position
in which the figure is to

be placed, and also whether it is to suggest any story or to
agree with any title you may haye chosen. Possibly the land-
scape in itself may be very simple and commonplace, so much
so that in it there is nothing but light and shade of which a
picture could be made. Whiat is needed isa figure that will
give point to the picture and harmonize the scattered sunshine
and shadow. If the subject is placed at the balancing point of
the angle of the composition to give it support and in opposi-
tion to the greatest distance to throw it far away and so give
the appearance of space, it will usually be effective.

The photographer seems afraid as a rule to allow his figures
to look larger than dwarfs. Surely there are no technical
difficulties to prevent him from introducing larger figures, so
that the effect is added to, both in size and pose. Look for
instance at the accompanying illustration.

This photogram ‘‘ The Sportsman,” is reproduced from a
photograph by Mr. Louis Pesha, a well known Canadian Jand-
scape artist, and from the fact that it is a close conformer to
almost all the rules of good landscape photography, it is well
worthy of a little careful study.

16

Here the artist has chosen a subject that possesses a reason-
able amount of interest in itse!f, even if badly rendered. The
lines of the picture are well composed. Look at the right and
left sides, how they produce the appearance of distance, and
then at the foreground, where every blade of grass is so clearly
shown as to strongly intensify this effect. This showing of
the foreground has resulted in a use of the high horizon line,
and so applied the rule to show most of that part of the lands-
cape in which interest lies. The lines in the middle distance
are strong enough to show it off distinctly without giving it too
strong an accent nor yet allowing it to become confused with
the distance.

The light and shade is admirably massed so as to give both
breadth and depth te the picture. The immediate foreground
is enough darker than the extreme distance to call attention to
it ; the light is not allowed to form a horizontal line across the
landscape, but is effectively broken by the two bushes in the
centre. The principal spot of illumination is the face of the
hunter, and additional relief is given it, or in fact to the whole
picture, by placing it directly in front of the darkest mass.

Divide the picture, as was shown in the ‘‘arrangement of
mass,” and it will be seen that the old man and the dog come
on one of the intersections of the lines, and so illustrate the
rule to place the principal object on one of the points of effect.
Further, the position of the dog and man form a triangle, and
so secures for the sportsman a more solid appearance than if he
were standing alone, and as both his feet are shown, without
detracting in the slightest degree from his appearance.

The one weak point in the composition is the blank white
sky, though by the use of a second negative this defect might
have been easily remedied.

This photogram is well worthy of some careful study on
the part of the young landscape artist, for it can be applied not
only to this article, but to almost anything on landscape
photography, and the more it is studied the more will this be
apparent.—H. McBean Johnstone, in the Photo-American.

Pan-American Judges.

The following are the judges and the breeds assigned them
at the Pan-American Dog Show, Aug. 27-30, 1901 :

Mr. James Mortimer, Hempstead, L.I.—St. Bernards,
Mastiffs, Bloodhounds, Deerhounds, Basset hounds, Buli Ter-
riers Boston Terriers, Foxterriers, Scottish Terriers, Black and
Tan Terriers, Dachshunds, Yorkshire Terriers, Toy Terriers,
(other than Yorkshire) Whippets and Schipperkes.

Mr. Charles H. Mason, New York, N.Y.—Great Danes,
Russian Wolfhounds, Greyhounds, sporting Spaniels, Poodles,
Toy Spaniels and Pugs.

Mr. William ‘Tallman, Greensboro, N.C.—Foxhounds,
Pointers, English, Irish and Gordon Setters.

Mr. ©. G. Hopton, Roseville, N.J.—English Bulldogs,
French Bulldogs, Airedale Terriers, Irish Terriers, Welsh
Terriers, Skye Terriers, Pomeranians and miscellaneous classes.

Mr. Wm. C. Hunter, Harrisburg, Pa.—Collies.

Mr. Geo. I. Reed, Barton, Vt.—Beagles.

Mr. E. M. Oldham, Superintendent.

*
A Vexed Question Settled.

At a meeting of the executive committee of the Interna-
tional Kennel Club (Eng.) the question of sporting and non-

Rod and Gun

in Canada

sporting dogs was fully discussed and the following divisions of
the different varieties was approved :

Sportinc.—Bloodhounds, Otterhounds, Russian Wolf-
hounds, Irish Wolfhounds, Deerhounds, Greyhaunds, Fox-
hounds, Harriers, Beagles, Pointers, Setters, Spaniels, Retrie-
vers, Bassethounds, Dachshunds, Whippets.

Non-Sportine.—Mastiffs, St. Bernards, Great Danes, New-
foundlands, Collies, Old English Sheepdogs, Bulldogs, Dalma-
tians, Poodles, Chow Chows, Schipperkes, Pomeranians, Pugs,
Toy Spaniels, Yorkshire Terriers Maltese Terriers, Italian
Greyhounds, Toy Terriers (smooth) and Griffons Bruxellois.

Terriers (other than Toys).—Airedale Terriers, Bull
Terriers, Fox Terriers, Irish Terrier, Scottish Terriers, Welsh
Terriers, Old English Terrier, Dany Dinmont Terrier, Skye
Terriers, White English Terriers, Black and Tan Terriers,
Bedlington Terriers and Clydesdale Terriers.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Fontinalis (Rochester).—There is trout fishing galore in
many of the waters of Northern and Western Quebec. The
only exceptions are those which contain pike and doré. Thus
it comes to pass that a fall or rapid at the foot of a lake,
frequently preserves it as a trout water. In one stream known
to the writer the lower stretches swarm with hungry pike, but
above certain low falls these are not found, the brook trout
taking their place. You may get excellent fishing near St.
Faustin, and at dozens of other places.

J.J.S. (Wabigoon ).—The two most accurate black powder
charges are the 32-40-160 and the 38-55-260, the latter really
haying but 48 grs. of powder though rated at 55 grs. With either
of these rifles acrack shot using a rest, and shooting under
favorable weather conditions, could occasionally put 10 consecu-
tive shots in a four-inch circle at 200 yards. The 38 cal. is
amply powerful for Virginia deer, but its trajectory is high, so
it is desirable to judge distance correctly, The 32 cal. is a
better hunting cartridge, but unnecessarily powerful for small
game, and has been superseded of late by the 25 cal.

FE. S. Johnson (Montreal).—The aluminum utensils are no
doubt excellent—and comparatively costly. Water in an
aluminum kettle will boil in less time than in an iron
or tin vessel, and aluminum frying pans are easily cleaned,
but after all tinware is good enough for knocking about, and
on account of its low cost will continue to be used by most
of us.

Vermont.—The birch-bark was undoubtedly the best craft
for the purpose, that the uncivilized Indian had in his power
to make, but it is very inferior to a good Peterboro. The lines
of the latter could, however, be considerably improved for
rough-and-tumble work—too much attention has been paid to
mere speed.

J. B.—There bird as ruffled grouse. The
common woods grouse, Bonansa u» belloides, or ruffed grouse
is meant.

is no such

J. R. (Botson).—There are elk in the foothills at least as
far north as the Yellow Head pass, which is in approximately
the same latitude as Edmonton. It is more than likely that
this animal is found considerably nearer the Peace River, but
this remains to be shown. Whenever the name “ Red Deer”
appears upon amap of North Western Canada it means the
Wapiti or “ Elk.” The other deer are mule or so-called ‘‘jump-
ing deer,’ and white tail,

Rod and

AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHY

Conducted by Hubert McBean Johnstone

SUMMER PHOTOGRAPHY ALONG THE
BEACHES.
H. McBean Johnstone.

Ten years ago the sea-side visitor who carried a camera was
the exception ; now it is the other way round, and it is the
exceptional one who does not possess one of those deadly little
black boxes so dreaded by the pretty girl when she is coming
out of the surf. If the summer man does not own a camera
when he decides where he is going to put in the summer, he
goes out and blows himself to one and takes his first lesson
along the sands. It isin this way that so many well known
amateurs have started on the downward path, for once they are
thoroughly interested, it is only a matter of time until they are
able to talk plates, and paper, and composition, and effect, and
what not, as unintelligibly as the oldest and most hardened
in the ranks. And if they persist in their evil ways and are
not saved by some good missionary in the form of one who has
been through it all, they will likely get a picture of Aunt Susan
and little Mary Ann, in their bathing suits, into one of the
papers and then, of course, their names are made,—they are
famous.

But joking apart, there are, along the seashore, many little
episodes foreyer happening that are well worthy of a dry plate,
if one can only get them, and along the banks many phases of
beautitul nature that can be translated into pictures full of life
and realism, that others can look at and enjoy. Only, to get
these things, you have to be a little more than a mere button
presser. For instance, in looking over the album of one of
these press-the-button fellows, what a similarity we see between
two different workers in this branch. Not that there should
not be asimilarity provided that the work is good, but as a
rule these productions are anything but that.
improyement is possible.

First on the list of subjects that come under the head of
beach photograms is the everlasting picture of groups of
summer boarders. Now the summer boarder is not, as a rule,
a work of art—unless it be a she,—but nevertheless, so asso-
ciated is he with numberless good times that any collection in
which he did not take some place would be lacking in that
human interest so necessary to make the photogram worth
looking at. You know it is the associations that we group
around the taking of a picture that makes it valuable to us. If
you do not believe that, just consider for an instant how much
more interest you take in your own work than in the work of
someone else, and then ask yourself the reason for it. So the
summer man takes first place easily enough in this direction.
Then, as a sub-division of this class of work, we have the
portraying of little children busily engaged in the building of
miniature strongholds in the plastic sand and shaping out, in
their own imaginations, buildings too vast for the grown-up
mind to conceive. And here we can get something really
artistic and well worthy of a little careful study in grouping
and arrangement. But it isa kind of work that one has to be
thoroughly in love with to make a success of, and it is also
necessary to have more or less of a knowledge of children.
Somehow, you have to keep them from looking at you and
engrossed in their play, or the picture will be worthless from

In most cases

Gun

in Canada 17

a pictorial standpoint. Perhaps the best plan is to have some
one with you to take the youngsters’ minds off the instrument.
It is a study in patience as well as photography, but looking at
it from either point of view, it is well worthy of a little careful
attention.

Or perhaps it will be possible to catch them romping over
and around a bit of wreck which has been cast up on the shore,
and by the action of innumerable fierce
almost buried in the ever shifting sands.

nor’ westers been
Alone it might not
be a thing of beauty, buttake it when a lot of merry little imps
make it a scene of life and enjoyment and at once it gives
to the picture that appearance of “something doing,’
speak. and takes away that look of the photogram being
merely made to show the print to the doting parents. Or
again, get them sitting with the fishermen, listening to mar-
vyellous sea yarns of mermaids and devil fish and what not,
while the sly old salts wink gravely at one another and lose no
time in keeping at their work of mending their nets. Such
photograms are worthy to be dignified by the name of studies,
and if the idea is properly carried out will form a welcome
addition to the stock of lantern slides that your club is getting
up for next winter. At once, after the summer is over, they
take on asort of dignity that it would never be possible for
Katie Jones in her bathing suit to attain.

Then, too, these same fishermen with their supernaturally
grave faces and shiny rubber boots, are, if you catch them at
work, well worth a bit of attention. Go out in their boats
with them and get them at work lifting the nets, and snap
pictures of the great masses of slimy writhing fish as they
quiver and glisten in the sunlight and then pourin an almost
steady stream into the big flat-bottomed boat. It is great sport.
The work takes place in the morning before the fog has yet
fairly risen off the surface of the water, and when the sun is
just climbing up over the barely distinguishable horizon. The
boat rocks on the gentle morning roll of the water as it
gurgles under the bow, and were it not for the hoarse oaths of
men, it might be almost a fit time fora reverie, so peaceiul
is it all.

Or walk along the beach with the camera and catch the
roll of the tide as it comes in, its vanguard breaking on the
smooth sand and other wavelets following, flowing over the
top of them as though they had never existed. Here and
there is perhaps a sand-piper that will give life to the scene and
save it from an appearance of utter desolation. O! what a
wealth of studies there are to be found along the shore.

But to pass on. Marine photography might be said to
forma branch of along shore work during the summer months,
and while it would be impossible to touch on it here, in so
confined a space, and give anything like practical instructions
on it, still it is just as well to bring it to mind. The general
rules to be followed are to remember to use a large plate, a
quick lens and a sunny day, when it will be possible to get some
kind of gradation in your sails and prevent that flat look so
common to the poorer specimens of this branch. And then
speaking of flatness, it might not be amiss to just mention that
if there were two or three boats included in the view, instead
of just one, there is a less likelihood of there being a lack of
perspective. In seascapes, where there are not any trees to
show the effect of distance, there is a great danger of the
photogram not being divided into planes and failing to show
distance as it should. Several boats in a view effectually pre-
vent this fault.

In murine photography it is a lucky fellow who owns a
camera where the shutter works outside the lens, for then there

so to

18 Rod

is less danger of moisture getting on the glass and dimming the

image. On several occasions I have seen what might otherwise
have been good negatives spoiled by just this trouble.
n, too, it not necessary to touch on marine views

a sunset fora background. They are common, but some-
how always pretty, though it has been said with no small
degree of truth that they owe their beauty to the fact that to
them out as
it is

moonlights (which is almost always the

bring
to print until all the defects are covered

case

ve picture with little
ble, and some The kind of

chaps that go in for this sort of picture are the ones that take

over,—an easy method of getting an effect

man’s

1aZY

way.
them t ] Nevertheless a sunset over
the water is, in spite of all, despite all argument, a most striking
Catch it some day when the long black

y to be developed.
affair unless overdone
clouds are interspersed with equally long streaks of red and
yellow, and then try it and see if I’m not right

Of the many other entrancing little pictures that are to be

iad along the shore and back over the banks, I am going to say

nothing he trees that make such the
1 roads ov the

, and the picturesque old farmer with his straw

grotesque pictures,
harming twiste er-hung with good-looking trees,

summer camper

at and much bepatched breeches, will be all passed over, and
ve WV } to just a word on the manipulation of photograms
of the beach type. In looking at it from this standpoint it
might be said that there is nothing to say, and then again it
might be that it would be possible to say a lot more than I am

ving t In the first place ou never want to take a seascape
vith I nd ther absolutely nothing that

yoks worse tha 1 picture of water that has been left bald
headed Sor rf n 18 something was missing My
fa te t to use that old scheme of a 10 per cent solu
t ) le ota Before applying the bromide
wash the negative in water for al t 15 seconds, and then with
1 tuft of absorbant tton apply the solution to the sky-half

and Gun

in Canada

It is not necessary to be very particular in doing this for the
action of the developer will prevent the formation of a definite
line. After applying it give it another rinse and then continue
the developing. It is sometimes necessary to repeat this opera-
tion several times, but in the print the trouble is well repaid.
Sometimes, it is true, you will spoil a negative in this way, but
ask yourself if you think it would have been worth anything
without the bromide treatment, and you will often be able to
willingly cast out a spoiled plate where otherwise you might be
inclined to give vent to a sigh.

The light at the seaside during August is especially decep-
tive, being really much stronger than one would suppose, and,
as a consequence, is the cause of much over-exposure. On a
clear sultry day the sea presents nothing but a white glare, and
the shore, only a long stretch of uninteresting sand, and the
result is almost certain to be over timing. If, on the other
hand, the sky is overcast with the humid atmospheric vapor of
the dog days the exposure of a plate will result in a uniform
gray sky, lacking in interest, but the detail in the foreground

and middle distance will be consid-
It is a good plan to
stop down one half and to increase
the the
these days, though even then it is

erably better.

speed of shutter during
impossible to expect clear definition
in the distance, that is
usually obscured by the ever present
Much can be done toward
this, the
developer is weakened and the pro-

because

haze.
rectifving however, if
cess of development prolonged until
all the detail has come out and can
be discerned by the ruby light. It
is on just such sultry days as this
that sudden storms spring up and
give one a chance to take advantage
of these sudden workings of nature.

It is on humid gray days, or even
when there is a fog, that it is poss-
ible to get the best photograms of
people. One can always decide if
the air
at the
and if the faces can be seen distinct-
feet,
then it is usually possible to bring

is clear enough by looking
ground glass on the finder,
distance of

Iv, sav ata ten

them out as well in the negative.
Such portraits require a full opening
and a quick release of the shutter, and the result is usually
better if a prolonged development with a weakened developer
is given. Perhaps nowhere, as in summer photography along
the beaches, is an exposure table of so much use to the ama-
teur, unless it be that he is an old hand at the work, and even
then he is often apt to make mistakes
Just one word in conclusion. Remember that you are not
at home in the house, and that almost every wind will load
your camera up with sand, so keep a dusting brush handy.

You'll need it
*

The Scrap Bag.

the

average amateur on the walls of his camera club, there comes

In looking over the portraits that are displayed by

to one a sort of feeling that the worker has gone too much to
the lighting and posing side of his subject and by some stupid

Rod and Gun

mistake or other left out all the inner spirit of the man so to
speak, left out, in fact, the one thing necessary to make the
photogram worth looking at, and the only thing that could
possibly make it worth preserving. What is it, let me ask,
that distinguishes the work of the cheap professional from that
of the high priced man? Is it the ‘‘ finish ?’’ I would like to
just say right here that I do not think that it is. Loek at the
display of the cheaper man and make a careful note of how not
only is there a lack of judgment shown in the lighting and
posing, but how the very expression of the face seems to say
all over it, ‘‘cheap work,’’ and then, in addition, how any
semblance of expression that there was in it is all retouched
out till the appearance ie that of the famous Kipling housemaid,
“beefy face and grubby.’’ This over retouching is, I note—since
amateur portraits have commenced to have the tremendous
run that they havye—just as common among the amateur
fraternity as among the professionals. Turn from these to the
pictures of our celebrated men, which are commonly on sale,
and which are the work of men who are famous the world over
as makers of good portraits, and note will you how the very
individuality of the man is portrayed all over it, so that on
looking at it one involuntarily says to one’s self here is a man
of strong character and well fitted for the position that he
holds, or here is a weakling and an incompetent. Look at
those photograms that we see daily of McKinley and
Roosevelt, and see how they show up the very life of the men
so to speak. Why I’ll bet those fellows both get lots of votes
on nothing else than their good looks as shown by the man
behind the camera. But just imagine how these same men
would look if the picture had been the production of some pot-
wash amateur, who knows nothing beyond the laws of lighting
and posing, and not very much of them. The real trouble is
that for a long time the desire has been to catch the effect,
something that is suitable for exhibition purposes, regardless
of expression or likeness, and now when he is called upon to do
something more he cannot fill the bill. Portrait photography
is fast sifting down to a point—among professionals as well as
among amateurs—when it is necessary that the production bea
likeness as well as an effect, and this, taken into considera-
tion with the fact that all persons are more or less conceited
and want a little flattery thrown in, leaves the ambitious
amateur with his work well cut out.
*

That extremely reliable newspaper, the New York World,
is authority for the following story, and while I do not think it
can be exactly true, still I give it for what it is worth.
Canaan, Conn., is fixed by the World as the locality of this
truly miraculous happening, and the article ends up by saying
that scientists and experts are already flocking to make inyesti-
gations. But to proceed with the story. One of the villagers was
visiting his hennery to collect the daily fruit and founda young
pullet guarding her first egg, apparently very much amazed at
the result of her efforts. And well she might be, for apart
from the fact that the egg was an unusually large one for a first
lay, it bore upon its surface an excellent reproduction of a
chicken’s head. Whether the chemicals that were in the bird’s
food are to blame for the strange occurrence or whether the
picture is the ‘‘result of hen-influence,’’ as the World puts it,
is not definitely known. No mention is made of there being a
lens used in the production of the photogram. All efforts to
remoye the picture failed, and the shell is now on exhibition,
and will later in all probability be sent to the State Museum
after the photogram experts from Yale University have had a
chance to examine it. Of course I’m not saying that all this

in Canada 19

All I say is that the World is my only

The World is a big paper, surely it must be a fact.
*

Now that the summer with all its little atmospheric pecu-
liarities is coming on, it might not be amiss to just say a word
or two on that elusive quantity known as aerial perspective.
When you look at a landscape that has been properly deyeloped
and printed with a due regard for what is right and proper,
you will notice that in the near foreground there are consider-
ably heavier shadows than there are in the distance, and that
in between these two extremes there is, or should be, a range
of half tone that gradually blends off from the one to the other.
But this is not always done properly. I remember a case in
point where the worker had a truly excellent photogram of
distant mountains, hazy, indistinct and picturesque, in fact
just what he needed to form a most beautiful background for
his landscape. And would you believe it, he did not know
enough to use it. Instead, he read some sort of an article on
how to reduce a portion ofa negative without touching the rest
and then went and did away with what constituted the chief
charm of his picture. Such idiocy makes me positively angry.
Here I am trying by means of short exposures and careful
development, and every other way I know how, to get just the
effect that he had, and that he threw away. As Shakespeare
puts it, “What fools these mortals be.”’ But just try to imagine
if it were not for atmospheric perspective, how our photograms
would look, and what dull, flat, lifeless things they would be.
Take a piece of white paper and draw across it two straight
lines—the one aboye the other—and you will have an idea of
about how much expression there could be in a picture without
this aerial perspective, and at the same time learn far better
than I could ever teach you how much of it you must have to
make your photogram worth looking at.

*

Do not use every kind of dry-plate that is put on the
market, but instead settle on one that you consider to be a
good one and then study that one alone, as to exposure and
development, until you get it working to perfection. This is
not a new piece of advice in these columns, but judging from
the number of queries that come as to which is the best plate
and the best developer, it is, I think, a thing that can stand
repeating. Ifyou do as you should, you will find that after
you get accustomed to it you will get better results than if you
used first one and then another, simply because a friend recom-
mended it. Any of the standard plates will give a good result,
provided that it is properly manipulated, and all you have to do
is to stick to it to get good work all the time.

*

Correspondence.

may not be true.
authority.

(Correspondence should be addressed to H. McBean

Johnstone, Box 651, Sarnia, Ont.)

Bayard E. Sparham, Smith’s Falls.—Your query has already
been answered by mail. I have your other letter in reply to my
request and trust that I may have an early opportunity of
hearing from you.

W.R.G., Ridgetown, Ont.—In reading over your letter,
asking that I recommend one of the cameras from the list that
you enclose, it seems to me that it would be better if you were
to write to me and let me have your address that I might write
to you direct, when it would be possible for me to say things
that could hardly be said here. If I thought that you had any
idea of the kind of work you want to do, I would ask you to

20

tell me, but I suppose that you only want to take pictures.
Now for that purpose I do not think that you would find either
of the Panoramic instruments referred to to be of any great
value. Even in the hands of an experienced worker they are
sometimes difficult to manage. But you had better send me
your address.

William Harrison.—It looks to me as though you had been
too sparing in the use of your developer. Don’t be this way,
but use a little more and haye enough to cover the plate without
having to resort to violent agitation to do it. Streaks, and
uneven deyelopment—such as you have—will be the result if
too little is used. Also, it is best to use as fresh a developer as
you can, i.e., as your plate will stand, for in the end you will
find that it is cheaper to do this than to spoil a plate by an old
and discolored solution. The grading of a good negative is
only possible by carefully and slowly coaxing up all parts of
the image pretty well together.

Henry A. Rickier.—At least four or five minutes should be
necessary for the proper development of a good negative.

Buffalo, N.Y.—You should not attempt to take moving
subjects at short range, for if you do, blurring will be the result.
Take them far enough away to get a good exposure and at the
same time a quick one, and then enlarge by any simple method.

Eustus MeMicken.—Send me your address,—not necessarily
for publication, you know, but merely as an act of courtesy.

Selfish Fish and Game Protection.
To tHe Eprror or Rop anv Gun:

To the already long list of truthful maxims, we will add
another, i. e.: ‘‘Nine-tenths of the so-called fish and game
protectionists are so from purely selfish motives and not from
any desire to be public benefactors, or for the love of fish and
game inthemselves.’’ We will only touch on one of the many
instances that we could give to prove the truthfulness of the
above.

The writer was for several years one of a committee ap-
pointed in a nearby state to rear and import new kinds of
game suitable to restock the depleted fields and forests of that
country.

We imported those noble game birds, the capercailzie
and black game, from Sweden. We also brought in sharp-tail-
grouse and quail, and also reared Mongolian pheasants. The
cock pheasant is a most beautiful bird and would be an
attractive acquisition to our game birds. Nearly all of the so-
called sportsmen who visited the aviaries and saw these superb
birds with their brilliant plumage, showed the true state of their
feelings on game protection by expressing a wish that they—
the pheasants—were released so that they could have “a crack
at them.’’ No thought or interest in them beyond the fact
that they and all other game were simply being propagated
and protected for their personal benefit, so that they could
gratify their lust for shedding blood by destroying and killing
some of nature’s most beautiful creatures.

During the recent session of ‘‘The North American Fish
and Game Protective Association’? we kept in the background
and We sorrowfully noticed that this same
selfish spirit was present, together with at times a lack of

‘ observed.”’

“common sense’? among some of the members.

It was recommended that the laws regulating the open
seasons for fish and game in the different provinces and states
The open season for moose,

should be uniform as to dates.

caribou and deer to be from September 15th to November 30th,

Rod and Gun

in Canada

and when Dr. Brainerd proposed a common-sense amendment,
that the open season for the above named game should be
allowed to range within the named dates, shortened and
changed to suit different localities, the Doctor’s amendment
barely passed by a feeble majority.

While uniform fish and game laws should be made for
adjacent woods and waters in the different provinces—say for
instance Vermont, New York and the Province of Quebec
should have a uniform law to protect the fish in the waters of
Lake Champlain. It would be the greatest piece of folly to
advocate the same law to govern deer shooting in the back
woods districts of the Ottawa country, that would be suitable
for the thickly inhabited state of Vermont, or on feathered
game to have the same open season for the marshes of the
James Bay as for the Chesapeake, or for the coasts of Labrador
as for the Long Island shores, ete.

We sportsmen and game protectionists should cultivate a
move liberal and thorough knowledge of the nature and habits
of our fish and game before we pose as law framers for their
protection and propagation.

In the thickly settled states it isa mistake to have a very
short open season. When this is done it is made a novelty,
and then eyery man who owns a gun or can beg or borrow one
will be out every day during the open season, and the poor
game cannot move without running against a man with a gun.
Either close the season altogether or make it long enough to
rob it of its novelty. Stop the marketing of game at all
seasons, and fix the number that can be killed by each shooter
in a day or during the season.

Game for food should be killed when in a quiet and undis-
turbed state, though adyocates of deer hounding claim that
venison is more palatable and more easily digested if killed
when iri a heated condition with its veins filled with hot
excited blood.

The flesh and blood from a frightened and exhausted
animal when used for food is little less than rank poison.
I have touched on the above subjects very briefly. At some
future time I may go into them more fully, as volumes can be
written on these subjects, and even then the truth would not

be half told.
STANSTEAD.

Montreal, Feb. 23, 1901.

It is understood that the government of the Province of
Quebec is about to prohibit all fishing, for some time to come,
in Lake St. Louis, Lake St. Francis and some of the other lakes
of this Province.

*

The Annual Meet of the Canadian Canoe Association will
be held at Brockyille under the auspices of Bohemian
A.A.A.C., in August. The war canoe race will be the principal
event of the meet, and every effort is being made to have a

large number of entries.
*

At the annual meeting of the Leamington Gun Club the
following officers were elected for year 1901: A. Huffman,
president ; A. Harrington, vice-president ; Jas. Watson, secre-
tary-treasurer ; John Conover, field captain ; F. H. Conover,
manager. The dates for the annual summer tournament will
be Thursday and Friday, August 8th and 9th, 1901, There will
be cash prizes and high averages for both day’s events. An
invitation is extended to all sportsmen.

CANOE
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Canadian Pacific Railway including Temagaming, Desbarats,

MONTREAL, QUE. Abittibi.

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There is more Sport to the Square

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GEESE American Continent -% 2% 4%
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BLACK BASS Send for copy of our Game Map, our Fishing and Shooting and other

SALMON sporting publications, to General Passenger Department, Montreal, P.Q.

Established 1845

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These rivers and lakes are all well stocked with salmon and trout, from
four to eight pounds, and with various other kinds of fish.

MOOSE, CARIBOU AND RED DEER.—Splendid shooting almost every-
where throughout the territory of the Province of Quebec, especially in
the Ottawa and Pontiac Districts, in Gaspesia and Beauce, the Metapedia
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of Montreal, the Kippewa and the Lake John District.

Game abounds in the Forests and on the Beackian
Hunting territories trom 10 to 400 square miles, at $1.00 per square mile

and upwards, can be leased, on which the lessee has the exclusive right
of hunting

THE LAURENTIDES NATIONAL PARK alone contains hundreds of the
most picturesque lakes, teeming with fish, and plenty of moose, caribon
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Rivers, Lakes
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HUN T ING AND FISHING PERMITS can be obtained from the Depart-
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HAS MANUFACTURED

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PAGE.
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put together. ‘‘ DUCKING "’ hard pressed, “Pr AW 1 ee oe ear 9
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SNAP SHOT ” high velocity, moist residium Fishing in a Great Lone Land, by H. L. Smith ....... 1 Peetipe 2 2-3
Cheap. The powder for every day use. =
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Powder can be bought in Canada as g The Gittg. 02:2 oo8. ore ea ee tire St ete ne eee, mioaieiets 5
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id stream
Correspondence .<2-* « sasse tase ere 16
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Can vou send over some Trap? 1 don't mean to Forestry Department <<. oe... <- n> «\ersisine leva aes sivigys om es se eaten 17-19
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ES uk emcon, Rod and Gun Publishing Co.

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Single Copies Ten Cents.

LABRADOR AS A COUNTRY FOR CRUISING.

Dr Wilfred Grenfell, Medical Supt, Labrador Mission.

Nine years ago we made our first expedition to Labrador.
We sailed from Yarmouth, England, to St. John’s, Newfound-
land, in order to get a pilot who would recognize at least some
of the headlands, when eventually we should find the land of
our destination. For our yessel was only 97 tons burden—
ketch rigged—and none of us had ever put foot in the country
before. We had been warned, moreover, that from Belle Isle to
Cape Chidley at the south side of the entrance to the Hudson
Bay Straits, there were no lights, no landmarks, no buoys or
sea marks, no artificial harbours, and no advantageous aids to
navigation of any kind. We had expected a warm welcome in
St. John’s—which we literally received, for that unfortunate
city was on fire when we arrived—and the heat in that magni-
ficent natural basin, surrounded by its wonderful cliffs, was
phenomenal. The crossing had taken us 17 days from the
Fastnet rock—not a bad record considering we had lost three
days in fog, and had run south as far as the Flemish Cape.
But the best crossing we ever made was the succeeding year on
the homeward passage. Leaving St. John’s, Newfoundland, on
the 28th of November, we heaved to off Great Yarmouth pier-
head, on the east coast of England, in exactly 12% days—six
hours had been spent with our head hove to the westward in
the channei—except for that we had a fair wind varying from
one quarter to the other the whole way across—and this small

sailing vessel had maintained an average speed of 7.1 knots per
hour from start to finish. It is easy enough to cross the Atlantic
in asmall boat, for after all, owing to the deep water, the seas
are true, but the danger comes in trying to do it quickly. If
any one wants a new sensation let him run in a small sailing
boat with a low freeboard, of say three feet, for days together :
we did, at times getting 240 knots out of the ship in 24 heurs.
The ‘‘fate’’? of the ship seems occasionally unavoidable as the

towering green mountains rise behind, but they subside again,
melting with a final rush under the stern, though the ship is apt
to give very uncomfortable ‘‘yaws’’ from side to side, and unless
and they well used to
especially in the dark,

you haye two stout men at your wheel,
it, you are apt to let the ship broach-to,
and then—the Deluge.

Leoking back on the various cruises we have made since
then—which inelude journeys round England, West Scotland,
West Ireland, and Wales—round the Shetlands—Orkneys
—Farées—and all round Iceland, I can only say none have
greater capacities for a summer cruise for pleasure (mine have
been in the capacity of a medical missionary among fishermen )
than the rugged coasts of Labrador. If one looks out Labrador
in an Encyclopedia, one finds its character so shockingly

destroyed, one would fancy it was the natural home of the
Furies, and that incessant gales hurled mountainous seas in
unbroken succession through a network of icebergs against
unknown, death-dealing crags. Now, being a Master Mariner
and Captain of my own boat, which has now developed into
an 84-ton steel

having cruised so many times the whole coast, I am in a

unsheathed) schooner-rigged steamboat, and

position to say this is very far from being the true state of
affairs—that I was able to cruise one year from St. John’s, Nfid.,
the whole coast to Okkak (north of Cape Mugford) in a small
launch 45 feet long by 8 feet wide, arriving back on November

13th, shows how different is the real state of affairs ; indeed,

one year having had an accident to my steamer, I was able to
continue my peregrinations without much risk in an open
16-foot-lugged-rigged dingy.

I have been tempted, Mr. Editor, to write you a first
because I feel if some of
readers, who own yachts or who make summer trips together

article on these lines sure your

in hired yessels, were to know how easy it is to get a pilot

among the Newfoundland fishermen who knows the Labra-
dor coast, and who has himself taken a small and often
poor and ill-formed vessel year after year with perfect

equanimity along that coast in search of codfish, I am sure
many more would yisit the coast for a summer cruise. There
are a great many attractions which very few other coasts offer
in these days, and a run down on the outside Newfoundland,
say from Halifax, or if preferable through the Gulf along the
west coast of Newfoundland, is only a matter of a few days.
Every year numbers of small fishing and trading schooners go
down this very trip. My advice is to any one going down, go
north along the Newfoundland west coast. It is a lovely
coast, exquisite scenery, and plenty of free salmen and trout
fishing. Pass through the Straits of Belle Isle, a perfectly
easy matter for the water is a// deep to along the north shore,
and you can run your bowsprit aground there practically the
whole way, before you would touch your keel. But return by
the east coast of Newfoundland without any doubt, for the
prevailing winds, when September once comes in, are westerly,
and this is still truer of October and November. This gives
you a weather shore and smooth water the whole way. But
beyond that, beautiful natural harbours are so numerous you
can, if you wish to do things comfortably, make a harbour
This is what the fishing craft do. It is well to
remember you would not have even the risk of a lonely tour.

every night.

On both your journeys north and south, you find plenty of
sailing craft of every description running north or south with
you, and this is a great source of relief, if one has never

cruised the coast before. For these men have the ripe ex-

2 Rod and Gun

perience of a life-time at this work, and one can trust them
absolutely. The actual losses of life from schooners in breezes
of wind outside harbours on Labrador is an absolutely neglig-
able cuantity. Collisions are the rarest things, we may say,
eyen with ice; the boats seldom collide to do themselves any
damage and there are no ocean racers to run over you in the
night. I cannot call to mind in all these years one life lost or
one schooner after June from breezes of wind, unless it has
been by having poor holding gear and poor holding ground, or
the upsetting of small boats overloaded or by squalls. Have
plenty of chain, two good anchors and a mooring rope for
emergencies, and I see no danger whatever in cruising the La-
brador coast in summer. Some of the chief attractions are the
exquisite icebergs, the finest in the world so near civilization,
and really not a source of danger unless one runs foolishly, or
on dark nights, or in heavy fog. Fog north of the Straits of
Belle Isle is much less common than further south and on the
banks. Then the wonderful long ‘“‘runs,’’ that is, stretches of
navigable water shut off from the sea by islands. Between
Hopedale and Port Mauvers one can cruise a good 100 miles
of coast, never going into the open Atlantic, and that among
countless islands, scarcely ever trodden by the foot of man, and
where wildfowl of all sorts abound.

There are long bays and indraughts which have never been
explored, and weeks of pleasurable hunting, fishing and
exploring could be had from a yacht, or the small boat, in that
region alone. There is field there for the prospector, botanist,
geologist, antiquary, ornithologist, and sportsman. There are
beautiful wooded islands inside Davis Inlet, and elsewhere,
where no man dwells, and where one enjoys the sensations
of Robinson Crusoe when he first took possession of his island.
There are caribou and black bear, and every year one or two
white bear are shot on the outside, I know of six last year.
Spruce partridge and willow grouse are to be found, besides the
waterfowl.

There are Indians of the Montaignais tribe occasionally to
be met, and always some of that extremely interesting race,
the Eskimo, who here come further south than anywhere else.
The deep sea fishing is splendid, and the trout in virgin
rivers are naturally quite unsophisticated, and are extremely
abundant. The salmon will rise well in some of the rivers.
One gentleman has now been two summers all the way from
England for salmon-fishing in a river on the east coast.
There are many unfished entirely, but whether the salmon
in them would take a fly I can’t say. I have little time in
summer for sport of that sort. Of late years tourists have been
‘talking’? of coming down, and a stray expedition from
Harvard, Brown and Bowdoin’s, have come and spent a sum-
mer in small schooners exploring, ete. All these have been
thoroughly satisfied, as far as they have let us know, with the
abundant capacities the coast offers, and none have found
really any special dangers peculiar to Labrador.

One ought not to forget one great attraction, and that is the
Grand Falls of Labrador. At the bottom of an exquisite bay
called Hamilton Inlet, 130 miles up from the sea, there runs out
the great Hamilton Riyer, and 200 miles up that river is a
wonderful fall called ‘‘Grand Falls,” half as high again as
Niagara, with an immense body of water going over it, and
only on three occasions visited (so far as is known) in all
history by civilized man.

The addition of a little permanganate of potass to the
usual tar, oil and pennyroyal mixture is said to act as an
extra repellant to the black tly and mosquito,

in Canada

FISHING IN A GREAT LONE LAND.
By L. H. Smith.

Continued.

Immediately above the rapids are three miles of stil!
water, at the head of which is the ‘“‘ Bay Pool.’’ Here the
river widens out, and forms a little bay, beyond which is a
gorge, through which the river tears and rushes in wild fury.
Navigation stops here, and the distance from this to Mountain
Lake must be done on foot.

“Simpson’s Stretch’? is just above the gorge ; I named it
after a friend, the best angler I ever fished with. The stretch
was about one hundred yards of smooth water gliding along on
a gravelly bottom, not more than two to four feet deep. I
always passed it, not thinking it likely water for fish. The first
time my friend saw it, it took his eye, and he tried it. I saw
him take and basket three or four three to five-pound fish
without moving from his position in the river. How he would
strike, play and gaff a fish, and put him in his basket! From
his tail fly to his wrist his tackle worked as though automati-
cally. He would fight a five-pounder with his § oz. spliced
greenheart in such a way that if I attempted to do the same
thing I should smash my rod into splinters. Not he, he was a
born fisherman, and could basket his fish in a style that I
never saw equalled by any other man. He is as much at home
in a birch-bark as an Indian, and from tying a fly, striking and
basketing a five-pound speckled trout to a right and left on the
sharp-tailed grouse of the prairies, he is the best all-round
sportsman I ever knew.

““Telford’s Pool” is just above Simpson’s Stretch, and this
I named after another of my fishing companions. It is a good
pool, with a good piece of water just above it. Some distance
above these good waters are the two lovely falls, and above the
last one only a short distance have you to go, when you are
looking on Mountain Lake.

My “ chapter of accidents’? is the biography of a snelled
hook and five old flies which I have carefully preserved on the
first page of my fly-book. No. lisa No, 2 Sproat hook which
I took out of the maw of a fish. He had, two weeks before, in
the same stretch in the river, taken a minnow, and in striking
him I snapped the gut. No. 2 is a No, 4 Seth Green fly, with
which I took a fish that weighed 5} Ibs. in a little divergence
from the river, not two feet deep ; a most unlikely place for so
big a fish to liein. No.4 isa small old salmon-tly, given me
by an old salmon fisher in Scotland. I struck a heavy fish
with it, and snapped the leader just where the fly was tied on,
I had a duplicate, a ‘‘Silver Doctor,’’? which, without moving
from the spot where I was wading, I tied on and tried in the
same place ; at the second cast he took it, and I had him, with
the first fly solid in his mouth; it is my No, 38. No. 4isa
much water-worn ‘‘Parmachene Belle.’ A fish carried that
for a week or two as a kind of artificial belly-pin. I must have
struck him foul, and there it stayed till [ had the luck to have
him take a fly in the proper manner, and so gave me No, 4 in
my chapter. No. 5 is a ‘* White Miller’? hackle. An Indian
in the winter season brought to my old friend the captain at the
tank-house, and sold him, a speckled trout. When cleaning it,
he took from his mouth this fly, which he sent to me. It was
a fly I had lost in him the previous summer, and was another
case of poor snells, which snap at sight. Moral: Don’t use
snelled flies; use flies tied on Pennel-eyed hooks, and a good
stout six-foot leader, one that will stand a 6 Ib. strain. T have
long discarded snelled hooks for heavy fish. This trout
weighed 64 Ibs,, and, had IT taken him, which L certainly should

Rod and Gun

have done with an eyed hook, he would have been my record
fish. My No. 6 isa No. 4 Seth Green fly, with two feet leader
attached. My daughter, fishing from the rocks on the lake
shore one day, broke this in a fish ; some days after, I took the
same fish, and thus my No. 6 in my “Chapter of Accidents.”’

Whilst I believe the rivers along the north shore of Lake
Superior to be among the best trout streams in the world, and
that the species Salmo fontinalis is the best of all fresh water
fish, it must not be forgotten that he has his whims and
perplexing fancies. Some seasons the fishing is all that an
angler could wish, and others so poor that he wishes he had
stayed at home. This idiosynerasy in trout I do not understand.
When they are taking well, they may prefer certain flies, but I
have seen them rise to almost anything that could be called a
fly ; again, I have seen a shoal of three to five pound fish lying
in the stream, lazily working their fins only enough to keep
them in position in the water. You might try every fly in your
book, minnow, spoon bait, anything, everything, they would
simply take nothing. I daresay fish in a river that has never
been fished are more easily taken than after they have been
educated to know what lures and artificial flies are ; for this
reason, unless I use more skill or go further up the rivers, I
may never again take fish as easily as I have done.

My lamented friend Grant went one season to St. Ignace
Island. It is a good place for trout, and is spoken of in
‘<Pishing with the Fly,’’ Orvis and Cheney Collection. This
island is in Lake Superior, only a few miles from the shore, and
to get to it Mr. G. and his friends hired fishermen at Rossport
to take them in their safe Mackinac sailboat. Their catch was
creat, all with fly. They built a corral, and were saying their
big fish to take away with them ; an accident happened their
dam the last night, and they lost all but one or two five-
pounders. The next season they took no fish in the same
water.

T have had similar experiences both in the rivers and in
the lake. From off the rocks some seasons I have fought big
fish after big fish, and by night my creel would be a load to
carry; other seasons my catch has been so light that things
would not be well had the camp to depend on it for a supply.
I do not know the biography of atrout; I do not know what it
is that, in such waters as I am speaking of, makes him some
seasons easily takeable,and in others almost untakeable. I have
tried, and tried well too, when I thought that all conditions
were favorable, and my creel would be very light. I would
watch the reports from the Nepigon—not always reliable, as the
guides want customers. When these red canoe-men have
sometimes told me of the catch of five and six pounders, my
question “ Were they taken with the fly ?”’? sometimes discon-
certed them—that is if an Indian can be disconcerted.

I would conelude by saying to those who like a summer
outing for trout, that a few weeks with a good camp outfit will
be well spent in the ‘‘ Great Lone Land’’ I have written of,
but the expectant angler must not forget that even there, the
greatest of all trout regions, the fish have their off seasons.

, _—

A SPRING OUTING. <
By A. Heneage Finch, Lidstone, Man,

It was the closing days of March. A wandering ‘‘ chinook”?

had spent its vacation amid the hills and plains of Idaho,

Montana, and Dakota, making all nature lovely—rolling up

*‘earth’s winding sheet’ and spreading a beautiful emerald

robe, veneered with silver threads in its place. Homeward

bound it turned northward along the yalley of the Red River
of the North, where

in Canada 2

“ Out and in its course is winding,
“Phe links of its long red chain,

**Through dusky depths of Pineland
“And gusty leagues of plain.’’

Halting fora breathing spell at the ‘*Heart of the Dominion”
it sped westward along the beautiful Assiniboine, ‘‘ with a
rollicking, madeap, galloping chase,”’ and old Boreas, who had
held undisputed sway since last November over the fertile
“Portage Plains,’’ quickly and quietly slunk away northward.
* And not a moment stopped or stayed he”’ till, behind the
Duck Mountains among the tangled woods to the north and
west of Lake Winnipegosis and Swan Valley, he halted
“nursing his wrath to keep it warm,’’ and awaiting an oppor-
tunity for revenge.

The dirt-laden snow had all disappeared, filling the sloughs
and streams to overflowing with a discoloured fluid. For many
days the industrious farmers had been seeding. Here and
there a venturesome gopher, a harmless creature, with his
beautiful striped coat, would be seen standing erect viewing
the passer-by and scampering off to his burrow at his too near
approach. Along the roads and across the newly harrowed
fields an occasional eddy of wind would whirl up dust, leaves,
and dried grass, increasing in speed and size till, like a huge
hour-glass, it would break and dissolve on the distant horizon
in a dense dust cloud. Anon a ‘‘mirage,’’ so common here,
would convert the whole plain into a beautiful shimmering
lake, or suspend it inverted in the sky. But hark !

“Ts it the clang of the wild geese,
‘Or is it the Indian’s yell,
“That gives to the voice of the chinook wind
“The sound of a far off bell ?”’

Yes, all day, and all night, the air is yocal with the musical
“clang of the wild geese,’’ mingled with the sharp, rapid
“swish’’ of the mallard’s wing. Northward to the marshy
stretches, and adjacent wheat fields south of Lake Manitoba
they were speeding there to rest and feed, and wait till winter
had crept still farther northward. 5

How I longed to leave dull care behind and hie away to
those northern wheat fields and

“Send high in air the death hail,
“Where the wild goose wings his flight.”

Out on the plains, right in the midst of the best feeding
grounds, lived a particular friend of mine, friend H , With his
new-made bride, who was also a particular friend of the partner
of my joys and sorrows. So, on the morning of March 31st, a
soft, balmy air blowing from the south, meekly and innocently
approaching the queen of my heart and home, I suggested,
now that the long winter was oyer we should take a drive
round town. ‘‘ Why, yes,’’ she would be delighted! ‘* And
say ! could you not drive us out to friend H——’s, and we could
stay all night ?’’? ‘*‘ We could just as wellas not!”’ ‘‘ Now do
dear, like a good fellow!’ Slightly demurring so as not to
show that to be the very thing I was planning, I consented.

So procuring the use of a friend’s horse and buggy, I
surreptitiously secreted under the foot rugs and horse blanket
my trusty “No. 12,’ and a bag of carefully prepared ammu-
nition. Away we sped right merrily. The afternoon was
waning as we neared the end of our sixteen mile drive, in time
to locate the feeding grounds and see the lakeward flight of
large numbers of grey geese and clouds of ducks.

Friend H was busy seeding and we quickly made
arrangements that before daylight, while the teams were feed-

4 Rod and Gun

ing, we would set the decoys, fix our blinds, and make our bag
before breakfast. In the meantime, to try our guns and
ammunition and ‘“‘get our hands in,’’ we took a short run
before dark and bagged a pair of magnificent mallards that
rose from some stubble before us, others, where the chances
were just as good, getting away apparently unhurt.

The evening ,passed pleasantly in conversation and song,
our host and his charming young wife making visit
delightful indeed. At length seeking repose we dream all
night long of the ‘* honk, honk,” of Anser canadensis, and the
merrier “‘ whink, whink,”’ of Anser polaris, and the still more
delightful “thud”? which tells of an effective shot. Precisely
at 4.30 the little alarm clock, which was muffled under my
pillow, gave its warning whir-r-r. Dressing quickly, I
descended, lamp in hand, and tapped gently on H *s door,
but he was already dressing and eager for the coming sport.

Opening the door, we are greeted by a huge snowdrift.
Old Boreas had at least taken revenge and was blowing a young
**blizzard,’’ but the temperature being high the falling snow
was now soft and clinging. Fully eight inches had fallen, and
earlier in the night it had been colderand the snow had formed
huge drifts.

H , With the consistency of a keen sport, said, “ Well,
it is too stormy to work, not fit for man or beast to be out, so
we will just hitch up Bob (his best horse) to the old buggy
and go and have a hunt anyway. Dear knows where we will
find the game, this storm will terribly demoralize them.” I
heartily agreed, of course, for, like the ‘‘darkey,’’ I had
**comed a purpose.”

Daylight was just showing in the east when, with ‘‘ Bob”
well blanketed and ourselves well wrapped, having eaten a cold
lunch, and leaving our spouses in the land of dreams, we made
our way through the drifted lane and eastward along the section
line towards a stretch of low land which might afford some open
water for our feathered friends.

The wind, which had lulled before daylight, now settled
down toa steady blow from the north-west. Snow began to
fall heavily and swirl in blinding clouds before the wind.

Occasionally we could hear the wild discordant cries of the
geese, and anon duck our heads from the rapid passing of a
flock of mallards driven with the wind. But as the light
increased we began to take toll, digging the fallen birds out of
the soft snow.

Following the line of flight we at length come to the
“camping ground,” a small surface pond or lake, half a mile or

our

so in extent, which from the discordant cries and an occasional
glimpse between the drifts, we concluded to be literally
“covered with game.’ Posting ourselves in good cover we
soon bagged some fine ducks, which circled near, and by care-
fully imitating the ery of the goose, some disconsolate wanderer
would circle too near for his own good but greatly to our delight
and the increase of our pile.

All of a sudden the whole population of the lake, with
unearthly cries, rose and flew over our heads towards Lake
Manitoba.
till our guns are hot

tang, bang, bang, as fast as we can load and fire,
the air is clear and not a bird falls. So
much for promiscnously firing at the mass without picking
your bird. Satisfied that there must be one or more wounded
geese who would give ont at the first halting place, we followed
them, and after a couple of miles facing the storm we come upon
a few small flocks, which, when they take wing, leave a
wounded comrade, which we secure after a blood-warming

chase,

in Canada

To our left we could hear the deep booming “ honk”’ of
some large Canadians, but they could not be seen. Making a
detour we espied them on the water in a shallow slough, so we
decided to ‘‘ stalk’? them with no more cover than the snowy
banks. We had about 100 yards to creep on hands and knees,
and about 35 to crawl flat on the ground in the snowy weeds.
This only brought us within about 100 yards, when they took
fright and rose, but four barrels spoke out. B.B. chilled shot
had the effect of dropping one fine fellow in the middle of the
pond where some grass held him anchored. Casting lots who
should play dog, it fell to H——, who stripped and waded
waist deep in the icy waters and secured him.

Making homeward in a westward direction we found, about
six miles from home, the ducks making lakeward in the teeth
of the storm, creeping along the ground in broken flocks,
taking a north-east course, from which direction the wind was
now blowing. Securing Bob in the shelter of a deserted shanty
whose floor had been removed, and in the cellar of which he
refused to stand, we each secured a bundle of old straw, and
placed ourselyes about 100 yards apart in the line of flight,
using the straw covered with snow asa partial blind, lying down
flat on the north side of the little ridge thus formed. Here we
secured some half dozen each before the flight ended.

About two miles further homeward we found a field of old
oat stooks, among which a number of birds were feeding.
Tying Bob to the road fence, H——, who was getting very cold,
circled round to drive them, while I crept up a depression to
the edge of the grain patch and took cover and waited.

As H—— approached the game a fine mallard “flushed”
before him from behind a stook and he ‘‘ downed’? it, at
which, of course, every bird took wing. A fine flock of geese
passed over my cover, from which I was only able to drop one.
While retrieving this from the top of the bank, I spied what
appeared through the drifting storm to be a flock of geese sitting
on the snow about 400 yards away on the bank of the same de-
pression in which I then was. Awaiting H——’s arrival 1 show-
edthem to him. ‘‘Yes, they are large grey geese with their heads
under their wings fast asleep.’ A point of bank projected
about 50 yards this side of them. Now if we could reach that
point unseen we could secure two each easily enough. So we
proceeded at once to ‘“‘stalk.’? Keeping in a stooping position
we had not proceeded far till we found we must lower our bodies
or be seen. So unloading our guns and plugging the muzzles
with grass we crept through the slushy snow and snowy grass,
often using our heads as snow plows to escape detection.

Itis hard to judge distances in a storm, which we had
found out many times already that same day, and when we
reached “the point,’? and took a sly peep through the
increasing storm we judged it to be fully 100 yards yet to where
we could dimly see some half dozen forms quietly sitting. So,
according to a prearranged plan we were to rise together, rush
forward as far as possible before they rose and fire. We cleared
our guns of snow, reloaded, and waiting for an extra blinding
whirl we rose and rushed forward. As we ran nothing could
be seen 30 yards away, so forward we plunged till we found
ourse!ves waist deep in a bank of soft snow. At that instant
the air cleared and we sighted our game. Four barrels belehed
forth their contents of B.B. chilled. Suflice it to say we
gathered no game, the seats and wheel tops of a mowing
machine and hay rake almost covered with snow, and now well
spattered with shot marks attested the correctness of our
hurried aims.

Rod

THE GUN
ts OE RE oe

Riflemen are continually being offered new sighting de-

vices whereby aim is facilitated and changes of elevation made
with ease and rapidity, but, as a rule, these so-called improve-
He has
found by actual experience on game that his best shooting is

ments are looked at askance by the practical man.

done with a single fixed sight. A man who is in good practice
soon learns how much to allow for the drop of the bullet, and
his allowance is made almost with the rapidity of thought.

Then, by firing four inches, eight inches, a foot, or whatever

Wolf

° Lake, Northwestern Quebec

height may be required above the mark he wishes to hit, he
North
America at least; even on the plains 350 yards may be given as
In the
forest, big game is generally killed within 100 yards, and often

achieves his object. Hunting ranges are short, in

the extreme outside limit of long distance shooting.

the range is even less than half this.

The rear sight may be either a broad, shallow ‘‘V”’ with
platinum line in centre, or else a straight edge with the same
platinum line and a small notch, though the latter is not ab-
solutely necessary. It is questionable whether any aiming
contrivance superior to this simple sight will ever be invented;
certainly it has never yet been made. This rear sight should
be placed at such a distance from the eye that it is perfectly
without blur.
and good, may be able to use the sight to advantage when not

clear and A person whose evesight is normal,

and Gun

in Canada

Ul

more than eight inches from the eye, but a long-sighted person
will require the back sight placed farther off than that. To
accommodate all ordinary variations of vision the rear sights
on military rifles 2re placed 24 or 25 inches from the heel of
The military rifle,
however, usually has a barrel some 33 inches in length, so that,

the butt, measured along a straight edge.

supposing the stoek to be 14 inches long and the trigger two
left. be-
Sporting rifles with

inches in rear of the face of the breach, there will be
tween sights 24 inches (approximately
their shorter barrels are not so well off in this respect, and it is
difficult to get more than about 18 inches clear between sights
—sometimes 14 inches has to be the limit. In such cases it is
very necessary to take extra pains when sighting, because a
small lateral error of the foresight will cause a very much
larger divergence of the line of fire when the bullet reaches the
object. An error of 1/100 of an inch in the alignment of the
foresight, with a radius of 2 ft. between sights, will result in a
horizontal error of 8 inches at 200 yards. Now an error of
1/100 of an inch is a small matter, and it requires very steady
holding to avoid one no greater, so it is not at all surprising
that in rapid shooting at moving game the bullet does not
always go where we intend.

The foresight may be one of divers patterns. Some men
like a flat-topped sight, others prefer a knife-edge, not a few
prefer the so-called caterpillar sight which was first brought
into common use by the users of English double express rifles,
and there is not a better one for game shooting. There is this
difference between target work and hunting—in the former
case the tip of the foresight is usually brought with much
deliberation to show against the lower edge of the bull’s-eve,
while on the other hand the hunter places the foresight so that
it covers the object he wishes to hit. A very successful hunter
of big game has written that when he wished to practice, so as
to keep his hand in, he pasted a black inch-disk on a picket,
two feet above the ground, and fired at it at a range of 25 yds.
This represented to him the brain of some carnivorous animal
in the act of charging. He never allowed himself to dwell
upon his aim, nor would he rest content until he could put two
successive shots from his heavy express into the black.

On this continent we must adopt other methods, as our
shooting is usually done at the shoulder of some large animal
at a range of from 50 to 150 yds. The man who, using a fixed
sight, can put most of his shots into a target a foot in diameter
at these ranges, without dwelling upon his aim, should be a
suecessful hunter.

™

Judging by what we hear, we believe that the Winchester
50-30 cartridge would be considerably improved, were the
bullet changed to a flat-pointed one with more lead exposed.
On such big game as bear, moose and elk the present bullet
does satisfactory work, usually expanding sufficiently, but on
smaller animals such as goat, deer and wolf this is not always
the case. If the Winchester company will make this improve-
ment we shall not hear of many wounded animals getting
away, as the flat-topped, 30-calibre, metal-cased bullet with
exposed point is a killer.

*

The best gun cover is one made from the skin of the com-
mon seal. A good pelt may be bought for a couple of dollars.
Have this tanned and then soaked in neatsfoot oil. Cut the
skin so that the hair side shall be out, and make the cover an
easy fit, as you may want to get your rifle or shotgun out in a
hurry. Such a coyer will protect the weapon from damp and

rough usage.

6 Rod

and

resist the attractions of our

Few wealthy sportsmen can
Canadian salmon streams, but it is not eve

and influentia

ry day that a party,

including such prominent men as one that has

just sailed, visits the Labrador coast The steam yacht Wa-
couta, owned by Mr. J. J. Hi President of the Northern
Pacific carried, in addition to the owner, ex-President Grover

first vice-President of the Northern
National Bank
Northern

Cleveland ; Colonel Lamont
Pacific ; Frank H. Baker
of New York; C. W. Dunn

President of the First

General Counsel for the

Pacific ; M. D. Craver, General Counsel for the Great Northern,
and several lacdies Mr. Hillis the lessee of the lsquimaux
River, where he has a snug fishing lodge

+

NEPIGON FISHING
We have recived

to the Nepig 1, #0, In

num rous inquiries of late with regard

order to be able to give the
\lex. Matheson,

hatest

information up to date, Mr the Hludson’s Bay

Company’s factor at Nepigon, was written to Ilis reply is
appended

‘Yours of the 30th to nd: L will proceed to answer
your questions with re rard to the f ne facilities, ete in the
rotation you have them in mut tter

| The Hudson's Bay Company can supply tourists with

Gun in

Canada

complete camping outfits—comprising tents, bedding, cots,
cooking utensils, provisions of the best quality, and at reason-
able prices.

2. The best fishing is from the first of June to the first of
September.
5. The dies are nearly extinct by the first of August,
should it be a dry season—they seldom last over the 15th.

{. We have no difficulty in supplying first class guides,
who know the river well, and the best fishing spots. The
prices charged are as follows :

Head Guide - - $2.00 per day and board.

Cook . - - = 2 00 ae =<
Paddlers - - - 1.50 &
Rent of canoes - - 20 each canoe.

). Nearly all the trout taken from the stream are caught
with fly. The best
Miller, Silver Doctor and others.

varieties are the Jock ‘cott, Sportsman,
We carry a complete stock
of fishing tackle of all kinds to choose from,
specialty.

this being a

We always like to know in advance when to expect
tourists so that we can ensure punctuality for their despatch
T enclose a small card for
your guidance, and any other information you need will be
gladly furnished.”

up the river, and in securing guides.

The season for speckled trout in Ontario is from May Ist
to September I4th. All required to obtain a
permit to fish in the waters of the River Nepigon, which may
Permits
necessary in other inland waters, excepting inter-

persons are

be procured on application to the proper authorities.
are not
provincial waters, and then only from parties who cross for the
day and who do not engage boats from: Ontario boatmen or
stop at Ontario hotels. The fee in such cases is $5.00 a rod.

It is illegal to sell, barter or traffic in speckled trout, bass
or mascalonge taken or caught in provincial waters before the
first day of July, 1903.

The fee tor a license to fish in the Nepigon is $14 for two

» for four weeks,

weeks or less, $20 for three weeks, and
where the applicant is not a permanent resident of Canada ; and
$5 for two weeks, and $10 for four weeks where the applicant
is a permanent resident of Canada.

*

SICAMOUS.
(The-Place-Where-They-Catch-Fisn.)

You will see on consulting a map that Sicamous Junction
is situated by the great Shuswap Lake, its name being in
Indian, The-Place-W here-They-Catch-tish.
has been known to the Shaswap and Okanagan Indians, as

For ages this place

well as to a few wandering white men, as a good fishing
ground.

During the shooting season the sportsman will find here
two species of deer: the mule deer (locally Known as the
black tail) and
low lands near the Jake, while the latter frequent the higher
and 1 frequently buy

they are both black and brown,

the caribou. The former are abundant on the

altitudes. Bear are very numerous,

their skins from the Indians ;
Further back in the mountains there are lots of grizzlies, but
the natives generally avoid them and few skins are brought in.
The Indian hunters dread the grizzly on account of its
feroe

It mav seem strange to dwellers in the East, but it is true

ous nature and wonderful vitality

have no trails near Sicamous, our only

rhe their

nevertheless, that we

path being the railway track. Indians do all

Rod

hunting from canoes on the lake, and as they know all the
yatering places where the game come to drink they find no
difficulty in securing all they want.

Trayellers who wish to visit the beautiful Okanagan Valley
and lake, diverge from the main line at Sicamous Junction.
Up the valley there are several points such as Vernon, Kelowna
and Penticton, from which the sportsman may start on a trip,
certain that he will find all species of game common to this
part of British Columbia, such for instance as bear, deer, sheep,
goat and mountain lion. At these points guides, pack animals
and outfits may be secured. The country is admirable for
riding over as there are good trails everywhere.
in Okanagan Lake is excellent.

The fishing

FF. W. Papsore.
Sicamous, B. C.
*

FISHING IN THE LAURENTIANS.
By Jock Scott.

The brook trout is very widely distributed in Canada, but
there are regions in which it is more abundant and more widely
found than in others—in some parts of the country, indeed,
it is altogether absent, but these are the exceptions. Go where
you will, however, you will not find it in greater abundance
than in the great territory extending from Labrador to the
Ottawa River, known as the Laurentians. Here is a country of
granite rock and waterways innumerable. The lakes and
streams are clear as crystal, there being no sedimentary
deposits to render them turbid. They are cool, and thus in
every way suited to the needs of the salmonidae.

There are hundreds, aye thousands, of lakes which have
never been fished by civilized man. Not all of these contain
trout, because, unfortunately, into some the northern pike and
wali-eyed pike (the doré), haye got a foothold, and wherever
this is the case you will find no speckled trout, although you
may find large quantities of the great lake trout, miscalled
salmon trout by the settlers. One reason for this is of course
that the pike is more or less of a surface fish, and is never found
in deep water, while the lake trout excepting during the spawn-
ing season, sticks to the deep, and so is safe from its shark-like
enemy. Moreover, the lake trout grows to so great a size that
it is only in its youthful days that the pike can eat it.

In a country where trout are so abundant it would seem
that trout fishing must be invariably successful and a compara-
tively simple matter; but it is not so. There are no waters that
are so rife of disappointment to the wandering fisherman,
though on the other hand few are more prolific of sport when
they are understood. Ina great many of the lakes there are
yast quantities of small fish, always spoken of as “‘minnies”’
by the backwoodsman. These fry form the principal diet of
the trout, and, as all fishermen know, there is nothing that the
trout feeds upon with such eagerness as the young of his own
or some other species. When they can get an abundance of
fry they will not take the trouble to rise to the surface
after the fly. ;

This is why some of the lakes yield so much greater reward
to the humble bait fisherman than they do to the experienced
fly fisherman.
of getting them in asportsmanlike way. It is quite fashionable
to make light of trolling, and there is no doubt that fly fishing
is cleaner work and better sport, but when the choice is be-
tween going home with an empty creel, or using the minnow
either naturally or artificially, most men who are not bigoted
will use the minnow. But there is trolling and trolling.

In such cases trolling is almost the only means

Some

and Gun

in Canada 7

people think that all they haye to do is to walk into a tackle
shop and buy an artificial minnow as big as a humming bird,
then rig it up with about twenty yards of water cord, a couple of
brass swivels and a lump of lead, after which they may repair
to whatever water suits their faney with the certainty of catch-
ing enormous trout.
differently.

The experienced man works rather
His first care is to secure some nice fresh minnows.
These he dries carefully and preserves by packing them in salt,
or by bottling them in one of the half dozen preservative
solutions known to the craft.
4} inches in length.

pared.

These fish should be from 25 to
A flight or gang of hooks is next pre-
The patterns of these gangs are yery numerous, but one
of the most successful consists of three triangles and a sliding
lip-hook. The bait properly placed upon such a flight will
deceive the wariest old trout that ever swam. Upon the flight
there should less than 9 ft. of stout salmon
ent, having in its makeup at least three free-running, small-
sized swivels.

be a trace of not

To this trace the reel line is tied, a small boat-

shaped lead being placed immediately above the trace—this
shaped lead preventing kinking. The reel line should be
ordinary enamelled silk line, strong but not too heavy. The

rod generally selected is some ten feet in length, weighing not
less than 10 0z., and the reel which answers best is one with a
broad barrel and plain click. With such an outfit a man may
visit the most refractory lake in the Laurentians, even in the
heighth of summer, feeling tolerably certain he will take all the
large trout he requires.

To come back to what the purists call legitimate fishing : in
the month of May anyone with sufficient intelligence and vigor
to bait a hook may be perfectly sure of taking trout. All
nature is emerging from its long winter sleep. The time of
torpor has passed, and the trout now once more in good con-
dition are keenly sensitive to the pangs of hunger. They will
swallow almost anything. The big bags of the year are gener-
ally made by the persevering, prosaic man, well supplied with
earthworms. The number of fish to be caught at that time of
the year is prodigious. Sportsmen generally prefer to stick to
the fly even in early May, and they often fill their creels. But,
of course, they are contented with very much smaller bags than
the French Canadian habitant whose sole idea is to tempt the
trout with a juicy lob worm on a cod hook.

The spring that is just closing was an early one, and fly
fishing was as good as it ever will be by the 15th of May. The
other kind of fly was also very much in evidence several weeks
earlier than and it is to be hoped will disappear
the sooner in consequence, but it is never safe to bet about
these things. By the 24th May the lakes and streams of the
Laurentians were filled with trout leaping madly for the fly,
and the quantities brought out from the nearby lakes when the
holiday makers returned to the big cities would have made a

usual,

load for a small schooner—but of course these people never
reach the waters lying back in the woods where the real good
fishing

June is a magnificent month in the Laurentians, though
inferior perhaps, in some respects to May or September.
During the middle of the day, when the sun is bright, the
surface water gets rather too warm to suit the fastidious trout.

He then keeps to the deeps or, preferably, near where some

cool spring discharges into the lake, so from 10 o’clock in the

mornimg until four in the afternoon the fishing is, as a rule,
indifferent, but during the early morning hours, and from late
afternoon until dark the fish areon the feed, and the angler is
likely to get all he has a right to.

July and August are not so satisfactory from the fisherman’s

8 Rod and

point of view. On cool, dark days the fishing is frequently

excellent, and almost invariably the late afternoon and evening

fishing is worth its cost, but the excellent sport of the spring
is not duplicated until the leaf begins to change color in Sep-
tember. Then angling in the Laurentians it truly delightful.
The Black -fly,
The

hazy atmosphere of Canadian autumn throws a fleecy veil over

and the mosquito, and the brulét have dlis-
uppeared. foliage is a dream of harmony, and the soft,
The waters are like burnished steel and
The fish

are not in such fine fettle as they were in June, for the spawn-

the glorious woods.

the ring made by the rising trout is seen from afar.

ing season is drawing nigh, but even yet they are good enough
for a king or a president—according to the way you look at it.

To be Continued.

TAKAKKAW FALLS.

The Canadian Rockies are, as yet, almost unexplored.
They stretch for many hundreds of miles in a general direction
west of north, from the 49th parallel, which is the inter-
national boundary, The
In the far north they cover 750 miles

to the very shores of the Arctic Sea.
least width is 500 miles.

of longituck

not all in one range,

but in a series separated by

‘inmost troughs

Villevs

following the general trend of the main
uplift

Po show

explorer, ib may be

Vhat a vast and interesting field here awaits the

mentioned that within 380 miles of the main

line of the Canadian Pacifie Railway a party of liunters

Gun

in Canada

recently stumbled upon a valley—probably but one out of hun-
dreds—whose attractions are equal, if not superior, to the great
All the elements of picturesque beauty are to be

Peaks whose Jagged summits pierce the thin air

Yosemite.
found here.
11,000 ft. above sea level, hundreds of square miles of eternal
blue ice, forests of gigantic conifers, such as only exist upon
the Pacific slope, and, lastly, waterfalls the like of which hardly
exist elsewhere.

The reputation of this valley having at length reached the
outside world, an engineer and surveyor visited it last autumn.
He found its average elevation to be 6,000 feet, and the depth
of the larger of the two more important falls 1,400 feet—a first
by a tremendous plunge of
Fall ; its

leap of 200 feet being followed
200 feet.
rival, equally beautiful and of fully as great volume, will be
Here the milky glacier water makes

This is to be known as the Takakkaw
known as the Twin Fall.
one tremendous leap of 1,250 feet into the bed of the canon.
When such discoveries as these await the explorer within
30 miles of Field, B.C., the possibilities which lie beyond are
such as to encourage the belief that ere long the feet of at least

some of the young men will be turned in that direction.

HORSE NOTES.

For nearly half a century some of the best blood bred on
American soil has been sent to England to compete in her
greatest racing meetings, and although the Derby and other
classic events haye occasionally dropped into the hands of
American owners, it has not been until the present year that
riders and trainers have been consid-
The Derby,
other of the best events in

American-bred animals,
ered dangerous competitors on the English turf.
Oaks, Alexandra Plate and
IMngland have been carried off this year by owners from this

many

side of the water, and from the number and high breeding of
the entries for future events made by Messrs. Reeve, Whitney,
Crocker and others, this tide of suecess would appear to be as
yet only at half flood.

These results, however, need not be considered otherwise
than natural, as they are the consequence of the union of the
choicest American and the best imported English strains.

*

Prophets of ten years ago who predicted the almost total
annihilation of the horse will, with surprise and interest, read of
a few startling events which have taken place in the equine
world in the past few months.

\t asale held by Mr. Walter Grand, of the American Horse
Exchange, New York, he sold forty-one carriage horses for a
sum exceeding seventy thousand dollars, or an average of
seventeen hundred and thirty-seven dollars, also at the sale of
thoroughbreds, the property of Mr. J. B. Haggin, of Rancho del
Paso, Cal., on June 14th, at Sheepshead Bay, two hundred and
fillies two

hundred and thirty-three thousand nine hundred and twenty-

one colts and brought the enormous sum of

five dollars, or an average of eleven hundred and sixty-three
Many

thousand

dollars and eighty cents each of these animals sold at

prices running from five to ten dollars, and one

reached the unprecedented sum of thirteen thousand dollars,
the animal being purchased by Mr. Sydney Paget.

the history of the horse has he commanded such

as at present, notwithstanding the statements to the

Never in
high price

contrary made by those interested in artificial modes of loco-

Hovlon

Rod

KENNEL DEPARTMENT

Conducted by D. Taylor

Correspondence ts invited on all matters pertaining to the kennel, and
ttems of interest concerning man’s best friend will be welcomed. An effort
will be made to furnish correspondents reliable advice as to the care and
treatment of dogs tn any case submitted. All communications for this
depariment should be addressed to D. TAYLOR, ROD AND GuN IN CANADA,
603 Craig street, Montreal.

THE CANINE ASSOCIATION'S BIG SHOW.

The promoters of the bench show held in the Victoria
Skating Rink on the 29th, 30th and 31st May have every reason
to feel elated over the success of their venture. There was a
record number of dogs benched, a little over four hundred,
which, with the liberal classification and the unusually large
amount of duplications, brought the total number of entries up
to over nine hundred, thus making another record. In conse-
quence of the rush of visitors, the aisles were at times
uncomfortably crowded and the attendants and owners
experienced no little difficulty in getting the dogs to the judging
rings. This, along with the fact that there were a good many
clerical errors in the catalogue, some of the dogs being wrongly
entered and numbered, several not appearing at all, tended to
delay the judging somewhat, and it was not until late on the
evening of the third day that Mr. Lacy (who was entrusted with
all the breeds but Fox, Ivish and Scottish Terriers) finished his
onerous task. Mr. James Lindsay judged the classes mentioned
above, and got through a painstaking examination of the dogs
submitted to his judgment in good time, his decisions giving
general satisfaction. Through the regrettable death of his little
daughter, Nettie, on the second day of the show, the Association
was deprived of the valuable services of the superintendent, Mr.
Alex Smith, and as a consequence the show committee worked
under considerable difficulty ; still, however, if at times there
was a little confusion there was really no particular ground for
complaint. Everyone in authority did the best they knew how
and showed a willingness to expedite matters which amply
compensated for any slight mistakes which may have occurred.

Among the visitors from a distance were: Mr. James
Mortimer, of Turf, Field and Farm; Mr. James Watson, of
Field and Fancy ; Mr. A. A. McAllister, Peterboro, Ont. ; Mr.
George Bell, Toronto; Mr. Parker Thomas, Belleville ; Mrs.
A. A. Macdonald, Deer Park, Toronto; Mr. and Mrs. W. H.
Tallis, Grand’ Meére, Que., ete. It was gratifying to see sucha
large representation of the fair sex among the visitors, many of
the most prominent society ladies seeming to take a personal
interest in the awards, the kennels displaying a blue ticket or
two being generally surrounded by a bevy of fair admirers.

Taken all through, the dogs generally were a very fair
average even if there was an absence of many of the well-known
eracks of dogdom. It was also quite in keeping with the reputa-
tion Montreal has acquired as a collie stronghold that this
breed should stand out prominently. About eighty
altogether were benched and the greater proportion of these
possessed undoubted merit. Next in order in point of quality
vame English Foxhounds, with one or two exceptions the
classes being filled with entries from the kennels of the
Montreal Hunt and the Club de Chasse 4 Courre Canadien,
which sent the cream of their packs.

most

and Gun

in’ Canada

Taking the breeds in catalogue order we find St. Bernards,
which, with the exception of Messrs F. & A. Stuart’s entry and
exhibit, were rather of a nondescript character. As far as size
went they were all right but most of them were badly gone in
the legs and of the cow-hoched variety. The Stuart boys’ Lady
Hereward has both character and quality, and was really the
only one in competition calling for special notice, the others
not being in the same class at all. She won right through.
The Earl of Shrewsbury, same owners (for exhibition only), i
remarkably well proportioned dog, sound in limb with true St.
Bernard head and expression. Newfoundlands found a good
representative in Wallace, who was easily first. Mastiffs and
Bloodhounds were blank. It is a pity to see so little interest
taken nowadays in the grand old English mastiff, as a more
faithful guardian of the home does not exist. Russian Wolf-
hounds were a nice class and most of them gave every evidence
of quality. The best of the bunch was C. P. Simpson’s bitch,
Akorlina, which won through her own sex classes and also beat

MR. D. W. OGILVIt’S BANK NOTE
Winner at Montreal Shox The President's Medal, the Association's
Medal, the C. K. Cs Medal, the Can. Fox Terrier Club's Medal
for best wire dog, the C.F. T. Cs Medal for best Terrier in Show,
Henry Birks © Son's Silver Cup for best wire, H. M. Walters

“qinner, value $40), Spectal for best sporting

prize (otl painting o,
dog, etc., etc.

the winner in open dogs. She has a grand body, strongly and
yet finely built with a great coat, and would be in the money in
almost any company. Greyhounds were only fair the best of
them being Captain, a fine well-formed brindle.

Pointers and English setters were lacking both in quality
and quantity, and the same might be said of Irish setters, the
Judge seeing fit to withhold a first prize in the dog puppy elass.
Irish Water Spaniels while short in number were very good
types of the breed. Brian Boru, first in novice, was beaten
by Mickey O0’Camp in the open, the latter’s superior condition
and better coat no doubt gaining him the premier position.
Field Spaniels were moderate both as to numbers and quality.
There was quite a large entry of Cocker Spaniels but as a
number of these did not appear in the catalogue considerable
confusion arose oyer getting all the dogs into the ring, the
numbers and classes being so mixed up. The principal
exhibitors were Bay View Kennels (Fred. T. Miller), Trenton,
Ont. ; George Bell and A. T. Mead, Toronto., Bay View
Blackbird and Bay View Beau, two nice little dogs of good

(Continued on Page 11.)

IO

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TO THE
FISHING
GAME AND
FOREST
INTERESTS
OF CANADA.

ROD AND GUN

IN CANADA 4 4 444

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Communications on all topics pertaining to fishing, shooting, canoeing,
the kennel and amateur photography, will be welcomed and published,
if satisfactory. All communications must be accompanied by the name of
the writer, not necessarily for publication, however.

Rop AND GUN IN CANADa does not assume any responsibility for, or
necessarily endorse, any views expressed by contributors in these columns.

All communications should be addressed to:

ROD AND GUN PUBLISHING CO., 603 Craig Street, MONTREAL.

SSRMmQAarVW ANNA QWw SS-_ rw NN
GIFSSESOSASSS GAP SS ON

22 Lincoln Ave.,

Newark,

Enclosed find cheque for"$2.00 for two
] copies RoD AND GUN in Canada. We have W
M\ “lots” of good fishermen (and dear me WW
what a stock of stories they have) but no
AN fish to compare with (God’s \
LIN country for fishermen). \

Canada.

Yours truly,

AN a

WERTZ.

While we thoroughly believe in modesty and self-effacement,

there is such a thing as having those qualities abnormally devel-
oped, and for fear that some of our good friends should accuse
us of this failing we are going to blow our own trumpet—just

one little blow—after which we will promise to be very food
again and hide our light under several bushels if necessary.
Two years ago Rop ANp GuN was born. Heretofore maga-
zines of this class had failed lamentably in Canada, and it
required some pluck to invest in an undertaking which the
But the verdict of

the judgment of the

“ T-told-you-sos’’ had already condemned.
that

started it was as good as their courage.

sportsmen has shown men who
In two years Rop AND
Gus has become the acknowledged organ of the man who loves
the wonderful Canadian wilderness, with all its charms, mystery
and magnetism, and from nothing our subseription list has
grown to very respectable proportions

that

And we can say, and

say honestly too, what we have won we have won by

sterling merit; because we supplied something that was needed—

Rod and Gun

in Canada

reliable information. Rop anp Gy is happily situated ; it is
published in the largest Canadian city, and numbers among its
friends every Canadian sportsman of note. There is no infor-
mation bearing upon our own field which we cannot obtain
from the greatest living authority upon it in each case. We do
not guess, and we do not evolve information out of our own
inner consciousness. We do not tell a man to go to this place,
or to that place, unless we know for a certainty that what he
seeks is there, and that it will be no fault of the informant if
the success does not warrant the effort.

That the work Rop anp Ge» has been doing is bearing
good fruit is shown by the number of inquiries which have
been received from the United States. The letters of inquiry
received so far this year are ten times as numerous as those
which came to hand during the corresponding months of 1900,
and of course those of 1900 were very considerably more than
those of the year which preceded it. All that Canada requires in
order to become the great playground of eighty mnillions of
people is that her attractions shall be made known—and Rop
AND GuN will make them known.

*

Bass fishing in the Province of Quebec has been legal ever
since June 15th, but few indeed are the sportsmen who have
been thoughtless enough to catch the parent fish as they guarded
the voung fry from the foes which, without that protection,
would surely have encompassed their destruction.

What shall be said of the man who shoots the mother
grouse and leaves her fledgelings to fall a prey to the squirrel
and the mink? It would be difficult to find a single extenuating
plea for such a creature—and the man who catches bass on the
15th of June, in Quebec at least, is a twin brother in depravity
to this wretched pot-hunter. The bass is quite unlike the
trout, and when robbed of thé protecting care of the parent
fish, the alevins fall a ready prey to any predatory fish which
may happen to discover them. For several days the little fry
remain in a dense mass in the nest, and as they are utterly
defenceless the gaping jaws of a pike will swallow dozens of
them at every snatch. Nothing but the courage and strength
of the parent fish can save the young bass. The spines in the
dorsal fin are very strong and sharp, and the old black bass
knows no fear, hence he is an antagonist which all the prowling
robbers hold in respect.

We feel assured that none of our readers went bass fishing

in June.
*

The editor of the Newport, Vt., Express and Standard has
just finished a most interesting series of letters descriptive of a
trip which he made last year in Northern Quebee. This
gentleman, in company with a friend, left Newport on the 21st
of August and returned about the 20th of October. During the
interval he passed through a thousand miles of wilderness in
his canoe. He crossed sixty-seven lakes and made one hundred
and fifty portages, the longest being four miles. The route
traversed was from Kippewa to Grand Lake, and then following
the height of land to the head of the St. Maurice, which he
descended to near its mouth at Grandes Piles. He says: ‘‘ With
all its hardships it was a trip never to be forgotten. The
country we passed over is unlike any other part of this whole
continent. Indeed I know of no other part of the whole world
that is so thickly and widely diversified with lakes and rivers
as this vast wilderness south of the James Bay.’’ Mr. D. W
Hildreth is to be congratulated upon having made a very
plucky and successful trip, and we hope that he will make
many another one.

Rod and Gun

quality were first and second in novice but were beaten in
limit by the same owner's Bandit, a good sound dog in every
way but in rather poor coat, he in turn was beaten in open by
Geo. Bell’s well-known Standard. - In novice dogs, any solid
color but black, Mrs. H. Molson’s Larry was an easy first. He
won right through his classes and was also first winners,
Standard being reserve, a decision which was open to criticism.
Standard is a more typical cocker in every way but his coat not
being in the best of trim probably influenced Mr. Lacy. Taken
all through the bitches were superior to the dogs. There was
a close run between Geo. Bell’s I Say IL., the winner ; Gypsy
(rather light, but with beautiful eve and fine expression); Tick,
kennel mate to the winner, and Ottawa Belle, who begins to
show age.

Collies, as we have said, were the most prominent feature
in the show and, for the large number exhibited, the general
excellence was above the average. This is the more creditable
when the fact that all the entries were local is taken into con-
sideration, and it is questionable whether any other district in
Canada could do likewise, taking quality and numbers into
account. In the dog puppy class there were fourteen entries
and Mr. Lacy had a pretty hard task before him in making his
selections, if we except Mr. Reid’s Logan’s Earl, who was a
comparatively easy first. He is a big dog for his age, long and
racy looking, with a fine head and splendid natural ear carriage ;
he is also strongly built and showed a capital coat. Indeed his
only faults are a rather light eye and a little wideness in the
front legs, which is more noticeable through an accident to the
right foreleg in his younger days. Mr. Joseph Quinn’s Lord
Minto was placed second, a dog with a fine expression and good
ears but a bit short in the head, and A. B. Strachan’s Highland
Chief third. A very nice dog which might have held a better
position with perfect justice was Mr. Alexander’s Mountain
Victor. He is brimful of quality but being a late puppy was
scarcely matured enough to come against the bigger fellows. If
he holds on as he is doing, however, he will yet make his
mark. He is well formed every way and with fine markings
had the best expression of any collie in his classes. The noyice
class was a repeat, although quite a number of new dogs
appeared on the scene, amongst them being Mr. Arthur F.
Gault’s recently imported Royal Scot, a black, tan and white,
that has done quite a lot of winning in the Old Country. He
had quite a following of admirers and it was fully expected by
them that he would come out very near the top. To the
astonishment of the prophets, however, he was among the firts
to be turned down, a decision we have little sympathy with,
because, although he is rather short and with a heayy
coat had rather a ‘“‘ crulgy’’ appearance in the ring, he has all
the characteristics of a true He is deep-chested,
excellent legs and feet, good length of head and finely carried
small ears, with a nice expressive face, but he certainly has not
the racy look about him demanded in the collie. Of course his
luck followed him through the other classes and he was
dismissed with a simple commended card in the limit and open.
The limit class saw the entry of Knight Errant II and King
Edward VII (litter brother to Earl), who looked as if he had
been sadly neglected, Notwithstanding King Edward’s dilapi-
dated appearance he was placed ahead of his brother,
maintaining the same position in open and also coming first in
Of Knight Errant IJ it must be said that he deserved
“highly commended.”’ — Although

collie.

winners.
a much better position than
seven years old he is a marvel for his age and had unquestion-
ably one of the best formed heads of any dog in the show, good
on, splendid action and capital coat. Being

in ears and express

condition the latter was in.

in Canada 1p |

largely white, Mr. Lacy may have had some dislike to his
appearance on this account. The veteran Ch. Old Hall Paris,
exhibited by the Westmount Collie Kennels but not for
competition, looked fit to win in any company and was greatly
admired by those who know a good collie. In the classes for
dogs other than sable and white Royal Scot was given the blue
ribbon so that his kennel was decorated with three first prizes
confined to color. Heilan’ Rory was second. In puppy
bitches the most noticeable was Alex Smith’s Glenlivet Lassie,
nine months old, exceedingly well matured for her age, good
length of head, very sweet expression and beautifully carried
ears. Besides she has an abundant coat of the right texture,
good in bone, remarkably fine springy action and proved herself
a grand shower. Mr. Stalker’s Strathardle Queen, rather light
in body and bone and head a shade too finely drawn, was
second ; Logan’s Daisy Blossom, a good sized one and plenty of
bone, was third. The novice class was a repeat and in the
limit Wishaw May, from Coila Collie Kennels, appeared on the
scene and split the first and second prize winners. Wishaw
May is a good size, has a long, finely formed head with perfect
ears, but she was not shown in her best condition, being taken
up with the duties of maternity. There might have been a
different story to tell had she been in full bloom, as it was Mr.
Lacy was quite justified in assigning her the position he did.
No change was made in the open or winners, Wishaw May
being reserve to Glenlivet Lassie. In the bitches classes for
tricolors W. S. Elliott’s Blair Athol Patti, a nice shapely dog
with plenty of collie character was first, the old veteran Auch-
cairnie Patti, who despite her age wears well, second. There
were also a number of local classes and competitions confined to
members of the two collie clubs which would be tedious to go
over as they were mainly repeats.

Bulldogs were a fairly representative class. Mr. W. H.
Tallis’ Tippoo Sahib beating Russell A. Alger’s Rufus in the
light weights, also disposing of Mr. Colvin’s Fop, which scored
first in the heavy division, in the winners.

Bull Terriers were another feature of the show, over thirty
being benched, and the quality was all that could be desired.
There were no less than fifteen classes, four of which were
local, the others divided by weights. In the puppy class, both
sexes, Mr. J. P. Payan’s Edgewood Cliff was first. Bay View
Flyer was first in the open light weight with the winning puppy
second ; open heavy weight—T. A. Armstrong’s Ottawa Major
first, D. Forbes Angus’ Lord Roberts second. Bay View Beryl,
shown in fine condition, was first in open bitches and winners
with Ottawa Biddy reserve.

Airedale Terriers (seven shown in thirteen classes) were
hardly up to the mark if we except Ch. Dumbarton Lass, entered
to compete for specials only, and she was certainly not in the
best condition, being much gone in coat.

Boston Terriers and Beagles do not call for special mention,
and in Dachshunds there was little competition. Mr. L. C.
Ogilvie’s Vento Silhouette won in novice, limit and open.

Over fifty Fox Terriers (wire and smooth) were shown,
and Mr. Lindsay had his hands full in placing the ribbons
after the first selection in wires, the majority being a pretty
level lot. In the dog puppy class for wire-haired Mrs. Mae-
donald’s Red Wolf won, following up his suecess in the novice.
He is a handsome puppy on the small side but exceedingly
well formed. Cash Box second and Rattler third should haye
changed places and probably would have done so only for the
The limit class brought oyt D. W.
Ogilvie’s Bank Note, Mrs. Tallis’ Long Face, Mrs. Macdonald’s
Aldon Vandal, and several others. Bank Note was easily first

12

in the race. He is an exceptionally good terrier, was set down
in the pink of condition and at the present time will take a lot
of beating. He has a good length of head and punishing jaw,
deep chested and strongly yet gracefully built—altogether a
very desirable dog and undoubtedly the best of the bunch.
Besides the best terrier in the show he won a whole lot of
specials, amongst which was the President’s medal for the best
representative of any breed. Aldon Vandal came second, and
Long Face (who won all through last year) third, but their
positions should have been reversed. Long Face is a very
stylish dog, a little leggy perhaps, but has a fine head and
grand coat. Through Aldon Vandal not being entered in open
he came in for second place and reserve to Bank Note in
winners. In bitches Mrs. A. A. Macdonald's exhibits had it all
their own way, Aldon Gaiety being first in novice, Aldon
Eestasy first in limit, and Aldon Sequel first open and winners.
Outside of these there was nothing particularly noticeable, but
this did not detract from the position they occupied and to
which they were fully entitled. In the local class for wires Mr.
Jos. Stanford’s Banjo, a typical terrier of much merit, won first
in puppy and novice. The smooth terriers were not quite so
good as the wires, the best of the lot being H. Parker Thomas’
Elmwood Holiday (first in novice, second limit, open and
winners), and G. Bell’s Fordham (first limit, open and winners).
Under the condition he was shown this dog scarcely deserved
premier place.

Irish Terriers were not conspicuous either in number or
quality, the fbest of the dogs being a puppy by the famous
Masterpiece, Kinkora Kerry, from the Kinkora Kennels. The
bitches were well represented by Ross & Brown’s Wicklow
Girl, her principal fault being a bit softish coat but otherwise a
good sound terrier and likely to turn out a good brood bitch.

Scottish Terriers were few in number but high-class quality.
Coila Kennels Midlothian Chief and Wishaw General were first
and second respectively, both exceptionally fine specimens of
the breed. The same owners Snap Shot was first in the limit
and open bitch classes with H. Parker Thomas’ Heel and Toe a
cloee second.

Amongst the smaller dogs the only other exhibit worthy of
special mention was the splendid quintet of Skye Terriers shown
by Mr. Geo. Caverhill. In Prince Royal, Moorlander, Jubilee
Queen, Diamond Queen and Silver Queen has a lot which
would be hard to match anywhere, and they were shown in the
very best of condition, reflecting no end of credit on the
kennelman, Mr. Buckingham. Mr. Caverhill also showed
Kelso Badger, a rare good mustard Dandie Dinmont. The
number of pet dogs was limited, and there was a falling off in
Yorkshires from former Montreal while Montreal
society ladies have evidently not yet been seized by the

shows,

Pomeranian craze.

The show, we understand, was a success financially as well
as otherwise, and there is some talk of a repeat in September,
after Toronto. Whether the idea will materialize or not it is
difficult at present to say.

*

After the Montreal Show Knight Errant was sent down to
Mr. Mortimer’s kennels at Hempstead, L.I. He arrived there
safely enough and was being taken out of his crate when he got
away, cleared a fence and has not since been found.

*

Mr. Joseph Reid having won the Licensed Victuallers’
Cup three times in succession (three different dogs), it now
becomes his own property.

Rod and Gun

in Canada

Some of the editors of the kennel press on the other side
are having a rather animated debate over some of Mr. Lacy’s
decisions, but the old ‘‘Stock-keeper’’ is not losing anything
in the argument. It is quite a matter of business, you know,
and those who know look complacently on and smile.

*
Judges for Toronto Dog Show.

Mr. J. S. Williams, Toronto—St. Bernards.

Prof. Wesley Mills, Montreal— Mastiffs, Bloodhounds,
Great Danes and Dachshunds.

Mr. John Davidson, Monroe, Mich.—Russian Wolfhounds,
Deerhounds, Greyhounds, Pointers, Setters, Chesapeake Bay
Dogs and the miscellaneous classes.

Mr. James Mortimer, Hempstead, L.I., N. Y.—Dogues de
Bordeaux, Poodles, Dalmatians, Beagles and all Terriers except
Yorkshires.

Mr. E. M. Oldham, New York—All Spaniels, Pugs, Pome-
ranians and Yorkshire Terriers.

Lieut.-Col. Robert McEwen, Byron, Ont.—Collies and Old
English Sheepdogs.

Mr. Tyler Morse, Danvers, Mass.—Bulldogs.

C.A.B.

The pursuit of knowledge is oftentimes beset with snares
and pitfalls. On one occasion I asked a French half-breed his
name for the fresh water mussel, so abundant in the Quebec
streams. The reply came quickly, ‘‘We call them oysters,
Monsieur.’” Another time I wanted the French name for the
curious shelf-shaped fungus, found on the bark of decaying
spruce and birch trees: “‘ That, Monsieur, is a mushroom.”’
Then I knew I should have to try again.

*

As a rule furs are very easy to save in good condition in
this climate. They are taken in late fall, winter and early
spring, when the weather is so favorable that no preservatives
are needed. Beaver are slit up the belly ana stretched on a
round hoop by a lacing of raw hide strings. Otter, mink, mar-
ten, fisher, &c., are skinned from tail to head without slitting.
Muskrat are preferred by the H. B. C. when skinned from head
to tail. For the more valuable furs, stretchers, on the boot tree
principle—a wedge driven in between the arms of the stretcher
—are used. The trapper usually makes them out of straight-
rifted cedar. While still moist a pelt will stand a great deal of
stretching, and it is well to do this thoroughly for severai
reasons. After the skins are dry, or even partly dry, any at-
tempt at stretching them further would split the pelt. Furs
hung in the shade for three days on stretchers ought to be safe.
Bear skins require a different treatment The finest are taken
in May and early June, when the weather is always warm and
is not unfrequently decidedly so. Hence trappers peg out the
skin, “ flesh’ it very carefully, and sprinkle the hide with a
liberal allowance of salt, before stretching it on a heavy frame
in the sun. The frame resembles an open doorway and must
be larger in every way than the pelt to be stretched. From
three to six days of this drying will suffice.

*

A good cooking fire is made by cutting a couple of &-feet
logs, placing them parallel and 6 inches apart, and filling in
between with kindling. Half a dozen pots and pans may then
be kept aboiling, and, moreover, the cook is sheltered from the
heat of the glowing coals.

and

Rod

AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHY

Conducted by Hubert McBean Johnstone

USES AND ABUSES OF VELOX

PAPER

Quite recently it was remarked by the editor of the query
column of one of the leading photographie journals that a very
ed him dealt

large percentage indeed of the questions ¢ with
the manipulation of Velox paper, and that oceasionally he had
sent to him specimen prints, with requests to tell what was the
matter with them. While there are a whole host of faults to be
found among the prints examined, arising from as many dif-
ferent causes, the most common error made by the beginner is

that of using the wrong grade of paper on the wrong negative,

with the result that, while the photogram is not wholly
spoiled, it nevertheless does not possess the effect that might be
brought out of it with the proper handling. Perhaps, as a

starter, it would not be amiss to

take a run over the different
grades of Velox, and to size up
the uses to which it is intended
that each shouid be put.

In the first place, we have
the paper divided into two
classes, which, for the sake of
convenience, are known as the
Regular and the Special—these
terms being adopted out of
reference to the fact that differ-
ent times are required for the
and

exposures development.

The Regular papers, requiring
as they do a long exposure and
short development, are adapted
to negatives lacking in contrast;
and the Special papers being just
the opposite 7.e., needing a short
exposure and lengthy develop-
ment, fits them for use on hard
where soft effect and
Again,
these two papers are sub-divided
into

negatives,
fine detail is looked for.
several classes, thus mak-
ing it possible to get the exact
grade that is required — for
The

Regular is composed of three varieties

any particular negative.
the carbon, the rough
and the glossy. Of these, the carbon is particularly applicable
for negatives that have a lack of contrast, and almost invari-
ably it will make a better print from such a negative than can
be obtained on any other paper. The surface, as one would
naturally suppose from the name, is a smooth matt. The rough
Velox has on the whole the same characteristics as the pre-
ceding one, with the exception that the surface is rougher, and
that, as a consequence, it is better adapted to those productions
where a broad, striking effect, more or less free from a distract-
ing mass of fine detail, is the result looked for. On the con-
trary, the third of the Regular type, the glossy, being of tho
smooth, shiny type, as its name suggests, and taking a yery

high polish, is especially desigaed for use where a wealth of

Gun in

Canada 13
fine detail is wanted. Of course, it is understood that this last
paper, like the preceding two, is intended only for negatives
that are inclined to be flat. And just here, it might be

remarked, that not a few amateurs judge the flatness of a nega
tive by the density of it, instead of by the contrast between its
lights and shadows and its snap and brilliancy, as they ought

The first essential thing that is necessary to learn in the use ol

Velox is to judge your negatives so that it will be possible for
you to decide what grade of paper you will employ

Then we come to the Special Velox and ifs uses and abuses

Of this class there are five types: the carbon, the portrait, the
rough, the glossy, and the rough double weight, each of which:
like those already gone over, has its own particular use. All

the Special papers need only about one-fifth the time to expose
and twice the time to develop as required by the Regulars In
point of surface appearance the Special carbon is exactly similar
to the Regular carbon, but haying quicker printing qualities,
yields far superior results in the case of negatives that need no
additional contrast. Half the poor prints that are made with
this grade of Velox owe their troubles to the fact that the wrong

paper has been employed, with the result that the weak points

VWoos

Looking for

of the negative are accentuated instead of covered over. The
The
glossy is also the same, except that it is adapted to a different
kind of the Now,

coming to the rough and extra rough, we have two very pretty

portrait is similar, except that its surface is half matt.

negative from glossy already described.

and extremely artistic papers, though, of course, worthless where
it desired that the print have accuracy of detail. Soft, pleasing

the leading
characteristics of this paper, and while adapted to the same ty pe

shadows and marvellous gradation are two of

of negative as carbon and portrait, it gives greater breadth and
detail. the two
rough and extra rough—are that the heavier requires no

less The only difference between stvles

mounts. It is, of
to be

course, a matter of taste as to which is

used.

14 Rod
The tendency of all grades of Velox is to strengthen and
emphasize the contrasts of the negative, so that, as a conse-
quence, it will be found advisable to use negatives more in-
clined to be lacking in contrast than those that are too harsh.
The Velox paper will made the shadows and high lights more
brilliant than you might be inclined to believe if you have
never tried it. .An undertimed negative that is exceedingly
contrasty with defective detail will produce a poor print at
best on Velox, and when added to this is the common fault of
over timing the print, the result isanything but beautiful. You
will, indeed, be surprised to learn what etfects can be produced

from poor negatives, provided the correct quality of paper is
selected and the picture is given the right developing and
timing. ‘There is no use in trying to force the development of
undertimed prints, for you are inyariably going to get miserable
greyish whites, though it is true the same result may be the con-
sequence of other causes—for instance, a lack of bromide, or
paper that the light has got at.
this ; though, im this case, instead of the print taking on a
greyish appearance, it is more inclined to a black look. Then,
too, occasionally you will run across prints that have a white
deposit all over the surface, but this is due to a different cause,
namely, a milky hypo bath, and all that is necessary to fix
things up all right is to go over the surface with a wet sponge.
Provided this is thoroughly done, the print will not be spoiled
in the least.

Over-exposure, too, will cause

Perhaps the commonest trouble that is experienced with
Velox, and at the same time the simplest to remedy, is the
appearance of blotches on the print after it is all finished.
Several causes may be at the bottom of the trouble. For in-
stance, it may be due to the developer not being spread over the
surface of the paper when it is first put in the developer, in
which case it is a good scheme to have at hand a soft camel’s
hair brush that you can quickly pass over the surface to help
spread the developer. In the case of glossy and Special Velox
it may be the result of the use of sulphite containing sulphate,
and it cannot be too strongly impressed upon the user of this
paper that it is essential that perfectly pure chemicals be em-
ployed throughout. The same defect is to be observed where
too much water is used in mixing the developer, though there
is little danger of it being from this cause where the directions
are followed accurately. Where the stains, in addition to being
present, are of a yellow color, it may be due to the above
causes, or to too long a time being allowed to elapse between
developing and fixing. Very frequently where a batch of
prints are put in the hypo bath they are allowed to lay still for
a few minutes, and during that time they will stick to one
another, and the fixer does not get a chance to work. Conse-
quently they discolor. In this case there is no practical remedy
but to avoid the stain due to the developer failing to spread
evenly ; it is a good scheme to immerse the print in a tray of
water first.

Once in a while one runs across a lot of marks running in
one direction, due to pressure and friction on the surface of the
paper. On the glossy Velox it is possible to remove them by
rubbing with a tuft of cotton wool dipped in alcohol, and on the
matt paper, though they seldom occur there, they may be
rubbed off with an ordinary soft eraser. Several other little
faults are hardly worth touching upon, referring as they do to
the developing, and the best way to learn them and to over-
come them is by carefully reading the directions and by ex-
perimenting a little.

One yery important thing that you will have to learn in the
working of this paper is that it is absolutely essential to success

and Gun

im: (Canada

that you know where you exposed a print—just how far from
the light—in order that you may expose every other print from
the same negative at the same distance. In fact, it is a good
idea to adopt some standard distance for all your work in order
that you may be saved trying to guess just where you will
expose. Then, instead of having to have a different exposure
for every negative, all that will be necessary for you to do will
be to have different exposures for each different grade of nega-
tive—grading your negatives by their density.

And while speaking on this subject from the query editor’s
point of view, it might be well to say a word or two as to the
permanency of the Velox print. In any case where the print
fades vou are almost sure to find it is due to some fault of the
worker and not of the paper. Velox paper is as permanent as
any photographic paper on the market, with, perhaps, the
single exception of carbon. This is said as the result of actual
tests.

On the whole Velox is a paper which, in spite of its many
rivals that are springing up daily, is still holding its own, and
van. be honestly recommended as one of the best, if not the
best, ‘‘ after-supper-paper ’’ on the market to-day, and, what is
still better, the fear of its being a complicated process need
deter no one from attempting to use it.

*
The Scrap Bag.

PoRTRAITURE AMONG AMATEURS IN NEW York.—In looking
over the portraits that are displayed by the average New York
amateur on the walls of the local camera clubs, there comes to
one a sort of feeling that the worker has gone too much to the
lighting and posing side of his subject, and by some stupid mis-
take left out all the inner spirit of the man, left out, in fact, the
one thing necessary to make it worth looking at. What is it,
let me ask, that distinguishes the work of the cheap professional
from that of the high-price man? Is it the “‘finish’’? TI want
to say right here that it is not. Look at the display of the
poorer fellow and make a careful note of how not only is there
a lack of judgment shown in the lighting and posing, but how
the very expression of the face seems to say all over it ‘cheap
work,’’ and then, in addition, how any semblance of expression
that there was in it is all retouched out, till the appearance is
that of the famous Kipling housemaid, ‘* beefy face and grubby.”
This over retouching is, 1 note, since amateur portraits have
commenced to have the tremendous vogue that they are now
running, almost as common in the amateur fraternity as among
the professionals. Turn from these to the pictures of our cele-
brated;men that we see on sale, that are the work of men who
know what they are doing, and note how the very individuality
of the man is portrayed all over it, and how on looking at it one
involuntarily says that it is a man of strong character and well
fitted for the position that he holds, or that he is a weakling
and an incompetent. Look at the photographs we see of
M’ Kinley and Roosevelt and note how they show up the very
life of the man, so to speak, and then imagine how those same
men would look had they been taken by some of these pot-wash
amateurs who are all lighting and posing, and were unable to
cateh that fleeting expression by which the intimate friend of
the sitter says whether the portrait is a good one or not. The
real trouble is that for so long a time the desire has been to
catch an effect that is suitable for exhibition purposes, regard-
less of expression and likeness, that now when the photographer
is called upon to do something more he is unable to fulfil the
bill. Portrait photography is fast sifting down to that point
among amateurs as well as among professionals where it is

Rod and Gun

necessary that the production be a likeness as well as an effect.
This, taken into consideration with the fact that almost all
persons are more or less conceited and want a little flattery
thrown in, leaves the ambitious amateur with his work well cut
out.

A Criticism OF SoMESo-CALLED ‘* Nupe’? Prorurrs.—On the
walls of a great many of the camera clubs and in the columns
of many of the photographic magazines just at present are to be
seen what I have referred to as ‘‘ so-called nude’? photograms.
You will note, please, that I do not say right out that they are
nude, for, to tell the truth, I do not think that they are entitled
to be so designated. There is a big difference between nude
and naked photograms, and the sooner the artists (?) who are
making them learn this the sooner will the examples that we
see Improve. If you do not believe what I say, all that is
necessary for you to do is to take a look at the work of such
artists as Carine Cadby, whose delicate little child studies in
the nude will never cease to attract the praise that they so well
deserve, and then contrast these with some of the pictures that
we are shown of naked voluptuous-looking women whose only
attraction is their lack of proper clothing. No attempt at posing
‘an be seen in some of them, not the faintest desire to give them
a good lighting unless the effect aimed at is to get something
weird and unnatural.

A Frequest Cause or Fog.—In running over the work of
half-a-dozen young amateurs you are almost sure to find that
one or more is troubled with fogged plates, due to not putting
the slide of the plate-holder in straight after making an ex-
It is so easy to put it in by inserting one corner first
and then straightening it up afterward. Now, all I have to say
is—do not do it. It will invariably fog the plate. Be careful
to put it in straight, even though it may be a little more trouble.

ALONG THE BEACHES AND ARoUND THE Great LAkEs.—Those
amateurs who live in the vicinity of the great lakes or around
the shores of the St. Lawrence and the other large rivers of this
country may, indeed, consider themselves in luck as far as the
making of marine yiews and shore studies is concerned.
Nowhere on the continent, perhaps, as on the great lakes, is
allowed to the amateur the opportunity of studying the aquatic
side of nature as it is here. The trouble is that our workers
here have not, or do not seem to have, any idea of the possi-
bilities that lie within their grasp, the consequence being that
our American brethren from the other side of the water make
all the beautiful pictures that are showered broadcast over the
old country, and the people over there forget that the great
waters are in Canada. Wake up.

PuoroGRAPHy IN THE Lay Press.—Perhaps there is no surer
indication of the hold that photography is recognized to have
on the public, than the suddenly active interest that the large
magazines suchas the Ladies’ Home Journal, Everybody’s, The
Home, McClure’s, and a number of others of lesser magnitude
are taking in the art. It is not over five years ago that the
editor of one of these journals predicted that photography as on
illustrator of a story or an article could never be a success,
owing to its lacking the ability to descriminate and select as an
artist might. It is not three months now since the editor of
the largest amateur journal (photographic) in New York City
told me the same thing, and that, after a practical trial of the
subject. And yet, look at the marvellously artistic illustrations
that Mrs. Gertrude Kasbier is providing for the article ‘‘The
Making of a Country Home” in Everybody’s Magazine. And
what is more she is doing it all by straight work too, without
any faking or vignetting to detract from the naturalness of the
effect,—effect so natural that one finds it hard to believe that

posure.

in Canada 15
that are not the work of some skilful manipulator of the brush
and pencil. Of the thousand and one articles that the maga-
zines of to-day are able to present to their readers in an interest-
ing and lucid manner, all through the use of photographs, I am
going to say nothing. Suffice it to remember that to do the
same thing ten years ago would have been well nigh an impos-
sibility. I do not think that I am far wrong when I say that it
is the possibility of making photograms and half-tone engray-
ings, that has made the ten cent magazine of to-day practicable.
Certainly without cuts these journals would not prove half so
successful and certainly also, to make the cuts by the old ex-
pensive methods would put most of the journals out of busi-
Then why not take a look while we are at it, at the way
that some of these magazines that owe their very existence to
photography, are awakening to the fact there is such a thing as
art in it. Last month, in the various periodicals, I saw at last
three different articles dealing with this subject. Perhaps the
most notable of them was that of Miss Frances Johnston in the
Ladies’ Home Journal where she will continue from month to
month to give short accounts of the work of the leading women
photographers of the day, with reproductions of their work.
The work of Alfred Steglitz also comes in for a certain amount
of talk in a recent number of one of the periodicals under the
heading of artistic photography.
just waking up, doesn’t it ?

hess.

Looks as if some people were

*

Correspondence.

Correspondence should be addressed to H. McBean John-
stone, P.O. Box 651, Sarnia, Ont., Canada.

Lewis Stafford, Winnipeg, Man.—It trifle
difficult to give an answer to your question as to which is the
best developer on the market. Every amateur has his own pet
one, and really, after all it is perhaps more the way in which
the mixture is made use of, and the degree in which the
operator understands what he is doing, that has most to do
with the making of good pictures. Apart from this, it is just
worth mentioning that among professional workers pyrogallic
acid is still the most popular developer, as it admits of more
control than any of the new developers. The objection to it
among amateurs is that it stains the fingers, though most of
them do not know that if they take the precaution to dip their
fingers in a pan of water or under the tap each time after touch-
ing the solution, that the danger of stain is comparatively small.
Old solution will stain the fingers more than new. A point in
fayor of pyro is that owing to the slight yellow stain that it
imparts to the negative, it will decrease the printing speed and
frequently do away with the necessity of intensifying.

would be a

Charles Courtney :—Yes, it is quite practicable for you to
develop four 4 x 5 negatives in an 8 x 10 tray at once and save
time. There is little danger of their coming up so rapidly that
you would not be able to watch them properly. It will be
necessary, however, that you have ready a tray of restrainer or
rather of restrained developer, into which you can plunge them
if they should prove to be over exposed. I never think of
developing my negatives one at a time, unless it is something
extra special.

George Harris Hanna, Ottawa :—As you have but recently
moved to Ottawa, I would advise you to join the Camera Club of
that city. They will show you more pretty spots that are
worthy of a picture in two days than I could tell you about in
a whole article. Up the Gatineau River there are some remark -
ably striking subjects for magnificent photograms.

16 Rod and Gun

P. A. W.:—The trouble with the print that you enclose is
that you have under exposed it. The exposure that you gave
would have been suitable for the subject had it been ten feet
farther away. You will have to bear in mind that the nearer
your subject is to the lens the longer is the exposure it requires,
and if you want to photograph a railroad train at full speed it
is for this’reason that you do not want to wait until it gets right
up on top of you. Try your photogram over again, giving an
exposure about twice as long, and let me know what you get.

A. S. Clark, Three Rivers :-—Unless you are using an ortho-
chromatic plate, I do not think that you will reap much benefit
You will find

many subjects the orthochromatic plate will prove to be well

from the use of a color screen. that for a great
worthy of the little extra cost, inasmuch as it will give you
results you will never get without its use.

Frilling :—The use of
bath
frilling.

will
You

find that your plates only

an alum pre-

vent will

frill in very hot weather.

Quorum:—I do not
know where you will be
able to purchase any
ready made cloth nega-
but am inclined to
that

would be

tives,
think

dealer

almost any
able to
secure them for you, or,
at least, direct you to
where you could precure

Why not

them yourself ?

T. Y. Abbot:—Would

prefer not to answer your

them. make

query. I have my own

ideas as to which is the

best camera for the pur-

pose you mention, but

could hardly put them in

print. You will readily

understand the reason of

this, I think.

CORRESPONDENCE.

Epiror Rop anp Guy

The statement in the article “Ontario Game’? in the May

number of Rov ann Gow that the elk is found in northern

Ontario is surely erroneous. In the prosecution of my work

asan Ontario land surveyor, I have become acquainted with
much of the country from Lake Temiscaming to Winnipeg
River, and whilst [ have come across the red deer, the moose

and the caribon, I have never heard or seen anything of the

elk
On the question of the occurrence of the elk in Ontario in

former years, | am sure all readers of Rop anp Gus would be

ple ased to receive any evidence in the matter. There seems to

be a tradition amongst the old settlers in certain parts of the

province that the elk, as straggling individuals, was met with

in the woods in early times, and it would be very interesting

information on the subject made public

Jouxn McArenr.

to have the

Rat Portage

in Canada

Eprror Rop anp Grew:

I have read with much pleasare the articles in your maga-
zine concerning game protection. This district is badly in
need of more protection, as the Indians and some whites are
slaughtering the deer now at wholesale with perfect impunity.
It seems that the Indians are not included in the clauses of the
Game Act which inflict a penalty on people killing deer out of
season, which seems to be a deplorable defect in these same
game laws. Now the deer killed at this season are very little
use for food, and the does are all heavy in fawn, so that it
would be much better for the Indians themselves if, instead of
being allowed to exterminate the deer, they were compelled to
observe the law, similar to the whites, in which
would be game for vears to come.

case there

I enclose a photo of a tree felled by beavers, taken by
myself. The tree is eight
inches through, and most
of it was cut into sections
two feet long, and carried
to their storehouse.

A. T. Bick rorb.

Vernon, B.C.
*

Eprror Rop anp Gun :

I have been away
fishing at our lakes for
some days. The
weather was not just
what we wanted for fly
fishing—too much rain—
but we got 61 trout
(fontinalis), 16 of which

few

weighed between 2 and 3

Ibs., the majority over 24
Ibs. The party consisted
of four rods: Messrs.
W. H. Hayes, Walter
Greaves, J. N. Deslauriers
and myself. We
the fly exclusively, and

used

no doubt we could have
caught had we
The lakes we fished in are preserved waters

more

cared to use bait.

near the Rivere de Liévre, about 20 miles from Buckingham,

Que. Pick
A. W. Troop.
Ottawa,

Mr. J. C. Cotton names the following provisions and quan-
tities for four men and four guides on a two weeks’ trip in the
products, Bread, Pilot Biscuits, Corn
Pork, Salt Pork, 60 Ibs., Bacon
Onions, 1 peck, 12 Ths. ;
15. Ibs, ;

Pepper, 1 box, .5 Ibs. ;

and
about 100 Ibs. :

woods :—Flour
Meal, Rice, ete ,
15 Ibs., 74 Ibs, ;

Potatoes, 2 bushels,

Beans, 1 peck, 15 lbs. :
120 Ibs. ; Butter, 15 Ibs. ;
Salt, 1 bag, 10 Ibs.;

Vinegar, 1 qt., 2 Ibs. ; Worcestershire
Baking Powder, 2 cans, 2 Ibs. ; Pickles,
Candles,

Ibs., or

Sugar,
Svrup, 1 gal., 4 lbs.;
Mustard, 1
Sauce, 2 bottles, 2 Tbs. ;
4 pt. bottles, 6 Ibs. ; Matches, 1 large box,
2 daz., 4 Ibs. ; Soap, 4 bars, 4 Ibs. ; Coffee, ground, 4
11-Ib. cans of prepared Coffee, 4 Ibs. ; Tea, 2 Ibs Chocolate,
Milk, 6 1-lb

; Soups, Solidified Squares, assorted, 1 doz., 3 Tbs. ;

box, .5 Ibs. :

.25 TOs. ;

soluble, prepared, 3 1-Ib. cans, 3 Ibs cans con-
densed, 6 lbs

105 4 Ibs

Rod

FORESTRY

= Rod and Gan’ is the official orzan of the Canalian Forestry
The Bilitor will weleome contribations on topics relating to Forestry.

Ed:tor—E_ Stewart, Chief Inspector of Forestry for the Dominion and

Seeretary Canadian Forestry Association, Ottawa, Ont.
Sub-Edtior—R. H. Campbell, Tr >
Forestry Association, Ottawa, Ont.

etary Canadian

SOLITUDE

How still it is here in the woods. The trees
Stand motionless, as if they did not dare
To stir, lest it should break thespell. The air

Hangs quiet as spaces in 2 marble frieze.

Even this little brook, that runs at ease,
Whispering and gurgling in its knotted bed,
Seem but to deepen with its curling thread

Of sound the shadowy sun-pierced silences.

Sometimes 2 hawk screams or a woodpecker
Startle= the stillmess from its fixed mood

With his loud careless tap. Sometimes I hear
The dreamy white-throat from some far off tree

Pipe slowly on the oe solitude,

His five pure notes succeeding pensively-.
—Arcutpatp Lawpwas.
=
The White Pine.

As the botanical classification of plants is determined
largely by theiz inflorescence, the trees are not all included in
one order or class, but are scattered throughout the different
groups of plants. Thus we have our elms and the nettle rubbing
shoulders in the urticaceze, while the locust tree consorts with
the common pea and other simple herbs in the leguminosz-
There are some orders, however, nearly all of the species in
whieh are trees or shrubs, and the most important of these
from a lumber point of view is the conifere. This order,
which includes all our great timber trees, derives its name
from the form im which the fruit appears. “he coniferous
trees which occur in Canada, with the exception of the tamarac,
are evergreen and. in addition to their peculiar fruitage, are
distinguished by their awl-shaped or needle-shaped leaves and
their resinous wood.

Prominent amongst the trees in this order is the White or
Weymouth Pine (Pinus strobus, L.), which has sometimes
been designated the “King of the Forest."’ The name White
Pine is due to the distinctly white colorof its wood as compared
with that of the Red Pine, from which tree it is also easily
distinguished by its much finer needles, which are arranged in
groups of fives. Weymouth, which name is most frequently
used in England. is borrowed from Lord Weymouth, an English
nobleman whose name is associated with the early settlement
of New England and the introduction of this tree into the old
eountry. lis range in Canada is through all the Eastern
Provinces north to the height of land along the Laurentian
Range and westward nearly to the Red River and Lake
Winnipeg.

In the virgin forest these trees grew to a great size, running
up to five or six feet in diameter and 200 feet in height-

and Gun

in Canada I

|

Evidently there were giants in those days, and it would

impossible for anyone who had not seen it to picture the scene
in the valley of the Ottawa or the St.
great trees stood in the forests in tlicir pristine grandeur

Maurice when these
The
most Important purpose for which timber was required in the
early days in Canada was for ship building, and the great pine
trees, so suitable for masts, quickly attracted attention and as
a result the pine timber was appropriated for the Crown, many
of the old deeds of land expressly excepting it from the trans-
fer. Strange to say, however, to those who look at the question
from the present standpoint, the white pine was slow in
winning its way into favor for lumber purposes. The market
in the old country had been trained to the use of the Baltic
timber and the white pine was considered to be too soft a wood
All the lumbermen sought for the red or
Norway pine, which has more of the characteristics of the
lumber from the country from which it obtained its second
name. This feeling in regard to the white pine existed also in
the United States, and a gentleman for many vears connected
with the lumber industry relates that a shipment of this wood
which his father took to that country lay for two years before
a purchaser could be found. ‘When a beginning was made in
the use of this tree the tide soon turned and it has been for
maany years the most important timber tree in Canada and the
Northern United States.

There is no question that for lumber purposes its value in
Eastern Canada will go on increasing, and as it will grow upon
sandy or rocky soil, which is practically useless for agricultural
purposes, it is in the interests of the country generally that
every effort should be made to ensure that it should be a per-
manent source of revenue for those provinces which depend
upon it for so large a portion of theirincome. Tothis end the
two main things necessary are prevention of fire and arrange-
ments for reproduction. Coniferous trees contain considerable
resin and are therefore very inflammable, and as a result the
forests on Immense territories have already been destroyed and
much of the valuable assets of the country have gone up in
smoke, proving a curse rather than a blessing. For reproduc-
tion it Is necessary to provide a supply of seed. As the pine
does not produce seed to any great extent before attaining an
age of about thirty years. or a diameter of six inches, and then
only every third or fourth year, the cutting should be done
with reference to these facts, in such a way as to ensure the
production of sufficient seed to renew the growth.

The uncertain knowledge of the trees possessed even by
those who have made some study of botany is illustrated by
the fact related by Dr. Muldrew that a class of students in that
science at an examination were unable to distinguish between
a twig of the white pine and little ground pine of the Club
Moss family. Little errors of this kind too sometimes have
more or less unpleasant consequences. A committee of a cer-
tain State Legislature were visiting a forest tract under the care
of the State, and one of the members of the Committee remarked
to the forester who was conducting the party that the seeding
pines were coming up in a very satisfactory way. The forester,
with a proper scientific regard for truth but perhaps without
sufficient consideration for political effect, informed the gentle-
man that what he thought were pine seedlings were merely
plants of the ground pine. It may be imagined that the effect
on the mind of at least that member of the Committee whose
little airing of the results of his observations were thus rudely
dealt with, was hardly as favorable as might have been desired
for the purposes which the forest management hoped to have
accomplished by the visit.

to be of any use.

18

THE EFFECT OF PASTURJING ON THE
GROWTH OF TREES.

Wm. N- Hutt, Southend, Ont.

It seems to have become habitual with us in our ordinary
way of thinking to regard the trees and the forests as fixed
parts of a landscape, like the hills and the valleys and the
streams. The hoary, majestic oak and its kindred of the
“*forest primeval’’ appear to live irrespective of time and to
have an existence unaffected by variable surrounding con-
ditions. Yet, how delusive are these appearances when care-
fully investigated. The sturdy giant of the forest is dependent
onthe sunbeam and the raindrop, and exists only at the mercy
of the insect on its foliage or of the animal browsing beneath
its shade.

From even very casual observation it must be evident that
trees are injured and their growth retarded by animals pastur-
ing about them. It is the purpose of this article to give briefly
the results of detailed observations, extending over a period of
years, concerning the animalin its relation to the tree. On
open ranges the damage to trees by stock is of a more or less
trifling nature, except when very large herds or flocks pass
frequently over the same ground. On enclosed areas of bush,
such as might be found in a farmer’s wood lot, the damage to
the trees reaches its maximum.

The injury done to trees in a pastured wood lot is in
direct proportion to the number of animals and the scarcity of
forage. Hogs are often turned loose in a wood lotin the fall to
fatten on nuts and acorns, and as long as this food lasts little
damage is done, except the loss of seeds and nuts which
produce next year’s seedlings. As soon, however, as the
supply of nuts ceases, down goes the snout of the hog to find
food under the surface mould. In this rooting for worms and
grnbs many small roots and fibres are torn up and girdled of
their bark, while young seedlings are often rooted out of the
soil entirely. If hogs are left in a bush, as sometimes happens,
till it is not a question of fattening, but of bare subsistence,
large trees are torn and girdled and the growth of scores of
years sometim:s destroyed in a few hours. A case of this
extreme kind happened near Niagara Falls some years ago. A
butcher, whose slaughter-house on the outskirts of the town
had became offensive to the citizens of expanding suburbs,
was forced to remove his abattoira couple of miles into the
country. The spot he secured was part of a magnificent old
chestnut wood. About an acre was fenced off and a drove of
twenty-five or thirty hogs turned in to fatten on nuts, and the
offal from the slanghter-house. Soon all the grass disappeared
from the enclosure, next the mixed herbage and seedlings, till
nothing green could be seen as high as the pigs could reach.
All the refuse of occasional killing was not suflicient for the
hogs, large saplings and poles were attacked, and all the fresh
bark within reach stripped off. Great holes were burrowed
round the treesand the bark gnawned off a foot or two under
the ground. Every square yard of the whole surface was
turned over and all the small roots within range eaten off. Not
a single tree escaped injury, except a few old veterans protected
by two or three inches of hard, rough bark. When late in the
fall the gaunt razor-backs were turned into juicy bacon for the
citizens of the town, the beautiful woods of a few weeks before
had become almost a howling wilderness.

A decade of growth

has passed over the woods since then, but has failed to obliter-

ate the destructive effect of one fall’s pasturing by hogs.
Another peculiar case of the injurious action of hogs on

trees happened this summer. <A farmer had enclosed his apple

Rod and Gun

in Canada

orchard and turned in the hogs to eat up the fallen apples.
During the summer the orchard was pruned, and though the
pigs were well fed twice a day, they girdled all the fresh bark
from the brush A week or so after the pruning the brush was
hauled off and it was found that the bark was torn from the
trunks of many trees, while several were completely girdled.

Ilorse have also been known to injure trees by girdling
their trunks and limbs. While speaking on forestry before the
Middlesex County Farmers’ Institute, a gentleman told me of
his having a row of maple trees girdled by colts. The trees
were just outside the fence of the field in which the colts
were pasturing. As the pasture became poor, the colts had
grazed along the fence-corners and had reached over and
destroyed the whole row of shade trees. Horses and cattle,
however, generally confine themselves to eating off the leaves
and green twigs within reach. In every pastured wood-lot the
high grazing mark is very apparent. Contrary to what might
be expected, sheep are the most harmful to trees, of all brows-
ing animals. Besides closely cropping off young seedlings and
sometimes girdling the fresh bark from growing trees, sheep by
their restless activity so trample the soil about trees as to
make the growth of the latter almost an impossibility.

In spite of an occasional excessive damage to trees by
browsing of animals, by far the greater injury results indirectly
from the trampling of the soil and the consequent destruction
of the natural mulch about the trees. On the vegetable mould
of the forest floor depend largely the health and vigor of the
trees. This mould, which is composed largely of decaying
leaves and twigs, is of a very porous nature and forms a natural
reservoir for water. Under the shade of the treetops the mois-
ture of the vegetable mould is given up slowly throughout the
season, and the air about the trees is kept in that humid
condition so favorable for plant growth. The downward
movement of water through the forest mould is also slow, and
as the water-table gradually lowers, the roots of the trees push
down through the softened subsoil. For th's reason forest
trees are seldom blown down by high winds. Moreover by
virtue of the slow movement of water in the forest mould, the
springs of the woodland have a continuous, even flow through-
out the year.

One of the most noticeable features of pastured woodlots is
the absence of the natural forest mould. The sharp feet of
stock cut up the soft turf and pack it, so that its water-holding
capacity is practically destroyed. For this reason creeks become
in spring rushing torrents roaring down hillsides and tearing
away the fertile soil, and become dried up rocky gullies almost
before summer comes. Rain falling upon pastured forests finds
in the soil no natural reservoir, but passes quickly through the
soil to swell for a few hours the creeks, and is lost to the trees.
When summer comes the soil of a pastured woods is hard and
cracked like a bare fallow. The rain which fell upon it has
passed through it so quickly that the roots of the trees have
been unable to follow down after the too rapidly receding
water-table. Deep root growth under such conditions is
checked and the trees are very frequently blown down by
strong winds. It is not an uncommon thing on closely pastured
woodlots to see sturdy oaks and maples, or even the tough-
rooted elm, overturned by the wind,

Besides being a reservoir for taoisture the forest mould is a
natural seed bed and nursery for muts and seeds, which fall
upon it from the trees aboye. It must be known that seedlings
of forest trees are the most delicate of all plants and require
during their early years almost ideal conditions of vegetation,
In the deep rich mould under the protecting shade of the

Rod

parent trees the little seedling finds this ideal condition of
growth in which to start. When a break occurs in the leafy
canopy overhead the little tree stretches up quickly to fill up
the gap, The packed and tramped soil of a pastured woodlot
offers only a lingering death to the tender seedling, and so
nature’s method of perpetuating the forest is cut off. For this
reason pasture ranges are always characterized by a decreasing
number of trees, and the roots of these lacking their natural
protection the trees have always a stunted, scrubby appearance.
On constantly pastured woodlots it is not an uncommon thing
in a dry summer to see large trees wither and die. Doubtless
these trees had been resisting adverse conditions for years.
The wonder is that they lived so long. In Elgin County last
year I was asked to explain, as if it were a Sphinx riddle, the
dying of timber in bushland there. As the woods where the
timber was dying were constantly pastured, an answer was
not difficult.

Tt is well known that the soil of the forest is made richer
by each annual fall of leaves. In pastured woods this condition
is reversed, for lacking the smal] herbage and seedlings to hold
the leaves when they fall, they are blown by the wind from
beneath the trees, drifted deep in gullies, piled in fence corners,
and even carried free of the woods altogether.

To sum up briefly, it may be said that pasturing the
woodlot is detrimental to its soil and entirely antagonistic to
successful wood culture.

*

** William Silvering’s Surrender ”’ is the title of a little book
on Forestry which has been issued by the Winnipeg Forestry
Association. The editor is Reverend Dr. Bryce, whose name
is already well known in Canadian literature, and in this work
he has gathered together a great deal of information on the
subject of Forestry, both of a general nature and special to the
Canadian North West, which should do much to impress the
great adyantage to the country of conserving a reasonable area
of forest and extending the planting of trees whereyer agricul-
ture is undertaken. The narrative which has been
adopted by the author gives life and interest to the subject and
no doubt the little romance woven into the story will be at-
tractive to many who would not feel drawn to the perusal of an
unadorned forestry manual. Copies haye been supplied to
school teachers, and partly as a result of this action Arbor Day
has been celebrated with greater enthusiasm and interest than
ever in that Province.

form

It is a little regrettable that the list of officers of the Cana-
dian Forestry Association was not brought up to date in this
book, and the following changes should be noted :—Mr. J. 8.
Dennis, Deputy Commissioner of Public Works for the North
West Territories, Regina, is now Vice-President for the District
of Assiniboia, and Mr. J. G. Laurie, of Battleford, for the
District of Saskatchewan. ‘

Tt may be well also to call attention to a little slip in giving
the name of the very able Minister of the Interior under whose
administration the policy of setting apart timber reserves in
the west was adopted, as the Honoralle John White instead
of the Honorable Thomas White, and we might also suggest
that some credit should be given in this connection to one of
the members of the Winnipeg Forestry Association, Mr. E. F.
Stephenson, to whose foresight, and the recommendations made
by him as Crown Timber Agent, the adoption of such a policy
is largely due.

and Gun

in Canada 19

We are in receipt of a notice of a work entitled ‘Sylvan
Ontario,” by W. H. Muldrew, B.A., D.Paed.
understand, a guide to the native and trees of
Ontario on the same lines which were followed by Dr. Muldrew
in his smaller Guide to the Trees of Muskoka, of which some
notice was given in our January number.

This is, we

,

shrubs

This should prove a
very useful manual to anvone who is interested in our native
trees and its value will be very much increased by the 131 leaf
drawings by which it is illustrated. We hope to give a more
extended notice later when we have had an opportunity for
careful examination. The work is issued by Wm. Briggs, of
Toronto, at 50e. and $1.00.
%

Dr. C. A. Schenck, who so kindly assisted at the annual
meeting of the Canadian Forestry Association, has also been
giving the people of Kentucky the benefit of his knowledge of
forestry in a lecture on Forestry for Kentucky, delivered re-
ently at Louisville on the invitation of the Board of Trade of
that city.

*

itis hoped that by the time this issue is received by the
members of the Forestry Association the report of the annual
meeting will also be in their hands. There has been unavoid-
able delays that prevented its earlier publication, but we trust
that if will meet with the approval of the Association.

*

The fire season for the present year has been bravely
opened in the Province of New Brunswick bya display of some
brilliance, of which we clip the following account from the
press :—

Moneton, N.B., May 23.—( Special )—Forest fires are raging
at various points along the Intercolonial, between Harcourt and
Quebec. The weather has been very dry, and unless rain falls
soon great damage must result.

At Harcourt, several miles square have already been burned
over, but as this section was almost wholly denuded of forest
almost a dozen years ago, there was little material except black-
ened stumps and dead limbs for the fire to feed upon, and the
flames are spreading slowly.

In the vicinity of Barnaby River and Rogersville the dam-
age is greatest, and the people are making desperate efforts to
save their property and hous In spite of all that could be
done a house and barn near Barnaby River, owned by Davis
Buckley, was burned to the ground yesterday, and other places
are in such immediate danger that the people are packing up
their belongings to move at a moment’s notice.

Large lots of. railway ties and posts piled along the track
were also burned, and the railway authorities were obliged to
moye cars from sidings to save them.

The fire is on both sides of the railway and all trains are
ordered to run through the burning district with great caution.

™

3.

Fires are also reported from the Riding Mountain district
in Manitoba, but it is hoped that the Government fire rangers
will succeed in checking them.

%

The raven isa hardy, fearless bird and cunning withal,
About mid-October those that have bred in the Kippewa region
are joined by many from further north. They all remain in
that district until toward the new year, when they move a few
miles south, but never go very far, nor stay away many weeks.
In March they are already working north, toward Hudson’s Bay
and the barren lands.

20 Rod and

PROMISE OF THE MORNING.

Gun

Night upon the forest,
Night upon the hill;
Whip-poor-will ! whip-poor-will ! whip-poor-will !
Mellowed is the music
«Of the murmuring rill ;
Whip-poor-will ! whip-poor-will ! whip-poor-will !

Faster fall the shadows,

Deep and dark and chill ;
Whip-poor-will! whip-poor-will ! whip-poor-will !
Louder peals the chorus

O’er the water’s trill—
Whip-poor-will! whip-poor-will ! whip-poor-will !

How the cheering echoes

Earth and heaven fill !
Whip-poor-will ! whip-poor-will ! whip-poor-will !

How the night air pulses

And our spirits thrill !
Whip-poor-will! whip-poor-will! whip-poor-will !

Life is full of shadows,

Deep and dark and ehill ;
Whip-poor-will! whip-poor-will ! whip-poor-will !
Comes to us the message—

Dawn beyond the hill;
Whip-poor-will ! whip-poor-will! whip-poor-will !

Not until the morning

Shall thy voice be still ;
Whip-poor-will! whip-poor-will ! whip-poor-will !

Thou shalt be my promise

Of good and not of ill;
Whip-poor-will! whip-poor-will ! whip-poor-will !

The late Prank Hl. Risteen.

ALCES PAPERIFERA.
By St. Croix.

By an oversight, the cause of which remains a mystery,
naturalists have omitted to classify Alces paperifera, the
Magazine Moose, a sub-species presenting several important
modifications of structure and habit from the typical animal.

His size is never less than 3,006 words, his stature being
determined by the length of the monthly fiction offering,
which limits his growth in front and the necessities of the
editor's drawer which curtails his rear. Exceptional moose—
the giants of their species have dragged their weary length
to 8,000 words, but such phenomenal examples of obtnseness

and forbearance must ever remain rare.

A paperifera does not shed his antlers like the vulgar
animal—he carries them throughout the year, for whoever
yet saw the magazine moose dehorned.

In the bush alces may fall anywhere—the finish may
come in the deep woods, or in the barren, or amid the lily
ponds, but the magazine moose has no choice in the matter;
it has been ordained that he shall die tive sticks before the end
of the article, so as to leave just sufficient space for a description
of his wondrous antlers, and for the sportsman to get comfort-
ably out of the bush.

Another marked peculiarity of the animal under considera-
tion is that even during the height of the rut he is fit for food.
The steak ent from his sirloin is invariably “ juicy,” even iy

in Canada

mid-Octcber. Such marked differences serve, infallibly, to
differentiate the magazine moose, and few, except very verdant
naturalists, could fail to distinguish him from the great black
beast of the bush.

If the stuffed moose is grim, how much more saturnine is
the magazine moose! Small wonder that inexperienced
youths doubt the killing properties of the 30-40 smokeless
against so terrible a creature ; if the moose of the woods were
one-half as forbidding as A. paperifera, none but a fool would
tread the forest without a howitzer and an abundance of
lyddite ammunition.

In the course of a letter to Rop anp Gun written by Mr.
George G. Cotton, the author of the very useful ‘“‘Hints About
Camping in Canada,” to which attention has been called in
these columns, there are some paragraphs that are so pregnant
with sound sense that no apology is made for printing them for
the benefit of those who have not had Mr. Cotton’s experience
in wilderness travel. He says:

“Of course people that go to the fishing and hunting
grounds, where there is a grocery store around the corner, or
aclub house liberally stocked and supplied within easy dis-
tance, know almost absolutely nothing about starting off fora
two or three week’s journey through the forests, depending only
upon what you portage and the resources of the country.
Almost invariably they overburden themselves; or if not this,
they go to the other extreme and take too scant a supply.
Sometimes this scant supply is caused by their guides, and, you
might as well know it, the sportsmen themselves start in and
eat only that which strikes their fancy, which in many cases
are the things that are the easiest cooked and most accessible
and which later on, when you are surfeited with fresh caught
fish and fresh killed meat, will be needed to give a variety, so
that your last few days in camp will not be a series of un-
balanced meals.

“Another thing, campers do not get up in the morning and
get started early inthe day, do not stop early enough at night,
so that they can get supper and a comfortable hed made, which
is one of the great comforts of camp life.

“To my mind, to thoroughly enjoy camping you must
havea plan perfectly organized beforehand and adhere strictly
to it. I find you are then better satisfied when your outing is
over than if you try to satisfy the whims of all members of
the party in any two or three weeks trip in the woods. At
least such has been my experience.”

Almost any wood will do for the camp fire upon an emerg-
eney, but there is a great difference in heating power. Pine,
rock maple, yellow birch, tamarack, white birch and dry pop-
lar should be chosen, in the order given.

*

Indians are rarely good shoots. The average white man is
as good at target shooting off-hand as is the red man witha
rest. But the latter will kill most game. He is a better hunter
by far, gifted with a patience, beside which that of Job was
feverish unrest, and is not predisposed, constitutionally, to
buck fever. The Indian is by nature a gambler, and during
the dull days of mid-winter, when there is little else to do, the
young men of the tribe are fond of target-shooting for prizes.
The successful ones accumulate a large collection of moccasins,
toboggans, snowshoes and canoes, which once belonged to their
less skillful brethren.

———— ee

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** SNAP SHOT "’ high velocity, moist residium Unscientific Facts About Animals, by C. C. Farr.. ...... cececcucee cece 3-4
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AMERICANS SAY Answers to Correspondents... ..-.-......---. aoe e akong asec eater ss- 9
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dian “Caribou,” I am quite familiar with. They Moose and Caribou in New Brunswick, by the late Frank Risteen..... 9
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THE HABITS OF THE BEAVER.
As told by Henry Braithwaite to the
late Frank H. Risteen.

Beavers are not so numerous in New Brunswick generally
as they were twenty years ago, but on my own ground they
are about as plentiful as ever, for the reason that I have always
made it a point to leave a sufficient number every year on the
different streams to keep the stock replenished. The trapper
who finds a beaver family and never lets up until he has
wiped them all out, is pursuing a very short-sighted policy.
A female beaver will usually bring forth from two to five
kittens each spring, and I have known them to have six, in
one case seven, in alitter. Inthis country the kittens are born
the latter part of May or first of June.

The animals are now more numerous in Northumberland
and Restigouche than any of the other counties. They would be
numerous in Gloucester, Madawaska and Victoria, but are
followed up too closely by the Frenchmen, who never think of
giving them a chance to breed. In the southern and western
counties very few are now to be found. The pelts at present
are worth about $ Japound. They vary from half a pound
to two pounds in weight, the average being about one anda
quarter. Most of these goto the London market, some of them
to Montreal. The age of the beaver makes very little difference
with regard to the quality of the fur.

Three and four-year-
olds are about the best, as the skins are more pliable. The
drop in Alaska seal has brought down the value of the beaver,
because the latter is used to counterfeit the former. After a
beaver skin has been plucked and dyed to resemble seal it
takes an expert to tell the difference.

A good many stories are told about beaver by people who
don’t know. For instance, it is claimed that he uses his
broad, scaly tail as a trowel to plaster his house or dam. Asa

matter of fact, they simply keep lugging up mud and tramping
over it, and that is all the plastering that isdone. Then again,
it is stated that they only work at night. I have often seen
them working in the daytime, especially in the spring of the
year, when it freezes too hard at night for them to cut their
wood. I have known them to come out of their houses at eleven
o'clock in the forenoon, and it isa common thing for them to
appear at three o’clock and work till dark. The Indians, and
some white men, take advantage of this, and lie in wait to shoot
them when they show up. In the early fall, when warm nights
are the rule, they are not apt to be seen in the daytime. For
shooting a beaver in the water the shotgan is preferable to the
rifle. Only about half of the animal’s head shows above the
surface, and as he is nearly always under full head ofsteam, it

is hard to stop him with the rifle. If you miss your beaver he

up-ends and dives like a shof, his broad tail striking the water
like a side ofsole leather. His object in spanking the water is
to put the other beavers on their guard.

In some respects the cleverness of the beaver is overrated.
He is certainly a very good, clean workman in the mason and
carpenter line, but is far easier to trap than a fox or fisher.
When you are laying for him with a gun, all you have to do is
to keep perfectly still, and he will swim right up to you ; but the
slightest whiff of human scent will send him to the bottom
Beaver dams are not always built of sticks and mud
seen four of them that were entirely built of stone.

I have
At Beaver
Brook lake there is an old stone dam about forty rods long.
When this dam was first made it is likely it was cemented with
leaves and mud, but this soft material washed out after awhile
without materially lowering the dam ; and when a new family
of beavers fell heir to it they had water enough there without
having to raise the dam. The beaver is a great worker, but he
likes to loaf the same as anyone else when he has a chance.
For instance, when he can find an old driving dam, it is a
regular windfall for him.
the old gateway, and soon has asplendid fit-out. It makes him
fairly grin to strike such a snap as that. ButI have seen
beavers that didn’t seem to have good horse sense. They, wiil
undertake to build a dam ina place where it will be carried
away with every freshet, and maybe within ten rods of it there
would be a good, safe site.

He goes right to work and plugs up

Sometimes they will pick out very
mean places for food and will nearly starve in the winter,
though there is plenty of good, straight-grained grub not a
quarter of a mile away.

Some people who write stories for the papers say that
what are called ‘‘ bank’’ beavers are lazy old males that have
been fired out of the house by the rest of the family because
they wouldn’t work. I wonder what kind of a spy-glass the
man had who saw this taking place. Perhaps he was a mind-
reader who could figure out what the beavers were thinking
about. Bank beavers are not always males, by any means. I
have trapped female bank beavers with their kittens. The
fact is that when beavers take to the bank it is because there
is so much water that they don’t need a dam, or
there is no chance to builda dam. Thatis why you find the
bank beavers
are unable to dam.

because
mostly on lakes, or large rivers, which they

A full grown beayer will weigh from 30to 40 pounds. I have
caught a good many scaling over 40 pounds, and haye been
told by very reliable
taken.
would live to a ripe old age.

people that 60 pounders have been
I think the beaver, if he could only keep out of the trap,
His growth is very slow, yet he

sometimes reaches a remarkable size, with every sign of being

2 Rod and Gun

a regular old settler. I feel safe in saying that he is liable to
live to be 25 or 30 years of age. The fur of the beaver is at its best
in the winter and early spring. The outerand longer coating is
coarse and glossy, almost black in color ; the under coat is very
thick and silky, nearly black on top and silver grey underneath.

The beaver is rea!ly a sort of portable pulp mill, grinding
up most any kind of wood that comes his way. I once meas-
ured a white birch tree, 22 inches through, cut down by a
beaver. A single beaver generally, if not always, amputates
the tree, and when it comes down the whole family fall to and
have a regular frolic with the bark and branches. A big
beaver will bring down a fair-sized sapling, say 3 inches
through, in about two minutes, and a large tree in about an
hour. The iayorite food of the animal is the poplar; next
come the cherry and balm of gilead. They are fond of all
kinds of maples, and wil! eat cedar, hemlock, or spruce. In
some places they feed principally on alders. They also eat the
roots of many kinds of water plants. When food is scarce they
will consume the bark of the largest trees.

They commence to build their houses and yard up wood
for the winter in September, but sometimes as early as August,
and sometimes as late as October. They drag in the wood from
all directions, and float it up as near as they can to the front of
the lodge. There is nearly always two doors to the beaver
house, and a favorite place for them to pile their wood is
between these openings. But they leave a great deal of it out
in the pond, more than half of which they are not able to
consume, because, when the pond freezes up, they are only able
to reach what is below the ice. The size of the house, as well
as the woodpile stored in the pond, depends on the size of the
family. Anayerage house, which is generally circular in shape,
will measure about twelve feet in diameter, and stand from
three to six feet above the surface of the water. I have known
them to be as large as sixteen and as small as six feet in diam-
eter. The walls are usually about two feet thick and are strong
enough to support the weight of a full grown moose without
collapsing. They are perfectly air-tight, and being steam-heated
by the beavers, must be very warm and cosy in the coldest
weather. Very old beavers usually build larger houses, work
more systematically and go in for comfort generally.

Each beaver has his bed neatly placed against the inner
surface of the wall. His bedding is composed, usually, of wood
fibres stripped fine, about like an Indian’s broom. In the case
of lake beaver, with whom wood is apt to be scarce, blue joint
grass is used for bedding. This bedding is taken out pretty
often and a fresh supply brought in, for the beaver is a most
cleanly animal and his couch is soon fouled by his muddy
occupation.

The two outlets from the lodge are built on an incline to
the bottom of the pond. I think the idea of that is that if an
enemy comes in one door they can make out atthe other. The
mud with which the roof is plastered is mostly taken from the
bottom of the pond, close to the house, sometimes leaving quite

a ditch there, which is handy as giving the beavers room to
move about when the ice gets thick. As the ice freezes down
to the bottom, the beavers extend a trench from this ditch out
further into the pond to enable them to reach their food. This
trench is sometimes ten rods in length. They will often cut a
canal about two feet wide from one lake to another, if the in-
tervening ground is barren and the surface level. Sometimes
they will excavate an underground canal between the lakes.
If the house is on a lake and there is a wide strip of barren
between the house and the edge of the woods, they will cut a

canal clear up to the edge of the woods, so that they can float

in. Canada

their stuff down. To see a beaver swimming down the canal
with a tree in tow five times his own weight is a comical sight.
He has a good deal the same look on his face as the man who
is lugging home his Thanksgiving turkey.

It is very seldom that the house is located on or near the
dam. Beaver dams vary a good deal in height, according to
the shape of the bank and the depth of water, seldom, how-
ever, measuring over seven feet. They are often eight or ten
feet wide at the base, sloping up toa width of from one to three
feet on top, and are usually perfectly water-tight. They are
very firmly constructed and will sometimes last for years after
the beavers have left them. Where beavers have seldom been
disturbed they can be captured by making a small break in the
dam and setting a trap for them when they come to repair the
leak. But where beavers have been much hunted—and they
are mostly all pretty well posted these davs—this scheme is a
poor one. The beayers will promenade on top of the dam and
smell around the trap, to see what is the matter, and when you
visit the trap you are liable to find in it nothing but a bunch
of sticks. A beaver colony will often use the same dam fora
number of years, especially when it is at the outlet or inlet of a
lake, but they will usually build a new house every year. I
think they do this on the ground of cleanliness, on which poin
they are very particular. :

As compared with the otter or mink the beaver is a very
slow swimmer. His front legs hang by his sides, and he uses
only his webbed hind feet for purposes of swimming. It is
easy to capture one in a canoe if you can find him in shoal
water. Ile is a most determined fighter, but clumsy, and easy
to handle. If he could get hold of you with his teeth he would
almost take a leg off—so you want to watch him sharp. The
proper place to grab him is by the tail.

The only enemy the beaver really has to fear is man,
The bear and the lynx lay for him sometimes, but not with
much suecess. I have known a bear to go down into four feet
of waterand haul a beaver out of a trap. The lynx occasionally
catches a small beaver on the bank, but a full grown one would
be too many for him to handle. Wild animals in some respects
are ahead of men. They never have a swelled head; never
bite off more than they can comfortably chew. Each fellow
knows what he isable to tackle and get away with without injur-
ing his health. The bear has too much sense to tackle the poren-
pine, and all hands line up to give the skunk the right of way.

One of the queerest facts about the beaver is the rapidity
with which his long, chisel-shaped teeth will recover from an
injury. I have known beavers to break their teeth in biting a
trap, and when I caught them again ten days afterwards you
couldn’t see a sign of the break—the teeth had grown out to
their former perfection in that short period.

As soon as the lakes and streams open in the spring, the
old males, and all the two and three-year-olds, start off ona
regular excursion and ramble over the brooks and lakes for
miles around, the old females remaining at home to rear their
young. In fact, the mother beavers remain at home all sum-
mer, while the rest of the tribe are ranging about until Sep-
tember, when they commence to club together again. The
kittens generally remain with the mother fortwo years, When
they are three years old they mate and start off on their own
hook. You can mostly always tell the newly-wedded couple
by the small, snug house they build. They seem to be very
devoted to each other, but T have noticed one point about the
young she beaver that is very human. If the trapper comes
along and her mate is wafted up, she goes skirmishing as soon
as possible for another husband.

Rod and Gun in Canada 3

Near the root of the beaver’s tail are glands which hold
a thick, musky liquid called the castoreum, which is used by
trappers to scent their bait. When I want to shoot a beaver I
get out my bottle of castorenm and pull the cork. The beaver
will swim right up within range as soon as he catches the scent.
When trapping in the fall, which [ seldom do, I generally daub
a little of the substance on a dry stub or snag a few yards away
from the shore. The trap is set about three inches under water
where the beaver climbs up on the bank, a bunch of poplar
being generally used for bait. When trapping in the winter
you cannot use the castoreum, as the trap is set under the ice
where the scent has no effect.

Some old trappers, when setting traps under the ice, cut four
stakes, three of green poplar and the other of some kind of dry
wood. These are driven down through the hole in the ice
close to the house, solidly into the bottom, forming a square
about a foot each way. The trap is set and lowered carefully
to the bottom by means of two hooked sticks, the ring on the
chain being slipped over the dry stake. This is not a sure plan
at all. There is nothing to prevent the beaver from cutting off
the poplars above the trap and carrying them away. In fact,
if the beaver gets in the trap he is simply playing in hard luck.
The best way is to shove down a small dry tree with three or
four branches sticking out on which the trap can be set, and
place bait above it in such a fashion that the beayer will have
to step on the trap to reach it. Butif the water isshoal enough,
the safest way is to place your trap on the bottom. It is, of
course, all-important that the beaver should drown soon after
he is caught ; otherwise you are yery apt to get nothing but a
claw, particularly if he is caught by the forefoot, which can be
twisted off very easily.

The cutting of a hole in the ice and other disturbance
caused by setting the trap, of course, scares the beavers in the
house, and you are not likely to catch any for two or three
nights. but the beavers cannot get away, are very hungry for
fresh food, and after they get over their panic will readily
walk into the trap.

The ability of a beaver to remain under water for a long
time is really not so tough a problem as it looks. When the
lake or pond is frozen over a beaver will come to the under
surface of the ice and expel his breath so that it will form a
wide, flat bubble. The air coming in contact with the ice and
water is purified, and the beaver breathes it in again. This
operation he can repeat several times. ‘The otter and muskrat
do the same thing. When the ice is thin and clear I have
often seen the muskrat attached to his bubble, and by pounding
on the ice haye driven him away from it, when he would
drown in a very short time. I believe that the beaver, as well
as the loon, sometimes employs this pneumatic suction prin-
ciple by breathing into the mud on the bottom, and thus
remaining under water for a remarkable length of time.

It almost takes a burglar-proof safe to hold a newly ecap-
tured beaver. I once caught an old one and two kittens up
the north branch of the Sou-West, put them in a barrel and
brought them down to Miramicni lake. That night she
gnawed a hole through the barrel and cleared out, leaving her
kittens. They were so young that J had no way of feeding
them, so released them in the hope that the mother might find
them. Soon after that I caught a big male beaver. I made a
large log pen for him of dry spruce, but the second night he
cut a log out and disappeared. Beavers when alarmed gener-
ally make up stream, so I went up the brook to where a little
branch came in and I thought I would go up that a little ways,
and I hadn’t gone more than ten rods before I came across my

lad sitting up in the bed of the brook haying a lunch on a stick
he had eut. He actually looked as if he knew he was playing
truant when he caught sight of me out of the side of his eye.
I picked him up by the tail, brought him back, put him in the
pen, supplied him with plenty of fresh poplar, and he seemed
as tame as possible and never gave me any more trouble. I
brought him out to Stanley where he lived a long time. Turn-
bull had a thoroughbred mongrel dog which was jealous of the
beaver, and one day attacked him. He only did that once, for
the beaver nipped the dog’s tail off quicker’n a cat could catch
a mouse.
Di]
UNSCIENTIFIC FACTS ABOUT ANIMALS.
By C. C. Farr.

The rabbit, or more scientifically speaking, the hare,
though small and generally held in contempt is the most useful
animal that runs in the bush.

It is the animated wheat of the woods. Without it some
of the most beautiful and valuable of our fur bearing animals
would become extinct, while the owls and some of the larger
species of hawks would haye to go out of business.

It is strange how many of the carnivora are dependent on
it for their daily food. From the lynx to the tiny weasel, all,
more or less, prey upon the poor little rabbit, and yet, in spite
of all this, so prolific is it, that, were it not for the periodical
attacks of some pulmonary complaint, which completely depop-
ulates whole districts, it would increase and multiply far
beyond the needs of its natural enemies, and like the rabbits
in Australia and New Zealand, become a nuisance on the face
of the earth.

I imagine that this disease, to which they are subjected,
must be tuberculosis, if so it might have a bearing upon the
prevalence of this disease amongst Indians. Many years ago,
while travelling through the Sippewa country, I passed through
a swamp where rabbits used to swarm, and I found some lying
dead and others in a dying condition. My companion, who was
an Indian, informed me that the trouble was in their lungs.
Unfortunately, I did not examine one of them myself for sake
of verification, but accepted his statement for fact. I know,
howeyer, that for some years afterwards rabbits became very
scarce in that locality ; so much so that the -ndians suffered,
and there was a famine amongst them.

A famine amongst Indians is simply a scarcity of rabbits ;
excepting those who live on the frontier, there is always a
famine amongst them in the matter of flour. Fish and meat
constitute the staple food of an Indian and the greatest of these
is rabbits.

Whole families liying in the interior make use of only two
or three bags of flour du:ing the winter, and only eat it when
game is scarce, or when on a journey, therefore, as rabbits are
most easily caught and are the most plentiful of all the animals
in the bush, a scarcity of them means hunger to the Indians.
Their name for rabbit is ‘‘ Wahboos,’’—‘‘ The Little White
Chap,’’-—a name half friendly, half contemptuous.

Ii an Indian has a low estimate of any man’s intelligence,
he says: ‘‘Wahboos ometinenjigay,”’—‘‘ He thinks like a
rabbit.”’

To the women is left the task of catching them. It is con-
sidered purely a woman’s job and beneath the dignity of a
good hunter. The men will sometimes make the
for the snares, but the women usually set the snares and attend
to them.

The method of snaring them is very simple.
cially well beaten track is selected and across this a small

* fences’?

An espe-

4 Rod and Gun in Canada

balsam or spruce is thrown, one of about one and a-half or two
inches in diameter, taking care, however, that the pole crosses
the track about a foot above the ground. At the butt end
balsam, cedar or spruce brush is stuck in the ground or snow,
forming with the top of the little tree a fence through which
the only opening left is by the track, on each side of which
stakes are placed, leaving a passage of about six inches in width.
Then a small spring pole is stuck into the snow so that the top
of it when bent down comes exactly over the centre of the
opening. To this top is attached a piece of small twine with a
loop on the end for making the snare, but tied in such a
manner that there is about four inches to spare on the wrong
end. On this there is a knot made, and by looping the snare
end around this knot, and tucking the slack between the string
and the cross pole where it is brought tight against it by the
strain of the spring pole a slip knot is formed, which is released
by a slight pull on the snare end. The snare is then rounded
into a circle of about three anda half to four inches in diameter.
This is snspended on two very fine twigs stuck into the snow
with their tops leaning towards each other, which hold the
snare up about five inches from the ground. Beneath it are
placed about three short sticks also stuck in the snow, which
prevent the rabbit from diving beneath the snare. All these
* setting sticks,” as they are called, have to be of dead wood,
otherwise the rabbits would nibble at them and disarrange the
snare. The next and final act is to take the fine tops of the
birch, poplar or maple and stick them promiscuously along
each side of the fence.

The rabbits eat these, and finding such excellent food on
one side of the fence expect to find the same on the other, and
to reach it they have to pass through the little circle of the
snare which seems made especially for a rabbit to go through.

3ut alas for the rabbit. Its shoulders catch the snare and
knock it off the small “set sticks,’ The noose then tightens
on its neck and a more vigorous pull sets the spring pole free,
which, if properly arranged, will jerk the rabbit off its legs and
end its career, ‘Sus per coll.” Sometimes the noose slips over
its shoulders and catches it by the hind legs. Then it makes a
long fight for freedom and is often still alive when found ; but
the Indians object to eating rabbits thus caught. ‘‘Map is ootch,”’
they call them, and only eat them when rabbits are scarce,
otherwise they let the children have them.

An Indian, or indeed anyone who can catch a rabbit, need
never die of starvation in the bush, as long as rabbits abound.
A piece of twine and a jack knife is all that is required, though
for the matter of that an Indian can dispense with the twine,
being always able to find some bark or root that will serve the
purpose. The great trouble is that the rabbits nibble the twine,
and to prevent this the Indians use various substances. In the
summer the rubbing of the snare with the bruised brush of the
balsam is sufficient, but in the winter the Indians always use
the frozen dung of the dog, which is infallible, though I fancy
that coal tar would be equally efficacious.

The various uses of the rabbit skins by the Indians are so
well known that I hardly need to enumerate them. They cut
the skins into strips which they twist into a coarse, furry yarn
and then weave, by netting, into blankets and all kinds of
garments, though the latter have been superseded by the white
man’s garments of cloth.

The rabbit does not figure conspicuously in Indian legendary
lore, It was one of the animals that came short of grease when
the Geetchie Manitou distributed grease, or fat, to all living
animals, All animals were supposed to be originally made
without any fat and they complained to the Geetchie Manitou

on that account, therefore he created a river of grease and
ordered all the animals to gather together on its banks upon a
certain day. The bear, being a greedy fellow, came first, and
not content with drinking his fill, he even swam in it, so that
to this day his coat is greasy. The beaver also swallowed large
quantities, and all the other animals drank of the grease, each
in the order of their fatness; but the rabbit and the partridge
tarried so long in coming that the Geetchie Manitou told the
weasel to go and hunt for them. But the weasel was so slow
that the laggards came of their own accord, and when they
came the grease was done, all but a spoonful of the skimmings,
which had stuck to the banks like a high water mark. This
was given to the rabbit. Then the partridge cried so bitterly
that the Geetchie Manitou took pity on it and wiped his fingers
upon its neck, so that to this day the partridge has a little smear
of fat on each side of the base of its neck. In the meantime
the weasel arrived, but all the grease was consumed and it got
none. In yain it protested that it was delayed by having to tie
its moceasin strings. There was simply no more grease, so to
this day the weasel has not a particle of grease upon its body.
All of which contains a beautiful little moral lesson for those of
slow and sluggish habits.
*

By far the most importaut article in an outfit for winter
work is the snowshoe. Without a rifle, or gun, you may still
kill game by trapping, and catch fish enough to live on, but
with two feet of snow on the ground you will be perfectly
helpless without your snowshoes. The best materials for the
bow, and forthe filling, are white ash and caribou hide babiche,
but many Indian tribes use other materials—in fact they make
what they can get serve, being practical men. Contrary to the
general belief, moose hide does not make a very bad filling. A
yearling bull’s hide should be chosen ; this will yield 500 yards
of babiche, and one pair of full sized shoes will require from
400 to 500 yards of this material. Horse hide is an excellent
filling, and ordinary cow hide may do at a pinch. Second
growth white ash makes by far the best bow, but the northern
Indians use yellow birch, or oak, as well, when ash is scarce.
As to shape, each tribe has its own ideals, influenced by local
conditions ; between the bear paw of the Montagnais Indian,
and the 5 ft. shoe of the Cree, you will find dozens of curiously
shaped snowshoes. The most peculiar I have yet seen is used
by the Coast Indians of southern Alaska. The shoe is small,
the lacing (on account of wet heavy snow, which balls badly)
so coarse that you may pass two fingers through the web, the
nose is turned up, and a deep groove runs down the centre of
the shoe. Moreover, as an additional assistance on the treach-
erous ice-slopes of the Coast Range, each shoe has a patent
brake on the outside of the bow, consisting of the tip of the
black, pointed horn of the mountain goat. This is set so that
it will fold backward against the bow, when the shoe is station-
ary or moving forward, but will stand out at right angles, and
dig into the ice, should a slip backward occur.

*

Nine men out of ten will pitch a lean-to camp on ground
which slopes toward the fire, thinking thereby to get the
maximum of benefit therefrom. The tenth man has been a
closer observer, and you will notice his open tent faces a slight
rise. The heat rays strike the canvas at a more acute angle in
the latter case, and about 20 per cent. more heat finds its way
into the tent. A careful trial will convince anyone of this—
especially of a cold winter's night.

Rod

THE WHITE BUCK.

and

By St. Croix.

“Ts that gentleman in ?”’

That gentleman was, and a few seconds later the half-
breed was seated on the extreme edge of a chair in my den,
his mocassined feet strangely out of place on even a rather
shabby carpet.

‘Well, Jim ?—out with it, man.”
ness was extreme.

My visitor’s bashful-
Thus exhorted, Jim began :

*“T guess, mister, them little deer we was a-talking about
is back of the Maryland road ; and a man I’m acquainted with
livin’ there tol’ me he run agin’ them t’other day on his wood
lot.”

This was news indeed, for the last authentic report of the
said deer

for there was only supposed to be one herd within
a day’s ride of the city—had placed them some miles further
off than did this last rumor.

“Jim, do you think we
could find them if we got off
at once ?’’:T asked.

““Sarten shure, mister,’
answered Jim,“ snow just right
There being
about a couple of inches of
snow covering the hard frozen
ground, it seemed possible that

for tracking.”’

Jim’s hopes had a somewhat
more solid foundation than is
usually the case with an Indian’s
anti-hunting prophecies to a
wavering patron.

“Then Jim, you go down
to the grocery store and order
grub for a week’s hunt, and I
will pick you up there in an
hour’s time.”’

Jim gave a grunt, and on
being released went off down
the street like an india-rubber
man, stepping high to clear the
windfalls which habit
seemed tocumber his path. It
did not take me long to get
ready, for, in the hay loft over
the stable my camp kit was al
ways ready, my first care on re-
turning from a hunt being to

from

have all tinware cleaned, rents
in blankets or bags repaired, and axes ground before putting
them away.

The Maryland road isa highway built after the Roman
manner, that is to say, always preferring to go over the crest of
a hill rather than to turn its flank. It starts from the city of
Fredericton—where it ends is uncertain, although a hardy
explorer, according to tradition, is said to have gone so far
along it that the ever narrowing trail became a cow path,
which in its turn degenerated into a squirrel’s track, which
finally led to the foot of a big pine.

We found the road heavy, and by the time we had covered
the three miles between the city and our proposed camping
place, the dusk was deepening rapidly. In due time the logs
were crackling, and master Jim and myself sipping a warm
and exhilarating beverage as we toasted ourselves before the

Gun

in Canada 5
blaze. That night it registered 15° below zero, but not even

our consciences disturbed our rest.

In the morning we arose early, but nevertheless later than
the moose birds, who had already discovered that our sugar-
Jim, on that
bright frosty morning was in no hurry to begin the hunt.
He was experiencing a new sensation, having just discovered
that fluid beef with plenty of pepper in it i

cured ham was of a brand they approved of.

a soothing con-
coction, and it soon became evident that he had sinister designs
on the remainder of our stock. Indian fairy tales, legends
concerning all animated things known to the great northern
woods, from the giant moose to the chicadee, chronological data
regarding the Indians, his ancestors, and much other valuable
and miscellaneous information, flowed in a yoluble, discon-
nected flood from the cavity which separated the three hairs of
his moustache from the four decorative bristles of his chin.

At length we started. The country we roamed over was
entirely denuded of heavy timber, owing to bush fires and the

Lake

Turtle Portage, Kippewa
misguided jabors of past generations who had industriously
destroyed the only valuable crop that land can ever carry.
There was, however, a scrubby, second growth which made it a
most suitable country for deer, with abundance of food and
shelter, though an exceedingly difficult one to hunt over, the
We returned to camp that evening
tired and hungry, with two “partridge”? as a result of our
labors. The morning’s narrative was not resumed—there was
no longer anything to be gained, and, besides, we were done to
a turn.

After supper: ‘‘ Well, Jim, where are the deer ?”’

**Dunno’’ : which was likely.

Next morning I walked over to
the folk,
home, about the game we were after.

swamps being very dense.

a neighboring farm

women who alone were at

They were hospitable

and enquired of

6 : Rod and Gun

and accessible to flattery, but knew little. Finally the more
interesting of the two recalled that ‘‘ Nathan”’ had seen a white
deer feeding in the old pasture with the cattle before the last
snow.

[ hurried back and communicated the joyful news to Jim.
In honor of the occasion we made an inordinate brewing of
fluid beef and indulged in a perfect wassail bout. It ought to
have killed us, but men camping out in a temperature of
minus anything you like can stand much, and we started on
the trail actually invigorated by our excesses. During several
hours we plunged through dense thickets and scoured open
barrens in an admirable and untiring manner—but all to no
purpose. Deer, whether white, dun, grey or black were absent
from the landscape.

For yet another day we persisted, and were rewarded by a
rabbit which Jim foully murdered with a rock; then I gave up,
and the edict went forth : ‘‘Jim, go to town and send out the
waggon.”” With visions of social joys before his eyes, Jim
obeyed promptly. It has always appeared to me that the
Indian takes to the chase with reluctance and quits it with
alacrity.

In due time the young bay horse and old grey waggon
hoye in sight, and with half an hour to spare before dark we
began to re-travel the Appian Way which is called Maryland.
I had myself seen that everything was in the trap, and that
both my express rifle and Jim’s muzzle loader were securely
wrapped in the blankets and placed at the bottom of the load.
Slowly we toiled up the hills and merrily we rattled down the
slopes, until more than half our journey was completed.

I remember the scene well; a little hill in front—quite a
gentle rise for the Appian Way—and a rough pasture on the
right hand. My discontented glance roved casually over it ;
I started,—rubbed my eyes. There stood a white deer !

The animal did not seem in the least alarmed, and I began
to hope I might yet get a shot. Most cautiously [ rammaged
in the blankets for my rifle ; at length I had it in my hand, but
where, in the name of fate, were the cartridges? A groan es-
caped me as I realized they were in Jim’s pitsnargan, miles
away.

Now came the most wonderful part of the adventure ; in-
deed, had I not myself witnessed the sight, I should find some
difficulty in crediting it. Perhaps the disappointment I had
undergone had produced a temporary aberration of intellect,
causing me to see things as they were not; or perhaps it was
the fading light which deceived me, but this is certainly what
I seemed to see. The buck appeared to gradually rear upon its
hind legs, getting higber and higher, until it looked as tall as
the young tamarack that were scattered here and there over
the rough pasture. Then, with the greatest deliberation the
uncanny animal placed its off fore foot to the point of its
delicate muzzle, and its near fore foot before its off.

In this remarkable attitude it
then it dissolved, as it were, into the gathering gloom.

stood for some seconds—

Meditating deeply on this strange occurrence, | resumed
my journey. The first person I met inthe city was my doctor,
who on hearing my story insisted on feeling my pulse, Shaking
his head as he turned away, I eaught the muttered remark :
“Too bad, too bad—a victim of the fluid beef habit.”’

Morais.—(1) Always keep both rifle and cartridges handy
until the trip is really over. (2) Don’t indulge too heavily in

—thuid beef. (3) If you value your reputation, keep the seeret of
all wonderful adventures in your own bosom,

in Canada

THE SHORES OF LAKE SUPERIOR.
By Mary W- Alloway-

Summer and sunshine are the natural atmosphere of poets
and painters, shady bowers and singing brooks their usual set-
tings. Winter is not often their theme, though some of the
New England poets, it is true, reared among the granite hills
and bold sea-coasts, haye loved nature in her sterner moods and
given us,—‘‘Snow-Bound,’’—‘‘ The Rainy Day”? and others in
which grey tones prevail. Some of our American scenes are so
suggestive of majesty, that the best time to see them is in the
more austere seasons. This is essentially true of the north
shores of Lake Superior. They are usually described as bleak
and uninteresting in the extreme, but this winter afternoon,
looked upon from the railway train as it rushes to the north-
west prairies, the scene is wonderfully impressive and grand.

For miles and miles the track runs close to the shore of this
great inland sea, the largest body of fresh water in the world,
the opposite one being lost in the misty distance. There are
rocks, rocks everywhere, here running down boldly, with their
bases lost in the water, and there fringing curved bays and de-
fining beaches, up which the waves ripple or foam ; for except
in sheltered parts, the water is as open and flowing as in sum-
mer. In places a surf like the ocean beats up; coating the
rocks with a crystal covering which is very beautiful. Running
in one place on the very edge of the water we describe a com-
plete horse-shoe curve; round which the engine can be seen
from the window tearing along under the beetling cliffs which
frown from the other side, having a most weird effect. At
one point, it is said, the cliff falls sheer sixty feet from the track
to water, sixty feet in depth below. What a leap it would be
if we jump the track: but we hope not to. Over bridges and
across ravines we moye swiftly and safely, the view changing
every moment with new vistas of land and water. We cross
rivers, some frozen into white ribbons, others too swift of ecur-
rent to freeze, flowing asin June to meet the green waves of
the lake. In ravines are huts and cabins, the smoke of the
family hearth curling up to sky, speaking of the patient toil
and isolation of those who have cast in their lot among these
grand hills.

The outlines of the brown hills change continually against
asky as soft and blue as that against which Vesuvius rears its
smoking crest. As if the view were too fine to be continuous
we dash through the darkness of rough tunnels, cut in the solid
rock, only to sweep out again into the beauties of forests of
everygreens, snow, rock and water.

The smoke from the locomotive rolling off among the tops
of the pines, gives a mystical look to them, but the smaller
shrubs below, crusted with snow and at times bright with red
berries, seem to defy anything to make them look grim or sub-
due their cheerfulness, So far for the shore,—but even it cannot
compare with the outlook over the water. The difference in
temperature between it and the air causes a profuse evapora-
tion, so that the whole surface is covered with floating, white
yapors, Which rise and mingle with the clouds above in the
most exquisite shades of pearl and grey. Out of the mist the
many islands lift themselves like mountain tops above the
cloud-level. ~The boulders are of all tints of
brown and red, down which occasionally a little, summer eas-
cade is frozen in its fall into a jewelled cataract.

crags and

The sun sinks
over the far-off purple hills ina radiance of gold and crimson,
and like all other sunsets defies pen or pencil to perfectly
depict it, As he disappears the stars of these cold, northern
skies shine out and night, like the curtain we draw down as
the lamps are lighted, shuts out the view.

and Gun

Rod

FISH AND FISHING

A TRIP TO BOLTON PASS.

Last May shortly after the opening of the fishing season,
three of us, Doe, Cox and myself, met on the street one evening,
and as we were all ‘tarred with the same stick’? in this par-
ticular, straightway proceeded to plan an expedition aiter the
toothsome brook trout.
flowing through the Bolton Pass where trout galore were to be

Doe informed us of a wonderful brook

caught by the veriest novice, and, as he claimed to have been
there and told wonderful tales of previous successes, we then
and there decided to take it in. Accordingly, ten o’clock the
next evening found us starting on our forty mile drive to Doc’s
Promised Land ; Doc and Cox in the front rig leading the way,
and the writer’s horse and buggy bringing up the rear.

Just asday was breaking and we were nearing the pass in
the mountains where Doc’s famous brook was to be found, we
crossed a likely looking stream, and Doce telling us to drive
on several miles to a farm house which he described, and where
we were to put up the horses and fish down stream to meet
him, jumped out and started in to fill his basket with the
speckled beauties, while Cox and I obedient to his instructions
proceeded onward to look up the farm house. Well, as we were
strangers in that section we must have taken a wrong turn, for
no farm house appeared in sight after an hour’s drive and the
road was rapidly assuming a grade like the roof of a house. At
the top of an exceptionally steep and rough bit of road we
halted to give the horses a breathing spell, and incidentally,
held a council of war, the ultimate conclusion being that we
were on the wrong road and that the only way out of the difli-
culty was to go back to the brook where we had left
Upon arriving at the turn, Cox went en down stream to find
Doc, while I turned up toward the pass where I duly arrived
in less than an hour.

It was yet early in the day and the scenery and weather
were each perfect, and this, together with the fact that I could
see a sparkling brook winding down through the pass at my
feet, sufficed to again put me in good humor to such an extent
that I almost forgave Doc for sending us on a wild goose chase
while he, as we supposed, was loading his basket

Bolton Brook rises in a loyely little lake at the top of the
pass of the same name, and for the fiye or six miles of its
length is an ideal trout brook. In earlier days, if reports are
to be believed, it teemed with trout, but now, alas, it takes a
lot of walking and the weather conditions, and the skill of the
rodster must be perfect to even get a fair catch.

Well, to resume my story, I drove down the pass and put up
my horse ata habitant farmer’s place, whose log house and barn
adjoined the road. This worthy while assisting me to unhitch
and stable my horse, regaled me in his broken English with
his views on the leading political question of the day, the
British-Boer War, then in it’s infancy, and his family history,
both ancient and modern ; all being extremely interesting,
especially the latter, he being the father of twenty-four child-
ren, and just having married his second wife, a widow with
over half that number of her own. Where he kept them all,
I could not imagine, as the house had only two rooms.

After directing me where to fish, and sending one of his

Doe.

in Canada 7
numerous progeny with me to show me the brook, he then retir
ed to the house to explain the wonders of my Bristol steel rod to
the ‘‘ My small guide after conducting me to the
brook and showing me MeManus’ Pork Barrel, a deep pcol in

old woman.”’

the brook, so named, he explained, because a man named
MeManus had fiiled a pork barrel in a few hours, fishing, also
returned to the house leaving me to my own devices.

I then put my rod together and started in to make up for
lost time, as I wanted to have a good basket by the time the
others came up. 1 fished down the brook for oyer an hour
with indifferent success, before the other two overtook me and
went on further down in search of water over which I had not
fished, I
commissary department reminded me that I had eaten nothing

kept steadily at it until an uneasy feeling in my
since the night before, and in looking for my lunch T made the
discovery that my stock of bait was back in the buggy, and
that the belt
disgusted with my luck, I sat down on the bank in a shady

small box at my was empty. Thoroughly
spot, and finding that my feet were hurting me, succeeded after
a struggle in getting off my rubber boots, bathed my feet in the
brook and ate my lunch, The day was warm andas I had had
no sleep the night before, I fell asleep! I do not know how
long I slept, but was awakened by a terrible burning sensation
in my feet, and upon examination found them the color of a
boiled lobster and swollen about two sizes. While I had been
sleeping, the sun had moved round, throwing the lower part of
my body into the strong sunlight and burning both of my
pedal extremities a lovely terra cotta red. It was an impossi-
bility to get into my boots, and as Doce and Cox were perhaps
miles down the brook, I shouldered boots, fish and tackle and
tramped through the brush and over the gravel two long miles
back to where I had left my horse. Arriving there, the ‘‘ old
woman’ prepared a strong solution of salt and water in which
I soaked the swollen and inflamed members until I had reduced
them toa size which admitted their insertion into shoes and
Then thoroughly disgusted with my luck

leaving no word for Doc and Cox, I hitched up and struck out

stockings. and
for a friend’s house, about fifteen miles away, near where there
was a brook in which I knew trout were to be found, and good
ones too, and where I knew the the country.

There I spent the night, and succeeded in swopping of my
boots for a pair a size or two larger and in the morning fished
down the brook locally known as the ‘“‘ Ann Smith ’’ brook
to the pond, getting twenty-eight nice ones on the way down,
together with three small chub, which I placed in my basket
along with the trout. In saying these ‘chub I had an object
in view. When fishing this same brook the year previous I
had seen a number of extra large trout in the pond which had
refused both fly and worm. I
them with chub.

wanted some of these so I tried

Arriving at the pond I baited with a chub and cast far out
in the pond working the bait around to give it the appearance
of life. Soon I bad a strike and after a good fight sueceeded in
landing a beauty. Each of the other two chub brought in a
good one, and then I baited with a small trout. This and one
other, each brought in a large one and then they quit biting.
I tried them faithfully but business seemed to be over for the
day, so quite well satisfied I packed up and started for home,
where I arrived without further mishap about ten hours after
Doc and Cox. I had twenty-eight nice brook trout, from six
to eight inches long, and the five old ‘‘ Senders,’ the largest
fifteen inches long, two fourteen, and one thirteen and a half
and one twelye. The whole just about filled my basket.

8 Rod and Gun

The worst, however, remains to be told. Doe and Cox
coming up the brook and finding no trace of me had gone to
the house where I had left my horse, and had there heard
about my hard luck and sunburit feet, together with my
forgetfulness of bait, and Doc thinking it one on me had spread
the story around among the boys, stating that my chapter of
accidents was not due to loss of bait and sleep, but wasa case of
too much * bait.’’ This, however, I easily disproved when my
full basket was shown, and when the fact became known that
Doc was the only one in the party who happened to have any
of that kind of bait with him on the trip.

Doc and Cox claimed to have caught two hundred and one,
but if they did I never saw them, and I have failed to find
anyone who did. Bristow.

Granby, Que.

*

We have received many enquiries as to the Nepigon, and
have decided to answer some of them in Rop anp Guy.
The Nepigon is remarkable for yielding the largest speckled
trout, fontinalis, which have been taken in Canada. Every
season fish weighing ten pounds are caught and there isa fairly
authentic record of one weighing over sixteen. ‘The scenery of
this river is very grand ; in some places the shores are verdant
with foliage to the water's edge, and aguin in others bold cliffs
frown from dizzy heights on the island studded waters. After
leaving Lake Helen and passing the little Indian village at the
mouth of the river no further traces of civilization are en-
countered.

Six miles higher up stream the first camping place—Camp
Alexander—is reached and a portage is necessary. Below this
camp there is no fishing, as a rule, but from this point to Lake
Nepigon, twenty miles as the river winds, there is good fishing
almost everywhere. The river falls between these points about
300 ft. so that there are rapids innumerable. So strong is the
river that two canoemen are an absolute necessity.

Near the head of the riverare the Virgin Falls—a miniature
Niagara—and a great fishing pool is at their foot. Shortly
after this the lake itself is reached, a most lovely sheet of water
with a coast line of some 600 miles. It is estimated there are
over one thousand islands in the lake—at any rate there are
many hundreds of them.

In the report of the Fisheries Department of Ontario, for
1900, Mr. 8. T. Bastedo, Deputy Commissioner, seems to be in
favor of leasing some of the waters of New Ontario. He says:
“These lakes should be regarded as so many farms, the pro-
perty of the Proyince, and be dealt with in the same way—
leased or rented for a number of years.”

A good deal may be said against such action. It is true
that this system is in yogue in Quebec but we believe that all
waters belonging to the people should be open to them, under
proper restriction, as it is not right to lease, perhaps toa single
individual, waters which if adequately protected, would yield
enjoyable sport to a multitude of men. In any case we trust
there will be no leasing of the Nepigon or any of its tributaries.
We know that many applications have been made with a view
to this end, but heretofore excellent judgment has been shown

in refusing them.
*

FISHING IN THE LAURENTIANS.

(Continued from page 8 of last number.)

One very noticeable peculiarity of Laurentian fishing
is the uneven distribution of the fish species. The
writer when in Washington a few months ago asked a

well-known ichthyologist, if he could give any reason for this :

in Canada

Why one lake of a chain should hold trout, another bass,
and yet a third pike or doré, and he confessed himself utterly
unable to explain the circumstance. But, at any rate, it should
not be forgotten that it is not merely sufficient to visit any
backwoods lake to get fish, but that reliable information
should have been obtained before starting. I will give an
instance in proof: In the case of the Macaza, a tributary of the

Rouge, which empties into that river above Labelle, there are

no trout in any of its lakes or tributary streams until the
extreme head-waters are reached. Here you will find a lake
second to none in the province. The French surveyor who visited
it several years ago named it Five Finger Lake, on account of its
shape. This remote water holds numbers of speckled trout—

fontinalis—some weighing from three to five pounds; yet all

the numerous lakelets surrounding Five Finger Lake yield no
trout. It may be that the only reason trout are absent is that
coarse fish have been, unfortunately, introduced and have exter-
minated the trout ; but this remains to be proved.

The ideal rod for Laurentian fishing is one of some 10 feet
in length, weighing from 7 to 8 oz., and having a short, stout
top to be used for light trolling or bait fishing. On some of the
lakes long casting pays, and therefore the rod should spring
from the butt, and yet be able to carry a heavy line. Ofcourse,
the experienced fisherman will have his own ideas about these
matters, but I do not think he would go far wrong were he to
follow this advice. In the way of reels, I strongly object to
multipliers in any shape, and much prefer a good plain click
with plate handle for Laurentian fishing.

In the matter of flies, the following may be recommended
with some confidence: 1, March Brown; 2, Jenny Lind; 3,
Professor ; 4+, Montreal ; 5, Seth Green ; 6, Teal Wing ; 7, Jock
Scott ; 3, Silver Doctor. Of course, there are many other flies,
some of which are fully as good as any of the foregoing; but
with a collection of these, tied in various sizes, together with a
few midge flies and small duns for evening fishing, the
angler’s fly book should be well stocked.

Wading trousers or stockings are not required in the
Laurentians. The fishing is either from a boat, or canoe, or
else from the shore of some rocky lake, unless, indeed, it be
from the banks of a delightful mountain stream. There are no
heavy rivers to wade, so that the outfit required in some
regions would be merely a source of embarrassment in the
Laurentians. :

But do not fail to take a large sized creel. With a little
perseverance you may often fill it, and it is much better to have
one too large than too small.

Should you be fishing ina lake remote from civilization
you will have to take some means of preserving your fish. If
a prolonged stop is contemplated, a stockade may be built in
which the fish are penned until required for transportation.
The Norwegian dodge of a floating box or tank with holes in it,
anda hinged lid, is a very useful contrivance, as it enables
several dozen fish to be kept alive until required. The Indian
method is, however, to smoke the fish. A small wigwam of
birch bark having been built, the fish, previously cleaned and
slightly salted, are hung therein over a fire of smoldering cedar
chips. Ina couple of days they are so thoroughly smoked that
they will keep for several months. It isa very good plan to
soak the fish in strong brine for several hours before hanging
them in the smoke-house, or else they may be rubbed with a
mixture of dry salt and coarse brown sugar, 2 ozs. of the latter
for every pound of the former. It is quite useless to try and
smoke fish which are very fat, such as salmon during the early

Rod and Gun in Canada 9

run, or the big lake trout just before the spawning season,
for when subjected to the heat of the smoke-house these very
fat fish run to oil.

Generally, fishing in the Laurentians means camping out,
so that it is as well to go prepared for this. The habitant
farmer is usually desperately poor, and it is not safe to rely
upon him for anything but the bare necessaries of life. Should
he have a boat on the lake, it will probably bea heavy, leaky
old tub ; a tent is not usually among his belongings; and as for
fine fishing tackle, he knowsitnot, Therefore, be well advised,
and take everything that you are likely to need, but do not be
enticed into buying large quantities of so-called luxuries.
Most of the things the silver-tongued salesman will try to foist
upon you are not really luxuries, but, on the contrary, will
prove obstacles to your happiness should you have much
travelling to do. The appetite the Laurentian air is sure to give
you will take the place of a sauce, and plain wholesome fare
will be thoroughly enjoyed, even by a stomach
accustomed to the spiced dishes served in hotels and clubs.
One class of so-called necessaries you will certainly not need,
and that is medicine. Beyond one or two trivial remedies,
which will suggest themselves to the experienced camper,
nothing need be taken. Of course, all sorts of things might
happen—but then they never do—and so it is just as well not
to lug the contents of an apothecary shop into the bush, on the
off chance of being taken down with some improbable sickness.

grown

MOOSE AND CARIBOU IN NEW BRUNSWICE.
(By the late Frank H. Risteen.)

The aimost complete extinction of moose and caribou
which has taken place in the State of Maine has induced many
American sportsmen, who wish to hunt more noble quarry
than the common red deer, to invade the big game fields of
Canada. Nova Scotia, despite the ravages of the crust-hunter
and the snarer, has still a fairly good supply of moose, but cari-
bou are very rare and deer are only now being colonized. In
tie vast forest solitudes of Quebec and Ontario all forms of
game are plentiful. The Proyince of New Brunswick, however,
at the present time, is receiving more attention from big game
hunters than any of the regions named. It is well stocked with
moose, while its caribou herds are only surpassed by those of
Newfoundland. The province is also rapidly filling up with
deer. These are as yet more numerous in the western counties,
contiguous to the Maine border, while the principal habitation
of moose and caribou is the far-spreading wilderness that lies to
the north and east of the St. John river. The game protective
system now in vogue is a decided advance upon the almost
criminal neglect of former years, but is still far from adequate
to prevent the wholesale slaughter of game, especially moose
and deer, in the deep snows of winter by logging crews and
people living in the back settlements. The caribou, from the
peculiar formation of his hoofs, is able to traverse the heaviest
drifts with ease and so escapes, in large degree, the fate that
overtakes his less favored congeners. - His restless habits, too,
make him difficult to locate at all times of the year.

The usual rate of wages asked by our best moose guides is
from $3 to $4 per day, the guides supplying camps, canoes,
tents—in fact everything except teams and proyisions. Cooks
and camp helpers receive $1.50 per day.

New Bruuswick is one of the few regionsin America where
the black bear can be hunted with a sure prospect of success.
On the head-waters of the Nepisiguit, as well as of the Resti-
gouche, are hills of considerable height which many years ago

were swept by forest fires. Fields of blueberries have since
sprung up upon these barren slopes, where Bruin may be found
regaling himself in the summer and early autumn months.
The animal must first be located with a field-glass from the
camp or other convenient site. After that it is a matter of
strategy and marksmanship. It is not uncommon for fifteen or
twenty bears to be seen on a hunting trip and as many as half
a dozen are sometimes shot by a single hunter. Though for-
midable enough in appearance the black bear is very shy and
timid. His principal concern at sight of man is to exercise the
functions of his feet.

Moose and caribou are well distributed over nearly all the
forest lands of the province.

They are especially abundant on
the upper waters of the Tobique, Nepisiguit, Restigouche and
all the numerous branches of the Miramichi. The most ap-
proved method of circumyenting the bull moose is by “‘calling’
him with the birchen horn in the mating season. Various
beliefs exist as to the duration of this rutting period. There
are certainly no precise limits that can be fixed as applicable to
all cases. ‘The consensus of opinion is that the season extends
from about Sept. 15th to Oct. 15th, though moose have, in
isolated cases, been called as early as Sept. Ist and as late as
Noy. 15th. There are, practically, two periods, indefinite as to
length, when the bull moose may be called successfully. The
first is early in the season before he has found a mate; the
second is late in the season, when the cow, having wearied of
his attentions, has deserted him. While the cow is in company
with the bull he will not respond to the birchen horn unless
the call is given at a very close range, when he is likely to in-
vestigate. He has a realizing sense of the force of the saying
that ‘‘a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.” It oe-
easionally happens that a whole moose family, composed of a
bull, one or two cows and their attendant train of calves, will
come to the call at once. This may be the product of sheer
sociability, or else of that fatal curiosity which has been
observed, in greater or less degree, in al] members of the deer
family. It is unwise to dogmatize in reference to the habits of
wild animals. They vary greatly with the individual and very
little is really known about them. Many instances have oc-
curred where two or more bachelor bulls have responded to a
skilful caller at the same time, their hoarse grunts proceeding
from widely separated points as they advance to the imaginary
trysting place. Fortunate, indeed, is the hunter who is then
In position to witness the appalling spectacle—the combat of
two monster bulls for the mastery. The contest is furious
beyond description, the frenzied roars of the rivals may be
heard for miles around, horns are splintered and wounds in-
flicted that frequently result in death to one or both of them.
As you survey the battle field, up-rooted saplings, trampled
grass, bunches of hair and pools of gory mire attest the rage and
strength of the opposing patriarchs.
(To be continued in next number. )
™
ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

Puritan:—Lake Winnipeg is 800 miles long and contains
many islands. Canoes should be secured in Winnipeg ; guides
and everything else at Selkirk. Capt. Robinson recommends
going to Edmonton, then down the Saskatchewan to Lake
Winnipeg and Winnipeg city by way of Red River. Trip may
be prolonged to Grand Forks and Fargo. Trip of about 1600
miles ; duration three or four weeks. Guides can be obtained
at Grand Rapids, mouth of the Saskatchewan. An occasional
boat runs late in the season from Selkirk to Grand Rapids,
earlier they ply regularly.

10

DEVOTED
TO THE
FISHING
GAME AND
FOREST
INTERESTS
OF CANADA.

ROD AND GUN
IN CANADA4 4444

PUBLISHED MONTHLY

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A discount of 15 per cent. on annual contracts.

Communications on all topies pertaining to fishing, shooting, canoeing,
the kennel and amateur photography, will be welcomed and published,
if satisfactory. All communications must be accompanied by the name of
the writer, not necessarily for publication, however.

Rop AND GUN IN CANADA does not assume any responsibility for, or
necessarily endorse, any views expressed by contributors in these columns.

All communications should be addressed to:
ROD AND GUN PUBLISHING CO., 603 Craig Street, MONTREAL.

Se a a a a a a ae ee a

aye
>

He

Granby, Que.

In conclusion, allow me to congratulate you
upon the quality of the magazine you are turn-
ing out every month. It is crisp, clean and
well written, and ought to attain a large circu-

lation here in Canada,

N. A. MEYER,

Feed ueueueieieirue Ze

The Granby Box Co. v

fe
fe a oa nfo a se a ea iad a a f “fe ie ad bead se a ielad iad a fe

The Canadian wilderness is a magnet whose influence is

HPePuPahapuPuPapapePuPopape® |

felt farther afield each year. It is now attracting sportsmen

from the extreme States of the Union. Many men of means
and leisure, a'though living far from the boundary, arrange
for a regular summer or autumn trip to the Canadian forests
and mountains. This is gratfying and we can assure them that
they will be certain of a hearty welcome from their brother

sportsmen in Canada, and that they will find a lively desire on

the part of local hunters to help them towards sport. ‘This is,
ot course, supposing them to be, as most of them are, fair
hunters and fishermen, and not mere game butchers. For men
of the latter stripe we have no use and we congratulate our-

selves that we have seen so few of them.
\ misconception seems to exist in the minds of many

While

good guides, in certain parts of the

American gentlemen as to the cost of sport in Canada.
it is true that the wages of
Dominion, have risen quite rapidly of late, it by no means
follows that aman needs to be a millionaire to enjoy Canadian
Prices are regulated by demand and supply

sport of guides

as of everything else. When a couple of hundred men aim at
the same narrow strip of territory, and there happen to be but
20 first-class guides available, it is quite natural that these men,
finding themselves so much in demand, should raise the price,
and inthe end that the longest purse should secure the best

man. Hunting grounds have their day and become fashionable

Rod and Gun

in Canada

or unfashionable just as is the ease with a summer or a winter
resort. If men will follow in the track of the multitude they
must expect to pay the piper. There is really no need for this
sort of thing, as Canada is vast enough to supply hunting
grounds for every man who cares to pursue her big game, and
between the Atlantic and the Pacific there are hundreds of
thousands of square miles of ground on which no civilized foot
has ever left its imprint, and where the Indians have particu-
larly moderate ideas as to the value of theirservices. The man
who has the necessary energy to discover new hunting grounds
for himself, who is above sinking into the rut of tradition, and
who desires to keep his expenses within very moderate bounds
will do well to eschew the more fashionable resorts, that is
those that are most often talked about in the sporting papers.

Between the cities of Ottawa and Vancouver, a distance of
nearly 3.000 miles, a man may leave the railway track at
numberless points and be in regions just as good as those we
read so much about. There are lots of good guides to be had,
men who have made a living and supported their families by
their trapping, hunting and fishing, who would be delighted to
guide a sportsman for $1 a day and their board. Add to this
the cost of provisioning the party, whieh need not exceed 50c
a head a day, and it will be seen that the total expense of a
hunt in the Canadian bush is not appalling. Of course, the
non-resident sportsman should take out his hunting license,
and he will haye to face the cost of a modest camp equipment,
but even so,a very shallow purse should be deep enough to
stand the drain entailed by a visit to the great wilderness of

the north.
*

The Province of Quebee Fish and Game Protective Asso-
ciation, an old and highly respected body, has recently drafted
new by-laws, and generally shown evidences of a renewed
vitality. The struggle against lawlessness and game extermin-
ation has been an up-hill one, but signs are not wanting that a
turn of the tide has come, and that public opinion is now
setting more and more strongly in the direction of the enforce-
After all there never
has been much trouble with the laws—even the very worst
we had on the statute book were far better than none at all—
but great laxity in their enforcement.
Canada has suffered, as all young, sparsely inhabited countries

ment of our remarkably good game laws.

there has been a
must suffer, from the fact that the game wardens are usually
It is hard
for a man to arrest his brother-in-law even if he should have
killed a doe and her fawn in leafy June, but the Dominion is

relatives, or at least, acquaintances of the poachers.

emerging from the kindergarten stage, and if we ever succeed
in getting game protection entirely divorced from polities, as
we hope to do, poaching will be reduced to a minimum.
Canadians are a law-abiding people, and we need never fear
the shot-gun tactics which have been such a bane in some
other countries.

*

Elsewhere in this issue we publish a letter from Mr, N. A.
Meyer, of Granby, Que., which discloses a very unfortunate
condition of affairs there. According to our correspondent the
Quebee Government has issued thirty licenses for gill nets in
the lakes of Sherbrooke county. This means practically that
in a very short time the remarkably good fishing at present
It certainly
is most depressing to find that the Quebee Government is not
We hope that it
may be found possible to cancel these permits and that in any

existing in these lakes will be a thing of the past.
more alive to the necessity of the situation.

case no further ones will be issued,

Rod and

KENNEL DEPARTMENT

Conducted by D. Taylor

MONTREAL COLLIE CLUB'S SHOW.

This recently formed organization held a show of collies on
Saturday, 20th July, at the old Corporation quarry, Outre-
mont, confined to its members only, which proved a very
interesting affair. The Club is composed largely of young
breeders and it was more to give encouragement to them than
anything else that the show had its origin. The place of
exhibition, though an ideal spot foran open air show, is a little
out of the way, for city members at least, and this was pro-
bably the reason why both exhibits and spectators were not
more numerous. About thirty or forty dogs were tied up,
ranging from the puppy of two months or a little over to the
full grown animal ; of the latter there were only three or four,
the large majority being in the puppyhood stage. The prin-
cipal attraction for visitors was Mr. Gault’s recently imported
dog, Braehead Royal Scot, and Mr. McRae’s Lord Minto, the
latter of which held a good place at the last Montreal show.
Prof. Wesley Mills was the judge, and it is needless to say had
a difficult task to perform. With animals of such immature
age as under three months it must always be pretty much a
matter of guesswork to decide upon the best, and it is not to
be wondered at that even such a good authority as Prof. Mills
tripped up over some of his selections. His most conspicuous
mistake was made in the awards for puppy bitches under three
and six months respectively, where in the latter class he
completely reversed his finding in the former by placing Mr.
Parson’s Petite Cote Blossom first instead of third. There is no
doubt his second finding was the correct one. But notwith-
standing this and one or two other mistakes his decisions were
accepted in the spirit in which they were made. The officials
of the club—Mr. A. F. Gault, president ; Mr. John Lewis, vice-
president ; Mr. H. L. Thomas, secretary-treasurer, and some
of the committee, including Messrs. R. C. Binning, Wilson,
Coull, Stalker and Alexander, did all they could to make it a
We hope their next

Following is the

very pleasant afternoon for visitors.
venture will take a more ambitious turn.
Prize List.
!—Puppy dogs under three
Lachine ; 2,
Glencoe Dandy, Mr.
Mr. J. A. Parson,

months :—l, Bonnie
Diamond,

Class
Dundee, Mr. A. B. Stalker.
Mr. Chas. Wilson, Point St. Charles; 3,
Chas. Wilson; reserve, Robin Adair,
Montreal Annex. Nine entries.

Class II—Puppy bitches under three months :—l1, Moun-
tain Mr. J. Alexander, Point St. Charles; 2, Lass 0’
Gowrie, Mr. A. B. Stalker ;

3, Petite Cote Blossom, Mr. J. A.
Parson ; reserve, Duchess of Dee,

Glencoe

Rose,

Mr: J Ainslie, Outremont.
Five entries.

Class I1[—Puppy dogs under six months:—l, Bonnie
Dundee, Mr. A. B Stalker; 2, Glencoe Dandy, Mr. Chas.
Wilson; 3, Heather Chieftain, Victoria Kennels, Point St.
Charles (Messrs. Coull & Waddell, proprietors) ; reserve,
Cairngorm Rover, Mr. R. C. Binning, Outremont. Six entries.

Class IV—Puppy bitches under six months:—l, Petite
Cote Blossom, Mr. J. A. Parson; 2, Lass 0’ Gowrie, Mr. A. B.
Stalker ; 3, Cairngorm Belle, Mr. R. C. Binning. Five entries.
’—Puppy dogs under nine months :—Ist prize with-

Class

Gun

in Canada ita

held; 2, Mountain Victor, Mr. J. Alexander ;
Rover, Mr. R. C. Binning. Three entries.

Class VI—Puppy bitches under nine months :—lst and
3rd withheld ; 2, Cairngorm Belle, Mr. R. C.
Heather and Heather Dewdrop, Victoria
Four entries.

Class VII—Puppy dogs under twelve months :—1,
Minto, Mr. W. McRae, Point St. Charles; 2,

ike
38, Cairngorm

v.h.c.,
Kennels.

Binning ;
Pride

Lord

>

withheld ; 3,

Cairngorm Rover, Mr. R. C. Binning. Four entries.
Class VIII—Puppy bitches under twelve months :—1,
Strathardle Queen, Mr. A. B. Stalker; 2, withheld; 3, Cairn-

gorm Belle, Mr. R. C. Binning. Three entries.

Class [IX—Novice (dogs which haye never won a first prize
at any show) :—1, Lord Minto, Mr. W. McRae ; 2, Outremont
Laddie, Mr. H. Mackenzie, Outremont ; 3, Braehead Sirdar,
Mr. Chas. Wilson. Six entries.

Class X—Novice (bitches which have never won a first
prize) :—1, Heather Bloom, Victoria Kennels, Point St.
Charles ; 2, Queen Bess, Mr. J. Ainslie ; 3, Strathcona Queen,
Mr. J. R. Lewis, Point St. Charles; reserve, Cairngorm
Belle, Mr. R. C. Binning. Four entries.

Class XI—Open dogs :—1, Braehead Royal Scot, Mr. A. F.
Gault, Montreal ; 2, Lord Minto, Mr. W. McRae ;3, Outremont
Laddie, Mr. H. Mackenzie; reserve, Braehead Sirdar, Mr.
Chas. Wilson. Six entries.

Class XII—Open bitches :-—1, Strathardle Queen, Mr. A.
B. Stalker ; 2, Heather Bloom, Victoria Kennels; 3, Queen
Mr. J. Ainslie ; reserve, Strathcona Queen, Mr. J. R.

Seven entries.

Bess,
Lewis.
Winners —Dogs :—l, Braehead Royal Scot, Mr. A. F.
Gault. Bitches :—1, Strathardle Queen, Mr. A. B. Stalker.
*
Mr. Tyler Morse will judge Bulldogs at the August Bank
Holiday Dog Show, in the grounds of the Duke of Edinburgh

Hotel, Wimbledon, England.
*

Mr. B. Gordon, British Columbia, has purchased the well-
known American Collie bitch, Shadeland Snowflake, which
will hereafter be shown under his name.

*

The Bull Terrier bitch American Belle, which Mr. Heyden-
feldt bought of the Bay View Kennels, Trenton, Ont., has given
birth to eight puppies by Bay View Brigadier.

*

Mr. Jas. A. MeGee, of Longueuil West, was last month
presented with a nice litter of puppies by his collie bitch, Do-
minion Patti. They are thriving nicely notwithstanding the

warm weather.
*

Mr. John F. Campbell, of Montreal, has bought the liver
and white pointer dog, Sir Donald ( first novice at the late show),
and has registered him in the American Kennel Club Stud
Book as Canadian Dexter, No. 61,789.

*

Mr. George Raper, the well-known English fox terrier
breeder, has, we understand, purchased Champion True, whose
sire and dam, Champion Veracity and Brokenhurst Dame, are
both inmates of Mr. Gooderham’s kennel, Toronto.

™

Mr. Alex. Smith’s collie, Hielan’ Rory, was the sire of four
prize winners at the late Montreal show, viz., Glenlivet Lassie
(five first prizes and Association medal for best bitch in show),
Highland Chief (two firsts and third), Blair Athol Patti (four
firsts in classes other than sable and white), and Captain Jinks

ke Rod

(two seconds and athird). This is quite a record and goes to

prove his value as a stud dog.
*

Since our last issue Messrs. F. & A. Stuart have had the
misfortune to lose their fine St. Bernard stud dog, Ch. Earl of
Shrewsbury. He was taken suddenly ill during the heated
term in the’end of last month, and died after only two hours’
suffering in spite of all that could be done under the best
veterinary advice. Earl of Shrewsbury was a great winner in
the Oid Country, but was never exhibited for competition in
Canada. The Messrs. Stuart have already made arrangements
to fill his place by the importation of a young dog and have
also purchased a young bitch which will be here soon.

*

The following bench show and field trial fixtures have been
announced :

Pan-American Exposition Dog Show, Buffalo, N.Y., August
27, 28, 29 and 30. E. M. Oldham, supt., Germantown, Pa.

Danbury Agricultural So-
ciety’s twentieth annual
show, Danbury, Conn., Uctober
8,9,10aud 11. Jas. Mortimer,
superintendent,

dog

Hempstead,

L.I.
Western Canada Kennel
Club’s field trials, LaSalle,

Man., Sept. 2 and 3. H. H.
Cooper, sec’y, Winnipeg, sian.

Manitoba Field Trial Club’s
fifteenth field trials,
Carman, Man., Sept. 10th, ete.
Eric Hamber, sec.-treas.

Brandon Kennel Club’s
annual field trials, Martinville,
Man., September 17. Dr.
James H. Elliott,
Brandon, Man.

International Field Trial
Club’s thirteenth annual field
trials, Chatham, Ontario, Can-
ada, November 12,1901. W. B.
Wells, Hon. Secretary.

North American Field Trial
Club’s trials, Ruthven, Ont.,
November 19. Richard Bang-
ham, secrctary.

The English Stockkeeper
reports the death of Mr. R.
Pickup’s well-known Bull Ter-
rier, Champion Bellerby Queen, one of the best that ever went
She was bred in 1891, and had won hundreds of
The last prize she
won was at the recent Manchester Show, where she secured

annual

seeretary,

into a ring.
prizes, including many championships.

first, championship and special for the best of her breed in the

show.

Three well-known sportsmen of Kankakee, III., started on
July 12 on a canoe voyage which will certainly be one of great
interest. They bought a large Peterboro canoe and shipped it
to Missanabie, meaning to descend the Moose River tu Moose
Factory on James Bay. Their intention is to proceed by easy
They

expect to be away from civilization for some five weeks. No

stages, returning by the Abittibi River to Temiskaming.

more delightful way of passing a vacation could be imagined.
They will see a country which has been sleeping as though under

and Gun

in Canada

an enchanter’s wand, but which is destined ere long to waken
from its trance and to make strides which will be the marvel of
the world. Mr. F. H. Clergue, of Sault Ste. Marie, who has
started the rolling mills and pulp manufactories at that point,
said recently ina speech he made at Toronto, that everything
he had sought for in Algoma, he had found, and it is believed
by the best authorities we have, that undreamed of sources of
wealth must exist in that lone, mysterious land so long ne-
glected. Rupert’s Land, now kuown as the Northeast Ter-
ritory, contains about 218,000 square miles of unexplored
wilderness, and in 1t game and fish areas abundant as they
were in the days of Champlain. Nor may we doubt that the
rocks, ing largely as they do of the Huronian and
Silurian formations, contain an inexhaustible store of minerals:
The nickel deposits of Sudbury, and the iron beds of Wahna-
pitae, promise that this faith is not an unreasonable one. A
party of sportsmen containing members having some practical

cons

Bringing oul the Head.—A Kippewa Scene,

knowledge of geology and mineralogy, |}would have a very
strong chance of staking something worth the while in the
great the shores of James
Bay.

region lying around southern

In the July issue of Rop anp Gun Mr. John MeAree, of Rat
Portage, disputed the existence of Elk (Wapiti) in Northern
Ontario. He is evidently unaware that the heads of elk shot
in Western Quebee at Grand Lake, Victoria, were exhibited at
There is
a reasonable prospect that stray elk are alive to-day, all along
the height of land from Lake Manitoba as far as Longitude 75°
West, in Quebec. They were formerly extremely abundant in
the Niagara peninsula, and were found, aceording to the
Jesuit records, even to the Ottawa river.

the New York Sportsmen’s show a few seasons ago.

Rod and

AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHY

Conducted by Hubert McBean Johnstone

ON BUYING A CAMERA.

The mistake of buying a cheap outfit is perhaps the
commonest of all those that are made by the beginner in photo-
graphy. When you go out to buy a pair of shoes, you know
perfectly well that you can get something that will serve to
cover your feet for a dollar, or if you are buying a suit you
know that it is possible to obtain something for five dollars.
But you don’t do it.

well they wouldn’t wear any length of time and that in the

Not much you don’t. You know blamed

long run it would simply be money thrown away. I wonder

if it ever occurred to the man who is buying his first camera
that the same principle could be applied and insure his getting
a much better instrument even though he knows nothing
about what he is doing.

Perhaps some readers will think that I am speaking with
the interest of the dealer at heart. Not so the one who has
bought one of the cheap kind, for he will realize from his own
experience that what I say is the truth. The trouble is that
the tyro finds it difficult to believe that one little piece of class
can be worth five dollars and another be worth fifty without
being any larger. And that just reminds me of the funny
thing that happened to a friend of mine awhile ago. He was
passing a pawnbroker’s window and happening to glance in,

he saw two lenses, one a large cheap 8 x 10 mounted on a front

Gun in

Canada 13
board, and the other a fine little lens and tube of a celebrated
make. He went in and priced them, and what was his surpris«
to find the cheap lens, which in reality was worth about one

tenth of the other, was valued at about four times the good one
on account of its size

They go by

Well, its just the same with people who
do not know. the size almost altogether, unless.
friend
The
some that they will learn on a cheap instrument and then get
foolish. I made that
[ thought that to buy an expensive outfit would be

of course, they are fortunate enough to have a who

knows what is wanted and helps them out. theory of

a better one, is, to say the least, error
myself
throwing money away. So I got a friend to get me a lens of
the fixed focus tvpe and then went to work to make me a box
that would serve to go behind it. The box was only made to
hold one plate in the first place, and necessitated my going to
the dark room after each expos re, and then in the second
leaking light. I think that

finally got up my nerve and my cash to get a decent instru-

place was continually before I
ment I must haye wasted what
I finally

over.

paid, at least twice
Whereas, had I got a good
the first place, I
would not only haye known how

to make

camera in

photographs at the
end of the year, but would also
had

for my trouble.

have to show

As it was I had

something

nothing.

The maker would prefer that
you have a good instrument,
but he knows perfectly well that
if he does not sell you some-
thing cheap somebody else will,
foolish indeed

and would he

be not to take your do

lars in
preference to letting someone
else have them.

Suppose we take a look and
see Just what you are getting
You start out
with the idea that you will not

for your money.

go above a certain price for
the thing. And you don’t.
You know perhaps that the lens
is the main point to be con-
sidered. Someone told you that.
And in the catalogue you find
with all latest

improvements and wonder of

uebe a camera the

wonders—‘‘a fine single achromatic lens.’ Moreover it is

“made specially for the firm to use on this particular camera.”’
This all sounds well, and what is more, owing to the way the
instrument is put up, looks very well. By the way, that put-
ting up costs something. Suppose we say that the camera that
sells for ten dollars retail, minus the profits of the retailer and
the manufacturer, really cost 54.00. Brass work, bellows,
frame and all the rest of it must tot up to something like that.
Well where does the lens come in,—that ‘‘ fine single achro-
Well, the fact of the matter is,
A good lens is worth fully that many dollars
anyhow, and as many more as you like to pay, Do

that

matic.”’ the lens is worth about

twenty-five cents.
you
will not do the
work, will not turn out as sharp pictures, nor work as fast as

wonder your “fine single achromatic ”’

14

the good ones. How would a twenty-five cent and a twenty-
five dollars suit of clothes compare—that is provided you would
find a suit as cheap as that. Is it any wonder you fail?

I do not think that I am giving away any trade secrets,
for I think that any man of common sense would be able to
see that this is the case, and all who have had any experience
with cheap instruments can, and I am sure for the sake of
their less experienced brethren, will corroborate what I say.

It surely must be that those that are buying a camera
cannot stop to figure just what percentage of the whole amount
they are going to spend in photography, their first investment
isto be. The cost of the camera is a very small thing in com-
parison to the amount it takes to keep on taking photographs
and if one keeps at it anytime, the cost of a cheap camera is
perhaps only one or two per cent. of their total bill of expenses.
And the percentage of failures runs up as the cost of the camera
runs down.

There is a lot of talk in the photographic journals about it
being the camera and not the man that makes the picture.
Don’t be misled by it. It only means that it is the posing that
depends on the man, the selection, so to speak, and then after
that it is up to the instrument. If the instrument is a poor
one, while it will produce in a general way the same result on
the plate, there will be numerous little differences between the
picture produced and the picture that would haye been pro-
duced had the lens been decent. I would hate most awfully
to say it fora fact, but I would not hesitate very long to make
a wager that most of the sample pictures shown as the work of
the cheap cameras are cut from the centres of pictures taken
with high-priced machines. And if that is not the case, it is
only because the manufacturer lacks enterprise. I know that
if I were in the business of making cheap cameras I would do
it mighty quick.

In the correspondence which I conduct in one of the
photographic magazines, there seems to be a run from time to
time on the query, ‘‘ Which is the best camera for me to buy ?”’
The people who ask it never think to say what sort of work
they intend to try to do with it, but in view of the fact that
they do not realize how important a question this is to be
answered, this can be overlooked. But they do put such simple
little queries sometimes. For instance, one says ina letter that
I had last week, “Some time ago I read an article on photo-
graphing clouds which said that lens and the ——— plate
were used. Do you know whether any other camera will take
clouds as I am going to get a different kind that is cheaper. I
expect to take quite a lot of clouds.”’ Another encloses me a
list of instruments that some journal gives in exchange for
subscriptions, where the prices vary all the way from five to
twenty-five dollars, in accordance with the number of eubserip-
tions that are secured. And yet he calmly comes forward with
the question, ‘‘ Whichis the best?’’? O these amateurs! Why
is it they don’t find out what they want to take with the camera
and then ask what sort of an instrument is best adapted to the
type of work they have in mind. This asking of questions
promiscuously, is foolish,

*
The Scrap Bag.

vr THE New York Camera Crus.
—A short time ago I had the pleasure of going over the photo-
grams that represented the year’s work at the New York
Camera Club, and on the whole I might say that the exhibit
was a remarkably goodone, One point well worthy of mention,
inasmuch as this is the homeof the fuzzy type, is that the ex-
hibit was on the whole remarkably free from the so-called

Tue ANNUAL Exutnirion

Rod and Gun

in’ Ganada

“soulful”? photograms. Perhaps the only two members
whose work could be really said to belong to this class, were
Mr. Joseph T. Keiley (as one might expect) and Mr. Juan C.
Able. The latter gentleman’s name appears twice on the cata-
logue as the maker of by-gum pictures while Mr. Keiley offends
no less than five times, though it is true that one of his pro-
ductions entitled ‘‘ Vine Crowned: A Summer Idyl,” being a
representation of a corn field in the autumn, is by no means a
fudgism and is well able to rank as a pretty composition. To
go to the opposite extreme and look at the most commonsense
sort of work, it is only necessary to turn to the productions of
Miss Frances B. Johnston whose ‘Carpenter’? and three
** Studies of School Children” are particularly sharp and clear
and hold the interest of the observer, not on their ‘‘ indefinable
subtleties ’’ but on theirability to tell their story clear and well.
A maryellously vivid photogram of the common thistle by
L. W. Brownell attracts attention from the masterly manner in
which the subject is handled. In fact it is a question as to
whether he or Wm. J. Cassard with his pictures ‘‘ Grapes,”
‘* Fruit,’’ ‘“‘Ducks,”’ ete., is justly entitled to the palm for still
life photography. Rudolph Eickemeyer, Jr., is to blame for
four delightful little studies entitled ‘‘ Spring,’’? ‘‘ Summer,”’
“ Autumn,”’ ‘‘ Winter,”’ though he rather spoils it all by show-
ing alongside them a thing which he calls ‘‘ Late Afternoon in
Winter’? composed of all foreground and a horizon that comes
withiu about half an inch of the top of the plate. I can really
give no better discription of it. In fact, in view of the good
work that this gentleman turns out as a rule, the less said about
it the better. The only thing to do, is for the sake of charity to
suppose that he was imitating a ‘‘ fuzzy-type.”’ Frank Eugene,
who shows five portraits is certainly entitled to the distinction
of the most unique mountings that have been seen on the walls
for some time. To describe them would be little short of an
impossibility without reproductions of the pictures themselves,
but perhaps some idea of what they were like will be obtained
when I say that the mount that the print was mounted on was
very thin, a sort of Japanese paper, I think. The effect was on
the whole not unpleasing. Chas. H. Loeber was well repre-
sented by a single picture, ‘* A Winter’s Day on East River,”
an extremely vivid scene in the vicinity of the Brooklyn
Bridge, showing a tug in the foreground and large quantities of
ice running. Mrs. Sarah H. Ladd’s ‘ Messengers of Spring ”’
was good. ‘‘ A Winter Landscape’? by Wm. B. Post was also
very fair. Francis J. Strauss’ ‘‘ Beach, Montauk ’’ was a most
magnificently executed scene along the sand dunes, and was
well worthy of an enlargement instead of the comparatively
small-sized copy that was shown. Although there were a
number of portraits shown—a large number in faect—there
were hardly any of them that were worth mentioning, with the
exception of those that were exhibited by Frederick Colburn
Clarke and Mrs. R. P. Lounsberry. Strange to say both of
these showed photograms of well known people. Mr, Clarke’s
“Maud Adams in L’Aiglon’’ was without exception the best
likeness of the popular young actress that I have yet had the
pleasure of seeing, while his portrait of Gen. Nelson A. Miles
was also a remarkable likeness. Mrs. Lounsberry’s picture of
Miss Mary Mannering standing at the door of a little cottage
with her horse, is too well known to make further comment
necessary. Her picture of Mr. Richard Le Galienne, the
author, stamps her as a master of the lens as far as the making
of a speaking likeness is concerned, and unless Mr. Le Galienne
is much unlike the ordinary sitter that the photographer runs
up against, he could not help but be pleased with the pensive,
thoughtful, and if 1 may use the word ‘ poetic’? air, with

2?

Rod and Gun

which the artist has endowed him. Taken all in all, and
passing over the poorer specimens of work that always will
creep in, the exhibition of 1901, was all that the most ezacting
of the members could have wished, and if the improyement
during the coming year is as great as during the twelve
months gone past, the New York Camera Club’s showing of
next year bids fair to surpass anything that has been seen in
this line heretofore.

A Mistake IN Composition.—While we are on the subject
of the prints that are being exhibited on the walls of the
camera clubs, it might not be amiss to call attention to one
picture in particular that could have been so easily improved
on had the operator only known what he was avout. The
subject was a high, rugged rock, standing out black and clear
against the sky which was more or less cloudy, the one redeem-
ing feature of the photogram. The foreground was of gleaming
wet sand. Now, in the taking of the picture the photo-
grapher had just stood far enough back to get in all the rock,
all the beach and all the sky, or pretty nearly all, the result
being that the work was completely ruined from a pictorial
standpoint, though it was evidently exhibited under the
impression that it was worthy of some note since it was
possible to discern no other good reason for its existence.
What the operator should have done was to have avoided this
dwarfing of the principal object by getting closer to the rock
and making it large enough to bring out the idea of mightiness
and strength. Of course, this would have cut off all the fine
cloud effect that he had secured, and then, too, he would have
lost the gleaming silvery sand for a foreground. But after all,
of what value were they to him even though they were beauti-
ful in themselves, when one considers that they killed the rest
of the picture. It is a lesson that the young amateur has to
learn, and no matter how beautiful an object is, he has no
right to include it in his picture unless it is going to be of
assistance to him in composing his picture and is to be of some
significance there, and furthermore, that if in any way it is
going to spoil effect then no matter how beautiful it is he must
sacrifice it. It is not a collection of beautiful objects that
have been grouped with some show of consideration for their
relation to one another. This particular photogram that is
referred to is a good sample of what is meant, for had there
been a narrow strip of sand and a narrow strip of sky with the
rock the most prominent object, there was really the making
of a fine picture.

Figures ry Lanpscapes.—The death of Mr. H. P. Robinson
and the consequent focussing of the eye of the photographie
world upon his numerous masterpieces, brings forward the fact
that in almost all his pictures of any importance where the
subject would admit of it he has employed figures. In fact it
is possible that there never was a photographer who so per-
sistently advocated the use of the figure in the landscape as
did Mr. Robinson, and there is little doubt that much of the
charm of his work is dependent upon this fact, combined of
course with the fact that good work always possesses a charm
of itsown. Surely here we have a good reason as to why we
should have a figure in our picture, regardless of the fact that
a figure often assists in intensifying the meaning of the subject,
as for instance a man struggling before the wind will convey
the idea of a storm, and also regardless of the fact that a figure
suitably placed will often give balance or point to the subject.
It is not proposed in this confined space to attempt to go into
the subject of figures in landscapes in anything like the detailed
way that it ought to be handled, but all that is intended is to
point out to the ambitious amateur that anybody can master

in Canada 15
the rules of at least fair landscape making, and set out and
produce work that will pass muster after a fashion, but that the
amateur who is able not only to do this but to place in it a
figure as well, is pretty nearly a master of good landscape
photography. There is a whole lot to master in the correct
placing of figures. It does not only consist in knowing where
it is best that the figure should go; it consists in being able to
place that figure so that it appears to be ‘fof’ the photogram
as well as ‘‘in’’ it,—truly a difficult task, but one that the late
Mr. Robinson has proved to be by no means an impossible one.
The reason that so many photograms are spoiled by figures is
owing to a lack of fitness, first, perhaps, in the dress of a model,
and second, in its position, two facts which will require very
careful attention from the worker who is trying to make a suc-
cess of this kind of work.

Freak PuoroGrarpny.—Among a certain class of news-
papers freak photography seems to hold a leading position as
an entertainer, for from time to time we see reproductions of
photograms taken in various unique positions. Possibly the
best known of the monthly magazines indulging in this sort of
thing is that English publication, the Strand. Quite recently
the New York World contained a set of pictures of the taller
buildings of that city which had been photographed by point-
ing the instrument straight up into the air and blazing away,
thus giving to the buildings the appearance of lying flat on
their backs. The effect is, to say the least, odd, and the
impression that one who did not know what he was looking at
would get, would be that he was looking away into the distance,
particularly in the case of one where the subject is Trinity
Church. This is due to the fact that the spires at the top
narrow up so rapidly that the whole thing appears to be
telescoped. The appearance of other buildings varies in accord-
ance with the distance the camera was away from the base of
them. Altogether the effect produced is very unique and
original, but as far as practical value goes, it is right out of it,
unless indeed one includes the amount of neck straining that it
saves. It will probably do away with ‘‘rubbers”’ altogether,

Trost Heavy Masses.—Perhaps there is no fault that is
seen more commonly in looking at photograms by amateurs,
than that almost universal and extremely noticeable error of
giving false values to the picture by accentuating the heavy
masses all out of harmony with the remainder of thescene. Is
there any good reason for it? Is this caricaturing of the tonal
values, so that one part of the picture which is behind another
part, calculated to give it additional strength or vigor? Or can
it be that it is the outcome of a striving after effect at the
expense, not only of truth, but in addition of everything that
is artistic? One feels inclined to believe that the latter is the
case. This class of work is very much effected by the so-called
“New School’? photography. In fact it is most likely here
that it has had the start, for were only one man to have given it
the send off, it is not possible that, being what it is, it could
have ever made itself felt in the way in which it has. But
when a clique take anything up, there can always be found a
certain number of workers of more or less note who are ready
to believe that it is art and to attempt to imitate it. And it is
just in this imitation that the fault lies. We all know that
many of the old masters relied largely on the skilful handling
of their shadows to produce the appearance of breadth, the
appearance of strength and various other effects. We also know
that certain members of the new school have, by the skilful
handling of the masses made pictures where others would only
have produced photograms. And yet just as soon as one of
their ignorant imitators knowing nothing of the laws and

16

limitations of composition, or the arrangement of the lines and
masses, Starts to make the same kind of things, there is trouble.
And it is solely because they work on the principle that it is
the masses that make the picture instead of on the principle
that the masses are only the setting for the real picture.
Unless there is a picture to commence with, and a reason for
the view existing on paper, no amount of skilful handling of
masses will ever make anything that is pleasing.

But I have just been reading this over, and it seems to me
that I find that I have shown a tendency to stray from the point
that I started out with the intention of impressing.

Why have so many heavy masses at all. Itis not absolutely
necessary that we should? No, it certainly is not. The fact of
the matter is that the heavy mass photogram is simply having
a run at present, just the same as double breasted vests did a
year or so ago. Personally I do not like them. Why not go
back to the old way just once in a while at least and make
something light and sketchy—something that will relieve the
eyes of those people who, like me, are over-powered with all
this blackness and all these “‘ effects.’ Ido not see why not!

Hanp Work 1x PuHoroGrarny.—In sincerity in photog-
raphy, the first essential is that the work should be a photo
graph, a literal transcript of nature. Hand work, however, is
permissible within reasonable limits, provided it is used asa
help to the securing of some effect that is aimed at, for here it
is often possible to geta truer picture than could be produced by
straight photography. It is the light rays under our judgment
and good taste which produce the picture, while we with our
limited means of modification endeavor to bring the photogram
into harmony with our idea of what the scene should be to be
atits best. So that you will readily see that by literal it is
meant that the picture is to be the effect under which the
picture was made, and not merely an effect however pleasing,
for the simple reason that it is not possible to start with a free
hand. ‘‘Stand out in the fields with a fistfull of brushes and
you may paint your dreams if you can; but when you stick
your head under that black cloth, stick to facts, because you

must.”’
*

On May Sth last the freshmen of Columbia University, New
York, engaged Falk, the photographer, to come and make a
number of pictures of them in a large group. The sophomores
of the University decided that they could not with dignity
allow such an event to take place and planned to storm the
‘* freshies’’ with enough eggs to thoroughly convince them that
they ought not do do such athing. To avoid this the photog-
rapher was given his instructions to be on the ground at nine
o'clock in the morning and to have everything ready to proceed
at once to business. Unfortunately, at the last minute, the
“ sophs’’ got wind of the plan and calling together a force o
about forty strong, proceeded to the scene of action, with their
supply of ammunition. On reaching the ground where the
‘‘freshies’’ were displaying their smiling countenances to be took,
the challengers placed themselves between the camera and the
group and proceeded to cut up capers. In the vain hope that
they would ultimately depart in peace, the ‘ freshies’’ waited
patiently and the camera man tried to look pleasant on his own
hook. Finally driven to desperation the freshmen made a rush
at their tormentors, who escaped through a new building. A
few minutes later, just as the freshmen had arrnged themselves
into another pose, and the operator was again getting ready to
do duty, the sophomores again appeared and commenced a
bombardment. Their fire was quickly answered and for a
period of perhaps five minutes a terrible battle raged. After

Rod and Gun in Canada

peace was restored and when the proceedings were ready to go
on it was discovered that during the turmoil some unprincipled
*‘soph*’ had made off with the lens, the result being that the
photographer was forced to withdraw, which he did amid the
derisive hoots of the belligerents: The date of the operation
has been indefinitely postponed.

™

Correspondence.

Correspondence should be addressed to H. McBean John-
stone, P.O. Box 651, Sarnia, Ont., Canada.

Harold C. Austin, Ridgetown, Ont.—See the reply in last
month’s Rop anp GuN ty Canapa with reference to your query
on pyrogallic acid and its use. If then your inquiry is not
satisfactorily answered, write to me again.

Willmott.—The address of the New York Camera Club is
No. 5 East 29th St., New York City. If you contemplate a visit
to that city it will be well worth your while to go up there.

T.A.R., Montreal.—I would be inclined to think that if
you were to mount the picture that you enclose on a piece of
dark board that the contrasts, which are weak anyway, would
be better brought out. If you take your negative now that it
is dry, and after wetting it, dry it over again in a current of
warm air, you will find that it will result in it being made
stronger than it now is. If that does not intensify it enough, I
am afraid you will have to use a mercury bath or some other
means of intensifying. I would like to have you send mea
print off it after you have done it over, and also explanations
of what method you adopted, with full data concerning it.

Geo. A. Wilson.—If, in the photographing of high build-
ings, you make use of the spring back of your camera, you will
not be troubled by the lines sloping in at the top. To use it,
swing the top of the ground glass toward the lens and then
focus about half way up the building with the largest stop.
Next insert the smallest stop in order that you may get the
necessary sharpness, and make the exposure. The side wing
is rarely used, You will get a better picture if you can manage
to take it from balf way up a building which stands opposite,
provided your lens is of a wide enough angle to admit of your
doing this.

W. H. L.—(1) No, (2) It is possible to do it as you say,
but you will get surer results if you stick to the plan usually
adopted. (3) By all means. That is the only way. Any
other way would fog the plate beyond repair.

A Sad State of Affairs.
To tHe Eprror or Rop anp Gun:

One thing Rop anp Guy should take up and make an
energetic kick about, that is the fact that the Quebee Govern-
ment has been stupid enough to issue thirty licenses to seine
or gillnet fish in the lakes of Sherbrooke county. The result
will be ruin to all fishing in those lakes until they are restocked
unless the licenses are revoked this year and not reissued.
While at Magog a few weeks ago, I saw a party of six that had
twenty-seven grey trout or lunge with them, averaging in
weight from 5 to 124 pounds. These were only the morning's
catch. They had been at Brompton Lake for about a week
and had averaged over 200 Ibs. of these fish per day, and could
have caught more had they been able to keep them.

For the insignificant sum of $10.00 each, or $300.00 in all,
our Government is apparently willing to destroy the fishing in
these lakes for all time to come. It seems hard to believe, but
is a fact nevertheless. You ought to take the matter up.

- Granby, Que. N. A. Meyer.

Rod and Gun

FORESTRY

‘Rod and Gun" is the official organ of the Canadian Forestry Association.
The Editors will weleome contributions on topics relating to Forestry.

Edited by the Officers of the Canadian Forestry Association.

The second annual report of the Canadian Forestry Asso-
ciation, which has just been issued, is a timely and important
publication. When we read in the American Lumberman, the
leading lumber paper of the United States, statements like the
following which appeared in its issue of the 8th of June last —
“Tt is true that white pine had been growing scarcer and
scarcer in districts tributary to water shipment, and it had also
been known to haye been cut out rapidly in the interior of
Wisconsin and Minnesota; but never until this year has it
begun to dawn upon the minds of distributors of white pine
lumber that there was an actual scarcity of the wood and that
its end was in full view. This year, more than in any year
since the development of the northern pine forests. began, has
the scarcity of white pine stumpage and lumber been signifi-
cantly impressed upon the minds of the people. Witness the
hegira of lumbermen to the south within the past year or twu.
Witness also their western flight to the Puget Sound district,
to the California Slope and to the intermediate districts of Idaho
and Arizona.’’—When we read a statement like that from so
good an authority,—an organ of the lumber trade, let it be
noticed, not a forestry journal,—it must be admitted by anyone
who reads the paper by Mr. John Bertram, published in that
report, that the Association were particularly fortunate in
having the question of the management of pine forests dealt
with by one who had gained such a thorough knowledge of it,
practically as a lumberman, and also as a member of the
Ontario Forestry Cominission. It is unnecessary to mention
particularly the lines on which Mr. Bertram lays down his
policy of forest management, but we wish to call attention to
the fact that he does not lay down his plans as final or com-
plete. There is still much to learn of the life and habits of the
trees, there are yet further problems in management to be
worked ont, and Mr. Bertram’s paper is especially valuable as
indicating the lines along which investigation should be made.
In Germany thorough study and measurement has been made
of tree growth, and the yield tables compiled therefrom and the
knowledge of the habits of the different trees obtained as a
result of this work have enabled that country to maintain a
prominent place as a lumber-producing nation in spite of her
great population and the rlarge area devoted to agriculture.
Thorough work, thorough development of her resources has
made Germany what she is and made her feared by other
nations as a competitor in the industrial world. Why should
notsome such forestry work be begunin Canada? Why should
not some such work be carried on by the Government alone, or
with the assistance of the lumbermen, but in such a way that
the result of the investigations could be properly compiled and
made available for the use of all? Why have the Governments
set apart timber reserves if it is not the intention to make them
to a certain extent, the experimental farms of the lumbermen,

in Canada 17
as well as a perpetual source of wealth to the national ex-
chequer ?

The reforesting of the denuded areas is a question of great
importance which Mr. Bertram had only time to touch upon.
This is an undertaking which can probably best be carried out
by the Government, and there is no question that it isa large
enough one to tax its energies to the utmost. Governments,
howeyer, are supposed to live for the future as well as the
present, and, if the pine is to become even to a greater extent
than it has been up to the present a source of wealth to the
country, should not some beginning be made in the direction
of making portions of the Crown domain which are now utterly
unproductive, what they might be, a rich source of revenue?

As an offset to the threatening bareness of the east, Mr. J.
It. Anderson, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, introduces the
Forestry Association to the great, the almost embarrassing,
wealth and variety of timber there is in British Columbia,
waiting only the time, of which the indications are beginning
to make themselves felt, when the demand from beyond her
borders will give her lumber an adequate value, and when she
will be a great source of supply for the east and farther east.
British Columbia is a great mineral province, but it is no rash
statement to say that her timber wealth will be of fully as
great importance as the products of her mines, while the bene-
ficial effects of the forests on the ph al condition of a moun-
tainous country cannot be overestimated both for its direct
and indirect effects.

No Forestry Report would be complete at the present time
without some consideration of the pulp industry, and in the
paper submitted by Mr. J. C. Langelier is an able presentation
of the vast resources which Canada possesses for this purpose
in her spruce forests. To anyone who has not given the
matter attention it will be somewhat of a surprise to know how
great our resources are in this respect ; but although Mr. Langel-
ier has, perhaps, as full a knowledge of the subject on which
he speaks as anyone in Canada, yet it may be pointed out that
these figures are only estimates, and although we may claim
without hesitation a premier place for our pulpwood resources,
still our knowledge of them is very far from being exact. The
dangers pointed out by Mr. Langelier : fire, improper coloniza-
tion, cutting of too small trees, are clearly the chief ones. The
remedies, however, are not so easy of application.

The calculation submitted by Mr. Langelier as to the
relative productivity of lands in the spruce districts when
devoted to agriculture and pulp respectively makes very clear
the fact that by encouraging settlement on such lands we are
not only either condemning the settler to struggle for a mere
existence after the wood has been cleared off, or encouraging
the taking up of lands by persons who have no further interest
in them after the wood has been removed, but we are using the
land for a purpose that does not by any means make the best
or most profitable use of it, either for the individual or the
state. It is well that this fact should be clearly demonstrated
and impressed on the mind of the public, for the views on this
subject are usually very one-sided; in fact, most people can
hardly be led to admit that there is anything worthy of
consideration that can be said on the side of those who favor a
timber rather than an agricultural crop.

The cutting of small-sized trees is a very serious menace to
the reproduction of the spruce, and, although the regulations of
Quebec and other provinces have provisions directed against this
abuse, it may be doubted whether in all cases these provisions
are fully lived up to, while as a matter of fact the information

18

we have as to the seeding and growth of the spruce are not
sufficiently full and exact to make the proper plan of manage-
ment of spruce forests so evident as to impress all who are
dealing with such forests with the necessity of following it.
As to the pulpwood cut for export, there is good reason to
complain of the reckless way in which the spruce is slaughtered,
not only in Quebec, but in the other spruce-producing proy-
inces, and Dr. McKay, of Nova Scotia, has, unquestionably,
justification for calling the pulp men ‘‘the locusts of the
ferest.’’ Whether the temporary expedient of an export duty
on pulpwood, as suggested by Mr. Langelier, with its possible
international complications, would be the best means of
preventing the excessive cutting for export, may be doubted ;
and, so far as the Forestry Association is concerned, their
influence might preferably be directed towards a_ better
appreciation and observance by the people of Canada of sound
forestry principles and the adoption of measures by the
Governments to withhold from entry and keep in their own
control for timber production the land best suited for that
purpose, as well as to enforce the necessary regulations. It is
a question worthy of discussion also as to whether and how
far the Governments would be justified in taking control of the
cutting on private lands,

Mr W. P. Flewelling, Deputy Surveyor-General of New
Brunswick, submits a paper giving a sketch of forest legislation
and the methods of conducting the lumber industry in that
province. New Brunswick has always been a large producer
of lumber, and much of its area is more fitted for timber growth
than for agriculture. The long term license adopted a few
years ago has had the effect of interesting the lumbermen more
generally in forest preservation, and the Government has also
taken some steps in that direction, but there is still much
unnecessary destruction of timber, while the information
available as to the growth of the principal timber tree, the
spruce, is not very definite. P

Dr. Jas. Fletcher, the Dominion Entomologi-t, described
some of the principal forest insects, and suggested methods by
which destruction of timber from this cause might be pre-
vented. It was clearly shown that the necessary preliminary
to understanding how to deal with destructive insects was to
study out thoroughly their life history, and, in view of the large
quantities of timber which are rendered useless from this
cause, some steps should be taken to provide that this study
should be made.

A very interesting paper was the one submitted by Dr. W.
H. Muldrew, of Gravenhurst, who, himself a teacher, cannot
be accused of being an outsider trying to push a fad on workers
already overburdened. Consequently, his suggestions as to the
position which Forest Botany should hold in our schools are of
special interest. We trust that many of those interested in the
work of our High and Public Schools, whether as teachers or
otherwise, may have the opportunity of reading this paper
and that some steps may be taken to have the importance of
Forestry impressed on those who will govern the future policy
of our Dominion.

The paper submitted by Mr. E. Stewart, Dominion Super-
intendent of Forestry, outlined the tree planting plan proposed
for the Western plains. As this plan was reviewed in our last
issue we need not enlarge uponit here. We may say, however,
that this plan is being very heartily taken up, there being
some three hundred applications under it filed with the Super-
intendent.

The addresses, and particularly the evening lecture given
by Dr. ©. A. Schenck, of Biltmore, are of special interest, as

Rod and Gun in Canada

Dr. Schenck has had experience both of the European and
American systems of forestry. It was made very clear by him
that the two main preliminary conditions to the adoption of
systematic forestry practice, were protection from fire anda
sufficient stumpage value to make such a scheme profitable.
It appears evident, then, that we must look to the question of
price, and that is one difficulty that has stood in the way up to
the present time. When we take a survey of the whole of
Canada we find that, with the exception of the white pine, our
timber trees have not yet reached that period of scarcity and
value which would impress generally and seriously the neces-
sity for taking action. Our spruce forests are still extensive
and, to the mind of the public, apparently inexhaustible ; our
British Columbia timber is as yet hardly in sufficient demand
to make such an appreciable tax on her great resources in that
respect as would render them of a great present value. But
though, for instance, the price of New Brunswick spruce tim-
ber is stated to be lower this vear than it was last year, or than
is was forty years ago, still it appears from the general outlook
that timber must advance in price, and, that being the case,
there is the most abundant reason why steps should be
taken to prevent, as far as possible, the sweeping away by a
useless destruction of what we now possess. The essential
first step, as pointed out by Dr. Schenck and emphasized by
other speakers, is protection from fire. Dr. Schenck even
considers that the present generation would be justified in
going into debt to provide the necessary means of protection
of such a valuable asset.

From this report we may tabulate the policy of the Cana-
dian Forestry Association in regard to our forests as :

First, last, and all the time : Protection from fire, from the
Atlantic to the Pacific. ;

Second : The study of our timber trees and the systemati-
zation of our knowledge in regard to their growth and all that
affects it beneficially or injuriously.

Third : The growing of trees where they are the most
profitable crop or serve to protect crops that are more valuable.

Fourth : Education—through the schools, through the

press, through reports, through all possible means—of the

public to an understanding of the great importance of this sub-
ject to the future of Canada.
*

NOTES.

The dry weather in Manitoba during the month of May
made the conditions favorable for the starting of fires, and
consequently a number of fire rangers were placed on duty in
the vicinity of the timber reserves at points likely to be
endangered. A number of fires started, but fortunately they
were held in control by the rangers, and the damage was not
very extensive, particularly as the fire was mostly through
townships that had been burnt over before ; but much of the
young growth was killed. Of those started in the Riding
Mountain District, apparently some small fires were due to
settlers, and one in the Duck Mountains is supposed to have
been the work of trappers on a bear hunt; but in most cases the
origin is uncertain. None extended over a wide area, two
square miles being the largest mentioned, while in another
case an estimated loss of 6,000 cords of wood is reported. The
method employed for fighting the fires was to cut down any
dry stumps or trees that were on fire and throw them back on
the borned ground, or, if the timber was lying partly
in the fire, the burning portion was cut off and similarly treated.
Where the fires were working in the ground they were stopped

Rod and Gun

by digging with shovels, and near swampy places where water
was available it was made use of.

In the Turtle Mountain District the fires have been kept
out of the reserve, with one exception which burned over a
section ; but this has only been accomplished by hard work
and constant watching. Many of these fires come across the
boundary to the south, where the settlers are not always as
careful as they might be in setting them out, and are the
despair of the forest ranger. The Indians also occasionally slip
across the border and start a little fire to assist them in their
hunting operations, but after the ranger has ‘‘ chased them over
into Dakota,’ his authority ceases, and he is left to rage
impotently along the invisible but powerful barrier which
stands between him and his tormentors.

With the adyent of wet weather in the beginning of June
it has been found possible to withdraw the fire rangers, and
there will probably be no further danger till the fall.

Ls

The village.of Cache Bay, near Sturgeon Falls, Ontario, has
been burned out; the result, it is supposed, of forest fires
which were raging in the neighborhood.

%

A fire has done considerable damage to timber limits at
Kippewa, in the Province of Quebec. It began on the 50th
June, its origin presumably being in a settlement a short
distance back of Bais des Peres where settlers were clearing
land by fire. The hot weather and strong wind raised appre-
hension of a serious fire, but the wind abated and blew back
over the burned area. A big force of men fought the fire with
water or by shoyelling back earth on it, and were succeeding
very well. There wasalso a fire at White River, on the Ontario
side, which did considerable damage to a number of settlers.

*

Mr. N. McCuaig, General Superintendent of the Forest
Protection Service for District No. 1, in the Province of Quebec,
makes the following suggestion in regard to the equipment of
fire rangers :—

“« \ soldier on the battle-field without his rifle and ammun-
ition is of very little account, and largely similarly situated is
the best Fire Ranger, far away from help in the forests, face to
face with his enemy—the fire—without any implements. Here
are the articles that are usually employed in fighting fires, viz.,
spade, hoe and pail. There is little doubt if the Government
offered a suitable reward to native mechanical ingenuity,
a tool would, be shortly forthcoming that would combine the
spade and hoe in one implement effective and convenient for
either purpose and not exceeding three and one-half pounds in
weight. This, together with a rubber cloth pail, the whole at
a trifle of expenditure, would constitute an equipment by
which the ranger would be in a position at any moment to deal
with a fire in its incipient or more advanced stage. A handle
for such an implement need not be carrieo, as one could
quickly be provided in the woods. The cost of such articles,
including the leather belt, should not exceed three dollars per
ranger, and it might cost less if the pail adopted should be a tin
folding pail. I beg to call the immediate attention cf the
Government to the matter, in the confident belief that its adop-
tion would be a wise, practical and profitable investment to help

protect our forests from fire.”
™
Sylvan Ontario : A Guide to our Native Trees and Shrubs,

by W. H. Muldrew, B.A., D. Paed. Wm. Briggs, Toronto.
50c. and $1.00.

This book has grown out of the efforts made by Dr.
Muldrew to find some method to enable his pupils to identify

in Canada 19
easily our native trees, with the object of arousing an interest in
this important part of the Canadian flora. That the plan ad-
opted has been worked out from actual experimentation with
classes of pupils and has been found successful, is its best
recommendation, and undoubtedly the method of identification
by such a conspicuous and generally present feature as the
leaves will be found much less difficult than the one based on
the floral characteristics which are much less easy of recogni-
tion and are usually available for observation for only a very
short period. Many students of Botany have practically oyer-
looked the trees altogether, and such a work as ‘Sylvan
Ontario”? will serve a very useful purpose if it leads to a better
knowledge of the trees which hold such a prominent place in
this Canada of ours. This book is an index, nota treatise ; but
to anyone wishing to study our native trees we cannot do better
than recommend obtaining a copy, always bearing in mind, as
suggested by the author, that taken by itself it may prove as
interesting as is usual with an index or dictionary, but that
when read in connection with the living things which it
introduces, there is reason to hope that it may happily combine
instruction with recreation in a way not without interest to the
thoughtful reader. The drawings which illustrate the leaves
of the different trees and shrubs, and which have been made by
the author from the originals, give that additional clearness
by which accurate illustrations are always superior to word
descriptions. While the index was primarily compiled for the
Province of Ontario, its usefulness is by no means confined to
that Province, and it should prove of great assistance in all of
Eastern Canada and the neighboring States.

The neat and tasteful leather binding, tied with thongs,
gives the book an attractive appearance, and the whole of the
typographical work is clearly and carefully done.

CAMPING OUT.
Cc. A. B.

Four good brick or stone walls and a watertight roof are all
capital things in their way : they come in handy whena winter
blizzard or an equinoctial storm is raging, as well as during
those other spells of bad weather which visit us at intervals
throughout the year, but in sweet summer-time a city house is
little better than a prison.

There is no better way of putting in a yacation than passing
it in the woods. Health and strength go hand in hand beneath
the trees. What could be jollier than to lie at night before a
roaring fire of hardwood, the pure breath of heayen fanning
one’s cheek, and the stars twinkling in the dark yault overhead ?
The Arabs say days spent in the chase are not counted by Allah
in the length of a man’s life; it isa very pretty conceit, and
perhaps not far from the truth atter all.

Only a few years ago people were afraid to go camping,
dreading all sorts of evils; many dire maladies were supposed
to lurk in night air, but the teachings of common sense and of
science have killed that superstition. An open air life will
build up a constitution, and a few weeks under canyas in sum-
mer 1s an admirable sequel to a winter’s grind at one’s profes-
sion or business.

Unfortunately, most of us haye now dwelt so long under
artificial conditions that a knowledge of how to live advanta-
geously away from bricks and mortar is not generally known,
and the novice may have some difficulty in deciding what
outfit to take, and how best to govern his existence when far
from the butcher, baker, doctor—and such luxuries of a city
life.

20

The tyro usually carries a lot of things into camp that he
would be better without, and leaves behind the few simple
necessaries which would enable him to live in health and com-
fort in the bush. The experienced woodsman does not ask
himself as he overhauls his modest kit, ‘‘ May not this also be
of some use?’’ but rather questions himself as to whether he
eannot do without it. Some things—blankets, matches, axe,
for instance—he knows he must haye, but useless ‘* truck’’ he
discards, and by such judicious paring “* travels light,” and en-
joys himself all the more in consequence. Of course, if a party
proposes camping close to civilization, where farms or stores
are within reach and transport is not a difficult problem, its
members may enjoy all sorts of luxuries they would have to
deny themselves in the wilderness. It is the difference between
a coasting voyage, and one taken in blue water out of soundings.
No hard and fast rules can be laid down.

An outfit which would be perfect for Florida, would not do
for Maine or the Adirondacks, nor would an expedition to the
plains of the west require the same equipment as one fitted out
to explore the wooded region north of Lake Superior. The
prospective camper must consider the size of his party, the pro-
bable duration of the trip, and the means of transport likely to
be at his command. In Quebec and Ontario he will usually be
able to travel by canoe, though even here he is likely to have
more Or less portaging, or carrying to do, over necks of land or
around rapids, so that he will enjoy himself none the less if he
have no superfluity of this worlds goods with him. Should he
not be able to use a canoe he and his guide must pack every-
thing on their backs, and the inventory must undergo a most
rigorous pruning before starting. On the plains waggons are
available, while in the mountains pack horses, burros, or mules,
become the means of transport.

No traveller in the wilderness can dispense with matches and
an axe, and a compass is usually required. [always carry a few
matches in my pocket in a leather case, as that does not condense
moisture ; in a metal box the matches are often spoiled from this
cause in winter. A reserve should be kept ina dry, wide-mouthed
bottle, securely corked. The compass should be about the size of
a watch. Personally I prefer a small prismatic compass, but they
are much more expensive, and the ordinary kind will serve all
purposes except the taking of an exact bearing of some distant
object. An axe of less than three pounds weight is not much
use, though a not overstrong youth might find a so-called
hunting axe of two and one-half pounds better adapted to his
strength, but cutting up a night’s fuel with such a tool is a
heart-breaking task.

Novices are always impressed with the tremendous im-
portance of a tent, and generally choose one heavy and large
enough to shelter a squad of militiamen. Now as a matter of
fact a good Canadian woodsman hardly requires a tent either in
summer or winter. A few sheets of birch or spruce bark in
warm weather, and a log and bark cabin in winter afford him
ample shelter. The great Napoleon found that his troops were
more healthy when biyouacking (sleeping under the stars)
than shut up in tents; and the summer camper will certainly
find the same thing. Even in summer, when flies are nu-
merous, I prefer a lean-to with a mosquito bar.

All provisions should be kept in separate bags, then the salt
and sugar do not become too intimate, and the pepper does
not fraternize with the tea. A couple of squares of waterproof
material, or light duck, about 6 x 8 feet, with meta! eyelet
holes around their borders are better than any tent, and can
be used for a variety of purposes. They serve as shelters in

Rod and Gun

in Canada

case of a sudden storm, or to wrap the camp kit in—in short
are worth their weight in gold.

A clean flour sack filled with balsam tips makes an excel-
lent pillow, and a couple of feet of these same fir tips laid under
the blankets will woo slumbers to content a king. By the bye.
there are two ways of laying the boughs. The first and most
natural, the wrong way of course, is to dump them down
““any-which-way’’ as the woodsmen say ; the second to spread
them in layers beginning at the head, with the tips of each
feathery bough pointing toward the head of the couch.

The cook of the party ought to be supplied with a frying
pan with socket handle, tin kettles without spouts, a few
*‘ dippers,’ knives, forks and spoons, and if transport is
available, a tin baker for bread making. Ata pinch cups may
be fashioned ont of birch bark, and a sheath knife serve in
lieu of table cutlery.

No doubt it is a difficult matter to provision a large party
fora long trip in the woods, and a novice would be wise to
consult some experienced friend or guide in this matter, but
beans, pork, flour, baking powder, tea, coffee, sugar, salt, -
pepper, and canned fruits and vegetables may be selected
safely.

Generally trout, and, occasionally, grouse and even yenison,
in season, may be reckoned on to help out the bill of fare.
In some parts of the country game and fish are so abundant
that the hunters and prospectors take little except flour and
tea, or coffee, but in the east this might mean starvation or
something akin to it.

A few simple hints should suffice if followed to keep the
camper in robust health. Don’t sit in wet clothes, or boots ;
don’t work too hard on an empty stomach, or in a very hot
sun; and lastly keep good hours and wear flannel under-
clothing—all very old and time-worn advice no doubt, but
well worth attention nevertheless.

It isa long time since a sea salmon was seen in the St.
Lawrence, but one was killed last weex in the raceway under
Mack’s mills, Cornwall, according to the Freeholder, by W.
Borthwick, a mill employee, while spearing suckers. He did
not know what a prize he had captured, and took it home and
had it cleaned, but on showing the head to Mr. Mack, the
stranger was clearly identified from the scales and shape of the
head as a genuine salmo salar, The fish was a female, weigh-
ing about five pounds, and was full of spawn. It is a pity that
Mr. Borthwick had mutilated the fish before speaking about
it, as it would have been worth a good deal as a curiosity. No
doubt it grew from one of the innumerable salmon fry which
have been deposited in the river from time to time. We hope
fishermen will be on the lookout for strange fish, and let us
know about them, as the matter is of decided scientific interest.

*

In a recent issue of Rop AND GuN the statement was made
that a license to shoot big game in the province of New Brans-
wick, cost a non-resident $20. This was an error, the ante
has been raised another $10, and it now costs $80 to ‘‘come in.”

*
Several of the English journals have of late referred to a

‘decline of sports’? in Great Britain, but as a matter of fact
there is a healthy, progressive condition of affairs in connection
with the pastimes of that country, True, the Americans have
shown supremacy in most of the international contests, but
this merely indicates that the sportsmen of the United States
have improved more rapidly, not that British sports have
retrograded.

CANADIAN SHOOTING AND FISHING

ARE UNRIVALLED

Canadian
Pacific
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ALONE GIVES EASY
ACCESS TO THE BEST

The General Passenger Department,
Montreal, P.Q., willanswer enquiries,
and send copies of Game Map, Fishing
and Shooting and other useful publi=
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An UNNAMED LAKE

SPOR Fil

[cananian)
There is more Sport to the Square

\ PACIFIC /

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These rivers and lakes are all well stocked with salmon and trout, from I lig:

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MOOSE, CARIBOU AND RED DEER.—Splendid shooting almost every-
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of sie eat the Kippewa and the Lake St. John Distwrict.

Game abounds in the Forests and on the Beaches.
Hunting territories trom 10 to 400 square miles, at $1.00 per square mile

. ’
and upwards, can be leased, on which the leases “hag the exclusive right Rivers, Lakes

of hunting

THE LAURENTIDES NATIONAL PARK alone contains hundreds of the
most picturesque lakes, teeming with fish, and plenty of moose, caribon
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FEATHERED GAME.—Canadian goose, duck, woodcock, snipe, partridge Territories Ve

ver, etc., are in great number in almost every part of the province

and Hunting

HUNTING AND FISHING PERMITS can be obtained from the Depart-
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Hunting permits, fee : $25.00.
Hunting Territories Can be leased by applying to Fishing permits, fee: $10,00.
THE COMMISSIONER OF
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MASSANOGA, OR PICTURE LAKE.

In the days of the long ago, before the white man had
landed on the North American continent, the Indian had but
two grand recreations—killing game, and fighting his neighbor.
There was perpetual warfare between the tribes and between
none was it more persistent than between the Ojibway and
There

between these peoples.

the Iroquois. was a great difference in temperament

The

cruel foe, given to living in villages, while the Ojibway (of the

Iroquois was a fierce, crafty,

great Algonquin
nation) was a

nomad, a per-

fect Ishmael.
Rarely indeed
were the Al-

gonquins the
aggressors.
They possessed
no villages,
but
small

lived in
commun-
ities scattered
through the
vast region
which is bound-
ed by Lake St.
John and the
Ottawa on the
east, the height
ot land on the
and the

prairie to the

north,

west of the
Lake of the
Woods. Some

idea of the ex-
treme mobility
of these people
may be appre-

ciated, as we learn that killed a moose he
usually moved his wigwam to the meat instead of carrying the
Their slight

people very open to attacks from their implacable foe. But

when a hunter

meat to the wigwam. social fabric made these
too often a stealthy war party of [roquois braves would fall
upon an isolated community of Algonquins, and after torturing
and murdering the men would carry off the women captives,
and it need not surprise us that the Algonquins when they got
an opportunity paid off some of these bloody scores.

MONTREAL, SEPTEMBER, 1901.

ff, Ma

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INTERESTS
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Single Copies Ten Cents.

The other day I went to look for the great grey trout in a

lake which was the scene of successful

persecuted Ojibways some 400 vearsago. This sheet of water, 10

reprisal by the
miles long, is situated in Addington county, Ontario. To
reach it one goes to Kaladar station, and then makes one’s way
over 173 miles of hilly, sandy road to the lake. Here lives
Johnny Bey, strangely enongh a pure Iroquois Indian, the
unearthed along

descendant of the men whose bones are yet

the sandy shores of the lake, while the victors have passed

away leaving
but few evi-
dences of their

long occupancy.

Massanoga is
divided, almost,
into two lakes,
by a long, nar-
row peninsula
which stretches
the

sho inl

out from
west
about four miles
above the feot
of the lake,
leaving buta
narrow channel
between its ex-
tremity and a
steep rock mass,
some 300 feet
high, which
faces it on the
east shore of the
lake. This rock

was at one time

decorated with
numerous rude
sketches made

anoga

by the ancient

Indians in commemoration of events which they considered

worth recording. Unfortunately, none of them were drawn
higher than a tall man could reach from his canoe, and, when
the vandal lumbermen came into possession, and dammed the
lake near its mouth, the rising waters destroved all save a few
pictures which had originally been drafted at an unusually high
pitch of water. These pictures were made with iron oxide,
scraped from some iron ore beds known to exist to the north-

eastward of the lake. As works of art they are not remarkable,

2 Rod

but as attempts at reproducing the scenes of a stirring Indian
drama they are successful. Most of them evidently referred to
the great battle which took place on this point, though a few
deal with other subjects. There is one weird sketch ofa gigantic
animal, with its coat standing up like the quills of a porcupine,

possibly arrows or javelins) surrounded by a crowd of naked
The settlers
represents the doing

men who seem to have thrown their spears at it.
call this a camel, but I consider the scene
to death of either a particularly large moose, or else the killing
the doubt
animals at that time occasionally wandered to Massanoga as

of some rare animal, such as elk, for no these

they were abundant in the Niagara peninsula.

The Indian legend of the battle runs something in this wise :
By an ancient treaty all waters flowing into the Ottawa—the
Grand river—belonged to the Algonquins, and the watershed
of Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence was the hunting ground

A half mile

of the Iroquois. back from the lake the height of

and Gun

in Canada

warlike Algonquins, so they drew up along the shore ready to
make a stubborn defence. The action was opened by flights of
arrows fired at long range which did but little damage, but,
suddenly, a terrific yell from the neck of the peninsula
announced that a foree was advancing in that direction, and
that the retreat of the Iroquois was cut off. It was no longer
a battle but a massacre, and not a single Iroquois hunter
escaped to tell the tale. Even to this day human bones are
washed up after a storm, and for many and many a long year
no Troquois dared to approach the shores where their fore-
fathers had met so signal a disaster. After a time, however,
rival white men came into the field, the Algonquin throwing
in his lot at first with the French while the Iroquois was the
trusted ally of the English settler. These furnished firearms
to their redskin supporters, enabling the latter to gain a series
the
Algonquin had to abandon his old hunting ground and to

of easy victories over their crudely armed rivals. So

land is reached, withdraw into
and while the that great
Massanoga dis- northern wil-

charges by way
of the Missis-
sippl the
Ottawa, just
the hill

there is another

into
across
chain whose
outlet is toward
Lake Ontario,
So, at this point,
the rival hunt-

ers were close

neighbors, and
Massanoga
must have seen
as much blood-
shed as the bor-
derland be
England

Scotland

tween
and

where the Percy
and the Douglas
ravaged and
pillaged each
other’s territor-
ies alternately.
According to the legend the Iroquois were running short
their side of the had
well thinned out, deer had become scarce, and the glossy pelts

And, in

Algonquin preserve was a

of game on ridge; the moose been

of the beaver and otter hard to capture. contrast

state of affairs, the
This

hunger-pinched Lroquois could stand, so taking advantage of a

with this sad

pertect sanctuary tor game was rather more than the
temporary absence of the Algonquins from the lake, they stole
over the ridge and established a large hunting camp upon the
Here they

botled poreupine until they

sand peninsula facing the big rock revelled in

moose mute, beaver tail and

waxed fat and slothful, then one fine night an Algonquin scout
sun a whole fleet of

lake

discovered them, and at the rising of the

Ojibway canoes was discovered advancing up the to do

battle
disadvantage, but at

The, lroquois were caught at a great

anything like even numbers they could usually

Launch on Ma

defeat the less :

derness which
had in truth
always been the
headquarters of
his race.

This summer
the
which

silence
has so
long brooded
over Massanoga
was rudely dis-
turbed by the
advent
fussy little gas-
launch.
Brimfull of en-

of a
oline

ergy and splut-

ter, this noble
craft of but
17-ft. keel cre-
ates more dis-

turbance and is
evi-
dence than
would be a

more in

inoga Lak whole fleet of
canoes. Even Johnny Bey, the Indian hunter, has
fallen a willing victim to its charms and the visitor will
often see the bull-neecked, deep-chested fellow with his
hands on the spokes of the little 8-inch wheel, steering

the waters his

There are summer visitors too; girls in white frocks,

the launch over people have known so

long.
and men in cool flannel shirts, and some day they are
going to import cunning musicians and give concerts on the
point where long ago the \lgonquin made such a slaughter of
his foemen. Yet even to-day, the deer come down to drink in
the lake and are very numerous in the hills bordering it, and
there are many lake trout of goodly size to be caught by the
fisherman—only he will need along line and a
heavy sinker, for the lake is in places between 250 and 300 ft,
habit of the

Massanoga is the modern name

ex perienced

deep, and during the warm weather it is the
wrey trout to seek the bottom
for this sheet of The

water Indians call the upper bay

Rod and Gun

Mazinog and the lower one Mazinan, the one meaning “here
there are pictures,’’ the other ‘‘to the pictures.”’ However,
““ Massanoga’’ is more euphonious, and so, perhaps the white
man was right when he changed the name of the combined
waters to Massanoga.

This is the centre of a very good sporting country.
Twenty miles beyond, to the north-west, there is very good
trout, black bass and mascalonge fishing, and I do not think
there is a much better region in Ontario for deer and ruffed
grouse. All around Massanoga are charming lakelets at which
the deer drink during the warm weather twice every day: a
few, of course, fall victims to the needs of the back settlers—
but not very many, because there are so few back settlers.
The lumber has been cut, the boys have gone away to the west,
the girls drifted to the big cities, and the old people do not do
much deer hunting.

From Massanoga a canoe route exists adown the Mis-
sissippi—an unassuming river with a pretentious name—about
120 miles to the Ottawa. I have not been down it, but am
told that a few miles below the lake there are falls almost 100
ft. in depth, and it is said that below this point there are no
grey trout but a great store of pike, and bass, and in the
autumn wild fowl innumerable.

If these stray notes should tempt some brother sportsman
to try Massanoga and the country of which it is the centre, I
feel satisfied that he will not regret having taken the trip. I
can speak out of my own personal experience of the deer, the
ruffed grouse and the grey trout.

MOOSE AND CARIBOU IN NEW BRUNSWICE.
(Continued from last month).

One cannot help but feel how desperate the pangs of the
vanquished must have been. A few weeks later (if they have
both survived the battle), these self-same bulls, with others of
their fellows, may be found ‘‘ yarded up”’ in the December
snows and living on terms of the utmost amity, while the cows,
which were the cause of all the late unpleasantness, have located
themselves elsewhere.

Persons who have never seen a ‘‘moose-yard ’’ commonly
suppose it to be a small tract of ground in which one or more
moose have located themselves in the winter months, and
where they haye tramped the snow down flat. A moose-yard,
in reality, often covers an area of one or two square miles. It
simply consists of a number of paths in the snow to which the
moose mainly confine themselves while browsing on the young
growth from place to place. When feed becomes scarce the
moose locate another yard. Ifa moose is started by man from
the yard he will not return to it that winter.

The surest way to shoot a moose is by stalking on the snow.
Unless they have been frequently disturbed they are not nearly
so wary as the deer, but when once fairly alarmed are very
determined in their flight and will place a surprising number
of miles behind them with their long, swinging trot. Some of
the Maine hunters practice a method known as ‘ walking
down” the moose. When the animal is started in the light
snows of November they follow his track persistently, camping
on the track each night and resuming the chase next morning.
From time to time the moose is started again and at last comes
to know that a relentless pursuer is on his trail. In about
three days, or five at most, the moose ‘rounds up’? and
stands at bay, when the hunter shoots him down. Opinions
differ as to why the moose allows the man to overtake him.

in Canada 3

Some contend that his feet become sore ; others that he cannot
eat while he knows that he is being followed ; others that,
after being started many times, he becomes at last indifferent.
I should say that insuflicient feeding superinduced by fright
was the true-explanation.

Many theories formerly held in regard to the habits of
moose, and the best mode of hunting them, have been dis-
proved by experience. For instance, as to calling moose, it
was firmly held by the old Indian guides that this feat could
only be accomplished between sundown and sunrise. The
hapless sportsman was required to while away the stilly night
cramped up ina bark canoe, or else lie out on the cold, moist
barren with a blanket wrapped around him, while his Milicete
guide, well primed with fire-water, shattered the silence with
the mournful musie of his horn. <A perfect moonlight night
was necessary if the sportsman was to have any chance of
planting a killing shot. Eyen where the conditions were
favorable the performance was one inyolying so much hardship
that many sportsmen lost all desire to repeat the experience.
The usual result was that three or four moose were missed or
wounded in the semi-darkness to every one that was brought
to grass. The practice of night-calling is now very largely a
thing of the past in New Brunswick as well as in Nova Scotia.
As soon as the business of guiding sportsmen became profitable,
white guides went intoit in large numbers. These, being more
intelligent and enterprising, haye out-classed the Indians in all
save cheapness and relegated to the limbo of the laughable
much of their wigwam lore. It was discovered that an unmated
bull moose would respond readily enough in the day-time to a
skilful caller, and when he did respond the chance of placing
the bullet in the right place was immeasurably improved.
Many of the most successful white guides in the province now
call entirely in the day time.

Then, with regard to the feeding habits of moose many old
theories haye been set aside. It was formerly held that the
moose never peeled the tree upon which he fed clear around,
and hence never killed the tree. I have myself seen maples,
mountain ash and sapling birch from which the bark had been
stripped completely around by the moose. The fayorite brows-
ing trees of moose are whitewood, moosewood, willow and
cherry ; they will, however, eat the bark and twigs of any kind
of hardwood and most of the evergreens, especially fir. Spruce
or cedar they will not touch unless hard pressed by hunger.
They are also fond ofa thin, flat grass, light green in color,
that grows chiefly in the beds of streams or ponds, or in marshy
ground. This is locally known as “ deer grass’? and moose
will often go under water for it and remain there a surprising
length of time. They will nibble the leaves of the water lily
and seem to regard the roots of this plant with special favor.
Mr. Philip Selick, of Moncton, has had a number of mbose in
captivity for many years and has bred them successfully on his
farm. Whatever may be said of the animal in his natural state,
these domesticated moose possess the voracity of a pulp mill,
consuming anything and everything in the vegetable line that
is offered them, even to fir branches an inch or more in
diameter. Another popular error is the belief that the moosc,
by reason of his giraffe-like legs and comparatively short neck,
is unable to graze without kneeling. The moose has an inor-
dinately long head to atone for his brevity of neck. With his
forelegs planted slightly apart, he has no difficulty in eating! or
drinking on thie level.

The size of a bull moose has not much relation to the
weight or width of his horns. Moose of 1100 or even 12U0 Ibs.

4 Rod and Gun in Canada

will often be found with a comparatively inferior set of antlers,
while an S00 lb. moose may have a five feet spread. There is
no positive relation between the age of a moose and the number
of points on his horns. Speaking generally, the horns increase
in width, weight and number of points until the moose is five
or six years old. After that they gradually deteriorate, the
palms dwindling and the points losing much of their sharpness
and symmetry.

In regard to caribou hunting in New Brunswick, if one
wishes to secure a fine head it must be sought before the 15th
of November, as by that date the old bueks have commenced to
drop their horns. It is a fact that admits of no question that
the antlers of young bucks of moose, caribou and deer mature
later and are shed later than those of the older males. The
horns of any of these animals may be knocked off by contact
with trees, ete., some days or even weeks before they would
otherwise be shed, but speaking in approximate terms, the
older males of caribou bave commenced to dispense with these
ornaments by November 15th, while deer retain theirs a month
later and moose until January Ist. The greatest number of
points ever noted on a caribou head secured in this province is
thirty-nine. This caribou was recently shot on the North-West
Miramichi by Charles F. Riordan, of Boston, Mass. There can
be little doubt, however, that these figares will eventually be
surpassed, as single antlers have frequently been found alter
they were shed containing over twenty points. Herds of fifty
or seventy-five caribou are occasionally seen on the barrens of
the North-West and South-West Miramichi. That they should
be able to thrive and fatten on such etherial fare as the rein-
deer lichen, eked out in the winter months by the moss to be
found on the spruce, fir, maple, beech, birch and other trees,
is a most surprising fact.

Some of our provincial guides have learned how to “‘ call”’
the caribou with considerable success. A birchen horn pre-
cisely the same as that which is used for moose is employed.
The mating call of the caribou, both in male and female, is a
In fact it is doubtful whether
this solitary note does not comprise the entire musical reper-
toire of the caribou at all seasons of the year. It is not at all
difficult to imitate. The only drawback to its complete success
apparently is that it isa very low call, and hence can only be
employed to advantage when the game is close at hand. It is
often used with effect, however, to stop a herd of caribou which
has just been started. A bull caribou will sometimes advance
to the call at full speed and then, upon discovering his mistake,
will circle the hunter repeatedly, giving evidence of a total
bereavement of his senses for the time being.

sort of hoarse cough, or bark.

The wearing of
a red cap or a ‘‘sweater’’ by the hunter will frequently induce
instantaneous lunacy in an entire herd of caribou and they will
remaif rooted to the spot gazing at the gandy apparition while
the death-dealing rifle is thinning out their ranks.

Shooting a bull moose which has been duped with the
birchen horn is nearly always a most memorable experience,
and doubly so if the sportsman has called the animal himself.
It is not at all difficult for an amateur to acquire the art, as was
shown one autumn when Mr. John Bodkin, an English sports-
man, called up and shot, on the Nepisiguit River, one of the
finest specimens ever secured in this province.

Let me briefly describe a somewhat similar experience
which was mine on the first day of October, 1898.
with A ¢
seen amoose in a state of nature, I left Fredericton the day
before, with provisions for ten days, bound for Cains River.

In company
an enthusiastic local sportsman who had never

At noon we reached a log house in Zionville, the last barbaric
outpost of civilization, and there secured Arthur and Dick
Evans, the one as teamster, the other as general utility man
about camp. With all our effects placed in a heavy farm
waggon, we trudged ahead over the six miles of “portage”
road that wandered over the ridges between the settlement and
Cains River. The road was called ‘* good,’ which means that
the feat of making a worse one had often been accomplished in
the lumber woods. The river was reached in two hours and
then a somewhat novel mode of progression was adopted. All
hands boarded the waggon, while Dick steered the team
straight down the bed of the stream. It was our earnest wish
to reach the mouth of Otter Brook, seven miles down, by
sunset. The waggon clattered and clambered over the rocks,
now in shoal water and now plunging without previous notice
of motion into holes that almost floated the load. Here and
there fallen trees lay across the stream and had either to be
surmounted or chopped out with axes. On all such occasions
Dick applied his vocabulary to the team with force and
freedom. We emerged from the experience with a great
respect for that noble animal, the horse, as well as for the
human anatomy. Otter Brook landing was reached when the
sun was still half an hour high. We had driven thirty-seven
miles that day, thirteen of them through the woods. On the
way down stream the “ works’’ of moose were visible at every
turn. Once the horses plunged violently at scent or hearing of
some wild animal around one of the turns in the stream, but we
were unable to determine what it was. The remorseless racket
kicked up by the waggon pounding over the rocks was a source
of grief to us, as it could hardly fail to alarm the game,
perhaps for miles around. We decided that it would have
been a better plan to have used from the ‘‘ Meadows”? downa
birch canoe, shod with cedar strips, for there were several
stretches of dead water, affording excellent calling sites, where
the canoe would have floated nicely, needing only to be carried
over the intervening shoals.

Our camp at the mouth of Otter Brook was merely a strip
of ganvas, hung in shed fashion from a_ ridge-pole, well
protected from drafts by boughs at the back and sides, with an
ample trench in case of rain, and sheltered from the prevailing
winds by a grove of small pines. As we reclin-d that evening
on our couch of boughs with pipes aglow, after a generous
repast of woodland fare, and watched the sparks flickering
about like fire-flies in the outer gloom, life seemed to be worth
the living.

Next morning as breakfast was being prepared A——
caught a string of goodly seeming trout at the mouth of the
brook, but the season was late and they lacked their usual
flavor. Soon after sunrise Dick plunged abruptly over the
bank with his team and departed on his homeward voyage.
The roaring of the waggon over the rocky road was heard for a
longtime. His instructions were to return a week later to the
some point, as we intended to make this our permanent camp.
About a mile up Otter Brook were two small barrens and a
promising water-hole. [called here for moose that morning
and was certain that I heard an answer, but the true nature of
the sound was soon revealed. It was the measured stroke of
an axe over on one of the hardwood ridges to the north—an
accoustic effect that can easily be mistaken for the distant note
of a bull moose.

The weather being remarkably warm for the season of the
year, the work of plodding through the cloying moss along the
edge of these barrens was quite wearisome, After returning to

Rod and Gun in Canada 5

camp and stowing away another substantial meal, that never
failing solace of woodland existence, it was decided to cross the
river and cruise the big Bantalorum barren, which lay almost
parallel to the stream and about a mile distant. There was no
semblance of a trail to the barren and the heat was felt
severely as we struggled through the riotous jungles of under-
brush that clogged the intervening hollows and ravines. As
the barren was neared the soil became more swampy, offering
such precarious support to the dwarfed and stunted spruce
that struggled for existence there, that many of them had
desparingly collapsed, forming a chaos of unsightly snags
through which our progress was tedious and toilsome. When
the barren was reached it presented the appearance of a vast,
unbroken amphitheatre, a mile or more in length, flanked by
walls of sombre fir and tamarack. One’s view of it from the
level bog, however, was restricted by a peculiar hummock-like
formation of firmer heath that raised itself like an island in
the midst of the quaking waste. If these barrens, of which so
many vecur in the New Brunswick wilderness, are old lake
bottoms which have become transposed into so many huge
sponges by the obtrusion of centuries of vegetable growth, how
shall we account for these tumulous elevations in the centre
that occur so unfailingly.

From the main barren radiated in various directions
several bays or pockets. At the entrance to one of these we
sat down on a crumbling bunch of hard-hacks to secure, if
possible, a respite from the heat. The head of the pocket lay
to the west and the breeze was blowing softly from that point
towards the outer barren. It was twoo’clock p.m. With not
much hope that a bull moose was within calling distance I
raised the horn and gave the short call. Immediately I thought
I heard a monosyllabic response in the deep woods across the
pocket, but my companions heard nothing, the sound was not
repeated and I dismissed the thought as fanciful. All was still
except the wind that played as on a harp its wailing monotone
through the stunted spruces and over the steaming heath. I
tried a second call, louder and longer than before. The result,
to say the least of it, was startling.

The trees within the sombre barrier just across the pocket
seemed to be falling down. The crashing of limbs was heard
and the hollow reverberation of tree trunks smitten by a giant
force. I listened to the disturbance with a sinking heart. It
was a bull moose without doubt, and my fear was that the
animal had been alarmed by the loud call, delivered at so short
arange, and was seeking safety in flight. I ought to have
reflected that when the bull moose detects the spurious call he
steals away on velvet foot. The tumult of splintered limbs
and smitten trunks grew louder and nearer and then, as we
crouched in the heather, two prominent yellowish objects
emerged like spectres from the shadows. They were the
antlers of a bull moose. We could see as he swaggered jauntily
towards the light that he was deliberately hooking the trees
and upturned roots, now with the other, as if in challenge to a
possible rival. The horns then ceased their tossing motion and
the moose, which had located the call to the fraction of a yard,
seemed to gaze intently across the pocket in our direction.
The moment was a trying one and though nothing but the
horns were visible we were sorely tempted to shoot. The
wisdom of waiting was soon manifest. With a confident, belli-
gerent ‘‘ Wuh, Wuh!” the moose stepped out in the open and
swerved to the right, quartering down the wind. This move
was strictly in accordance with proverbial moose tactics and
was designed to intercept the scent. The course taken brought

him slightly closer to us as we knelt with cocked rifles in the
spongy bog. A placed his faith ina Savage rifle ;
the regulation Lee-Enfield of the English infantry, reinforced
with the dum-dum bullet. For about thirty yards the moose
traversed the bog, head downwards, as though in a trance.
The outlines of his bulk as he made for the open bog were at
first somewhat obscured by a few outlying spruce and wind-
falls. I whispered to A—— to wait till he was in plain sight.
Then the moose swung past the last intervening root and his
huge body appeared in unobstructed view.

As the rifles cracked the moose kept on his course as
though heedless of the sound—a sure sign that he was hard
hit. Had we missed him he would have certainly halted and
faced the enemy, or else have started for cover. We fired two
additional shots each, when the monster dropped heavily to
the turf. Five of the six shots fired had found their mark,
three in the shoulder and two behind it. The range was about
seventy yards. One of the Savage bullets reduced the liver to
a pulp, while the dum-dums smashed the massive shoulder
bones like glass. The horns of the moose measured forty-five
inches across and were high and shapely, the blades taping
twelve inches at the widest point. Six feet ten inches, as near
as we could determine, was the height of this moose at the
withers.

It was certainly a remarkable piece of good fortune that
enabled us the first day after leaving Fredericton to secure the
prize we sought. Here let me offer this suggestion to whom it
may concern: that when a moose, as frequently happens, is
killed on a barren in warm weather under circumstances that
render it difficult to dress the carcass at once, the meat can be
preserved for days as though packed in ice by simply covering
the entire carcass with moss.—By the late Frank H. Risteen.

mine was

Combined Camp Bed, Pack Blanket and Sleeping
Bag.

Take a strong canvas, preferably dark colored waterproof,
78 inches long, 33 inches wide when doubled and with or
without a six inch flap at one end—the edges, lengthwise, to be
sewed together strongly and’ neatly—each end to be hemmed
and through the hem place strong eyelet holes about six inches
apart and large enough to admit easily a small rope.

When used as a bed thrust two poles seyen feet long
through and spread them by four crotched sticks, one at each
corner. Place a log of wood under each end of the poles and
you haye a bed on which, with your blankets, you can sleep
very comfortably.

The canvas can be used en route to and from camp asa
pack blanket or tump by passing a rope or tump line through
the eyelet holes at each end.

Ii desired to use the canvas asa sleeping bag fasten to-
gether with a few safety pins the outer edges of your blankets
lengthwise and at the foot, place inside the-canvas and lace it
through the eyelet holes at foot.

An association for the protection of game has been organ-
ized at Golden, B.C., and the following officers elected:
President, J. G. Ullock ; vice-president, C. A. Warren ; secretary-
treasurer, W. Alexander. The following pledge was prepared :
“We, the undersigned, members of the Golden District Game
Protective Association, hereby bind ourselves to act collectively,
as well as individually, as assistants to the game warden of this
district, and will endeavor to enforce the laws.”

6 Rod and Gun in Canada

RIFLE SHOOTING IN CANADA.

To what extent the enthusiasm as to rifle shooting, which
was aroused by the initial reverses of the South African
campaign, will permanently improve rifle shooting in Canada is
a question the future must answer. In Great Britain it is said
that the formation of civilian rifle clabs with their leavening of
volunteers have increased exceedingly rapidly in numbers and
in membership. According to the London Field, a thoroughly
trustworthy authority, British rifle clubs have developed
steadily from small beginnings.

The National Rifle Association, notwithstanding its onerous
duties, eagerly welcomed this new trend in rifle shooting, and
encouraged it in every manner possible. Competitions have
been set aside for the exclusive benefit of members of clubs
affiliated with the parent association. These, as a rule, are
competed for with miniature rifles and under conditions
differing widely from those governing ordinary target shooting.
In one class of competition there is a miniature range, a minia-
ture rifle, and its miniature ammunition; in others there is
shooting with miniature rifles at distances often fired over with
a service rifle, thus serving a useful purpose, since they permit
the use of ranges which would be condemned as dangerous for
the service rifleand ammunition. The third class of shooting
which is indulged in by the affiliated clubs, includes the use of
service rifles and ammunition at theshorter ranges. The object
aimed at, and seemingly attained, by these classes is the
bringing target shooting attractively before a larger class than is
represented by mere membership in the volunteers.

This it would appear is precisely what is needed in Canada.
In the scheme outlined by the Militia Department, and
published a few weeks ago, there seems a disposition to force
every man who uses the range to become, at least nominally, a
member of the militia. This has undoubtedly had a deterrent
effect upon many who would otherwise have wished to join,
and is probably responsible for the lukewarm interest exhibited
so far by the great mass of Canadian men.

With the lessons of the Boer war before us we must be
blind indeed if we do not see the vital need in a country where
conscription does not exist, of every able-bodied man being
somewhat of amarksman. The drill of the barrack square, the
tinsel and blare we can, perhaps, do without. What Canada
needs most is 500,000 men of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic descent
who could at short notice use their rifles to good effect.

The time to train the hand and eye in shooting is in youth.
Instances are, it is true, on record showing that men of mature
years have now and again learned to use the rifle and shot-gun,
but in the vast majority of cases the only time to master any
field sport is during those years when the receptive faculties are
most on the alert. Every Canadian lad should have it in his
power to become a marksman, if his bent lie in that direction.

WOODLAND SCENES.

I was sitting with my back against a log in the deep woods
one October morning, watching for two squirrels that were
hiding in the top of a great walnut tree. One of the squirrels
[ had shot at and missed, whereupon it seampered up the tree
in question, followed by another one of its kind to the topmost
branches. A patient examination of all the limbs failed to
disclose to my eyes so much as an ear, so I sat down to wait
until the game moved.

A half hour passed, by which time every knot and bunch
of leaves had become familiar to me. There was a very large
limb that extended out from the tree in a horizontal direction

for ten feet, then bent upward gradually. On its under side
there was a hole such as a gray squirrel might fancy. Pre-
sently a saucy woodpecker, resplendent in red and white and
black, scuttled down the limb in search of food. Instantly my
full attention was directed to it in the hope that its actions
might betray to me the location of the two hidden squirrels.

Down came the woodpecker after the halting, jerky manner
of its kind, but suddenly it stopped short, then flew up and
alighted further down the limb. At the same time there was a
flash of gray near the hole in the limb, and some small creature
disappeared within. I had never before noticed any ruffling
up of the feathers on a woodpecker’s neck as an indication of
anger, or what not, but this one was either startled or angry,
for its neck feathers resembled those of the mischievous little
camp robbers of the west. But no matter what its feelings
were, the woodpecker sidled up to the hole and peeked in,
with its head cocked first to one side, then to that.

It is customary with all good woodpeckers, like policemen,
to rattle for assistance when they believe they have cotralled
a bigger bargain than they can make away with unaided ; but
this one did nothing of the sort, as it seemed dubious as to
whether its game was really cornered. Finally it decided to
take a look inside, so it ducked its head and crept in very
gingerly and very slowly. A moment of silence followed, then
all at once a bunch of feathers was literally fired out of the hole,
much after the fashion of a young man’s hurried exit from a
wouldn’t-be-father-in-law’s door. It was the woodpecker. It
found its wings after a headlong tumble of several feet, perched
ona nearby branch and glared across at the hole in the limb,
seemingly undecided what to do, though full of fight.

I was puzzled to know what was in that hollow limb, but
the woodpecker soon settled all doubts by flying across to the
hole with neck feathers ruffled up and blood in itseye. No
sooner had it alighted than a flying squirrel darted out of the
hole and pounced on it, both finally alighting on a lower limb.
Then followed a game of hide and seek, with the woodpecker
forcing the fight. Up and down, round and round the limbs
and back and forth from one to the other they went. Some-
times the flying squirrel—evidently dazed by the sunlight—
would turn and pursue its enemy blindly, and then the bird
would hesitate, whereupon the squirrel finally made a dash
and gained the dark interior of its former place of refuge.

How this interesting encounter may haye terminated
it is impossible to say, for at that moment I saw one of my
squirrels peeping over the fork of another branch, and the shot
I fired at it broke up the game which I had been fortunate
to witness. —Exchange.

That the black bass has a penchant for precious stones and
interior decoration seems evident from the frequent fish tales
circulated to this effect. The latest comes from Frankfort, Ind.,
and is as follows: ‘‘A month ago William Freas, Jr., of this
city, while fishing in Cedar Lake, lost a valuable diamond cuff
button by it slipping out of his cuff and falling in deep water.
Of course, he never expected to see the diamond again, and
had dismissed it from his mind until this afternoon, when he
received a registered package containing the button and
diamond intact, and a letter from W. R. Sherry, of Chicago.
The letter stated that Mr. Sherry had been fishing a few days
ago in Cedar Lake, and among his catch was a four-pound bass.
When the bass was dressed the button was found in its stomach.
He learned from the hotel proprietor of Mr, Freas’ loss and
correctly supposed the button and diamond were his.”

Rod and Gun

KENNEL DEPARTMENT

Conducted by D. Taylor

Recognizing the marked interest taken in canine matters
at the present time by all classes, the New York Herald now
gives its readers regular cable correspondence of the latest
English kennel intelligence, which is extremely interesting to
the general reader and a decided boon to those who desire to
keep posted in what is going on among the fancy in Europe.
From a late letter in this journal we learn that there is a
decided split between the English Kennel Club and the ladies’
branch, resulting in the resignation of the president, the
Duchess of Newcastle, and Lady Kathleen Pilkington and Mrs.
Oughton Giles, two of the most prominent members. Whether
the entire branch may individually and collectively pick up its
skirts and retire gracefully is what nobody can foretell. The
disagreement appears to be of a trifling character and arises
from the ladies wishing fo retain a small percentage of their
annual subscription as a fund for prizes confined to the ladies’

branch.
*

The Kinkora Kennels, Montreal, have recently imported
the Irish terrier Dunmore Bill, who took second novice at
Dublin in April last, being only beaten by the sensational dog
Colin, who has now at thirteen months old earned the title of
Champion. Dunmore Bill, whose name has been changed to
Kinkora Brock, was whelped June 9th, 1900, and is a son of
Balmoral Bill and Barnsley Floss, a daughter of Champion
Breda Muddler. Kinkora Brock is described by the English
Stockkeeper and Our Dogs as possessing the best Irish terrier
character in his class, and will prove a yaluable out-cross for
the Kinkora kennels. Barnsley Nellie, now the property of Mrs.
James L. Kernochan, New York, is a litter sister of Kinkora
Brock, and at seven months won at Belfast first in puppy and
second in novice class, a remarkable performance for so young
a bitch.

*

Thirteen has proved an unlucky number for Mr. Joseph
Reid. His collie bitch Daisy Blossom gave birth about the
beginning of August to that number of puppies and all of them
died shortly afterwards. They were by Mr. Gault’s Royal
Scot.

*

On Monday, 12th August, Mr. Alex. Smith’s (Auchairnie)
co'lie, Maple Blossom, gave birth to ten puppies by his own
imported Hielan’ Rory. Needless to say Alex. has weeded
them out and retains what he thinks will be likely winners.

*

The Champlain Kennel Club will hold its first annual show
at Burlington, Vt., on the 11th, 12th and 15th September,
under A. K. C. rules. The premium list provides for eighty-
five classes, exclusive of winners’ classes, and the prize money
is uniformly $5 first, $3 second and a diploma for third in all
novice, limit and open classes, and $3, $2 and a diploma for
puppy classes, which, however, are provided only for English
and Irish Setters, Collies, Bulldogs, Smooth Fox Terriers and
King Charles and Blenheim Spaniels. Mastiffs, Russian Wolf-
hounds, Greyhounds, Deerhounds, Foxhounds, Dachshunds,
Gordon Setters, Field Spaniels, Dalmatians, Poodles, French

in Canada a
Bulldogs, Scottish Terriers, Black and Tan Terriers, Pugs,
Pomeranians and Prince Charles Spaniels have but one class,
an open class for dogs and bitches. All other
novice, limit and open classes and one winners’ class for either
sex. The breeds in which the open classes are divided by sex
are English Setters, Cocker Spaniels, Collies, Bull Terriers and

breeds have

There are also quite a number of specials,
including cups, medals and gold dollars. Mr. C. H. Mower,
P. O. Box 92, Burlington, Vt., is the secretary. Mr. Mortimer
will judge.

Boston Terriers.

%
Messrs. I. & A. Stuart have just imported a young St. Ber-
nard bitch from Manchester, Eng. While nota ‘‘ shower”

Snowflake (the name of the puppy) is absolutely perfect in
expression, colorand markings, qualities which, while counting
very heavily in the ring, are far more yaluable in a brood bitch,
which is what they hope to make out of ‘‘Snowflake.’’? In her
blood there are two crosses in the first generation on the sire’s
side of the famous Lord Bute, sire of Sir Hereward and cham-
pion Young Bute. On herdam/’sside there is the acknowledged
giant of the St. Bernard breed, champion Sir Bedivere. This
is a combination which is now yery rare, and if there is anything
in breeding atall ‘‘ Snowflake ’’ ought to be able to find a place
in the pedigrees of some of Montreal’s winning St. Bernards in
days to come.
*

We understand that Mr. W. Ormiston Roy has purchase.
the handsome young dog, Mountain Victor, bred by Mr. D.
Alexander, who will in future be shown from Coila Kennels.
We also hear that he has sold a young puppy by Knight
Errant II. ex Wishaw May to Mr. Mortimer, Hempsted, L.I.,
for a good figure.

*

King Edward VII., who won at Toronto and Montreal, is
booked for the Pan-American at Buffalo. He will meet there a
number of the best known dogs in Colliedom.

*

Dr. C. Y. Ford, Otterburn, Kingston, Ont., who has been
on an extended visit to the old country recently returned and
brought with him what is described in the daily press as one of
the ugliest bull pups ever seen in the Limestone City. The new
importation is said to be a grandson of the subject of the famous
painting ‘* What we have we’ll hold.’? Dr. Ford also brought
with him a handsome blue spaniel for Mr. A. Macdonell, of the

Ontario Bank.
™

Mr. James Watson, of Field and Fancy, has imported the
well known rough Collie dog, Parkhill quire, by Finsbury
Pilot, out of Cathkin Duchess. Parkhill Squire was formerly
owned by Mr. Hugh Miller, of Rutherglen, Scotland, and is
the winner of a very large number of first and special prizes,
and the sire of many winners in the land of his birth.

*

The well known American sportsman, Foxhall Keene,
who has lately taken an interest in Airedale terriers and
imported some of the best breeding in England to establish a
kennel, has suffered a heavy Joss at the outset through the
death of Rock Princess, a bitch which he had purchased for
$1,000. She died on the White Star steamer Celtic whieh
arrived at New York on August 4. Rock Princess was credited
with being the best bitch in England, having won first and
championship at the Crystal Palace show last October, and at
the recent Otley show in May she won first limit, open and

8 Rod and Gun in Canada

ehampionship, defeating Broadlands Bashful and a lot of other
eracks. Mr. Keene is too good a sportsman, however. to allow
such a contretemps to discourage him and is already on the
outlook for something to take her place.

*

At a meeting of the Council of the Canadian Kennel Club,
Mr. Jos. A. Laurin, Montreal, was elected vice-president and
representative of the Province of Quebec for the fifth time in
succession. Among the nominations for the executive com-
mittee, to be elected at the annual meeting on 4th September,
are: Mr. James Lindsay, Dr. Wesley Mills and Mr. Arthur

F. Gault, Montreal.
*

The entries for Toronto are a guarantee of an excellent
show both as to numbers and quality. One gratifying feature
is the presence of a large number of exhibitors hitherto
unknown in the fancy and we trust their suecess will be such
as to give them encouragement for the future. As usual, there
will be a fair sprinkling of Montreal dogs. The Canadian
Kennel Club offers medals for the best dog in the following
breeds : St. Bernards, Mastiffs, Bloodhound, Newfoundland or
Great Dane, Foxhound or Beagle, best Pointer, Setter, Collie,
Sporting Spaniel, Bulldog, Bull Terrier, Fox Terrier, Terrier
(other than Fox or Bull’, Dachshund and best in classes 194 to

201 inclusive.
*

Fitz Roya, the dog with the gold tooth, died in Boston
lately. He was prostrated by the heat and the attending
veterinaries could not save his life. Fitz Roya was the pro-
perty of Shirley Marston and was considered the most valuable
French Bulldog in the country. He was bought by Mr.
Marston at the Paris Dog Show, where he won first prize, a
diploma anda gold medal. He was exhibited at the leading
American dog shows with success, having won two firsts at New
York and yalnable prizes at the Boston, Baltimore and Phila-
delphia exhibitions. Mr. Marston is 9 most enthusiastic
admirer of French Bulldogs. Three years ago he imported
Champion Rico, and at present has several yaluable pups by
Fitz Roya.

*

At a meeting of the Council of the Ladies’ Kennel Associa-
tion of America, it was decided to hold a four day bench show
during the week beginning December 15 at Madison Square

Garden, New York, with Mr. James Mortimer to superintend.

The prizes in all puppy, novice, limit and open classes will be
$15, $10 and $5. Winners class, the Association’s silver medal
and there will also be team prizes of $20 for the best four in
each breed. The entry fees will be $5 and $3 for the members
of the L. K. A. of A. Fifty per cent. of possible profits will be
donated to charitable purposes and the remainder kept as the
Association Dog Show Fund. The elassification will be as
liberal as possible, and the show should call forth the hearty

support of the fancy.
+

The Western Canada Kennel Club’s Field Trials, which
take place on September 2nd at La Salle, give promise of being
the best the club has held, both in number and quality of
entries, and in the sport, the birds being unusually plentiful.
The club has added a third event this year, a sweepstakes,
open to any dog who has competed in an all-age stake, and
Mr, Joseph
Lemon is to be thanked for this addition, as he presented a
handsome trophy for an additional stake, the idea being to give

must be owned and handled by an amateur.

a chance to dogs which have won anall-age, and are, therefore,
barred from entering, to compete instead of being left at home.
This is an idea which clubs‘or individuals who love field sports
and field dogs would do well to copy. It would doubtless
prove a drawing card at field trials, and largely increase the
attendance and number of entries. The club will also present
a valuable prize to the owner of the winning dog to accompany
the Lemon trophy, as it does with the F. G. Simpson collar
and chain, which is also an annual trophy. Mr. C. C. Chap-
man has added a trophy to the Derby event this year.
*

A eable despatch from London, Eng, under date of Aug.
9th, to the daily press, gives the following item of interest to
dog fanciers : ‘‘ G. M. Carnochan, of New York, whose contest
with the British breeders of fox terriers was decided yesterday
against him at Micham, Surrey, has added to his extensive
kennel by purchasing six more fox terriers, including Hot
Stuff, winner of all the prizes of the Crufts show. Their aggre-
gate cost was £350. He has also purchased the prize hackney
cob, Miss Innocence, with which he hopes to win the blue
ribbon at Madison Square Garden, New York, next winter.”
Mr. Carnochan is of the order of ‘‘Never say die,’’ however,
and in making these purchases of terriers it is his intention, it
is believed, to establish a kennel in Buckinghamshire, Eng.,
where climatic conditions are more favorable for rearing than
the United States with its extremes of heat and cold. He
will thus be able to compete on more equal terms with English

breeders.
*

The series of matches recorded in the above cable were
made a year since. At that time Mr. Carnochan was in Eng_
land and through the papers there issued a challenge to
breeders of Fox Terriers, to the effect that he would show this
falla terrier of his own breeding, born in 1900, against one
bred during the same year by anyone accepting the challenge.
The conditions were $250 a side, $50 forfeit. The challenge
was accepted by the Duchess of Newcastle, Mr. George Raper,
Mr. Frank Redmond, Mr. Mason and Mr. J. Phillipson.

*

Of Mr. Carnochan’s representatives, Cairnsmuir Get There
was shown successfully in the puppy class at Pittsburg last
March, and isa son of the celebrated champion Go Bang.
Cairnsmuir Just In Time has not been exhibited on this side.
As regards the opposing forces, the Duchess of Neweastle’s
Commodore of Notts was a winner at the Crystal Palace a
month or so back, while Mr. Raper’s Raby Holdfast has com-
peted successfully at several shows, including the exhibit‘on
at Barn Elms last month.

*
“The Show Dog."’

We have been favored with a copy of a valuable book bear-
ing the above title, the author of which is Mr. H. W. Hunting-
ton, of Providence, R. 1, author also of “ My Dog and I,”’ and
a gentleman well known as an expert in caninology. In ‘‘The
Show Dog’? Mr. Huntington has certainly produced a work
which is highly creditable alike to himself and the printers, for,
typographically, it is all that can be desired. The book is
handsomely bound in cloth, contains 244 pages and is em-
bellished with 120 half-tone illustrations from life of famous
dogs of every breed both in the old and new world, and
will be sent to any address in Canada or the United States on
receipt of the price, which is very moderate, taking the ex-
cellence of the work into consideration. To the breeder and

Rod and Gun

fancier the work will prove a welcome addition to the literature
of dogdom while to any dog lover it will simply prove invalu-
able as a book of reference. Of course the illustrations, which
are generally taken from the best types, are a great help to the
amateur and will give him at once a correct idea of the general
conformation and character of any breed with which he may be
desirous of becoming acquainted. The letterpress makes the
reader familiar with the origin, habits and peculiarities of each
breed, and describes in concise language the standard of perfec-
tion as adopted by the specialty clubs, so that even the veriest
novice ought to haye a faint idea as to whether his dog is bred
tothe mark or not. The author follows up the descriptive
portions of the book by a series of “Comments’’ which are
both entertaining and instructive and will enable the dog owner
to avoid many of the pitfalls which beset his path in rearing
his pet from the puppy stage to maturity. Two or three Cana-
dian kennels are represented in the book, one of the subjects
being Mr. Laurin’s Airedale terrier Dumbarton Lass. We
strongly recommend the book to our readers, feeling assured
that they will derive pleasure and profit from its perusal.
*
Speed of Dogs.

Comparatively few people realize of what remarkable
speed dogs are capable. Some remarkable statistics in regard
to this have been gathered by M. Dusolier, a French scientist.

He points out the marvellous endurance shown by little
Fox Terriers who follow their masters patiently for hours while
the latter are riding on bicycles or in carriages.

According to M. Dusolier, the speed of the shepherd dogs
and those used for hunting ranges from ten to fifteen yards a
second. English Setters and Pointers hunt at the rate of
eighteen to nineteen miles an hour, and they can maintain
this speed for at least two hours.

Foxhounds are extraordinarily swift, as is proved by the
fact that a dog of this breed once beat a thoroughbred horse,
covering four miles in six minutes and a half, which was at the
rate of nearly eighteen yards a second.

Greyhounds are the swiftest of all four-footed creatures,
and their speed may be regarded as equal to that of carrier
pigeons. English Greyhounds, which are carefully selected,
and which are used for coursing, are able to cover at full gallop
a space between eighteen and twenty-three yards every second.

How great an achievement this is may be judged from the
fact that a thoroughbred horse rarely, if ever, exceeds nineteen
yards. Moreover, it is said that a hare at its greatest speed
never goes faster than at the rate of eighteen yards.—London

Mail.
*

The Trimming of Dogs.

The trimming of dogs for the passing purposes of the
public show has always been a vexed problem for exhibitors,
says the London Field in a recent issue; they halt between
opinions—some defending the custom, while others, unfortun-
ately the minority, deprecate it. The advocates of the custom
argue that they have as much right to trim the hair or coats of
their dogs as their neighbors have to subject their horses to
similar treatment, with no better object than to display their
leading features to the best advantage. It is perhaps a good
thing that the horse and the dog are not in this matter on an
equality. The supporters of dog trimming, indeed, might find
a better analogy in the curious device of coloring sheep for
glorification at shows, but they should note that there is a
moyement on foot to abolish the practice, which has for so

2)

long been followed by tockmasters in connection with certain
varieties of sheep. The fact remains that the trimming of
many breeds of dogs, such as terriers, has latterly been
advanced to an extent that approaches an art. A recent writer,
a large exhibitor and breeder of Scottish terriers, says that the
sides of the dog’s head are “ trimmed ’’ down pretty well to the
bare skin until the animal has been thoroughly transmogrified,
and if the majority of our leading terriers were shown
absolutely au naturel they would find it a difficult thing to
“struggle into the money.’’ This refers to but a single variety
of the dog, one less trimmed than some others. Though the
custom is to some extent encouraged by the Kennel Club, it is
impossible to say what latitude is allowed. The exhibitor,
therefore, does not know how far he may go. It is to be
deplored that the judges themselves are so mixed up with the
custom of trimming and with the Kennel Club that they are
incapable of taking action with regard to the former. As the
matter stands at present, the sin is not so much in its commis-
sion as in its discovery, and, so long as the operator is clever
enough to hide his handiwork, the breed or yariety upon
which he manipulates is the sufferer, and not, as justice would
ordain, himself.

in Canada

*
To Correspondents.

Lost Dog (Lachine).—There is no such thing as a “ lost
dog’’ in law, and the rightful owner can claim his property no
matter whose possession it may be in. It is immaterial
whether it has been found or purchased by the person who is
in possession of it. The police are the proper custodians of a
strayed dog.

Curious (St. Hyacinthe).—A paragraph appeared in this
department two months ago which partly answers your ques-
tion. Some large prices have been paid for coursing grey-
hounds, as for instance Falconer, for which $7,500 was paid.
In the matter of show dogs the record prices have been: Ch.
Sir Bedivere, a St. Bernard, who was bought by Mr. E. S. Sears,
Wyoming Kennels, Melrose, U. S., for 86,500. The collie Ch.
Ormskirk Emerald was bought by Mr. A. H. Megson, from
Mr. T. H. Stretch in January, 1897, for $6,000 cash and the
collie Ch. Edgbaston Marvel. The latter dog cost Mr. Megson
$2,500, so that altogether the price paid for Emerald was $8,500.
Other two collies, Ch. Southport Perfection and Ch. Christopher
were sold for $5,025 and $5,000 respectively, while the bulldog
Rodney Stone brought $5,000.

T. P. (Montreal)—According to your own showing your
puppy does not get the exercise it should have. A dog was not
made to be cooped up in a small back yard all day. Devote an
hour or two morning and night to a constitutional—the exercise
will do both of you good. Besides you will have a chance to
train your dog in the matter of obedience. Take him ona
lead for a time and promptly check him if he should roam
from the heel. After he is fairly obedient under the lead let
him accompany you without being led and let him know by
firmness that he cannot leaye your side without permission.

W. Simpson (Ottawa}—The general rule is to give a second
service free if the first missed, but we believe there is no obliga-
tion whatever to do so. A stud fee is for the service irrespective
of whether the bitch comes in whelp or not. How far custom
would govern in an action at law we cannot say, but our advice
is not to seek redress through that medium. The better way is to
have the conditions of service stipulated in writing or verbally
in the presence of disinterested witnesses.

10

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We are often asked for the best book on taxidermy. This
is rather a difficult question to answer as there are several of
undoubted merit, but taking everything into consideration we
think that the one written by Mr. W. T. Hornaday, Director of
the New York Zoological Park, and published by Scribners’
Sons, New York, is the most useful. It is called ‘“‘ Taxidermy
and Zoological Collecting,’’ and as might be expected from the
reputation of the eminent writer, is essentially practical. One
of the most interesting chapters in it is that in which he
describes the process of making casts of fish. The process is
really very simple and any man of ordinary intelligence, by
taking some pains, may soon become quite familiar with the
process. Of conrse, the painting of these casts requires a con-
siderable amount of artistic talent, the more the better, but by
copying nature and having a freshly caught fish of the species
before one while using the brush, the thing may be mastered.
The difference between one of these casts, artistically painted,
and the old fashioned ‘‘stuffed ”’ fish would impress any but a
blind man. Mr. John Fannin, the veteran naturalist of British
Columbia, has made a most superb collection of the provincial
fishes by following Mr. Hornaday’s directions.

*

A few years ago the State of Maine began to look upon
The effect was
Game began to increase and deer, caribou and

game protection as worthy of serious attention.
s00n apparent.
moose were soon more abundant than they had been for a
couple of generations. Then the enterprising American people
grasped the situation, and hunters poured in by hundreds, so
that in the end the caribou and the moose began to diminish
once more under the tremendous toll taken of them by the
rifle, though the deer seemed to hold their own.

New Brunswick was the first of the Canadian provinces to
imitate Maine’s excellent example. Now, a writer in one of the
leading provincial newspapers gives it as his opinion, that every
bull moose in the forests of the Miramichi is worth at least
$500 to his province—that is to say, every such animal will cost
the least that Of course, New
Brunswick is notall Canada by any means, and there are many

hunter at amount to bag it.
regions to the north and west of this province where a man
may reasonably hope to get his moose at an expenditure of
perhaps one fifth of this amount, but it is evident we ought at
the least to value our moose at the price of average pure
cattle. Indeed, they are valuable than cattle,

bred more

Rod and Gun in Canada

because, while they bring as much money they cost nothing to
rear, Looking at it in this light it is certainly somewhat
astonishing that the pot-hunting of moose should be permitted.
We cannot protect them too carefully, but we must see to it
that we do not live in a fool’s paradise, thinking it sufficient to
pass laws to secure the preservation of this noble game. No
law will have that effect unless it is enforced, and it just in the
enforcement that our system is weak.

Moreover, our legislatures are very partial to the occasional
proclamation of a close period lasting for two or three years—
something that few practical sportsmen consider a benefit. To
say that moose shall not be killed during two years is simply
to put a obstacle in the road as far as legitimate hunting is
concerned. It has no effect on the Indian, and very little upon
the lumberman and back settler—that is to say it has no
influence upon that part of our population which really thins
the moose ranks. By encouraging sportsmen to visit the
provinces of the Dominion, we provide employment at good
wages for the very men who hold the fate of our moose in their
hands, and it were surely wisdom to make these men see that
a bull moose alive in the woods is as valuable to them as would
be a prize bred heifer, while the same animal killed in defiance
of the law is hardly worth the snowshoes and toboggan
needed to carry its meat to the clearing,

Once upon a time, a lessee of a certain salmon river was
much troubled by poaching on its lower waters. Ere leasing
the river he had been warned that probably not one fish in ten
would escape the spear and the nets to give him sport in the
upper pools; but he leased the river, notwithstanding, and
speedily evolved a plan whereby he neutralized the poaching
and yastly increased his own catch. Ascertaining, by the aid
of one or two trusted agents, the names of the poachers, they
were given employment from June until October, as canoemen,
cooks and guardians, and kept far away from the lower pools
where they had heretofore done so much damage. At the end
of the second season these men were so much better off than
they had ever been, that they allowed their nets to rot, and
serious poaching was a thing of the past.

A like happy result may be secured whenever sportsmen
of the right kind visit. The New Brunswick guides have
already found that there is far more money in protecting the
game than killing it out of season, and, consequently, Chief
Game Commissioner Knight is finding his task easier each
year. In every back settlement in Canada there are a few men,
good woodsmen and hardy fellows, who are responsible for the
poaching, should there be any. Just give these fellows steady
employment at good wages, taking sportsmenaround huntingand
fishing, and you will diminish the illegal killing at once, in
some cases do away with it altogether. Nine out of ten farmers
could not kill a moose in one hundred years, it is only the few
skilful men witha drop of sporting blood in their veins who
are to be feared—and they are doubly dangerous during those
long, dreary periods when a senseless law keeps the open-
hand sportsmen out of the bush.

If you have not had experience in the woods the cheapest
way to get itis to buy it in the shape of a good guide. It does
not pay to get an inferior guide because he is $1.00 per day less
than a better man. ‘he best, and necessarily the most expen.
sive at the outset, is the cheapest in the end, for your moose
hunting trip becomes a success and pleasure instead of a
disappointment, and an Indian knows by instinet what a white
man frequently has to learn at the hunter’s cost.

Rod and Gun
CONTENTS.

Massanoga, or Picture Lake ............... AOD OGanne
Moose and Caribou in New Brunswick, by the late

lA Dlfe IAT. sédrna gaguas agonotie nace COO HHOCOE 3-5
PTA ey SOO OUND PP INN ORTHO Berererat cst ace <'c(arc cieleie lo aielelaiew close 6
Nee Nims sond Gaadoaappapeon OhOwRAb me euoceionnpadoT 7-9
ALAR Usa espe etere dese cer state saree ot coatescrcraacls ia oiahe a lanier neo cysise Gre \sheiels 10
Book Review, Etc............ SOUOR Haars COO aA Or mab 11
“Blessed is the Man who has Found his Work.’’....... 12
Amateur Photography.......... SOR Spo SERIES SAGE eee Look
Poetiy——A Caribou Battles 11% secre: olen) ssw sles clefereve nie eo AS
LOR UON ES WNL Ce aumloo 24 CANOE Aerator alelel<is aieis!ole ejeiolefe) aieicin alefolo 16
JReIRT=(hAY Goede soocbo adando saobacicacooons 00 17-20
Correspondence—The Game Laws.... ........-... 000 20

BOOK REVIEW.

Mr. L. H. Smith, of Strathroy, Ont., has more than a local
reputation as a keen fisherman, a good shot and all-round
sportsman. His numerous friends will, therefore, be glad to
learn that he has issued a neat little volume which he has
called ‘“‘ A Sportsman’s Taxidermy and a Sportsman’s Photo-
graphy.’’ Mr. Smith holds, and holds rightly in our opinion,
that the true sportsman should be something more than a
mere game and fish slaughterer. An intelligent understanding
of the two twin sisters, taxidermy and photography, is abso-
lutely necessary to the man who, nowadays, aspires to the
admiration of his fellow sportsmen. The author of this little
work, together with such well-known sportsmen as the late
Dr. Rowe, proprietor of the American Field, and others, was
one of those to whom we are indebted for the modern Bench
Show and Field Trials, and for more than thirty years he has
taken a most absorbing interest in such matters. To him was
consigned Dart, the first Llewellyn setter that came to America,
but well known as was Dart, the great Gladstone was even
better known to the kennel world. This great dog, probably
the greatest field dog ever seen on this continent, was bred by
Mr. Smith.

Those of our readers who read the capital series of articles
on ‘Fishing North of Lake Superior’? in Rop anp Guy, of
which Mr. Smith was the author, will realize the charm of his
literary style. In addition to being a lover of the dog Mr.
Smith is a keen fisherman and a trustworthy ornithologist.

But, returning to this latest work of his pen. In the first
place this little book is very well and amply illustrated by a
number of half tones made from Mr. Smith’s own photographs.
This adds greatly to its value. The first part of the book deals
exclusively with taxidermy and the art of setting up of game
after having secured it. The second is devoted to taking your
game without securing it, that is to say, shooting it with a field
glass or camera. We have had some twenty years’ experience
with the sister arts of which Mr. Smith writes so entertainingly,
and we can assure our readers that they will find him a very
safe guide. The book is issued from the press of the Sports-
men’s Reyiew Publishing Co., of Cincinnati, O., and its price

is $1.00.
+

We have been favored by Mr. Hornaday with a copy of
his recently published ‘‘ Notes on the Mountain Sheep of North
America, with a Description of a New Species.’? The new
species is, of course, Ovis fannini. The specimen was, we
believe, purchased by Mr. Henry Brown, at Dawson, North-
West Territories, in February, 1900. He presented it to the

in Canada II

Provincial museum at Victoria under the impression it was a
specimen of the Ovis stonei, but Mr: Hornaday happening to
see it was startled to find a species absolutely new to science,
and so strikingly differentiated as to render its title to indepen-
dent specific rank beyond question. We now know of three
distinct sheep in British Columbia and the Yukon Territory.
Firstly, we have Stone’s sheep, which is a yery dark colored
animal, and there is the beautiful white sheep called after Dall,
and, lastly, Fannin’s sheep, having a curious saddle of gray in
strong contrast to the remainder of its coat, which is white.
The color of its saddle is produced by a mixture of pure white
and blackish brown hairs. The gray color coyers the shoulder
from the insertion of the neck down to the knee, where it fades
out. Mr. Hornaday’s pamphlet should be on the shelves of
every man who takes an interest in the big game of our magni-
ficent Dominion.

HAIL TO THE HEARTY HUNTSMAN.

O, we’re getting under cover, for the ‘‘sport’’ is on the way,

—Pockets bulge with ammunition, and he’s coming down toslay;

All his cartridges are loaded and his trigger’s on the “‘half,”’

And he’ll bore the thing that rustles, from a deer to Jersey calf.

He will shoot the foaming rapids, and he’ll shoot the yearling
bull

And the farmer in the bushes—why, he’II fairly get plumped full.

For the gunner is in earnest, he is coming down to kill

—Shoot you first and then enquire if he hurt you—yes, he will—!

For the average city feller he has big game on the brain

And imagines in October there is nothing else in Maine;

Therefore some absorbed old farmer cutting corn or pulling beans

Gets most mightily astonished with a bullet in his jeans,

So, O neighbor, scoot for cover, or get out your armour plate,

—Johnnie’s got his little rifle and is swooping on the state.

O, we’re learning, yes, we’re learning and I’ll warn you now,
my son,

If you really mean to bore us you must bring a bigger gun,

For the farmers have decided they will take no further chance

And progressive country merchants carry armour-plated pants;

—Carry shirts of chain plate metal, lines of coats all bullet

proot
And the helmets they are selling beat a Knight of Malta’s
sro Olea

So I reckon that the farmers can proceed to get their crops,

Yes, and chuckle while the bullet raps their trouser seats and
stops ;

And the hissing double-B shot as they criss-cross over Maine

Will excite no more attention than the patter of the rain,

And the ealf will fly a signal and the Jersey Bull a sign

And the horse a painted banner, reading ‘‘ Hoss - Don’t Shoot :
He’s Mine !’’

And eyery fowl that wanders from the safety of the pen

Will be taught to cackle shrilly, “ Please don’t plug me; I’m
a hen.”’

Now with all these due precautions we are ready for the gang,

We'll endure the harmless tumult of the rifle’s crack and bang,

For we’re glad to haye you with us—shoot the landscape full
of holes—

We will back
souls.

O, you feller in the city, these ’ere woods is full of fun,

We’ve got on our iron trousers—so come up and bring your
gun!

—Holman F. Day, in Lewiston, Me., Jounal.

our brand-new armour for to saye our precious

12

‘““BLESSED IS THE MAN WHO HAS FOUND
HIS WORK.”

Some time ago, in the Philistine, that little monthly
magazine published in East Aurora, New York, by the Roy-
crofters, there appeared the following advertisement :

. PIRIE MacDONALD
gives you
GREETING.

He has a workshop on the sixteenth floor of the
Washington Life Building, New York, where he
makes photographs and various other kinds of
portraits of MEN. Not but that he loves women,
as all good men should, but because he knows that
he can make men’s pictures best. ‘‘ Blessed is
that man who has found his work.”

The same issue of the magazine tells of the reason why
Pirie has suddenly shown a preference for the sterner sex, and
we reprint the account of the decisive battle as it appeared in
the Philistine, and would remind our readers that MacDonald is
the man who a few years ago astonished the whole National
Convention of Photographers by the unheard of excellence of
his portraits of both women and children, and at the same
time captured every medal in sight.

“Mr. Pirie MacDonald, formerly of Albany, New York, but
now of New York City, isa photographer. He calls himself a
Photographie Artist—and he is. He’ has more medals, and gets
higher prices than any photographer in America. His prices
are as high as achurch steeple. Pirie is the only man I ever
knew, or heard of, who made a fortune taking photographs.
He has his limit in every savings bank in Albany, ownsa block
of flats, and sports an automobile in the park with a bull-dog
sitting beside him.

Pirie of the Medals does not take everybody’s picture—he
picks his customers. As you enter his place he sizes you up
through a peep-hole from behind the arras, and if your counten-
ance lacks the trace of the classic, Pirie signals his assistant,and
you are informed that Mr. MacDonald is in Europe and will
not return for a year and a half.

Mr. MacDonald’s specialty until recently has been society
belles—tall, lissome beauties, proud and hanghty, with a
wondrous length of limb; these are the kind he liked best.
And so famous is MacDonald that sitters have come to him
from Rochester, Potsdam, Chambersburg, Rahway and all the
country around and gladly paid the price of one hundred simo-
leons for one portrait, done with that wonderful Rembrand-
tesque effect, and signed by the artist. Often Pirie would
send the fair one home to change her dress, but if her hair
needed rearranging he always attended to that himself.
Pirie’s skill lay in posing his subject so as to get the best
result. He usually would sit down with his sitter and talk to
her about this or that, and tell her stories, pathetic or comic,
and all the time he would be watching her countenance and
debating in his mind whether he would pose her as a Madonna,
Sappho, Judith, Marguerite or Queen Louise. The Judith-
Holifernes pose was his best, but it was often difficult to bring
about the feeling that gave attitude. Women want to look
pretty, and that wasn’t what Pirie cared for; he desired
chicity-chic, go, biff and eclat. To this end he often had to
resort toa scheme to bring the sitter out of her affected self-
consciousness. ‘Look into my eyes,’’ he would sometimes
command ; and when all else failed, Pirie would assume wrath,

Rod and Gun in Canada

and declare ‘‘ Here, you—why in tarnation can’t you doas [
want you to!’’ and he would clap one hand on the beauty’s
head and the other under her chin and give her a few sharp
turns to win’ard, and end by administering a sharp slap
athwart her glutei maximus, to straighten her spine. By this
time the woman would be simply furious, and speechless with
rage. There she would sit bolt upright, ready to explode, but
she was not given time to go off, for Pirie would step back
three steps and shout exultantly, ‘‘Splendid! Hold that—
hold that !’’ and then he would rush forward, kiss her on the
cheek and back again he would spring crying, ‘‘ Hold that!
Hold-that !’’ and the bulb was pressed. And when all was
over the artist was so penitent, so humble and beseeching in
his manner, so profuse in his explanations that it was all
in the interests of art, that all was forgiven, for base indeed is
that woman who is not willing to sacrifice her feelings on the
altar of Divine Art. And thus did Pirie get that most wonderful
“Salome,’? which was the wonder of the Paris Exposition, and
was declared by the judges to be the strongest and most
effective study in photography ever exhibited. In every line
it showed such a fine femine rage—such pride and smothered
passion—that people looked at it in amazement. No one knew
that Pirie had tumbled the woman’s hair in one fell grab, and
had thus aroused her wrath, and then offered her insult by
kissing her and so brought that fine look of burning shame
and mingled rage to her proud face.

It’s a great picture and will pay you to stop off at Albany
the next time you are down that way and go to the State
House and see it.

But the Ideal continually recedes, and Pirie having the
true instinct of an artist was fired with an ambition to do still
better. The opportunity came, and Pirie, looking through the
peep-hole, beheld a woman, say of twenty-eight, five feet
eleven, weight one hundred and sixty. Her beautiful and
abundant hair was bleached, and she had the proud and self-
reliant look of one who had conquests that lay behind, and
others, greater still, within her grasp. Her neat-fitting jacket
and tailor-made gown showed off her fine form to advantage.
The strong features were pure Greek.

Pirie almost screamed with delight, and hastily he ordered
his assistant to begone and leave the customer to him. ‘Oh!
now we shall have a real Herodias, now—that Paris picture
will be only a tintype to this. My! what a splendid tiger

ee

she is !

That is really all we know about the matter. The attendant
improved the opportunity to go out on an errand, and when
the neighbors in the law office across the hall heard the com-
motion and rushed out they caught the swish of skirts and got
a glimpse of a tailor-made gown going down the stairway.
Pirie was found, panting and helpless, in a corner of the studio,
with the black cloth viciously knotted around his neck, and
the tripod, camera, and sitter’s throne on top of him. There
was a bad scalp wound extending from one ear to the crown
of his head and it looked as though he had been struek with
the lens.

Pirie never made any statements about the matter, but now
his card reads :

PIRLE MacDONALD,
PILOTOGRAPHIC ARTIST.
Portraits of Men Only.

Rod and Gun

AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHY

Conducted by Hubert McBean Johnstone

NOTES ON LANDSCAPE WORK.

When we look at a photogram we say almost at once that
it either is or is not pleasing without ever giving a thought to
the innumerable little details that make or unmake it. And
yet those little details are all there and just as important, nay
even more important than if they were the most prominent
thing in the picture. But we never consider them. For
instance, how many of us ever stop to think why it is that we
make our photograms square, or if there is any good reason for
so doing. Not many I'll venture to say. And yet there isa
reason, for were we to only consider for an instant we would
very quickly see that it is because almost every other line in
nature with the single exception of the horizon is more or less
curved and that the picture is made rectangular for the sake of
contrast. And in speaking of the horizon it might just be well
to say a word or two on it. There are constantly shown to us
in almost every photogram that we see, the two different kinds
of horizon, the high and the low line. Ordinarily in actual
vision the horizon comes near the middle of the view, unless
perchance we happen to look down as at the flowers or in a
view from a hill side. The high horizon is by far more frequent
for in almost every picture where the principal object of the
view is to show off a fine cloud effect do we see it used. In
such eases of course the cloudscape, with its piled up masses of
rolling vapor, is the foremost point of interest, and it is by this
use of the low horizon that it is given the necessary prominence.
This type of picture was especially common among Dutch
painters.

This speaking of the horizon calls forth the remark that
there is no fixed rule to say where it is to be. It must be just
wherever the subject calls for it, and if the principal object is
in the foreground we will have a high line and the contrary if
it is vice versa. In cases where the subject is all sea and sky it
will be somewhat hard to judge which is the principal side of
the line, and very often do we see the mistake made of leaving
it in the middle so that it cuts the picture in two. Never do
this—unless you want to kill your picture. Of course I have
seen pictures where it would be a little hard to say just what
the subject was. This seems to be a failing with some workers,
and they appear to forget that unless the photogram has a
subject and a reason for its existence, that no matter how
pretty it may be, it is likely to be passed over for something
only half as well taken but possessing more interest.

Another very common mistake we often see made is that of
having the lines of the foreground, such as the wagon tracks in
the road, or the lines of a small stream, etc., travel in one direc-

- tion while the principal point of the picture lies at the other
side, the consequence being that the eye is carried far away
from the subject it is looking for and has to make a jump to
get back. An excellent method of killing a picture, too. What
we want to do is to place the main object at the culminating
point of the line so that the eye is instinctively carried to that
place before it gets a chance to take in anything else. This
assists in giving the appearance of strength to the subject that
is so necessary. It is, I think, hardly necessary for me to point

in Canada 13

out how much more effective is an object that breaks the
horizon than one that is sunk below it. An excellent means of
securing a half-a-dozen different effects without moving the
camera from. the one spot is to raise or lower if as is found
To lower it will
often do away with objectionable lines, or, on the contrary, if
more lines are needed to give the appearance of distance or for
any other purpose, all that is necessary is to lengthen the tripod.
If you have never tried this you ought to put it into practice

necessary to the success of the photogram.

and see what a wonderful new control it gives you over your
instrument.

It has been said that while the out of doors operator has
not the same control over his lights, that if he chooses to only
spend enough time oyer one photogram, he can secure almost
any effect he wants; anditisso. From the long shadows of
early morning, across the blazing noon to the soft twilight, there
are almost a couple of dozen different lights, each distinct and
each possessing its own value toacertain landscape.
for the amateur to decide which he shall employ. Frequently
we are shown a picture that seems to correspond with all of the
law of good arrangement and yet for some reason it will lack
something that completely ruins it. What is it? It is hard to
It may be that he made his foreground too dark and lost
the fine balance that he ought to have had, or it may have been
a half dozen other faults of lighting. The lighting of a landscape
is an extremely important point, for it is by this means that we
are able to secure for the picture the appearance of breadth and
depth, as well as by it do we aid in bringing out a point that is
desired to emphasize. In the lighting of a landscape the
amateur wants to bear in mind that a number of splotches of
light scattered over a landscape will never on any occasion
suggest anything but just what it is, while a broad effect of
sunlight contrasted by an equally broad mass of shadow will
look like sunlight every time. Or if the sunlight and shadow
be in unequal quantities the appearance of sunshine is at once
more apparent. If it is desired to render the effect of a cloud
passing over a sunlit landscape the view must of necessity be
somewhat extensive and the exposure short. You should not
show any near foreground as there is likely to be more or less
wind on such a day and its effect would be apparent on the
nearest shrubs. Shadows of clouds on the sea can be shown
very well also.

The light that we use in our landscape is just what we need
to give us the appearance of depth, and you will find that a
dark tree trunk standing out bold and clear against the rays of
the sun behind it will seldom fail to produce a broad and
striking effect.

Perhaps there is nothing in landscape photography, saving
only the subject itself, which plays so important a part in the
making of a successful picture as this handling of light. Not
that it is upon contrasts of light and shade, harsh and bold,
that the beauty of the photogram is dependent, but rather upon
the dexterous massing of the heavier shadows and high lights,

It remains

see.

and a smoothing of all the ground between these two extremes
with all the gradation that it is possible to secure. To attempt
to give any hard and fast laws upon the handling of this
important subject in so confined a space as I have at my
command would be little short of an impossibility, for it is a
task of no small magnitude for even a whole volume, and to the
worker who is interested it might be advised to make a study
of the works of the late Mr. H. P. Robinson.

A fault, which I am glad to be able to say was a great deal
more common ten years ago than it is to-day, is the habit of

14

making and seemingly being satisfied with what are commonly
referred to as bald headed skies, otherwise skies without clouds.
It needs no great argument to convince anyone that clouds are
a decided advantage to a negative, and yet when you look ata
photo and then ask its maker why it was that he did not have
clouds in it, he will look at you and say that it was too much
trouble or else give you some other equally rational answer.
The fact of the matter is that despite all that is said on the
subject half the amateurs one meets in a day’s walk do not know
how to get them on the plate. Yet with a ray screen and an
orthochromatic plate there is really no trick about it, and with
a little experience to teach us approximately the conditions
essential to success, there should be no difficulty in securing the
desired result. The principal characteristics of a good cloud
negative are an image devoid of fog, the extreme high lights
fairly intense, and that portion representing blue sky having
hardly any density at all. Surely not a hard thing to get. In
the developing let the aim be to bring out the high lights first,
and secure in them a fair printing power by restrained (not
weak) developer. When you print your clouds do not make
the common error of over-doing it. Many amateurs fall into
the error of thinking that in order that the clouds show up as
they ought they must be printed until they are quite black. It
is a serious mistake. It gives the sky portion of the photogram
a value altogether false and totally different from what we see
when we look at the heavens with our own eyes. Sunset is an
excellent time for the catching of good cloud effects.

A short piece back I made a reference to that great master
of the art who has so recently passed away, Mr. H. P.
Robinson, and in dwelling on landscape photography it might
not be amiss to just touch on his work and just consider for a
moment wherein its particular charm lay. Robinson’s pictures
always seem to me to be the work of a man who was building
up to some title that he had in mind instead of taking a stray
snap shot because it happened to be there and then naming it
afterwards. 3ut, what is more, you want to note the
persistency with which he advocated the use of figures. In
fact, I think, it is to just this masterly use of figures in his
landscapes that he owes his little short of marvellous popularity.
What, let me ask, is better calculated to make a picture appeal
to one than the introduction of a figure or two that is in keeping
with the scene and has some little story of its own to tell? I
know of absolutely nothing, and though as a rule it makes the
work several times more difficult, the trouble is well repaid.

Now, in conclusion, just a word upon your choice of sub-
jects to photograph. One of the greatest weaknesses of photo-
graphy is its inability to select or isolate those portions of the
view that one does not want from the ones that one does, or in
the alternative devoting itself exclusively to one thing to the
detriment of everything else in the picture, and giving us an
uninyiting and an unsightly representation. Photographing
for a broad effect of light and shade, or to catch a broad and
striking piece of country is all very well in its way, but such
photograms will never retain their interest to outsiders that a
picture showing some good reason for its existence, as for
instance telling a story, will show in after years. This is worth
remembering in your work.

*
The Scrap Bag.

Tre [ntvusrratina or Books. —The fallacy of the idea that
it is not possible to illustrate booksormagazines by photography,
and not have the pictures look mechanical, has been thoroughly

Rod and Gun in Canada

demonstrated by that well-known expert, Rudolf Eickmeyer,
Jr., in some recent magazine illustrations. They belong to a
story by Joel Chandler Harris, and are so excellent and so free
from any suspicion of a mechanical atmosphere as to look more
like reproductions of black and white than productions of the
lens. There is one great advantage about this class of illustrat-
ing. While artistically these photograms are the equal of any
artist’s drawings, yet the reader knows that they are not the
result of anyone’s imagination, that the figures which appear in
a field of cotton were not posed in a studio, but were actually
secured on the plate in the middle of a cotton field and are the
“real thing.’’ This must of necessity give to the illustrations
an air of reality which ought to enhance their value to the
reader.

Wuar Processes ARE You Usrxe ?—A while ago a friend
remarked to me that he wasn’t much of a photographer, that
he had never gotten beyond the stage of making Solio prints.
I don’t know why it is, but when I see an amateur making
Solio, prints I usuaily set him down as a sort of “ no’ecount”’
chap. And there is no good reason in the world why he
should not use a better process. I imagine I hear you say
‘*How much more complicated the other processes are.” Now,
really my friend, they are not more complicated. It’s just as
simple to work, say even the carbon process, as any other, once
you get used to it. And then think how much better your
prints are going to look. As far as the extra expense goes it is
not worth considering, a mere fraction of a cent on each picture.
I want to advise you each and all to get to using the best, and
nothing but the best this winter, and then in the spring, if you
come to me and tell me that you think your winter’s work is
not an improvement over the previous winter’s work, I shall,
to say the least, be very much surprised.

A Marvettous Lens.—Man named Dr. Grun (name sounds
as though he might bear the label ‘‘ Made in Germany ’’) has
recently invented a new lens which, working at an aperture
that is just about the size of the lens tube, will make snap shots
by electric light. I know a chap who says he has seen some of
its work, and if he is telling the truth it is certainly a wonderful
thing. Just think how it is going to revolutionize the making
of photograms of fireside and other scenes that fill in the long
winter evenings—scenes that we have always been making by
flash light. There is no telling what we are going to haye next,
is there?

Two New Cameras.—The Sultan of Morocco has had two
new cameras made in England, one a 3} x 4}, of which all the
metallic parts are gold, and of which the cost was over ten
thousand dollars. The other was meant to make cabinets, and
I suppose was intended for everyday use as the parts are only
of common, ordinary silver. It only cost about four thousand
five hundred dollars. Edward W. Newcomb says, in comment-
ing on it, ‘‘ Being Sultan of Morocco must be a good job and I
dunno if 1 won’t keep my eye on the place if that’s the way he
supplies himself.’’ You want to keep a pretty sharp eye on it
Ed. Vim looking at it myself.

Whar is AN Artist ?—I have been intending for some time
to quote a little paragraph that came out some time ago in one
of the magazines, and which I think is the essence of the whole
thing. Here it is:—‘' A love of nature is one of the things that
you cannot buy at a department store, nor can it be acquired
from text books. It must have origin and growth in ourselves.
But if Lam speaking to a lover of nature, he knows better than
I can say that his joy in it is the result of communing,
companionship and intimacy with nature. That clump of trees

Rod and Gun

upon the rising ground has a yigor of outline that long ago
arrested his attention, but he has become so used to its features
that he takes them for granted as we do the face of a friend.
Meanwhile what interests him is their ever-changing play of
expression. At dawn, noonday or twilight, under grey light or
burning sunshine, when storm is gathering or everything is at
peace, in countless other vicissitudes of local conditions, those
trees, lighted up against the sky, make constant variety of
appeal to his imagination, and always somehow fitting in with
his own mood of feeling. In our ability to put ourselves thus
at one with nature, we ourselves are artists—unable, however,
to giye utterance to the thought. The creative power is lacking,
and this is the distinguishing characteristic of the artist. He is
the creator.’’

On Buyrne A Camera.—Last month I had an article in
Rop anp Gun 1x Canapa on this subject and wound it up by
advising everyone who contemplated the purchase of an instru-
ment to find out what he wanted to take, and then go and get
some friend’s advice on the matter. I hinted that anyhow I
would prefer not to be asked my opinion on this important
subject and that if I was I would probably not answer. Since
then I have bad two or three more requests for similar advice,
and I want to say right here that I am not going to answer
those letters or any more of a similar nature. Don’t you think
it’s kind of funny to come and ask me which is the best camera
made? Iam not going to tell you. And anyhow I don’t know.
So there.

Tue Lare Jostan Jounson Hawes.—The Boston Evening
Transcript contains the following short account of the life of the
late Mr. J. Hawes, who died on Wednesday, August 7th, and
inasmuch as Mr. Hawes was one of the best known followers
of the photographie profession in this country, we reprint the
item.

Josiah Johnson Hawes was said to be the oldest photo-
grapher in America. He was born in East Sudbury, Feb. 20th,
1808, and was therefore in his ninety-fourth year. He received
his education in the common schools, studied art without a
teacher, and painted minatures, portraits and landscapes until
1841, at which time he became interested in the invention of
Daguerre through Gouraud, his demonstrator, and in company
with Albert J. Southworth opened a studio on Tremont Row,
and for more than half a century conducted business in the
same rooms which are to-day much the same as when he took
possession. He was an ardent admirer of old Boston, and it
was a delight to hear him tell of such beautiful places as the
Gardiner Greene estate on Pemberton Square on which his
back windows looked out.

Among those who sat before Mr. Hawes’s camera were
Daniel Webster, Charles Sumner, Rufus Choate, Louis Kossuth,
Theodore Parker, Emerson, Channing, Jared Sparks, Alcott,
Lyman Beecher, Thomas Starr King, Dorothea Dix, Lucey
Lareom, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Longfellow, and many more
whose fame still lives. Jenny Lind and her lover, Otto
Goldschmidt, were taken while seated hand in hand, and she
carried to her Swedish home many likenesses of herself by the
new process, which was then attracting world-wide attention
and admiration. Charles Dickens was a frequent visitor,
although he neyer posed, but with James T. Fields as his com-
panion he often used to climb the winding stairs. The studio
or ‘‘saloon,’’ as it was called then, was a meeting place for all
Boston, and many a pleasant bit of reminiscence could Mr.
Hawes relate to an interested listener. The picture that appeals
most strongly to his artistic sense was the one he made of Fanny

in Canada 15
Carter, a Boston belle, now Mrs. Ronalds, of London. His
pictures of Boston as it appeared a generation ago have always
been much sought.

He was the inventor of numerous mechanical devices such
as the swing-back camera, the reflecting stereoscope, the multi-
plying camera and the curtain plate holder, the weighted
triple lens, a clamp for polishing the vignette, etc. Peace to his
ashes.

Wuatr Have You Been Taxinc ?—Here we are in Septem-
ber again and the summer almost gone. How the time does
fly. I wonder how many of my readers have done work during
the past few months that they consider really good, and that
they intend to show during the winter. I hope you all have,
at least something, which you think is a little better than any-
thing of the kind that you ever attempted before. I suppose
you forget that Iam interested in seeing it and knowing how
you have done it. Iam always interested in seeing work that
is the production of amateurs. Did you eyer get the smell of
the big fresh green woods in your nostrils when you are in the
bush? Well, that is about the way I feel when I get hold of a
really good collection of photograms to run over. I don’t mean
by a good collection one that possesses a lot of technical
excellence, but rather one that shows that the artist has /e/t, so
to speak, what he was picturing. Why, then, not send me
some of yours to look at? I would like to see them.

x
Correspondence.

Correspondence should be addressed to H. MeBean John-
stone, Sarnia, Ont., P.O. Box 651.

Johnnan G.—There are two methods of marking
diaphragms, the first being by expressing the ratio which the
diameter of the opening bears to the focal length of the lens as
F-16, which means that the diameter of the opening is th of
the focal length. The second method of marking employs the
Uniform System Numbers, which bear the same ratio to each
other as the area of the diaphragm which they designate. Your
stops are marked by the first method, which is perhaps the
commoner of the two.

Tom.—The portraits that you enclose are very fair for an
amateur. I would suggest that in future you have your sitter
posed with the side of the hands toward the camera. As it is
the enormous hands which are shown in your picture are the
only serious disfigurement to be seen.

C. A. D.—In order to find how long you are exposing when
making a snap shot I might recommend you to use a ‘‘ Picker-
ing Speed Tester,’”? which will accurately determine the speed
of a shutter to the ;},th part of a second.
of almost any dealer for half a dollar.

Finder.—Finders are seldom accurate in the amount of the
view that they show. As, however, they usually err on the
safe side and show less than will be actually taken, I think you
may trust the one that is on your instrument. In case it shows
too much the only thing that I can recommend you to do isto
complain to the manufacturer who will no doubt see that the
trouble is rectified.

Mavourneen.—A most excellent method of putting the title
on the print in white lettering without inscribing it reversed
on the negative, is to write it on with India ink (not the water-
proof kind) before you print, and then before you tone to wash
it off again. It will leave you the desired result.

Accuracy.—Hydrometers or, as you call them, actinome-
ters, are very seldom accurate. Make up a set of yoursolutions

It may be procured

16

aceording to weight and then note the reading of the instru-
ment, so that you may make your future solutions accordingly.
In order to see whether the hydrometer is accurate when you
are buying anew one, it is well to test it in clear water. It
should then sink in the water to the figure 0.

John Pierson.—I am afraid that I cannot answer your
request. Almost.every month one of a similar nature turns up
and [ am obliged to turn it down. Awtfully sorry, but you can
see yourself that it would never do. s

“* Sweet Sixteen.’’—(1) The term neutral means not acid or
not alkali. (2) Possibly, Iam not certain. (3) No.

Troubles.— Write to the Cramer Dry Plate Works of St.
Louis, Mo., and ask them to send you their book on the working
of their plates. It would require too much space here to answer
your questions, and besides the book will do it just as well, if
not better.

A CARIBOU BATTLE

In the heart of the nor’ land solitudes,
A bald, bleak barren lies ;

Westward the ancient forest broods,
And northward grim hills rise.

Across its breadth the long year through,
Waifs of the wilderness,

The sombre moose and caribou,
Wander in storm and stress.

A lordly bull stood with his cows
Snuffing the frosted air,

When gatturally across the snows
The call of war rang clear.

Rearing aloft his antlered crest,
Threshing the birch and fir,
Pawing the earth like one possessed,

On came the challenger.

The herding bull with flaming eye,
Breasteth his cows aside,

And, bellowing defiance high,
Ruffles his neck of pride.

Now, battling in the rutting rage,
In frenzy, fierce and dire,

Eager for battle they engage,—
The son against his sire.

With clanging stroke their antlers crash,
Splintering their brow-tines broad ;

Now here, now there, they furious dash,
While the lorn cows applaud.

The night resoundeth, harsh and loud,
With clang of horn on horn,

Till the herd-bull, his spirit cowed,
Was slowly backward borne.

* . *

A white wind from the hills did blow,
A fleeting, flying pall,—

The conqueror stood above his foe,
Giving the triumph call.

Then sudden from a darksome dell
Streamed a red spear of fire ;

The conqueror roaring leapt—then fell
Across his dying sire.

Shelburne, N.S. Cotin MeKay.

Rod and Gun

in Canada

HOW TO BUILD A LOG CANOE.

This kind of craft is always made out of a single pine tree.
It is rather hard to find a tree large enough and sound enough
for the purpose. First you fall your tree on skids, choosing the
soundest and best side of the tree for the bottom of the canoe.
Cut the log the required length and roll it so that the canoe will
rest on her side, one gunwale down and the other up. Strike
a line on the bottom side, taking off enough wood to give her
good bearings—that is to make the bottom wide enough. Then
I generally measure from that to the centre of the log, all the
way from ten to fourteen inches, according to the size of the
canoe I want. That gives the canoe her depth, when she is on
her bottom ; next I line out the ends, giving her the proper
sheer on top—that is, the raise for the bow and stern. When
you have got the two sides hewed off, you cant her on her
bottom and see that she is perfectly level. You strike a chalk
line on top down the centre, and then you drop a plumb line on
each end to the bottom and mark it. Of course your canoe is
yet too heavy to cant right back and line the bottom. You
have got to mould her on top, and get all the outside weight off
you can. You simply mould the shape of the top, and you cut
out a good lot from the centre of the canoe, in order to lighten
her so that you can handle her, but without going too deep.
Then you turn her over and strike a line on the bottom from
these two plumb lines at the ends, making the top and bottom
lines correspond, and be perfectly opposite each other. Then
you mould your bottom whatever shape you want it. Besides
the common woodsman’s axe it is better to have a broad axe,
and you also need a cooper’s adze for digging out, and then a
canoe knife—a large rounding spokeshave that you work inside
the canoe with. When you hayesmoothly moulded the bottom
of the canoe, you take a small auger, or brace and bit, about
}-Ineh, and bore lines of holes three in the bottom and two on
each side, the lines being two feet apart the whole length of the
canoe. Bore them in acouple of inches and drive in little plugs
the length that you want your canoe’s thickness to be. Of
course you want the bottom thicker than the sides. An inch
and a quarter is about right on the bottom, three quarters of an
inch on the turn from the bottom and half an inch up next the
gunwales. That would be for a very light canoe. The inner
ends of the plugs are blackened with charcoal. After you have
driven them in level with the bottom, you turn your canoe up,
chop in with your axe and adze, being very careful not to chop
too deep. Between the plugs especially you must be careful
and work down to a level surface. The canoe knife is used for
the finishing touches. A canoe twenty-eight feet long should
have six pair of knees—the natural root of cedar or sprues—and
then you want gunwale streaks of spruce, pine or cedar, about
an inch and a quarter or inch and a half wide in the centre.
You should now have a light and strong canoe. If oiled and
painted she will last longer.

Emergency Kir.—Jamaica ginger or cholera mixture and
ammonia for insect bites, put up in convenient bottles, a piece
of surgeon’s plaster and a couple of bandages, all fitted ina
canvas case. A house-wife, containing buttons, thread, needles,
and safety pins. A small wooden box, 6x3 x1 in., containing
a pair of scissors, four twist drills 1-16 in., 3-32 § in., in. and 3-16
in.; files, 2 flat, 1 one-half round, 1 round, 1 mill saw, all dead
smooth, with a handle for same ; 1 jewellers’ hand vise anda
small pair of pliers—these for sharpening hooks, mending rods,
ete. A piece of flannel for cleaning gun and reel, package of
gun grease, small safety can of lubricating oil for reel, whet-
stone or file, compass,

Rod and Gun

FORESTRY |

“Rod and Gun" is the official organ of the Canadian Forestry Association
The Editors will welcome contributions ou topies relating to Forestry.
Edited by the Officers of the Canadian Forestry Association.

THE LATE HON. G. W. ALLAN.

It is with very deep regret that we have to chronicle the
death of the Hon. G. W. Allan, who passed away at his resi-
dence in Toronto on the 24th of July last. Hon. Mr. Allan
was born at York in the year 1822, and in that same place, now
grown to the large and beautiful city of Toronto, he spent his
last days. Through the many years of an active life he served

in a large number of important official capacities, and his native
city has especially felt the benefit of his breadth of culture and
his liberality. But it is unnecessary for us to recall the high and
well-merited praises which have been heaped upon his memory.
It is our part rather to bring to mind the active interest taken
by him in the work of the Canadian Forestry Association, of
the Board of Directors of which he was a member from the date
of its organization, having been one of the first to give the
organization his support. Previous to the launching of the
Association Hon. Mr. Allan had shown that the purposes for
which it has been formed had his full sympathy and had taken
the opportunity from his place in the Senate of calling the
attention of our legislators to some of the questions in connec-
tion with our forest needs that he considered specially deserving
of attention. His kindly assistance was ever ready in any way
that could be of advantage to the Forestry Association, and his
keen interest was shown by his attendance at the last meeting
of the Board of Directors, though he was then but recovering
from a severe illness. Those who had the pleasure of meeting
him in connection with the business of the Association will feel
very much the loss of his kindly and encouraging presence, and
his adyice and support, which it can ili afford to lose, will be
very much missed by the Association.
*
The Forest Fire at Temiscamingue.

And this most royal of all academies you have to open over
all the land, purifying your heaths and hills, and waters, and
keeping them full of every kind of lovely natural organism, in
tree, herb, and living creature. All land that is waste and
ugly, you must redeem into ordered fruitfulness; all ruin,
desolateness, imperfectness, you must do away with.—John
Ruskin.

We need not apologize for taking a text from Ruskin, in
the words above quoted from his lecture on the ‘“ Future of
England,’ when we wish to deal with a subject that has its
esthetic as well as its practical side, though our purpose is to
consider it mainly as a business question. But in this quotation
a practical principle is laid down that we in Canada have
evidently as yet failed ro grasp, for instead of redeeming waste
land, of which we have so much, to ordered fruitfulness, we are
increasing its area with a light-heartedness and easy good nature
that are hardly fitting qualifications for a country that aspires

in Canada 17

to the dignity of nationhood and to make its influence felt in
the councils of the world.
great natural resources, for the production of which we were not

Indeed our careless wasting of the

in any way responsible, has led to a somewhat less favorable
estimate of our intelligence and foresight by those who are
watching the future of the world’s timber supply than we are
inclined to place upon them ourselves.

Our attitude to this question is to a very large extent based
on two premises which we haye assumed to be indisputable.
The first was that in sending in settlers to clear the forest
districts we were redeeming to fruitfulness lands that were
otherwise practically a waste and that even if fire assisted this
process it was more or less of a blessing in disguise. Did not
our forefathers have to struggle sternly with the forest before
they handed down to us the wealth-producing acres now
bearing their golden harvests, and has not that potent result

g
settled the question for us for all time? But we have based too

large an assumption on past history. What are the facts?
Look at the figures given by Mr. J. C. Langelier. There are

lands in the timber districts which have been settled upon and
made wealth-producing (?) at the average rate of production of
$7.40 per acre per annum, whereas under a properly managed
timber crop the land would have produced at least $12.50 per
acre. Is our assumption correct, then, or is it not rather the
case that we are condemning such settlers to a useless struggle
for a bare existence after they have removed the wood which
forms the only wealth of such land? If the latter is the true
statement, is it not time that we reversed our policy and that
steps were taken by the Goyernment to see that settlers are only
placed upon such lands as a fair examination shows to be fitted
to support them properly when devoted to agricultural
purposes, and that settlement should not be permitted on poor
and rocky lands which are only suited for timber production ?
We have spoken of this question at some length, for the mind
of the public does not appear to be at all clear upon it, and, as
the fire which did the greatest damage at Temiscamingue came
from the vicinity of the settlements, and the testimony of the
lumbermen is that most of the destructive fires have had their
origin in the same direction, there are the strongest possible
reasons for the Government deciding definitely where the line
between forest and settlement shall be drawn, and seeing that
it is properly protected.

The second premise is that fires cannot be preyented.
Well, if we assume that, they certainly will not be prevented.

If we assume that, what is the use of talking to lambermen or
making regulations about cutting trees of only twelve or fourteen
inches in diameter? If fires cannot be prevented, what is the
use of talking about forestry at all? Protection from fire is the
very foundation stone of a system of forestry, and if fires can
be prevented in Europe, in India, why cannot they be prevented
in Canada? But, people say, the expense would make it
impracticable here.

Let us look at the question. We have not yet been able to
get full information in regard to this fire, but about the 20th of
June a fire started near Baie des Peres, on Lake Temiscamingue,
and burned eastward over an area of about thirty by forty miles
and was only extinguished by the rains that came towards the
end of July.

This is one of the finest pine districts in Canada, being
part of the great Ottawa Valley forest. It has already yielded
large quantities of lumber and has still an immense area of
virgin timber, the wealth of which can hardly be calculated.
Tt is a fact that in estimating the timber in this district the

18

most remarkable under-estimates have been made by even the
sellers, who would naturally be expected to err on the other side.
The fire worked through a forest that was ready for cutting and
only a change in the wind and its final arrest by the rain
prevented its sweeping on eastward over limits of mature
timber, which probably could not be surpassed anywhere in
the present pine regions, and the loss of which would have
been an appalling national disaster. When a fire has gained
such headway it is simply impossible to stop it by any artificial
means, and the smoke from it is also a cloak for other fires
which may start even at considerable distances, as has been
exemplified in this very case, where the fire rangers went all
round a fire which destroyed some 3,000,000 feet of timber and
came out and reported that

the smoke was caused en-
tirely by the big fire. One
firm of lumbermen, who

were among the heaviest
losers, estimate that on their
limits there were twenty-five
to thirty million feet of
matured pine destroyed,
while there
more that would have been
fit to cut in fifteen or twenty
years. Some of this pine

may be saved but it will be

was as much

a small portion, and sixty
low estimate of
the time it will take to place
this tract in anything like
the again.
The pine timber was mostly
white pine, probably
thirds, and $300,000
not bean extravagant esti-
mate of its While
the lumberman would retain

years is a

same position

two-
would

value.
a good share of this sum,

still he
considerable in

had already paid
bonus or
purchase money, fire tax and
ground rent, and would have
distributed a

tion in wages and other ex-

large propor-
penditures, while the Gov-
ernment would directly have
obtained in royalty at the

rate of $1.30 per thousand Devil Rit
on white pine and of 65
cents on red pine, the sum of $27,000. And this pleasant

operation would have been repeated in fifteen or twenty vears
and so the crop would be coming in at intervals ad infinitum.
And this is obtainable,

land which is, from the information

entirely unfit for agriculture. But what is the present situa-
tion? The land wasted and destroyed, a heavy direct loss to
the lumberman and the Government, the prospect of revenue
Is it

man’s while to pay ground rent on non-productive land, which

projected into the indefinite future. worth the lumber.

will be of value only when he has ceased to take an interest in

mundane affairs, and which is always in danger of again being
But of the loss. No
account is bere taken of other lumber than pine.

devastated ? that is not the full extent

Other limits

Rod and Gun

in Canada

have suffered, though less heavily, and the total loss will be a
very large sum, though no definite statements can be given
until the reports have been received from the men sent in to
make an examination. A much more expensive protection
system than that already provided would take a long time to
consume as much as one such fire.

Now, has the Province of Quebec money to burn in this
way, and has Canada so great wealth that she can permit so
much of it to be destroyed with indifference? It seems clear,
if the Canadian Forestry Association has any influence, that
here is a case where it should be exerted and that the Govern-
ment should not be permitted to know days of quietness until
it has thoroughly investigated this fire and taken the necessary
steps to prevent such occur-
rences in the fnture. Any
increased expenditure oc-
would be more
than offset by the saving
that would be the result of
the preservation of the for-
ests, great stretches of which
are now standing ready for

casioned

harvesting.

We intend to go more
particularly into the ques-
tion of preventive measures
at a future time, but for the
present we wish to impress
on all these who will soon
be using rod or gun in our
coniferous forests that in the
handling of fire in any way
the greatest care should be
Before a fire is
lighted a space around the
place where it is to be started
cleared, and it
be thoroughly ex-
tinguished when no longer
required.

exercised.

should be
should

Even experienced
men have been deceived into
believing fires quite dead,
afterwards showed
such evident signs of life as

which

to make a quite uncomfort-
ably warm corner for them,
Forest fires are not a mat er
of indifference to the sports-
Such un-
doubtedly the direct cause

man, fires are
of the destruction of game birds and animals, and to a greater
or less extent of fish when the waters are shallow, and this, in
addition to the laying waste of the hunting grounds and the
property of hunting clubs, is not a result that sportsmen are
And

speaking of occurred on hunting grounds that are resorted to

likely to view with equanimity. the fire we have been
every vear by many huntsmen and have never failed to furnish
such sport with moose and other deer as can only now be found
in the wilds of Canada,
*
\ fire
district, which might have had serious results if the rain had

occurred near Thirty Mile, Lake in the Gatinean

not come opportunely,

Rod

The Trees of Manitoba.

In tree planting it is always well to follow nature, and the
selection of trees for any particular district should, at least in
the beginning, be guided by what has been shown by a natural
selection to be most suitable to the climatic and other condi-
tions. Anyone who refuses to look at natural conditions around
him, and to govern himself from what his observation teaches
him, is courting failure. It is of interest therefore in connec-
tion with tree planting in Manitoba to enquire what trees grow
there naturally and under what conditions.

The records of explorations in 1858S show that coming into
Manitoba from the east the country was covered with trees of
various kinds growing in large clumps, balsam, poplar, aspen,
tamarack, cedar and oak. The whole country had been burnt
some years before but the remains of the timber found every-
where indicated that there was once a vast forest of large trees-
In the valleys of the streams were elm, oak, poplar and ash,
described as excellent timber large enough for building
purposes. The tree growth of the valleys retained largely the
same character going farther west, but the country was more
open, the scattered clumps of trees consisting mainly of aspen
and poplar until the hills of the Brandon district were
approached, where the tree growth became thicker, the remains
showing that the whole region was once upon a time an exten-
sive forest of oak. On the Pembina Mountain tamarack was
found. In the valley of the Assiniboine, from Portage la
Prairie, was a forest of about thirty miles in length by four miles
in mean width. On the outskirts of this wood were groups of
aspen and poplar, but the main part consisted of the following
woods : oak, two feet in diameter; aspen, two feet; balsam
poplar, two feet nine inches; elm, one foot three inches;
basswood, two feet six inches; ash, one foot.
abundant supply of oak, straight and tall, one foot six inches
in diameter ; and of balsam poplars, two feet. The ash-leaved
maple was also found here and further north. The Riding and
Duck Mountains supported heavy forests of white spruce, birch
aspen and poplar, the trees being of large size, often exceeding’
one and one-half and two feet in diameter, with an available
length of thirty to fifty feet.

Their investigations thoroughly conyinced these explorers
that if fires were kept ont the whole country would soon be
covered with a growth of trees; and even what remained was a
valuable source of domestic supply, and sometimes of revenue,
to settlers of a later date.

The information obtained from these early observations, and
more complete and exact investigations made since, show that
the Elm (Ulmus Americana), the Green and the Red ash
(Fraxinus viridis and F. racemosa), the Oak (Quercus
macrocarpa) and the Basswood (Tilia Americana) will grow in
the river valleys, the last, however, only as far west as Brandon.
The Oak does not confine itself to the valleys but is found on
high ground, at least to the south of the Assiniboine. The
White and Black Spruces (Picea alba and P. nigra) both take to
the high ground, the Black Spruce giving up the preference for
low, swampy lands which it displays farther east. With them
is found the White Birch (Betula papyrifera). Although the
Tamarack (Larix Americana) flourishes on low, wet land it
also, like the Black Spruce, finds the higher lands quite as
suitable, and grows well on dry, elevated soils.

The Balsam Poplar (Populus balsamifera) and the aspen
Poplar (Populus tremuloides) will grow quickly and easily
anywhere, and the Cottonwood (Populus monilifera) is found
usually along river bottoms. The Ash-Leayed or Manitoba

and Gun

There was an ~

in Canada 19
Maple (Negundo aceroides), sometimes also called Box Elder, is
a tree of rapid growth and produces seed in a very few years.
This tree was designated the Sugar Maple by the early
explorers, as the Indians, and later the white settlers, used to
mannuiactnre a sugar from the sap. This sugar was stated to be
very good though not at all equal to that produced from the
Hard or Sugar Maple of the Eastern Provinces.

lf therefore quick-growing trees are what are required
either for shelter-belts or woodlots, the poplars or the ash-
leaved maple would be the best species to start with, although
none of them produce a wood of any very great strength or
value, and, indeed, the maple is really of no value except for
shelter purposes. Of the poplars the wood of the aspen is
probably the best. The tamarack is a strong, firm wood
specially suitable for firewood, and for shelter purposes nothing
ean be better than the spruces with their firm trunks and their
evergreen foliage, but such trees may very well follow those of
quicker growth. There is no more generally useful tree than
the elm, but the mode of their occurrence under natural condi-
tions does not give any warrant for expecting success with
either this tree or the basswood except on low-lying lands.
The oak appears to be at home on almost any soil, but it isa
tree of such slow growth that it is hardly advisable to
encourage its cultivation. But this is very far from saying that
its growth should necessarily be discouraged, as such trees were
found a very useful source of revenue by many of the early
settlers, and an oak tree is an asset which will always have its
value.

We can only repeat again that Nature must be the guide
always, and that success can only be assured by understanding
her and following the lines which she has mapped out.

*

Forestry in Prince Edward Island.

Enthusiasm in forestry organization has at length reached
all the provinces of the Federation. Ontario, Quebec and
3ritish Columbia were obliged to think of safeguarding the
provincial heritage early, as a great proportion of their revenue
came from timber limits; New Brunswick has had, and still
has, much yaluable forest, in a commercial sense, and Noya
Scotia, while not absolutely a lumber country, has augmented
her treasure by forest as well as mine and fishery. The
Prairie Provinces, as we may call Manitoba and the Territories,
while not dreaming of ever seeing the commercial side of
forestry, have early turned to tree planting and tree protection,
on climatic and hygienic grounds. And now little Prince
Edward Island, after losing almost completely a forest as varied
as it was beautiful and valuable, by governmental neglect,
fearing the consequences to health, to the pleasures of life, to
agriculture, is stirring intelligently in the missionary work of
forestry which must always precede healthy legislation. Atthe
Fruit Growers’ meeting last spring the whole important question
of forestry reserves and reafforestation was brought up in a
thoughtful paper from Reverend Dr. Burke, who succeeded in
making the distinguished auditory, and, indeed, the whole
province, awake to the necessity of making some practical move
to preserve a proper proportion between field and forest. Sir
Louis Davies was present at the meeting and he and all the
ministers of the Provincial Government, as well as prominent
citizens from all over the island, highly commended Father
Burke’s efforts in behalf of a work so absolutely necessary to
the general good. Legislation is asked for to reserve the vacant
lands still under the crown—a comparatively small area—and

20

some system of reafforestation suggested, in order that the
beautiful Prince Edward Island may not become a barren
waste.

During the past session an Act, modelled on the Ontario
Act, as to the setting ont of fires, was passed, and it is not
unlikely that its provisions may be soon invoked. Owing to
the great drought fires have been raging, particularly in the
western portion of the province, and, as a consequence, the
already scant remnant of woods has become scantier. The
railway which winds through the island is a fertile source of
fires in dry times.

As the Department of Agriculture is, strange to say—for
Prince Edward Island is an entirely agricultural country—only
a product of the last session of parliament, no organized effort
has yet been made in the way of distributing and planting the
seeds of forest trees. The Canadian Forestry Association has
been approached by Rey. Father Burke, with a view to the
procuring of seeds and their proper planting; but until the
Government take hold of this important problem manfully
little can be practically done. We shall be glad to do all we
can, as an association, to assist the patriotic gentlemen who are
interesting themselves in this important work, however, and
trust that the ministry will not longer delay in seconding in
some practical way their efforts.

*

A forest fire, supposed to have been started by lightning, is
reported from Cumberland County, Nova Scotia. It has
apparently swept a considerable area of the best timber lands
in that district.

*

The summer meeting of the American Forestry Association
was held at Denver, Colorado, August 27th—29th. The meeting
was announced as a distinctively western one, which would be
of special interest to all concerned with the forest problems
before the Western States—fires, grazing, relation of forests to
water supply, ete. In the States and Territories west of the
Mississippi the Federal Government has established forty forest
reserves, containing nearly 47,000,000 acres. Many of the ques-
tions discussed are similar to those which haye to be dealt with
in the Canadian West, and therefore the proceedings will be of
special interest to our Western members.

*

It is but just to say that for the information contained in
our article on ‘‘The Trees of Manitoba’’ we are indebted
largely to Professor Macoun, though in doing so we do not
wish it to be understood that he is to be held responsible for all
the statements made therein. In fact we may make this a
general confession and say that in attempting to deal with any

* question relating to the trees of Canada we, as all others, must
take advantage of the work that has been done by Professor
Macoun in systematizing our knowledge of the forest flora of

the Dominion.
*

We are in receipt of a copy of a report of a Forest Working
Plan for Township 40, Totten and Crossfield Purchase, Hamilton
County, New York State Forest Preserve, by Ralph 8. Hosmer
and Eugene 8. Bruce, which has been issued by the Division of
Forestry for the United States ; and also of the report issued by
the Crown Lands Department of the Survey and Exploration of
Northern Ontario. These reports we hope to review in a future
number,

There is trouble at Helena, Montana, through the Flathead
Indians killing game outofseason. Several have been arrested.

Rod and Gun in Canada

CORRESPONDENCE.

To tHe Eprror or Rop anp Gun:

I notice in your June number of Rop snp Gun an article
headed, ‘* Amendments to Quebec Game Laws.’’ The item I-
was most interested in, was that relating to ducks, reading:
*“Widgeon, teal or wild duck of any kind are protected between
the Ist of March and the 15th of September.”

Now, Mr. Editor, I think if the dates read Ist of April to
15th September, there would be some little sense in it. The
close season in Ontario for duck has long been a sore spot with
me, and I have no doubt with a great many others interested.
I often wonder ifthe men who frame our Game Laws know
anything at all about the habits of the different game birds. I
know, positively, from personal observation through some few
years, that the winter duck, or golden eye, does not arrive as
far south as the St. Lawrence River in any considerable
numbers until after our open season has ended. Weare by law
compelled to stop shooting, while Americans, on the American
side of the line, and further south slaughter our game
wholesale.

As nearly as I can figure out, the winter duck arrives here
about Christmas time, and I haye known and seen them come
in countless thousands. These birds naturally belong to us,
breed in our country, but we rarely get one of them. This is
not protection. It is prohibition. Do these brainy (?) law
makers of ours know or care anything about this? Apparently
not.

My plea for extending the time till April Ist is for the
following reason: Because no white man can sit on the edge
of the ice to Aunt ducks through the months of January and
February. It isanything but comfortable to do so until about
the middle of March. Even then the degrees of comfort are
merely comparative. But this would give us some two weeks
shooting—no more—at the winter duck.

I have heard it said that the birds are in poor condition at
that season, but I know differently. They are in the very best
condition, being fat and of good flavor. After Ist April the
ducks migrate from the Southern States (where they have
been hammered at all winter) when of course all shooting
should cease.

To tell the truth, Mr. Editor, I am heartily sick of the
Game Laws. There are no laws so idiotically framed; none so
feebly enforced. I made a personal effort, quite recently, to
get a few choice localities protected, but was officially advised
there were no funds. On the first of last September a party of
four of us from here went to Constance Creek, about 23 miles
up the Ottawa. We sat around all the evening of August
31st, watching the ducks and listening to the cannonade. I
have never seen so many ducks as on that evening. Next
morning they were gone, and we had our trip for nothing. I
have lately joined the St. Hubert Gun Club, of this-city, and
intend to try to get them to take some action as a club, for
better game protection. Couldn't you stir them up a bit and
help? Can’t you go for these provincial governments of ours,
and as students of game birds and animals, convince them of
the proper close seasons ; make them provide funds to enforce
laws which they enact, and thus preserve the game for all time ?
You are in a position to be a mouth-piece forall sportsmen and
they'll all back you up. Can’t you do something and oblige all
true sportsmen ?

CrLarencr G. HH. Lorwoop.

Ottawa, Ont.

CANADIAN SHOOTING AND FISHING

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THE HABITS OF THE OTTER.

By the late Frank H, Risteen-

A prime otter skin is worth from $10 to $15, and as it is so
much lighter and easier to handle than the bear skin, it is
really the best prize that rewards the eastern trapper’s toil.
The silver grey fox doesn’t count, for it is many years since a
3runswick. A veteran
Miramichi trapper who has stretched more otter pelts than any
of our local woodsmen lately, thus describes some of the habits

genuine specimen was taken in New

of the otter and the most approved methods of capturing him :

“Unlike most fur animals the otter is a poor house-keeper
and seldom builds a honse of his own. Being unable to lay up
any large amount of food for himself he becomes a sort of
tramp, rambling about through the woods wherever lakes and
streams abound and levying toll on the way.
a shelter he usually appropriates some old muskrat or beaver
house, especially the burrow of a bank beaver. He will not
hesitate to turn a muskrat family out of doors, in fact they will
be lucky if they do not figure on the otter’s bill of fare. The
animal has usually a number of wayside resorts in the shape
and which he tarries in his
If the menu isn’t up to the standard the otter moves on.

When he needs

travels.
He
knows how to build himself a snug, warm bed and that is

of holes burrows at

When the snow is
deep in winter he sometimes makes a temporary den by bur-
rowing. In the dead of winter I have known an otter to re-
main ata lake fora month, but that is unusual; he is most
always on the move, gliding over the ice-bound streams and
The fact that
he is so constantly in motion makes him a very difficult animal
to trap.
season.
lat

about as far as his domestic instincts go.

lakes, or worming across the intervening ridges.

I have never caught over twenty of them in a single
They are found more commonly on small lakes than

ge ones.

“ At all seasons of the year the otter’s main item of grub is
fish, with muskrats, frogs and mice on the side. He has a
decided hankering for rabbits, but bunny has too much speed
for him. On stormy or windy days I have known an otter to
still-hunt a fox and pounce upon him like a flash. The only
show reynard has then is to exercise the functions of his feet,
As soon as the woodland lakes are well snowed under, the heat
from the water opens one or more air holes in the ice, either
out in the middle or along the shore.
to the otter in his winter fishing.

These are a great help
Jightning swimmer though
he is the otter often misses his mark. The capricious trout and
the reminiscent chub keep both eyes peeled for him and dart

under rocks and roots beyond his reach. Still the otter is a

very successful fisherman and yery destructive to all members
of the finny tribe found in inland waters, up to salmon five
pounds in weight. One of the few virtues possessed by the
otter is that he wages unceasing war upon the eel. When an
otter meets a big eel the policy of the otter is one of benevolent
assimilation. The sucker, too, often supplies a dinner for the
otter. About the only chance he has to fool the otter is to
make a previous deal with some friendly kingfisher. The
ultimate result, in either case, is about the same so far as the
sucker is concerned.

‘*The biggest otters I have ever taken have weighed about
fifteen pounds. As a fighter the otter is more than a match for
a dog of twice his weight, as he is as lively as a cat and can bite
ten times to the dog’s once. His jaws work as slick as asewing
machine and this makes the dog howl. I have on several]
occasions seen an otter on coming out of the water start after a
dog just as if the dog was his meat. There seems to be no limit
to his pluck. I was once going over my line of traps on
Bathurst waters in the month of February when I heard some-
thing that sounded like one of these portable mills squalling
and squawking on a little pine knoll a few rods ahead. I
hustled up the hill and arrived just in time to see two otters
running off that had actually tackled a lynx in a trap. There
was almost enough fur scattered round on the snow to pack a
pillow case, most of which belonged to the lynx, who was still
fanning the air with all the loose paws he had. I gave chase
to the otters and managed to nail one with my axe under a
blowdown ; the other got away. When I got back to the lynx
he was dead. His skin was worthless, being torn and bitten
through in more than twenty places, while the otter skin
hardly showed a scratch.
$10.

So I lost $1.50 on the fight and made

““T never knew but one case of a fight between an otter and
a beaver. A family of beavers had plugged up the gateway of
an old driving dam on the Dungarvon, making the dam water
tight and flooding the pond to a depth of four or five feet.
This was about the latter part of October, I had seen an otter
fishing in the pond, so thought I would try the effect of letting
down the dam. The water ran out rapidly and in about half
an hour there was not more than six inches of muddy water
left in the pond. The otter started to run through the gate,
but when he saw me standing there he whirled about and
darted upstream and into the beaver house that stood about
twenty rods away on the bank of the pond. The house had
been unoccupied during the summer and I guess the otter
didn’t know the beavers had returned. Anyway the otter
came out of that in less than ten seconds with his head almost

2 Rod and Gun in Canada

bitten off. One old beaver then came out and dragged the
corpse through the mud out into the centre of the pond and
left it there. I found out afterwards that the house was occu-
pied by two big beavers and a pair of kittens. Two nights
later the beavers had the dam repaired and the pond restored
to its former level.

“* The female otter brings forth her young about the latter
part of May or first of June. I have heard of six kittens being
found in alitter but have never seen more than three. I
should judge that their mating time is in October or November,
as I have often seen the trail at that time of five or six big
otters travelling together. While the otter is a playful, affec-
tionate animal, he is very unsociable at times. The old males
will often be found alone, while the female, accompanied by
last year’s cubs is left to shift for herself. The otter is one of
the easiest animals to tame in the world. After he has con-
cluded that he belongs to you he will follow you around every-
where, until he becomes a thorough nuisance. The male otter
is slightly larger than the female. Their pelts, like those of
all small fur-bearers, are at their best in the winter and early
spring.

““ The nose of the otter is fully equal to that of the fox. I
have seen their tracks in the deep snow, where they haye
turned about and made off on account of catching the scent of
my trail two hundred yards away. Where they have been
much hunted an otter will travel a long way rather than cross
a human trail. Where they have not been disturbed the trail
excites their curiosity and they will follow it quite a distance.
I was going up the ice on Renous one winter’s day, the wind
blowing down stream, when I saw an otter a few rods ahead
of me acting in a very peculiar manner, running up on a snow-
bank, sniffng the air and finally diving plump into an air-
hole. There was a second air-hole further down stream and,
thinking it likely the otter would make his appearance there,
I laid for him and shot him with a rifle as soon as he came out.
Resuming my journey up stream I met my partner, Pringle,
halfa mile above, coming down the ice, so I concluded that
the otter had smelt him when he must have been about a mile
away. * I suppose everybody is aware of the funny habit the
otter has, in the course of his travels, of coasting down the
bank of a lake or stream. It seems to be a sort of picnic they
indulge in to add variety to their long !ourneys from place to
place. I have often seen them amusing themselves in this
way. They will roll around awhile on the bank sparring and
tumbling over each other, then sliding down the chute on their
bellies, one after the other, and splash in the water. This is
their favorite sport as long as the lakes and brooks remain
open. They hardly ever ascend the slide, generally climbing
the bank perhaps a yard or ten feet to one side of it, where it
is easier to get up. Then they will gambol about again previ-
ous to taking another slide. I have seen the whole family of
old and young ones playing in this way for five or ten minutes.

‘Some trappers set their traps at the head of the the slide,
carefully covered with earth or moss, or else under the water
at the point where the otters start to climb, care being taken to
place the trap a few inches to one side of the centre of the trail,
because the otter’s legs are yery short and planted seyen or
eight inches apart on the body. If the trap was placed in the
centre of the trail it would be sprung by the otter’s body and
he would surely escape. When coasting down the slide the
otter’s leg- hang limp by his sides, so it is no use to set the trap
at the bottom of the slide. I have never found it profitable to
set iny traps at or near the slide. You have got to disturb

something in doing the work and as otters are nowadays mighty
wide awake they will be sure to notice it. Up on my grounds,
which are as good as any in the province, if any change is made
in the vicinity of the slide—such as the displacement of a stick,
or eyen the blazing of a tree, the otters will go shy of that
particular slide. When a trap is located at or near the slide no
bait is necessary, except to rub a little castoreum on a stick or
sliver placed a few yards away up the bank, with the scent side
down, so that it will not be washed out by the rain.

“Tf a man knows his ground he can figure out pretty
closely the otter’s line of travel up or down the stream. The
best plan is to select some place where there is a run of moder-
ately deep water and where a root or rock projects from the
bank. Place your trap alongside of that, using the castoreum
in the ordinary way and also some stale fish for bait hung a
little to one side of the trap, so that when the otter turns about
to see what it is he will spring the trap with his foot. The
trap, as well as the pole to which the chain is attached, should
be placed under water, and so rigged that it will swing the
otter out in the stream and keep him there, where he is soon
drowned by the weight of the trap. He will keep afloat fora
little while but will sink as soon as he gets tired. The question
of where to set your trap is even more important than that of
how to set it. With the sliding pole, used so much by old-time
trappers, I have had very poor success. It is always a suspi-
cious looking object. If you catch a beaver he is very likely
to nip off the pole and get away. Otters can some times be
taken through holes in the ice by setting the trap on what is
called a crow’s nest, that is a stich with three projecting
prongs. But an otter that is up to snuff will not go near so
clumsy a rig as that.

““T once knew of a yearling otter being caught in a most
remarkable way. A Frenchman named Damien Gutro was
fishing for sea-trout on Bathurst river when a big fish carried
away his line. The trout went downstream about half a mile
where the line became fast toa snag. An otter came along and
made a grab for the trout but the hook in some way worked
through the gills of the fish and entered the otter’s neck. He
splashed around at a shocking rate for a spell, finally winding
himself up on the snag, where he was drowned. Gutro coming
downstream in his Miemae canoe, noticed the rumpus in the
water and recovered his line as well as the otter and the trout.

—<—<$——$<

EXPLORATION IN NORTHWESTERN CANADA
By H. G. Tyrreil, C.E.

In the early summer of 1885 I had made preliminary
arrangements with my brother Mr. J. B. Tyrrell, of Ottawa, to
accompany him on a Geological Survey expedition to the
Canadian Northwest. The country that we proposed exploring
was that lying north of the Canadian Pacific Railroad for a
distance of one hundred and fifty miles, and bounded on the
east and west by the fourth and fifth principal meridians.

The starting of this and other survey expeditions had been
delayed a month or more on account of the Indian rebellion
that was then going on. Riel, the leader of the uprising, had
not yet been captured, and the troops were still in camp,
awaiting the settlement of affairs. But after the battle of
Batoche, which seemed to be the final defeat of the natives, it
was decided that exploring parties might safely proceed to the
field.

After an interview with my brother at the Rossin House in
Toronto, I took a train from that city at noon on June

Rod

4th for Calgary. The journey of eighteen hundred miles or
more across the continent was but an ordinary one, and need
not be dwelt on to any extent. The route lay by way of Owen
Sound, up Georgian Bay, through the Sault Canal, across Lake
Superior to Port Arthur, and from there on to Winnipeg. We
spent two days and nights in crossing the lakes, and arrived at
Winnipeg »t three o’clock on Sunday afternoon, June 7th.
Here we fell in with Prof. McCowan and Mr. McConnell, also
members of the Geologicai Survey, who were going westward
on their summer trips.

Early Monday morning a start was made westward across
the plains and shortly after noon on Thursday, June 11th, ar-
rived at Calgary. The journey by boat and rail had thus oecu-
pied seven days and two hours. Besides Mr. J. B. Tyrrell,
the leader of the expedition,
and myself, the party con-
tained four other members.
Mr. Harry Hamilton, a re-
cent graduate of MeGill Col-
lege, Montreal, served as geo-
logical assistant, and Mr. J.
J. MeKenzie, an undergrad-
uate of Toronto University,
assisted in making the zoo-
logical and botanical collec-
tion. The writer was engaged
us topographer for the expe-
dition. Mr. Henry Granger,
a Scotchman who had re-
cently gone to the North-
west and had
many years in the English
artillery, was cook, and
Thomas Maloney, a_ well
known man from Ottawa,
who was then roughing it
in the west, was teamster to
look after both horses and
supplies. These six men com-
posed the party.

The costume worn by the
mounted men was similar to
that used by cow boys in the
west. <A tight-fitting buck-
skin jacket girdled around
the waist and ornamented on
the front and with
fringe, falls loosely below
the belt, over a pair of corduroy riding breeches, which with
leather leggings, protect the lower limbs. From a belt that
is stocked with cartridges, hangs on one side a hunting knife,
and on the other a Jong barrel revolver.

who served

arms

A delay of six days was caused at. Calgary in getting an
outfit together, purchasing horses and wagons and making all
arrangements for an absence of three months or more. One
large double wagon, built extra strong for prairie service and
provided with a canvas top, a buckboard and a cart, were found
sufficient to transport our supplies. A portable canvas canoe
to assist in crossing streams and later for descending Battle
River was also taken, This canoe was built in such a way that
the bottom boards and gunwales could be removed ard the
whole compactly stored into canyas bags. There were in all
seven horses, three for harness and four for the saddle.

and Gun

in Canada 3

Much amusement was afforded the other members of the
party by the efforts of Henry Granger to ride a western horse.
These horsvs were selected from a corall outside of Calgary, and
Granger, who boasted of his skill in horsemanship from. his
long experience in the artillery, was invited to choose his own
beast and break it in. He had been in th western country
only ashort time, and had expected to find the horses there
similar in nature to England. Having
selected one that appeared to suit him, he bravely mounted its
back, and for the next few days carried his arm in a sling as
the result of the broncho’s bucking. He was hardly seated in
the saddle when the beast hunched up its back and threw
Granger to the ground. It was the intention at first that
Granger should be the horseman of the party but this incident

somewhat those in

A Catch of Trout near Mattawa

led us to change our plan and henceforth he was the cook.
Maloney now took his place and for the rest of the summer was
responsible for the horses. One or two of these had been used
by my brother during the previous summer, but the rest were
all new to him and as will presently be seen, it took a few days
for horses and men to become acquainted.

The second day out from Calgary one of our horses showed
signs of balking. For some time he stood still in the harness,
but on applying a black snake whip he lay down flat between
the shafts and refused to rise. Many forms of persuasion were
tried ; food held before him; but still he would not move.
Another horse was hitched before him ; but the stubborn beast
only allowed himself to be dragged along the ground. In
desperation a fire brand was repeatedly applied to the horse’s
belly and haunches, which finally brought him to his feet.
One of the men now mounted his back and holding the

4 Rod and Gun

heaviest revolyer above the horse’s head discharged it several
times, thinking in this way to scare the animal into action, but
instead of this he again lay down and was dragged along the
trail by another team hitched ahead of him. It became
evident that the balky Indian pony would die before he would
again pull the load, so after three hours delay he was taken
out and saddled, one of the other horses being put in his place.
This one, however, did not prove much better than the last.
It was thought unwise to punish this spirited beast too much
for he had already broken the cart shaits twice. Thinking
that persuasion might succeed, he was left alone with his driver
and load while the rest of the outfit moved off. When finding
himself alone we hoped he would follow, but not a step would
the pony move. My brother’s saddle horse, Jack, a fine roan,
was then hitched to the cart and with a jump away he went
down the trail, Maloney and I following on horseback. Near
the top of the hill a bag of pork was found and further cn
another. while just over the summit a little off the trail lay the
broken cart. The buckboard and wagon were by this time far
ahead, and after them Maloney was sent on horseback with
instructions to overtake them and bring them back. Stretch-
ing a rubber sheet to shade us from the blazing sun, my
brother and I opened a can of fruit and another of tomatoes,
both of which were eagerly deyoured without either plate or
spoon. I then mounted my horse and started back over the
trail for the sacks of pork but Jack becoming nervous on find-
ing himself alone, with a plunge pulled up his picket and made
off down the trail at full gallop back towards Calgary. Al-
though much exhausted, my brother followed him on foot,
overtaking hiin about two miles away in company with a
government freight team, on its way north with supplies for
the troops at Edmonton.

It was decided now that some one should return to Calgary
for another cart, and this errand my brother selected for him-
self. One of our balky saddle horses he traded for another
trained to pull in harness, and taking the cart harness with
him he started back to Calgary. On the return of Maloney
and the outfit the contents of the broken cart were transferred
to the buckboard and the wagon, and we again started north-
ward, making eight miles or more before nightfall.

The next day being Sunday was spent in camp, and a
relief indeed it was aftert he excitement of the one before to
have a day of rest. Several times through the afternoon I
rode to the top of the nearest hill, looking for our returning
cart, but it was not till after nine at night that my brother
came, tired out and sick from exhaustion. Inside of thirty
hour he had ridden back to town, selected and purchased a
new cart and harness and returned again to us, covering in that
time a distance of fifty-eight miles.

About noon on Monday, on reaching the summit of a little
hill, we saw before us in the valley what appeared to be a
ranch of cattle. It was, however, a prairie carayan camped for
lunch. The sixteen covered wagons were fastened together in
twos, each pair of wagons being drawn by nine yoke of oxen.
There were eight teams of eighteen oxen each, making in all
one bundred and forty-four oxen, to pull the sixteen wagons.
fhese wagons were heavily built, especially for prairie use,
with wide wheels to prevent their sinking in the soft ground.
They were also provided with breaks, for use in going up and
down steep hills and were covered over with canvas tops. They
belonged to Mr. I. G. Baker, a large store-keeper and trader,
who was going southward for a new supply. The average ox,
I was told, would dress about one thousand pounds, and many

in Canada

of them weighed eighteen hundred pounds or more. They
were indeed fine powerful looking animals, and were worth a
hundred and fifty dollars each. Thus the oxen alone of this
caravan were yalued at about twenty-one thousand dollars.
After lunch was over it was very interesting to watch the oxen
and see each one walk intelligently to its proper position in the
team. The heavy yokes were then adjusted to their necks and
all made ready fora start. The whip carried by the driver had
a lash forty feet in length, fastened on a two foot handle. It
was interesting to observe the slow deliberate movement of the
oxen. Up hill or down hill, their speed was the same, about
two and a half miles per hour. When crossing brooks, or
other difficult places, with wheels sinking to the hubs in mud,
where horses would become excited, plunge and pull by jerks,
these coo -headed oxen proceed with the same deliberation as
they would on hard or level ground. The cracking of the
wagon wheels as they moved away could be heard far in the
distance.

Towards evening we reached a place called Forty Mile
House, a log shanty of one room, where we found the Edmon-
ton mail coach stopped for the night. I took this last oppor-
tunity of sending out one more letter to civilization. Leaving
the trail here we turned westward towards the foothills of the
mountains, passing through a country thickly grown with
willows and coursed by frequent coulees. While at lunch
camp two of our horses became frenzied from the incessant
attacks of mosquitoes and bull dog flies, broke their ropes and
gallopped off through the bushes. One was found that night,
caught by his picket rope in the woods, but the other remained
away for several days. A smudge was made, not only for the
comfort of the remaining horses, but to attract the lost one in.
It was pitiful to see the horses in bull dog season. Men could
cover their heads with netting, and smear their hands and face
with mosquito oil, but the horses having no protection, would
stand around the smudge, till their skin was scorched, and one
young pony actually latd himself across the fire till his flesh
began to burn. This poor brute was so tormented with the
flies that for a week or more he was unfit for work, running
idly behind the wagon.

The country at this season of the year was in many places
very beautiful, wild roses and other flowers covering the
ground everywhere in great profusion. Down in the coulee
bottoms, streams were often found and sometimes open places
free from bushes, while lakes scattered here and there give great
variety to the landscape.

On the evening of June twenty-sixth we reached the Liitle
Red Deer River, which runs through a thickly wooded valley.
The banks at this place were very steep, so steep indeed that
the cart and wagon were lowered down by means of ropes, a
height of eighty-five feet or more. A camping place was found
among the spruce trees in the bottom, and here we pitched our
tents. An amusing accident happened on the following day
to the cart, while travelling on a sloping hillside. It was
loaded with about nine hundred pounds of baggage and pro-
visions, including two boxes of canned goods, when suddenly
the down hill wheel dropped into a badger hole, upsetting the
cart and rolling the cans down hill to stop only when they
reached the bottom. ‘There lay the horse on his back, between
the shafts, pawing the air in his effort to regain his feet. For-
tunately no great harm was done, though both horse and
driver were somewhat shaken up and frightened.

Near the foothills of the mountains it frequently oceurs
that storms come up more quickly than they do in the open

Rod and Gun

country, and on the afternoon in question no sooner had the
cart been righted and started on its way, when black clouds
rolled up from the horizon and indications of a severe storm
appeared. A tent was pitched, but not before a storm of hail
had broken over us. The morning had been extremely hot,
and this sudden hail storm was indeed a great surprise. It came
along with a driving wind and after it had passed I found beside
my tent a pile of hailstones enough to fill a large sized cask.
This was kept in a shady place under the wagon, and for a day
or two, camp was provided with luxurious ice-water.

A few miles further on we reached the valley of the Red
Deer River, and as my brother planned to make a week’s trip
into the foot hills the rest of us encamped, where we remained
for five days. Maloney accompanied him on his trip and be-
side two saddle horses, they took another, loaded with provi-
sions. These five days I spent principally in making a survey
of the surrounding district, while some of the others fished and
hunted. At the end of this time we again turned east to the
Calgary-Edmonton trail. Over this we travelled for several
days, passing Red Deer village and arriving at the valley of the
Battle on July fifteenth. From here eastward, for a month or
more, the party would be divided. Two were to descend the
Battle river by canoe, while the balance of the outfit would
proceed overland, meeting us at a point where this river crosses
the fourth principal meridian, a distance of about two hundred
and fifty miles to the eastward.

On the afternoon of July 7th, 1885, our little party, quitting
the Calgary and Edmonton trail, over which we had_ been
travelling for several days, embarked with our necessary outfit
in a canoe, and started on our long voyage down the Battle
River.

Were the reader standing on the river bank he might have
seen to the southward our approaching party, the white top
wagon standing out conspicuously on the landscape. As we
reach the river a halt is made, and the leader after surveying
the crossing, gives orders to the men to prepare for dinner,
while he, with others, selects from the wagons a supply for the
river party. This supply must be as small as possible. It
consists of such things as blankets, provisions, a few cooking
utensils, arms and amunition, scientific instruments, and
some personal baggage. Two bags containing the portable
canvas boat are taken out and carried to the river, where the
pieces are fitted together, and the canoe Jaunched in the water.

About four o’clock in the afternoon the rain cleared away
and all arrangements being made for meeting at a point two
hundred and fifty miles to the eastward, where the river
crosses the fourth principal meridian, we gave a cheer to the
men and shoved off to penetrate the unknown country.

To all appearance the recent Indian uprising had been
subdued. The last encounter between the militia and the
Indian, fought at Batoche about a month before, had resulted
in the loss of many lives on both sides, and the utter defeat of
the natives ; and yet, doubtless, there were many roving bands
of red men ready for revenge. ;

The Battle River was so called from its having been, many
years ago, the scene of a bloody battle between the two great
Indian nations of the north, the Crees and the Blackfeet. It
lies almost entirely within the territory of the Crees, the
Neutral Hilis being an approximate dividing line between
their countries. It rises in that swampy region surrounding
Pigeon and Battle Lakes, two hundred and fifty miles north of
the national boundary, and eight from the foot of the Rocky
Mountains. Between its source and the mountains, flow the

in Canada 5

Saskatchewan River to the north, and Red Deer to the south,
intercepting all mountain streams and compelling the Battle to
be entirely of prairie origin, But the low lying, boggy country
surrounding its head waters, into which the surveyor can
penetrate only when the frost of winter has formed him a solid
footing, is of itself sufficient to produce a fair sized river. After
flowing through three hundred and fifty miles of valley it
enters the Saskatchewan at Battleford, and by way of Lake
Winnipeg and Nelson River, its waters flow into Hudson Bay.

The crossing of the River with the fourth principal
meridian where our voyage was to end, is about fifty miles
from the Hudson Bay Company’s trading port, Fort Pitt, thirty-
five miles from the reservation of Chief Poundmaker on whose
ground the battle of Cut-Knife Creek was fought, and sixty
miles from Battleford.

How pleasant it was after jolting in a wagon across the
plains orriding a half-trained broncho, to sit in the bottom
of a canoe and glide quietly over the water. Yesterday on the
open prairie exposed to the heat of a schorching sun ; to-day
floating in the shadow of the overhanging evergreens, on the
bosom of the quiet river.

On the afternoon of the day following our departure we
neared a neat-looking little log house, and from its general
appearance concluded that its occupant was no Indian or half-
breed, but a white man. On climbing the hill we were very
kindly greeted by the Methodist missionary to the Stony
Indians, who was busily engaged in repairing and rebuilding
his house after the Indian raid a few weeks before. He had
escaped, with his family, to a place of safety only a few hours
when Bob Tail’s band came down, pillaged his house, drove his
horses and cattle away, and after exhausting their means of
destruction, rode away, leaving the place a complete wreck.
Three years had Mr. Glass spent in building this rude little
home in the wilderness, and in as many hours the result of all
his labor was destroyed. Any article of particular value was
made the target for a bullet. His handsome collection of
books were to be found anywhere within a hundred yards of
the house. Things that would not break were otherwise
destroyed. His winter supply of potatoes in the cellar had
been carried down the hill and emptied into the river. Under
a clump of trees, down by the water’s edge, my eye chanced to
fall on a piece of broken iron, which, when pointed out to Mr.
Glass, he recognized as part of his wife’s new sewing machine.
A beautiful marble clock that had graced the mantle piece of
the sitting room had shared the fate of other things, and was
now lying in pieces on the floor. How they grieved at the loss
of their favorite timepiece. It had already marked off ten
years of their married life, having been given on their wedding
day by friends in New England. During our stay of a few
hours here a friendly chief, Sampson, rode over to the mis-
sionary’s, telling him to make no further repairs, that later in
the autumn there would be a general uprising of the Indians.
It was talked of, he said, not only in his own tribe, but also
among the Crees and Blackfeet. The prospect now of starting
off with so small a party to penetrate a hostile country did not
seem the most inviting. Our plan, however, was for peaceable
relations with the Indians as far as possible, and at the same
time it was considered a wise provision to be wellarmed. It
was very gratifying to Mr. Glass to know that these outrages
had not been committed by the Stony Indians. His own
teaching, as well as that of the beloved George McDougal, had
shown its good effect. I found through all the Indian uprising
the Stony Indians had taken no active part.

On the afternoon of the 19th we reached one of those large
swamps frequently found on the low-lying prairie. The mos-
quitoes here were so numerous that they resembled clouds
We worked hard at the paddles to try, i!
possible, to part company with them, but they seemed pleased
with their eastern friends, and suited their speed to our own-
From a dead pine tree on the river bank I took an observa-

floating above us.

tion, but returned. having seen nothing but a vast stretch of
swamp, grown up thickly with water willows. Six, seven and
eight o’clock came, and yet no dry ground had been seen,
Still on and on we went in the darkness, till the river opened
into a shallow lake, so shallow that sometimes the canoe would
drag along the bottom. It was one of those loathsome places,
water fowl. At
every dip the paddle would drag up from the filthy water a
Yet
us to the

the home of snakes, lizards, and all sorts of

mass of weeds and leaves, making our progress very slow.

continued efforts of paddling and poling brought

Se Mall te
aes

CHAT'S FALLS

These superb falls are capable of yielding 141,000 horse-power, being, however, but a small component of the 900,000
horse-power available within a radius of fifty miles of Ottawa,

further shore ina cold and drenching rain. The darkness was
intense, and the continued howling of prairie wolves made our
condition still more uncomfortable. It was ten o’clock, and
we were in a thick woods, groping our way among the fallen
Add to this the

food, and the con-

timber and through the drooping branches.

effect of being cold and wet and without

dition of the travellers can be imagined. By the light of a fire
of wet wood a tent was pitched, and then the weary ones lay
down to rest. How little do those who always stay at home

know of such an experience as this !

TO BE CONTINUED )

Mr. I. G, Ogden, of the Canadian Pacific Railway, has been

having great sport at Rideau Lake, Ont. One day last month

he showe da creel of black bass, several of which weighed up-
ward of 5 lbs. Mr. Ogden is president of the Anglers’ Club.

Rod and Gun

in Canada

AN EXPLORATION TO THE HEIGHTH OF
LAND.
By St. Croix.

That elevated, lonely region, which divides the waters
flowing into the St. Lawrence from those feeding the icy tide
of Hudson’s Bay, has always had an irresistible fascination for
me. Last autumn I was almost on the divide, at a point north
north-east of Kippewa Lake, but this summer I had an oppor-
tunity of visiting this same boundary further west

That I stood, eventually, where the waters flow each way,
was really rather the result of a happy chance than of any
deep laid plans of my own. On August 8th, I left the head of
Temiskaming, accompanied by one Indian and his fifteen-year-
old boy, with the intention of going up the White River,
portaging over into the Montreal, halting a day or two at
Matachewan, and then making my way up the south branch
of the said Montreal river, returning to Haileybury by way of
Gray’s River, Lady
Evelyn Lake, and
the Mattawabika.
This was the pro-
gramme, but owing
to a prolonged
spell of dry weath-
er, the White River
was so low that I
found it almost im-
possible to get
the
its south
branch to the Mon-
treal and,
somewhat reluct-
antly, [turned the
canoe’s bow up the

from
head of

across

River,

north-east branch,
determining to ex-
plore the tract of
land lying immedi-
ately westward of
the interprovincial

boundary. Now I

am glad that my
original plan was

not carried out, for
[never found my-
self in a more interesting country, nor one about which less
is known to the outside world. No land surveyor had ever
been through it, and on the Jarge scale map of Ontario issued
last year by the Crown’s Land Department of that Province
the country I visited is represented by a blank space,

I left Montreal by the Soo
Express on the night of Aug. 5th. Picturesque, sleepy Mattawa

But to begin at the beginning.

was reached in due time next morning, and the only fact of
interest that I remember connected with it was that there I ate
a breakfast of which I was sorely in need. After a couple of
hours’ run over the branch line leading to Kippewa I alighted
at the platform of the Bellevue Hotel, and so keen is this
northern air that I found myself in admirable condition to do
justice to an early dinner. think
that Lam giving too much prominence to these matters, but
I do not think so.

Some of my readers may
I have always found that in the Canadian

bush one’s appetite is always with one; it is a friend to be

Rod and Gun

cherished, and very often it is the only friend you have in the
world, so that it would be unpardonable egotism to leave it out
of the story.

The new manager of the Belleyue is a Mr. White, and his
treatment of his guests seems to be of the whitest description
(please pardon the pun, but I want to get even with him for
his kindness during my short stay, and this seems to be the
only way to do it).

I forget the hour at which the gallant S.S. Meteor was
advertised to start, but no matter. In course of time she did
actually get off, and not only so, but she made such satisfactory
headway that we anchored off Ville Marie, forty-eight miles
from the foot of the lake by dusk. She was as usual crowded
to the gunwale, the tide of tourist travel being in its flood, and
the rush to the lumber woods having already begun. Of course
a stateroom was out of the question; even if one had been
long-headed enough to have secured such a thing in adyance,
it would have been impossible to have kept it, for there were
many women and children on board whose claims could not
have been overlooked. However, the old traveller becomes
very crafty ; his wisdom is as the wisdom of aserpent. So it
came to pass that at 10:30 p.m., just as the northern lights
were getting in their fine work, and turning the heavens into
a tapestry of golden and coloured threads, I possessed myself
quietly of the bag which held my blankets, and shunning
observation, reached the pilot house unobserved. Thus I
escaped passing the night beneath a table in the saloon, and
slept most soundly until the noble Norseman who holds the
proud office of first mate of the Meteor jerked the rope of the
steam whistle sharp at 5 a.m. next morning. I never hated a
steam whistle so much in my life; but there was no help for it,
and I had to bundle out and make way for the man at the wheel.

Shortly after leaving Ville Marie we came to a halt off
Brown’s Castle, the residence of a gentleman whose name it
bears, a sportsman and lover of unsophisticated nature, who
comes from far away Philadelphia each year with the swallows
—of course I don’t mean to say that he travels in company
with the swallows, because I would not be so understood for
one moment. What I wish to make plain is, that he leaves
the city of Brotherly Love just about the time all other wise
people, whose bank accounts permit it, are doing the same
thing; only wiser than they, instead of going to some dusty,
glaring summer resort, he proceeds without loss of time to his
castle on the shores of noble Temiskaming, and fishes and
enjoys life during the long northern summer.

And now my old enemy the steam whistle is making the
welkin ring—that is, supposing there are any welkins so far
north—and eyery citizen of Haileybury, who is neither absent
nor bedridden, is flying madly down to the beach. There
thev are, all of them. Almost a whole year has passed since I
last saw them, but the men are apparently just as braye as
eyer, and the young women, if possible, even more beautiful,
and three minutes after landing I feel as much at home as if I
were a registered voter of the place. —

I have a very warm corner in my heart for the inhabitants
of this enterprising little Ontario town, because I have always
been received there with the greatest hospitality, and every-
body has helped me to the extent of his power in getting my
outfit together. Of course, by so doing they were really per-
forming a kind action towards themselves, as evidently the
sooner I got my modest wants satisfied the sooner I should
take myself off. But if they wanted to get rid of me they cer-
tainly disguised their feelings admirably, and my experience

in Canada a

has been that whether you arrive at Haileybury spick and
span from the centres of civilization, or wondrously unkempt
and travelled stained from the wilderness which doesn’t howl,
it makes no difference to the people of Haileybury, who one
and all unite in welcoming the coming and speeding the
parting guest.

After a hasty consultation with Mr. Paul A. Cobbold,
without whose assistance few undertake to penetrate the un-
known north, I decided to continue on to the head of the lake
in the Meteor and secure my canoemen, as there was a decided
scarcity of the genuine article, ‘‘ the silent, smoky Indian that
we know,’’ owing to a large influx of tourists, who had hired
nearly all the available smoky manhood of the place.

The distance from Haileybury to North Temiskaming,
where a large village of the silent, smoky ones exists, is about
twelve miles. In the ordinary course of events this should not
have taken more than two hours, but the same low water
which was to cause me so much trouble later on interfered with
us here. The White River is well named, for even at the end
of a dry summer it discharges a chalky flood into the lake, and
I can quite believe that in spring time its waters are about as
limpid as the contents of a can of preserved milk. This stream
is gradually filling up the head of the lake, and in course of
time may eventually turn the whole of Temiskaming into a
site for market gardens, but that will be long aiter our heads
have done aching, ifeyer. The present effect is that the nar-
row channel caused by the current of the Quinz river is being
continually silted up by the mud brought down by its sister
stream, so that even the Meteor, with a modest draught of six
feet or so, cannot always get in to its wharf at North Temis-
kaming. We proceeded gaily, though cautiously, until we
reached the first of a long, sinuous line of tree-tops placed to
show the channel by some of the silent and smoky young men
of the village. Then we ran aground, and the prospect seem-
ed good of passing the night on board—and I had leit my
blankets in Haileybury! However, after many complicated
nautical manceuvres, and much prodding of the bottom with
long poles, which stirred up such quantities of white mud that
all the fishers in the neighborhood must have had a bad time,
we wriggled over the bar, and as the sun was slanting in the
west, tied up alongside of the wharf at North Temiskaming.

(TO BE CONTINUED)

We publish in this issue a little fishing scene, for which we
have to thank Dr. C. W. Henschel of Mattawa, Ont. It
shows the result of a morning’s fishing for speckled trout near
his home. The doctor, himself an ardent sportsman, was
accompanied by Mr. W C. Leheup, also of Mattawa, a taxi-
dermist of more than local reputation. Mattawa is the centre
of an excellent fishing region, and such baskets as here shown
are the rule and not the exception. In order to enjoy fully,
however, Mattawa fishing the fisherman should camp out and
arrange for an absence of two or three days from headquarters.

*

The annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smith-
sonian Institution for the year ending June 30, 1897, has been
issued. It is, as usual, a deeply interesting volume, being in
fact a pr2eis of the advancement of human knowledge during
one year. Those papers likely to particularly interest the
readers of Rop anp Guy are: The Truth about the Mammoth,
by Frederick A. Lucas ; Haye Fishes Memory, by L. Edinger ;
On the Sense of Smell in Birds, by M. Xaviér Raspail, and the
description of the United States National Zoological Park-

8 Rod and Gun

Wonderful tales of the fearlessness and greed of the pike
are common in Europe, as well as in this country, but a case in
point happened the other day which lends probability to many
of them. A fisherman trolling in one of the lakes on the
northeast branch of the White River—an Ontario stream which
runs trom the heighth of land to Lake Temiskaming—hooked a
pound and a half doré, which in its turn was seized by an
enormous pike, the latter fish being almost secured owing to
the bull-dog tenacity with which it held its prey.

The angler who had this remarkable experience tells the
tale as follows: “I had caught several doré, none of them
weighing more than two lbs., without anything extraordinary
happening, but as I was pulling in another I felt a sudden tug
at the line, so powerful that I thought at first I had hooked the
elastic limb of some waterlogged tree. However, it turned out
to be a fish, anda big one into the bargain. As I reeled him
in I could tell by the play that I had on a very heavy pike, and
as soon as he came into view we were delighted to see a fish
whose length, in the water, appeared almost gigantic. Just as
we got him up to the canoe his hold gave way, to our sorrow. I
had on my hook a doré weighing about a pound anda half, almost
cut in two by the jaws of the big pike, which had taken him as
I was reeling in. Knowing that a fish of such fearless deter-
mination might have another try if given the opportunity, I let
out a long line, the doré still at the end of it, and we paddled
slowly back over the same ground. Sure enough, the pike
came at the bait with a rush once more, and this time I worked
him up to the canoe, and although his head was at one time
raised above the water by the strain of the line, he showed no
indication of letting go his grip. The Indian slipped a landing
net under him and lifted him almost into the canoe, but un-
fortunately we were not prepared for so big a fish, and the
landing net, though eighteen inches in diameter, and propor-
tionately deep, would only take in the head and shoulders of
this pike, leaving the heavier portion of the fish outside the
rim, so just as he reached the gunwale his slimy body slipped
back again into his native element, and as he had by this time
opened his jaws, we lost him for good and all. At no time had
this great fish been touched by the hook, yet we had nearly
secured him, owing to the tenacity with which those long,
curved teeth had held on to their prey.’

*

’

It is not often that even in Canada that we hear of the
capture of a trout of twenty-two and a half pounds, that is to
say with the exception of specimens of Salvelinus namaycush,
so that the following description (which we extract from the
London Field) should prove of interest. The fortunate captor
was Mr. Walter Langley, an English gentleman now living in
British Columbia. The fish was of course a rainbow trout :

‘4 road leaving Ashcroft (a station on the Canadian Paci.
fic Railway)in British Columbia passes northwards up the val-
ley of the Buonaparte river for fourteen miles, when it turns to
the west up the valley of Hat Creek. Some fourteen miles
further it enters & most picturesque pass known as the Marble
Canyon, traversing & mountain range, which otherwise would

in Canada

block the way. This Marble Canyon, so called because of the
limestone rock and quartz cliffs which tower almost perpendi-
cularly above the road to a height of some 2,000 feet, affords
one of the most beautiful sights to be seen even in this land of
magnificent landscapes, and nothing can exceed its beauty ona
summer’s day morning, when the early rising sun first gilds
and brightens the summits of the cliffs; and in the valley lie
two lovely lakes. The first and smaller one is fed by a water-
fall of perhaps 250 feet in height, which pours in one bright
stream almost perpendicularly into the lake. This lake has no
surface outlet, but probably its waters flow underground into
the next and larger lake, which (some six miles in length), in
the transparent purity and peculiar colouring of its waters,
offers one of the prettiest sights imaginable. Many years ago
both of these lakes, being fishless, were stocked by the late
Capt. Martley, whose residence was near by, with small trout
taken from the Hat Creek. In the smaller lake they throve
and multiplied exceedingly and its waters are now full of them.
From the larger lake all the fish escaped down its outlet to the
Frazer river, but subsequently, a mill being built upon the
stream, a dam was put in, over which, by the use of wire net-
ting, the escape of fish might be prevented. So Capt. Martley
repeated his experiment of stocking the lake with Hat Creek
trout, and this time successfully. For some years past many
and large fish have been taken from the lake.

“The fish of Hat Creek, from which this lake was stocked,
are little fellows, the largest of which seldom attain to halfa
pound in weight. They are dark in colour, with many spots,
and would invariably be classed here as ‘ brook trout.’ Some
of them are transferred to this unstocked lake, and in a few
years enormous trout are taken from it, utterly unlike their
progenitors in every particular. The fish taken from the large
lake are bright and silvery as a fresh run salmon, have the
well-defined pink line running down their sides, and are, in
fact, what is known here as the ‘rainbow’ trout. So with
the fish from the smaller lake, but still they are again quite
unlike those from the larger lake, and both are in every way
distinctly different from the trout of Hat Creek from which
these lakes were, as I have described, originally stocked. So
we may note what a change of locality and a liberal supply of
food will do for trout, and we may take it as an assured fact
that no mere difference of outward appearance will stamp
trout as of different sorts, and that, unless some structural
variation can be shown, they may all be considered of one kind
only. Ihave fished much in British Columbia and in other
parts of the world, and nowhere have I noted such variations
in outward appearance as there is here in fish taken from
different lakes and streams, although in many cases such lakes
and streams are separated from each other by only short dis-
tances. The fish are identical in kind, though yarying in out-
ward appearance, in size, and in edible value.”’

Mr. Thomas Donley, of the Grand Central Hotel, St.
Thomas, Ont., will hold his fifth annual tournament on Octo-
ber 9, LO and Il. Live birds and targets.

*

In the Montreal Gazette of Sept. 5, a paragraph appeared,
under a Toronto date line, telling how a certain pair of
had taken 83 bass in less than two
hours at Henry Harbour, It was headed ‘* Sport or Destrue-
tion.’’ We fancy most of the readers of Rop anp Gun would

have cut that title down to one word.

a

sports” (not sportsmen

Rod and Gun

CORRESPONDENCE,

Some Requisites for Canadian Shooting.

Perhaps the simplest way to make out a list of requisites
for a hunting trip into the Canadian bush, would be to check
off the articles in some of the awful outfits taken by tenderfeet
into the woods, making up one’s own kit from the few articles
they had omitted. As a matter of fact nine-tenths of the things
taken by nine-tenths of the sportsmen into the wilderness are
superfluities. No wonder that the poor guides often come to
look upon their employers, or perhaps we ought to say their
task-masters, as belonging to a race of idiots. I have seen
with my own eyes cooking stoves, iron coffee grinders, cane
bottomed chairs and all sorts of other rubbish taken into a
country where every foot of progress had to be won by the
hardest muscular effort. So thoroughly do such employers
handicap their men, that voyageurs who think nothing of
reeling off their 35 or 40 miles a day, when travelling light, are
barely able to cover five miles in a dozen hours with the most
tremendous exertion.

This subject is a big one, and it has been estimated that a
series of yolumes equal in content and number to those of the
Century Dictionary would not exhaust it. Therefore, I only
intend to touch upon a few elementary facts. Most men begin
by discussing the rifle a man should take into the forest ; I
prefer to begin at his boots. Almost any rifle will do at a pinch,
but in the way of boots you don’t want any pinching, in fact
you are looking for something easy and comfortable. Now the
perfection of footgear, as soon as you get away from pavements
and macadamized roads is the moccasin. ‘‘ Oh! but,’’ say you,
“mv feet are too tender for that sort of thing. I should be
lame for a week were I to take a short walk overstony ground
with nothing but a thin moccasin on my feet.’? You only
think so ; don’t you remember my friend, when you were a
small boy, and your indulgent parents took you to the seashore
during the holidays, with what impunity you learned to walk
over the rough, barnacle-covyered rocks? A foot which has
been allowed to become tender may be nursed up to the requi-
site hardness in about two weeks. After that you could tramp
about in moccasins all day without your feet paining you.
For cinoeing there is nothing like the moccasin. And it
is almost equally indispensable when still-hunting, and, of
course, you could not snowshoe at all in any other foot-gear.

But if you must wear boots (English) or shoes (American)
for goodness sake have them cut off at the ankle. What, in the
name of common sense, is the use of weighting yourself with a
lot of superfiuous leather all the way up to the knee? If you
do this thing you will be almost as foolish as the British War
Office, which swaths the calves of its soldiers in long strips
of woollen material, yclept puttees, for the sole purpose, appa-
rently, of handicapping as much as possible that unfortunate
person, the British soldier. If you have been wearing high,
heavy boots take the advice of a friend, and have a pair of
shoes made according to the following specifications : uppers
to be light and pliant, lacing up to the ankle: a broad sole with
a low flat heel, the sole to be only just thick enough to carry
a few Hungarian nails. Don’t try and keep your feet dry, for
that is quite impossible in the wilderness, as in any case your
socks will be wet through before nightfall, whether it be by
water or perspiration. If you change on reaching camp, or if
not able to change, you unloose your shoes and dry your feet at
the fire; you will never take any harm. I think that a man
whose feet have been properly hardened to the work will

in Canada 9

walk thirty miles in moccasins as easily as he will walk twenty
in ankle jacks, or ten in high boots, and he is far less likely to
be lame next day.

Another matter about which I should like to say a few
words is the supply of underclothing and shirts necessary for a
trip of somewhat long duration. say a month or two. I don’t
consider any man who takes his sport seriously need be bother-
ed with more than two suits of underwear, two flannel shirts.
and three pairs of socks. This is really a very generous allow-
ance, because, as a matter of fact, by choosing a nice warm day
on which to do your washing you could get along nicely with
one flannel shirt, and one suit of underwear. But I would
never go with less than three pairs of socks, and I want them
all wool, though not necessarily a yard wide.

I look upon the man who discovered the overall as one of
the greatest benefactors of the human race. This marvellous
garment is equally adapted to summer and to winter wear, in
the former season it may well be worn sans culottes, and in the
winter drawn over that garment which the Highlander does
without. Then, the overall is moderate in price, ordinary
brands not costing more than 65c. down by the docks, while
even the most fancy articles, bought in an extortionate up-town
store, cannot possibly retail at over $1.25. In summer they are
light ; in winter almost windproof, and although sopping up
wet like blotting paper, may be dried by five minutes’
exposure to the camp fire.

Perhaps the most useful garment that the wilderness tra-
veller can own is an all-wool sweater. Personally, I prefer a
light, openly knitted one for summer and autumn work, as the
others are almost too warm, except in the depth of winter. I
should never think of going to the bush without one of these
kitted jerseys.

Almost anything in the way of a coat will do. Those I
wear are generally old ones that have seen better days,and it is
many years since I was recklessly extravagant enough to spend
money on a regular shooting coat. I find it better, and more
satisfactory in every way, to do the shooting and let the coat
look after itself. But of course, as the waiter said, some likes
beef and some likes onions, and if a man feels that his happiness
is increased by perambulating the northern forests in a well-
cut garment, having innumerable cute little pockets, by all
means let him have one made according to his soul’s desire ;
only let me tell him that the Indians are poor judges of fashion,
and the bears, and moose, and caribou won’t look at him jiong
enough, if they can help ii, to tell whether his coat was built by
a first rate-tailor or is merely a cheap hand-me-down garment.
I trust that these few hints will be accepted in the spirit in
which they are tendered, and that no exasperated outfitter will
wreak vengeance upon me for what I have written.

Montreal, P. Q. ANGLO-SAXON.

An old Maine woodsman thinks he has discovered the
secret of “‘bird’s eye’? maple. He noticed that where the
woodpeckers had been striking into the trees in his sugar bush
small red spots were left after the scars had healed. If the
trees had suffered badly the marks were more numerous while
there was no trace of them on trees the woodpeckers had not
visited. He therefore has determined to experiment on the
question. His plan is to make a paste of the ants on which
these birds feed with pulp made from elm bark and smear it on
thrifty maples, with the expectation that the birds when
obtaining food will at the same time be transforming ordinary
hard maple into bird’s eye maple.

IO Rod and

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GAME AND
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INTERESTS
OF CANADA.

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Communications on all topies pertaining to fishing, shooting, canoeing,
the kennel and amateur photography, will be welcomec and published,
if satisfactory. All communications must be accompanied by the name of
the writer, not necessarily for publication, however.

Rop aND GUN IN CANADA does not assume any responsibility for, or
necessarily endorse, any views expressed by contributors in these columns.

All communications should be addressed to :

ROD AND GUN PUBLISHING CO., 603 Craig Street, MONTREAL.

= — — —

—= ==

Some months ago the opinion was expressed editorially in
these columns thatthe Lee-Enfield was a better rifle than it is
thought to be by those whose conclusions have been influenced
by the daily newspapers. This opinion has been vindicated in
a striking manner by the success of our Canadian riflemen at
Sea Girt last month. Armed with the service rifle they inflict-
ed defeat upon the eight picked shots selected from the rifle-
men of the United States to defend the Centennial Palma
Trophy. The ranges were 800, 900 and 1,000 yards, and out of
the 28 points by which the Canadians led at the finish, 21 were
put on at the longest range. A day or two later the Dominion
shots met and defeated the team of the Ulster Rifle Association,
which in its turn had just beaten the New Jersey State Rifle
Association, so that indisputably the Canadian riflemen car-
ried off the honours of the meeting.

The Americans shot with the Krag and the Irishmen with
the Mannlicher, each a later pattern rifle by a good many
years than the Lee-Enfield, yet the latter rather more than
held its own. Our men say the American sights were, how-
ever, undonbtedly superior to those on the British service rifle,
as they had a Vernier and sliding bar attachmert, with an
aperture sight, so that the ballistic qualities of fe Lee-Enfield
must be better than those of the Krag, and cordite has shown
itself quite the equal of the U.S. service powder, the Peyton.
Cordite may be a trifle rongh on the inside of the bore, but
it geta there just the same; moreover, the German powder in
the Mannlicher cartridge is even more destructive, the accu-
racy of a barrel, when it is used, being but 300 shots.

*

Another good man has been called away. A. N. Cheney,
State Fish Culturist of the State of New York, died suddenly of
heart failure at his home, Glen’s Falls, that State, in August.
The September issue of Rop axp Guy was in the printers’
reached that no mention of

hands when the sad news us, so
Mr. Cheney's death could be made last month.

Mr. Cheney was the most pleasing writer on fish and fish-
ing that the United States has yet produced; moreover, he
was, toward the end of his career at least, a practical fish ecul-
turist, and when he received the appointment he held up to
his death, he soon proved himself the right man for the posi-
tion. He had found his life’s work at length, but pity it was
he found it so late

Gun

in Canada

Several of the American sportsman’s papers haye been
filled with correspondence discussing the killing powers of the
high velocity small bore rifles. To those who are practical
sportsmen and have used these weapons on American game,
some of these letters appear very absurd. The truth is that
the modern small bore is sufficiently powerful to kill any
American animal in workmanlike fashion. This statement is
made deliberately, after having seen tne effect of its bullets
upon the toughest and largest game we have in Canada. For
eastern shooting the 50-30 Winchester is an admirable gun.
It will kill moose, caribou, deer and black bear with a single
shot at any sporting range, if the animal be hit in a vital spot.
More than this no rifle short ot the calibre of a small cannon
should be expected to do. Even when the game is hit in the
flank, at long range, the terrible, soft-nosed bullet is fully as
likely to pulverize a bone as the larger bullet from a 45 or 50
calibre, and its chances of reaching the vitals of an animal are
very much better. Moreover, owing to its lightness, accuracy,
and freedom from recoil, it makes the pursuit of big game a
pleasure instead of a toil. If men would only shoot at sporting
ranges, and not blaze away at impossible distances, they would
be perfectly satisfied with the effect of a 50-30 Winchester upon
game. Those who contend that the 38-55 is a better rifle for
any of the deer tribe are simply advertising their own ignorance.
Each year sees a larger proportion of 30-30’s used in the
northern forest, and we believe that in another ten years or so,
the black powder rifle will be rarely seen in the hands ofa
sportsman.

For western shooting the 30-40, or the .303 British, are
better cartridges, and so firmly is their merit recognized in the
Rockies that the best Indian hunters, from the international
boundary to the Arctic Sea, are replacing their 45-90 and 45-70
rifles with the more modern high velocity small bore.

*

While all members of the Salmonidae make fit sport for a
king’s fishing, none of the species found in fresh water excels
the rainbow trout, to our thinking. Of the strictly river trouts
it is undoubtedly the gamest. The rainbow has this further
advantage, that it grows to a huge size and without losing any
of its gameness as it increases in weight. Although an
American fish, its native habitat being west of the Rockies,
Englishmen seem to have appreciated its merit more than
ourselves. Ina recent issue of the London Field, mention is
made of a rainbow trout weighing 194 lbs., which was taken in
Rotorna Lake, New Zealand. This noble fish was 35 inches in
length and 21 inches in width. The gentleman who sent the
information to the Field states: ‘‘They are a superior fish in
every way to the brown trout, especially in the matter of their
sporting qualities, for they fight like salmon.’’ Another cor-
respondent, writing from Mold, North Wales, tells how two

years and a half ago he turned 150 yearling rainbow trout into
four small ponds oovering, perhaps, half an acre. Notwith-
standing that a more unfavorable looking place for trout could
hardly exist, this summer he caught six trout in less than an
A third corres-
pondent relates how he caught, in a Gloucestershire stream,
five rainbow trout, the heaviest of which weighed 2} lbs. and
the lightest 1} Ibs. These fish were turned in as yearlings last
February year, of an average weight of less than a quarter ofa

hour, the combined catch weighing 6} Ibs

pound at that time.

It is to be hoped that the day is not far distant when this
superb fish will be planted in all suitable waters in eastern
Canada. When this shall been done our already
unrivalled fishing will be even better than it is to-day.

have

Rod and Gun in Canada II

CONTENTS

— PAGE
NACE SUC O PUA HMOMDE oA choo hoon Goce HONeCo Heber Scone 1-2
Exploration in Northwestern Canada ................-- 2-
An Exploration to the Heighth of Land ................ 6-7
Misha GehrShim gee ce seteps ce stereretatertieeiacvsis ketene 8
(COTAREYHO MINE. coocsdssosoucodpoenaunsunTe Sob Ud SonbE 9
BGhiGniiNiGcodcaecomtcudos 66 DAR COA a GORSa nC U ROD Oana ne 10
INa2) INET eco o oGco ODS DOU SEO OROO DED at OHEDGOSO SEG 11-13
AMMAteUE EE DOGOPTAD MY ier eerste ee tele es esc lei> 14-16
Forestry 17-20

KENNEL DEPARTMENT

Conducted by D. Taylor

During the past month there has been a plethora of
dog shows. First we had the Pan-American at Buffalo, then
Chatham, N.Y., and Toronto (concurrently), Sherbrooke, Bur-
lington, Vt., St. Thomas, Ont., Rhode Island Kennel Club, etc.,
which gaye handlers and fanciers a busy time. In point of
time and importance comes the

Pan-American.

This was a most successful affair, and crowds of people who

never saw a dog show before took advantage of the free

exhibit, which was not the least attractive feature to
sight-seers of the many to be seen at the great Exposi-

tion. The weather was extremely hot, and judging in the
melting rays of the sun had some disadvantages. However,the
rings were extremely well-served by a most energetic corps of
ring stewards, whose duties were made more difficult from the
fact that the attendants were unused to the work, and the dis-
tance of the rings from the three barns which were occupied by
the dogs.

The high quality of the exhibits in nearly every breed was
frequently remarked and this was especially the case with
Pointers, Setters, Bulldogs, Fox Terriers and the different
breeds of toy dogs. For the latter the Swiss Mountain Kennels
were mainly responsible, while the excellent exhibit of Point-
ers, Setters and Bulldogs of the Vancroft Kennels made such a
display as was never before accomplished by individual own-
ers, the entries of these two formidable kennels reaching the
neighborhood of two hundred.

Several local exhibitors figure in the prize list, amongst
them being Mr. D.W. Ogilvie, with his now famous wire-haired
fox terrier Bank Note, which won everything in his classes and
was only beaten for the best terrier in the show by Dusky
Don II, an imported smooth terrier. This order was kept at
Toronto. In Skyes, Mr. Geo. Cayerhill was pre-eminent and
Mr. Reid’s King Edward VII (shown very much out of coat)

was placed third.
™

Toronto Show.

The usual fall show under the auspices of Toronto Indus-
trial Association was held September 2, 3, 4 and 5, and as usual

was a prominent feature of the big fair. The entry list was not
quite up to that of 1800, which was a record one, but the
quality of the exhibits was uniformly good and equal to
anything ever seen at this annual function. The interest taken
in the show by visitors to the exhibition was evidenced by the
large number who paid for admission. As usual, under the
direction of Mr. W. P. Fraser, the ring service was all that
could be desired. The following are some of the prize-takers
in Montreal district :

St. Bernards, bitches, open—lst. F. & A. Stuart, Montreal,
Lady Hereward.

Russian wolfhounds, limit, dogs and bitches—ard, E. C.
Short, Montreal, Sir Roswald.

Gordon setters, open, bitehes—Ist, E.
ton, Que., Nellie.

Rough collies, novice dogs—2nd, W. H. Gibson, Beacons-
field, Que., Minto.

Rough collies, open, sable and sable and white
Reid, Montreal, Logan’s King Edward VII.

Rough collies, novice, biteches—Ist, W. S. Elliot, St. Lam-
bert, Blair Athol Lassie ; also third in open class for bitches of
any color other than sable or sable and white with Blair Athol
Patti.

Rough collies, open, bitches—lst, Joseph Reid, Logan’s
Farm, Heather Blossom. She was in half coat and was only
beaten as the best collie in the show by her sire, Woodman-
sterne Conrad, who was shown in the best of condition and in
full bloom as to coat. Heather Blossom’s winnings besides
the open class are: Collie Clnb Trophy, value $300, for best
American bred collie; Industrial Exhibition
medal for best collie bitch in show.

Bull terriers, puppies, dogs—Ist, Sidney Britcher, Mont-
real, Newmarket Bendigo ; 2nd, R. H. Elliott, Ottawa, Gen.
Grant.

Bull terriers, novice, dogs—Ist, Newmarket Bendigo.

Bull terriers, limit, dogs, under 30 pounds—Ist, Sidney
Britcher, Newmarket Baron II.

3ull terriers, limit, dogs, 30 pounds and over—lIst, T. A.
Armstrong, Ottawa, Ottawa Major; 2nd, Newmarket Bendige ;
83rd, W. Rankin, Ottawa, Lord Strathcona.

Bull terriers, open, dogs—Ist, Ottawa Major; 2nd, New-
market Bendigo.

Bull terriers, puppies, bitehes—lst, Mrs. J. O. Walters,
Ottawa, Golf Queen ; 2nd, Sidney Britcher, Newmarket Baby.

Bull terriers, novice, bitches—2nd, C. D. Carriere, Ottawa,
Edgewood Dawn.

Bjorkelund, Comp-

3rd, Jos.

Association’s

3ull terriers, limit, bitches, under 30 pounds—Sidney
Britcher, Newmarket Baby.

Bull terriers, Canadian class, dogs—lst, Sidney Britcher,
Newmarket Baron IT.

Airedale terriers—Ist, Joseph Laurin, Montreal, Dumbar-
ton Lass.

Boston terriers, open, biteches—2nd, J. H. Smith, Mont-
real, Cricket.

Skye terriers, puppies, dogs and bitches—Ist, Geo. Caver-
hill. Montreal, Moorland Lad.

Skye terriers, limit, dogs and bitches—1st, Geo. Caverhill,
Silver Queen; 2nd, Geo. Cavyerhill, Highlander ; 3rd, Geo.
Caverhill, Prince Royal.

Skye terriers, open, dogs,—lst, Geo. Caverhill, Moorland
Lad ; 2nd, Highlander.

Skye terriers, open, bitches—Ist, Geo. Caverhill, Silyer
Queen ; 2nd, Geo. Cayerhill, Diamond Queen.

12 Rod

Dog Show at St. Thomas, Ont.

The Dog Show held by the St. Thomas
September 10, 11 and 12 was a very successful one both in point
of entries and attendance. Mr. H. W. Lacy, of Boston, was
judge, and A. McDonald, of Deer Park, Toronto, ring steward.

Kennel Club on

The committee having charge, and to whose efforts the success
of the show was due, was composed of W. T
tendent, Joseph Ferguson, Walter Ross, J. H.
King.

John Phelan, of

Collins, superin-
Price and Dr.

Toronto, showed a fine lot of Yorkshire
terriers, among them Brandy, the sire of a number of prize
winners.

fox-terriers and red and black

The string of wire haired

cockers shown by J. Herbertson, of Detroit, were a fine looking

POWELL RIVER
\ typical British Colour ih ountain strean *These sparkling
torrents are the home of the game rainbow, the peer of any trout
in the world Fishing amid su SC4 ry has a charm old
Izaak Walton never knew,

lot. Mr. Theodore Coleman showed a nice lot of Bedlington
terriers, among them six puppies. Geo. Bell, of Toronto, hada
good exhibit of black and red cocker spaniels and Boston

terriers Among the noted dogs were Bayview Baden-Powell

St. Bernard), a winner at the Pan-American and ‘l'oronto : the

great Dane, Fordham Cyrano ; Russian wolfhound Rezada ; and

Director, a prize winning greyhound. The pointers were wel]

represented,

and Gun

in Ganada

Cocker spaniels were many and the quality good, among
them were Perfection, winner at Chicago last spring, Tick Tick

and Standard.
*

Burlington, Vermont, Dog Show.

The first annual dog show of the Champlain Kennel Club
was held on Wednesday, Thursday and Friday, 1], 12 and 13
September, in the Green Mountain Rink, Burlington, Vt., and
although the entries were not as numerous as might have been
expected, the quality of the dogs that were on exhibition was
of a very high order. This was made apparent to the veriest
tyro in canine knowledge when the special prize offered by the
club for the best specimen of any breed was being judged. A
collection composed of the winners in the different breeds at
this show made a group of high-bred dogs that were unusually
attractive and would have been a credit to a much older organ-
ization than the Champlain Kennel Club. The judging, which
was done on schedule time, was watched with the keenest and
most intelligent interest by those who ventured out in the cold,
drizzling rain which marked the afternoons of the first two
days, and the spectators did not hesitate to manifest their ap-
proyal when an award was made that was in accord with their
particular fancy ; especially was this the case when Mr. Jarrett’s
Collie, Wellesbourne Hope, was awarded the special for the
best specimen of any breed.

The officers of this latest addition to the American Kennel
Club are :—Dr. H. Nelson Jackson, president ; Robert Noble
and Miss Amy Proctor Bingham, vice-presidents ; Chas. H.
Mower, secretary ; Robert J. Ross, assistant secretary, and E.
J. Spaulding, treasurer.

*

Amongst the aftermath of the Montreal show is a protest

considered at a late meeting of the Canadian Kennel Club
—from Mr. A. M. Duckworth, against the award of a special
which the best
local specimen shown by a lady.’’ The meeting, while express-

prize in the Irish terrier classes read : ‘‘ for
ing the opinion that there might have been less ambiguity
about the conditions, upheld the secretary in his disposition of

the award.
*
Turf, Field and Farm says: There are rumors of queer do-
connection with the Chatham show, and Toronto is

said to be the loser thereby in entries.

ings in
Cutting entry fees and
paying transportation from Buffalo and hotel bills for handlers
is some of the things credited to Chatham which we trust the
Bench Show Committee can refute.

*

\t a meeting of the Council of the L. K. A.
held on September 11, there were present : Mrs
Mrs. Smyth, Mrs. Mayhew, Miss Bird, Mrs.
Foote, Miss Shippen.

of America,
Kernochan,
Vatable, Mrs.
Mrs. D. W. Evans was appointed dele-
gate to the Council. At the regular meeting held on the same
day, the secretary reported that since the last regular meeting
it had been decided by the Council to hold a bench show, dur-
ing the week beginning December 14, at the Madison Square
Garden, with Mr. Mortimer as superintendent, that all classes
should have prizes of $15, $10, $5, excepting winners, in which
the Association’s medal would be given, and that there would
be team prizes of $20 for the best four in each breed, Specialty
clubs heard from have been very generous in the offering of
their specials, and that it was hoped that the show would prove
most successful both as to size and quality. The secretary-
treasurer’s report was read and approved. ;

Rod and Gun in Canada

Rhode Island Kennel Club Show.

Labor Day was a flyer for the Rhode Island Kennel Club.
The third annual one-day summer show was held at Crescent
Park, the star resort of the many shore places on the Provi-
dence River. The many attractions brought to the Park an
unusually large number and it is estimated that thirty thous-
and people were on the grounds. The weather was grand, as
were the dogs in point of quality. The novel method of chain-
ing them to the building where they could lay down on the
spacious baleony was to the dogs a heaven, being cool, shady
and free from flies. The judging began on time and the rings
were never better served.

The judges were: Mrs. A. L. Evans, Brockton, Mass., St.
Bernards and Mastiffs and Great Danes; Nelson McIntosh, Set-
ters; J. H. Phelan, Pointers; Thomas Shallcross, Beagles.
Fox-hounds and all other hounds; J. H. Phelan, Collies and
Spaniels ; P. J. Brickley, Boston, Boston Terriers and English
Bulls ; W. C. Codman, Fox Terriers and all other terriers,
French Bulldogs and miscellaneous classes.

*

Mr. James Mortimer, Hempstead, L.I., spent a very pleas-
ant day in the city Jast month on his way to judge at Burling-
ton. In recording his visit Mr. Mortimer says: “ A drive over
Mount Royal and then to the Montreal Hunt’s famous club
house and kennels made the time pass yery pleasantly. The
Montreal Hunt is fortunate in haying a thoronghly skilful
huntsman in William Nichols. The kennels, sleeping apart-
ments and cook house were as clean asa new pin, and the
hounds were in excellent working condition.”

™
Manitoba Field Trials

The running of the trials began Wednesday, 11th September,
with the Derby stake, for which the drawing was made on
Monday night. Of the eighty nominations which had been
made in this stake, twenty-four qualified for the start, nine of
these being pointers and fifteen setters. The first series of
thirty minutes heat was run through the first day, but owing to
a rainstorm during the forenoon of the second, which delayed
the starting until afternoon, the stake was not completed until
the evening. While much of the work done by the puppies
was of an unfinished character, the class and quality of the
stake when judged by the natural qualities shown, were very
high indeed, and it is very certain that many of the starters
who run unplaced in this, will lay claim to the more honored
position in stakes of later dates. As it was there was no
perfectly clean work done and a decision had to be reached by
comparison.. The judges handled the stake very skilfully and
so well-recognized was this fact, that there was little or no
difference of opinion from them—none at all so far as the
winner of first place was concerned, though there were some,
possibly, who had not followed the work so closely, who thought
some ofthe minor places might have been changed to advantage.
But those who did not agree with the judges in these places
were decidedly in the minority. Winners: First—Pretti Sing;
Second—Nebraska Ben ; Third—Robs ; Fourth—Tankas.

On Saturday, after being delayed by the rain, the last brace
of the first series of the All Age Stake was completed, the
second serics immediately following. Twelve were carried
over—Prime Minister with Dick Stamboul ; Pink’s Nellie with
Silver Lace; Clip Wind’em with Cam; Tony Man with
Zuleika; Star Bondhu with Uncle B; Dum Dum with
Verona Wilhelmina. All except the last brace were run off

13

before noon, when rain again delayed the running till late. So
many failed to maintain their records during the second trial,
only four were carried into the third series—Pink’s Nellie with
Tony Man, and Prime Minister with Zuleika. After these two
heats the winners were placed, Prime Minister, first; Pink’s
Nellie. second ; Zuleika, third ; and Tony Man, fourth. The
decision gave good satisfaction.

Monday morning, in the face of a very strong and cold
wind, the championship stake was begun with eighteen starters
—Tony Man with Nebraska Ben ; Verona Cap with Zuleika ;
Uncle B with Clip Wind’em ; Pink’s Nellie with Clyde; Har-
wick’s Nellie with Manitoba Blythe ; Prime Minister with
Verona Diablo; Senator P with Peach Blossom ; Dum Dum
with Sioux ; Dot’s Roy with Cam. Owing to the high wind
and the cold little bird work was anticipated, but in this all
were greatly surprised, as much very superior work was done,
Prime Minister, Clyde, Howick’s Nellie, Pink’s Nellie and Tony
Man standing out the most clearly.

The championship stake and the trials were ended at noon
Tuesday, 17th. This day was also cold and mostly cloudy, with
some snow inthe air. The running began with the commence-
ment of the second series; Pink’s Nellie with Harwick’s Nellie ;
Prime Minister with Clyde, and Tony Man alone. At the
conclusion of these braces a third series was found necessary,
Pink’s Nellie running with Prime Minister, and Clyde with
Tony Man. The different braces were all thoroughly tried out,
both on birds and for range and speed as well, and at the con-
clusion of the running, the Judges, on account of his consistent
range and speed as well as his performances of birds under
most trying conditions, gave the run to Clyde. The judging of
this stake was done by S. C. Bradley and Dr. W. H. Hutchings,
and their awards gave very general satisfaction.

*

At the Chatham, N.Y., show, Mrs. A. Belasco, of Prince
Arthur street landed a first and second with her St. Bernard,
Prince. She also got first inthe puppy class with a seven and
a-half months’ old son of Prinee—Lord Mount Royal. He is a
grand fellow for his age, weighing 115 lbs. and is perfectly
formed and marked. There was a large entry list, some three
hundred and fifty, but a good many were for exhibition only.
The show was under the auspices of the Columbia County
Agricultural Society, so that large crowds were at its exhibi-
tion and of course went to the dogs. Mr. H. W. Lacy was
judge.

™

Everyone interested in Collies will hear with sorrow of the
serious illness of Mr. T. H. Stretch, at Vine Cottage, Ormskirk,
Eng. The dogs he has bred are all of the finest quality. At
least three continents can boast of representatives from the
famous Ormskirk Kennels, whence came Ormskirk Emerald,
Southport Perfection, Ormskirk Commander and many dogs of
fame bearing the honored prefix Ormskirk.

*

A meeting of the Sporting Spaniel Club was held the first
of the month, at the Toronto show, and the following officers
were elected: HH. Parker Thomas, Belleville, hon. president;
Geo. Douglas, Woodstock, president; C. T. Mead, Toronto,
vice-president; Harry Tremble, secretary and treasurer.
Executive Committee—Geo. Bell, Toronto; F. T. Miller,
Trenton; Geo. Dunn, Woodstock; Allison H. Irwin, Montreal;
L. Farewell, Toronto. The club is in possession of several
valuable cups and the treasury is in good condition.

14 Rod

AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHY

Conducted by Hubert McBean Johnstone

ON HAVING FIGURES IN OUR LANDSCAPES.

H. McBean Johnstone.

The last annual exhibit of the New York Camera Club could
hardly have failed to convince the observing onlooker of the
fact that figures ought to play a much more important part in
the make up of the landscape than appears to be the case. In
all the landscapes displayed (and when one considers that the

RABBIT POINT,

RABBIT LAKE

Rabbit Point is one of the most beautiful spots on the canoe trip from Temag

was taken from it late one September afternoon

American is the school of portrait photography, there were a
surprisingly large number) there were very few indeed that
the
The few that did have figures in them were of sucha

could be said to owe their interest to introduction of a
figure.
nature that the figure was either the subject of the photogram
or was all dwarfed out of proper proportion to the view. In
the first case it could hardly be called a landscape with figures,
but rather a portrait, while in the second, it would appear
that the artist was afraid of his ability to properly pose the
subject and so had the model stand a goodly distance from the
lens
Suppose we deal with the subject under three heads, Viz:

Why, Where and How.

and Gun

ONT.
aming to Temiskuming.

The famous Rabbit Rock is near by,

in) Canada

Now for a start at number one, why have a figure at all?
Surely it may be possible that our picture possesses a charm
that lies entirely apart from human interest, so that if admitted
at all, a figure is apt to detract from the result, and if admitted
must be of entirely secondary importance and subordinate to
the principal idea. In this case a figure may often be em-
ployed to advantage in intensifying the meaning ef the subject
and bringing out more clearly the idea that it is intended to
impress, as for instance a man depicted struggling before a
storm will convey the idea of a fierce gale of wind. Much ean
be learned on this point by a study of the engravings of paint-
ings by Turner.

Passing on from this point, which can only be decided by
the artist himself, we come to the query where is the figure to
be placed? Here, intuition is oftenest looked to as a guide,
in spite of the fact that the
artist is so badly handicap-
ped by the relative value of
the objects being miscalcu-
lated on the ocussing screen.
In addition to this the object
being upside down, makes
this means of determining
the position of the figure a
very uncertain one. A sug-
gestion has been put for-
ward from time to time in
the photographie press, that
the landscape be photograph-
ed first by itself and a print
taken, which could then be
examined at leisure and the
question of just in which
spot the figure should come,
be thought out. While this
plan is troublesome, it will
nevertheless prove very effi-
cient and give to the operator
an opportunity of showing
of just how much or how lit-
tle of the artistic tempera-
ment he is the possessor.
The worst place for a figure,
the spot in which it will
bear the very least weight
the the
spot most used by those who

and at same time
know no better, is the very
middle of the picture, for
the result is that the field

This view

is too finely balanced on either side. In order to find
the most expressive parts of a picture divide it into
equal squares by two horizontal and two vertical lines

and the points where these lines intersect will always be
more easily composed and always expressive. The placing
of an object in the centre raises, sO to speak, a conflict of
interest on both sides, so much that if there be an object of
By
having the lines referred to, drawn on the focussing screen, the

interest on either side, the eye is tortured and distracted.

photographer is enabled to place the intersection on the part of
the scene that he most desires to and so give point to his prin-
cipal object. The best place for the figure is between the mid-
distance and the near foreground of the landscape, though a

Rod

figure in the distance, if judiciously introduced, may often be
the making of an otherwise pointless scene. For instance, the
picture of a man in the extreme distance on a country road is
frequently the making of a photogram. You will usually
notice, however, that the photographer seems to be afraid to
allow his figures to look larger than dwarfs. Surely this can-
not be because there are technical difficulties in the way, for
if you think so all that is necessary is to turn to the work of
the late H. P. Robinson, (almost the chief care of whose work
lay in the figures which he introduced), and to look at the size
ofthem. You will find that in almost every instance they are
of a fair size, the size being of course relative to the size and
topic of the picture.

Then we come to the question of ‘‘ How’”’ which is really
after all a part of the preceding paragraph. In posing your
models don’t over do it ; in fact don’t do it at all, but rather
learn to know the power of restrained suggestion and simplicity
and aim to always leave something to the imagination of the
spectator. But by this it is not to be inferred that you may
let anyone who happens to be at hand wander into the view
and stand with his hands in his pockets and stare directly into
the camera or gape about as though to give emphasis to the
fact that there is a fine prospect spread before him. It is quite
possible to create an idea in this manner, but in nine cases out
of ten, unless the figure is specially posed for the subject in
hand, the effect will be detracted from rather than improved.
However, in defiance of the fact that so very little is said on this
extremely important matter, the sins against fitness are daily
becoming fewer and anything that can be really said to be
vulgar is extremely rare, for almost all those who are capable
of producing work that is up to the average in other respects,
are sufficiently endowed with good taste to prevent the making
of any very serious error along this line. You are going to find
that as a rule you will have considerable trouble in the instruc-
tion of your models, though it is true there are some who will
ab once grasp your ideas and at once get about putting them
into execution. But whatever you do you must avoid the
commonplace and try to instil into your pictures some indi-
viduality of yourself that will attract attention and distinguish
them from the mass. Do not try to tell all of your story in the
photogram, but rather let your object be to provoke a certain
amount of enquiry and curiosity and depend upon it, your
pictures will produce a fascination. Seek for simple and
unaffected positions for your figures and make a study of
variety in the posing of your models, letting the models rather,
so to speak, pose themselves at your instruction. They are
then more apt to strike an easy and graceful position and will
wear less of a look as though the artist had said ‘‘stand so,’’ or
*“* pose yourself this way,’’ accompanying the order by grabbing
the head or arms and putting them into some strained and
unnatural position. Remember that if you want your figures
to be supposed to be in motion, it will be necessary that you
have the greater amount of space behind them. In concluding
this paragraph, let me say to shun.the conventional and to
remember that a sympathetic model is alone the kind to
employ, and that in the posing that if the position is easy it
will be graceful. With these points firmly impressed upon
your mind so that you wili have them to fall upon when you
need them, you cannot well go astray.

The main point in studying the introduction of figures into
a landscape, is to try it on half a dozen different plates in
different positions and decide for yourself what is right and
what is wrong. If for any reason your are unable to do this,

and Gun

in Canada 15
or even if you are able to do it, you will find it an excellent
scheme to fall back on a study of the works of eminent painters
and cultivate yourself by a study of the works of fire and love
and gentleness, that the great artists have wreathed about their
ideas. Hours spent in such study are far from being wasted,
and though maybe you will not see at the time that you have
gained anything by ten minutes spent in looking at some well
known picture, you will find that the impression made during
that short time, will have taken a root upon your sub-conscious
mind that will blossom forth in your next production, with
work full of energy and originality.

Now, in conclusion, the question, “‘ Are figures beneficial to
the appearance of a photogram?’’ has not been asked. They
almost invariably are. But the reason that so many landscapes
are spoiled by them is owing to a lack of fitness perhaps in the
position or dress of the model. These are the two prime
factors to be considered and once they are thoroughly under-
stood, you have opened up a way by which it is possible for
you to give life and feeling to what would otherwise be dead
and pointless mechanical productions.

™

Correspondence.

Correspondence should be addressed to H. McBean

Johnstone, P. O. Box 651, Sarnia, Ontario.

M. Rk. G.—Bromide of Potassium and Sodium Carbonate
need no special precautions in keeping and will not deteriorate
in solution. Sodium Sulphite if kept in a full tightly corked
bottle will last some time. Perhaps two or three months. The
best temperature is about 60° F.

Boy Blue.—Iron or lime in developer is injurious to plates
or films. Pure water is a necessity. Filter the water before
using it.

Photogram.—Half-tones take their names from the
fact that they show the gradation between the high lights and
shadows. Other kinds of photo-mechanieal processes do not.

Broken Glass.—To make a ground glass when it is impos-
sible for any reason to secure one, coat a piece of plain glass
with the following: Sandarac, 8 gr. ; Mastic, 4 gr. ; Ether, 200
minims; Benzole, 80 to 100 minims. It is better to use the
genuine article when it is possible to secure it, though this
makes a very fine grain and is excellent for fine focussing.
Coarse ground glass is almost worthless for fine work.

Magic Photograms.—I gave a way of making magic photo-
grams in Rop anp Gun IN CaNnapa, in the issue of Feb., 1900.
I repeat it. Make a print in the usual way on albumen paper,
fix and wash thoroughly without toning and then immerse in
a saturated solution of bichloride of mercury until the image
disappears, after which wash and dry. To make the invisible
image appear place the photogram in contact with a moistened
piece of blotting paper, previously soaked in a saturated solu-
tion of hypo-soda. The image will reappear in all its pris-
tine vigor as if by magic.

George R. Anlell—If you want to photograph ducks in
motion it is going to be necessary for you to invest in a shut-
ter and give up exposing by hand. Your lens may not be fast
enough either to admit of your using a fast shutter and it
would be well fer you to ascertain just how fast it is before you
go to any expense. I would suggest that you aim to use a fast
lens and rapid shutter rather than try to usea fast plate. If
you use a plate of medium speed your results will be consider-
ably better.

16

Thos. G. Reynolds.—To take a photogram of a room of the
size you mention,i. e., that of a concert hall, you will require a
charge of flash powder at least four times as large as the pack-
ages put up by dealers for an exposure on an ordinary room.
In fact if I were you, I would use a charge eight times as large.

™
The Scrap Bag.

On REMEMBERING THE NAMES OF PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMICALS.
—I never could remember the names of half the chemicals that
are employed in the various processes in photography. Don’t
think that any one else can either. But it’s getting worse and
you will all do well to join me in laying up astore of sympathy
for coming generations of photographers, for in the American
Chemical Journal I learn that Prof. Holmes has discovered and
named a new acid by the alluring title of ‘‘ paranitrobenzoylu-
reaorthosulphonic.”’ Iam hoping that this will not reach the
Professor’s eye, for I may have misplaced some of the letters.
In commenting on the name, Anthony’s Bulletin says that it is
quite possible that it may enter the dark room, being as it is,
composed of silver, potassium, sodium, ete. The silver salt will
then masquerade under the appellation of ‘ parantiroben—
(No, hold on, I’ve got it wrong,) ‘ paranitrobenzoylureaortho-
sulphonate of silver.’’ I offer a valuable cash prize to the first
man to say it correctly (and prove it is correct,) barring only
the Professor, who has had a head start.

A Fristsaixc Tovcn.—It is remarkable how a little thing
will often create a vast improvement in a photogram. For
instance, only the other day, my attention was called to a
simple little scheme whereby a print mounted on a piece of
plain white cardboard might by a few seconds easy work be
made to look a hundred per cent better. It consisted in taking
some blunt instrument, as, for instance, the smooth point of a
nail, and drawing a line round the print and about a quarter of
an inch from its edges. The indentation thus made was a most
excellent set-off for the whole thing.

A Goop Scneme.—Mr. R. W. Paul, of London, England,
has recently issued a little leaflet for the use of photographic
tourists who visit that city and whose time to hunt up the
historic and interesting scenes is limited. The subjects are
arranged in groups, each representing work that may be done
in about a day. The idea is a most excellent one, and may be
followed to advantage in other cities. Why not get the camera
clubs to take it up, each club in its own city, for the benefit of
others from other clubs who come to visit them. The trouble
with our photographie societies in this country is that there is
too little of a feeling of fraternity among them. In connection
with this idea I might just mention that under the head of
“Canadian Beauty Spots’? Rop ano Gun in Canapa tried a
short time ago to induce the various amateurs throughout the
country to write up their own districts, with their picturesque
portions, for the help of others who haye only a short time in
the locality and who desired to reach the best that is to be had
in the short time. Each man would thus be helping his
neighbor. Sorry to have to say that we were obliged to give it
up for lack of support. Everybody likes to get the good out of
a thing of that kind without giving any assistance to it.

Composrrion.—Allow plenty of margin around the edge of
your future picture. Compose only as far as the general motive
and main objects are concerned.
size till later on.
ago.

Leave questions of shape and
This came out in ‘ Photography” a while

It isa good thing andworth remembering.

Rod and Gun in Canada

Tue Latest THinG 1x Mounts.—Some of the leading photo-
graphers are showing in their windows a mount that ought to
be extremely useful to amateurs for Easter or Xmas cards.
The mount is a cream-tinted, thin, pliable board with a
vellum finish, and is made folded in the middle so that the
print is inside a cover. Of course it could be produced in other
colors, but professionals seem to be running on the cream at
present. A pretty little landscape or portrait mounted in this
way would be a dainty gift for a friend.

Tue LarGest ry THE Wortp.—The largest photographie
dry-plate in the world was recently manufactured at ‘* Papa’?
Cramer’s dry plate works in St. Louis, Mo. The plate, which
measures eight feet in length by four feet eight inches in
breadth, is to be used to make a photograph of the cities of St.
Paul and Minneapolis froma balloon. It is to be hoped that
the first shot is a success for to have to make many
“sittings ’’ with photos of that size would soon bring anyone
but a millionaire to the verge of bankruptey.

Pan-AmeERICAN Puorograpny.—A striking instance of the
advances that the art of photography has made within the past
eight years is to be seen in the small attention that is paid to
the wonderful photographs of the electrical display that are on
sale at the Pan-American exposition. Had these pictures been
shown at the World’s Fair of °93, they would in all probability
have been heralded by the photographic press as the beginning
of a new era in the art-science. As it is, almost no notice is
taken of them as anything out of the ordinary and they are
reproduced with as little comment on their making as would
be the commonest landscape, all of which is due to the little
short of maryellous strides we have been making. 4

r

AUTUMN MORN.

The serried lances of the light
Are marshalling “neath the morning star ;
They charge the sombre hosts of night,
And hurl their shattered ranks afar.

Then while the skirmishers of morn
Sweep westward on their silver way,

With flaming swords before him borne,
In triumph comes the Lord of Day.

A moment on the mountain head
He cast a crown of gleaming gold ;
Then flung his mantle, warm and red,
Adown the hill-sides, bare and cold.

O’er frost-decked barrens rolling east,
Like silver altar cloths, he shone

Till each tall bush, a mitred priest,
Swung sapphire incense to the dawn.

Vp from the brake curled the white mist,
Quivering over down and dale ;

And lo, the lake by sunbeams kissed,
Smiling drew back her shining veil.

The hunter rouses from his dreams,
Breathes deep and strong the dawn wind cool ;
And, bending where the soft light streams,
Bathes his flushed face in sparkling pool.

His hounds, snifling the bracing air,
Impatiently pace back and forth,
Eager to track the timid deer
In the lone runways of the north.

Shelburne, Nova Scotia. —Conixn McKay.

Rod and Gun

FORESTRY

“Rod and Gun” is the official organ of the Canadian Forestry Association.

The Editors will weleome contributions on topies relating to Forestry.

Edited by the Officers of the Canadian Forestry Association.

THE RISE OF FORESTRY IN EUROPE.
(C. A. Schenck, Ph-D., Biitmore, N-C.)

To the student of American forestry, no literature can be
more interesting than that dealing with the early stages of
European forestry.

Primeval forests are not found any more in any of the East
European counties, save Scandinayia. In Germany and France,
the virgin forest has finally disappeared from the lofty moun-
tain heights, where it had found a last refuge.

At Cresar’s and Tacitus’ time, the forest in Germany must
have closely resembled the American Appalachian Forests of
say 1820. The undergrowth was impenetrable during summer,
the corpses of gigantic oaks and beeches lay on the ground.
The swamps—which have now disappeared from the section in
question—were passable in winter only. Game was abundant.
No economic use was made of the woods, aud still the woods
were furnishing all that the inhabitants required.

A few centuries later, the monasteries spread Christendom
and agricultural knowledge over the country. Fire and axe
extirpate the woods, where the soil is fit for agriculture. Still
it does not seem that fires were ever allowed or ever had a
chance to destroy vast forest tracts.

The forest was furnishing, at the time of Boniface, pasture
for large herds of swine feeding on beech nuts and acorns. In
addition, we read of the importance of wild-bees-industry,
supplying the monks with wax for candle sticks, and with
sweet honey for such earthly pleasure, of which monks are said
to be pre-eminently fond. Charlemagne began to set aside, as
imperial forests, huge tracts unclaimed by anybody. Some
nobles were appointed as foresters, their duties consisting
mainly in keeping hounds and falcons in good shape for their
imperial master’s pleasure. There was no possibility of forestry,
because trees had no value. Forestry could be established only
when timber got scarce. One of the first vestiges of practical
forestry is reported from near Erfwit, in 1400, an important
mining centre. When the miners had consumed all nearby
timber for charcoal and for props, the value of a tree rose
rapidly, and it was found remunerative to reproduce them.
This the monks controlling the mines did, by dividing their
woodlands stocked with second growth hardwoods into twenty
coupes, of equal size, and by annually making a clean sweep
with one of them, allowing it to reproduce, in the course of
twenty years, from coppice shoots a forest of similar composi-
tion.

In the mountain forests, the backwoods, nobody thought
of forestry until, say, the time of Frederick the Great.
Working plans were prepared for the forests owned by the
crown. The leading idea pervading these plans was invariably :
**Cut no more timber annually than the amount annually pro-
duced by the forest.’’ In many a case, however, reckless

in Canada 7

lumbering was permitted, as in the Black Forest by the Dukes
of Wurtemberg where the stumpage, on large tracts, was leased
to Dutch lumber dealers who floated the logs down the Neckar
and Rhine into the Netherlands. In the Spessart Mountains,
the Archbishop of Mayence allowed Bohemian glass rnakers to
invade the woods, who, fortunately, had no use for the oaks of
the virgin forest, of which a few hundred thousand are still
left, each tree worth standing in the woods from $50 to $300.

The scare of a fuel famine was what drove Europe, in 1790,
rapidly towards high stumpage prices and hence towards con-
servative forestry. At the leading universities, notably Mainz,
Leipzig and Heidelberg, forestry began to be taught by botan-
ists and economists. The introduction of quick growing timber
species, notably of the American Black Locust, was strongly
recommended. Laws were enacted preventing private wood
owners from converting forests into farms. In addition, affor-
estation was indulged in by states and towns.

Towards 1820, the scare of a fuel famine had vanished.
But the idea of conservative management had impressed itself
so firmly on the ruling minds, that the main principle of
forestry could not be shaken any more.

Additional help came when the royal or princely forests,
under the pressure of public opinion, were ceded to the people
by the ruling ‘“‘ monarchs,’’ under conditions which made any
extravagant use of the forests thereafter impossible.

The German nation cannot claim that the existence of
forestry is solely due to their—or rather to their ancestors—
sublime wisdom and foresight. A number of lucky circum-
stances—the absence of forest fires—introduction of railroads
after that of forestry principles—large forests owned by families,
towns, institutions in placeof short-lived men—is that which has
preserved their forests, aside from the undeniable fact, that the
far-looking paternal forethought of government is nowhere
more cheerfully accepted as forming a necessary part of govern-
mental functions than in Germany.

Since 1820 forestry has expanded gradually at a rate
exactly coinciding with that at which public roads (stone and
clay roads) and railroads were developed, simply because
cheapened transportation of timber means increased prices of
trees,—and hence of seedlings and saplings, which are the trees
of the future and which henceforth have a prospective value.
When this condition of affairs arrives, money invested in
second growth is remuneratively, and—with proper protection
from fire—very safely invested. Then, and only then, forestry
feasible on a large scale, be it on private or public account.

™
The World's Timber Supply.

The International Congress of Sylviculture was one of the
first of the long series of International Congresses which took
place at the great Paris Exhibition, and it is, it is hoped, to be
the first of a long series of important Forest Congresses to be
held at short intervals in the future. There were delegates
present representing most of the countries of the world, but,
naturally, the great majority of those who followed the discus-
sions were French, mostly gentlemen connected with the
forest service. 7

The proceedings of the Congress opened with an introduc-
tory speech by M. Jean Dupuy, the Minister of Agriculture. He
began with a welcome to the foreign members, and then
proceeded to discuss the position of the Exhibition as ‘not
only a marvellous spectacle offered to the word, but also
presenting, for all civilized people, a powerful interest as being
the resumé, the synthesis, the relief map, so to speak, of human

18

ey

progress.’’ He then proceeded to show how Sylviculture, so
important in the economy of nations, could not fail to take a
place, a great and honorable place, in the Exhibition. The
Minister was followed by the Director-General of Forests, who,
aiter thanking him for presiding and opening the Congress,
pointed out the importance of an international understanding
on this subject, so as to take stock of the forest resources of the
world, in view of the probable wood famine which, before
long, may be expected to be a serious difficulty.

These preliminaries were followed by what was the most
important paper read before the Congress, that by M. Mélard,
Inspector of Forests, on the insufficiency of the supply of
building timber in the world. In an able discourse, he pointed
out that the supply of such timber was already diminishing,
that most countries actually at the present day were importing
more timber than they exported, and that in those few
countries where the exports still exceeded the imports, there
were serious signs of the supply falling short before long.
Taking the nations in order, he discussed the question as
regarded each of them ; and gave statistics, both of the quantity
of material imported, and of the value of the excess of one or
the other. The following average figures of the values will be
found interesting. They are in millions of franes :

C~ se Cae gat

Sa YQ Sa ~ m

Ae Bs Ze BE

Sa 3a Sa 8a

= == =e ==
Great Britain...... 471 Swedensnyss. ss. 198
France .... 99 lObal PNG Uo aco meuen oS 89
Germany .. B44 LINERS Come Gsooon 134
Belevamtc.- soc 102 Roumania.......... 5
Holland...... : 18 United States...... 100
Denmark........ cr Bl (OD Ei Ee Aceneoata 127
Spiele ceccepeetecoe 30 British India ...... 14
Portugal. ...... ae 5 China and Japan... 4
Mtalliyessiastci occ ee Sl South Africa....... 9
Switzerland........ 15 MGXICOS. fc nce weteins 2
Greece. ...... weer 3 Argentina ......... 26
Bulgaria and Servia 3 — —
Austria-Hungary .. 199 1193 913
WOLWAY, we steele oo 47

He went on to point out how the excess in Austria-
Hungary, Russia and the United States was much threatened,
partly by increase of population and partly by industrial devel-
opment; and how the excess in Norway was menaced by the
deterioration of the forests ; so that there only remained three
countries where the forest resources were capable of helping in
the future, viz., Sweden, Finland and Canada, but that what
they could produce was quite insufficient, in presence of the
increase in population and the development of industrial work,
not only in Europe and America, but in China, Australia,
South America, and South Africa, so that it was clear that we
He gave us fifty years
His recom-

were on our way to a timber famine.
only before such a catastrophe should take place.
mendations were: (1) that the destruction of forests should be
stopped, partly by strict legislative measures on the part of
governments, partly by making private forest owners under-
stand that their interests lie in taking care of the capital stock,
and only exploiting so much as may be calculated to be the
interest on it ; (2) that forest property should be helped by not
being too heavily taxed; (3) that measures should be at once
taken to utilize all available waste land by replanting and
restoration.

From this survey of the wood supply of the world it
appears that Canada is looked to to assist in making up the

Rod and Gun

in Canada

deficiencies which exist in other countries and therefore the
probability, indeed we may say the certainty, is that the
demands upon our forests and their monetary value will
increase so that the forest resources of this country will become
more and more one of the most valuable of its assets How
long a time will elapse before lumber in Canada reaches the
value which it now has on the Continent of Europe may not
be easy of exact estimation, but the time cannot be far distant
when the full productive possibilities of our forests will not be
any too great to meet the demands upon them, and when that
period arrives values must inevitably rise. Various estimates
have been made as to the time when the supply of trees for
lumber in particular countries or in general would be exhaust-
ed, but most of these have been falsified by the event, as
either the increment of growth or some other necessary
element to the calculation was not given due weight, or else a
subsequent change in conditions or a more accurate survey of
the existing forests has changed the whole basis for the forma-
tion of an estimate. A change has sometimes been made in the
conditions by the opening of new fields, as when teak was
discovered to be a very satisfactory substitute in ship building
for oak, the supply of which was becoming very scanty, or by
a change in manufactures, as when iron displaced wood so
largely in the building of vessels. The cutting of smaller logs
has also in recent years very much increased the available
supply. There is not now, however, with our present knowl-
edge of the resources of our globe, any likelihood of hitherto
unknown tree wealth being discovered, and the development
of manufactures is now in the direction of making a much
larger use of forest products, of which the pulp industry is a
specially prominent instance; while the cutting of the trees
has generally been carried well to the limit and sometimes
much beyond the limit which must not be passed if reproduc-
tion is to be provided for.

However the question may be viewed from special aspects
there is no possibility of denying that, while the demands on
our forests are bound to increase, on the whole their capability
of meeting these demands is steadily decreasing, while at the
same time there are large areas of land which are practically
useless except for the growing of trees and which are now
entirely unproductive. Our present resources may be sufficient
for present demands, but what will the condition be in thirty,
forty or fifty years, or more? That is the question the forester
has to answer and provide for. However varied the answer
may be, there is one aim that should be always kept in yiew—
that is, to make our timber lands which are useless for other
purposes produce the largest possible quautity of the most
valuable material, the same thing that we are striving for with
so nuch care in agriculture. Surely no one can object to the
reasonableness of such a proposition, or to the Goyernment’s
taking the steps which may be possible or necessary at the
present time towards the attainment of that object.

™
Physiology of Tree Growth.
From “Forestry for Farmers" by Dr. E. B. Fernow.

Root and Foliage are the main organs of the tree. The
trunk and branches serve to carry the crown upward and ex-
pose it to the light, which is necessary in order to prepare the
food and increase the volume of the tree, and also as conductors
of food materials up and down between root and foliage. A
large part of the roots, too, aside from giving stability to the
tree, serve only as conductors of water and food material ; only

Rod and Gun in Canada

the youngest parts, the fibrous roots, beset with innumerable
fine hairs serve to take up the water and minerals from the
soil. These fine roots, root hairs, and young parts are there-
fore the essential portion of the root sysem. A tree may have a
fine, vigorous-looking root system, yet if the young parts and
fibrous roots are cut off or allowed to dry out, which they
readly do—some kinds more so than others—thereby losing
their power to take up water, such a tree is apt to die. Under
very favorable moisture and temperature conditions, however,
the old roots may throw out new sprouts and replace the fibrous
roots. Some species, like the willows, poplars, locusts, and
others, are especially capable of doing so. All trees that
“transplant easily’’ probably possess this capacity of renewing
the fibrous roots readily, or else are less subject to drying out.
But it may be stated as a probable fact that most transplanted
trees which die soon after the planting do so because the
fibrous roots have been curtailed too much in taking up, or
else have been allowed to dry out on the way from the nursery
or forest to the place of planting ; they were really dead before
being set. Conifers—pines, spruces, etc.—are especially sensi-
tive ; maples, oaks, catalpas and apples will, in this respect,
stand a good deal of abuse.

Hence, in transplanting, the first and foremost care of the
forest grower, besides taking the sapling up with least injury,
is the proper protection of its root fibers against drying out.

The water, with the minerals in solution, is taken up by
the roots when the soil is warm enough, but to enable the roots
to act they must be closely packed with the soil. It is con-
veyed mostly through the outer, which are the younger, layers
of the wood of root, trunk and branches to the leaves. Here,
under the influence of light and heat it is in large part trans-
pired and in part combined with the carbon into organic com-
pounds, sugar, ete., which serve as food materials. These
travel from the leaf into the branchlet, and down through the
outer layers of the trunk to the very tips of the root, forming
new wood all the way, new buds, which lengthen into shoots,
leaves, and flowers, and also new rootlets. To live and grow,
therefore, the roots need the food elaborated in the leaves, just
as the leaves need the water sent up from the roots.

Hence the interdependence of root system and crown,
which must be kept in proportion when transplanting. At
least, the root system must be sufficient to supply the needs of
the crown.

The growing tree, in all its parts, is more or less saturated
with water, and as the leaves, under the influence of sun and
wind and atmospheric conditions generally transpire, new sup-
plies are taken in through the roots and conveyed to the
crown. This movement takes place even in winter, in a slight
degree, to supply the loss of water by evaporation from the
branches. In the growing season it is so active as to become
noticeable ; hence the saying that the sap is ‘‘ up”’ or ‘‘rising,”’
and when toward the end of the season the movement becomes
less, the sap is said to be ‘‘down.”’ But this movement of water
is always upward ; hence the notion that there is a stream up-
ward an one season and in one part of the tree, and a stream
downward at another season and perhaps in another part of the
tree, is erroneous. The downward movement is of food mate-
rials, and the two movements of water upward and food down-
ward take place simultaneously, and depend, in part at least,
one upon the other, the food being carried to the young parts,
wherever required, by a process of diffusion ir m cell to cell
known as “‘ osmosis.””

19

These food materials are, by the life processes of the active
cells, changed in chemical composition as need be, from sugar,
which is soluble, into starch, which is insouble, and back into
sugar, and combined with nitrogenous substances to make the
cell-forming material, protoplasm.

In the fall, when the leaves cease to elaborate food, both
the upward and downward movement, more or less simultane-
ously, come to rest (the surplus of food materials, as starch, and
sometimes as sugar, being stored for the winter in certain cell
tissues), to begin again simultaneously when in spring the
temperature is high enough to reawaken activity, when the
stored food of last year is dissolved and started on its voyage.
The exact manner in which this movement of water upward
and food materials downward takes place, and the forces at
work, are not yet fully understood, nor is there absolute cer-
tainty as to the parts of the tree in which the movement takes
place. It appears, however, that while all the so-called “ sap-
wood”? is capable of conducting water (the heartwood is
probably not), the most active movement of both water and
food materials takes place in the cambium (the growing cells
immediately beneath the bark) and youngest part of the bark.

The deductions from these processes important to the
planter are: That injury to the living bark or bast means
injury to growth, if not destruction to life; that during the
period of vegetation transplanting can be done only with great
caution ; that the best time to move trees is in the fall, when
the leaves have dropped and the movement of water and food
materials has mostly ceased, or in spring, before the movement
begins again,the winter being objectionable only because of the
difficulty of working the soil andof keeping the roots protected
against frost. All things considered, spring planting, before
activity in the tree has begun, is the best, although it is not
impossible to plant at other times.

*
The Maple.

The maple is the tree which has been chosen as the
emblem of Canada, and there could have been no fitter choice.
The beauty of a grand old maple standing up proudly against
the sky, and spreading its sheltering leaves abroad, the glory
which this tree gives to the autumn woods, and the contribu-
tions which it has made to the pleasure and comfort of the
Canadian people, whether crackling cheerily on the hearth in
winter, or yielding up its store of sap in the springtime to be
conyerted into maple sugar, have given it a pre-eminent place.

The scientific name for the maple genus is Acer, being the
older classical name, and it belongs to the order Spindaceae, an
order which is largely tropical, and takes its name from
Sapindus (Indian Soap) or Soapberry, growing in Florida and
South America, the berries of which were used as a substitute
for soap. The genus Acer includes a number of species, but
the maple of Canada is the Rock, Hard or Sugar Maple (Acer
Saccharinum, Wang). The specific name requires no explana-
tion to those who have had opportunity of testing its
appropriateness by tasting the delicious maple sugar which
this tree produces.

The maple may be easily distinguished by its five-parted
leaf and double fruit or samara, and the hard maple is clearly
differentiated by the sinuses or indentations in the leaf being
rounded and the edges entire, that is, lacking the serrate or
saw-like teeth that are characteristic of the leaves of the other
native species of the maple. The white-blotched bark of the
younger trees is also a marked feature. The greenish flowers,

20

drooping on slender pedicals appear in April or May when the
leaves are expanding, and the seed ripens in September. Seed
for planting should be collected after that time and sown that
fall or the next spring, but not later, as the limit of the vitality
of maple seeds is not more than six months. The best method
of keeping it over winter is by burying it in sand in alternate
layers. The habitat of the hard maple is the Eastern and
Central Northern States, and in Canada it spreads from Nova
Scotia westward to Lake Superior, and north to the Laurentian
divide.

This is the shade tree par excellence. Growing in the open
it spreads out into a beautiful rounded canopy, and on the
streets of our cities its compact body of leaves forms a grateful
shelter in the heat of summer. It is, however, useful in many
other ways. Hard maple firewood is always the best and com-
mands the highest price. The wood is light in color, hard,
close-grained and strong, and this makes it suitable for furni-
ture and other manufactured articles, and particularly for
flooring, for which purpose it is much in demand. It exhibits
a great variety of color and fibre arrangement, the two varieties
most prized being “bird’seye’’ and ‘“curly.’’ These are
mostly cut into veneers, the latter being cut on the line of the
diameter of the tree, and the former, the peculiar spotted
variety, on the line of the circumference.

The spring sugar-making was a great event in the history
of the early settlements, and was made the occasion ot lively
celebrations, especially by the young people. We have not so
far passed into the prosaic age of patent appliances that the
days are not yet remembered when the tree was tapped by
making a cut with the axe, slanting downward into the tree,
and lower at one side so as to form a small receptacle for the
sap which would direct it to the cedar spile placed under the
lower corner in a hole made by axe or gouge from which it ran
into the hollowed out troughs of split basswood placed beneath.
It was then collected and boiled in large iron pots till it
reached the proper consistency, which was easily tested by
dropping some of the boiling sap on the snow. A piece of fat
pork, sometimes suspended over the pot, was used to prevent
boiling over, and the impurities, which the careless method
of handling made sufficiently numerous, were skimmed off as
they rose to the top. The apparatus is now very much im-
proved, metal spiles being inserted in holes, usually { of an
inch in diameter, and penetrating one or two inches into the
wood, over which are hung covered pails, shaped so as to fit
closely to the tree. The boiling is done in a specially prepared
apparatus consisting of a series of tin pans, under which the
fire passes, and the heat of which is carefully regulated by a
thermometer.

The sap runs best during a season of clear sunny days and
frosty nights. Trees on wet ground usually produce the most
sap, but containing a large quantity of water. The average
production for one tree is about twenty-five gallons of sap for
the season, three per cent. of which issugar. Thirty-five gal-
lons of sap will make one gallon of syrup, or four gallons, one
pound of sugar. Each tree would therefore produce about six
pounds of sugar in a season, which at the rate of ten cents per
pound would give a return of sixty cents. With even a small
number of trees to the acre this would make a good revenue.
If the tapping is done carefully with a view toa steady yield
rather than an excessive one at any time, it does not appear
to injure the trees materially, cases being known where sugar
bushes have been yielding steadily for twenty-five years with-
out apparent detriment.

Rod and Gun in Canada

There is a variety of hard maple called the Black-Barked
Maple (var. nigrum) which is distinguished from the type by
its darker bark and the leaves which are more pubescent be-
neath and have wider and less deeply marked sinuses. This
variety is considered by sugar makers as the best for producing
sap.

*
Mr. Stewart, Dominion Superintendent of Forestry, has

returned from the West and reports that great interest is being
taken by the settlers in Manitoba and the North West Terri-
tories in the tree planting scheme. Meetings were held at
different points as far west as Alberta, which were well at-
tended. Exhibits of forest trees, tree seeds, etc., were shown
at Winnipeg and Brandon Exhibitions which attracted much
attention and brought forestry interests very graphically to
the notice of those in attendance. Since the spring there has
not been much danger of fire in Manitoba or the Territories,
but recent dry weather has resulted in many fires in British
Columbia, which will probably do much damage to the timber.
Through the exertions of the Dominion fire rangers a fire in
the New Westminster district was extinguished before it reached
the standing timber. It is reported that the fires are even more
serious in Washington Territory.
*
The Boston Herald called attention to the utterances of

Vice-President Roosevelt on the devastation caused in the
United States by forest fires, the movement for the stoppage of
which he calls ‘‘the greatest internal question of the day.”
The loss to the country by forest fires, largely preventable, has
been estimated at $50,000,000 a year, not taking into account
the losses by unfavorable climatic conditions which are much
more. The need for such a movement is no less great in
Canada than it is in the United States.
*

Ina review of the situation of eastern spruce the ‘* American
Lumberman”’ suggests as the primary cause of the dullness of
the trade the demand for this wood created by the pulp
business and the prices paid by wood pulp operators for spruce
logs. Unless sawmill owners have lands of their own they
have to go into competition with the pulp men for logs, and as
the price has been forced up to $11 to $16 a thousand there is
little profit in its manufacture, for any special rise in price
would throw spruce out of the market in competition with other
lumber. The condition is likely to be intensified in the future,
and a remedy which ‘‘The Lumberman”’ thinks might be
applied in order to save the spruce lumber business of the New
England States is to make an arrangement with Canada so that
spruce pulp wood should be admitted at a reduced tariff or free
from the provinces of Quebee and New Brunswick, and thus
leave the lumbermen the native spruce which they need for
their mills. This is rather a naive suggestion, and, although
Canada is always ready to consider any plan for the utilization
of her resources, we can hardly be expected to sacrifice our own
interests to advance the prosperity of either the pulp wood or
spruce lumber industry in the New England States. The whole
trend of recent legislation in Canada should have shown ‘* The
Lumberman”’ that, in so faras the matter is under government
control, we prefer to arrange that the manufacturing should be
done as much as possible on this side of the line. We want to
have the raw material and the factory sufliciently close together
to ensure that the relation between the preservation of the
productivity of the forest and the prosperity of the factory may
be so clear as to impress the necessity for proper forest
lnanagement,

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CANADIANS ABROAD SAY

Can you send over some Trap? I don’t mean to
flatter but it is abead of anything we get here.—

A. W. W., Batavia, N.Y

BRITISH AMERICAN HOTEL

WINDSOR, ONT,
LEADING HOTEL IN THE CITY.
SPECIAL RATES FOR TOURISTS
T. W. MCKEE, PROPRIETOR.

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rooms, single or en suite, are the most airy
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Union Depot and Wharves but two mine
utes’ walk.
A. & A. NELSON,

Toronto, Ont, Proprietors.

WSE
FROM
THE
PRESS

Al Sportsman’s
Caxidermy and
Photographys=

A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE ABOVE

TWO ARTS.

Every Sportsman and
lover of out-of-doors
should have this pretty
little volume in his lib-
rary. Price $1 postpaid.

PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED.

Address

LF SMR

STRATHROY,
ONT.

Four Times a Winner: of the The 201 Oak ee

“OLD

could not defeat the

Grand American Randicape Sires ee Gata

GUN, killed 43 straight, winning $600.00 and the Cup.
PARKERS, and 86 of

straight, 7 shot
PARKER GUNS.

Pascoag, R.I., with a PARKER

Of the 22 men who killed

the 201 shooters faced the trap with
SEND FOR CATALOGUE.

N.Y. Salesroom
32 Warren St.

PARKER BRrOS,, MERIDEN, GONN,

ROD AND GUN
IN CANADA 2% 2% % 8 ot

MONTREAL, NOVEMBER, 190}.

One Dollar Per Annum.

DEVOTED
TO

THE
FISHING
GAME AND

FOREST
INTERESTS
OF
CANADA.

Single Copies Ten Cents. |

EXPLORATION IN NORTHWESTERN
CANADA.

By H. G. Tyrrell, C.E.

Continued from our October issue

Six miles further down the river is Todd’s Crossing, a
small half-breed settlement of some half-dozen families, all of
whom depend fora livelihood on fishing. The method these
people have of catching fish seemed to me very cruel and
Two
lines of closely
set stakes are
driven into the
river bottom,
forming two
sides of the let-
ter V,
down
One of

inhuman,

vertex
stream.
these
made
longer than the
other, that
the point can be

sides is

so

dent owners of these deadly traps will go off on a two or three
weeks’ hunting expedition, leaving the basket still catching its
victims, and on one occasion the writer found as many fish in
one of these willow cages as would half fill an Indian eart, all
decomposing in the sun. ‘* Take no thought for the morrow,”
is certainly a principle of the uncivilized Indian. It is strange
how quickly these poor creatures learn the vices of the white
man. When in fits of anger they will give vent to a mixture
of oaths in French, English, and Cree. At other times their
conyersatfon is
wholly in their
own language.
T he Indian,
like St. Patrick
with the snakes,
has forever
sworn venge-
the
hornet and all
his kind. In all
my dealings
with the dusky
red men, I can

ance on

more easily not recalla
reached from single time
shore. At the when they
apex isa gap of would pass a
three or four nest of hornets
feet in width, without des-
and about two troying it.

feet deep, Just below
around which, Todd’s Crossing
on the down we had a thrill-
stream side, is PATCHING THE OLD CANOE ing experience.
worked .a_bas- ARTS 3 : : : Being anxious

e . A birch-bark canoe is f ile, and part of the regular routine of a Laurentian wilderness trip cs

ket of willow is “fixing” the canoe he photograph reproduced above was taken by the shore of Oster to learn some-
boughs. To boining Lake (Kippewa), Quebec, in October, 1900 thing of the
guide the fish condition of the

into the trap an inclined plane of poles is placed, with its
high toward the gap leading up to it. The
various poles and stakes are all set with sufficient opening-

end and

that the water may freely pass, but all large fish are
excluded. The night of our stay at. Todd’s Crossing
the trap caught about two hundred fish, principally

and jackfish, with an average length of
twelve to fifteen inches.

gold eyes, suckers,

Too often, however, the improvi

river, we inquired of a half-breed at the settlement, who assured
us, in the most friendly manner, that we would meet with no dif-
ficulty, that the river was free from rapids and waterfalls, and
that there was nothing at all to impede our progress. This was
indeed good news, and feeling greatly relieved, we proceeded
at once, with light hearts, to make the best of our time, and
travel, if possible, another ten miles before nightfall. We
had gone between two and three miles on our way, when we

2 Rod and Gun in Canada

reached a place where the river widened out, and swept in
towards the left bank, which was void of timber, and thirty
feet or so above the river. On the right wasa pebble beach,
and beyond that a cluster of trees. So quiet and apparently
forsaken was the place that we did not suspect danger. But
there was danger enough, for the canoe, that was gliding
rapidly along, suddenly ran its bow high on the concealed
poles of a fish trap, and the lowered stern began to fill with
water. As quick as thought I sprang into the water and sup-
ported the sinking end, while my brother hauled the canoe on
shore. Attracted by the sound of voices, we looked up, to see
a party of six mounted Indians, who, to our surprise, were
headed by the honest looking hali-breed that so earnestly
declared the river to be clear. They were clad mostly in their
own skin, their only clothing being a pair of native trousers
each. One, however, wore a shirt of doeskin, beautifully
ornamented with colored woods and beads. In their long hair,
reaching to their shoulders, were a few bright feathers, and
the gaudy painting on the upper part of their bodies gave
them a hideous appearance. As we stood fora few minutes
watching their movements, we conferred as to what had better
be done. It took a while for us to explain that we were a
party of explorers, making a peaceable survey and examination
of the country, and were not in any way connected with the
troops that were still encamped about the settlements. To
prove our sincerity and friendship, we took from the canoe a
pound of tea and a cake of tobacco for each of the warriors,
and invited them to come over and receive them. Yet they
were suspicious of the white men, and consulted for some time
before the young chief came riding down the hillside, and
fording the river, crossed to where we stood. On receiving
our present the chief was still dissatisfied, and asked for
more. He said that his party being larger than ours he should
have more than half our supply. This arrangement seemed a
little one-sided, to be sure, but to satisfy the chief we cut off
another half cake of tobacco for each of his men, at which he
was greatly pleased, and grasped my hand with both of his,
shaking it heartily. His trouble now was how to carry his
burden back to the village. Looking about for something in
which to wrap his presents, and seeing nothing, the native
startled us by pulling off his beautifully embroidered shirt and
taking from beneath it an under garment, replaced the outer
one to his person, and carefully wrapped his treasures in the
other. This incident can best be appreciated by those who
know the flavor of an Indian’s clothing. He was not long in
recrossing the river and mounting the hill to where his com-
panions were. After examining the presents they brandished
their rifles in the air, galloped away over the hill and were
seen no more.

The river which up to this place had been flowing ina
general direction eastward, now turns to the north for about
twenty miles. The dip of the new valley becomes swifter and
the water less deep. Throughout the entire course the valley
of the Battle varies in width from a half to two miles, and this
flat is for the most part overgrown with poplar, spruce and
willow. In this wide valley the river meanders backward and
forward in tortuous windings, so that often we found ourselves
we had been an hour or
in its course are sharp, the cur-

only a few rods from where more
before. Whenever the turns
rent side of the bank is worn away, and trees and bushes, hay-
ing their foundations swept from under them, are precipitated
into the river. In this condition, with the roots still clinging

to the shore, a jam is formed, under which the water rushes.

When nearing such a place as this on the evening of July 22nd,
we saw, when too late, our danger, and notwithstanding our
utmost exertions with the paddles, were swept down with the
current and dashed against the bushes. The writer, who
occupied the front position in the canoe, seized the fore-line
and sprang to a broken limb. I threw the other end to my
brother, who was struggling in the water, and pulled him
ashore.

Below the rapids, where the river widened and became
shallow enough for fording, we waded in. Two bags of blank-
ets, the paddles, a small sack of oatmeal, and some other
things came floating down and were passed ashore; the rest,
including arms and ammunition, instruments, and notes of the
expedition, and even our coats, the pockets of which were
filled with cartridges, had sunk in the rapids and were lying
somewhere on the bottom of the river. It was already becom-
ing dark, and to see into the water that day in search of sunken
treasures was impossible, so a consultation was held as to what
should be done. Any heavy baggage, such as guns and am-
munition, had gone directly to the bottom and might be recov-
ered, but the provisions were hopelessly lost. And even should
the cartridges be found, who could say if the powder would be
dry. It was useless to think of continuing the journey on what
we had or could recover. It was resolved, therefore, that one
of us should cross the valley and reach the prairie, where per-
chance a camp of Indians, or some wandering hunters might
be seen, from whom we could get relief. My brother selected
this errand for himself, and as there was scarcely time to cross
the wooded valley and reach the plain before nightfall, ne
started off at once. Asis usually the case in that northern
latitude, the night was cold, and it is little wonder that I had
fears for the safety of my comrade, who had so bravely set out
on foot, wet, cold, and hungry though he was, and without a
weapon for protection. On going to the canoe, which was still
swinging in the rapids, to my surprise and great delight I found
the little camp-kettle caught beneath the stern seat. With this
and the sack of meal I thought to bave some supper, and make
things as comfortable as circumstances would allow. But a
new difficulty arose, for the matches in my pocket-case were
wet. Burying them in my warm hair, I paced up and down the
beach till they were dry, and then with my hunting-knife cut
into the side of an old dead tree till I came to dry wood, and
on this scratched the matches into flame. Supper of oatmeal,
eaten from the little kettle with the aid of flattened sticks,
tasted very fine. To add to my discomfort a pack of prairie
wolves made their way through the woods towards me, and at
times came so near that I could see the light of my fire gleam-
ing on their eyeballs, but when they felt the heat they would
not venture nearer. I was too exhausted to think of staying
awake to watch the fire, so piling on enough logs to make a
good blaze till morning, I wrapped myself in wet blankets, and
having entrusted all to Providence, threw myself down on the
river bank and was soon fast asleep.

The morning dawned bright and promising, and with the
first streak of light the forlorn traveller, who had been dream-
ing of his cheerful home, proceeded to spread wet blankets in
the sun, and prepare another repast from the remaining meal.
I had not been busy long when I caught a sound from up the
valley. I listened intently again, but the only sound that
broke the awful stillness of the valley was the noise of the run-
ning water and the ery of a lonely eagle in search of prey. Yet
[ listened as only those can whose lives depend on catching a

sound. Again the call was repeated, and this time I recognized

Rod and

it as the voice of my brother. Scanning the edge of the bor-
dering prairie I saw the forms of two mounted men, and
immediately my exultant breast sent forth a cheer which caught
the riders’ ears. Half an hour later the
had been guided to me by the smoke of my fire curling above
the trees, appeared on the opposite bank of the river. Never
till his dying day will the writer forget the grasp of my brother’s

two horsemen, who

hand as he sprang from his saddle that summer mornirg in the
far off valley of the Battle, saying, ‘“‘ Well, Grattan, I guess
that’s the roughest night you ever spent’’; and, indeed, I think
it was. They had searched for me between one and two that
night, but could not attract my attention.

On reaching high ground on the previous evening my
brother saw in the distance a party encamped down by the side
long and

of a little lake, about five miles away. It was a

cheerless walk throagh the darkness, He reached the camp

KANAN.

Ss are on the Bow River, Alberta

These remarkable fall
as they were concluding supper, and to his surprise and great
delight he found himself among the other members of his own
party. On leaving ns a few davs before, instead of taking the
trail to the north, they had fortunately gone on a wrong one,
which led down to the river, and in place of being fifty miles
away, were near at hand, ready to give relief.

The greater part of two days was spent in searching the
river, and many valuables were found. © After repairing the
canoe and replenishing it with provisions, we again bid
friends adieu and started the second time on our journey.

On reaching the Indian village at Salvays Crossing we
found most of them away, and among others the owner of the

our

ferry. On inquiring we were told that he was visiting at
Edmonton ; visiting, however, rather from necessity than from
choice, at the Edmonton jail, to account for his action in the
The ferry isthe kind commonly used on the

A cable is stretched about twenty feet above

late rebellion.
western rivers.

Gun

S]

in Canada 3
the water, and the ends are securely fastened on either shore.
On the cable run two trolleys from each end of which ropes
lead to the two ends of the ferry To operate it, the ferry man
goes on board his barge, or ferry, and by hauling in one of the
ropes leading from the trolleys, sets the ferry at an angle to the
stream, and the force of the current carries it across. They are
often quite large, so that horses and carts with heavy loads can
be driven on and carried across with safety.

Up in the settlement we bought some spruce gum with
which to tighten the seams of our canoe, the bottom of which
was all gone over and put in water-tight condition. As we
were haying dinner at the ferry a half breed came along telling
us that a party of white men were encamped about three miles
up the river. This we knew must be the men with our wagons.
\ccordingly, my brother walked over to their camp, and soon
returned on horseback bringing the outfit with him to the ferry.

near its junction with the Kz

nanaskis River. Their roar is heard for miles

In attempting to bring the outfit across the river on the ferry
the load proved too great for its capacity and it filled with
water and sank, which caused us to camp for the night part on
one side of the river and part on the other, and as rain came on
the wagons

tents were put up. The next morning, July 28,

and cart were floated over and the outfit again started on its
prairie journey.

On July 29 we reached a place called Dried Meat Lake,
which is nothing more than the wide valley of the Battle filled
from side to side with water, the bottom of which is somewhat
This lake

is about ten miles long, and as a stiff breeze sprang up a tar-

lower at this place than elsewhere in this vicinity.

ted as asail. which carried us along ata good

paulin was hoi
speed. The river
in height behind our camp.
ness was observed standing abruptly out of the north bank at

bank here is not less than three hundred feet
A seam of coal four feet in thick-

the lower end of the lake, fora description of which see the

4 Rod and Gun

report of the Geological Survey of Canada for the year 1887.
All through the following night the prairie wolves kept up their
dreary howling outside our tents, sometimes not more than a
few yards away. Whether they would attack a camp or not,
their dismal noise in such a lonesome place makes it difficult
for a traveller to sleep.

Five miles ‘below Dried Meat Lake, by the edge of a little
grove of maples, there was a signboard posted in a conspicuous
place. Going ashore to examine it I found on it the following
inscription: ‘I Moisekenipi kweyn, took possession of these
maple trees thirty years ago and claim them as mine.”

At the lower end of this lake, where it gradually narrowed
down to the width of the river again, it contained a large quan-
tity of reeds and rushes, and here ducks were observed in great
numbers. We succeeded in shooting twenty-seven of these, as
also some geese, which kept the pot boiling for a day or two.
I very well remember how delicious the meat of these ducks
tasted, after living as we had for the most part on salt pork.
But an old goose that has been for several years on the wing is
hardly fit for eating. One of them we boiled several times, day
after day, but the meat was still too tough for use and it was
thrown away. On July 3 ducks appeared in great numbers,
flocks flying overhead and frequently alighting on the river.
Sometimes it seemed as though the sky was filled with birds.
There must have been at the least estimate many thousand of
them.

Onur latitude was now fifty-three degrees, and in July at this
place ordinary print can be easily read by natural light at ten
o’clock in the evening.

A little above the village of Salvays the Pipestone River
enters the Battle as a tributary from the northwest. While
the Battle is much the larger river of the two, the Pipestone
has a wider valley, and from the high north bank, two hundred
and fifty feet above the water, the Battle River could be seen
to flow a mile or two in the wider valley before joining the
Pipestone.

(TO BE CONTINUED. )

AN EXPLORATION TO THE HEIGHT
OF LAND.
By St. Croix-

(Continued from our October issue)

In the olden days the Algonquin had no fixed dwelling:
He moved his belongings here and there as the whim seized
him, earning his existence by hunting and fishing, and having
no thought for the morrow. But at North Temiskaming there
are some forty families who have cast off their primitive habits,
and settled down to farming. As farmers they are not parti-
cularly successful, the men breaking away now and again and
taking to the bush for indefinite periods, during which times
the farms have to care for themselves ; but these people are
living out their simple lives in a way which is entirely satis-
factory to themselves, and one of the most contented com-
munities I have ever been in is that of North Temiskaming.

I had been told to make my way, in the first instance, to
the store of one Angus Wabie, a particularly intelligent Indian
who speaks three languages, English, French and Ojibway, and
Captain Redmond, however, warned me not to
wo very far away, as owing to the lateness of the hour his stay
would be a short one; so | hired a young Indian, fleet of foot

keeps a store.

and long-winded as a race horse, to yo in search of Argus, and
while be was gone the fates were kind enough to send me an

in Canada

old friend to keep me company. Years ago, during my first
expedition to the Canadian wilderness, I had as hunter—we
did not speak of guides in those days—a well-known back-
woodsman whose nickname was Jimmy the Duck. His right
name is James B. MacDonald, and, although he is now over sixty
years of age, there are few better men either in the bush or on
the water. Jimmy has married into one of the leading
families of North Temiskaming. His wife is one of the
McBrides; her brother, John James McBride, the village
constable. We talked over old times, and the changes that had
taken place since we first saw Temiskaming, until my messenger
returned, bringing with him the breathless but radiant Angus.
Captain Redmond wanted to be off, but, like an obliging
fellow, hung on for a few minutes longer while I made my
arrangements, and the upshot of it all was that I carried off
one Frank Lemire, together with his canoe, the idea being that
he was to bring me back next day to North Temiskaming.
Lemire had not been on board ten minutes before he sidled up to
me, and told me confidentially that he was very, very hungry ;
so I had to arrange with the stewardess to give him something
to eat. He proved to be a rattling good man at the table, and
occupied the better part of an hour in storing away grub where
he thought it would do the most good, and when we arrived at
Haileybury he followed me into the dining room of the hotel
in the most natural way in the world, and proceeded to polish
off a second meal without turning a hair.

But if Frank could eat he could also sail a canoe, as he
proved next morning, and if I wanted to go down a bad river I
would willingly try my best to satisfy his enormous appetite,
provided I could have his cunning paddle steering the canoe.
And now Iam going to make a confession: for years I have
advocated travelling light, omitting superfluities; and yet I
backslided, and added a lot of canned stuff to my outfit, for
which I paid dearly in aching muscle before I got through with
the trip. Oh, how easy it is to backslide! After practising
what I preached for years, in one weak moment I yielded to
the seductions of those cans of Bartlett pears and California
peaches, and green peas, things which no man should take into
the woods if he wants to be really free of the wilderness—and I
promise never to do it again. Next time it will be pork and
beans, and beans and pork, and mighty little else besides,
excepting the fish and game I can secure by the way.

An epidemic of matrimony was about to strike Haileybury,
and preparations for the ceremonies were already under way.
In fact, the talk was almost entirely of marriage and giving in
marriage, as on the following week two of Haileybury’s most
charming spinsters were to swear love, honor and obedience to
the youths of their choice. So it came to pass that I was
asked out into society that evening, to meet some of the high
contracting parties, together with several beautiful bridesmaids,
and did not get back to my cubicle until after midnight. Con-
sequently, I was inclined to expostulate with Frank when he
tried to kick down the door at 5 a.m. next morning. We
argued the matter at some length, and eventually, as he seemed
to have somewhat the best of it, I yielded myself to my fate,
and donned the shirt of flannel and the overalls and moceasins
which signified that I would that day bid adieu to civilization.
By seven o'clock we were ready to start. ‘The wind was fayor-
able, though showing a suspicious increase every minute, and
there was little doubt we should have enough of it ere we
reached the sheltered mouth of the White River. Frank rigged
up a wonderful sail out of the tent, and immediately we drew:
from under the lea of the land and began to feel the weight of

Rod and Gun

the breeze, the birch bark simply flew. We covered the six
miles intervening between Haileybury and Windy Point in three
quarters of an hour, by the watch ; but really we were entitled
to no credit for so doing, because after we got fairly started the
only chance was to crack on sail, and keep ahead of those
whitecaps that always seemed to hang close to vhe quarter of
the little canoe. As it was, two of them caught us, and lapping
over the low gunwale converted the bottom of the canoe into a
hip bath, in which I sat more or less unhappily. Windy Point
served as a breakwater, and after that the voyage was not
remarkable for excitement. We reached North Temiskaming
during the morning, and there Angus Wabie introduced me
to his brother John, who he said was a good man and anxious
to enter my service. John and I lived together in the bush for
three weeks, and I am willing to certify that Angus did not
overstate the case ; for John is a good man, and you will goa
long way before you find a better. He can hunt like an
Indian, cook like a woman, and never gets cross or sulky.
More to oblige John than anything else, I consented to take his
fifteen year old boy to assist in keeping camp, paddling, portag-
ing and the other things which have to be done when you are
travelling in the bush. Bernabie was a bright lad enough and
proved useful ; where he especially shone was on the portage.
This Indian boy, whose weight did not exceed 100 lbs., could
carry a load of 75 lbs. over a portage of half a mile, and it was
evidently his ambition to inure himself to the hard work of
portaging as early as possible. His father told me, on more
than one occasion, that the boy begged to haye something
added to his load, as he wished to become good at carrying.
(T0 BE CONTINUED)

HUNT STEEPLECHASES.
By C. J. Alloway-

The two great events of the sporting year, the fall steeple_
chases of the Canadian and Montreal Hunt Clubs, took place
on September 28th and October 5th respectively. In no year
of their previous history have the conditions been more fayor-
able and satisfactory. Both places of meeting were within
easy access of the city, which made it possible for greater
numbers than usual to patronize the events. Not only were
there large numbers of the members’ friends and general public
present, but all the morning the roads were dotted with vehicles
from the farming district adjacent, heading for the scene of the
races.

Passing along with them, in the utmost good-fellowship,
rumbled the stately four-in-hands, without which would be
lacking one of the most attractive features of the day. Jaunty
little carts drawn by shining cobs, victorias, stanhopes, pony
carriages and every vehicle, from the correctly-appointed
equipage of the private citizen, to the well-polighed harness
and hack of the cabman, delighted that for him profit and
pleasure could be so happily combined, :

Pedestrians, who thought the miles to be traversed on foot
well covered with such a goal in view, were prominent for
their numbers. There was also in evidence the usual comple-
ment of the ubiquitous and enterprising small boy, whose
knowledge of loose spots in the fences and gaps in the walls
was exceedingly useful on the occasion.

The exceptionally beautiful weather allowed of one feature
which is always expected, that is the handsome costumes of
the ladies, whose dark furs and rich attire they well know
appear nowhere to better advantage than on a stylish drag
with a background of the blue skies and crimsoning woods of
our Canadian autumn,

in Canada 5

Although a commodious grand stand is usually a conye-
nience, it cannot be denied that it has a certain business-like
and circus appearance that offends the artist eye. There being
no such accommodation on these occasions, the whole environ-
ment was suggestive of a rural holiday, and gave to those not
familiar with a hunting scene a pleasing sense of its atmosphere,
only the absence of the hounds among the riders in “‘ Pink”’
giving evidence that it was not a “‘meet’’ that was in progress.

The Canadian Hunt held their meeting at St. Lambert, over
a level, farming country, containing jumps of a varied char-
acter, which included stone walls, post-and-rail fences, sod
banks and ditches to the number of eight in the circuit, which
was a trifleover a mile in length. The day was a perfect one,
and the lovers of this kind of sport were there to the number
of at least five thousand. Not for many years has so large and
appreciative a gathering been seen at a Hunt meeting. There
were six events on the card, every one of which was hotly
contested.

The first race on the programme was the Polo race for
ponies, which was won by Dr. Mignault’s ‘‘55,’’ Pinto second,
and Dewey third.

The second race was the Green Steeplechase, won by Duc,
owned by Dr. Gauthier, M.F.H. The rest of the field went
the wrong course and were disqualified.

The Open race was won by King Top, Wild Arab second, and
King Bolt third.

The Farmer’s race, which was the most interesting event of
the day and which caused great amusement, was won by mile
Brosseau, Louis Gravelle second, and W. St. Marie third.

The Hunt Cup, for qualified hunters, was won by Mr. Deca-
rie on Wexford, Mr. Sector’s Squire second, and 'Mr. Tancred
Trudel’s Sir W. third.

The Consolation race was won by Sleepy Belle.

A week later, October 5th, under equally auspicious con-
ditions of weather and patronage, occurred the Montreal Hunt
Steeplechases, held at Petite Cote, which began at the un-
usually early hour of half-past twelve. Luncheon was served
between the first and second races, which was somewhat of an
innovation to the customary procedure.

The first race on the list was the Hunter’s Handicap Steeple-
chase, and was won by Jim Lisle, ridden by Mr. Murray
Hendrie.

The second was the Farmer’s race, won by King Top, also
ridden by Mr. Murray Hendrie.

Race number three was the Jorrocks’ Steeplechase, for mem-
bers up in ‘ Pink.”

This race was won by Mr. A.E. Ogilvie on his mare Maggie
May.

The fourth event was the Open Handicap Steeplechase, won
by Mr. Penniston’s Burnap.

The one following was the Hunt Cup, to be ridden by mem-
bers, and was won by Mr. Watson’s Round View, ridden
by Mr. Murray Hendrie, Dr. Charles McKEachran’s Pal
second.

‘The sixth and last race was the Qualified Hunter’s Steeple-
chase, which was won by Sleepy Belle.

The enthusiasm and interest evinced in the entire pro-
gramme on both these occasions were a proof of the popular-
ity of the methods employed in the conduct of the Hunt races
this year, and their continuance on similar lines will probably
characterize meetings in the future, as there are a large number
in the city and its enyirons who enjoy this kind of sport. The
popular taste is generally an excellent guide as to the wisdom
of such measures.

and

6 Rod

KENNEL DEPARTMENT

Conducted by D. Taylor

MONTREAL CANINE ASSOCIATION.

‘monthly meeting of the Montreal Canine As-

The regulez
sociation, preliminary to the annual general meeting, was held
in the Natural History Hall, on Thursday evening, October
3rd. The Executive held a meeting previous, and endeavored
to straighten out some matters for some time in abeyance, but
were only partially successful; and, to say the least, the reports
submitted were somewhat of a disappointment to a number of
those At the general meeting Mr. Joseph Reid occu-
pied the chair, and promptly announced the principal business
of the evening, namely, that of nominating officers for the

present.

ensuing year, at the same time declining emphatically to stand
for re-election for another year. The following are the nomina-
tions:—Hon. patron, Lord Strathcona; hon. president, Geo.
H. Gooderham,
McEachran, Dr.
Mills,
hon. vice-president, C. W.
Rodman, H. P. Hunger-
ford, G. M. Carnochan,

Dr. Chas.
Wesley

George Caverhill ;

Jos. Reid, Dr. Wesley
Mills, Dr. Drummond, A.
A. Macdonald, John G.

Kent {Toronto}; president,
D. W.
Lindsay; first
dent, Mr. Lindsay, A. F.

Hersey,

Ogilvie, James

vice-presi-

Gault, jr., A. H

Mr. Pitt; second vice-
president, F. Stuart, A.
F. Gault, Mr. Hersey,

Mr. Pitt, Mr. Laurin, S.
treasurer, F

2! Ue

Jos. A. Laurin declining

Britcher ;
Stuart, Hersey,

re-election ; secretary, E.

C. Short For a position AB
on the Executive, which
is composed of eleven members, there were a_ large

number of names submitted, and it is altogether likely
that some new blood will be on the Board for the ensuing
year. The following are the nominations in order

Alexander Smith, D. Taylor, W. O. Roy, A. F. Gault,

John Cumming, Jos. Reid, 8. Britcher, W. C. Finley, A. E.

Coleman, W.S. Elliott, Jos. A Laurin, Josh. Stanford, Jos.
Quinn, D. Crawford, A. H. Hersey, F. Stuart, Wm. Henry,
John A. Pitt, D. W. Ogilvie, Jas. Lindsay, 8S. P. Howard, W
Rattray W Ike nenhan, \ I Sims, W. Stuart, DD. Robertson,
\. Brosseau, H. H. F. Hughes, H. M. Walteis, Geo. Caver
hill, Seott Ives, A. G. Robertson, C. P. Simpson, Dr. Drum-
mond, Dr. Mills, W. Buckingham, Chas. Thomson, G. Coul-
son, J. H. Smith, W. Kearney \fter the meeting got through

with this business, it was found so enervating that those pres-

ent decided to adjourn

Gun

vodhound Puppy.

in Canada

The Bloodhound.

For stateliness of appearance hardly any breed of dog is
comparable to the bloodhound, while the marvellous tales at-
tending its unerring pursuit of its quarry have furnished the
novelist and dramatist with material of the most exciting char-
acter. But it is a pure fiction to associate the bloodhound with
ferocity. He never worries or mangles what he tracks down.
His vocation is to find, and to find only, whether in pursuit of
man or wounded animal.

The bloodhound has figured in history from time immemo-
rial, and no breed of dog has preserved its characteristic points
so persistently. The high, pointed cranium, the long, pen-
dulous ears, the ample dewlap, the wrinkled forehead, the
overhanging flews, and even the red haw or third eyelid
(commonly called by dog fanciers the sealing-wax) may be
traced more or in the modern foxhound, the otter-
hound, the bassett, the dachshund and in the beagle of
Sweden, which last is in fact a miniature bloodhound, though
of lighter build. In the border history of Scotland and
England bloodhounds were compulsorily maintained by al-
most every hamlet for tracking the moss-troopers after their
raids, and until comparatively recent years the rural con-

stabulary of England em-

less

ployed bloodhounds to
trace sheep and poultry
In this connec-
tion it has asserted
that the bloodhound, even
as a pup, will pick up and
follow the trail of a
stranger quite readily, and

stealers.
been

perhaps more eagerly than
that of his master.
Another interesting fact is
that the bloodhound,
when alone, hunts mute,
but when hunting in a
pack he makes music of a
delightful melody.
His tracking instinct is so
keen that he hunts the
“clean shoe’’as well, if not
better, than when the foot
of the fugitive has been
purposely fouled, and it
is a pretty sight to watch

fence, or

most

a trained hound following his quarry over a

under the rails, whichever course was taken. The train-
ing of bloodhounds has not been so persistently followed
of late years, but time was when ‘‘ man hunts ’’ were

common in several parts of England, and it is noteworthy

that some of the trials took place when snow lay thick
on the ground, and that while snow was actually falling
the hounds laid on were equally persistent in tracking
the quarry. A well-trained bloodhound will follow for

miles, even after the lapse of several hours since the fugi-
tive started, and although many other trails may have crossed
the track. But he is frequently at fault over stone flags, and it
was for this reason that the pursuit of the notorious “Jack the
Ripper’ in London by bloodhounds, at one time mooted, was
Several one-time prominent blood-

after a trial discarded.

hounds on the show bench will go down into history. It was

Rod

the late Countess which served as a model to Landseer for
his bloodhound in “Dignity and Impudence,”’ and also for
his “Sleeping Bloodhound,”’ whilst the late Sir John Millais’
Cromwell figured in more than one of that artist’s pictures.

The bloodhound’s aristocratic appearance, his invariable
good temper and his watchfulness commend him to social
notice, while the vulgar idea regarding his ferocity renders
him an invaluable companion for ladies and children against
the annoyances incidental to the genus tramp.

L

The Gore Kennel Club, of Hamilton, Ont., will hold a
bench show on Friday and Saturday, November 8th and 9th.
Mr. Joseph Kennedy will judge spaniels, wolfhounds, bull,
black and tan and Yorkshire terriers, and Mr. Lacy the rest of
the show. The Rey. Thos. Geoghegan is the honorary presi-
dent of the Club. The classification provides for nearly every
breed, as leash prizes are restricted to specials, of which there
are a great number and variety. Entries close on October 25th,
with Mr. George H. Carley, secretary, 1389 Duke Street. Hamil-
ton, Ont.

%

From Mr. George Raper’s letter to Field and Fancy we
take the foilowing: Matchmaker has been sold from the Rich-
mond Grange Kennel, and sails for his new home in Canada a
day or two after the Kennel Club show. He has not been the
show success anticipated when purchased at the sale of Mr. C.
MeNeili’s stock a couple of years ago, but on account of his
blood he will be a decided acquisition to Canada, where he goes
on leaying Gomersal. It is not by any means a pleasing reflec-
tion that so many good dogs of all varieties are continually
being picked up for export. Some we can very well do with-
out; others, and Matchmaker is most certainly one of them, we

shall miss.
*

For the Philadelphia show in the latter part of November
there are 216 open classes and 96 local. The prizes are $15, $10
and $5. Entries close November 11th.

*

Our Dogs (Eng.) says:—A somewhat unusual incident
cropped up at Ilkeston show, in the fox terrier ring, where Mr.
Tom Ashton was picking out the winners. It appears that this
well-known judge some time ago had the misfortune to jose a
good smooth puppy, for which he had refused a tempting offer,
and whilst officiating at this show he recognized the truant
being shown under him in the nomination of Messrs. Beck
and Bottomley. Inquiries naturally followed, with the result
that Messrs. Beck and Bottomley placed the puppy in the
hands of the show committee, and all parties being satisfied
that it is the “‘long lost one,’’ the truant has been returned to
its rightful owner.

The Duchess of Newcastle, in withdrawing from our stud
list her well-known smooth fox terrier, Claude of Notts, im-
parts the intelligence that the dog has been sold to Mr. W.
Douglas, to go to America, and adds that, in all likelihood,
Americans will declare him to be Claude Duval over again,
only with more substance, which is, of course, to the emigrant’s
advantage. Claude of Notts isin grand form, we understand.
Her Grace has also sold to Mr. Douglas a yery promising

- wire-haired youngster by Cackler of Notts, ex a Christopher
bitch, but adds that it isa moral impossibility to divine the
best pup of a litter at two months old, which we emphatically
indorse.

and Gun

in Canada 7

English Sporting Dogs.

Of the number of men who attend dog shows and criticise
the retriever class, how many are there who realize what an
invention of modern times the retriever is? No field sport has
altered in details as shooting has in the last hundred years.
Such a breed as the retriever was unknown until well into the
nineteenth century. All the old works upon shooting dilate on
the best ‘‘cross’’ out of which to eyolve a dog that would
retrieve. A certain number— decreasing every year—of sports-
men will take the field next Monday who can recollect a pre-
ference for shooting partridges over dogs. Some forty years
ago the fashion was much in vogue, though beginning to die
out, chiefly on account of alterations in agriculture. In those
days the sportsman took the field with a brace of pointers or
setters, but without a retriever. Most setters, and many point-
ers, would retrieve; their talent was only exercised in the case
of a towered bird or a runner, the latter being usually gathered
in the nearest hedge. A cleyer dog would point a dead bird
with an action which spoke for itself. A runner was more of a
difficulty, as it might be ground game, in turnips especially.
In Scotland, to this day, where setters are used, in many cases
the retrievers stay at home. Of course, a running grouse in
heather cannot travel like a partridge up aturnip drill. The
retriever came in with modern covert shooting, and he was at
first a cross of setter and Labrador, or setter and water spaniel.
Now, for driven birds, the spaniel is coming into yogue as a
retriever, while the ‘‘tracker,’’ the retriever of the deer forest,
is generally acollie. As for the deerhound, like Othello, his
“oceupation’s gone.’’—London Field.

*

By an unfortunate clerical error we were led to say in last
month’s issue that Mr. E. C. Short’s wolfhound, Sir Roswald,
was awarded third prize, instead of first, which was the case.

*

This case of extraordinary fecundity in an Irish terrier
bitch, reported in Our Dogs, will interest Canadian fanciers.
Mr. Charles Browne, of Strabane, Ireland, owns a very noted
brood bitch, Saraband, dam of Mourne Princess, Mourne Star,
Mourne Wonder and many other winners, and in the five lit-
ters she has given birth to there haye been 66 puppies, an aver-
age of over 13 per litter. Thirteen in a litter is not an unusual
number for a bitch to give birth to once in a way, but to keep
up that average for five consecutive litters is very exceptional.

*

A bench show was held in connection with the Simcoe
County Agricultural Society Fair at Barrie, Ont., September
26-27. The entries numbered about 75, purely local dogs, with
the exception of a couple of nice quality young dachshunds
from Sid. Saunders’ noted kennels. In bloodhounds Dr. Wall-
win’s Longworth, by reason of his better head, beat a good-
bodied son, plainer in head, both nice hounds. In foxhounds
Dr. Morren showed two couple by a hound owned by the To-
ronto Hunt some years ago, called Jimerack, from the Grafton
Hunt. The winner in dogs was the novice winner at Toronto.
In collies, the judge found a sweet-headed one by a son of
Laurel Laddie. The best of the cockers was a nice-headed
daughter of Red Kaiser, but light in bone and on the leg. Our
Bobs, a winner of first at Toronto, was the best beagle, sour in
expression and open in feet, nice body and good coat. In fox
terriers, a nice pup by Endcliffe Banker, out of a daughter of
Meersbrook Bristles, won easily in his class. This pup will
make history with luck. He is owned by Mr. Bowley, a very

8

keen fancier from across the pond. Mr. Jos. Smith, of Guelph,
Ont., handed out the ribbons in all classes and gave splendid
satisfaction.
*
Mr. James Walters, proprietor of the Primrose Kennels,
Ottawa, has recently imported several fine bull terriers, which
are attracting considerable attention in the Dominion capital.

*

Mr. Tawse, the secretary of the Guelph Club, has quite a
large kennel of fox terriers, a number by Champions Go Bang,
Endcliffe Banker, Norfolk Victorious, ete.

*

Mr. Sid. Saunders, another member of the Guelph Clubt
has a few dachshunds that he expects to surprise the talen,
with in Canada. Satisfaction won three firsts at St. Thomas,
and in addition Mr. Saunders has three by Importation, dam
the Shrew of Venlo, that he thinks are comers. He has taken
a fancy to bulldogs,
and is aftera good
bitch. There is
room for some good
ones in the breed,
and Mr. Saunders
hopes to help by
supplying a few.

*

Mr. S. Britcher,
Newmarket K en-
nels, reports the fol-
lowing sales: New-
market Baron II.,
to Frank F. Dole,
New Haven, Conn.,
and the bitch New-
market Baby, to E.
E. Thomas, jr.,
Providence, R.I.
At the same time
he refused a hand-
some offer for New-
market Bendigo
from the former
gentleman.

*

Miss Markham, of
Ottawa, has lost her
prize-winning fox terrier Stein by poison, the work of some
malicious person. Several valuable dogs have recently been
done to death in the city by the same means.

*

Mr. Joseph Reid has sold his brood collie bitch Apple
Blosssom for $100, with a ‘“‘luck penny,’’ to Mr. Adams, Lon-
don, Ont.

*

There is every indication that a dog show will be held at
Guelph, Ont., during the progress of the Provincial Winter
Show (cattle and poultry) the second week in December. If
the show is absolutely decided on, it will be a ribbon event
with a list of cash specials, and the entry fee will be 50 cents.

Newmarket Bendigo.

Rod and Gun in Canada

Newmarket Bendigo.

The accompanying photo is a fine specimen of the bull ter-
rier, Newmarket Bendigo, owned by Sydney Britcher, of the
Newmarket Kennels, Montreal. He is a puppy, 10 months
old, 40 lbs. weight, and was sired by Edgewood Dick ex New-
market Midget. He was exhibited at Buffalo for the first time,
and won 2nd novice, 2nd limit, 2nd open, and was placed re-
serve to the winner. At Toronto he was still more successful,
being awarded Ist puppy, Ist novice, 2nd limit, 2nd open, and
special for the best Canadian-bred in show. At Danbury he
won Ist open in a hot class.

*

Whippet Raeing in America.

Richard Croker, jr., of New York, whose kennel of English
bulldogs, with its champion, Rodney Stone, made even British-
ers admit its superiority, has gone in for another dog fancy, and
has purchased a large number of those little streaks of canine
greased lightning known as whippets, asort of small greyhound
that can run faster
than any other ani-
mal, and he will
try to introduce dog
racing in America.

Young Croker has
become quite a fay-
orite among English
dog fanciers, who
generally speak of
him as “‘“Young
Dick Croker.”

One of the leading
dog experts informs
correspondent
that a rich New
Yorker commission-
ed a London fancier
to obtain at any cost
a bulldog to be at
Rodney Stone at the
next Madison
Square Dog Show,
but no purchase has
been made yet.
Croker himself is in
the market, but has
not picked up any-
thing equal to Rod-
ney. He has desired to breed a bulldog in America which
will beat his own English bred.

“Tt’s a laudable desire,”’ said Will Sprague, England’s best
expert, “but I fear he is taking a big task, for bulldogs are
queer cattle to breed, even by those who have made them a
lifelong study and gone crazy over them. Like does not always
produce like in bulldog breeding. When Mr, Croker sailed for
America recently he took with him two females, Little Witch
and Bit O’ Bluff, whose wants and toilets he personally attended
to en voyage. This shows the spirit of a true fancier. His love
of bulldogs has won him golden opinions in England.”

Croker’s racing whippets were recently shipped to New
York. After they get in training they will probably be set to
racing, which ought to become popular. At present in England

SANT

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=
—

SRS
SRV
Sass : a
ONT

Rod and Gun

whippet racing is principally carried on by the working classes
in the Midlands and Northern counties. The dogs are handi-
capped down to inches at the start, sometimes according to
weights, at other times height or sex.

These immature greyhounds run 200 yard courses as
straight as arrows and seem to know what to do. They can be
seen letting out pace at the right time, and their speed is tre-
mendous, 200 yards inside of 12 seconds, faster than any horse
or sprinter. The dogs require the finest care and training.
They run on a cinder track and enjoy the sport.

By the kindness of Dr. C. A. Schenck we have been fur-
nished with the following interesting notes from the Cologne
Gazette :—

“The revenue obtained from the sale of wood and timber
inthe Prussian State forests has been as follows:

In 1887 millions In 1888 54.4 millions.
1889 60.7 1890 63.2
1891 60.5 L892 62.4
1893. 58.7 1894 58.4
1895 64.5 1896 3.5
1897 75.2 1898

The sudden rise of revenue in 1890 was due to an increased
output necessitated by the ravages of insects

The temporary increase in 1892 is explained by extraordi-
nary wind-falls and snow-breaks, again causing an increased
vield.

On the whole it appears that since 1897 the annual revenue
obtained from sales of firewood and timber has grown by 50%.
As these returns are considered to be safer than any other
revenue obtainable from any other source imaginable, it is easy
to see that the value of the source of the revenue, namely, of
the forest, has increased at the same ratio, to say the least.
Consequently, the government, aside from enjoying increased
reyenue, is now 50% richer than it was twelve years ago.”’

*
BOOK REVIEW.

Mr. C. E. M. Russell, an officer of the Indian forest ser-
vice, has brought out a second edition of a work he published
a year or two ago upon Indian shooting.

“Bullet and Shot’ is the title of this capital little book of
sporting adventures. His aim, as he states himself in his pre-
face, is to help the rough road of the tyro, and we think he
has succeeded. He says: ‘‘ It was frequently brought home to
the author in the case of numerous beginners whom he person-
ally assisted to obtain sport, how unfavorably situated such are
in astrange country unless so aided, and he has endeayored in
the present volume to supply what he believes to be a want.”
In addition to chapters describing the habits and haunts of the
various species of Indian game, this book contains others upon
‘amp equipment, arms and ammunition, and hints on skinning
and the preservation of trophies. As the author was assisted
in the preparation of these latter chapters by such well known
authorities as Mr. Henry W. Holland and Mr. Butt, there can
be no question as to the trustworthy information they contain.
The book is published by Thacker & Co., of London and

Calcutta.
*

Mr. George H. Ham, of Montreal, has been staying at
Sicamous, B.C. In the course of a letter, recently received, he
says the fishing in Shushwap Lake is the best he has ever
enjoyed.

in) Canada 9

THE GUN
J

&

To what extent the enthusiasm as to rifle shooting which
was aroused by the initial reverses of the South African cam-
paign will permanently improve rifle shooting in Canada is a
question the future must answer. In Great Britain it is said
that the formation of civilian rifle clubs, with their leayening
of volunteers, have increased exceedingly rapidly in numbers
and in According to the London Tield, a
thoroughly trustworthy authority, British rifle clubs have
developed steadily from small beginnings.

membership.

The National Rifle Association, notwithstanding its oner-
ous duties, eagerly welcomed this new trend in rifle shooting,
and encouraged it in every manner possible. Competitions
have been set aside for the exclusive benefit of members of
clubs affiliated with the parent association. These, as a rule,
are competed for with miniature rifles and under conditions
differing widely from those governing ordinary target shooting.
In one class of competition there is a miniature range, a minia-
ture rifle and its miniature ammunition; in others there is
shooting with miniature rifles at distances often fired over with
a service rifle, thus serving a useful purpose, since they permit
the u-e of ranges which would be condemned as dangerous for
the service rifle and ammunition. The third class of shooting
which is indulged in by the affiliated clubs, includes the use of
service rifles and ammunition at the shorter ranges. The
object aimed at, and seemingly attained, by these classes is the
bringing of target shooting attractively before a larger class
than is represented by mere membership in the volunteers.
This, it would appear, is precisely what is needed in Can-

In the scheme outlined by the Militia Department, and
published a few weeks ago, there seems a disposition to force

ada.

every man who uses the range to become, at least nominally, a
member of the militia. This has undoubtedly had a deterrent
effect upon many who would otherwise have wished to join,
and is probably responsible for the lukewarm interest exhibit-
ed so far by the great mass of Canadian men.

With the lessons of the Boer war before us, we must be
blind indeed if we do not see the vital need in a country where
conscription does not exist of every able-bodied man being
somewhat of amarksman. The drill of the barrack square,
the tinsel and blare, we can, perhaps, do without. What
Canada needs most is 500,000 men of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic
descent who could at short notice use their rifles to good effect.

The time to train the hand and eye in shooting is in youth.
Instances are, it is true, on record showing that men of mature
years have now and again learned to use the rifle and shot-gun,
but in the vast majority of cases the only time to master any
field sport is during those years when the receptive faculties
are most on the alert. Every Canadian lad should have it in
his power to become a marksman, if his bent lie in that
direction.

*

We are often asked for the names and addresses of men fit
to guide hunting parties in the mountains. A correspondent
whom we have heretofore found trustworthy writes that T.
Martin, of Field, B.C., and E. McDougall, of Penticton, B.C.,
are hunters who have given satisfaction to numerous employers.

10

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TO THE
FISHING
GAME AND
FOREST
INTERESTS
OF CANADA.

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IN CANADA & 4 4 44

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Communications on all topies pertaining to fishing, shooting, canoeing,
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the writer, not nec ily for publication, however.

Rop AND GUN IN CANADA does not assume any responsibility for, or
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All communications should be addressed to:

ROD AND GUN PUBLISHING CO., 603 Craig Street, MONTREAL.

Excellent accounts continue to reach us from the sporting
grounds of the Northwest. Northwestern Manitoba is yielding
some fine trophies this year. Three distinguished foreign
sportsmen, the Marquis de la Gandara, a Spanish nobleman
attached to the embassy in Rome ; Baron Wulff von Plessen, a
captain in the Imperial German navy: and Count Hadelin
d@’Oultremont, of Brussels, had extraordinary sportin the region
surrounding Lake Winnipegosis. They accounted for five big
bull moose and one black bear, in a fortnight’s shooting, and
they picked their heads. This is almost a record shoot, and
shows what can be done by good sportsmen who make their

preparations in an intelligent manner.

Another big game hunter who was successful—Mr. Hough,
K. C., of the firm of Hough and Campbell, of Winnipeg—also
made a most successful trip into the Manitoban bush. He bag-

ged two fine moose and found game extremely abundant. These
are but two instances out of several. For many a long year Mani-
toba and the Northwest Territories have been famous for the
sport they yielded to the wing shot, but it is only lately that
outsiders have began to realize that on the edge of the prairie
there is a debatable land. part forest and part open country,
wherein many species of big game are to be found. In a few
years a great mary sportsmen will set their faces annually to-
ward the setting sun, about the time the leaves of the mossy-
cup oak begin to turn brown, and they will have their reward.
*

[Experiments in acclimatization have shown very positively
that no one should introduce a foreign species of beast, bird, or
fish without first ascertaining beyond a shadow of a doubt
that the new species will be wholly beneficial. One genius
introduced the rabbit of Australasia: as a result the colonies
have lost millions of pounds ; for some of the finest grazing
tracts in Australia and New Zealand were rendered sterile and
unprofitable by the inordinate increase of the few couples of
rabbits imported from Europe.

Another well-intentioned individual, seeing that a plague
of rats was on the island, brought to Jamaica some mongoose
from the East Indies ;
much to their taste that they increased and multiplied most
It is true that the rats were soon almost annihil-

and these mongoose found Jamaica so

prodigiously.
ated, but, as the mongoose had to live, he next turned his

Rod and Gun

in Canada

attention to the quail, and they went the way of the rat, and
after that it was the turn of all the feathered songsters of the
island, together with the henwife’s poultry, Now the islanders
shudder at the very mention of the mongoose.

A third experimentalist brought over from Europe a few
couple of the house sparrow, which was endeared to him by
sentimental recollections of his boyhood : and a few years later
the legislatures of half the states in the Union were voting con-
siderable sums annually, as head money, for the destruction of
the descendants of those same sparrows which made the Japan-
ese ivy of a certain church in New York so homelike to the
exiled Britisher.

And now the Dominion government is incurring a very
grave risk of adding yet another to these classic examples of
energy misdirected. According to the daily press: ‘* A car of
spawn and young fish went west to be distributed in the differ-
ent lakesin the mountains. These are being sent out by the
Dominion Government. Bass constitutes the largest portion
of the shipment.’’ Now, it is by no means a certainty that the
bass will thrive: this fish spawns in the spring as soon as the
water attains a certain temperature, and it is quite possible
that the parent bass may have to wait a weary time before the
waters of the Rocky Mountain lakes reach a temperature which
will permit the egg to hatch out ina reasonable time, if at all.
These are matters which may only be decided by experiment.
But this much is sure: if the bass ever do increase, and find the
waters to their liking, it will be all up with the game, black,
spotted and rainbow trout now inhabiting those waters. The
bass is almost as destructive as the pike, and it is very much
to be regretted that the Dominion Goyernment should have
been so illadvised as to attempt the introduction of a compara-
tively coarse fish—although a game one—into waters which
hold the peerless salmonidae.

*

Our frontispiece shows a young white Rocky Mountain
goat (Mazama montana), together with his two captors, Chris-
tian Hiisler and Christian Borhn, C.P.R. Swiss guides, who
were stationed in the Rockies last summer. The animal is
quite tame and very intelligent and affectionate. It was sold
to Mr. George Vaux, of Philadelphia, who, we understand, has
given it to the zodlogical collection of his native city.

*

The annual meeting of the Province of Quebee Association
forthe Protection of Fish and Game was held in Montreal last
month. A new constitution was adopted, and the following
officers elected :

F. L. Wanklyn, president.

Colin Campbell, vice-president.

Thos. C. Brainerd, treasurer.

G. W. MacDongall, hon. counsel.

Wm. J. Cleghorn, secretary.

Committee—H. W. Atwater, Geo. Boulter, L. A. Boyer, E.
T. D. Chambers, T. M. Craig, James Cochrane, M. L. A. ; W.
H. Drummond, M. D.; T. A. Emmans, D. Hatton, J. T.
Finnie, M.D. ; TH. R. Ives, R. Kiernan, W. L. Maltby, Chas.
Meredith, Peter McKenzie, W. H. Parker, J. B. Payne, Jos.
Roy, jn, W. PB Scottacen

Stearns, C. W. Wilson, M. D.
*

Riendeau, J. P. Roche, T.

Shewan, J. B. Sparrow, J. H.

His Royal Highness the Duke of Cornwall and York enjoy-
ed some excellent shooting while in Manitoba last month. At
Poplar Point, as the guest of Senator Kirchoffer, he brought to

Rod

bag 52 duck during the morning flight on October7. Next day
be did even better, andthe total bag was more than 600 ducks.
The guns were, in addition to His Royal Highness, the Govern-
or-General, Sir Charles Cust, Prince Alexander of Teck, Major
Maude, Commander Fawcett, R. N., and Lord Crichton.

*

An unusually fine head was among the earliest arrivals
from the famous Kippewa district last month. Mr. F. N.
Southam, of Montreal, shot a bull moose on October Ist,
northwest of Lake Kippewa, whose antlers have a span of
sixty-two inches. Moreover, one of the spikes from which the
measurement has to be taken is broken, and had this accident
not happened the measurement would have been at least an
inch and a half more than is now the case. This bull with
average luck should have carried a sixty three and a half inch
head, which we believe to be the record so far for the Kippewa
district.

A party, consisting of Mr. E. L. Russell, general counsel of
the Mobile & Ohio Railway, Mrs. and Miss Russell, Mr. E. M.
Robinson, of Mobile, and Mr. Hatcher, spent a couple of weeks
this autumn in Manitoba. Travelling in Mr. Russell’s private
coach, the party visited in succession Lake Winnipegosis,
Plumas, Dauphin and other places, where excellent sport
among the ducks and chicken was had. After a fill of shoot-
ing, the party spent a few days at Banff and Glacier before
returning southward.

™

Mr. L. H. Smith, of Strathroy, a sportsman whose frequent
contributions to Rop aANp GuN are most welcome, is shooting
“chicken ’’ at Cypress River, Manitoba.

*

For several years the bluebird (Sialia sialis) has been a
rare visitor to its old breeding grounds in Ontario and Quebec.
It suffered severely from a March blizzard which swept the
Southern States, and seemed on the verge of practical extinc-
tion; but last year, and more particularly this summer, the
species is becoming much more abundantly distributed. Ere
long this little beauty of the field and orchard will be as fami-
liar as it was ten years ago.

*

It is very generally believed that there are few good guides
to be had in Manitoba. We are informed, however, by Mr.
Chas. A. E. Harris, of Ottawa, that the demand is creating the
supply, and that he was able to obtain the services of several
good half-breed or Metis guides in Manitoba during a hunting
trip he made there in the fall of L400. This will be weleome
news to many men, who would have turned their faces west-
ward long ago had they been assured of finding good guides
awaiting them in Manitoba.

CONTENTS

—— ; PAGE

Frontispiece—C. P.R. Swiss Guides with Young Mountain

(Ciiliten beso tttnes soboss Hocoadadccosse suds pen eS
Exploration in Northwestern Canada......-........... 1-4
An Exploration to the Height of Land.......... Besa 4-5
Em ty Steeplechases:.)..r eters oc. 2 ore == 5
Ine iene boaaoas saeSoan conops one CO0O aeennas ates 6-9
BRELUOUIA lope cress pnter =. fo seca oem tae ap ete ini,s sackee ern epane 10-11
phowosraphyeee ace aeeies + eeeecs armen reas a oan Lot
FORD Raniaceaccindes +e eeud Gave anus uenacarancodom ootids 15-20

and Gun

in Canada II

AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHY

Conducted by Hubert McBean Johnstone

LANTERN-SLIDE MAKING BY CONTACT.
H. McBean Johnstone.

I rather fancy that it is more or less of a problem with every
amateur photographer to find the most satisfactory method of
keeping his picture, so that they are easiest shown to his friends
when he may so desire. The scheme of putting them in an
album is all right, only it is sort of hiding one’s light under a
bushel. Another objection to the album is that when a photo-
gram is wanted it is never to be found : and I never heard of
an indexed album. The really good way, the ideal way, of
showing the picture, is to make a lantern-slide of it and throw
it upon the screen where every one can see it at once, and you
may depend upon it, the criticisms that will be pronounced
upon it when it isunder the gaze of all together, will be far more
enlightening to you than you would ever be able to get by
showing to one at a time in an album.

Apart from the really nominal cost or buying your lantern,
youare going to be under no great expense to take up lantern-
slide work. As far as the question of labor and cost are con-
cerned, I figure that they are about the same, on the average.
as making a good print. There are prints that can be made
for far less than a slide, but the tellows that make them are not
usually the kind who take enough interest to bother about a
lantern, so we may safely say, I think, that the cost is about
the same. The time employed is usually a secondary consider-
ation, and after one once masters the art it is no Jongera question
of rush, but of going steadily, and you will get through very
quickly. There is just one thing that it is necessary to say to
the tyro: Never try to do thenext thing in making a slide until
you have finished the last. Then your slides stand a chance of
being almost uniformly good.

Then it is necessary that the worker realize what a good
slide looks like, in order that he be not working in the dark.
The absolutely best slide, of course, is the one which when
thrown up on the screen, most closely resembles nature,
though that is hardly placing before the slide-maker any pre-
cise directions as to what he is expected to look for. The great
majority of people want a bright, snappy thing with an abun-
dence of clear glass and strong, hard shadows. Now, don’t
you make that kind. Aim ratherto impress upon your audi-
ences the beauty of delicate tonal values and the charm of
the bewitching transparency which possesses its counterpart
only in nature, and you will soon be able to make them feel
that, instead of looking at a mere picture, they are in the great
meadows in the valley where they can smell the great, fresh,
air ofthe open. But still this does not tell you what a good
slide is like. Here is what ‘‘The Lantern-Slide Manual,’’ by
J. A. Hodges, says on the matter: ‘‘A technically perfect slide
should possess deep shadows and clear high lights and every
possible range of gradation between the twoextremes. At the
same time, the shadows must not be so opaque as to lose
translucency, nor the high lights so clear as to be devoid of
detail. The thinnest slide when laid upon a sheet of clean,
white paper, should show not the slightest discoloration or
veil.” In short, what we want to get in a slide that we can
call good is the extreme amount of tonality, — half tones and

12 Rod and Gun

full tones,—and then combine that with the most perfect and
delicate transparency. Such a slide would be perfect. Just
as ina photogram, are a strong fore-ground and adistance dis-
playing atmospheric perspective desirable ; in fact,even more
necessary than ina photogram, for we have to bear in mind that
the slide, though in the original smaller than the original
of the paint, is to be enlarged many, many times, and every
defect will of course be correspondingly magnified. Slides in
which sky, water, grass, in fact, anything but a white sheet,
show absolutely clear glass, are fit only for the ash barrel. In
fact, I have seen slides where even a white shirt showed its
own shadow and gradation.

It will readily be seen that upon the quality of the negative
is the quality of the slide dependent, just as is the print. A
plucky negative possessing a lot of detail is inclined to be
better than one of the heavy, dense sparkling order so much
affected by many workers. We must bear in mind that it is
an impossibility to get from a negative what it does not
possess, in relation to which the advice given in one of the
books on lantern-slide making is really worth noting: *‘ At
first, we advise the beginner to pick out his very best negatives
and stickto them until he has learned to make a technically
good slide.”

Now, regarding the actual working details of the contact
process, the most simple one, there is really little to say. First
back your plates with ordinary lamp black backing, in order
that you maysecure the finest detail that isto be had. It is
also a good scheme to mark your plates with a number on the
corner in lead pencil. The number will stay there and will
serve to identify the negative afterward for cataloguing pur-
poses as well as to remember the time of exposure and
development. If you keep notes on your work it is going to
be of inestimable benefit to you, far more than any amount of
reading on the subject could ever be. The developer recom-
mended by the plate-maker is always good. Personally I
have been employing the one recommended by Osborne I.
Yellott, in his “Lantern-Slides and Sliding Making.’’ Itis as
follows :

A. — Water, (cold) 10 oz.
Metabisulphite or potash, (crys.) 35 gr.

(70) ke Rice ta ORIG REITER 70 gr.
B. — Water, 10 oz.
Carb. potash, 4 0%.
Sulphite soda, 1} 02.
Bromide potash ........... ecto alia

For use take one partof A.,one part of B. and four parts of
water.

teferring to this developer, Yellott says it is very important
that the temperature be kept high in the winter, about 70
degrees Farh., and that it should not be allowed to drop below
65. Having tested it, 1 can vouch for the importance of that
statement ; and as it is in winter principally that slides are
made, you will do well to bear it in mind. He also advises
that in order that uniform results may be had, fresh developer
be used for every three or four plates, and that either a fresh
hypo. or an acid fixing-bath be employed.

You will be able to work by a pale yellow light or a faint
ruby, agthe lantern plates are slower than ordinary plates.
Now take the negative and place it in the printing frame
with the mat you intend using on the top of it, and then put
in your lantern-slide plate in the same manner as you would a
piece of paper for making a print, film to film. It it well to

in Canada

dust off both plates first, as a certain amount of dust is almost
sure to creepin. If you don’t, you must remember that
each piece will show on the screen through the lantern as
almost a boulder. Then place a foot rule down with one end-
reaching to your light, and after deciding what distance you
are going to hold the frame at from the light, measure the dis-
tance on the rule and holding it there open the door of the
ruby light, You will not want to hold it less than six inehes
from the lamp, for if you do you cannot secure an even illumi-
nation. With a negative of fair printing qualities about a foot
is the proper thing. This, with the exception of the deyelop-
ing (which is practically the same asin the case of a negative),
is about the whole of the extremely simple process. Of
course, aslide should never be developed as far as a negative,
for it has to show all its gradation on the sheet, and must show
it at once ; whereas the negative, ifit happens to bea bit thick,
can be allowed to print a while longer. Let it go just a little
farther than you want it to be when fixed. Just the same as
when youare making a Solio print. But this is, after all,
really the whole secret of slide making, this knowing how far
to develop, and it is the man who, by dint of careful experi-
menting in this direction, finds just what he wants and gets
it, who will be known as the best slide-maker. The average
slide ought to develop satisfactorily in about five minutes,
though of course this will vary with the exposure and deyelop-
ment that you give.

You will want to bear in mind that it is almost altogether
upon the exposure and development that the making of a
good lantern-slide is dependent, and if you do not get the result
that you are looking for in the first shot, you want to yary the
distance of exposure and keep on trying till you find out which
part of the foot rule produces the best results with the light
youemploy. Perseverence in this direction will get you the
very best that is to be had.

LS

The Scrap Bag.

An ApvANTAGE oF Pyro.—In spite of all that may be said’
against pyro as a developer, it will always have its defenders.
Perhaps the strongest claim that can be made in its fayor (as
well as against it) is that it gives to the negative a slight
yellowish tinge, which in nine cases out of ten, by making it
print slower, secures prints with vastly finer detail and grada-
tion. This is particularly the case in the instances where the
negative is at allinclined to be thin.

A Memoriin to Ropinson.—It is with no small amount of
pleasure that we see a large and influential society, the Liver-
pool Amateur Photographie Association, to wit, moyingin the
matter of apermanent memorial to the late H. P. Robinson.
While his published works are likely to keep his name in the
minds of photographers for many years to come, it must be the
wish of all who have come under his influence, direetly or
indirectly, that so remarkable a man and so great a pioneer in
pictorial photography should receive some such recognition.
We hope that the movement started by the Liverpool society
will be taken up by others all over the empire, and that the
Royal Photographie Society will extend to it its influential
support. Mr. Robinson was one of the greatest benefactors
which that institution ever had, both in the ungrudging sup-
port he gave it while a prominent office-bearer, and in the
vigorous criticism which he did not spare when separated from
it. Both profited the society as nothing else has ever done,
and the largest contributor to any fund in recognition of the

Rod and Gun

services of the “Grand Old Man of Photography’’ should be
he organization which owes no small amount of its influence
‘o his labours. We commend the proposition of the Liverpool
Society to clubs and associations all over the empire, and shall
de happy to do anything that lies in our power to assist in pro-
noting so worthy an object.

Tue Use or Frasa Powper.—In the photographing of
interiors by the use of flash powder, the most common mistake
made is that of placing the powder in a little pile above and to
one side of the instrument, and firing it from that position.
This is not the best way to do it, though it is true that the ma-
jority of professional photographers will tell you that it is.
Instead, try spreading the powder out on a piece of gun cotton
about six inenes long and place it not more than a foot to
either side of tke lens, keeping it slightly above, and slightly
behind. This will insure your haying no harsh shadows in
your photogram. If the powder is placed in a pile and then
fired, those particles which ignite first will, in burning, blow
some of the other away, so that a part of the charge is lost.
Flash-light photograms (paradoxical as it may seem) are better
when madein day time than at night, and if made at night are
best made with a light in the room, though, of course, not in
front of the lens.

AnoTHER Book sy W. 8. Lrycotn Apams.—The Baker &
Taylor Company, New York, published this fall another book
by W. 8. Lincoln Adams, of the firm of Scovill & Adams, the
author of “ Amateur Photography,” ‘‘ Sunlight and Shadow,”’
and ‘‘ In Nature’s Image.’’ ‘ Woodland and Meadow”’ is a
series of charming country sketches on a New Hampshire farm,
dealing with the phases of life in various seasons. These
papers are grouped about and illustrated by a rare lot of photo-
grams taken by Mr. Adams and others.

A Syowstorm Errrcr.—‘‘ To produce a snowstorm effect in
any picture, take some Indian ink on an old toothbrush, and,
with a stick, spray the film side of the negative. A test should
first be made on an odd piece of paper. When the negative is
sufficiently covered with the small spots, it may be printed
from in the usual way.’’ The foregoing appeared in ‘“ Photo-
graphy” some time ago. You will find that if you spray the
glass-side of the negative, it will answer almost as well and you
run no risk of making a botch of the job.

Sue Woutp Warr.—An old story that once went the rounds
of the photographic press is again on its feet and is being told
on a well-known Toronto photographer. Whether or no it has
any real connection with the photographer in question would
be a trifle difficult to say. But here is the story : A lady comes
into the studio and asks the price of photograms. ‘“ Five
dollars a dozen,’’ answered the artist of the lens. “ Well,”
replied the lady to the astonished picture man, ‘“‘I was going
to have my children photographed, but I only have eleven.
I’m afraid I’!] have to wait awhile.’ At latest bulletin she
was still waiting.

Tue PHoroGrapuic ConvENTION.—The Photographers’ Asso-
ciation of America held their annual convention during the
month of August, in Detroit, Mich., and a highly success-
ful one it was in every respect. One notable thing about it
was that it was the first convention that had ever been held
where there were no prizes or medals to be given to the leading
exhibitors, and, on this account, there was considerable doubt
expresged as to the quality of the work that would be displayed.

in Canada 13

It was proven at the exhibition, however, that those who
doubted had little cause for their fears, and, on the whole, the
photograms shown ranked away aboye those put up any
previous year. Indeed, the feeling throughout the whole
thing seems to have been that the association as a whole has
risen aboye so paltry a thing as a medal or prize, and that the
aim is now purely the art and its advancement. That is the
right spirit. President Core and the other officers of the asso-
ciation are deserving of a great deal of credit for the masterly
way in which they handled the whole affair and the highly
successful manner in which they manipulated every feature
of it.

Tue Lapres’ Home Journat.—The September issue of the
Ladies’ Home Journal contained the last of the prize-winning
pictures of its recent competition, and devotes the whole middle
page totheir reproduction. They are undoubtedly very fine,
though somehow or other not exactly of the class we are used
to seeing reproduced in the photographic journals’ prize com-
petitions as winners. Another curious fact in connection with
the pictures is that nota single one of them is by anyone who
is well known in the field of landscape photography. They are
every one by someone who was never heard of before. A
number of the other leading magazines of the month devote
more or less space to the subject of photography.

Waar Doers 1r Mean ?— One of the leading photographic
journals is responsible for the following advertisement in its
last issue, and though the meaning of it is somewhat obscure, it is
possible that some of the readers of Rop AND GuN IN CANADA
will be able to decipher it- Any such who wish to apply for
the position (and are eligible) can send their letters to me and
I will see that they reach their destination. Here is the
ad :—

‘““Wanrep : A lady retoucher, having an estab-
lished business and a widower. I want an AL
retoucher: view, matrimony : one of middle age.

Send photo of self in first letter. References ex-
changed. Address Business, this office.”’

Ox Beiwa Pieasanr.—Following is one of the good things
that were said at the convention held in Detroit recently. It
is worth remembering by the amateur as well as the. profes-
sional :

‘“ What we get out of people depends a great deal upon
what we put into them. When they come into the presence of
a pleasant fellow they will feel they are pleasant too, and they
will at once think better of themselves. Weneed to knowa
little of everything to be able to put ourselves in touch with the
people we come in contact with. We must hold ourselves free
to enter into the thoughts and the lives of the people we meet,
so that we can draw them out ; make them enjoy being in the
room with you, and they will go away feeling better. Makea
pleasing impression upon every man or woman. Don’t talk to
them about their corns, but help them to bear them by paying no
attention to them.” Ar

BroGraPHinG A Dvukt.—The Buffet-Dérouléde attempted
duel was full of those theatrical elements that go to show how
lacking are the French in any sense of the ludicrous. Amongst
the other incidents of thfs burlesque, we learn from the Pall
Mall Gazette that the Nationalists, or supporters of M. Dérou-
léde, engaged a photographer to secure a kinematographic
record of the duel that never came off.

14

By Etecrric Licut “* Watre You Wair.’’—Photography by
electric light has become so common at Coney Island, the noto-
rious New York beach, that at night, the barkers calling
attention to the fact that if you will only step inside, you can
get your likeness made by means of artificial illumination for
the small sum often cents, are very numerous. A common
are light is employed.

He ‘‘ Kinper Suspicronep”’ It.—While in the Catskills,
last summer, Falk, the well-known photographer who occupies
the studio in the top of the Waldorf-Astoria, New York City,
and his wife stepped into arural “‘ studio ”’ to have their pictures
taken. The artist posed them as awkwardly and stiffly as such
“artists ’’ usually do, and stepped aside to get a plate. As he
turned to make the picture he was discomfited to find the pose
of the sitters changed completely, Mr. Falk explaining that he
thought the new pose more effective. Then he told who he
was, and the gawky “‘artist’’ drawled out:

** When you shifted I kinder suspicioned you was runnin’
a photograph gallery som’eres.”’

*
Correspondence.

Correspondence should be addressed to H. McBean John-
stone, P. O. Box 651, Sarnia, Ontario, Canada.

Weak Negatives.—Extra pyro willgive you more contrast in
your negatives. You will find, however, that the very best nega-
tive for making enlargements from is one which is inclined to
be thin and possesses plenty of detail. In fact. I often reduce
negatives that I want to be extra careful with.

C. H. I.—‘ Stopping down”? is a term used in photography
referring to the use of the smaller openings of the diaphragm in
order to increase the sharpness of the image on the ground
glass. If you experiment with your camera and find that a
certain stop,—say F 16, covers your plate to the edges, use that
stop as the largest to make an exposure with. Focus with the
lens wide open and get the objects in the middle of the plate as
desired, and then stop down to F 16. Expose accordingly and
your resulting picture will be, everything else carried out cor-
rectly, as good a picture as your camera will produce.

Alex. Owen.—The picture is not worth copyrighting in my
opinion, but if you really want to have it copyrighted, would
advise to write to Minister of Agriculture for instructions. Cor-
respondence with the Department is carried on free.

Fog.—With films there is no visible halationexcept in those
cases where the oyer-exposure in a certain part of the negative
is so great that the light is refracted by the molecules in the
emulsion toa sufficient extent to cause the diffusion of a light
which is strongenongh to affect the sensitive salts. Even in
such cases, however, the halation is vastly less than it would be
with glass plates, because the film negative is affected by refrac-
tion only, whereas the negative on glass is affected by both
refraction and reflection. Film needs no backing or double-coat-
ing asa preventive of halation.

J. H. Hanna, Vermont.—Glad to learn that we have so many
You are right: Canada is God's country
as far as the camerist is concerned. It is possible to give a
glossy surface to blue prints by enamelling. Take an ounce
of white wax and the same quantity of spirits of turpentine,
and after melting the former, and while it is still hot, add the
latter. Rub over the surface of the print with a piece of
flannel and then burnish with a clean, dry piece of the same,
Let me hear from you agasn.

American readers.

Rod and Gun

in Canada

NEW HUNTING GROUNDS IN ONTARIO.

The following detailed information regarding the game
resources of the Proyince of Ontario has been compiled from
the reports of the surveyors who conducted explorations and
surveys for the Provincial Crown Lands Department during
1900.

REMARKS

DISTRICT AUTHORITY

Township of Sifton.|James S. Dobie,|Game is plentiful including moose,
District of Rainy Riv OuE. S: partridge, prairie chicken and
rabbits. Beaver are numerous in
the northwestern portion of the
township, along the branch of the
Pine River.

Township of Harty,/C. D. Bowman,|The township abounds in large and
District of Algoma. 0.1.8: small game, such as moose, red
deer, bear, mink anda few beaver,
and the lakes in pike.

Township of Mutrie,|Jos. M. Tierlan,|Game is very scarce in the township?
District of Rainy Riv O21 %.'S:; but the rivers and lakes abound
with beautiful fish, snch as pike,
pickerel and black bass; and I was
told by a fisherman that the
whitensh were very plentiful in
Eagle Lake.

an djBass, trout, maskinonge and _ pick-
erel are abundant in the lakes.
Deer, moose and bear are also
uite numerous. A few indica-
tions of mink, marten, fisher and
otter were found, but none of
beaver.

Township of Hoskin,| Dumorest
District of Nepigon.|Silvester, O. L. S.

D. J. Gillon,

The northern part of the township
O. I. S. is si

is simply a deer park, moose, car-
ibou, and red deer being very
plentiful.

Township of Mis-
campbell, District of
Rainy River.

The fur-bearing animals of this
territory include moose, caribou,
red deer, bear, wolf, lynx, fox,
beaver, otter, marten, fisher, rab-
bit, mink and muskrat. Of these,
wolf, mink, rabbit and fisher are
scarce. The feathered tribe in-
cludes duck (chiefly black duck
and redhead), loon, crane, part-
ridge, hawk, owl and many small
birds. Fish were found in abund-
ance, among the varietes being
pike, pickerel, whitefish, tulabie,
white and red sucker, and (below
the falls) sturgeon.

T. B. Speight,

Survey of Base Line,
O. L.'s.

District of Nipissing.

Survey of Base Lines,|A. Niven, O.1,.S,/Signs of moose and caribou and bear
District of Algoma. were often seen, and beaver, otter,
marten, rabbit, mink and muskrat
are the principal fur-bearing ani-
mals of the country. Partridges
were very plentiful, and the rivers
contain fish of the ysual kind,
viz. : pike, pickerel, whitefish and
sturgeon (below the falls).

According to a press despatch from Vancouver, B. C., Dan
Rice, of Nelson, was killed by a grizzly during a hunting trip

in the Selkirks.
*

We are always glad to hear from our friends who live in
good hunting and fishing districts. Style and composition are
mere secondary matters, and, provided the ‘“ meat’? is there,
we are only too glad to correct any angularities of diction,
and make the orthography agree with Webster. But there is
one kind of story we don’t want,—and that is the kind that
finds its way into the columns of the “ yellow’ journals about
once a week. We don’t believe in moose that weigh 2,000
Ibs., and charge a man at sight, ete., nor do our readers, for
they are sportsmen, Just plain, unvarnished facts will do
nicely,—and the more of them our friends send us the better.
We will make room for such stories, even if we have to use a
rubber “chase.”

Rod and

FORESTRY

‘Rod and Gun” is the official organ of the Canadian Forestry Association.
The Editors will welcome contributions on topics relating to Forestry

Edited by the Officers of the Canadian Forestry Association.

TREE PLANTING AT CALGARY.

The following notes are from a letter written by a gentle-
man living near Calgary who has had considerable experience
and success in the growing of trees :—

“In planting out trees for ornamentation or shade, I
think a good deal of attention should be paid to the non-deci-
varieties. In
winter, the
ground is white with

duvus
when
snow or russet from
the brown grass, the
requires some
nothing is
the
beautiful green of our
native non-deciduous
trees, and for this our
spruce cannot be ex-
They make
fully,

tree

eye
relief, and

so satisfying as

celled.
nearly, if not

as handsome a
as the Norway spruce
of the East, and a
much more handsome
one than the
of the Eastern Proy-
inces. For the first
year or after
planting out its growth
is so small that it is
rather discouraging,
but after that the
growth is very rapid.
Altitude has a great
deal to do with tree
Elms, oaks
and many kinds which
grow readily at mod-
erate elevations will
not grow with us.
Mountain ash, Seotch
pine and native birch
will grow well. Prob-
ably the Douglas fir
obtained between Cal-
gary and the moun-
tains would do well.
There is said to bea
balsam in the Rockies which would also probably do well.
The Eastern Canada balsam has not been a success with me,
though I am not positive it would not if properly transplanted
prove such. It is probable the Bull pine obtained from high

spruce

two

growth.

THE

“HARD

MAPLE

This is the symbolic Canadian tree, and is found from Nova Scotia to the prairie,
and from the southern border of the Dominion northward to the height of land.

Gun in Canada 5.

elevations in British Columbia would be a success. The ash
Indian Head Experimental Farm has
White pine, white cedars, tamaracks

obtained from the
been a decided success.
and many of the non-deciduous trees cannot be successfully
grown at Calgary.

To be successful in transplanting trees, it is advisable that
they should be removed as short a distance as possible, and
that the conditions should be as nearly similar as possible.
Never remove trees froma lower to a higher elevation if it
can be avoided ; the reverse may be adopted without incurring
much loss. You can obtain any number of varieties of trees of
the poplar family and also of the spruce where the conditions
are very nearly similar, and whatever change would be in
favour of Calgary. These could be obtained just for the cost
of taking them up and transporting and planting them. Avoid,
until you have shelter belts, experimenting in eastern trees ;
and when you have plenty of shelter there is no doubt many of
the more delicate trees can be successfully grown. If anyone

will take the trouble
down to my
place he will see
thousands of
varying in

or
to go

trees
growing,
height from
five feet, which have

one to

been propagated by
this means within the
past two
Spruces f

years.
from four
inches to four or five
feet in height to be
planted out
even rows far enough
apart to be cultivated
with a horse hoe, at
least four feet apart ;
and by mixing thor-
oughly the large with

close in

the small every year,
the larger ones will
furnish a supply for
transplanting, thus
leaving room for the
smaller ones to
rapidly and of
shape. Also top-dress
liberally with
manure.”
The suggestion is
made, and it is one
worthy of considera-
tion by other towns
as well as Calgary,
that, as no doubt the
corporation and the
citizens of Calgary
and vicinity will in
the future be planting
trees in more or less
considerable numbers
for some years, and it is desirable that tress should be available
for all ata minimum of cost, the corporation should start a
small nursery for supplying such trees, a plan which has been
very successful in other places. The plan outlined is that a

grow

gC 0d

good

(deer saccharinum).

16

lease of four or five acres of land tributary to anirrigation ditch
in the vicinity of Calgary should be procured, and a plentiful
supply of the different branches of the poplar family propagat-
ed from slips, seed, or by burying the green live poles in the
spring of the year. It will be necessary to give such poles a
liberal supply of water, which causes them to sprout in profu-
sion, each sprout forming a tree, After two or three years
they are sufficiently large to be available for transplanting.

*
Tree Planting on Sable Island.

Sable Island is a name well known to every navigator on
the Atlantic Coast of North America, and its reputation is not
an enviable one, for, although small in extent, it has been the
cause of disaster to so many vessels, as far back as there is any
record of its history. that it has well earned the epithet some-
times applied to it of “the graveyard of the ocean.’’ Lying in
a south-easterly direction from the Nova Scotia shore, trom the
nearest point of which, Whitehead, it is distant about eighty-
five miles, it rises in two parallel ridges of loose, gray sand,
about twenty miles in length by one in breadth, from the level
of Sable Island bank, one of the great banks in which, from
Newfoundland, round the southof Nova Scotia almost to the
coast of the United States, the ocean bed is elevated to a depth
of from fifty to seventy fathoms, and which form the great
fishing grounds of the North Atlantic. The eastern end of the
island isin latitude 43° 59’ north and in longitude 59° 45’ west.
In the irregular valley between the two ridges is a lake, now
not more than eight miles in length, although it was formerly
much longer. The early charts issued in 1775 represented the
island as forty-two miles in length and two and one-quarter in
breadth, and a special survey made by the Admiralty in 1799
showed a length of thirty-one miles and a breadth of two miles.
These records show that the island is steadily diminishing in
size, and this is confirmed by the records kept by the superin-
tendents since the establishment of the life-saving stations in
1801. The main station was at that time located five miles from
the west end, and was well sheltered by sand hills; but in 1814
this building had to be moved to prevent its falling into the sea,
and this work of destruction has been going on steadily at the
west end, making it necessary from time to time to remove the
station farther east, often at great expense. The island is now
equipped with two lighthouses, one at each end, life boats and
other necessaries for saving life, together with a superintendent
and staff of men.

The island is rendered specially dangerous by the winds
and uncertain currents, as well as by the fogs which often en-
velop it, while the sand bars reach out on every side as if to
grasp the unwary navigator. Even in fine weather vessels may
be carried so near it before they are aware, that it will be a dif-
ficult matter to escape, for the island lies low and is not easily
distinguishable against the ocean.

3esides the destruction caused by the waves, the wind,
which often blows a gale, reaching at times a velocity of forty
to sixty miles an hour, keeps sifting the sand away, mostly to-
ward the east, or sometimes in its fury it hollows out great
cavities in the sand,

Wild ducks, gulls, divers, plover and curlew are found on
the island, and specimens of land birds common on the main-
land are sometimes seen. The walrus was formerly found, and
seals still resort thither in large numbers. The common or
harbor seal is a permanent dweller. There are also on the
island the domestic animals belonging to the stations, includ-

Rod and Gun in Canada

ing a number of herds of half-wild horses. In the interior,
round the lake, are seen wild roses, asters, lilies, and an abun-
dance of strawberries, blueberries and cranberries.

With the object of trying to bind the sands of the island
and also to make it a more conspicuous object on the suriace of
the ocean, the Department of Marine commissioned Dr. Wim.
Saunders, Director of the Dominion Experimental Farms, to
look into the question of tree planting on shifting sands, and
see what steps could be taken to forest this disastrously impor-
tant part of Canadian territory.

With this purpose in view Dr. Saunders took the oppor-
tunity, when visiting the Paris Exposition last year, to make
some enquiry into the methods adopted in France, and particu-
larly in Brittany, in dealing with conditions of a similar
nature. The method generally employed was to erect a bar-
rier in the way of the moving sand until a drift was formed,
and on the leeward side to set out such trees and plants as were
suitable for growing in sandy soil and for binding such soil to-
gether. The tree which has been most largely used for this
purpose in France is Pinus pinaster or maritima. As the trees
could not be cut away in any large quantities, the chief source
of revenue in such forests has been from the turpentine in
which this pine is very rich.

In selecting the trees to be set out on Sable Island, Dr.
Saunders considered it advisable not only to try those which
had been found satisfactory in France, but to experiment with
a considerable number of species, so that the results might be
as generally useful as possible, and also in order to avoid the
possibility of failure which might occur from a too close follow-
ing of the French example, owing to the climatic differences.
About 82,000 trees were taken to the island, 68,000 of which
were coniferous trees, including 10,000 each of maritime pine
(Pinus pinaster), Scotch pine (P. sylvestris and sylvestris, var.
Rigaensis), black pine (P. Austriaca), and smaller quantities
of mountain pine (P?. montant), dwarf mountain pine ( P. mov-
tana mughwts), and white pine ( P. strobus); 16,000 spruces, in-
eluding Norway spruce (Abies excelsa), balsam fir (A. hal-
samea), White spruce (l. alba), black spruce (4. nigra) ; 1,000
each of red cedar (Juniperus Virginiana) and common juniper
(J. communis), and 500 of white cedar (Thuya occidentalis).
The deciduous trees, about 24,000, are mainly represented by
the following species: White birch, ( Betula alba), honey locust
(Gleditschia triacanthos), ash-leaved maple (Acer negundo),
Norway maple (Acer platanoides), white elm (Ul/mus Ameri-
cana), European ash ( Fravinus excelsior), black walnut (Juglans
nigra), sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides), spindle tree
(Buonymus viridis Japonica), matrimony vine ( Lycium Euro-
paeum), Amur privet (Ligustrum amurense), common broom
( Genista scoparium—Cytisus scoparius) ; of the willows: Salix
argenta, S, Japonica, S. laurifolia ; and of the poplars: Popu-
Ins alba, P. balsamifera, P. Canadensis, P. monilifera, P. pyra-
midalis. In addition, fifty pounds of the seed of Pinus pinaster
were sown Seventy-three other varieties of deciduous and
evergreen shrubs and trees, comprising almost all those more
commonly grown as ornamental trees in parks and gardens,
such as Syringas, Loniceras (honeysuckles), Rhamnus (buck-
thorn), Berberis (barberry), Spiraeas, Viburnums, Thuya
(white cedar), ete., were also set out. The main object in this
latter part of the planting has been to ascertain how far such
shrubs and trees will succeed under the conditions of soil, tem-
perature, etc,, which prevail on Sable Island.

The location chosen for the main plantation was a depres-
sion now called Lake Park, toward the western end of the

Rod

island, which is not only sheltered from the wind, but which,
from the growth of grasses and small plants, has a more or less
irregular deposit of from two to four inches of humus. Com-
mencing from the centre, the land was ploughed in a circle, and
the trees were planted in th‘s for.n, some of the deciduous trees
being planted first, commencing with the willows, and the
coniferous trees mixed with the remainder of the deciduous
sorts being placed towards the outside. This plantation will
have the advantage of shelter from the wind and also of the
small proportion

of mould, but other

plantations have

been made in more .

exposed situations
and in pure sandy
soil, so that the test
will be as varied as
possible. To a
large proportion of
the trees in the
several plantations
a mixture of arti-
ficial fertil
been applied, leay-

zers has

ing a portion of
each plantation
untreated, so as to
how the

will be

ascertain
¢vrowth

affected by such
An
analysis is also be-

application.

ing made of the

mould which was

found already in
existence. The last
word received by

Dr. Saunders from
the Superintendent
was that the trees
were so far getting
on quite satistac-
torily.

This experiment
is one that will be
watched with in-
terest for
sake and
the sake of

its own
also for
the
bearing it will have
on efforts to deal
with tree planting
on shifting sands
Can-

THE

“ SOFT

a most useful tree, and one which

generally in

ada. The field chosen for this experiment presents greater
difficulties than perhaps any other, and if they can be

overcome in this instance, then assuredly they can easily be
conquered elsewhere. It is gratifying to know that Dr. Saun-
ders is making this test so wide, and the Department of Marine
may be congratulated on having placed the management of it
in the hands of a gentleman who has had the foresight and ex-
perience to grasp the broad significance of the solution of the
problem in this particular case,

and Gun

MAPLL

While not so valuable as the hard or sugar Maple
flourishes further

in Canada 17

The Soft Maple.

What is called generally the Soft Maple includes two dis-
tinct species : the Red orSwamp Maple (Acer rubrum) and the
White or Silver Maple (Acer dasycarpum ).

The wood ofthese trees is white and, compared with the
hard maple, is soft and brittle, but is employed where a light
and not very strong wood is required. No distinction is
These, with the Hard Maple, are

made
between them commercially.
the species which reach such a size in Eastern Canada as to be
properly described

as trees.

Acer

(rubrum-red

rubrum
de-
rives its specific
name from the red
flower buds which
appear before the
leaves in April or
early May. The
twigs are also of a
reddish tint. The
popular name of
swamp maple is
given it on account

of its preference
for wet locations.
It is found in

Canada from the
Atlantic to the
western boundary
The

leaves of this tree

of Ontario.

are distinguished
from those of the
hard maple by
acute sinuses and
serrated edges.
They vary in
shape, the three-
lobed shape being
the distinctive one,
although five lobes
are quite common.
This and the Silver
Maple are the trees
which put on the
most gorgeous tints
in autumn in our
Jowlands and along
our river banks.
Flaming into bril-
liant
crimson, glowing
with a beautiful
golden light, and displaying all the varied tints between,
with the background of more and under
the hazy light of the dying summer, they form such a picture

{cer dasycarpum).
‘ t scarlet or
this species is nevertheless
north than the other

sombre colors
of brilliantly harmonized coloring as Nature alone can paint,
and give to the Canadian woods a beauty which can hardly be
surpassed, even by the lavish color displays of tropical scenery,
and which lends acharm to the passing of the summer whose
influence none but the most insensible mind can fail to feel.
Acer flowering species, the

dasycarpum is the earliest

18

blossoms appearing in March or April. They are greenish-
yellow, and when the fruit appears it is covered with a woolly
coating. This latter characteristic gives the specific name,
derived from the Greek words dasus, woolly, and carpus, fruit.
This is an example of an appropriate name. An example of an
inappropriate name is the adoption by some botanists of Acer
saccharinum for this tree, changing that of the Sugar Maple to
Acer saccharum.* The name Silver or Silver-Leaved Maple
calls attention to the fact that the under side of the leaf is cov-
ered with silvery-white down. The leaf is always distinctly
five cleft, with deep sinuses, and the margin is not so closely
serrate as that of the Red Maple. This tree is usually found
growing on the margins of rivers and reaches sometimes a
height of 120 feet. It occurs most frequently in Ontario, but is
found sparingly farther east.
*
Methods of Estimating Timber.

By Abraham Knechtel, Forester with the N.Y. State F., F. & G. Commission
GENERAL Metnop.

The oldest and crudest method of estimating a forest con-
sists in going through the timber and forming a general opin-
ion of its quantity. On account of the many factors to be
considered—density of the timber, average volume of the indi-
vidual trees, defective material, area, etc.—the method is very
unsafe, and is rarely used by trained foresters. It is still fre-
quently used by woodsmen and timber merchants, and the for-
ester also occasionally resorts to it to ascertain the volume upon
an area unit—the acre, for example—while from estimates thus
obtained he draws a conclusion with regard to the timber in
the whole forest as to species, age, quality, etc.

To be sure, with a great deal of practice, one may in this
way reach quite good results, although with even good esti-
mators errors of fifty per cent. are by no means excep-
tional.

In woods where the results of felling have been accurately
recorded, the products from an area unit, the acre, e. g., offer a
good basis for the estimation of timber on other areas in the
same district. One must consider, however, the relative age,
and the other factors forming the volume of the timber, such
as the height and the form of the trees, the density of the tim-
ber, etc. The method can therefore be used with good results
only by such persons as can recognize accurately the conditions
of the forests estimated.

The products from the fellings of roads and trails may also
be used as a basis for comparison.

Tue Circte Mernop.

This improvement in procedure consists in estimating the
timber on numerous one-quarter acre areas in the forest. A
one-quarter acre circle has a radius of 58.86 feet. To ascertain,
therefore, the quantity of timber on a quarter of an acre it is
necessary only for the estimator to stand in the woods and
connt the trees within a radius of 20 yards, a distance which
he can, with a little practice, easily estimate.

These sample areas may be chosen in straight lines through
the forest, and be placed at equal distance by pacing; or they
may be chosen irregularly,in which case the estimators should
guard against the temptation to follow the best timber. The
areas should be chosen so as to give a good general average as
to quantity, quality, species, ete.

From these sample areas is figured then the average quan-
tity of timber per acre, which, when multiplied by the number
of acres, gives the estimate for the whole forest.

Rod and Gun

in Canada

The methed is very useful whena large tract of timber is
to be estimated in a short time, as is frequently necessary in
time option. It is applicable also where the timber 1s not very
valuable, or where for any other reason wide limits of inaccur-
acy are allowable. For valuable timber a better method—in
fact, measurement, should be employed.

Tue Srrip Meruop.

This method was first employed by Zanthier, a German
forester, about the year 1760. It consists in going through the
forest at regular intervals, taking a narrow strip, for instance,
two rods wide, a rod on each side of the estimator. The sound
trees of each species are counted and a tally is kept.

The aréa of these strips is then calculated. For example,
a strip two rods wide and a mile long contains four acres; or a
strip two rods wide across a square forty-acre lot contains one
acre. Knowing then a, the total area of the strips, A, the area
of the whole forest, n, the number of trees on the strips, the
number of trees for the whole forest can be obtained by the

roportion
=o ge 2 AMOR NE Nec

An estimate is then made of the average number of logs
per tree of each species, the number of logs for 1,000 feet of
lumber, the number of trees per cord for pulp or firewood, or
the number of ties, telegraph poles, etc. From these estimates
the total product of the forest is ascertained.

The following notes obtained from woodsmen in the Adi-
rondack Mountains of New York will give an idea of the nature
of such estimates. These estimates would probably be appli-
cable to Northern Ontario, the Algonquin Park or the Muskoka
region, for instance, or wherever the conditions are similar to
those of the Adirondacks.

Wuire PINE.
3 medium trees = 10 logs = 1,000 feet B. M.
2 trees, if excellent = 1,000 feet B. M.

4 trees, if very poor = 1,000 feet B. M.
Very large scattered trees should be estimated separately.

Spavuce.
If good, 5 trees = 15 logs = 1,000 feet B. M.
If poor, 6 trees = 18 logs = 1,000 feet B. M.
Spruce logs are now cut down to 8 inches at the upper end,
and the remainder of the tree is used down to 4 inches for pulp.

Pulpwood.
By Doyle’s rule, 1,000 feet B. M. = 17 cords of pulpwood.
By Dimmick’s rule, 1,000 feet B. M. = 2 cords of pulp-
wood.
Pulp.
1 cord pulpwood = 1,800 lbs. pulp.
BALSAM.
Balsam is used chiefly for pulp, being generally despised
as saw timber on account of its defects and its small size.
Cutting to4 inches at the upper end, 8 trees = 1 cord of

pulpwood.
HeEMLock.

Hemlock is cut mostly into lumber. A small amount is
cut into ties, and a very small amount, as yet, into pulpwood.
It is difficult to estimate the lumber on account of the shake
to which the tree is subject. Hemlock trees are very variable.

In New York, 5 trees = 1,000 feet B. M.

In Pennsylvania, 24 to 3 trees = 1,000 feet B. M.

In Wisconsin, 3 to 4 trees = 1,000 feet B. M.

Rod and Gun

Pulpwood.
4 to 8 trees = 1 cord.

1 tall tree, 18 inches inside the bark = 1 cord.

CEDAR.
The thickest cedars are used for shingle bolts, the longest
for telegraph poles. The smallest stuff is used as fence posts.
For railroad ties, cedar is objectionable, as it does not hold the
spikes well.
Shingle Bolts.
6 trees = 1 cord.
Telegraph Poles.
Dia neter at top, 4 to 8 inches, and sound.
length = 25 to 4u feet.
Fence Posts.
Length = 6 feet.
Brrcu.
In a general way birch, aboye 14 inches on
the stump will run about as follows :—
6 trees, if cut down to 12 inches at base =
1,000 feet B. M.
8 trees, if cut down to 10 inches at base =
1,000 feet B. M.
1 tree = 15 logs 16 feet long.
MAPLE.
10 to 12 logs = 1,000 feet B. M.
1 tree = 13 logs 16 feet long.
For All Species.
log, 18 feet long and 19 inches under bark

1
= 1 standard.
5 standard logs = 1,000 feet B. M.

Weights.
1 cord hardwood = 3,500 to 4,000 Ibs.
1 carload = 20,000 Ibs.

Carloads.
Green and Half Dry

Heavy hardwoods and hard pine, 5,000 feet
B. M.

White pine and other light woods, 6,000 to
7,000 feet B. M.

Dry.

Heavy hardwoods and hard pine, 6,000 to
7,000 feet B. M.

White pine and other light woods, 8,000
feet B. M.

In Logs.

Heayy hardwoods and hard pine, 2,000 to 2,500 feet B. M-

White pine and other light woods, 3,000 feet B. M.

The degree of accuracy reached with the strip method will
depend upon the distance between the parallel strips, the less
the distance the greater the degree of accuracy. Where only a
sinall degree of inaccuracy is allowable, the strips may be run
adjacent to each other, in which case all the trees of the stand
would be counted. Each strip may then be from 10 to 20 rods
wide.

Many estimators, instead of counting the trees and then
estimating the number of logs and finally the volume, estimate
the volumes of the individual trees at once.

According to trials which Ihrig has made in Germany in
estimating volumes in adjacent strips, the maximum errors of

in Canada 19

individual estimators were +11.5 and—3s.8 per cent., the arith-
metical mean of which being 3.8 per cent. Thrig believes that
under favourable circumstances (much practice, uniformity of
stock, familiarity with the respective species and local growth
conditions) very satisfactory results may be reached.

These requirements, however, can seldom be satisfied, and
since it takes nearly as much time to make a thorough estimate
as it does to actually measure the trees, measurement will be
preferred, as it is much more accurate.

THe Square Mernop.

By this method the estimating is done in squares, contain-
ing generally 24 acres. Thus, a 40-acre lot would be divided
into 16 squares.

40-Acre Lot

The estimator begins, for example, at the south-west corner
of the 40-acre lot. He paces 10 rods east, then 10 rods north,
He stands here

which brings him to the centre of the square.

and locates, as well as he can, by means of trees, logs, etc., the
boundary lines of the square, and estimates the timber upon it,
either by a general estimate, or by counting the trees, or by
estimating the volumes of the individual trees.

In dense stands, where the trees cannot readily be counted,
a flag may be placed at the centre. The estimator then paces
south 5 rods and west 5 rods, which brings him to the centre of
the south-west quarter of the square. He estimates this part,
then paces 10 rods north, where he estimates the north-west
quarter, then 10 rods east for the north-east quarter, and finally
10 rods south, where he completes the estimate of the 23-acre
square. He then goes to the flag and carries it 20 rods north,
to the centre of the second square, which he estimates as he
did the first. Thus he goes through the stand, estimating 23
acres at each station.

20 Rod and Gun

In stands that are not dense, where the timber is all to be
estimated, this method will be found quite satisfactory. In
dense timber the estimator feels the difficulty of estimating
different distances for the corners of the square and the centres
oi the sides. When there is necessity of pacing a square within
the 2}-acre square, as described, the method has no advantage
over the strip method and is more cumbersome.

If numerous small separated areas are to be estimated,
the circle method has the advantage in that the distance of the
boundary line from the centre is constant, and hence less per-
plexing.

Tue MicuicaN Mernop.

In this method it is customary to estimate strips 40 rods
wide. The estimator is assisted by a line man, who runs a
compass line along one side of the strip and measures the
length of it by pacing. The estimator passes back and forth
across the strip and counts the trees. The distance from one
side to the other he measures by pacing whenever his direction
is away from the compass man. By means of a police whistle
he signals to the line man to move forward, or halt, as necessity
requires. Whenever the strip reaches the length of half a mile
a record is made of the fact that 40 acres have been estimated.
As the method is intended to be somewhat thorough, the strips
are run adjacent to each other, the compass man running his
lines 40 rods apart.

There are two or three other methods in common use in
Germany, but as they are not at present applicable to our for-
ests, a description of them is scarcely necessary. Those who
wish to read a description are referred to Adam Schwappach’s
excellent little book entitled ‘‘ Leitfaden der Holzmeskunde.”’

It should be remembered that the methods described in
this article are methods of estimating. To ascertain the quantity
of timber in a forest, foresters use methods of measurement,
which, of course, do not come within the scope of my paper.

*

Mr. A. Knechtel, to whom we are indebted for the article
in our present number on “ Methods of Estimating Timber, ”’ is
a native of Canada who has been making a special study of
Forestry in the United States. He had the opportunity before
doing so of becoming practically acquainted with the manufac-
ture of lumber in Canada, having learned the wood-turner’s
trade and worked at carpentering for some time, besides being
engaged for nine years in the sawmill business in Muskoka,
Ontario. Wishing, however, to gain a larger knowledge of the
subject, he took a four years’ course at the Michigan Agricultu-
ral College forthe degree of Bachelor of Science, and a further
course of the same length at Cornell University for the degree
of Bachelor of the Science of Forestry, both of which degrees
he now holds. He taught botany and mathematics for eight
years in the High Schools of Chesaning and Leslie, Michigan,
and was instructor in mathematics for one year in the Michigan
Agricultural College. At present be holds the position of
Forester with the New York State Forest, Fish and Game Com-
mission, and is engaged in making a survey of the forest condi-
tions in the Adirondack Preserve. Previous to this he was in
the employ of the Bureau of Forestry for the United States, for
which he made a study of the regeneration of the commercial
trees of the Adirondacks. Mr. Knechtel has kindly undertaken
to furnish some additional articles in the future.

*

Any member of the Forestry Association who has not
received a copy of the Second Annual Report may obtain one by
applying to the Secretary, Mr. E. Stewart, Dept. of the Interior.

in Canada

THE MAPLE.

All hail to the broad-leayed maple,
With its fair and changeful dress,—
A type of our youthful country,
In its pride and loveliness.
Whether in spring or summer,
Or in the dreary fall,—
*Mid Nature’s forest children,
She’s fairest of them all.

Down sunny slopes and valleys
Her graceful form is seen,
Her wide, umbrageous branches
The sun-burnt reaper screen;
*Mid the dark-browed firs and cedars
Her livelier colors shine,
Like the dawn of a brighter future
On the settler’s hut of pine.

She crowns the pleasant hill-top,
Whispers on breezy downs,
And casts refreshing shadows
O’er the streets of our busy towns;
She gladdens the aching eyeball,
Shelters the weary head,
And scatters her crimson glories
On the graves of the silent dead.

When winter's frosts are yielding

To the sun’s returning sway,
And merry groups are spreading

To sugar woods away;
The sweet and welling juices

Which form their welcome spoil,
Tell of the teeming plenty

Which here waits honest toil.

When sweet-toned Spring, soft breathing,
Breaks Nature's icy sleep,
And the forest boughs are swaying
Like the green waves of the deep;
In her fair and budding beauty,
A fitting emblem she
Of this our land of promise,
Of hope, of liberty.

And when her leaves, all crimson,
Droop silently and fall,
Like drops of life-blood welling
From a warrior brave and tall,—
They tell how fast and freely
Would her children’s blood be shed,
Ere the soil of our faith and freedom
Should echo a foeman’s tread.

Then hail to the broad-leaved maple,
With her fair and changeful dress,—
A type of our youthful country,
In its pride and loveliness;
Whether in spring or summer,
Or in the dreary fall,
*Mid Nature’s forest children
She’s fairest of them all.

—Rervp. H. F. Daryeu,

CANADIAN SHOOTING AND FISHING

ARE UNRIVALLED

Canadian
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The General Passenger Department,
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Address

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STRATHROY,
ONT.

Four Times a Winner of the 276.7% Sees, AUS AYE

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GUN, killed 43 straight, winning $600.00 and the Cup.
straight, 7 shot PARKERS, and 86 of

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A TRIP TO MATACHUAN.

By C. C. Farr.
“When the red gods call.’ Thus spake Kipling, and to
those of poetic temperament is probably made manifest what
he meant by it.
blood.

therefore my prosaic soul would rise up in judgment against

I, with my prosaic soul, interpret it to mean
I hate blood, and slaughtering to meisan abomination,

the implication, and would urge him to find some better phrase
to express the longing which all men feel for that communion
with nature, which to
primeval forest.

my mind can best be found in the
Whatever it may be, the fit of restlessness, of
which he was so evidently aware, came over me, and abandon-
ing my duties, the daily worries for the daily bread, I set forth
to hold that communion with nature, and, as a fitting setting
nature’s own
children, a family of untutored savages, whose ways, though

for such a quest, I chose as my companions

familiar of old to me, were part of nature herself.

My wife, who in her affinities out-Herod’s Herod, accom-
panied me, and we made Matachuan the objective point of our
journey.

The Indian family to which we attached ourselves was that
of Meechell Batist, chief of the Matachuan Indians. With him
were his wife, his sister, of doubtful age, and just now unattached,
his daughter Soosan, just sixteen, his son Noowi, aged twelve,
and little Harry, barely four.

The last received his name from the fact that Harry Woods,
now residing at Temagamingue, in charge of the Hudson Bay
Company’s post there, arrived at the home of the Batist’s one
stormy day in December, a few hours after Harry’s birth.

It is the custom amongst Indians to give a child the name
of the first living thing that comes to the wigwam, or eyen in
sight of it, after a child is born.

Sometimes it is a fox, a beaver, or a bear. I
an Indian called ‘‘ Mess-es-ack,”’
simply because a big ‘‘ bulldog’”’
a few minutes after his birth.

The priests, however, fight against this system of nomencla-
ture as being heathenish and unholy.” They insist that no name
shall be given a child unless it is that of a saint.

have known
te Bulldog,”’

came buzzing into the camp

“Deerfly,’’ or

The consequence is that the original custom of naming is
rapidly becoming obsolete, and we have now nothing but Cyrils,
Jean Baptistes, Pierres, ete., ad nauseam.

In addition to the Meechell family there were Bazil Peesh-
eekie (Buffalo) and his wife, the latter three times his age, and
known amongst the irreverent as ‘‘The Bald-headed Eagle,”
but active withal, and a faithful slave to Bazil.

When we arrived at Sharpe Lake, the first thing that
Moowi, being a boy, felt called upon to do was to start up a
wasps’ nest, and then came running into our midst as we sat at
our meal with a dozen wasps circling around his hat. A white
boy would have been soundly rated, perhaps licked, but all his
parents did was to laugh and protect themselves from the wasps.

We distributed ourselves and our impedimenta into the two
canoes which Meechell had provided for us, and then paddled
away for the next portage, on the other side of which we
intended camping for the night. Bazil constituted himself our
knight of the bedechamber. He put up our tent, culled the
sweet-smelling bracken, and spread our blankets in a neat and
inviting fashion. My wife objected in that they were laid cross-
wise, so that I had partly to undo all this beautiful work ; but
T assured her that it must have been done in compliment to
herself, as I was long and thin.

The Bald-headed Eagle acted as cook, and we found the old
lady remarkably clean (for an Indian) and very conscientious.
She would not touch any of our delicacies unless bidden, and
would cheerfully eat her bread and grease while we fed on ham,
eggs, and other delicacies (in the bush), had we allowed her so
to do.

Our presence put no restraint on these Indians; we had
known them many years, so they laughed and chatted amongst
themselves, and with us (for their language is no sealed book to
me ), practically accepting us as of the family.

These relations established, the journey was delightful, and
just what we wanted.

After we had again eaten (Indians never go hungry long if
they can help it), [saw the old woman gathering a plant haying
a white flower, and carefully stowing it away with her other
treasures. I asked her what she did with it ; she said that it
was a good medicine for weak lungs, and that it was somewhat
rare. Unfortunately, my botanical lore is too defective to give
a scientific description of it, but I marked it well and the place
where it was growing, so that at some future time I can inyes-
tigate it. Next morning, at break of day, I was awakened by
the report of a gun, and when I turned out somewhat later, |
saw an object with a large head sizzling in a frying-pan. It
was an owl which Meechell had shot. I asked what kind of
owlit was. One said ‘‘ kook-kook-koo-hoo,”’ another said it was
“«jno-hom-osi,’? and the old woman swore that it was neither,
but that it was ‘‘ was-a-kon-aysi,’’ a smaller owl than ‘‘ mo-hom-
osi’’ (the big-horned owl), and larger than ‘‘ kook-kook-koo-
hoo”? (the mottled white owl), and then they all agreed that she

was right. I saw the wings of it afterwards, and they were

2 Rod

looked a
ghastly object in the pan, nearly all head, and having a pained
expression in its large eves.

brown, mottled with black or deeper brown. It

This was the last I saw of it, for
they eat it amongst themselves. I remember eating owl myself
in days long gone by. I losta friend by it, and yet it was done
in all innocence.

I had caught an owl which had been robbing my rabbit
snares. I asked my housekeeper to cook it, which she did,
roasting it, even as a chicken is roasted, but the head was
lacking. Just as I was about sitting down to eat, a friend came
along, and I naturally asked him to share my meal. He saw the
beautifully browned bird on the dish, and he jumped to the
conclusion that it was chicken, so he gladly accepted my invita-
After he had got away with

tion, for he was partial to chicken.
the bigger half of my owl, I incidentally informed him that what

A Hunting Mornine.

Many of
Canadian sport
wise would not

sur best sportsmie
ind takes hu
go there

lieve in “ hounding

ds of men into

he had been eating was owl. Then he began to curse and to

swear, and he tried to get rid of the owl, but he could not ; and
from that day to this we have never spoken. But to continue

we were in our canoes and off, before the sun had dissipated the
mist which hang over the

water It was a perfect summer

morning. The white water lilies, magnified by the mist, dotted
\ large flock

of black ducks rose from behind the first point that we passed,

the surface of the water like large flecks of foam

and quacking loudly, flew to greater security. Kingfishers
screamed notes of warning of our approach, while a large fish
eagle lazily flew intoa bay, to perch upon the topmost bough of
a dead pine tree awaiting our departure before further continu-

ing his fishing operations.

and Gun

deer; but,
the bush in Ontario and Quebec during October, who other

in Canada

I noticed that Soosan could not resist plucking the white
lilies as we passed them. Few girls can resist them, be they
white, or black, or red. Soosan is an excellent type of the
Indian maiden ; she hasall the delightful insouciance of youth,
and the irresponsibility of hersex. She would paddle just when
she felt inclined to do so, was very self-contained, and was
thoroughly satisfied with Soosan.

Much to the amusement of us all, when we arrived at the
next portage, the first thing that attracted our attention was a
piece of birch bark set up in a conspicuous place, neatly folded,
and stuck into a cleft stick. It was evidently a letter, and
Meechell, who was the first to land, laid hands upon it. With
a laugh he read the address aloud. It was addressed to Soosan,
and we all guessed that it was a love letter. Poor Soosan could
not turn much redder than she was, but she would have done
so if she could, for she was
unmercilully chaffed by all.

When we came out on to
the Montreal River we pre-
pared a mighty meal, and
we did eat, with appetites
that only the bush can give.
Then we set our iaces up
stream, paddling with a will
against the stiff current.

“Look at the moose
tracks,’ said Meechell,
pointing to the clay banks
of the beaver meadow.

“They are like the tracks
that cattle make in
your yards ;’’ and indeed it
was thetruth. It was likea
cattle trail. There will be
good sport for those who like

your

it some day in these regions.
When we struck the rapids
the Indians put out some of
the load, and proceeded to
drag, pole, and tow the
canoes up the rapid. Little
Noowi wanted to carry a
bag of flour over the portage,
so his mother put one on his
back. It was certainly a good
deal heavier than the boy,
and yet the little chap
walked off with it, while his
mother laughed with pride
to see her boy thus acting
the man, and she herself picked up a bag, handling it with the
ease of one to whoin the feat was no novelty, and putting
something else on the top of it to keep it down, walked away
with it, for was not it “ part of the day’s work.”
And so we made our way to the last of the three rapids,
Here I wanted

nevertheless, it is a recognized

where the river ceases and Bay Lake begins.
to try fora bass, so I suggested that a dish of tea would do us
no harm, a proposition readily assented to, for we had laboured
diligently in the rapids,

1 always find that bass bite best when the bait used is
something they are hunting for themselves. I noticed several
small green frogs hopping about on the shore, and I surmised

that bass were probably swimming about close by, watching

Rod and Gun

their opportunities, so I despatched Master Noowi into the
bush to cut a rod while I secured some frogs.

He came back bearing a pole that would have done for a
mast, but as I did not wish to lose time I was fain to make use
of it.

I had some Kirby bent hooks and a piece of line, but no
At the first throw I landed a beauty, nor did I cease
until I had seven fine bass kicking on the shore. Noowi was
in raptures. This was a new experience for him. ‘he troll
and the net were the appliances to which he had been accus-
tomed, and he yelled to his parents that I was teaching him a
new way to catch fish. I gave him the rod and let him try his
luck, or skill. He soon landed one, but he broke my hook, for
his method was clumsy and begotten of main strength and
ignorance. Luckily I had more hooks, so I replaced the broken
one, and I left him to thresh the water by himself, for the Bald-
headed Eagle had screamed the summons to eat, a summons
that I quickly obeyed, for I was hungry, and the incense of
frying bass had risen into my nostrils, enhancing my hunger.

When we had eaten we once more embarked, but Boy had
been so enthusiastic about his fishing that he had missed gas-
tronomical opportunities,and was now consoled by munching a
big chunk of ‘deadly dodger”* in the canoe. And thus
onward and upward we skimmed across the glassy surface of
Bay Lake. It was perfectly calm ; there was not wind enough
to bend the rushes through which we had to pass before we
reached the open water of the main lake.

I had difficulty in restraining my Indian friends from
starting a loon hunt. They were sorely tempted, but I pleaded
haste, and the motion carried. Though victorious, I checked
the yivacity of my companions, for Indians rarely pass a loon
unmolested on a calm day.

When conversation ceases the paddles work better, conse-
quently we made good time. We passed the portage which
leads to Am-en-ip-i-sany, the home of the bass and of the lake
trout, and, I might add, the home of that Highland Indian,
Malcolm McLean, a man born inthe Highlands of Scotland, but
who can tell more yarns about Indians and the Hudson’s Bay
Company than any man living in the Temiskaming district.
For oyer fifty years has this faithful adherent of the great com-
pany served them. He married into the Whitebear family
(the family that has supplied a succession of chiefs for the
Temagaming Indians), and has become even as an Indian in
his manner of living. Here, as the great poet sang, he has
raised his dusky brood, entirely assimilating himself to the
ways of his wife’s people ; reversing the order of things that
held with Naomi and Ruth. Her ways were his ways, and her
people became his people. And now we pass the house where
first the electric girl of Matachuan began her manifestations.

She was an Indian maiden of about fourteen or fifteen
summers. She was fetching a pail of water from the lake ; a
dark ominous cloud hung o’er the north-west—a black mass of
electricity ; suddenly a brilliant flash of lighting rent the cloud
in twain, and then she knew no more until she awoke, to find
herself lying prone upon the beach with her pail lying empty
beside her. Agitated and unstrung, she rushed to the house,
unable to discharge the small domestic duties which were her
daily task.

That night strange noises were heard, scratchings and
rappings upon the walls, so that the simple natives were afraid.

reel.

* Deadly Dodger.—A compound of flour, water, and perchance baking soda,
baked in a frying pan—a substitute for bread.

in Canada 3

Night after night these uncanny noises frightened the poor
souls so that they marvelled greatly. They even cut a hole in
the wainscotting to assure themselves that nothing normal was
there ; but the “thing’’ mocked them, and rapped away at
the very edge of the hole which they had made. The hole in
the wall is to be seen this very day.

Finally the guardians of the girl moved to Matachuan, and
there the super-normal manifestations became more frequent
and varied. ‘‘It’’ told of strangers on their way to the post.
Some sort of rough code of signals was established with ‘ It,”
and “ It’? would rap off answers so correctly that those who
heard them became awed, while ‘‘ creepy” sensations affected
their scalps.

“Tt’’ would ~ap off the numbers of the particular kinds of
furs collected at a far distant outpost, and when the oppor-
tunity came for verifying, the numbers were found to be
correct. ‘It’? played the violin; ‘‘It’’ ground axes on the
grindstone in the outer shed ; ‘‘It’’ drew heavy loads across
the floor, as if an Indian had arrived with a heavily loaded
toboggan and was dragging it inside the house ; ‘‘It”’ finally
took to whistling, not melodiously, but very loudly.

And thus a great fear fell upon those who heard all these
things, and they sought for a solution, but found none. So they
asked the priest to lay the ‘‘ ghost,’’ but he could not. Then
the priest begged the bishop, who happened to be paying a
pastoral visit to this portion of his distant flock, to exercise his
authority upon “It,’? but the bishop rebuked the little priest
for thinking that such a thing could be done. He was wise
enough to allow that we cannot understand these things, and
that it is better to leave them alone.

I mentioned these matters by letter, to Mr. Andrew Lang,
and he told me, in answer, that these manifestations would
pass away as mysteriously as they had come. He was right,
for they have now practically ceased, and we know no more
about these mysterious sounds than we did before they
occurred.

But I have digressed, and our canoes have been moving all
the while. As the sun was setting we came abreast of the
Mattawabika Falls, where the waters from Lady Eyelyn Lake
plunge into the Montreal River, and bearing east we ran our
canoes on to the shallow beach at Mr. Mowatt’s little farm, and
forthwith proceeded to camp for the night.

Here we met other Indians, like ourselyes bound for
Matachuan, and the meeting seemed to afford much pleasure to
our friends, especially to the women, who exchanged gossip
and chaffed each other with that light and happy good
humor which is peculiar to Indians in their intercourse with
each other, but which is suppressed by shyness before
strangers, and hence the white man’s idea of the silent, smoky
Indian.

One by one they all dropped asleep, and peace and quiet-
ness reigned o’er the camps until the morning. How pretty
the place looked in the morning. The grass, heavy with dew,
shone and sparkled in the slanting rays ot the sun ; everything
looked so fresh, so cool, so green, and, above all, so restful. 1
thought, as I watched the lazy preparations for breakfast, that
it was good to be here, that the inhaling of that ozone-laden
atmosphere was more health-giving and life-prolonging than all
the nostrums of pharmacy combined.

By the bye, any tourists travelling by this route to
Temagaming or elsewhere can always procure from Mr.
Mowatt all the potatoes they need, and thus save a long, incon-
yenient carry of such heavy stores.

4 Rod and Gun

In fact, I might say that Mr. Mowatt, or rather let me say
Mrs. Mowatt, intends growing vegetables of all kinds this next
coming season, so that those who have need can procure some
garden produce, which comes as a very welcome adjunct to the
commissariat in the bush.

(TO BE CONTINUED. )

EXPLORATION IN NORTH-WESTERN
CANADA.
By H. G. Tyrrell, C-E.

(Continued from our Noyember Issue.)

The next day, August second, being Sunday, was spent in
camp, which was pitched close to a grove of poplars on a
beautiful little plain. Heavy thunder-storms had been breaking
over us the last few days, accompanied by high winds.
Where the river is clear these do not occasion any great delay,
but when portaging is necessary, and the goods in our boat
uncovered, a halt must be made till the rain isover. Ordin-
arily when a storm comes up one naturally thinks of seeking
shelter. Floating as we were on the river in a canoe, the
coming of a storm meant only the spreading of a rubber sheet
over our boat and proceeding as before.

On the evening of August third we found ourselves in a
place where the banks on either side rose abruptly to a great
height above the water, so abruptly that no camping place
was found. We paddled on till long enough after dark, but
the valley continued about the same. It was evident, there-
fore, that if we were to sleep on land, some unusual arrange-
ment must be made. Selecting the flattest portion of the hill,
we climbed the bank, prepared to sleep on sloping ground, with
stakes at our feet to prevent our sliding down into the river.
These were cut and driven, and across them poles were placed.
It seemed much like sleeping leaning up against a tree. There
was no opportunity here, either to erect a shelter or to make
a fire. The coyotes again kept up their dreary howling, and
either followed us next day or else we came upon anew pack
of them, for when rounding a curve of the river we saw alarge
number of the animals frisking about on a sandy beach As
they had not yet observed our presence, I pulled the canoe
ashore, and cutting off the branches of some spruce trees, piled
them on the bow of my canoe. Concealed in this way, we
floated down the stream without alarming the wolves. When
within a few yards of them, my brother opened fire on the
brutes with a charge of buckshot, which sent them yelping
through the bushes, and a few continued howling up the hill.
Though their skins are of very little value at that season of the
year, it seemed a satisfaction to be revenged for their having
kept us awake so often at night.

A very interesting natural feature of the country was the
appearance of buttes. These are great mounds of earth rising
from the vailey, and formed by the action of the river ona
narrow isthmus, which in time it wears a passage through,
leaving what was before a high ridge stretching out into the
valley now a lonely mountain. These occur in a great variety
of shapes and size. Some, in the form of cones, tower from the
valley to a height of several hundred feet ; others, wedge-
shaped, are so well formed that they resemble the roof of some
ancient temple.

At the most southerly bend of the river, now known as the
elbow, the view I had was really entrancing. What land is to
the sailor, or shelter to a traveller in the desert, s0 was the

in Canada

sight of the expansive prairie after travelling for weeks in the
narrow valley. Standing on the summit of an almost per-
pendicular wall of ground two hundred and fifty feet above the
valley, behind me lay the prairie, flat and boundless as the
ocean, and in front the beautiful wooded valley of the Battle,
the river winding tortuously among its knolls and _ buttes,
appearing here and there like a silver band, and then fading
away in the tree-tops. A picture with more beautiful contrasts
I have never seen.

The river still continued to wind back and forward through
the valley, so that a day’s journey of thirty miles or more by
water might not measure one-third of that in a direct line.

On the morning of August sixth a fine large deer made its
appearance on the south shore. It was grazing among the
bushes, but it saw us before there was an opportunity for a
shot. We followed it, however, for a mile or more, and while
we did not secure our game, we discovered quite a treat in the
way of service berries, with which we filled our hats before
returning to the boat.

In the evening of the following day we came to the
government cache at the southerly bend of the river, where an
old trail crosses that was probably made two years before.
Here we found a pile of ten dozen iron pins, half an ineh in
diameter and three feet long. Lhese are used by surveyors in
staking out the land, and had probably been left there for use
at some future time. Each one was fitted with a thin metal
plate at one end, on which the section numbers were stamped
as the posts were set in the ground. Though they were of no
possible use to us, we were always glad to see even signs of
civilization. This cache marked the limit of the surveyed
country, so from here onward we kept a close track survey of
the river. On this account it was necessary to camp as often
as a storm came on, to avoid spoiling our note books and
instruments in the rain.

From this point down to Battleford we could not reason-
ably expect to meet with any travellers, or to find camps or
houses from which to secure provisions, so a careful use was
made of what we had. Onr outfit was by this time at the Fort
Pitt crossing, seventy-five miles to the north-east, and Calgary,
where our original stock of provisions was bought, was one
hundred and fifty miles away.

We were quite cheered on the morning of the tenth by
finding several long straight stretches of river ahead and were
in high hopes of making a good day’s progress. On climbing
the high hill, however, as was our custom whenever oppor-
tunity offered, to survey the landscape, we observed that the
river would very soon become crooked as before. The straight
stretch was probably owing to the valley having a more
decided dip in this location. From lunch time till evening the
shore was thickly covered with bear tracks, which seemed to
increase as evening came on. We continued in our boat rather
later than usual, hoping to find a place where bear tracks were
not so numerous, but instead of improving the prospect grew
About dark we reached an open place, and coneluded
that if we must camp among bears we would rather meet them
inthe open. Here we landed and brought our goods ashore.
The place looked like a veritable play ground, or den for bears.
Not only was the ground tramped down, and the grass worn
off, but the trees had the bark scraped off, and some were
actually smooth from the bears climbing up and down. How-
ever, here we were, and here we intended to stay for the night.
There was plenty of dry wood about, enabling us to make a fire,
which we knew would not attract the bears even if it did not

worse,

Rod
frighten them. We built a fire around us, leaving the water
side clear, and lay down in our blankets with our rifles beside
us; but, strange to say, while the presence of bears was so
clearly indicated, not a sign of one was seen. Some thirty
miles or more down the river our maps showed a place called
Grizzly Bear Coulee, and our minds were filled with thoughts
of grizzly bears. We would not have been much frightened
by ablack bear or two, but the grizzlies we did not care to
meet.

As no tent had been pitched, we were able to make an
unusually early start the following morning. But alas! for our
rapid progress of yesterday, the straight river course was at an

end. It again took to winding back and forward through the

a

Pa a nn ey a ts

First Lake, Devit’s River, QUEBEC.

This small lake is in the centre of a very good game country,—deer, ruffed gr«

nore than usually abundant.

valley, and was often very shallow, with numerous sand-bars
across it. We had been fortunate in securing a lot of ducks,
and were preparing some of these for dinner at our camping
place close beside the water, when I dropped my sheath-knife
Ordinarily a knife is an article of no great value,
but, located as we were, where a new one could not be had, I
felt it aserious loss. As the water had not seemed very deep, I
stripped myself to wade in after the knife, but found the water
here not less than ten feet deep, with a rapid current.
dives were made in the cold, deep stream, searching for the
knife, and still it was not found. Possibly the current had
carried it away, or it had been covered in the mud. As I was
becoming cold and stiff from exposure, I decided to let it go; so
reluctantly we gave up the search, and proceeded on our way.
Ducks were always welcome as a change from salt meat, and
yet I was glad to get back again to more solid food. Breakfast

into the river.

Several

and Gun in

In the lake itself there are some very large pike.

Canada 5

as heartily as we could off any other meat than pork, and we
were tired out and ready for dinner long before noon came;
so, for this reason, I always kept a stock of pork on hand.
The only beavers that were seen on this journey were found
here. They were busily engaged in building their houses of
sticks and mud. Fre-
quently in other parts of the country the writer has met with
these industrious little animals, and found their
strongly built that they would bear the weight of several men.

And strong, indeed, their houses are
houses so

On one oceasion, with two half breeds Indians, I made an effort
to see inside of one of these houses by cutting through the roof.
We knew the houses to contain beaver, for they had been seen
swimming in the water, and had dived as we approached. But
before an opening was cut
into the beaver house the
Indians had both
fatigued and were willing to

become

let the beavers alone. I
have frequently found

stumps of trees as large as
eight diameter
gnawed off by these hard-
working beavers. Those
found on the Battle we made
no effort to molest, leaving

inches in

them to enjoy their newly-
built houses. :
Towards evening on the
thirtieth two fine black bears
came down the hillside to
the water a short distance
ahead of our boat. They
apparently did not see us,
for they at once entered the
river and began swimming
to the other side. The
larger bear had waded in,
the cub still standing on the
bank, when my brother
fired. At the sound of his
gun they both turned, and
as they disappeared into the
bushes we fired again. Land-
ing our boat, we gave chase
the thicket, fre-
quently having to crawl on
our hands and knees. Aiter
a few hundred yards we reached an open place that was ap-
: Here again the
ground was tramped and the grass worn off. They had not
waited, however, at their usual play-ground, but had gone on
through the woods, there being a path leading out, which they
had no doubt taken. We continued to follow them for an
hour or more through the woods, but found Mrs. Bruin and

through
use and duck being

parently the home play-ground of the bears.

her cub very much too rapid in their flight to be overtaken,
so reluctantly we gave up the chase and returned to our canoe.

We were, however, somewhat compensated for this disap-
pointment on finding a flock of geese on the water quite near
our boat. As we approached they swam away some little
distance but still remained on the water. I could not understand
and do not now, why these geese refused to fly. They may
have had their nests in this vicinity, but for some reason or
other the whole flock remained on the water, even after we

6 Rod

had fired. There were twenty altogether, and as game was very
plentiful and we could not waste our ammunition, it was a rule
that no shots be fired unless we were sure of securing some
game. In the case of these geese, we used altogether five
charges of ammunition, and killed two birds. The wings and
breasts of geese we found to be very tough and poor eating,
unless they happened to be young birds, and for that reason
preferred ducks when we could get them.

On the following day, when passing a small island in the
river, I observed a black bear standing on the beach. This one
again immediately headed for the woods, and while we gave
chase for a mile or so it was plainly useless, as he had, a start of
us. At this time year food is plentiful. Berries were growing
in the woods, so the bears could easily find all the food they
needed. In this condition they are only glad to escape, and
will not, uniess cornered, show fight.

On arriving at the mouth of Grizzly Bear Coulee we found
hanging from the tree, in a very conspicuous place, a flag to
which a letter was attached, written by Hamilton and stating
that they had passed this place on August sixth, which was
nine days previous to our arrival.

On Angust eighteenth the river proved to be very crooked
again, and we made slow time. There was not a breath of wind,
the air was filled with smoke and the sun was pouring down
on our heads, so that the canoe was like an oven. Lunch camp
was made on a stony beach, but we were off again in half an
hour, hoping to reach the end of our journey by nightfall.

A few minutes before six o'clock about four hundred yards
ahead, and just as we were rounding a bend in the river, we
came in sight of camp. The prairie party had reached this
crossing about a week before and been anxiously waiting our
arrival. The river all day had been very shallow with numer-
ous sand-bars in the wider parts, stony rapids and bends, so
that in many places there was very little more than cnough
water to float us over. The valley was open from the river bed
and the banks were fringed with willows and broken by
coulees. As has already been described, wild fowl, principally
ducks and geese, had been seen in great numbers. They were
found feeding among the reeds along the river, and in large
numbers at Grattan Lake, and were tame enough to be easily
shot. Rabbits and other small animals were also numerous.
Here were seen also eight black and cinnamon bears, a red
deer, two herds of antelope, a lynx, and several packs of
wolves. No buffalo had been seen. It is likely the last ever
seen in that region was a herd of twelve seen by my brother
the previous summer, and as they were foing south were
probably killed by the Blackfoot Indians It was now the
nineteenth of August, and the first white man’s voyage down
the Battle River was at an end. We had been on the way
thirty-two day-,during which time we had come, including the
rivers diversions, a distance of seven hundred and fifty miles.

The river journey being over, our plan was to proceed
overland on horseback and in wagons again to Calgary. The
route laid out was away to the south of the Battle River, passing
by way of the Neutral Hills and Sounding Lake, on to the
Hand Hills and up to the Rosebud River, from thence skirting
the Blackfeet reservation on to Calgary.

The morning was oecupied in getting our party in travelling
order. The wagons were packed in the most convenient way,
placing lunch kettles and such articles where they could be
easily reached. The party was now complete again, having
three men on horseback and one each with wagon and buck-
board. The starting day for the overland trip was ushered in

and Gun

in “Canada

with heavy rain which delayed our moving till the afternoon.
To climb the high south bank of the Battle valley and reach
the elevation of the plain was our first task. A coulee with
gradually sloping sides was followed. Up this valley we made
our way till overtaken by darkness, when we camped beside
fresh water. The country was covered on the slopes with
buffalo grass and clumps of poplar, ard in the hollows with
sleoghs fringed with willows. There was an Indian fish trap
in the river near the crossing we had left, and from this we
took about sixty fish, which lasted several days. While the
wagons were making their way across the plain, it was the
custom of the leader to take the fastest horse and make flying
trips to one side and the other for the purpose of examining
the country. The prairie in this immediate vicinity had
recently been burned over, and was a black and desolate place
indeed.

On the morning of the twenty-first, taking the best saddle
horse with him, my brother started eastward to make an
examination of some geological exposures, and was not seen
again till late in the afternoon, when he caught up with the
wagon, and after taking a fresh horse and leaving his tired one
to run behind the wagon, he started off again on a second side
trip away from the rest of the party. No fresh water could be
found by which to camp at night, so that travelling was often
continued till after dark. On this particular night, which was
clear and fine, the evening was very much enjoyed and especi-
ally by the writer, who had for so long a time been confined in
the narrow limits of the valley. Coming to a little stream of
fresh water on a part of the prairie that had not been burned,
we pitched our tents in the bright, clear moonlight, and enjoyed
a sentimental hour after supper by our camp, fire in conversa-
tion and story-telling till bed-time came.

While on the plains a very common article of diet consisted
of bannack ; and as we were now entering the prairie country,
where wood was scarce, a large supply of these was made
sufficient to last a week or more. Bread was a luxury that we
did not often have. Numerous side trips were made in the
vicinity of Sounding Lake and down Sounding River. And
then the party turned westward through the Neutral Hills. As
a general thing, the lakes or sloughs found on this part of the
prairie were alkali, and entirely unfit for drinking purposes, so
that mnch care was taken in selecting camping sites.

On the morning of the twenty-third, instructions were
given that the wagons and two horsemen should start west-
ward through the Neutral Hills, while two others went east-
ward around Sour ding Lake to the Battleford trail. Near the
lake was found a very fine black pony, without brands, but
with a white diamond on his forehead. It was rnnning loose
and had doubtless strayed from some other camp, or possibly
had wandered down from Battleford. No effort was made,
however, to catch this horse, for the reason that it did not
belong to us, and also because we had enough of our own.

Provisions were now running very short, and there was
little expectation of replenishing eur supply before reaching
Calgary, which was at best ten days, travel distant. It became,
therefore, necessary to make all haste on the way.

An amusing incident occurred one day in the Neutral Hills,
when the writer saw ata little distance what he took to be a
fine white badger sitting on his haunches. Having a rifle on
my saddle, T hastened towards it, and on killing the little fellow
I found him to be a beautiful black and white skunk. My horse
was a spirited beast, and when I undertook to carry the skunk
upon the saddle the horse took a decided objection. He had

Rod and

been fairly well broken in, but still knew most of the tricks of
the western horses, such as bucking, lying down with the rider,
rearing, ete. At first my horse thought he would run away
from the fragrant odor, and accordingly set out on a gallop
with the rider and the skunk still on his back. Finding that
this did not free him from his new companion, he tried some
other means, and finally succeeded in throwing the skunk from
the saddle, though the writer still held his seat. He galloped
for half a mile or more before I could bring him to a stop, but
finally I turned him around again and went back after the
skunk. But do what I would, the horse concluded he would
not keep company with that kind of animal. Beating and
other kinds of persuasion were useless, so I was finally obliged
to give up that means of carrying the skunk, and threw the

creature in the wagon. But I soon found from the cook that it

Lac SuPERIEUR, NEAR St. FAaustiy.

This view was taken late one September afternoon from the Pioneer Farm, where the widow
The lake itself holds quantities of trout, and among the

of a French general officer has settled.

hills shown in the picture the ruffed grouse shooting during September and October is hard

to beat.

was not wanted there, so it was suspended from the wagon
axle, where it remained till night.

We again travelled late before reaching water, and as the
night was very fine we lay down on the open prairie without
tents or other protection, and beneath the starlit sky went off
to sleep. There are very few who appreciate the beauty of the
lieavens so much as those who make a custom of sleeping on
the open plain. Night after night when thus rolled up in our
blankets, with no tents over us, I have Jain awake with other
members of the party talking for an hour or more, admiring
the brightness and beauty of the sky, watching the position of
the various constellations as they moye onward in their course.
After a few weeks or months of such experience it becomes an
easy matter on waking at any time of night to tell very closely
the lbour by the position of the stars. A few of the more

Gun

in Canada 7}

prominent ones can easily be remembered, and as the position
of these at certain hours becomes known, the ability to thus
tell the time is easily acqnired.

Proceeding onward through the Neutral Hills, one of the
highest points was climbed, from which a fine view of the
surrounding plain w: On the summit of this hill was a
cairn of stones, nine feet across at the base and six and one-half
feet high. Under another smaller cairn I found the blade of a
paddle buried? It is said that the Neutral Hills
boundary line between the territory of the Crees to the north
and of the Blackfect Indians to the south.

From this high elevation the topography of the surround-
ing country could well be seen.
studded the landscape, and here and there were coulees with
little streams running through them. Sounding Lake stood
out quite clearly to the eastward,
and to the west was the Nose Hill,
beyond which is the valley of the
Ribstone Creek. Near the water-
courses and fresh lakes were num-
erous clumps of poplar trees, and
at other places there were frequent
groves of willow and other bushes.
The only camping place that could
be found on this occasion was by
the shore of an alkali lake, with
its treacherous, shiny surface. On
approaching one of these lakes it
was the practice of the writer to
consider the water good, provided
birds or frogs were seen in or
around it. On the other hand,
when a slough was found in which
a frog could not live, and through
which a bird would not dare to
wade, then it was certainly not
suitable fur a camping place. By a
little practice one can usually tell
by the appearance of the water’s
surface whether it is salt or not.
The alkali lakes have a peculiar
greenish appearance, though fre-
quently the water itself when
taken up is clear enough.

I remember once on a previous
expedition, after travelling all day
past alkali lakes on a sweltering
hot day in summer, finally coming
to a pond, the surface of which was covered with a thick-
green skum. Numerous frogs and reptiles were sunning
around the edge, that jumped with startling cries as we ap-
proached. Sand-pipes, too, were feeding around the lake, so I
concluded that the water was good fora man to drink.
ing away the green skum from the surface, I indulged in a
heavy draught, and though at other times it might not have

seen.

were the

Numerous lakes and sloughs

3rush-

seemed so good, on this occasion it was delightfully refreshing,
Some others of the party, however, who indulged too freely
after a whole day of thirst suffered during the night with
severe attacks of vomiting.

On climbing to the summit of the Neutral Hills the
mounted men only made the ascent. Even then it was so
difficult to climb that it was necessary for the riders to dis_
muunt and tead their horses. My barometer here showed an

8 Rod and Gun

elevation of four hundred and fifty feet above the surrounding
country. From this elevation I distinctly counted not less than
seventy-five different lakes and sloughs.

As no drinking water could be found on the night of the
twenty-sixth, it was necessary to camp without it, and make
an early start the following morning before breakfast, when a
large lake was found about ten o’clock. The water of this lake
was milky in color, but it was found to be fairly good. A num-
ber of ducks were seen on it, three of which Maloney killed
with his horsewhip, and several others he shot with a revolver.
This water we named Hamilton Lake, after one of the mem-
bers of our party.

TO BE CONTINUED.

AN EXPLORATION TO THE HEIGHT OF LAND.

By St. Croix.

(Continued from our November Issue.)

This, to my mind, is the whole secret of the wonderful power
the adult Indian possesses. His aim and object is to inure
himself to hardship and to develop his strength, no matter
whether it be walking, or paddling, or portaging, and in the
end, should he live through his apprenticeship, he will bea
strong, hardy man. Of course, a great many of the young men
and boys die owing to their neglect of themselves, and I am
quite sure that if we white men who dwell in cities took the
same liberties with our health. we should die off to the last
one ; ii is only the wondrous healthiness of an open air life
which gives the stamina to resist. After hours spent wading
in icy water the Indian will cast himself on a bed of wet
boughs, covered, either by a well-worn blanket, or even, per-
chance, by none at all, and sleep as soundly as we do in our
beds at home.

It was late in the afternoon before we got away from North
Temiskaming. Frank Lemire was very anxious to accompany
me, but unfortunately the poor fellow’s eyes are so weak that
he has to wear green glasses, and if there is one point I insist
upon in an Indian, it is that he shall have good eyesight.
We only succeeded in reaching a point on the White River
five miles from the mouth, and six from North Temiskaming,
just before sundown. We made a good camp, but I could not
sleep towards morning owing to the cold. That night the ther-
mometer fell to 38° Far., but there was no frost, and, so far as
I know, the wonderful crops raised by the settlers on the lower
part of the White River were nowhere touched by frost this
summer. When we passed up the river the fields of oats were
fast ripening, and, as I learned on my way out, most of the
settlers began harvesting on August 24th. But fine as were
the oats, I think the great fields of potatoes, with their dark
green vines almost knee-high, beat them.

At low water, such as existed when I went up the river,
this stream for the first twenty-two miles resembles a canal,
excepting that, instead of being straight, it turns and twists
like an adder. There was absolutely no current; the water
was turbid, and every few rods the greasy clay banks had
broken away in landslides. This may not seem an attractive
country, but my experience bas always been that rivers of this
description are the haunts of game, while the clear, rocky,
picturesque torrents have only their scenery to offer you. Of
course, in the matter of fishing the White River is an inferior
stream. There are pike, and doré, and eels and other things
in it, but they are all of muddy flavor and not worthy of a

in Canada

fisherman’s attention. Yet the whole valley of the White
River is a game preserve, and moose, bear, the fur-bearing
animals, and innumerable ruffed grouse make it a most
desirable place from the point of view of asportsman. For the
first twenty-two miles the river is navigable at ordinary high
water by a steamboat having a draft of four feet; then it be-
comes shallow, rocks appear, and a couple of miles further on
the first rapid is reached. At the head of steamboat navigation
an old Englishman has carved a home for himself out of the
forest. Unele Tom is known far and wide, being very popular
amongst his fellow settlers. Between his log house and the
north pole there is none, save a few scattered Indians, Hud-
son Bay officials, wandered Innuits, and every now and then
the members of some Polar expedition. Uncle ‘om is pos-
sessed—though he probably does not know it—with the old
Anglo-Saxon spirit of adventure, which more than any other
force, under Providence, has been the civilizing factor in the
world’s progress.

The oléest settlers on the lower White River moved in but
five years ago ; in fact, until a couple of seasons back there was
hardly anybody there. Now the axe is being swung right and
left, and it will not be many years before all that part of
Northern Ontario will be a well-settled region. And, unfor-
tunately, in the wake of the axe comes the fire; and then,
where all was green and pleasant, is a wilderness of blackened
rampikes waving grimly over the charred remains of the wild
things of the woodland, Thissummer the fire fiend has played
great havoc with hundreds of square miles in Northern Ontario,
and from the east of Liskard to the west of Kippewa Lake, a
tract of burnt land now exte ds with hardly any interruption.
This embraces the first nine miles of the White River. From its
mouth to Otter Brook there was hardly a settler’s house left
standing after the flames had passed. Driven by a furious west
wind the flames leapt enormous distances—in one case | no-
ticed the blackened beams of a destroyed homestead which had
stood more than 400 yards from the nearest woodland.

However, this was not an unmixed evil, becanse, now these
lands are half cleared, and as they are of first-rate quality,
level, rich, and free from stone, they will become farms per-
haps sooner than they would have in the ordinary course of
events. Yet much distress and suffering was caused, and had
not the government stepped in and provided work by which
the men could support their families, things would have been
at a pretty pass.

It seems to have been the fate of this country to be ravaged
by fire at irregular intervals through the ages. These clay
lands cake, and become very dry during the long, hot summer,
The streams shrink into their beds, and the smaller brooks dry
up completely ; at such times lightning, or a spark from a
hunter’s fire, may kindle a blaze which will spread far and
wide ere it is extinguished. As I stood upon an elevation near
the mouth of the North Fork, on my return journey, I over-
looked a great extent of country ; I could see twenty-five miles
in any direction—and this is what I saw: A great, gently-
rolling land, the highest hills of which did not exceed 150 feet
in height, covered by a heavy second growth of aspen and white
birch. It had evidently been burned over, though undoubtedly
longago. John said that the fire swept it one hundred years
ago, but this is an elastic expression with the Indian, and
means, simply that a certain thing happened before the speaker
was born. IT think, however, that there is every evidence that
the same fire which undoubtedly swept the shores of Tema-
gaming continued onward in its course, at least, to the Height

hod

of Land. It was probably driven by a strong west wind,
just as was the case this summer; for at that season easterly
winds are uncommon, and when they do come bring rain.

Of course, this blaze must have had a great effect upon the
game supply. Fifty years ago the country had entirely recoy-
ered itself as far as the fur-bearing animals were concerned,
but of big game there were only bear and caribou and some

~

and Gun

in Canada 9

make starvation wages where he could
rely upon the returns from his line of traps.
While we were in camp below the first rapid I noticed a
peculiarity in the Indian’s method of measuring the rise and
fall of astream. In the morning John came to me with a long
face, and said the river had fallen six inches. This was bad
news, because six inches of a fall would add considerably to our

once upon a time

Chemis ME
FES
Cage ~ :
Wor>. Scieeataw
Cy al .
Ca
2)

Waite River.Qzz

Ueale :& atles=/iiech .

deer. Twenty-five years ago there were few, if any, moose on
the White River, and the Indians did not begin to kill them in
any numbers until] the end of the eighties—mind you I am only
giving the story as I heard it from John—but since that the
moose have become more numerous each year, but the Virginia
deer have decreased, while the caribou have almost disappeared,
and the bear are getting quite scarce. The fur-bearing animals
have been trapped far too closely, so that the Indians may only

difficulties, so I went to investigate. I soon found that John’s
idea of a six-inch decrease was founded upon the fact that the
water’s edge had retreated by about that amount, but, as the
measurement was made on a hard clay bank, which was almost
level, the surface of the water had certainly not fallen more
than a scant inch. The lumbermen make the same mistake.
They will often tell you that such and such a river is twenty

(Continued on page Ir)

10 Rod

DEVOTED
TO THE
FISHING
GAME AND
FOREST
INTERESTS
OF CANADA.

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Communications on all topics pertaining to fishing, shooting, canoeing,
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if satisfactory. All communications must be accompanied by the name of
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Rop aNp GUN IN CANADA does not assume any responsibility for, or
necessarily endorse, any views expressed by contributors in these columns.

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ROD AND GUN PUBLISHING CO., 603 Craig Street, MONTREAL.

We publish-elsewhere in this issue a letter from Mr. John
McAree, of Rat Portage, in which he states that the protection
hitherto accorded the ‘‘ wood” buffalo of the North-West is
about to end. It seems that there is good reason to believe the
buffalo in the Mackenzie River basin number several hundred,
as one band was seen in which there were 250 animals. This
shows the beneficent effect of protection; a dozen years ago
careful census taken by numerous hunters in the Hudson Bay
Compatiy’s employ gave the number of animals in the herd as
between 70 and 80, hence the buffalo on the Mackenzie River
have more than trebled in a single decade.

Should the protection hitherto afforded by the Dominion
Government be withdrawn, within five years, perhaps within
two, there will not be a single wild buffalo left alive in Canada.
The pelts and skeletons of each of these buffalo would be worth,
on an average, $500 to any skin hunter who slaughtered them,
and we may be very sure that the skin hunter will make it his
own particular business to convert the values of these pelts and
skeletons into bad whiskey just as soon as the fear of the
mounted police is removed.

On the other hand, should Canada continue to protect her
““wood”’ buffalo, it is quite possible that where we now have
hundreds we shall in a few years have thousands. We cannot
afford to follow the example set us by our great neighbor at the
south, and the sportsmen of Canada should do their best to
impress upon the Government that adequate protection must be
afforded the buffalo of the Mackenzie Valley.

*

It seems a pity that on this side of the Atlantic we have
followed the lead of the early settlers in the nomenclature of
game, for they were, as a rule, uneducated, and set a very bad
example. We have in the Virginia deer one of the most grace-
ful of known species—and to this beautiful animal we apply the
term buck or doe, names, which, however admirable they
may be in the case of a Belgiar hare, are singularly inappro-
priate to designate the male and female of the Virginia deer.
In yenery the male and female of the deer kind are known as
stag and hind, and we should do well to cure ourselves of the
bad habit into which we have fallen, and forget as quickly as
possible such unsportsmanlike words as buck and doe

and Gun

in Canada

A very large black bass of the small-mouthed species was
caught recently in Belmont Lake, Ontario. It weighed 6 Ibs.
and 4 oz. ; the captor was a young farmer of the neighborhood,
John King by name. The fish was 25 inches long by 16 inches
girth.

*

A valuable addition was made last month to the zoological
collection in the National Park at Banff, Alberta. Three year-
ling moose were purchased by the Crown Lands Department
from the Indians living at Lae du Bonnet, Manitoba, and
forwarded to the corrals under the shadow of Mt. Peechee. They
will, of course, be separated from the buffalo, as otherwise
there would be some battles-royal between the bulls of the two
species.

*

The International Forest, Fish and Game Associztion of
Pennsylvania is holding its first exposition as we go to press.
The closing has been set for December 21st.

This Association was recently organized for the purpose of
promoting interest in the preservation of forest, fish and game,
especially in the United States and Canada.

Sixteen acres at the exposition are available for the exhibits
ot forestry, live game, fishes, game birds and animals, with all
accessories thereto, artifieial lakes, Indian villages, sportsmen’s
camps, log cabins, Indian tepees, canoeing, boating, swimming,
diving, water polo, roller polo, basket-ball, indoor base-ball,
tennis and other features.

*

Our frontispiece this month shows a charming scene on
the Devil’s River, Quebec. The point chosen for reproduction
is about a mile below the mouth of the gorge, or canon,
through which the river runs after plunging over the Stair or
Devil’s Fall. The scenery is most magnificent, and as the
lumberman has not yet appeared, the forest is still in its
primitive beauty. There is good fishing and shooting to be
had in the neighborhood. This delightful wilderness is
easiest reached by way of St. Faustin, Quebec. The Devil's
River flows through the heart of the Laurentians.

*

Mr. W. A. Bowell, superintendent of Indian affairs, and
Mr. Ashdown-Green, surveyor for the Indian Department,
recently visited the country tributary to Lake Cluskus, B.C.,
which is reached by a trail from the head of Burke Channel.
Like so many other parts of British Columbia, this region was
absolutely unknown to allsave a few wandering Stick Indians
and prospectors. The explorers found abundance of caribou
and goat, and in the lakes trout and round fish, the latter
being a species of whitefish.

+.

According to an American exchange, the carcasses of the
white goat are so scarce in the United States that scientific men
are awaitiug the early decease (something which is contidently
expected) of the nannie which was pictured in last month's
Rod and Gun, and which is now in the Philadelphia Zoo, so
that they may study its anatomy, There is something rather
amusing in this statement, because from the mountains of the
Boundary District all the way up to the northern border
of British Columbia, the white goat is the most abundant
animal we have, the blacktail and mule deer only excepted.
The market price of skins is not more than $1.50, and as the
flesh of the full grown animals is too strong for the average
Mt is
not been

white stomach, most men leave them severely alone.

surprising that more scientific sportsmen have

Rod

CONTENTS

SS PAGE
Frontispiece—Below the Gorge on Devil’s River, Quebec.
A Trip to Matachuan ...........-..... Ake ote aaa 1-4
Exploration in Northwestern Canada....-.-.--+.------ 4-S
Exploration to the Height of Land .............. 8-9 and 11-15
OCHRE ES ba Sockeseac oe Baa Boteeeosoo cone ConcoEasere 10-11
TAREE oo Geo oenE havc cere Gaud 4auReSaes Apo U OSOR. BABE 13-15
Photopraphiyge.-sesaeis ee ee ees ani «nim eles efeitos )ein= a= 16-20
A British Columbian Water.............----- +20 e+ee- 20

yenturesome enough to take a four-day ride in a comfortable
sleeping car, with a certainity of a shot at the white goat a few
hours after leaving the train.

*

We have been told that the principal scientific institutions
of the United States, and of several European countries, would
like to have specimens of the white goat of the Rocky
Mountains in the flesh, in order to study its anatomy. This
animal is very abundant in certain parts of British Columbia.
and as Rod and Gun has many friends in that province, we
think that we could obtain freshly killed specimens of the
animal for scientific institutions. We shall be very happy to
do this in the cause of science, and will make no charge for our
services. Inthe depth of winter there should be very little
difficulty in transporting these animals to any part of the
United States: and now that cold storage chambers are
provided by most of the Atlantic Lines, there would hardly be
any morein sending them to Europe. It seems a pity that
such an interesting animal, and one so typically Canadian,
should be so little known to scientific men.

*

The growth of interest in rifle shooting has been very
marked of late in the Dominion. Since July ninety rifle
associations have been formed in Canada. Of these, sixty-five
are civilian clubs, and twenty-five military organizations. The
membership of these new bodies is 4,000. Among the new
ranges being constructed are those of Fredericton, N.B., and
Lunenburg, N.S.

There is no reason why Canada should not rank as one of
the leading countries in the world in rifle shooting. The
natural temperament of the people inclines them toward field
sports and feats of skill; the Dominion holds more game
suitable for the rifle than almost any other country, and that
great drawback under which the United Kingdom suffers—
lack of vacant space—does not certainly exist here. The
ground for suitable ranges is unlimited, and there is hardly a
village or town in the Dominion which could not lay out a
2,000 yard range, and we hope that the day is not far distant
when the ratepayers will insist upon this being done. In
addition to fixed targets at known distances, there should
certainly be disappearing and moveable ones at unknown
ranges. Should such provision be made we think rifle
shooting will become at least as popular asskating, or lacrosse,
and give our young men a training which will be far more
yaluable to the country than mere skill in any game.

*

Mr. A. C. Bertram, the fishery inspector for Cape Breton,
seems to be doing good work in opposing poachers, dynamiters,
and out-of-season fishermen. It is said the salmon are more
than holding their own in Cape Breton.

and Gun

in Canada II

AN EXPLORATION TO THE HEIGHT OF LAND

(Continued from page 9

feet higher in the spring, and what they mean is that there is
a difference of twenty feet between the edge of the water at
summer level and in spring time.

The morning of August 10th was wet, and we did not
break camp until midday. The first rapid was soon reached,
and after a portage which only occupied a few minutes we
launched the canoe in the slack water above the rapid. The
rain apparently had done but little good, the dry ground
soaking up what fell like a sponge, and I was reluctantly
forced to the conclusion that our projected voyage up the south
branch, and portage over into the Montreal River, must be
abandoned. In the spring the Indians pass from one river to
another by a portage not exceeding two and a half miles in
length, using a small brook up which they drag their canoes
for many miles after leaving the south branch proper. [ felt
sure, however, from the pitch of water in the main river that
we should find this brook dry, and should therefore be con-
fronted by a portage of at least fifteen miles, and as we could
not hope to carry everything over in one trip, this would mean
thirty miles loaded and fifteen light—which was something I
did not care to undertake for the fun of the thing.

So I listened with a ready ear to John’s tales of a wonderful
lake which was at the head of a tributary of the north-east
branch, and very near the height of land. This unexplored
sheet was, he said, known to the Indians as Te-gou-sie-wabie,
meaning the Storehouse or Larder. It seems that whenever
an Indian was out of meat, and happened to be within a day
or two’s paddle of Larder Lake, he lost no time in making his
way there; its shores were said to teem with game, and its
waters to be absolutely stiff (as the Irishman said) with trout.
No surveyor had ever been there, and only one or two white
men. A certain William Judge, lately of Montana, had visited
it searching for gold, and ignoring the old name by which it
has been known for centuries, called it President Lake. But
we have no presidents in this country, and I trust we shail not
permit Larder Lake to change its name. All this sounded good
enough, so when an hour or two after leaving the rapid we
came to the north-east branch, I told John he could turn up it.

The main river had been sluggish and deep; the branch
was rapid and shallow. For a couple of miles all hands and
the cook had to get out and wade. The bottom of the canoe
suffered somewhat severely, and as she was leaking like a sieve,
we halted for the night at the first rapid on the branch—a most
picturesque spot—four miles from the mouth.

Fresh moose tracks had been abundant on either bank all
day, and we saw a great deal of bear sign. This summer the
blueberries were a complete failure in that part of Ontario, and,
in consequence, all the bears in the country were along the
streams feeding on the high bush cranberries. In some places
it would hardly be an exaggeration to say the bushes were
broken down by the acre. I remember one low point where
for hundreds of yards the bears had smashed everything down
to get at the fruit. But master Bruin is a very cautious fellow
and kept out of our way with remarkable success. We passed
on the way up the remains of a moose which an Indian had
killed a week or two before—for close seasons are not observed
near the height cf land—but of this I shall have more to say
later on.

We had a very comfortable camp overlooking the rapid,
which is short but dangerous, the river falling seven feet in

iZ

one hundred yards. I was awakened by the cold on Sunday
morning, August ilth, just at daylight. The thermometer in

my tent stood at 38 Far., yet no touch of frost was visible even
in the hollows. The river was so low that I cached half my

stuff, making a bundle of it, and swinging it from the limb of
a big pitch pine, and to make matters doubly sure I shot an
oyer-inqnisitive squirrel and tied him to the bundle as an
object lesson to his brethren. It is strange, though true, that
all the wild creatures of the woods are inordinately fond of
salt pork. If you leave any of this indispensable article on
the ground the rabbits will find it out, and if you tie it to a
branch the squirrels and Canada jays will make the most
frantic efforts to get at it. The only remedy which I have been
able to discover is to kill one of the robbers and hang it near
the cache. This sometimes keeps the rest away,as, by the bye,
it did in this case.

We left camp about 8 a.m.,and after a mile and a haif’s
paddling against a moderate current and between high clay
banks we came to a rather stiff piece of water, which, however,
we manage to pole up. Half a mile beyond we were halted by
some superb falls, past which we portaged. Then another half
mile, and we had to go ashore on account of a log jam, which
necessitated our carrying our stuff fifty yards through the bush;
and three quarters of a mile higher np we landed at the foot of
the Long Portage. Here we had luncheon, afterwards tackling
the carry of one anda half miles to Narrow Lake. This is a
very stiff portage, as a steep ridge 120 feet high has to be
climbed. One can hear the noise of falls, though they are not
visible from the portage, and John said there were four of them
between Narrow Lake and the foot of Long Portage. Half way
along the carry a faint trail turns off to the right, and if this be
followed for half a mile it will lead to a small pond where the
moose feed, and where the Indians get one occasionally. The
lower part of Narrow Lake is not so picturesque as the upper
part. At the narrows the scenery becomes almost grand ; on
the south side a tremendous cliff, known as the Eagle’s Nest,
is a conspicuous landmark. The lake itself is full of pike and
doré, and, of course, holds nothing else. We reached the head
of the lake at half past three,and then carried all our belongings
three quarters of a mile 8. 8. E. to Hardwood Lake, which
bears a good reputation for moose. Between these two lakesis
a heavy growth of Norway pine, the only bunch of pine, with
one exception, which we saw during our expedition, and this
growth cannot contain more than 200,000 sq. feet. We paddled
leisurely up Hardwood Lake, and near the head came upon our
first moose. It was a two year old bull snatching its supper
from the lily pads, and although the wind was unfavorable, we
got within 150 yards before he winded us. Then we had a fine
view of him as he made away. We could follow him as he
trotted through the rushes, making the water and the mud fly
as he did so, and we watched him cross a small bog and enter,
presently, the edge of the forest. It was growing dark when
we pitched our camp a mile up a dead water which comes in at
the head of the lake. We had travelled fourteen miles against
the current and had made five portages, so that the reader
will understand there were no complaints of insomnia next
morning.

The weather had now turned warmer, and next morning
the thermometer stood at 52 Far. when I arose at 5 a.m. The
August temperature in the region between Temiskaming and
\bbitibi is almost perfect. Earlier in the season the flies are
somewhat too attentive, but after the first of the month they

Rod and Gun in Canada

need not be dreaded, although it would not be true to say there
are none, because, as every woodsman knows, there may be an

hour or two in the day when they are troublesome, even as
late as the middle of October ; but, practically speaking, there
are no mosquitoes or black flies in the northern woods after
August Ist. We started down the lake at 7 o’clock, and along
the shores saw numerous fresh tracks of moose which had
visited the lake during the night. At this season of the
year, although the cows and calves come out to feed late
in the afternoon, the young bulls rarely do so before dusk,
and the old fellows hardly ever leave the forest until mid-
night. They feed until about 6 a.m., when they again wander
off into the bush. In summer the bulls are generally, if not
always, found apart from the cows. I believe this is on
account of the savageness of their disposition ; they are so bad
tempered that were the cows not to take the calves away the old
bulls would kill them. In spring it is otherwise, for the habits
of the moose vary with the seasons. Just after the ice has gone
out of the rivers it is no uncommon thing to see moose in broad
daylight, either singly or in bunches. An Indian saw seven in
one band last spring on the White River. These are all bulls,
however, the cows having young calves by their sides keep-
very much in retirement.

As we paddled quietly down the lake, John told me of an
adventure he once had, whlch explains the absence of caribou
wherever moose are numerous. He was hunting on the north
branch of the White River, toward the end of November.
There a sprinkling of snow on the ground, just sufficient for
good tracking, and he was following the trail of a big bull
moose which he thought not very far in front. As he followed
cautiously in the wake of the animal he heard a great noise in
the bushes ahead, and advancing cautiously found that a tre-
mendous battle was raging between a bull moose and a bull
caribou. But it did not last long. The moose was too much
for his adversary, and the caribou staggered away a defeated
animal. After going about twenty yards he lurched forward,
and died. John then shot the moose. This shows that the
moose will kill caribou, as they undoubtedly do the Virginia
deer ; in fact, the big bull moose is a savage fellow, and the
only time that he meets his mateh, and rather more than his
match, is when he runs up against a two-year-old of his own
species. The younger animal is much more agile, and owing
to his horn being a long, sharp double spike, it is a very much
more eflicient weapon than the blunt, palmated antler of the
other.

There were great numbers of ducks upon Hardwood Lake,
and among them I noticed several species which are generally
comparatively scarce in Northern Ontario and Quebec. I saw
several mallards and a few widgeon and one or two pintail.
We were bound fora small lake lying south from Hardwood,
and reached by a good portage not over one hundred and fifty
yards long. On this carry we ran into one of the largest packs
of ruffed grouse I have ever sasn. The woods seemed full of
them, and there were also many rabbits The lake upon which
we were now paddling was only of moderate size but very clear.
We left it near its eastern extremity, and portaged half a mile
s.E. to a third lake, a mere pond, from which we carried a
quarter of a mile to a fourth lake. This was almost round, and
about a mile in diameter. It is a famous feeding place for
moose, and John had often shot them there. At one o’clock
we ensconced ourselves upon a rocky point, from which we
could see the whole lake, and proceeded to watch for moose.

Rod and Gun in

The sun was warm and the air balmy, so that I was soon asleep ;
and I have good reason to think that John also took forty
winks, but, as the boy was very much awake and had eyes
which were very little inferior to an average telescope, it would
have been perfectly impossible for any moose to have visited
the lake without our knowing it.

But no moose came that afternoon, and at dusk we began
our return journey to camp, which was seven long miles away
by the road we had to travel. At half-past nine we reached
the tent, and after making a brew of tea turned in. As we
were paddling up the dead water we heard a moose splashing
about among the lily pads, but he got our wind and we did not
see him.

On Tuesday, August 15th, we moyed our camp back to
Narrow Lake, and after an early lunch I sent John and the boy
back to our cache at the first rapid, to bring on the rest of the
stuff we had left behind. It was fine when they went away,
but at half past four a terrific squall struck the lake from the
S. W., and I felt anxious as to the safety of the men, It did
not last more than fifteen minutes, and was followed by rain,
which lasted all night. My principal amusement while they
were away was watching the black and white striped hornets
catching flies. The inside of my tent was almost black with
fiies, which had gathered to escaped the rain, and the hornets
soon found this out. Until dark they made regular visits, and
each time that a hornet came he carried a fly away with him.
They never seemed to miss their blow, and so quick were they
that the eye could not follow them. The hornet would settle
upon some object in the tent, and appear make up his mind as
to what particular fly he would go for; then followed a dash of
inconceivable rapidity—and another fly was being carried off
to the hornet’s larder. It rained all night, a steady drizzle ;
but nothing disturbed my rest, excepting that toward morning
a fox came prowling round, and caused a great clatter as he
made away at speed along the shingly beach. The men got
back at noon, and, as luck would have it, had escaped the fury
of the squall on the previous afternoon, as they were on the
portage at that time. Before lunch I went out for half an hour
with my trolling line, and soon had all the pike and doré that
we could make use of.

(TO BE CONTINUED, )

Our readers will miss the Dog department this month. Mr.
D. Taylor, our Canine Editor, was captured by the sheriff and
empanelled upon a jury, consequently we have been unable to
obtain from him the dog copy which undoubtedly is secreted
somewhere upon his person. We trust that our readers will
forgive him and attribute the loss ot this month’s dog copy to
the peculiarities of the British Constitution.

‘e !
King !

Long Live the

™
Answers to Correspondents.

CrAsseuR—You would find good shooting and fishing in
the region reached from Asherof, B.C. Ashcroft is a four-day
railway journey from Montreal. By making a trip lasting a
month you could enjoy eighteen days first-rate sport in the
Lillooet district. The game consists of grizzly and black bear,
sheep, goat, and blacktail deer. You would get shots at the
latter the first day out. There is very good wing shooting, and
most wonderful fishing.
continent.

We know of no better place on the

Canada 13

FORESTRY

“Rod and Gun"’ is the official organ of the Canadian Forestry Association.

The Editors will welcome contributions on topies relating to Forestry.

Edited by the Officers of the Canadian Forestry Association

A MERRY CHRISTMAS.

The part which is borne by the plants of the forest in
making merry the Christmas season is not small. From yery
early days in the old land it was the custom to decorate the
houses with evergreens, a practice which was derived either
from the Romans, who were accustomed to send boughs to
their friends at the festival of the Saturnalia, which occurred
about the same period, or from the Druids, in whose time the
houses were decked with branches in order that the spirits of
the forest might seek shelter from them during the bleak
winds and frosts of winter. Whateyer be the exact origin, the
decoration of houses and churches has become firmly connected
with Christmastide,and has had wrought into it,sometines most
fancilully, a Christian significance.

Holly, Rosemary, Laurel,
Bay, Arbor Vite and Ivy are hung in churches and houses,
but the Mistletoe is interdicted from places of worship on
account of its connection with the Druidic religion. There
may possibly be other reasons also why the presence of the
Mistletoe would not be compatible with that spirit of rever-
ence which is proper to a sacred edifice.

The Holly was soon designated the Holy-tree, although
the derivation of the two words is entirely different, and
around it grew up traditions of special virtues it possessed from
its associations. In Germany the Holly is known as Christdorn
—the thorn woven into the crown placed upon our Saviour’s
head at the time of the Crucifixion, and the thorny foliage and
blood-red berries are suggestive of the most Christian associ-
ations.

The Mistletoe, which grows as a parasite on the oak and
other trees, was from very ancient times considered as a plant
having magical properties, and it was specially prominent in
the ceremonies of the Druidie worship.

A legend of the old Scandinavian mythology explains the
origin of the particular privilege which the Mistletoe permits.
Baldur, the Apollo of the North, was rendered by his mother
Freya, proof against all injury by the four elements, fire, air,
earth and water. Loki, the evil spirit, however, being at
enmity with him, fashioned an arrow out of Mistletoe, which
proceeded from none of these elements, and placed it in the
hands of Hoédur, the blind diety, who launched the fatal dart
at Baldur and struck him to the earth. The gods decided to
restore Baldur to life, and as a reparation for his injury the
Mistletoe was dedicated to his mother Freya, whilst, to prevent
its being used again adversely to her the plant was placed
under her sole control so long as it did not touch the earth,
the empire of Loki. On this account it has always been cus-
tomary to suspend Mistletoe from ceilings, and so, whenever
persons of opposite sexes pass under it, they give one another
the kiss of peace and love, in the full assurance that the plant
is no longer an instrument of mischief.

The Yule Log was the special feature of Christmas eye.
On that evening a log of wood, usually of Ash, was brought in

14 Rod and

with great rejoicing and cast upon the open hearth, whence it
spread its joyous light and warmth over the scene of happiness
and merriment with which the occasion was always celebrated.

But the contribution to the Christmas cheer which makes
the greatest drain upon the forests of the present day is the
furnishing of Christmas trees. When the first faint echoes of
the Christmas chimes send out their message on the throbbing
air, the youth of the forests, obedient to the signal, take up
their march citywards, there to make happy the youth of the
human race. And how many bright memories cling about the
Christmas tree !

The tree which is employed for this purpose is the Fir,
usually the Balsam Fir (Abies Balsamea), which is easily dis-
tinguished by its small, flat evergreen leaves, with a white
under surface, cut across by a green midrib. But we may,
perhaps, since we have already wandered away from the
domain of science, be permitted to leave a more technical
description of the fir tree to some future occasion.

And so we bid you a Merry Christmas !

%

MEETING OF THE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
BOARD.

At a meeting of the Board of Directors of the Canadian
Forestry Association, held at Ottawa, on the 27th September,
a resolution of sympathy with the family of the late Hon. C.
W. Allan, who had been a member of the Board, was passed.
Mr. C. E. E. Ussher, General Passenger Agent of the Canadian
T'acific Railway, Montreal, was elected to the vacant position
ou the Board. The following resolutions were also carried :—

Resolved, That the Committee desires to call attention to
the great loss sustained by certain of the provinces through
forest fires, and especially to that caused by the recent fire in
the Temiscamingue district, in the Province of Quebec, which
apparently owed its origin to the settlements in the vicinity,
and would urge upon both the Provincial and the Dominion
authorities the wisdom of withholding from settlement land
which is better adapted for timber than for agriculture, and
of inereased efforts to guard the valuable timber districts.

Resolved, That the Committee desires to draw attention
to the necessity for a revision of the ‘“‘ Bush Fire Act,’ of
British Columbia, and especially with reference to Section 9 of
said Act. They are of the opinion that the penalties therein
mentioned are too light, and would suggest that all after the
word ‘‘ exceeding,’’ in the fourth line thereof, be struck out
and the following substituted therefor: ‘‘ Two hundred dollars
nor less than twenty dollars, and in default of payment thereof
shall be imprisoned fora term not exceeding six months, and
in addition to such penalty shall be liable to civil action for
damages at the suit of any person whose property has been
injured or destroyed by any such fire; and any railway com-
pany permitting a locomotive engine to be run in violation of
Sections 7, of this Act, shall be liable to a penalty of two
hundred dollars for each offence, to be recovered with costs at
any court of competent jurisdiction, and shall also be liable
to civil action for any damages that may have resulted from
negligence in this regard.

Resolved also, That a copy of this Resolution be sent to
the local Forestry Association of British Columbia, asking their
co-operation in the matter, also to the Honorable the Commis-
sioner of Lands and Works for that province, and to Mis
IJonor the Lientenant-Governor of British Columbia.

Gun

in- Canada

LOOKING BACKWARD.
White River, Ont., September 9th, 2001.
In looking over the old records of this important district
we have happened upon the following newspaper paragraph,

which is of interest as illustrating the careless habits of the
somewhat primitive people of that day :—

White River, Sept. 9th, 1901.

** This village has been in considerable jeopardy for a week
past from bush fires. No rain of any importance has fallen for
amonth, andaspark from a locomotive started a fire about
the west end mile board several days ago. This fire, not
receiving any attention, crossed the White River and travelled
round till it took in the wooded slope which overlooks the
settlement from the south. Southerly winds, ranging from
12 to 0 miles per hour, occurred daily through the week, and
despite all effort the fire crossed the river on Thursday last and
captured the stock-yard of the C.P.R., destroying some fencing.
The sheds and hay building were only saved by persistent hard
work and careful watch. By continued vigilance and labor the
fire has up to the present been prevented from crossing at
other points, but to all intents and purposes we are hemmed
in. No immediate danger is apprehended except in case of
high winds, the district being to some extent cleared. There
is a large acreage of small pine of about five years’ growth on
the edge of the village to the north, which may be reached
before another day passes, but which can be easily fought off.”

It may seem strange to us that such fires should “‘not
receive any attention ”’ in theirinception, but that they should
have been left to meander over the country at their own sweet
will, with no one to give them the courtesy of consideration
until they forced themselves upon the attention of the indiffer-
ent inhabitants by an uncontrollable desire to make of them-
selves unwelcome guests, whose chief purpose was to possess
themselves of the homes and goods of their unwilling hosts.
Yet the records of that time are from year to year filled with
reports of such fires in almost every part of Canada, threatening
and destroying villages and towns. Some of these fires may
not have been preventible, but the great majority of them
were treated by a policy of masterly inactivity whose principle
is propounded in the words “‘ not receiving any attention.”’ It
seems incomprehensible that an intelligent people, such as were
the people of Canada at that time, should have failed so signally
to deal effectively with this matter, but it is a clear evidence
of the primitive state of civilization uf the period that, in spite of
the immense loss and suffering entailed by frequently recurring
conflagrations,—in spite of the fact that the Governments were
making strenuous efforts to attract immigrants to their unsettled
districts,—in spite of the fact that to most of the provinces the
forests were the principal sources of revenue, neither Govern-
ments nor people appear to have wakened to an idea that
anything but a /aissez-faire policy could be adopted. The
individualistic theory was carried to an absurd length. No
man felt it his duty to take action until his own property was
endangered, And so fires ‘received no attention ”’ until they
were past control, and the beautiful clear days of autumn,
which we now enjoy, were shrouded ina smoky pali of mourn-
ing for the ruin they had looked upon, till at last the agricul-
turists suddenly awoke to the fact that they had no longer the
control of their fuel supply, but, to use the picturesque
language then characteristic of the stump orator, must bind
themselves to the chariot wheels of yet another of the combines
which they so strongly denounced, and become tributary to
the coal barons as well as the coal oil magnates, till at last it
burned itself in upon the minds of the legislators that Canada
had been pursuing a policy so short-sighted that, in the face of

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an increasing demand upon her timber resources, from which
she had drawn such yast wealth, she found her forests
depleted and destroyed to such an extent that it is only at the
present day that by painful effort we are beginning to recover
the lost ground, and to make useful and valuable the land
which was swept clear so unceasingly and so unprofitably.
Perhaps we should not be too harsh in our judgment of our
forefathers, but we could haye pronounced our blessings on
their memory with greator fervor if their policy of ‘ paying
no attention ’’ had not created so many unnecessary difficulties
to vex succeeding generations.

1

RESOURCES OF NORTHERN ONTARIO.

It may, perhaps, be considered that we are a little late in
reviewing the Report of the Survey and Exploration of North-
ern Ontario, issued by the Government of that Province, but
there is so much information of a permanent nature in the
report that it will probably furnish material for reviews for a
long time to come, and the knowledge of the northern districts
which has been gained by these expeditions has such a direct
bearing upon the future of the forestry policy, primarily for
that district, but also for Canada in general, that it would be
an unpardonabie oversight not to bring it to the notice of our
readers.

The field of explorations covered practically the whole of
the Province of Ontario north of the Canadian Pacific Rail-
way, extending to Albany River and James Bay, and ten ex-
peditions were started out from different points along the
railway to work north over this vast territory. The principal
officers in each party were a surveyor, a land and timber
estimator, and a geologist, and the method of exploration fol-
lowed was to runa base line, sufficiently defined by observations,
from which an examination of the country was made up to
fifty miles on each side. A conservative estimate of the result
shows that north of the height of land in the districts of
Nipissing, Algoma and Thunder Bay there is an area of good,
mostly clay, soil, covering an area of 15,680,000 acres, or about
25,000 square miles, which is as well suited for agricultural
purposes as the Province of Manitoba, as is well evidenced by
the results of the efforts in this line made at the Hudson Bay
Company’s posts throughout that region. The most eastern
and southerly outline of this belt is along the Blanche River,
at the northern end of Lake Temiskaming, where there is
already a considerable settlement. Running north-westerly,
at a distance of about forty-two miles, this tract joins the great
clay belt, the southern limit of which takes a westerly direc-
tion, but tending north, coming within a distance of a little
over twenty miles of the Canadian Pacific Railway at Grasett
Station, which is about forty miles north of Michipicoten
Harbor, on Lake Superior, and near where the Algoma Central
Railway proposes to connect with the Canadian Pacific. From
there it bends more northerly till it passes north of Lake
Nepigon. The eastern portion of this district is low and wet,
and as it is consequently covered by moss, which keeps the
ground cold, the timber is not of a large average productive-
ness, while the land would need to be well drained in order to
ensure the successful growing of crops. Spruce and tamarac,
ayeraging eight inches in diameter, are the prevailing trees,
but there are also poplar, balm of gilead, white birch, cedar
and banksian pine. The average of pulpwood it would be
possible to obtain in that district is estimated at seven cords

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in Canada 15
per acre, cutting to four inches in diameter. Farther west the
land rises and fewer muskegs are found, so that there would
be no difficulty in commencing agricultural operations on
perhaps seventy-five per cent. of this land as soon as it is
cleared, while the pulpwood on the average timbered area
rises to forty or fifty cords. Practically no pine was found,
although there was evidence in some small scattered patches
that a large pine forest may have existed before it was swept
away by the fires, signs of which are everywhere seen. The
quantity of pulpwood for the whole district is estimated at
288,000,000 cords.

But this still leaves two regions of great extent which are
found to be mainly of a nature unfit for agriculture. There is,
first, the Lake Temagaming region, west of Lake Temiskaming,
which has an area of pine equalling about three billion feet.
The soil is mainly rocky and agriculturally unproductive, and
is clearly best suited for timber. A very similar district as to
soil is that lying west from Lake Nepigon, but the timber at
present on the land is not nearly of as great value as that in
the Lake Temagami district, though at the western extremity
there is a considearble area of pine. Small and large game,
including moose, caribou and deer, are found in all these dis-
tricts, and the waters yield to the sportsman’s harvest salmon,
trout, bass, pickerel and pike.

The great objects gained by this examination from a forestry
point of view are, first, that we are in a position to know more
definitely what our timber resources are, and it shows that,
though we haye a very large quantity of pulpwood yet avail-
able, we have practically no further areas of pine, our most
valuable timber, beyond those already in reach, and we can
therefore estimate with some degree of certainty what the
future of this industry will be.

The second object gained is that we are in a position to
direct settlement to the districts best suited to it, and to hold
for timber production the iands unfitted for agriculture. The
Government has already taken an important step in this direc-
tion, by setting apart the pine lands in the Lake Temagaming
district as a forest reserve. Indeed, the Government has evi-
dently adopted definitely this policy—and it is one in which
they should be strongly supported—tor they haye refused to
open for settlement the Township of Lorraine, on the west
side of Lake Temiscamingue, although strongly urged to do so,
as an inspection made by officers of the Government showed
that not twenty per cent. of its area was good agricultural
land.

The country lying to the east of Lake Temiskaming, in
the Province of Quebec, is very like that reserved by the
Ontario Goyernment to the west, and if an examination of its
northern districts were made by the Quebec authorities, it
might be found advisable to adopt a somewhat similar policy.
The whole question is one worthy of the serious consideration
of all the Governments. If iands are best productive when
devoted to agriculture, he would be lacking in sagacity who
would not use them for that purpose. But if, on the other
hand, there are—and we are prepared to maintain that such is
the case—lands that are best fitted for timber production,
and which are only settled upon to the destruction of the
timber and the disappointment and poverty of the settler
after the timber is swept away, then surely it is the part of
wisdom that such lands should be devoted to the purpose for
which they are best suited. And if settlement is to be properly
directed, the Government must know where her good lands
and her poor lands are.

16 Rod

AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHY

Conducted by Hubert McBean Johrstone

NEXT TO GODLINESS.

H. McBean Johnstone.

There was once a certain wise old king who; among other
numerous wise utterances, said, ‘‘ Cleanliness is next to godli-
ness’; and it always seems to me on looking at this little
phrase, that Solomon must have been even more than we give
him credit for, for have we not here almost proof positive that
he foresaw the ultimate discovery of photography? Certain it
is. at all events, that in no kind of work is it more essential
that absolute cleanliness prevail. From A to Z, from the most
important to the minor details ppon which the attainment of
success may turn, is purity necessary, for filth of one sort or
another, sometimes in one place and sometimes somewhere
elso, and oftenest everywhere, is responsible for at least half
of the difficulties that beset the amateur. Dust gets in every
part of his apparatus, from the carrying case to the dry-plate
itself; gets on the lens and reflects just enough light to cause a
faint general fog, which, while not amounting to much of it-
self, destroys most effectually any possibility of brillianey; gets
in the bellows and dark-slide, and settling on the surface of
the plate, makes millions of pin-holes ; gets in the trays and
graduates and causes chemical fog; gets on his fingers and
thence to the dry-plate itself, or perhaps on the print, and gives
us those charmingly exact reproductions of the human skin so
frequently to be found in amateur work; gets between the
negative and paper and leaves mysterious and unaccountable
little white spots on our deepest and densest shadows, or mars
the incomparable gradation of some carefully handled half-
tone ; gets in the toning bath and sends the gold down ina
black precipitate that causes the formula to be wrongfully
found guilty of failure to do its work ; gets on the mount or in
the paste, and punches holes through or raises mountains on
the surface of the mounted print; gets into a dozen other
different places and does things it has no right to do, or rather,
hat have no right to be done. In fact, the description of dirt
that is given in the dictionary—matter in the wrong place

while occasionally to be doubted as to correctness, is in the
art-science of photography as nearly right as can be, for it is
invariably in the wrong place.
most everywhere, a statement which may be easily proved by
taking a small spirit lamp and setting it onatable at some
little distance ; then take some object that belongs to the place
and gently tap it against the wall, when the passage of the
dust fromit with the sodium it contains will at once cause the
{lame to temporarily burn yellow.

Yet, with all its faults, there is about filth one great re-
deeming feature—the comparitive ease with which it may be
abolished. In spite of the fact that like vice, it ‘‘ to be hated,
needs but to be seen, ’’ no laboriously acquired technical edu-
cation, no familiarity with geometry or anything else, is need-
ed to assist in obviating it.

And that wrong place is al-

Once its power is neutralized by
a realization of its greatness, nothing more than a slight man-
ual dexterity with soap and brush and the ability to properly
manipulate a dusting cloth, is needed to be rid of it,

First there is the equipment to attend to and, fora start,
suppose you set your camera upon the table in front of you and

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in Canada

make ready to take it apart.

To begin with, look inside your
carrying case.

It is a curious little fact that even those work-
ers who are most careful about the other parts of their para-
phernalia are usually found to be Jax in this direction. They
never stop to think that whenever the camera is set up out-
side, the case is left on the ground and standing wide open, so
that every stray breath of air may blow coating after coating of
dust into it, to catch and lodge on the fuzzy lining that is com-
monly used. Then, in due time, this dust finds its way into
every crack and crevice of the apparatus, and no matter how
carefully it be looked after, it is more or less a waste of time,
unless the inside of the carrying case be gone over regularly
with a whisk-broom.

The next important point to be looked after is the bellows,
for it is inside its folds that the most dangerous dust collects
and finds rest until the critical moment when it is drawn out
to focus. Then it rises ina fine cloud, and as the light rays
find their way through the lens to the surface of the plate,
dims their lustre in no slight degree. Particularly is dust to
be found here when the camera is stored in the dark-room,—
a most improper place, by the way,—where such chemicals as
hypo., ete., are constantly evaporating and leaving in their
place a fine dust which the slightest jar will stir up and send
floating through the air. Some workers advocate the smear-
ing of the inside of the bellows with a thin coating of vaseline
to catch and retain all these particles, and, so long as the
vaseline will stay, the plan is an excellent one. The trouble
is, however, that it will not stay. Like any other substance
of a similar nature, it evaporates, and then there is merely a
resumption of the old complaint, and owing to the time it has
had and the amount that has gathered, the dust is even thicker
than before. It is to be regretted that vaseline evaporates so,
but until there is invented something of the kind that is
equally harmless to the leather and that will stay permanently
sticky, the only really safe method is to go over the bellows
periodically and get rid of the accumulation in a good old-
fashioned way. A very efficient manner of doing this is to
take an ordinary household blower or bellows, and tying a
piece of cotton-wool over the nozzle, run it through the lens
opening and turn it this way and that, so that every remote
corner, no matter how inaccessible, is effectually cleaned out.
The object of the cotton-wool over the nozzle is to prevent the
dust that is put in circulation from being sucked back in when
the bellows are opened, and then blown out again and lodged
as before. An examination of the quantity of dust on the
cotton-wool after the operation will prove this. Then, though
the dark-slide should be gone over regularly with the dusting
brush, it is well to subject it also to this wind cure oceasion-
ally, to remove any particles that the bristles may have been
unable to reach.

After going over all this caution about keeping clear of dust,
it ought to be superfluous to mention the brushing off of the
plate before putting it in the holder, though perhaps it might
be safer to just mention the proper way of doing it. Very
frequently the dusting off does more harm than good, for it is
done quickly, and the rapid passing of the brush across the
sensitive emulsion of the film so electrifies it that it causes any
particles which may chance to be floating nearby to be im-
mediately attracted and to adhere to its surface. The operation
ought to be performed slowly and evenly. Again, in nine cases
out of ten, when the brush is not in use, it is left lying on a near-
by shelf, no apparent thought being given to the fact that
there is probably more or less dust there and more settling

Rod and Gun

every minute. When it is used, that is all transferred to the
plate—every grain of it. A fine grain on a negative is a nice
thing and to be sought after, but not the kind that dust leaves,
where half the time each spot, comet-like, has a long tail to it.
The way out of the difficulty is to hang the dusting brush up
by a string.

Dust on the shelves seems somehow to beas natural toa
dark-room as stars to the heavens on a June night, and very
largely it comes from the drippings of the various bottles that
are set there after using. There is no excuse for dripping
from bottles, anyway, any more than there is spilling in pour-
ing. A thin coating of the vaseline previously referred to, if
smeared round the top, will prevent a drip and make your
labels last and preserve their sightly appearance much longer.
Before starting to clean the dark-room, if it has been left for any
time, a slightly dampened duster ought to be passed along the
surface of the shelves and benches where there is any possibil-
ity of dust accumulating ; and if the room be used daily, this
should be done every morning, And be sure to remember to
wash your dusters occasionally, else the cure is likely to become
worse than the disease. White-washed ceilings in such places
are an abomination, not alone from the fact that they are
strong reflectors, but also because they are apt to precipitate
small particles, which, being of a strongly alkaline nature,
will invariably cause spots if they fall on a plate or print dur-
ing development. This, however, is a comparatively uncom-
mon trouble, and it is to be advised that you look rather to
dirty tables and shelves for the cause of the many mysterious
troubles that are prone to vex the worker. Hypo., pyro., and
innumerable other kinds of chemicals evaporate and leave
dust, which accumulates invariably where it is most danger-
ous,—just above the work table and sink, for that is where the
bottles are most frequently kept. Only the slightest disturb-
ance, either from a draught or moving a bottle, stirs it up, and
then, with the perversity of inanimate objects, down it comes
right where it is not wanted. To again state the remedy is
unnecessary. You know it.

Now for just one word on the care and cleaning of the most
important part of the outfit—the lens. Ii there was a case
provided with yours, you are lucky ; if there was not, you must
get one, for it is absolutely essential that you have a covering
of some sort for it. Something stiff, that will serve as a pro-
tection against chance knocks, is best; but in default of pro-
curing that, a small leather pouch lined with soft chamois will
answer very well. This, of course, ought to be turned wrong
side out and cleaned from time to time. If the tube be fitted
with Waterhouse stops, more dust will find its way in than if
it have an Iris diaphragm, and it will be more often necessary
to take it apart to clean. For this purpose a very soft cotton
cloth is preferable to chamois on account of the grease that the
latter is apt to leave on the surface. though it is true that the
use of rectified oil of turpentine will remedy this trouble.
Care must be observed in the use of the oil, however, on ac-
count of the Canada balsam with which the lens glass is
cemented together being soluble in it. In polishing the lens
surface be careful to always dust it off carefully first, else a
small particle of dust or grit is apt to be drawn across the sur-
face and more or less impair its usefulness Hours were
probably spent in finishing that little bit of glass, but it is
astonishing how quickly you may spoil it.

Regarding clean chemicals and dishes, it ought to be necess-
ary to say but little. Their importance cannot be overestim-
ated. Hydrochloric acid diluted with an equal volume of

in Canada t7

water, is a most excellent solvent, and dishes, measures, bot-
tles, etc., if once rinsed out with this solution are, asa rule,
quite clean. Do not, however, spill any of it on clothes or
furniture, for it leaves a rotten patch wherever it falls as well
as making a nasty stain. To cleanse a dish that has been used
for hypo. it is pre-excellent,

To avoid all the evils that haye been enumerated here, no-
thing short of scrupulous cleanlinses is sufficient : cleanliness in
washing and dusting, in pure chemicals and pure, fresh water.
There is no trouble more common than those that can be
traced to dust and dirt, and at the same time none so easily
remedied ; as a consequence of which there is none for which
it is so difficult to excuse failures.

™

STRENGTH AND SIMPLICITY.

In the pursuit of landscape photography, when it is desired
that the results be something more than mere photograms,
that they possess a pictorial value that will render them valu-
able for decorative purposes, and that they will have in them
that subtle quality which makes them worthy of study for
hours at a time, and then over again, an important element in
the attainment of success is that the picture possess, in degrees
as large as possible, simplicity and strength. In fact, these two
qualities are absolutely necessary to the success of the picture,
for without them a photogram will hardly be worth the paper
on which it is printed.

Perhaps the meaning that you are wanted to catch will be
clearer, and the idea more forcibly impressed, if an exact
analysis of these two words be given; though to set forth in
cold, hard words, how the spirituel quality of a picture has been
evolved, is no mean task. In considering the subject, simpli-
city ought to come first, for unless the picture have this quality
it cannot well amount to anything. And to show you more
clearly what is meant, it will be necessary to ask that you
turn from the subject of photography and bend your thoughts
toward the works that the great masters of poetry and prose
have given to the world. It is not necessary to particularize
—any really great work will do; only take it and consider for
yourself wherein lies its peculiar charm that has endeared it
to the minds of a hundred thousand people. You will not
find it is a work that amuses, for there may be many that will
do that much better ; it is not that it be sad, for there may be
a great many that are more sad ; and it is not a dozen other
things that would only appeal to a certain minority and not
touch the rest. The secret lies in the fact that in every one
of its little details the great work comes right down to the
every day life of the people, and gives them something they
themselves have realized from experience to be truth, and
something they are thoroughly capable of understanding and
appreciating. Tell me, do you think the laughing verses of—
say, well, Lewis Carroll or Gillett Burgess, for instance, would
ever, could ever, have touched that inner hidden chord of
sympathy and feeling in the breast of the masses that was
reached when ‘‘ The Man with the Hoe”’ was published? Yet,
not that Carroll did not do his work well. But he only reached
a few; only the percentage of the people who were able to
laugh with him. He did not come right down to the soil that
the people live on; talk to them of those things they knew,
and feel with them as they felt.

Now, why not put that simplicity of purpose into a photo-
gram ; come right to the very thing that we are looking for,
photograph it as the people see it, and in the exact atmosphere

18

that they understand it. I used to think that when a ‘‘simple’
picture was referred to, it was meant that that photogram must
have very little in it; and that, for instance, ina landscape
there could not be more than two, or at the outside, three trees,
and that these three must be set well apart and not on any
account allowed to overlap. Why, to overlap would have
made the subject very complex! But since then the realization
has come to me that my trees and bushes may be bunched in
just as thick a mass as they grow,—if they grow that way in
the scene that is being depicted ; and to attempt to take them
in any other manner would not only be no improvement to the
simplicity, but would be a positive detraction. The main
point to bear in mind in looking for this quality, which I am
afraid I have defined but badly, is that your aim is to get on
the plate, not the actualities of the prospect spread before you,
but the soul of it, if you can understand what is meant by
that.

In defining the other word, strength, it is almost necessary
to fall back on simplicity, for a picture that is not simple can
not be strong. On the other hand, it is possible that the
photogram may be simple and not have the strength it ought ;
for bear in mind that strength in a picture is, after all, only
the excellence of the manner in which you express its
simplicity. Supposing Markham had had his idea for his
famous poem, ‘‘ The Man with the Hoe,’’ without having the
ability to put it properly into words,—had felt the great thought
come surging through his brain, without being able to give
proper utterance to it (and we feel that way at times), what
would have been the result? Certainly no one else was
capable of taking his idea from him and making anything of
it ; perhaps no one even knew that he had the great thought in
mind, and the world would never have had it. He simply had
to be able to finish it off himself, and in the strongest way
ability could do it. And he dit it. Now, that is what you all
have to be able to do with your photograms in order to make
successes of them. You must take the germ of the idea and
conceive for yourself the picture that is going to express
it to others, so that they will see it as you see it, and so that
they can feel it as you feel it.

*

The Scrap Bag.

;

A Merry Curistuas To You.—This is December ; astonish-
ing, isn’t it, how old Father Time does hustle the years along ?
Why, this little photographic department has its second birthday
this month, and here’s ‘‘ Rop anp Gun tN CaNnADA’’ itself, attain-
ing the ripe age of two anda half! Well, I wish you alla very
Merry Christmas, and trust that when old St. Nicholas comeg
down your chimney he will drop into each and every child’s
stocking a camera of the finest make, and to the elders who
don’t know of it, an order from some of those who do, of a
year’s subscription to this Canadian sporting publication.

‘* Here’s lookin’ at ye!

Trays Taat Witt Stanp Actp.—When you are buying a
tray for photographic purposes, itis always best to inquire
whether or not it will stand acid. Some trays won't, though
it is a fact that this isa trouble met with less frequently to-day
than it was several years ago.

A Remepy For Crixkiuinc.—When the prints that you
want to use for slip-in mounting show a tendency to crinkl-
ing, you may avoid the difficulty by first mounting them on a
thin piece of pliable cardboard, and then mount them in the
slip-in mount.

Rod and Gun in Canada

Tue ‘* Kava-rEcH-No-scoPe.’’—Went to an entertainment
the other evening where they advertised that they would show
some moving pictures with a ‘‘ Kala-tech-no-scope.’”’ That’s a
new oneonme. I’ve heard it called a“ Biograph,”’ a ‘‘Cinemeto-
graph,” a“Vitascope,” and almost everything else that different
combinations of letters will form, but I must say that this
is the first time I ever ran up against a “ Kala-tech-no-scope.”
What's coming next?

On Fixpixc One’s Way Asovut.—Amateur phographers
when visiting a strange city are often handicapped by not
knowing where the principal points of local interest are, and as
a consequence their pictures are frequently sadly lacking in
those distinctive features which people familiar with the place
usually associate with it in their minds. This is not only the
case in the larger cities and towns, but holds good anywhere.
Now, I think you will find that the easiest way is to go direct
to one of the leading photographic dealers and have a little talk
with him (of course, it may be necessary to buy a roll of film or
something), and in nine cases out of ten he will be able to put
you next, not only to the places you ought to see, but also to
the best light to get them underand the quickest way to get
there. Don’t be shy ; he can help you.

Hatation aNp Irs Cure,—Sometime ago one of the jour-
nals advocated the use of putty dabbed on the back of a plate
as a means of curing halation. This advice has to be taken
with a grain of caution. As linseed oil, one of the constituents
of putty, has been proved to have the power of fogging plates,
together with turpentine and various other oils and extracts,
the plate must not be so treated very long before use. Again,
the majority of careful workers who back their plates as a pre-
ventive of reflection from the glass side, seem to be unaware
that much of the halation obtained on both backed and un-
backed plates is very largely due to the method of develop-
ment. If the image is kept well on the surface of the plate
and not allowed to penetrate to the back, halation is almost
entirely climinated. The “ density first’? method of develop-
ment will have this effect, or a preliminary soak in the re-
strainer alone, followed by the usual development, will be found
effective.

A Crear Rerovcninc Desxk.—To those readers who want
a retouching desk and are unwilling to go to the really unne-
cessary expense of purchasing one before they have learned
anything about its use, the following little scheme may be of
more than passing interest. Secure a printing frame that is
somewhat larger than the size of plate you are using, say a five
by eight for a four by five negative, and a sheet of clean ground
glass to goinit. Sitat atable facing the window, and place
the frame in front of you at an angle of about forty-five degrees,
supporting it by props of some sort. Then lean your negative
in it, and lay on it a piece of black paper with a hole an inch in
diameter, in the center. Now you are ready for business.

Tne Por or View.—The young amateur who starts in to
photograph nature just as he finds her, and desires to catch
those phases of her that will best convey to others the impres-
sion of the scene as it really is, will find that the first thing
which must be considered is the point of view from which he
is going to work. After he has made a couple of exposures he
will come rapidly to a realization of the fact that two feet one
way oc two feet the other, or a raising or lowering of the in-
strument, even only six inches, is going to produce on the dry
plate results so different, and some so much better than others,
that it would be almost hard to believe that the standpoint was

Rod and Gun

not altered by yards and rods instead of only feet and inches.
While Iam writing this there comes to my mind a picture of a
swampy bit of ground that I have many times crossed and _ re-
crossed and pictured in a dozen different ways, where the
whole thing consists of merely water broken in every direction
by tufts of long rank grasses and surmounted by a broad ex-
panse of clear sky, unless, perchance, it be spotted by an occa-
sional duck or mud hen. When first I went to photograph it,
I took the picture from the ordinary height of the tripod, and
secured a very ordinary looking thing such as anyone might
get by merely setting the instrument in place and blazing away.
I was not satisfied. Then I took it again, and this time I
lowered the camera to almost two feet from the ground, so that
a broad stretch of uninteresting water was cut off and with it
a lot of superfluous foreground, while at the same time there
was a small stream left in the lower part of the picture which
was effectively broken by a tall tuft of bulrushes. Then, too,
the distance is thrown farther back by the bold foreground.
In fact, water fenland and meadows may often be dealt with
to advantage in the same way, for the foreshortening turns all
but the widest of these streams into effective lines for the fore-
ground, and by a very little thought they can be made to take
strangely parallel courses, which by their harmonious blending
are an inestimable benefit to the composition. But this, I
think, will show you what I mean when I say that a difference
of a very few inches will make a vast improvement in the print.

A Surrasite Camera For Carryinc Purposes.—During the
winter the amateur who is desirous of snow-shoeing around the
mountain, skating across the bosom of the lake, wandering
down beside the ice-hung hedgerow, or where not, is presented
with the question of which camera is best suited to his purpose
and easiest to carry. He knows there are many that will an-
swer, but that there must be one best, and that one he wants to
find. It must not be bulky; it must be compact. This is
what makes so many amateurs use a magazine, fixed-focus,
hand-instrument. Now, there is really no reason for using a
fixed focus or a hand camera in landscape work; certainly no
advantage ; fact is, I contend, that it is a positive disadvantage
for to haye a camera in one’s hand seems somehow to inspire a
desire to take shots at everything that comes along. Instead,
suppose you take with you one of those instruments of the
““eyele’’ variety; one that fills half a flat sole-leather case,
and leaves the other half to accommodate three or four double
plate-holders. One seldom wants to take more than six photo-
graphs in one day’s outing. As to the size of picture, I prefer
a 5x7, though if you think that the extra weight is too much, a
4x5 will auswer very nicely. Another thing, it is possible
nowadays to get cameras that are so made that the front
combination of the lens may be removed at will, and the bellows
being so made that they will pull out to about three times the
usual length, you have a long-focus instrument with a long-focus
lens. This takes up no more room, weighs only a couple of
ounces more, and costs so little extra as to be well worth having.
It is true you wiil require a tripod to get the very best that is
to be had with this style of camera (though it is possible to
work without one), but that may be put ina tripod case and
strapped right to the carrying case. Then, when the whole
thing is slung over the shoulder the bother of carrying it is
almost entirely obviated, and the additional weight amounts to
so little as to be beneath consideration. With such an instru-
ment one feels no inclination to be foreyer making exposures
on subjects of no account, for with the necessity of setting it up

in Canada 19
for each shot there comes a closer studying of the picture con-
templated, and half the time a decision to leave it alone.

So far I have been assuming that you only wanted to picture
inanimate nature as you found her. But perhaps you want to
do more: to photograph the poise of the hound; the running
deer; the convulsive dying leap of the bull-moose ; the quick
rush of the sportsman, or a dozen other hurried movements
that necessitate speed and dexterity of action. There is no
time to go through a lengthy operation of setting up the tripod,
serewing the camera on top, focussing under a black cloth,
putting a plate in and then drawing the slide. It takes too
long. Why, by the time you are ready to make the exposure
your subject is miles away. Here it is necessary to use a hand-
camera, and the best is of the very type that I have just been
warning you against for simple landscape work. You do not
want one to make photograms larger than 4x5, else it will be
too heavy and bulky. Forquick action you want it to be fitted
with one of those magazines that require only the turning of a
little handle half round and back to have another plate in
position; that has a brilliant view-finder (not ordinary, but
brilliant) ; and to have a pneumatic release for the shutter.
This last is important, in fact, | might even say more impor-
tant, for everything I have mentioned is important. You have
no idea of the number of good photograms that have been
hopelessly ruined and blurred by pressing the button a little
too hard when one is all aquiver with the excitement of the
chase. Be sure to have a pneumatic release. This camera, of
course, can be carried just as easily as any other type, by a strap
over the shoulder. But, on the other hand, the idea that it is
more easily carried just because it is a ‘* hand’? camera, is erron-
eous; and I want it most emphatically understood, because of
the careless style of work it leads to, that I advise against its
use except where absolutely necessary.

Curistmas Posr Carps.—To those desirous of sending pretty
little remembrances to their friends at this ‘‘ Peace on earth ”’
season, the idea of the sensitised postal ought to appeal particu-
larly, for by its use it is possible to let our acquaintances see
those spots with which they are familiar, instead of merely
sending to them some insignificant card that has no earthly use,
unless it be to act as a reminder that we are alive, and which
in all probability is only consigned to the W.P.B. after being
looked at. A photographic Xmas card not only fills all the
conventional uses and meanings of the regular card, but does
something more. It recalls pleasant memories. Why not use
it?

A Wuire EpGe on Prints rrom Frums.—Frequently there
is trouble experienced in getting a white edge on a print where
film has been used instead of glass plates in the taking. In the
fact that a print is improved in appearance by a white edge,
there is little room for doubt. But it is difficult to get the mask
on the film straight, owing to the tendency to curl. To get
round the difficulty, take four pieces of black paper and cut a
straight edge on them; then paste them on a sheet of glass—
preferably an old negative that has been well cleaned off. Take
care to have the corners perfectly square. The result is a nice
mask. By putting this in the printing frame with the negative
on top, prints can be made in the usual way. Several of these
masks of varying sizes may be made, the one which best suits
the negative being employed.

AMATEUR AND PROFESSIONAL.—An amateur photographer is
one who makes money by the pursuit of the art ; a professional,
one who tries to.

20

THos—E —— Stoppers !—More poor results than one would
think for can be traced to the using of the wrong stopper in the
wrong bottle, when you are through in the dark room. Tre the
stopper to the bottle it belongs to, and you will not notice all
the unique results in the chemicals that you have been growing
accustomed to. Hypo. as a developer wiil not produce much
of anything, you know, unless we count language. As a
developer of the vocabulary it is, perhaps, unexcelled.

*
Correspondence.

Correspondence should be addressed to H. McBean John-
stone, P.O. Box 651, Sarnia, Ontario.

Horace MacPherson, Camlachie, Ont.—You say that you
are trying to do enlarging with a long-focus camera by removing
the front combination of the lens, and that it will not work as
you wantitto. Now, tell me, will you, why vou want to remove
the front of your lens? Did anyone tell you that that was
necessary to make copies. If they did they are wrong. Try it
by using the lens just as it is and drawing the bellows outas far
as they will go. Then focus by moving the whole camera back or
forward, and not by shifting the bellows. Of course, when you
have secured an approximate focus by this method, it will be
necessary to use the bellows for fine focussing. Regarding your
difficulty in securing an even focus, pin your copy to a bit of
board or the wall, or anywhere you like, but be sure you have
something for a backing that is perfectly horizontal, or rather
that both plate and copy be on precisely the same angle. You
may pin the copy upside down for convenience in focussing ;
this will make it right side up on the ground glass.

C. O. 8., Allentown, Pa.—Your specialty appears to be
railroad studies, and, so faras I have seen, your powers of selec-
tion and the judgment you display in handling appear to be
fairly well developed. Your Pan-American work is also fair,
though bearing evidence of hasty execution, possibly the result
of failing to rest your instrument on something when you made
the shots. I think you will find that if youconfine your atten_
tion more exclusively to those subjects with which you are
familiar, instead of dividing it here and there, the chances are
that you will have more to show in the end for your labour.
Concentration, you know, is what makes a man. You must
keep pounding away in one spot to achieve anything.

“What Plate ?’’—I do not like the plate you refer to as the
one you have been using, for I find that owing to some fault in
the emulsion it is so very frequently full of pinholes. Stop
using a fast plate as you are doing. Plates of medium speed
havea thicker coating of emulsion and give negatives with much
fuller gradation in the half tones and shadows. Use the
developer recommended by the maker of the plate for the very
best results. He ought to know better than you or I what
his own plate requires.

A BRITISH COLUMBIAN WATER.

The beauty of Shuswap Lake in British Columbia is not its
only charm. This mountain water has a great attraction for the
angler, for here during May and June fly-fishing that is not
excelled elsewhere can be enjoyed. The waters teem with rain-
bow trout, which rank amongst the gamest of fish, and at the
mouths of the numerous creeks and streams flowing into the
lake the fisherman is always in these months rewarded by

Rod and Gun in Canada

excellent catches. A favorite spot is at the mouth of Eagle
River, a short distance from the Hotel Sicamous, which forms
an ideal headquarters for sportsmen, being located on the
water’s edge, and affording the most comfortable quarters
imaginable.

During last June, two English clergymen, Rev. Mr. Arm-
itage, of London,and Rey. Mr. Marshall, of Cambridge, stopped
over for a day, and being ardent anglers remained a week.
In a few hours each day they caught from twenty-five to thirty
trout which averaged two pounds. Amongst the catch were
some that went as high as five and six pounds. But this is
not regarded as anything particularly extraordinary. Anyone
can rival it, and eight and ten pounders have been landed.

There is a fish story which is not fishy, but is actually
vouched for by Mr. Padmore, the host of Hotel Sicamous ; and
he knows it is true, because he partook of the victim himself
for lunch. In crossing the lake in September last, Mr. Irvine,
aminer, who was not on a fishing expedition, captured a
three-pound beauty. It jumped out of the water about three
feet, and landed fairly in his boat. He managed to secure it
before it could jump out again, and no angler was ever prouder
of his catch.

During July and August, when the salmon run, the trout
disappear ; but in the fall they are again pretty plentiful. It
is then that trolling replaces fly-fishing.

Sicamous is on the Canadian Pacific Railway, where a
branch line runs down the Okanagan valley to Okanagan
Lake, by which the best hunting grounds of this great game
country can be reached. Around about Sicamous is excellent
wild fowl shooting—ducks, geese, swan, grouse, etc.—and there
is big game in the mountains, but the lack of trails makes it
difficult to reach the caribou, bear and deer, which, however,
can be easily got at by a trip to Vernon, near Okanagan Lake,
where Indian guides and complete outfits can be procured.

Sicamous itself is a delightful resort, never overcrowded,
and the fishing being within easy distance of the hotel by row
boat will attract those disciples of Izaak Walton who thoroughly
enjoy the sport for the sport’s sake.

Srwasu.
Vancouver, B.C.
*

THE ‘‘ WOOD” BUFFALO.

To rue Eprror Rop ann Gun:

A recent item of North-West news makes reference to the
“ wood”? buffalo in the Mackenzie River country, stating that
they are multiplying, a band of 250 having been seen lately,
according to this account. But that to which T wish to call
your interested attention, is the further statement that the
close season for “wood”? buffalo is about to expire, or has
actually expired. Surely this “remnant” of noble game
should be protected, for many years to come, from any attack
on their numbers from all and sundry of head, pelt and pot-
hunters? The close season for this peculiarly valuable stock
of wild animals should be indefinitely prolonged. They should
receive as complete and rigorous protection as the cattle on any
of the Government Experimental Farms in the North-West.

Again bespeaking your interest and that of all Canadian

sportsmen in this matter.
Joun McAree.

Rat Portage, Ont.

CANADIAN SHOOTING AND FISHING

ARE UNRIVALLED

Canadian
Pacific
Railway

ALONE GIVES EASY
ACCESS TO THE BEST

The General Passenger Department,
Montreal, P.Q., will answer enquiries,
and send copies of Game Map, Fishing
and Shooting and other useful publi=
cations, on application.

An UNNAMED Lake

CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY.

THE BEST SHOOTING AND FISHING IN NORTH AMERICA ARE TO BE HAD ALONG
THE LINE OF THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY. THERE IS A CHOICE OF MOOSE,

CARIBOU, DEER,
BIGHORN, BEAR,
GOAT, ANTELOPE,
DUCK, QUAIL,
PARTRIDGE, GEESE,
SNIPE, WOODCOCK,
SALMON, BROOK TROUT,
RAINBOW TROUT,
PIKE, MASCALONGE ,
and BRINGING OUT A KIPPEWA HEAD. DORE.

Send for copy of our Game Map, our Fishing and Shooting and other
useful publications, to General Passenger Dept., Montreal, P.Q.

Established 1845

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|E keep in stock all the requirements
for nearly every known sport. A

few of our specialties are:
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"REPEATING RIFLES

repeat. They don’t jam, catch, or fail to extract.

In a word, they are the only reliable repeaters.
rifles are made in all desirable
calibers, weights and styles; and are plain,

Winchester

All sportsmen use and

praise

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as the only real gun oil on the market.
Lubricates p verfectly, cleans out burnt
powder (smokeless too), prevents rust
on barrel and polishes the stock.
F Sample bottle sent for two cent
REE Stan p to pay the postage. Try.
At All Dealers.

partially or elaborately ornamented, suiting every
purpose, every pocketbook, and every taste. GIW. GOCE co

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Send name and address ona Postal
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WINCHESTER REPEATING ARMS CO., NEW HAVEN, CONN. vass for subscriptions for Rop anp Gun

iw Canapa. A liberal commission allow-
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HAMILTON POWDER CO.

HAS MANUFACTURED

SPORTINS GUN POWDER

Since 1865, as a result you have

“CARIBOU” made from best materials, perfectly
put together. *‘ DUCKING’ hard pressed,
slow burning, keeps well under all conditions.
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Cheap. The powder for every day use.

ESSE LE. SAY

Powder can be bought in Canada as good as ever
put ina gun. It has a sitive advantage over
home make, the dirt is soft.—J. J. W in London
Field

AMERICANS SAY

The finer Engii~h or American Powder and Cana-

dian *‘ Caribou,” | am quite familiar with. They
give so little recoil that one may shoot all day
without bruised shoulder or headache —Forest

and Stream

CANADIANS ABROAD SAY
Can you send over some Trap? I don't mean to
flatter but it is ad of anything we get here.—

BRITISH AMERICAN HOTEL

WINDSOR, ONT,
LEADING HOTEL IN THE CITY
SPECIAL RATES FOR TOURISTS
T. W. MCKEE, PAaOPRIETOR

In point of cuisine and equipment, THE
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rooms, single or en suite, are the most airy
and comfortable in the Dominion. The
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Toronto, Ont. Proprietors.

JUST
FROM
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PRESS

A Sportsman’s
Caxidermy and
Photograpby=«

A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE ABOVE
TWO ARTS. PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED.

Address

Every Sportsman and jis H SMITH
é : % A ;

lover of out-of-doors

should have this pretty STRATHROY
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little volume in his lib-

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j ; The 201! sh in thi §

Four Times a Winner of the Baahis at ‘Querus, ee NY.
: u could not defeat the “OLD

Grand American Handicaps sirsece. EC Geter
7 ee a NRE TID Pa

GUN, killed 43 straight, winning $600.00 and the Cup. Of the 22 men who killed

straight, 7 shot PARKERS, and 86 of the 201 shooters faced the trap with
PARKER GUNS. SEND FOR CATALOGUE.

si Precheckn PARKER BROS, MERIDEN, GONN,

ROD AND GUN
IN CANADA <2 23 2% 8 ost

MONTREAL, JANUARY, 1902.

One Dollar Per Annum.

DEVOTED
TO

THE
FISHING
GAME AND

FOREST
INTERESTS
OF
CANADA.

Single Copies Ten Cents.

A TRIP TO MATACHUAN.
By C. C. Farr
(Continued from the December issue.)

This part of the Montreal River is simply beautiful, white
waterlilies, and yellow, grow in great profusion along the shore,
and in the grass fringed bays.

Bold hills arise beyond the level valley of the river, at
times approaching the very banks, at others receding into the
distance, so as to become invisible from the river.

As we paddled along, little Harry became restless, as
children will, and to keep him quiet his father told him to
watch for partridges on the trees, while his mother assured him
that if he would only stop his tears he would certainly see a
marten come out of the bush.

I thought how all humanity is akin, all doing the same kind
of things, modified alone by the conditions that surround them,

Meechell pointed out to me a beaver house built in the bank
of the river. In fact, he showed me two.

He assured me that these bank were not idle
bachelors, but that they lived a most respectable life in pairs ;
raising a family every vear, as all good beavers should. I
noticed that these beavers had certainly not been idle, for they
had cut many good-sized trees, and had evidently commenced
to lay in their winter stock of provisions.

I noticed, and indeed it is now a well-known fact, that all
the tamarac has died or is dying.

I asked Meechell if he could explain the reason why.

He told me that some four or five years ago a late frost cut
the trees when they were first out in leaf. Any other tree but
a tamarac could stand this, and live ; but a tamarac could not,
hence the phenomenon. I have suggested this theory to
lumbermen, but by them it has not always been accepted as
valid. They say that some worm has done this, a worm that
bores into the wood, commencing at the topmost branches.

Iam inclined to favor Meechell’s theory, and to believe
that the lumbermen are accepting the effect for the cause. Of
one thing, I feel convinced, namely, that the cause is a climatic
Be what it may, the fact remains that we have lost our
tamarac, a loss that will take over a hundred years to make
good.

At the Odush-koon-i-gam we went ashore to eat. Boy cut
arod, and went off to fish. I followed him, and we sought for
frogs, but finding none, we made use of a mussel, from off
which Boy had crushed the shell. I let him do the fishing,
while I hunted better bait. As I wandered further on, I saw a
monster bass leisurely swimming along the shore, evidently on

beavers

one.

the feed. Back I rushed to Boy, who had missed a fish, and
was vainly trying to induce the fish to bite again.

I had him collect some mussels, and kept an eye open for a
frog as we walked back to where I saw the bass.

It was there, and hardly had my bait touched the water
when it made a rush for it. I struck too soon, and though
slightly turning it, I missed it.

At the same time, Noowi rushed up, having secured a
diminutive frog. Quickly I popped him on to the hook, and
this time I thought I had my fish, but alas, after playing it a
few seconds, it got away. Then was I filled with grief and
In vain I dangled the lacerated remains of the frog in
the water. It heeded not, and,as a forlorn hope, I bade Boy
strip the shell from offanother mussel. This I threw far out
into the deep water, and then, oh joy, the line began to tighten.
Once more I struck my fish, and this time Thad it. Ifelt it in
my very bones. Boy wanted to grasp the line and haul in by
main strength. Luckily, I caught on to what he was at, and
stopped him, for he would have smashed my frail hook like a

rage.

pipe stem.

Long we fought, Land the bass. I had no landing net, nor
gaff. My only chance was to tire him out, and then slide him
up the gently sloping bank. This I sneceeded in doing, sothat
Boy could rush in between the water and the bass, which he
did, throwing up the monster high and dry. He was a happy
boy He danced and shouted. I felt like doing the same thing
myself, so I couldn’t blame the boy, for it wasa beauty. I know
that there is no use talking weights of fish without the truth
compelling scales, but I have caught many bass which I have
weighed, and I certainly would put this fish at six pounds. It
One may say that,

was the largest bass that I have ever seen.
when cooked, it nearly made a meal for the whole party.

After eating, into the canoes again. Thesun was very hot.
We had eaten a good meal, and, as the Indians said, ‘‘we were
lazy to paddle,’ but the canoes pushed steadily on. I must
confess that this part of the river was uninteresting. That is,
after we left the lakes, and wended our way up the narrow,
tortuous river. Nota bad showing from an agricultural point
of view, but tedious to the tourist. At the rapid, which is at
the foot of Round Lake, we eat again, but the sun was still
high, so we pushed on.

When we turned the point into Round Lake, the wind was
fine, so we hoisted sail, and rested our weary arms.

There is something very attractive in canoe sailing. The
motion is so essentially a gliding one ; so restful and conducive
tosleep. The gentle wash of the water adds to the soporitic
effect.

2 Rod and Gun

I must confess that I myself indulged in forty winks, as we
smoothly sailed along; not before, however, Meechell had
pointed out to me the ancient burial ground of the Indians, a
promontory jutting out into the lake, a breezy, restful spot,
where the dead are serenaded by the gentle zephyrs of summer,
and the howling blasts of winter. A fitting home for the dead
children of the forest ; so full of solitude, unmarred by the busy
hum of men. And yet the day is not far distant when this
lake and the surrounding country will become a thriving
community of farmers, for civilization and an age of progress
have marked it for theirown. At the head of this lake, lives
Joseph Quo-hon-jie. Old Joseph he is called, and nearly thirty
years ago he was called
the same.

Many thousand dol-
lars’ worth of furs has
this man brought to the
Hudson’s Bay Com-
pany.
He is
faithful hunters, relics
of bygone days, whose

one of those

creed has been, fidelity
to the Company. It is
true that the priest has
taught their religion to
these men, as evidenced
by the enormous wood-
en cross raised in front
but
creed a-

of Joseph’s door,
the

mongst

older
them, was a
reverence for the
Gitchi Ataway-wi-nini,
The Hudson's Bay Co.
Big Trader), instilled
them upon their
knee, and of
greater significance to
them than all the creeds
of Christendom.

Of this kind is
Joseph, but the race is
dying out, and the
younger men see
things differently.

Of course, we called,
chatter-

into
mother’

and the usual
ing took place amongst

MrkCHELI

the women.
Seeing the importance of the visitors, a musical box was
But our Soosan had bought

a hat in Haileybury, and it was tied up in a red handkerchief.

set in motion, as the show piece,
\s a set-off against the music box, this hat was produced for
inspection, and passed around from hand to hand amidst many
ejaculations of wonder and admiration.

The musical box was not in it, and it soon wailed itself
into silence.

The hat probably cost about sixty cents, and was at least
within five years of the present fashion,

It is strange how civilization creeps up these streams, and
saturates society in the northern wilds.

I remember the first day that I saw Joseph Inohonjie. I
was an apprentice clerk in the Hudson’s Bay Company. A

in Canada

fellow apprentice, probably my senior by about a year, was
attending to Joseph’s needs in the store. His knowledge of the
Indian language was a little better than my own, at the time,
but was even then not of much account. He made out that
Joseph wanted egg-cups. Joseph heard of them from some
Indian who had travelled, and as he was doing a little trading,
as well as hunting, he thought that he ought to have them.
They were to himas symbols of civilization. How we laughed,
and yet we gave him egg-cups ; not from the store, for in those
days they were counted as unnecessary luxuries, but from the
He expected to pay about five dollars apiece for them,
and was agreeably surprised when he found they only cost a

dollar. But I am again

digressing. I must

hurry up, or I shall

never get through my

trip. So we are

house.

tar,
only about half way to
Matachuan, and there
is much left yet to tell.

We camped that
night on Spruce Lake,
or Elk Lake as it is
marked on the maps.

Next morning, as we
were about to start, we

saw a canoe coming
down the lake, with

four Indians paddling
it, and two white men
sitting down comfort-
ably amidships.

We knew that it was
the Hudson’s Bay
Company’s Agent, re-
turning froma trip of
inspection.

We exchanged civil-
ities, but there was an
anxious, enquiring look
upon his face, as much
say, ‘‘ Il wonder

that chap is
after?’ The Hudson's
Bay Company officials

as to

what

live ina constant night-
mare of dread of oppo-
sition. He could have
possessed his soul in

BAPTISTE. :
for I have no

peace,
hankering after the fur trade.

At the Muk-o-bee River, we
camped, so we went ashore, and were entertained by the
display of a tine matchbox, with beautiful pictures upon it, but
the glory of it was immediately eclipsed by Soosan’s hat.

I felt proud to be travelling with that hat, and began to
realize that, with it, we could eclipse anything in sight.

The wind was fair, so we sailed in a lazy manner up this
lake, The scenery was beautiful, and I regretted that we had
to exchange it for a long stretch of monotonous river, wherein

found some more Indians

nothing occurred to break the monotony but the sight of the
ever present moose tracks, and the slaughter of a covey of
partridges. We met many squirrels swimming across the river,
The Indians played with them, lifting them out of the water

Rod and Gun

with their paddles, and throwing them at the women, over
whom the poor frightened little things would run. This kind
of battledore and shuttlecock seemed to afford them much
sport, and they all laughed heartily, but it hada very depressing
effect upon the squirrels. However, they, the Indians, were
not mischievously inclined, and the poor little chaps usually
managed to escape. Meechell told me, that, at this time of
year, squirrels take to the water in great numbers, but that it
was only young squirrels that were thus caught swimming.
They, probably, after being reared by their parents, were
seeking homes and mates of their own.

Above the Kay-kah-be-kayguan, the highest falls on the
river, we saw acanoe lying close to the other shore. There
was evidently a white man sitting in it, so I suggested that we
should interview him. 1 was steering, and I ran our canoe

across. Sure enough, it was a white man, with two Indian
guides. I hailed himin a friendly manner, but he did not
reciprocate. He seemed reticent and reserved, so, dropping

into the Indian language, I asked his guides who he was, and
what he was doing. They told me all they knew about him,
and then we discussed other matters for a while, until we
parted. When we had gone out of sight, and out of earshot,
Meechell and his wife began to laugh. They fairly roared, and
naturally I wanted to know the fun.

**Did you not see him ?’”’ said Meechell.

“Did you not notice what the Sagenash; (white man),
did?”

“No,” I said, ‘‘I saw nothing to cackle about.”

This made them laugh the more, and then they told me
that he had taken our photographs as we came up.

“Perhaps,” said Meechell, ‘‘ he is wanting pictures of
Indians ?”’

And then I saw the point, nor did I fail to rub it into my
wife.

I learned afterwards that he is expecting to publish articles
(illustrated), in the Detroit Free Fress, so that I have every
expectation of appearing as a good intelligent type of Indian in
that funny paper.

Tt was a hot, sultry evening, and as the river here becomes
Just a succession of small rapids, or swift currents, we did not
make much progress. A dark cloud was looming up in the
west, and the distant rumble of thunder betokened a storm.

Meechell chose a small grassy island on which to camp.
As the other canoes were slightly in advance, he hailed to them
to return. The Baldheaded Eagle threw words of scorn and
reprobation at him for choosing such a place. But he answered
good-humoredly enough, that he did not want to be caught in
a deadfall like abear. ‘For,’ explained he to me, ‘if you
“camp amongst high trees in a storm, there is always a chance
“of a tree being blown across your tent, or of being struck by
“lightning.’”? Then he toid me of the crew that had left Moose
Factory with a load for Frederick’s Lake post, and how most
of them were killed by the lightning. I have heard it told
myself years ago, but perhaps the readers of Rop anp Gunhave
not, so I give it as I heard it.

A storm, just of the same kind that threatened us, was
coming up, so they camped upon a portage, beneath a large
pinetree. The storm broke after they had gone to bed. They
were sleeping, as is the custom of voyageurs, beneath their large
canoe. Next morning, out of the seven men who composed
the crew, only two got up. They thought that the rest were
still sleeping. So they were, but it was the sleep of
death.

in Canada 3

The lightning had killed them, and yet the men who
escaped knew it not, though they were lying beside them.
These two managed to make their way back to Moose, carrying
their fearful tale, and a fresh crew of men had to be procured
to put the load to its destination.

Shortly after we had turned in to sleep, the storm came
down upon us, and I recognized Meechell’s wisdom in the
selection of our camping ground. The wind raged and the
thunder roared, while the lightning flashed in sheets. Then
the rain came down in torrents, and it kept me busy training
the little rivulets of water down the roof of the tent, so as to
turn them from off the blankets ; but what gaye the finishing
touch to the weirdness of the whole, was the howling of
wolves close to the camp. I have lived many years in this
northern country, and yet never had heard wolves, until this
evening. I have heard them further south, but never here.
Of course, I discussed the matter with Meechell in the morning,
and he gaye me much interesting information. He said that
the wolves had become very plentiful of late years. Not the
small tawny wolf, which is to be found south, but the big white
wolf, which has come from the north.

The Indians find it difficult to put their meat in a place of
safety inthe winter, for the wolves destroy it. The only way
to insure it being left intact is, to place a trap under it, for
wolves abhor traps.

“Do you know,’’ said Meechell, ‘‘that the wolves are
destroying the moose ?”’

“How can that be,’’ I asked, seeing that I never saw the
moose so plentiful. ‘‘Look at the tracks. How thick they
are ?””

“True,” said he, ‘‘but you only see large tracks. Where
are the small tracks? For the last few vears I have seen
hardly any calves, for the wolves are killing them.”

“T thought that the moose could fight the wolves ?”’ I said.

“So they can,’’ heanswered, ‘‘but itis not hard to get the
calf separated from its mother by worrying it. Then the calf
is easily killed, for it cannot run as a red deer.”’

I then asked Meechell how long it was since he first saw a
moose ?

** \bout forty years ago. I was coming up the Montreal
“River, and at Round Lake I saw a moose. I was just a little
“frightened, forit was like nothing I had ever seen before. I
“can tell you one strange thing about moose,’’ he continued.
“There is a small lake at no great distance from my home, and
“around the shores of this lake, covered by a layer of black
“muck, of about a foot in thickness, there are lots of moose
“bones. You can see, too, their roads cut deep in the ground.
‘They, too, are covered with earth to the same depth, and
“alongside of them, running in the same direction, in fact,
“often on the very same tracks, are the roads of the present
“generation of moose. Can you explain these things ?”’

I could not explain. Have the wolvesbeen the instruments
of extinction in the prehistoric past? It must have been long,
long ago that these creatures lived, for there is no tradition
concerning them amongst the Indians. It would be interesting
to verify these things. Could these bones be the bones of the
elk? But speculation is useless. Investigation alone would
be satisfactory.

Many things Meechell told me about wolves, bears,
wolverines, and other wild animals on that rainy day, while we
were camped on tie small island, but they must be leit for
anotherstory. Jam supposed to beon atrip to Matachuan, and
it looks as if [should never get there.

4 Rod and Gun in Canada

I became hungry for fish, so I asked Meechellif he could
not get some. He answered that he could, so off he went in
the afternoon, with his wife, Noouri and Harry, to set a net.
Next morning we overhauled the net, on our way up. and there
must have been over a dozen beautiful pickerel in it, fine, dark,
handsome fish, I thought that they would have given excellent
sport with rod and line.

Strange that there are no bass in these waters, especially
seeing that they are so plentiful lower down the stream.

It strikes me that the habitat of the bass is much
restricted.

The Temagamingue system of lakes is full of them, but
north, probably to the North Pole itself, bass do not abound.
If this is so, then it is well for us to economize and encourage
our bass. Let the authorities look to it.

We met Meechell’s brother at the nextrapid. By the by,
what an interesting sight it is to watch these Indians handling
their canoes in these swift currents. They use poles, usually
shod with iron, and it is wonderful the pitch of water up which
they will force their canoes with apparent ease.

I am no greenhorn in a canoe myself, and yet, I noticed,
that whenever we came to a pretty stiff pitch of water,
Meechell ordered me out of the canoe, and put his wife in my
place.

It was not complimentary to me, and my wife laughed to
see a ‘‘male person’’ ousted by a woman, but I felt it to be no
disgrace, for Meechell’s wife is as good as any man at such
work, in fact a great deal better than many who think they
know it all. She is a wonderful woman in every way; and the
most light-hearted creature I ever met, always laughing and
chaffing with her husband, and inexcellent humor. The only
time I ever saw her put-out, was one evening when he brought
her wet wood with which to bake her cakes. Even then she
pitched the wood at him in a friendly way, and laughed when
a small stick struck him. Here is another instance of how all
humanity is akin. How many a woman’s temper has been
roused by wet wood. We who live in a wooden country know
all about it.

As Meechell and his brother had not seen each other for
some weeks, they naturally had much to talk about. One of
Meechell’s first questions was :—

“What have you killed ?”’

*“One red deer, one bear, and one moose. The moose was
caughtin a trap set for a bear,’ came the reply.

We fried our fish that morning in the grease of the bear.

I must not forget to say that we saw a bear in one of the
rapids, but it saw us, and vanished.

Meechell’s brother was then on his way to set some bear
traps. He is a good hunter, this William Batist. Since I came
home, he shot six wolves. He saw them eating a moose.
There were ten of them, the old mother and nine pups. He
crept up to them, and killed the old wolf first, and the young
wolves would not leave her ; so he shot five of them before they
scattered. He lost two of them, so he was only able to secure
four skins. These he brought out to get the bounty. But what
a family. Nine ina litter. No wonder that the young moose
are becoming scarce. And the brutes will continue to increase
and multiply, as long as the food supply is sufficient for their
needs.

And now at last we come in sight of the Hudson’s Bay
Company Post, our destination. Bythis time, we hada flotilla
of canoes accompanying us. The gentlemanin charge had the
flag up in honor of our arrival, and it was with a strange

mixture of sensations that I landed at this outpost of
civilization.

I had spent fifteen years of my life in the Hudson(s Bay
Company, and our arrival recalled reminiscences of by-gone
aays.

I could hardly persuade myself that I had not then arrived
to take charge of the post. There was, and probably is,
considerable fuss made over the advent of the new trader, the
rising sun, and one with whom, in this autocratic business, it
is well to stand in favor. I felt myself stepping back nearly
twenty years of my life, and yet, after all, there was consolation
in the thought that the morrow would see me speeding on my
way back to my home again. The life of the Hudson’s Bay
Company's service has its charm, but the isolation of it, the
almost perpetual banishment from real civilization toa man
who, like myself, has tasted the sweets of independent
intercourse with my fellow men, would be to me intolerable,
and the temporary impression was like a nightmare to me, the
recailing of a perplexing dream. Nothing could exceed the
kindness of our reception by Mr. Stephen Lafricain, the
gentleman in charge. He has spent nearly half a century in
the employ of this wonderful company. He, like myself, forgot
the intervening years, and treated me as of the company.

We discussed the trade, until the air seemed fairly laden
with the smell of rats; we discussed the past, men who haye
long been dead, and manners, that, at least in this locality, are
becoming mere traditions.

To discuss the future is the sign of youth, to discuss the
past is the sign of advancing age. I know the verdict, and
accept it as part of the inevitable. So let it be. It takes an
experience of this kind to bring it home.

But the morrow came, and I needs must hasten home.
Those rapids which had been such a source of hard work and
slow progress on the journey up, became a delightful
experience on the journey down. Under the skilful guidance
of Meechell, we glided over the rounded pebbles of the river
bed, which, in the clear water, seemed so close that one
expected every moment to fee] them scraping on the bottom of
our canoe. But Meechell knew the way, and as, he in the bow,
made all the necessary twists and turns to keep the deepest
water, I merely had to watch him, taking my cue from him,
and steer as his motions directed.

That night we camped far down below the big falls, upon
that apparently fishless, uninteresting stretch of river when
every reach seemed alike, only a little longer.

Meechell had promised fish, and he kept his word. We
camped at the mouth ofa small creek, where one would not
expect to find a fish within five miles of us. But Meechell
knew better. After the tents were all set up, he started up the
creek with his wife, Noowi, and the inevitable net. Next
morning, before we were up, he overhauled his net, and
brought back a mu!titude of fishes. There were pickerel, pike,
perch, and whitefish. The perch were beauties, more like the
perch we used to catch in England, good, broad, heavy fish, of
adark brown color, and heavily banded. He told me that with
a rod and line splendid sport could be obtained where he had
gone toset hisnet. Lasked him ifthere were no brook trout up
this river. Hesaidthat within one day's journey of his home,
there were splendid brook trout, the largest he had ever seen.
I should judge by his description that they would run the
Nippigong trout hard as to size. And as to quantity, heassured
me that they were as plentiful as minnows. Then there was

ptnother place, about the same distance off, but in another

Rod and

direction, where the trout, though notso large, were even more
plentiful. I mean to pay those trout a visit vet, if only for the
sake of politeness. But my journey is now nearly ended. 1
need not take my readers back oyer the same ground again.
Suffice to say, that we arrived home without mishap, tired but
healthy. Eyen to the last, nature was

paddled in the gloaming, through the narrows in Sharpe Lake,

kind to us. As we
Bazil’s eagle eye discerned a deer feeding on the waterlily
leaves in the shallows.
“Where is the rifle ?”’ he whispered to Meechell.
‘““Whatdo you want the rifle for?’ asked Meechell.
don’t want to kill the little creature.”

“We
Then, turning to me, he

Gun in

Canada E

¢

to call, but we must eat, and, besides, the instincts of our
prehistoric barbarian ancestors are still strong within us, and
we call it sport.
Iam home now, and I miss my Indians.
MME END.
™

AN EXPLORATION TO THE HEIGHT OF LAND.

By St.

(Continued from our December issue. )

Croix

John told me that he knew of a group of lakes to the south of
Narrow Lake which were admirable feeding places, and as I
wis very anxious to get some photographs of moose, and the

Fatits av tHe Mourn or tHE Norto Brancu, Wurre River.

When this photograph was taken the pitch of water in the North Branch was very low; in late spring and early summer a very large

volume of water passes over these slab rocks, and a scene which is at all times beautiful becomes magnificent

asked :—‘*Do you want the meat ?”’

**Certainly not !’’ Lanswered.

“Then let it live,’’ he said.

And just to see how near we could paddled
cautiously along without making asound. The pretty thing
looked up once or twice, but seemed to think us harmless, as it
continued to stretch out its slender neck and cull the succulent
leaves of the lily, though we were now within less than twenty
yards of it. But humanity could stand it no longer, that is,
Indian humanity, for Bazil slapped his paddle upon the water,
and let out a shout, which sent the creature bounding into the
bush. And thus the redgods did not call. It isa pity they have

get, we

weather was favorable, we took the canoe and camera and
started. We paddled about a mile across a bay of Narrow Lake,
then portaged for 400 vards over some slab rocks to a periect
gem of a lakelet, one of Nature’s goblets, filled to the rocky rim
with crystal water, with pine clad islands which seemed to
float on its mirror-like surface. Here we left the canoe, and
walked almost half a mile south-west to arushy pond, where
the moose tracks made the mud look like a barn yard. But
there was no moose; so we walked half a mile east to another
pond. The rocky shore was very high, and as we came near the
brink. John stopped short—I looked over his shoulder ; and

there were two moose feeding, far out in the lake. One was a

6 Rod

very large cow ; and the other a yearling calf. A few minutes
later I saw a third, also a calf, at the head ofa little bay. The
sun was very brightandthe water absolutely calm. The cow
was feeding greedily. Every now and then she would take a
long breath, and sticx her head under water, and fully a
minute would elapse ere her head reappeared. She was feeding
on the roots of the lilies, in water about four feet deep.. We
went back to the canoe, taking our time, for there was no hurry,
the moose having evidently only just reached the water, while
it takes them several hours to satisfy their hunger. We carried
the canoe over to the head of the lake in which we had seen
the moose. I lashed the tripod of the camera in the bow, and
trained the instrument so that anything from twenty-five to
fifty yards from the bow would be on the plate. J was using
a long focus lens, and had some hope of getting a good photo-
graph. I knelt immediately behind the camera with the bulb
in my hand; the boy lay flat on his back behind me ; and
good, steady-going old John, stoical as a cigar store Indian,
paddled us toward the moose without making a sound that even
I could hear, near as I was.

To cut a Jong story short, although it was broad daylight and
bright into the bargain, John paddled me up within forty yards
of that moose, and, until the shutter clicked, she had no idea
that any of the hated bipeds was near her. But those great ears
of hers heard the snap, and then she was not long in getting
ashore. The calves had already disappeared, being nearest to
the forest. We were back in camp at seven o’clock.

It was now time to start for Te-gou-sie-wabie, and on the
morning of Thursday, August 15th, at 8 o’clock, we resumed
our journey up the north-east branch. The river comes into
Narrow Lake from the north-east, flowing for fiftv miles down
anarrow valley, bordered on either hand by remarkably
regular lines of cliffs. Allthe strata in that part of Ontario dip
tothe south-east. The average course of the river is about
N.10E. The dip of the rock is here about 20°, but as one
proceeds further to the north-west it becomes steeper, until at
Te-gou-sie-wabie the dip is fully 80° to the south-east. The form-
ation is Huronian, and it is more than probable that mineral dis-
coveries will be made about here, as this formation is about the
most promising one we have. After leaving Narrow Lake the
water became much clearer. "

Without going into too much detail; we camped at six
o'clock on Island Lake, having paddled about 14 miles and
made seven or eight portages. The bearing of Narrow Lake
from Island Lake is 8S. 39 W. (magnetic; the variation of the
needle here being not over 6° W.)

According to John there are many small lakes immediately
east of Island Lake, and they are sure finds for moose. I noticed
that the season was further adyanced here than it had been
down at Temiskaming. The aspens were already turning
yellow. The country was burnt over about fifteen years ago,
and the forest growth is, consequently, very sparee and small.
This fire is said to have driven out the last of the caribou. The
more one looks into the factors governing the distribution of
animals, the more one is impressed by the evident fact that
their movements are governed by the abundance or scarcity of
food. They are very tolerant of great differences of climate,
but their choice of food is narrow. Should the fire destroy the
white moss which grows so abundantly in the rocky districts of
the north, the caribou will shun that part of the country until
such times as the moss shall have reappeared ; the yellow pond
lily appears to be an essential summer food of the moose, at
any rate in Bastern Canada, and where the streams are rocky

and Gun

in) ‘Ganada

and rapid you will find few of these animals, while, on the
other hand, in a district of many ponds, back-waters, and
bogans, moose, unless driven out by man, are certain to be
numerous.

Shortly after leaving camp next morning we reached a lake
which appears to have no name, but which is shown on the map
of the province, as the inter-provincial boundary crosses it.
This crossing, however, occurs at the far end of the lake, while
I left it at a point not more than a mile from its foot. Forks-
of-the-Road Lake will do as a name, for the want of a better
one. Here two canoe routes diverge; the one going to the
Quinze River, the other to Te-gou-sie-wabie and the Height of
Land. We chose the latter. After paddling a mile orso
from the foot the canoe was turned toward the westerly shore,
at a point where a picturesque but small waterfall came down
the high bank. This is the discharge from Te-gou-sie-wabie.
I was very much disappointed at the small volume of water,
inferring wrongly, as it turned out, that the lake would be but.
a small affair.

After the usual carry—in this. case one about half-a-mile,
and all the way up hill—we launched our canoe on a beautifully
clear little stream, with a very moderate current. Its general
course was about N. 36° W. mag. There is but one rapid of
any consequence between the lake and the mouthof the
stream, the portage by which it is passed being a quarter of a
mile in length. Here we lunched. From the rapid to the
lake moose tracks were extraordinarily numerous, and in one
case we noticed that the tracks of a big bull were so fresh that
the water was still soiled, that isto say, the mud had not
settled, as would have been the case had the animal passed
more than an hour or so before our arrival.

We soon emerged into the lake, and then I realized that
John had not lied, and that Te-gou-sie-wabie is a lake of large
size and great beauty. The wind was blowing very hard from
the westward, so we hugged that shore pretty closely, but did
not escape a wetting when we had to cross the mouth of one or
two deep bays. We camped for the night at the Narrows,
where a remarkably bold cliff juts out, dividing the lake almost
intwo. This is one of the most perfect camping grounds in
the White River country, where good camping grounds are the
rule, not the exception, It has additional charm from the
fact that the eye ranges over miles and miles of distant
scenery, and that the vision is not limited by the surrounding
forest, as is usually the case. A great square-topped butte
bears N, 80° P. from the centre of Te-gou-sie-wabie. It is well
known to the Indians, who call it Chiminis ; its position is
exactly 43 miles due north of Temiskaming. I estimated this
mountain at 15 miles from the of Te-gou-sie-wabie.

While I have nothing but good to say of the scenery, I ean-
not say much in fayor of the fishing John had a yarn to spin
about the vast quantities of huge trout that are in this lake,
but although I fished industriously with fly, bait and troll, I
did not catch one, and I noticed later at the old Indian camp-
ing place, near the portage which leads out of the lake, that
the only bones and scales lying about were those of doré, so that
I think we may look with some suspicion upon John’s yarn.
Mind you, John did not say that he had himself caught any ;
all his own information was second-hand from another Indian.
I believe that other Indian handled the truth carelessly.

Next morning something prompted me to get up very early,
and it was grey dawn when I put my head out of the tent door
to take a look around. Tsaw a very pretty sight. There were
seven foxes sitting on their hams about eighty yards off gazing

and

Rod

fixedly at the camp. Presently the whole seven drew together
—there was an old dog fox, the vixenand five ceubs—and when
I fired into the bunch they all sprang into the bushes and dis-
appeared, so I thought another miss had been scored. But
after breakfast I strolled down to the sandy little bay, where
they had been sitting, and on looking carefully saw a drop or
two of blood. A short search showed the vixen lying dead.
There are many islands on the lake, and as we could not see
the northern extremity from where we were, I decided to leave
the camp standing and explore it. We were away by seven
o’cloek, and did not return until hali-past eleven that night.
It was six miles from ourcamping place at the Narrows to the

~<F

Gun

in Canada 7

tracks of moose, caribou, deer and bear, and they have evidently
been little hunted. They are hunted occasionally, howeyer,
and unfortunately the head of the lake has been visited a week
or so before my arrival by Jean Baptiste No and his numerous
progeny, so that, though wesaw many moderately fresh tracks,
we did not see the animals themselves, and it is our common
belief, that is to say, that it is the conviction of myself, and
of John, and of John’s little son, that the flesh of those moose
was converted into provender for the use of the said Jean
Baptiste No and the issue of his loins, and that the hides of
this made into

the defunct animals are probably by time

babiche.

Reapy ro EmBark.

This snapshot was taken at the foot of one of the rapids on the main White River between the mouths of the North and N.E. branches.

he canoe shown in the foreground is a good specimen of the birchbark as made by the Temiskaming Indians.

head of the lake, and a very pretty paddle it was too ; the
water clear, the sun hot, and the scenery beyond description.
I should have to live far beyond the allotted span of man’s life
ere I could forget the delicious sweep of those blue hills, which
are really and truly the boundary between the Arctic slope
and the basin of the St. Lawrence—for Chiminis is at the apex.
Along the eastern shore of the lake a bold ridge runs almost
north and south, its western front sufficiently abrupt, its
eastern flank dipping at the same angle as the strata of which
it is composed. Then the charm of this region is emphasized
by the fact that there are no men in it ; here you have nature
On either hand were the fresh

unspoilt and uncontaminated.

I shall have a good deal tosay about Jean Baptiste No, but
I will defer the saying of it until we meet him, as we shall do
further on in this narrative.

We arrived at the head of the lake for luncheon ; and after
having eaten we ascended a crooked, sluggish, dead water for
several miles, until at last it terminated in a beaver meadow,
which John said was the height of land. Then, as we were not
bound for the North Pole, we homeward turned and arrived at
the mouth of the dead water just as the sun was sinking, or
rather apparently sinking, in the north-west. Of course we
boiled the kettle once more, but could not leave well enough
alone, and so instead of paddling to camp like sensible men, we

8 Rod and Gun in Canada

inust needs wait for the dark and then prowl around trying to
flashlight a non-existent moose. It was almost ten o'clock
when we gave it up, and although all hands were dead beat we
managed to make that old canoe go taster than I ever sawa
canoe go before. It takes some hard shoving to make a birch-
bark cover four miles in the hour in slack water; and when
you are able to doit as a finish up after twelve hours of previous
hard work, you may congratulate yourself upon being in fairly
good trim.

I had now spent as long a time asI could spare on the
north lake, but there yet remained the southern sheet. So we
passed through the Narrows, and by a large number of quartz
veins, most of which seemed to have been staked by the
ubiquitous William Judge, before mentioned—though not
legally so, I faney—until at length we arrived at a small rocky
point which we scented from afar off. It was evidently an old
Indian camping ground, and as it did not seem to be honoured
by a name, I ventured to call it Stinking Fish Point, feeling sure
that the tribute was not undeserved. Jean Baptiste had camped
here on his way through to the North branch, and had left be-
hind some doré which had not improved with age. | However,
trifles like this have little effect upon the wilderness traveller.
Seated six or seven feet to leeward of an ancient and decayed
doré, he can yet enjoy the bright sunshine, and the glorious
scenery, almost as much as if the fish were not there.

TO BE CONTINUED.

*

EXPLORATIONIN NORTH-WESTERN CANADA.
By H. G- Tyrrell C.E.

( Continued from the December Issue.)

Beyond Barre Creek we crossed an almost level plain, not
a hill of any kind being seen to relieve the monotony of the
landseape. As far as could be seen in all directions was nothing
but the level prairie, and at this season of the year the grass was
very short and poor, in many places being killed out entirely,
and the surface covered with clay and boulders. In the morn-
ing, after a frosty night, thick mist was found lying over the
prairie so it was difficult to keep a straight course, but after
travelling a few miles this would clearaway. A fine herd of
antelope was seen in this vicinity but to get much closer than
a telescope shot was very difficult. Some of the more yenture-
some members of our party followed them on horseback trying
to get within rifle shot, but the antelope were found to be very
wary iideed, and excepting at long range could not be approach-
ed. There had, however, been some hunters in this vicinity
not long before for we found remains of several antelope, includ-
ing a pair of fine horns, which were brought home with us. I
was informed afterwards by an expert that why men did not
often chase the antelope, was probably for the same reason that
they do not chase coyotes. I have several times heard a coyote
described as a streak of red across the prairie, and whoever
attempts to chase one will find the description about correct.

On reaching the Sand Hills we discovered a pass through
them about one hundred and twenty feet deep, followed by a
gentle slope. This descended another bundred feet or so, down
to Ezg Lake, which contained clear water though a little saline
in taste. It appeared to be the best in the vicinity, so it was
used to make some tea. We again climbed the sloping hill and
passing over another ridge came down to the creek on the
other side, where good water was found in all sloughs. Pro-

visions were very low and in fact nearly exhausted. Two of

the men were sent out early in the day to hunt for game and
came in with six ducks, which were used for breakfast.

On the morning of September 2nd we left our camping
place in the coulee and crossed the undulating prairie to the
bank of the Red Deer River. On descending this we found
the water to be very high and the ford washed away, so we
set out to look for another crossing, but after a search
of an hour or two returned and decided to launch our
little canoe and in it cross all the supplies and camp
equipment. Mounting our horses we swam them across, and
as it was now evening and nearly dark we camped forthe night
on the west side of the river. Our provisions had now entirely
given out with the exception of one piece of salt pork anda
halfa pound of tea. Here a herd of fifteen antelope in the
valley and a bear or two ran by us in the bushes but none of
these were we able to shoot. On the following morning the
wheels were taken off the cart, the body of which was floated
over, drifting all the while down stream. The wheels had
been loaded on the top of the cart and the whole was then
towed up stream with ropes to the landing place. The wagon,
too, was brought across in a similar manner and then our bag-
gage ferried over in the little canvas boat, taking only a few
hundred pounds at once. With the older horses we had no
trouble, but two of our younger ones for a long time refused to
swim the current. It was decided that two riders should
mount the other horses and, tying a rope around the neck of
the young beasts, to urge them in this way into the stream. It
required considerable coaxing and beating to make them enter,
but they were finally all safely across, and the wagon loaded
on the other side. This crossing is the one made several years
ago by the Marquis of Lorne when travelling on horseback
with his party. There had evidently been a camping place
made by them at this crossing fora number of interesting relies
were seen, such as bottles, cans, playing cards and other articles
that seemed to indicate no great privation. Living as we were
on nothing but one piece of salt pork, we could not help wish-
ing for a little of the luxury that had preceded us in the other
party.

It required fourteen trips of our little canoe to take all the
baggage over. The wagon box and cart drifted at least a
quarter of a mile down stream, and landed ata place where it
could not possibly be taken up the bank, so it was necessary to
tow it back again to the landing place. The valley was quite
deep at this crossing, and it required a big effort on the part of
our tired horses to haul the loads up thesteep hill. Inall such
efforts as this, where an extra pull on the wagon was required,
the service of old Pinto was of great value. We were inclined
at first to consider him balky, for when hitched in the regular
way ahead of the team he would refuse to pull. Coaxing and
whipping had no effect for he would walk ahead of the team,
but to pull he would not. On this account for several weeks
he escaped this duty, but thanks to a band of Indians who
chanced along one day, we discovered the horse’s secret. He
had been used to pulling, not by the collar and traces like other
horses, but only by his tail, so whenever occasion arose requir-
ing the service of a third horse at the wagon, such as at this
crossing of the Red Deer River, where heavy loads must be
hauled up the hillside, big Pinto was securely tied by the tail
to the end of the wagon pole and up the hill he would go
pulling at his very best. At first the suggestions of the Indians
was considered as a joke, but when tried we found it to be
actually the case, that the horse preferred to work in that way,
and indeed would pull in no other. As he was our best saddle

a

Rod and Gun

horse it was very seldom that such duties were required, but
when wanted he was always ready to pull in his own fashion.

September 5th brought us bad news. Two only of our
horses, out of seven, could be found. The other five were no-
where to be seen. After an hour’s search before breakfast,
Maloney came in, having seen no trace of them, and after
breakfast three more of the party went out to look, but came
in at noon haying seen nothing of them. In the afternoon we
secured the service of an Indian from the Blackfoot camp to
help in the search, which continued all through the following
day. At ten next morning an Indian boy came in saying that
he had seen our horses and would bring them to us for the sum
of two dollars. This we paid him but saw nothing more of the
Indian. Meanwhile we rode around the country as much as
possible with the two tired horses that remained. The third
day came and still they were not found, neither the Indian nor
the horses putting inanappearance. Riding over to the Indian
agency we secured the services of Crowfoot’s son. At that time
Crowfoot was the Chief of the Blackfoot Indians, and was a
man yery much feared and respected by his tribe. Though we
could not converse in the Blackfoot language, this Indian
signified to us by motions that he could find, our horses pro-
vided he was paid enough. We offered him the sum of ten
dollars and he at once started out to search for them. Coming
back later he said the amount offered was not sufficient, that
he should be unable to find the horses for ten dollars. We
then doubled the amount, making it twenty dollars, and about
seven o’clock in the evening, while we were at supper, he came
riding into camp with our five horses. The Indians had doubt-
less had them hid waiting a sufficiently large offer for their
return.

While camped in the vicinity of the Blackfoot reservation
I had some amusement with the Indians, One old chap seeing
a long barrel Merwin and Hurlburts revolver in our tent was
anxious to match me shooting. A can was put up at fifty paces,
and oid Jack was given a chance to show what he could do.
To the surprise of all our party we found the old Indian a much
better shot with the revolver than we were, as he was able to
mark the centre of the can at nearly every shot. An Indian
boy, too, that came with him asked to try his hand, and proyed
to be nearly the equal of the old man. The efforts of the
Blackfoot Indian to make us understand by signs was very
interesting. He told me by signs that he had been up Crowfoot
Creek way towards Red Deer River. He had shot an antelope
which was hanging on his saddle. He said that when the sun
was low he slept and when it appeared again in the east he was
off again.

Another day’s ride on my favorite saddle horse brought us
to the valley of the Bow near Glichen station, on the Canadian
Pacific Railroad. While conversing here with an employee of
the railroad company, I was informed that a cousin of mine
from Toronto had passed through there a few days before with
Major-General Middleton. This officer was then in command
of the volunteer regiments that had all summer been fighting
the Indians in their effort to subdue the Riel rebellion. I could
not help regretting that I had missed seeing this relation, for
old acquaintances are very cordially greeted in a frontier
country.

An amusing incident occurred here with an old Indian and
his squaw, who had been following our outfit all day. They
were entirely without provisions and were expecting to live on
our generosity, On reaching our camp that night the Indians
came to our waggons and unsaddled their horses and let them

in Canada 9

run, they themselves sitting behind our waggons waiting for their
suppers. It is their custom to receive all that is given them,
without any expression of thanks or gratitude whatever. But
the unfortunate Indians certainly had many grievances.
Whether or not they had enough to provoke them to open
rebellion of 1885 the writer will not discuss here. One incident,
however, may be mentioned. The government had established
Indian agencies throughout the west for the purpose of distrib-
uting to the natives a regular supply of flour and other rations.
It was the custom of these dishonest agents to receive money
from the government sufficient to procure good food, and to
spend this on the poorest kind that could be had in the way of
making larger profit for themselves. On one occasion the
Indians showed me a sample of the flour given them, and
pointing to my camp fire gaye me to understand by signs that
the flour resembled and perhaps contained wood ashes.
case it was entirely unfit for use.

When on the homestretch}for Calgary our intelligent horses
seemed to understand the situation, and were anxious to race
with each other. Hamilton and I were riding the freshest
horses, and as they would come abreast, immediately there
would be a race. It was difficult to hold them in, so eager they
seemed to get back again to stable food.

On the morning of September 10th, on riding to the summit
of a little hill, before us in the valley of the Bow lay the little
town of Calgary. Only those who have experienced it know
how enjoyable it is after weeks of hardships to return again to
the comforts and luxuries of civilization. Many, unfortunately,
indulge themselyes too freely so that the frontier towns are
often the scenes of much lawlessness and crime. This, how-
eyer, is overcome to some extent in the Canadian west by strict
prohibition laws which forbid the sale or importation of liquors
into the country, except on special permits.

Two days were spent in preparation for our journey. Since
leaving the railway I had travelled a distance of fifteen hundred
miles on horsehack and in canoe.

THE END.

In any

An unfortunate and misguided whale found its way up the
St. Lawrence into the harbor of Montreal a short time ago. It
showed a great lack of common sense as, notwithstanding that
hundreds of sportsmen (?) made a target of it, it refused to go
away, and for several days its movements were chronicled by
the daily press with great minuteness. One flne morning it
floated ashore at Longueuil and became the lawful prize of a
man who had got up early to shoot ducks. It is said that he
made $800 by the capture, 'and, if this be true, those who
compile books for the edification of the young should make a
note of it, because we recall no more impressive instance of the
advantages attendant on a habit of early rising than this.

%

A new and yery charming canoe route is said to have been
discovered between Lake Temagaming and the Montreal River
at Bay Lake. This route is, of course, not a new one as far
as the Indians are concerned, but few, if any, white men seem
to have travelled by it. The route passes up the N.E. arm
of Temagaming, and then into Caribou and Net Lakes. From
the latter sheet the voyageur proceeds due north through a
watery chain, finally emerging at the foot of Bay Lake. While
nothing could be more beautiful than a trip down the Meta-
betchuan River, it is quite probable that this new route will be
far better for game and fish. There are said to be speckled
trout in some of the lakes passed through.

ine) Rod

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GAME AND
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INTERESTS
OF CANADA.

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IN CANADA 44.444

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Communications on all topics pertaining to fishing, shooting, canoeing,
the kennel and amateur photography, will be welcomed and published,
if satisfactory. All communications must be accompanied by the name of
the writer, not necessarily for publication, however.

Rop AND GUN IN CANADA does not assume any responsibility for, or
necessarily endorse, any views expressed by contributors in these columns.

All communications should be addressed to:

ROD AND GUN PUBLISHING CO., 603 Craig Street, MONTREAL.

have been made as to the amount of
money which, on the average, the visiting sportsman leaves in

Canada. The problem is one that does not admit of a mathe-

Various estimates

matical demonstration, and quite naturally different estimators
vary widely in the totals they arrive at. We have always
considered that, if the truth could be known, it would be found
that the average was far higher than had ever been claimed
by the most enthusiastic statistician.

We recently had an opportunity of questioning three
sportsmen who had returned from shooting trips in the west.
They had done everything en prince, and their expenses had
naturally been much heavier than would ordinarily have been

the case,—but the excesses of the amounts they spent over the

figures usually quoted were quite startling. Each man had
spent some 351,800 in railway fares, provisions, horses, and
labor, and although the disbursements of wealthy men are by
no means a criterion of the necessary cost of a Canadian hunting
trip, we feel tolerably certain that a great majority of our visi-
tors spend larger sums than have been credited to them, and
that few spend so little as the accepted average, which may be
put roughly at $100.

We think that this fresh instance of the generous expendi_
ture by these gentlemen is a fresh instance in proof of the
statement which has been made in these columns, that our
game is one of the most valuable assets we have. Supposing
that a murrain were to sweep away all our big game, none of
these sportsmen would yisit us, and the farmer, the ranchman,
the trapper and the Indian would miss many a welcome bill
which now finds its way into his hands. We must decide for
ourselves whether we wish this golden stream to continue with
an ever-growing voluine, or whether we consider that as a
nation we are so wealthy that we can afford to do without this
source of income. As the great, prosperous republie at the
south fills up with human beings, they will desire to make a
playground of this Canada of ours, and if our forests, prairies
and waters continue to vield such sport as they do to-day, we
may be very sure that in comparison with the multitudes which
will visit us, the two hundred thousand men who now resort
to Maine each autumn will be a mustard seed to a pumpkin.

*
We desire to offer no excuse for reproducing this month, as

a frontispiece, another of those lovely landscapes, which make

and Gun

in Canada

the Devil’s River such a charming stream to follow. Few
outsiders have visited it yet—and it has absolutely no residents
along its shores, but the day is fast approaching when it will

be better known.
*

Unlimited numbers of rabbit skins are to be obtained from
Australia at a merely nominal price. Now the warmest fur that
the Indian knows of is that of the rabbit, and a rabbit-skin
blanket will keep a man warm even when camping out at 40
below zero. Ti some enterprising genius would merely intro-
duce Australian rabbit-skin blankets, they should soon be in
great demand in Canada, and it is quite possible that jackets of
heavy canyas, or other wind-proof substance, and lined with
rabbit-skin would fill a long felt want. Our own rabbits are
not available in any great numbers, and the Indian method of
making blankets—by weaving long strips into a coarse network
does not meet with much favor—but a blanket lined with fur
such as that of the rabbit would be a perfect godsend to the
camper out.

*

A visit to the different markets and game dealers of
Montreal during the spring and fall flights will often yield a
rich reward to the naturalist. Some very rare birds may some-
times be picked up at a bargain.

*

Weare happy to be able to announce that a bill is to be
introduced next session to further protect the wood buffalo
until January 1, 1906. Instructions have been issued by the
Commissioner of the North West Mounted Police to police
officers in the Territories, giving this information and instruct-
ing them to warn half-breeds and Indians that the wood buffalo
must not be killed under any circumstances.

According to the latest reports received by the Commis-
sioner of the North-West Mounted Police, there are certainly
not more than 400 wood buffalo alive. Dr. MeKay, who was in
charge of the district in which these buffalo range, for ten
years, is of the opinion that they do not exceed this number.
Another estimate by a fur trader is 300 in all. A Mr. Emerson,
who is well acquainted with the district, is inclined to believe
there are not more than 150 animals.

*

That wonderfully interesting animal the white goat is to
be known in future (until they change the name again) as
For many years it has been Mazama ;
this name was given it by Gill. Other writers have called it
Heploceros, Smith being the donor of this name. But Ord was
the first to capture this queer-looking mountain animal, and he

Oreamnos montanus.

called it Oreamnos—so let it be.
*

In the far away lakes of British Columbia there is a so-
called land-locked salmon which differs, of course, from the
land-locked salmon we know in the east. 1t. bears, however,
the same relation to the sock-eye as our fish does to the salar,
The fish in question is a small, red-fleshed salmon, and it exists
in great abundance in Shawnigan Lake, B.C., as well as in
Seeton and Anderson lakes in the State of Washington. The
habits of these fish have been investigated by icthyologists con-
nected with the Smithsonian Institute. They say in their
report, that, although this small salmon has free access to the
Columbia River, and, consequently, to the sea, yet that it never
leaves the lakes in which it is found.

The fish in the lakes discharging into the
Stikine and Skeena rivers, although they are sel¢om seen

is abundant

excepting during the month of October,

Rod

CONTENTS

oe PAGE
Frontispiece— ............. SOaPEREMPOYOOS, CACBIS,.059 56
(AEA HON ETE EN 65 Sos Salem aged acces Hooueoreoodd 1-5
Exploration to the Height of Land. .................... 5-8
Exploration in Northwestern Canada......... anoososs 8-9
PULL COTS Mee aryepite ated eh Yee we be ns. o25~ 5 iaie cyoste ys. «cusseeterehe's 10
Canadian Horses in Foreign Markets ...........-.....45 11
LENG) AEN voce apse Poo nloG Ae cnGon on caonmOnoo no nenonean 13-14
Narnia 53.55 custo Hendu Ge Gone a DOBRO DOSE ECOners 15
INGYRSIND So agAh ee oko TO COO CARS Sadodoo5 pocacde IUPA0)

CANADIAN HORSES IN FOREIGN MARKETS.
C. J. Alloway, V.S-

In the year 1900 there was much written concerning the
kind of animal that was most desirable for war purposes, and
even during the current year a deal has been said on this sub-
ject. A recent London correspondent of the Montreal Herald
made the statement that :—

“Canada has temporarily lost the footing she once held in
the British markets,’’-—thus intimating that at the present
time horses that are being shipped to England are of a low
grade, and inferior in many ways to the animal of twenty years
ago. ihis may be true in so far as the products are concerned
that have in the past two years been sent to the English and
South African markets, but it is not the case if the exports are
taken as a whole.

A quarter of a century ago Canada produced and shipped
Zany remarkably fine animals, and such as would reflect credit
upon the district preducing them, eyen if shown in the best
hunting shires of Britain, but it must not be forgotten that
conditions have materially changed, and that a comparison
cannot be made without a full comprehension of the situation
at the present time.

As a matter of fact, and the assertion can undoubtedly be
verified, there are ten horses of a high order produced in the
Dominion to-day to the one that there wasat the period referred
to. There was then but a limited demand for the higher type
of the horse in European countries, and there was none or very
little enquiry for such from the neighboring republic.

What are the conditions to-day ?

With the innumerable packs of hounds now existing in
the New England and Middle States, as well as in Virginia,
Maryland and Kentucky,—with horse shows in almost every
prominent city, and the keen emulation for quality which such
public tests have awakened, together with the increased interest
in riding, polo and fox-hunting, tandem and four-in-hand
clubs, a revived and developing interest is apparent. This
state of affairs, and the large sums devoted to the opening of
speedways in New York and other metropolitan centres, have
conduced to create a demand for higher qualities in horseflesh
than were required twenty-five years ago.

To a large extent the Ontario farmers, particularly in
sections contiguous to Toronto, have always been alive to the
importance of breeding the best, and have in consequence kept
fairly abreast of the times, but the unexpected demand for
horses of all kinds, which has been created during the past two
years, has of necessity drained the country of many of the
choicest animals. It must also be remembered that the ‘‘tops”’
are seldom purchased for exportation. The market for high-

and Gun in Canada II

priced animals, more particularly those adapted for steeple-
chasing, cross-country work and high-steppers, is to a large
extent in the neighboring States. With the demand for these
better classes in New York, Boston, Chicago, Buffalo, and other
large American cities, prices have so rapidly advanced in recent
years as to make it almost impossible for Canadians themselves
to get what they require for theirown hunting and amusement.
As an illustration of this it may be cited that good animals in
the larger Canadian cities have nearly doubled in price during
the past five years. All this means revenue to the agricultural
classes, and the intelligent breeder should take advantage of
these promising conditions and breed the animal that is most
marketable and that will bring in the best returns. It is to be
regretted that our Quebec farmers haye not awakened to the
situation and its possibilities, which they should be ready to
take advantage of, and that with the least possible delay, for
there can be no reasonable doubt that this demand for good
horses will reach still greater proportions in the near future.

The phenomenal prosperity and increasing wealth of all
the provinces of the Dominion and the United States point to
this culmination, and those who do not look seriously at what
should be patent to every Canadian live stock grower will be
the ultimate losers.

As before stated, Western Ontario has for many years held
pre-eminence in the production of the best thorough and hali-
bred stock in the country, and this is accounted for by their
wisdom in using the very best thorough-bred sires procurable,
and there is no good reason why the Province of Quebec should
lie dormant in this matterany longer. For almost any purpose,
well-selected, thorough-bred stallions with bone, substance and
action, are the animals which should be used in this province.
The American standard-bred trotter also produces an excellent
cross with our Canadian mares, more especially when the object
sought is action and endurance in our carriage and driving
classes.

During the closing years of the century it was repeatedly
asserted that the use of the bicycle, automobile and various
electric contrivances would ‘result in what was poetically
termed the ‘‘ Passing of the Horse,’’ and with present facts in
mind it isnot necessary to attempt to prove how unfounded
was the fallacy. Asa matter of fact, the partial obliteration of
the horse-car and temporary popularity of the wheel have only
resulted in a reaction which places the horse in a better
position and makes him more sought after than he has eyer
been in the history of the world.

A greater number of people ride and drive to-day than
ever before, and more people hunt and play polo than at any
previous period. Another notable fact proved by the war in
South Africa is, that a soldier unmounted is almost as useless in
modern warfare as would be one of the old flintlocks of our
grandfathers’ day.

The cry now is for mounted regiments to do effective work,
or none at all. As an evidence of the truth of this the British
government has recently scoured both hemispheres for the
proper kind of mounts, and the statement is in every paper
and periodical that the supply is in no way commensurate with
the demand.

Our butter, cheese and grain industries have increased
maryellously, so let us see to it that our live stock, and
especially our horses, hold a position in the English markets
second tonone. To secure this end, buy the best, breed the
best, and secure the highest possible prices, should be the
watchword of the up-to-date Canadian husbandman.,

12

CORRESPONDENCE.

Editor Rop anp Gun,

I quite agree with Anglo-Saxon’s views, in your October
issue, regarding reduction in weight of outfit, and, to my mind,
there is no way in which youcan sooner convince yourself how
necessary is the, minimum—consistent with reasonable comfort
—than by assisting personally in portaging. On my present
trip I have travelled twice each way over all portages loaded
with as much as I cared to carry—50 to 65 pounds—and one
portage was 1} miles through swamp. On my back was an
additional rifle, which I was foolish enough to bring along, also
a shotgun which I have never used, (my chum attending to
that end of the business,) and also the pails, pots, knives and
forks, which are at least ten pounds heavier than needful.
While I was laboring and perspiring through that swamp,
knowing that 25 pounds of unnecessary stuff was on my back,
I vowed a vow that hereafter there will be a severe cutting
down of weight.

It seems strange that those who have written about light
outfits have not spoken of the weight which can be saved by
using waterproof silk, or cotton, tents. One ordinary § oz.
duck, or even a light drill when thoroughly wet, holds many
pounds of water. If there are two hunters and two guides,
there will be one tent for the hunters and another for the
guides, and the weight of those two tents when wet and soggy
is very great. Two light, waterproof tents, while expensive,
are really so light and non-absorbent, that the difference is
probably 50 pounds in water and material. If the trip involves
a different camp site each night, lightness of material will
assist greatly in quick travelling.

I am writing this whilein camp. We have to move to-
It is 4 p.m., and the rain has fallen
unceasingly since 7 o’clock last night, aud the prospect is not
pleasing, but thank fortune that 1} mile portage through the
swamp was done yesterday, with fairly dry tents, and the five
portages to be made to-morrow are not too bad.

Why do not the manufacturers of rifle and shotgun cases
put on the market an article made of oil tanned leather, or
something as light, which will shed water? The neat, slick
looking leather, or canvas, case is for show, and so long as it
has to travel in fine weather, or stay under cover, it is a thing
of beauty, but for practical use in protecting the shooting iron
from rain and damp its usefulness is very little. I had one of
the “slick’’ leather variety two weeks ago, and it, with my
Winchester in it, looked quite cute.

morrow towards home.

On a certain morning,
desiring to assist at the funeral obsequies of a large bull moose
killed the évening previous, I took my rifle along for company,
and, thinking there might be rain, the case came along outside
the 30-30. There was wet by bucketfuls within a short time
and no place to protect anything, so the case lay there and
absorbed water until it had taken all it would hold. The rain
continued all day and night, and more or less the next day, and
the two days following were snowy and wet. Then, we ad-
journed from our tents to an old lumber camp some miles away
that we knew of and proceeded to get that case, and our
clothes, and some otherthings dry. A good fire and persistence
That settled the matter for me. I used
about a quarter pint of neatsfoot oil on the rifle case, and now
it will shed water like an oil tanned moccasin. A thick canvas
case could not have absorbed more water and would have dried
out faster.

accomplished the job.

Case makers, it is up to you to help us out.

In Camp, Kippewa, Que. MontrREAL.

Rod and Gun

in Canada

A NEW WINCHESTER CARTRIDGE.

Not content with its present magnificent line of rifles,
including such thoroughly up-to-date weapons as the .30 U.S.
Army, the 30-30 and the .236, all built for smokeless powder cart-
ridges,the Winchester Repeating Arms Company,of New Haven,
Conn., now offers a .82 which is expected to fill the gap between
the powerful .30 U.S. Army and the 30-30, and to offer the

THe New Take-Down .32 CaLiprE WINCHESTER SPECIAL RIFLE

additional advantage ofa special cartridge which may be re-
loaded with black powder. The description of the cartridge is
as follows: Loaded with smokeless powder and a 165-grain
bullet, it has a muzzle velocity of 2057 ft. sec., generating a
muzzle energy of 1150 ft.lb. At the standard testing distance of
15 feet from the muzzle of the rifle, this cartridge, with a full
metal-patched bullet, will give a penetration of 37 {inch pine
boards. Its trajectory is—100 yards, 1.25 inches ; 200 yards,
5.92 inches ; 300 yards, 16.38 inches. From these figures it will
be readily seen that the adyantages of this cartridge are its
great striking energy, penetration, high velocity and consequent
flat trajectory. Next to the .30 U.S. Army and .303 British, it
is the most powerful small bore cartridge of to-day. Witha

SPECIAL

Ys TsO Te

CARYRIDGE FOR THE .82 WINCHESTER SPECIAL.

29

charge of 40 grains of black powder, the .82 Special develops a
velocity of 1385 ft. sec., which makes it a powerful black
powder cartridge.

The Winchester Repeating Arms Company has adapted the
model ’94 rifle to handle this special cartridge, but will furnish
it only in™ take-down style, with a 26-inch octagon, nickel-
steel barrel, the list price being $28. Rifles for the .82 Win-
chester special cartridge are fitted with a novel rear sight,
which is graduated for both smokeless and black powder
cartridges.

*

A \ery care animal recently passed through Montreal on its
way to the Sportsmen’s Exhibition in Philadelphia. It was a
silver-grey fox in excellent condition, and apparently destined
to enjoy a long life in captivity—if captive animals may be said
to enjoy life. The fox was captured on the south side of the St.
Lawrence, within a few miles of Quebec city. It is valued at $200,

*

A terrible destruction of caribou seems to be going on in
Newfoundland. If it be true that hundreds of carcasses are at
this moment rotting on the barrens, where they were shot for
the mere lust of killing, then the people of Newfoundland would
do well to see to it that the practice were stopped ; otherwise,
when it is too late they will be filled with unavailing regret.
In their magnificent herds of caribou the colonists have
undoubtedly their most valuable asset, with the exceptions of
their cod fishery and sealing catch, but if half the tales be true
a very few years will result in the practical extinction of the
Newfoundland caribou, should present practices continue,

Rod

AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHY

Conducted by Hubert McBean Johnstone

THE FOREGROUND IN WINTER PHOTO-
GRAMS.

As the title of this article would imply, it is the intention
herein to treat of that part of the landscape which is nearest
the camera, dealing with it under the aspect it presents when

the snow covers the ground,

In ninety-nine out of every

READY

FOR

Haileybary, Ont., is ‘the jumping off place

in her garb hundreds of different tones and half-tones for the
dry plate to take hold and work on, there is but little difficulty
experienced in accentuating those parts which it is desired to
make strong. Even the blue haze which hangs in the air is of
inestimable assistance in the securing of aerial perspective.
But in winter it is all changed.

almost no such thing as aerial perspective.

The haze is gone, and there is
The hundred and
one little objects, grass, vines, logs and what not, on which we
have been wont to rely on as space fillers for the front of the
picture, are lost and gone, swallowed up in the mass of powdery

and Gun in

for the Tamagaming chain.
were about to begin the portage to Sharp Lake, where the canoes are luunched for a 2

Canada 12

hundred landscape photograms, whether they be made in winter
or in summer, the foreground is the principal part, and middle
and backgrounds are subordinate to it and act rather in the
If the

figures naturally fall in the foreground ; if

capacity of a back setting. scene be one of action and
life and figures, the
it be one of nature alone, on the foreground—perhaps assisted
And if

the background does have to be made of more importance, the

by the middle distance—must we rely for our interest.

foreground must usually be additionally thought of in order

that the balance may be preserved. Ifa picture be strong it is

in the foreground that we look to find the cause of its strength ;

if it be weak it is here we look to discover its weak points.
in the case of a winter

More particularly is all this so

photogram. During the summer when Dame Nature presents

THE PORTAGE.

The above photograph was taken as a party of American sp
-mile poddle

Those delicate little
half-tones that snuggled in on the side of every little grass-

drifting white that covers everything.
covered hillock and gave us such delicate tonal values have
True enough, in their place we have a new set oi
vastly different, and,
except in the hands of one who has made the matter a study,
Each rift and hollow is
more or less marked, each wave of fleecy whire has its own
light and dark parts.

disappeared.
tonal values in the snow, but these are

almost impossible of reproduction.

But how delicate.
duced the way they should be ?

Are they ever repro-
It is almost necessary to look

14 Rod and Gun in Canada

to other things to insure a good foreground in a winter
landscape.

In snow work you will always find that a small bit will
prove superior as far as picture making qualities are concerned,
to an attempt to embrace a large portion of country. A twining
vine, a half-buried fence, a snow-roofed cottage or anything
else where the:subject is all in the foreground, is what you
want to work on. One of the most striking winter landscapes
that I ever saw was made by Rudolf Eikemeyer, in just such a
way. The scene, to look at the picture, appeared to be of a
vast tract of land, embraced a country road and several barns,
as well as a number of large trees. Come to find out about it,
the whole spot included oniy a few hundred square yards ; the
“country road’? had been made by the simple expedient of
trotting up and down in the snow a couple of times and kicking
it well uv; the thatched barns were wee hillocks that showed
black against their white background where the icy blasts of
winter had swept them bare ; the trees that over-hung the
highway were nothing more than ordinary bushes in the fore-
ground and big tufts of grass a little farther back. And yet
it all made a perfect picture and one that would deceive almos}
anyone who had not been told how it was made. There was
another touch employed in this particular photogram that is
worth noting in the depicting of foregrounds. The exposure
was made when the sun was low in the heavens, and not only
did the long shadows of the bush at the right add materially to
the effectiveness, but each lump of snow in the pathway, each
hollow in the footprints, even each blade of grass cast its own
mark on the dazzling white landscape, most effectually breaking
its monotony. Had the sun been directly overhead this would
not have been possible, and one of the most striking features
would have been lost.

It can hardly be said, however, that there is anything new
about this using of shadows in a snow scene. One of G. E.
Vallean’s photograms, ‘‘ Where the Shadows are Long,’ has
been made in justthis way. It isa picture of a tall pine that
leans forward out of a bank by the roadside and throwsa vague,
black, weird shadow in irregular patches over the frozen
surface of the snow. The title is most appropriately chosen,
for there is nothing else to the picture. In fact, there is not
intended to be. It is simply a picture of a shadow, though
the artist has, probably without intending it, made a striking
example of one class of foreground work. Again in his photo-
gram, “ Winter,’ J. H. Field uses the same method of working
when the sun is near the horizon. The scene is a typical
country one. It is from way back on the fields on a farm,
looking up toward the rear of the house and barns. ‘The fore-
ground is broken by a few tracks in the suow and a deeply cut
road such as one would naturally expect to find insuch a spot.
Long straggling country fences break up the distance. By
having the sun low, emphasis has been given to this road and
these foot marks in the foreground, and enough strength and
vigour made to associate with it to make it stand out bold and
clear against the exceptionally strong background.

Another subtle touch has been used in this picture, which
insummer photography has absolutely nothing to do with the
foreground but which, in winter, possesses a very important
bearing on the result. The sky is filled with a mass of dark
gray clouds. The average photographer takes his pictures of
winter scenes with a clear sky and when the sun is shining,
trusting to obtain relief from the shadows. If the exposure be
made when the heavens are overcast with dark clouds, each
rift and hallow will be more conspicuously marked and all the

depths and drifts more apparent to the observer. When, as in
this case, the photographer is fortunate enough to hit on a
day on which the sun is shining behind and the sky is dark
in front, what an opportunity there exists for good work.

But let us pass to another style of winter photography and
another method of accentuating the foreground. This time at
the expense ofthe middle and far distance. It is somewhat
along the line of aerial perspective. But aerial perspective
plays aiter alla very unimportant part in summer work, i.e.,
relatively speaking, of course—while in winter photography
the class of work to which it is intended to refer here is very
important. Iam speaking now of pictures that are made when

snowstorms are in progress, so that the background is shaded -

off in a misty veil, leaving the foreground standing out against
it, so strong and so bold and yet without any harshness of out-
line. Perhaps it will be better understood just what is meant
if an instance be given. TT. F. Brogden’s “ Snowstorm’’ is an
excellent example. I suppose that no picture ever was com—
posed of just so much of the utterly commonplace, and yet
owing to the peculiar way in which it was handled, made so
good a picture. The picture is of an omnibus standing in the
foreground with two poor miserable horses shivering in the
cold. Diagonally across one corner runs a sidewalk, half
buried in the snow. On the sideisa row of dreary surburban
villas. But all these things are mere accessories. The real
making of the picture is the fact that there was a snowstorm
when the exposure was made, and the consequences are that
all these so common things of every day life are vested with a
strange sort of beauty. True, the beauty is not their own, but

is lent to them for the time being by the snow. The receding -

side street dissolves into nothingness and affords the perfect
gradation that makes the picture. The background is com-
posed of snow; nothing but snow. The foreground is the
picture. As an example it is excellent. Another picture of
somewhat the same type and equally good for the purpose of
illustration, except that it is not so much of a landscape pure
and simple, is that well known production of Prescott Adam-
son’s, ‘‘’Mid Steam and Smoke.’’ Comment on it is almost
unnecessary. Thisis the picture of the exterior of a busy mill
surrounded by quantities of steam and smoke and snow.
Though the material was unpromising, the artist has made an
excellent thing out of it. Just one more example of this. Wm.
S. Meyer's ‘‘ Winter” is along the same lines. It is simply a
photogram of a street; snow piled deep on the roofs and dis-
tance enveloped in a mass of blinding, drifting snow ; foreground
much cut up with wagon tracks. A very pretty thing indeed.
There is probably no means of giving emphasis to the fore-
ground, that will so effectually do it and at the same time
shade off the background and with all that may be objection-
able, as that little scheme of making the exposure in a snow-

storm.

But why go on to tell of all the varying methods that may
be employed to give interest to the foreground and cause it to
catch and hold the interest that winter pictures demand, T want
to impress upon you more the necessity of making the foreground
amount to something, make it a living, breathing part of the
picture, a something that one cannot get past without noticing,
than to waste time and space telling you how to do these things.
I have herein hinted at a few of the ways in which well-known
photographers do it under various circumstances, and given you
a hint or two if you only take it up. It must remain with
yourselves whether or no you take advantage of it and study
the question of foregrounds for yourselves. One thing you must
grasp if you intend to photograph winter landscapes satisfac-
torily, and that is that there is no more important part than the
one with which this article deals,

Rod

KENNEL DEPARTMENT

Conducted by D. Taylor

Montreal Canine Association.

At the last regular meeting of this Association, held Dee.
Sth, in the library of the Natural History Rooms, there were
several matters of importance under discussion. The new pre-
sident, Mr. D. W. Ogilvie, occupied the chair for the first time,
and acquitted himself like a veteran in the art of conducting a
public meeting, especially towards the close, when some of the
members showed a tendency to become inquisitive as to the
financial position of the association, and they were diplomat-
ically referredto the report which had been read at the annual
meeting.

An interesting
talk took place
on the advisabi-
lity of co-oper-
ating with the
Society for the
Prevention of
Cruelty to Ani-
mals in regard
to founding a
dogs’ home, and
also to take joint
action in urging
upon the City
Council to insti-
tute a system of
rounding up and
destroying all
unclaimed dogs.
The Jarge num-
ber of stray ani-
mals in this city
has become an
unmitigated
nuisance,as well
as a source of
danger to child-
ren, and it was
also pointed out
that these no-

and Gun

Mcppy Wavrer Bay, Lake TemaGaMiye. so

This magnificent bay deserves a more poetical name.
with the remainder of Temagaming, which is as clear as crystal.

in Canada cS

However, no decision was arrived at, it being the sense of the
meeting that a definite decision should be delayed until after
the yote on the proposed amendments.

How to provide entertainment and instruction for future
micetings was the next question. It was felt by those present
that lectures by canine experts on different breeds, open tothe
public, would make profitable and attractive entertainment for
the winter months. The names of several prominent gentle-
men were suggested, and finally the matter was left in the
hands of the executive, with a request to take immediate
action.

The settlement of this matter concluded the business, and
the meeting adjourned with a yote of thanks to the chair-
man.

At a subsequent meeting of the executive, W. J. Innes,
Canada Life Building, was appointed to the vacant secretary-
ship at an annual salary.

Mr. Joseph
Laurin is to be
congratulated
on the
conferred upon
him by the
South of Eng-
land Airedale
Terrier Club,
one of the lead-
ing canine clubs
of England. He
has just received
official notifica-
tion of ,his ap-
pointment to
their list of jud-

compli-
which ‘is
as well merited
as it will be
popular, on this
side of the water
at least, where
his famous ken-
nel of Airedales
has carried off
many blue
ribbons at the
principal shows.

honor

ges, a

ment

It is only ‘‘muddy"’ by comparison
There is excellent fishing

for small-mouthed black bass around the shores of the islets shown in the cut.

mads were the
principal medium by which communicable diseases was con-
veyed to household pets and other valuable dogs. It was finally
leftin the hands of the president to name a committee to confer
with the executive of the S. P. C. A. in regard to both matters.

Two notices of motion were given to change the constitution
and by-laws, the object being in both cases to increase the
funds of the association. One seeks to provide for associate
members with limited privileges at a small annual fee, the
other to levy an annual subscription from the shareholders,
failing payment of which, within a given period, their privil-
eges may be forfeited. The matter will be dealt with at the
January meeting.

The next business taken up was a show in the early spring
of 1902, and the matter was threshed out at some length.

%

The feature of the month was the show in New York,
under the auspices of the Ladies’ Kennel Club, held December
17,18, 19 and 20. Apart from the Westminster Kennel Club’s
show, it was the largest ever held in America, there being
1,148 dogs benched, making 1,625 entries. Every breed of dog
was well represented, and with two or three exceptions there
were no walk-oyvers. Boston terriers were in the frout rank

with 147, followed by fox terriers with 129, bulldogs 96, cocker
spaniels 88, toy spaniels 87, beagles $5, bull terriers 68, St.

Sernards 62, Scottish terriers 58, collies 43, Airedale terriers 36.

There was a falling off in many breeds which were formerly
strong favorites and a marked favor shown to others which
lately have been in the background, notably in the ease of the
** Scotty’? Airedales seem also to be getting quite popular.
The conduct of the show reflected the highest credit on the
ladies.

Rod

“Rod and Gun” is the official organ of the Canadian Forestry Association.
The Editors will welcome contribntions on topics relating to Forestry.

MEASURING STANDING TIMBER.

A Knochtel, Forester with the New York State Forest, Fish and Game

Commission,

If all the trees of a forest had the same diameter, height,
and form, the determination of the quantity of wood would
present no difficulty. One would need only to count the trees,
ascertain the voirme ofone tree, and multiply its contents by
Such stands, to be sure, one does not
find in nature, but the trees ofatimber forest are, after all, not

the total number of trees.

so different from each other that a very exact measurement of
each tree is necessary.

In very irregularly grown stands, the conditions are, of
course, somewhat unfavorable, but even here special ascertain-
ment of volume can be limited to only a few trees. In the
greater number of cases it may be taken for granted that, in the
same stand. trees of similar basal size do not differ very much
in height and form, and thereforealso in their volume. It is
necessary then insuch stands only to form classes of the same
or nearly the same diameter in order to obtain trees of similar
height and form. For every such class, representative trees
can then be chosen and the cubic contents found, and from
their contents the yolume of the whole class can be calculated.
In stands in which height and form cannot be considered a
function of the basal size, it may be necessary to divide each
diameter class into height classes.

DETERMINING THE NuMBER oF TREES AND THEIR Basan Areas.

All methods of ascertaining the volume of a stand by
measuring depend upon a knowledge of the basal area. The
determination of this is therefore the first and most important
part of a volume survey. The basal area of a stand isthe sum
of the basal areas of the trees. To determine this, calipers are
applied tothe trees.

The trees are measured at breast height, generally four feet
three inches. Measurement at the ground could only be made
with difficulty, and, besides, the cross area there is very
irregular on account of the manner in which the roots spread.

In measuring the trees, diameter classes are made, and
sometimes height classes, especially where the trees of the

same diameter differ much in height. In mixed stands, the
species are recorded separately.

One or two men take the diameters and call them out,
A tally man
blanks suitably

A note-keeper can generally keep

giving the species where several are present.
the
prepared for the purpose.

keeps record of measurements upon

two men busy measuring, but in densely stocked young stands
only one. In order to avoid measuring trees twice, or over-
looking any trees, they may be marked by the caliper men

and Gun

in Canada

after the measurement has been taken. This can be done with

an iron instrument or with a piece of chalk.

The work should proceed in strips, and on mountain slopes
in a horizontal direction, in order that the breast-high measure-
ment may be the mean between the heights on the mountain
side and on the valley side. The strips should not be too wide.
Thirty to forty feet for each caliper man is usually a convenient
width. The tally-man goes ahead of the measurers, and, if
there are two, he may mark the line between their strips by
means of a strong cord fastened to his clothing. A cord, or
chalk-line, as it is called, such as is used for laying shingles,
would be found quite suitable. While running ahead the length
of the string, one hundred feet, for instance, he follows a
direction as indicated by a compass which he carries. While
noting down the dimensions called out, he may give heed to
the manner in which the calipers are placed upon the trees, and
to the correction of any gross errors that may be made in
reading off the diameters. This is advisable, however, only to
avery limited extent, for the tally-man, diverted from his own
work, easily forgets to note down the dimensions.

The United States Bureau of Forestry, in measuring this
year the timber on townships 5, 6, and 41, Hamilton County,
New York, employed parties of four men each—a tally-man,
two caliper men, and a man who ran the compass line and
made ageneral description of the territory gone over. Instead
of the cord, achain was used, and each caliper man measured a
strip half a chain wide. The strips were run in the same general
direction, aquarter of a mile apart. A separate tally was kept
for each acre measured. ‘That is, whenever the strips reached
the length of ten chains a new tally was begun.

Large forests may, in order to facilitate measurement, be
divided into smaller parts by lakes, rivers, roads, ditches, ete.,
that may be present. Each part can then be measured by
itself.

In the measuring itself, due regard should be given to the
following :—

1. Before the work begins, and while it continues, one
should see to it that the movable arm of the calipers is not too
loose.

2. The calipers should be placed on the tree at right
angles.

3. If, at the place of measurement, there is an extraor-
other irregularity, the measurement
should be taken higher or lower.

dinary thickening or

4. The dimensions should be read off while the arms of
the calipers lie close against the tree, and at this moment the
caliper man should step close up to the caliper bar.

5. The height at which it isdecided that the measurements
are to be taken must be held to strictly. It should be marked
in some way on the clothing of the caliper man, by a button,
for example. According to the investigations of Grundner, a
German, a deviation of six inches higher or lower makes on the
average a difference in the basal area of 1.05 percent. When
measurements are to be taken repeatedly, as, forevample, in a
standing experiment, a mark should be put upon the tree with
a scrateh-awl.

6. Ordinarily only one diameter measurement need be
taken on each stem, but on stems which are very eccentric, two
measurements may be taken crosswise, and a tally kept of the
mean diameter.

Rod

The following tally blank is the one used by the New York
State College of Forestry :

\ |
| |
|
I | |_|
ee a Se jpetsel= Bae RS Na 0] ie) LE Br J
|
|
| |
|
_ Si = md —
eats
= || | |
Sse e--ee—
= ;
aW iis
Wis |x |
a “ |
= = oO A> Stole tales are
F |e] ine) x
w |z [@) | A
S =) =
[oe | B
St FO ieee el ee St 1)
ui | 9
: © |/2 - |
= 2 Ww |
eS (et |_ : canoes (eles ee
2 |lg| /2 |
=a |2
: rE
3 Vee | eS Se ee
z | | |
uj y |
= z il
= | i = sr s
i=) Hs i zo]
ssa = | | 3
ae = z
S FS fs ee PP a a Xx
oS ES s
z 2 [1g
cc = ze
= = ey eet
QDS 5 Slane = mlel olen 2
Beets Bi. | RvlE s|e
w= SS SS S81 sia 8 SSS TSAR los
=F A | anit 5

According to Hesz, one tally-man and two caliper men can
measure 600 trees per hour, (maximum 971, minimum 422) ;
according to Baur 765 trees, and in one day of ten hours about
7,000 trees. Inthe measuring done by the United States Bureau
of Forestry in New York, twenty-five acres has been considered
a fair day’s work for a party of fourmen. A party can measure
at the mostabout five acres pe’ hour for four or five hours, or
forty acres per day of ten hours.

FORMING OF Size CLASSES AND RouNDING OFF THE DIAMETERS.

For scientific work, diameter classes of whole centimeters
are allowed by the German Forestry Association. When the
fraction amounts to .5 em., an addition is made to the preceding
class.

The United States Bureau of Forestry makes inch classes ;
the New York State College of Forestry, 2-inch classes, as will
be seen by the blank given above. In our forests, 2-inch classes
are allowable, especially for trees over nine inches in diameter,
as will be seen by the following demonstration :—

and Gun

in Canada 17

Let C = half the range of the ten inch class.
Let D = the mean diameter of the class.
Then D + C = diameter of the largest tree.
And D - C = diameter of the smallest tree.

Diameter D gives area Lg D2. (*)
4
T 7
Maximum area = Fi (D + O) (D?+ 2DC + C?)
T 7
Minimum area = aan D — C)?= Te D2— 200 + C7).
m ({(D2+ 2 DC + C?)+ (D? -2 DC + C?) | _
Mean area = al ; x = fim
7
ae zn (C=)
. N T > 19 T 2 T 10
Error of area = —- (D* C2) a ore =
7
=—=62 =A
Percentage of error = ——— x 100 = Ue 100.
Tee Dp?
ay
Suppose 2 p.c. be the limit of error which we agree as
allowable :
100 C2
Phen yz = 2.
Dee
And C= 0
D
Practically, C =F = half range of 10 inch class.
Therefore, =~ = the range of the class.
D
That is, =~ = 2 inches, the range for the 10 inch class.

To be sure, this reasoning is based upon the condition that
the trees in the half range aboye the mean diameter be equal in
number to those in the range below, a condition which will, I
think, be fairly satisfied by the fact as found in the wood.
With trees of a larger diameter than those considered in the
demonstration, a two-inch range will give less than a 2 per cent.
limit of error.

The reckoning of the sum of the cross section areas from
the diameter measurements can be ac complished by the use of
a table, which may be found in Bulletin 20 of the United States
Bureau of Forestry, Washington, D.C. Such tables have also
been prepared by the Germans—Kunze, Ganghofer, Pressler,
and Eberts. Grundner has shown that reckoning the square
feet to more than three places of decimals, even for scientific
purposes, does not obtain a degree of accuracy which warrants
the extra labor, and that for most practical purposes two
decimal places are quite sufficient.

Heiaur MEASUREMENT.

In order to calculate the quantity of timberin a forest it is
necessary not only to deter.nine the number of trees of each
diameter class of each species, but the average height of the
trees of each diameter class should also be determined.

There are various instruments for measuring the height of
a standing tree, all based upon the principle of similar triangles,

(*) mw = 3.1416.

18 Rod

a principle familiar to all mathematicians. The most c mnvenient
of these is Faustman’s Hypsometer, a small instrument which
can be carried in the pocket. In using this instrument, the
observer selects a convenient spot where he can distinctly see
the top of the tree. Then measuring his distance from the base
of the tree, and arranging the instrument accordingly, he looks
at the top of the tree through an eye-piece on the instrument
and reads off the height of the tree as indicated by the thread
of a plumbline resting against a scale.

A “height party” of two
hypsometer, while the other takes the diameter with the

consists men. One uses the

calipers and measures the distance between the trees and the

observer. A party can measure from 200 to 400 trees per day.
From 1,000 to 2,000 trees of each commercial specie should

be measured on a township of, for instance, 50,000 acres of our

forest. The
greater the
number, the

value, and the
diam-

~*

average

eter of the

—_

a
Wile wc

trees oi a
the
greater should

pret eivitdons

species,

be the number

of heights
taken.

In taking
heights, it has
found

:

been
most conveni-
ent to measure
one species at
atime. It is
not necessary
to go regularly
the
forest, but care

through

should be
taken to meas-
ure trees grow-
ing under all
conditions of
soil, elevation,
exposure, etc.

To be
the
ment of timber without methods of working up the results

sure, Burnt Forest

measure-
would be useless, but as this paper is intended to treat only

of the measuring itself, such methods have been omitted.

*
The Temiskaming Fire.

We again take occasion to bring before our readers the forest
fire which occurred during the past summer in the Temiskam-
ing district, for, having had an opportunity of visiting that
district recently, and seeing some of the destruction caused by
the fire, and hearing the accounts of eye-witnesses of the scene,
we have a clearer appreciation of the yvreat loss which the
country has suffered by the practically total destruction of the
the the
trunks may still be standing almost as they were before the fire

timber on fire-swept area For though bare black

and to the careless observer there is but little change except

and Gun

NEAR THORNLOE, ON’.

in Canada

such as may appeal'to’the esthetic sense, the insect population
are industriously taking their place in the activities of nature,
and reducing to dust again that which has ceased to live, and
has therefore become only an impediment in the way of future
growth. We attempted previously to give an estimate of the
extent_of the fire,"and the value of the timber destroyed, and
The
loss to the Government in the dues on the timber, both as to

we find no reason to decrease in any way that estimate.
present and’prospective revenue, is very large. The lumber-
men are heavy losers, and the timber swept away remoyes to
that extent'the opportunity for the employment of their men.
Messrs. Gillies Bros. suffered the greatest loss, over f¢ orty square
miles of their pine limits being destroyed, as well as buildings
valued at about $6,000. The pine which was burnt
on the limits of this firm has been estimated at 35 to 40 million

feet, very little

and stores,

of which could
The
Lumber

be saved.
Hull
Company had
five million
burnt, a
considera ble
port ion of
which it
possible to take
Mr.

loss

feet

Was

Out.

Booth’s
was about four
million
and was practi-
cally a total
Other
firms also suf-

feet,

loss.

tered consider-
able
And
the
quote d
added

young

1 osses.
when to
figures

are
the
pine
and the spruce,
not
enter into the
estimate, and
which would
very
many years have been of a marketable size, some idea can per-

which do

before

haps be formed as to the meaning of the sudden stoppage of
prodnetiveness over such a large area, which will not again be
in such a condition of wealth-creating potency in the present
generation.

But timber is not the only thing of value in that country.
The buildings and stores of the lumbermen and settlers as well
were inthe greatest danger. One firm lost heavily in this way,
the depot of the Hull Lumber
Company on Lake Ostoboning, the distributing point for the

as already mentioned. At

shanties working that company’s limit to the north, and at a
distance of forty miles from the starting place of the fire, the
smoke was so dense and the fire apparently approaching so
rapidly, (it did not reach a point within three or four miles of
the depot), that it was considered advisable to pack up books
and papers and make ready to push out into the middle of the

Rod and Gun

lake, abandoning everything else to the merey of the flames.
For this was no ordinary fire. It was of the kind deseribed by
Bryant :—

: the Fire

Gathers his annual harvest here,

With roaring like the battle sound,

And trains of smoke that heayenward tower,

And streaming flames that sweep the plain,

Fierce, as if kindled to devour

Earth, to the well springs of the main.

The air dark with smoke, the appalling roar of wind and
flame loudly heralding the approaching destroyer, but leaving
a dread uncertainty as tothe moment when it might burst forth,
the heayens filled with flying pieces of birch bark fiercely
blazing, and spreading the destruction before and on every
hand, these were the startling features of a scene that might
have made the stoutest quail, and which has left an indelible
impression on the minds of all who passed through it. And in
the midst of it were the strain and struggle to save life and
property, the narrow escapes of parties and individuals, the
desperate but futile efforts to contend with an enemy too
powerful even if only to be met in one place, but which, sown
on every wind, sprung up hydra-headed to its work of destruc-
tion. And this experience was duplicated at Hay Bay and other
points, where the fire was being fought. Can anyone say that
such scenes should be repeated? Does anyone desire that they
should be ?

From the esthetic point of view, which should certainly
not be disregarded, the change from the living green to the
dead blackness of the burnt forest, from the beauty of moss and
budand leaf to bare stone and black earth, from the leafy
canopy and dim arebes of nature’s temple to the gaunt trunks
standing naked and unashamed, a curse instead of a benediction,
cannot but bring a pang to every lover of nature and every
admirer of our Canadian scenery. It is almost pitiful to see
trees, still immature, whicb had apparently made it their life
purpose to cover rocks and boulders with verdure, standing
with the soil burnt clear away from their poor blackened roots,
which still grasp vainly the bare stones, as if even yet reluctant
to believe that their efforts have heen so completely frustrated.

And of the inhabitants of the forest, birds were found lying
dead everywhere, some with feet burned off, some injured in
other ways, all suffocated by the smoke. The numberof young
partridge destroyed at that time of the year must have been
enormous. The large game also suffered. At different places
moose were found mired and suffocated and the general opinion
on the matter, although there were some dissenting voices, was
that the moose were not as plentiful in the district this year as
they were the previous year. This much is certain, that not
nearly as many were taken out by hunters.

And to what object was all this waste? It is quite certain
that the fire started from the settlement back from Baie des
Peres, on Lake Temiskaming, where settlers were clearing
land. A number of fires were set out and allowed to run,
ultimately joining in one, and sweeping clear across to Hay Bay
and Lake Ostoboning, through as good a pine and spruce district
as there is in Canada. The provision of the Quebec Fire Act in
regard to the setting out of fires is as follows :—

‘“No person shall in the forest, or at a less distance than
one mile from the forest, set fire to or cause to burn any pile of
wood, branches or brushwood. or any tree, shrub or other plant,
or any black loam or light soil, or any trunks of trees that have

in Canada 19

been felled at any period during the year. It shall, however,
be permitted for the purpose of clearing land at any time except
between the 15th June and the 15th September in each year.’’
The Government has also the power ina time of drought to
prevent the setting of fires at any time for any purpose.

As the fire occurred on the 26th June, it appears to be fully
established that this very destructive conflagration was caused
by fires being set out in contravention of the law, at a time of
the year when the dry condition of the forest made the danger
very great. And this was apparently not the work of one
person, but it was so generally indulged in that it might be
considered as the custom of the district. There is no desire on
our part to add to the difficulties of the settler, but surely it
cannot be considered a hardship to ask that some steps should
be taken by the Government to make the above quoted provision
of the act effective. We speak in no spirit of hostility either to
the Government or the settler, we have no brief for the lumber-
men, and are not concerned toadyocate their welfare except in
so far as it may affect the general welfare of Canada. It may be
pointed out, however, that the settlers have often found their
best market in the lumber depots ; that out of a total revenue
during the previous year for the Province of Quebec amounting
to about $4,700,000, at least one-fourth is derived from the
forest, and if this source of revenue is swept away there is
really nothing left but direct taxation, of which the settler will
have to help bear the burden. This very possibility has been
used as a rallying ery agalnst some of our Provincial Govern-
ments. We believe that some steps should be taken to teach
those who have set out fires illegally to see the evil of their
ways and learn to transgress no more, and that some extension
of the fire ranging system should be made so as to keep the
setting out of fires under proper control, particularly in timber
districts. This is in the interest of the Government and the
settlers, as well as of everyone who is interested in the pros-
perity of the Province of Quebec.

*
Reciprocity.

The American Lumberman remarks that the careful reader
of reciprocity editorials in the daily newspapers can readily
see the pulp between the lines (a neat bon mot), and it probably
contains a large amount of truth. It is but recently that, as
noted by us, the Lumberman called attention to the very
difficult situation in which the spruce lumbermen found them-
selves, with the price of spruce in the log forced up from $11 toS16
athousand by the pulpmen, and suggested that the manufac-
turers of pulp should try to make some arrangement fora supply
of wood from Canada, so thatinstead of chopping up beautiful
clear logs for pulp they might be reserved for cutting into
lumber. It is quite certain thatin any negotiations for recip-
rocity between Canada and the United States, the lumber
industry will raise questions of great importance, and any action
which may be taken will have important results on the future
of thiscountry. The present situation appears to be that the
great expansion of the lumber and pulp industries in the United
States, has brought those interested in them to a position where
they begin to see the effect of the decrease both in the white
pine and spruce supplies, and, although this situation has been
relieved somewhat by increased activity in other woods, parti-
cularly among which may be noted Southern yellow pine, which
has in recent years proveda rich investment, there has been
developed a desire to obtain access to the Canadian supplies.
The policy recently adopted in Canada, of requiring the manu-

20 Rod and Gun in (Canada

facturing of lumber on this side of the line, instead of exporting
the log has also had its effect in this direction. The resolution
passed at the Reciprocity Convention held at Washington
recently could hardly, however, be described as radical, as it
favored only reduction of duties on articles not produced in the
United States. While the States, whose supplies of lumber are
at the point of exhaustion, will be the strong supporters of the
movement for reciprocity in lumber, there will certainly be
decided opposition from the lumber-producing states, and, as
the number of people employed in the manufacture of lumber
in the United States is estimated at five millions and a half,
their influence will be a potent factor in the consideration of
the problem.

But from the point of view of the Canadian Forestry
Association, the chief consideration is as to the effect of recipro
cal arrangements on the method of dealing with our forests.
The present condition of the forests on the southern side of the
international boundary is not particularly reassuring, and
whether the cause be found in defective legislation or elsewhere,
the fact remains that American lumbermen, generally, have
attained the reputation of being anything but economical or
provident in their operations. Canadians themselves are not as
yet alive to the necessity for improvement in their own
methods. On very uncertain information we talk largely of
our inexhaustible forest wealth, and on unverifiable figures we
give bold estimates of our ability to supply the world for centu-
ries to come, and we conclude that we need worry ourselves no
more about the matter. But if we cannot keep the fires from
devastating the forests within our reach, the far-off fields that
now look so green may be but a barren brulé, when we have
need of them. More care and study should be given to what
we hive presently available, and we should be careful that our
hands should not be tied by treaty arrangements, in such a way
that we cannot take the necessary measures to provide for the
proper management of our timber resources, and while expan-
sion is not necessarily evil, it may be made so if we do not know
how properly to manage or control it, and do not make the
effort in proper time.

*

The Forest School at Biltmore, N.C., conducted by C. A.
Schenck, Ph. D., isin a very favorable position from the fact
that the forest, which is under Dr. Schenck’s management is
available for the practical demonstration, which is a very
necessary adjunct to theoretical work. From a notice which
has reached us, it appears that the course of study followed
provides, in the first place, for practical instruction in the
forest where actual work, such as planting, cutting, road-
making, ete., is going on. The forests comprise an area of
110,000 acres, there being three separate tracts—Busbee forest,
which controls the water supply of the estate, and is dealt with
accordingly ; Biltmore forest, which has a near and ever ready
market in Asheville; and Pisgah forest, a great rugged tract
of Appalachian virgin forest, which has supplied yellow poplar
and other woods to the mills for some time. A system of roads
is being developed to open up this tract, and make it easily
accessible for all purposes to which any part of it may be
devoted. Tree planting is undertaken only on a small scale,
natural reproduction being relied on.

The theoretical instruction includes Sylviculture, Forest
Utilization, Forest Finance, Forest
Protection, Forest Politics, Forest History. This part of the
course also includes a study of Fish and Game-keeping.

Management, Forest

Forest Researches, such as Stem Analysis, Sample Acres,
Test Growth, Construction of Yield Tables, form the third part
of the course.

The full course, which occupies a period of twelve months,
is concluded by a three months’ tour of the European forests,
commencing in April, which gives an opportunity for investi-
gating the forestry systems practised there and comparing them
with American methods. Those who have read thelast report
of the Canadian Forestry Association will understand that Dr.
Schenck is no visionary, that he understands the limitations of
the present situation on this continent, and will not ignore
them with his pupils. We believe most thoroughly that it
would be a most valuable experience for all those who are
intending to devote themselves to the lumber business to have
the opportunity which a course at this or some of the other
schools of forestry would give of getting an insight into
scientific methods of forest management. The effect on the
future of Canada wonld be very important if we had a Jarge
number of men who hada c’ear appreciation of the meaning
and methods of scientific forestry. Any further information in
regard to the Forest School at Biltmore may be obtained by
communicating with C. A. Schenck, Ph. D., Biltmore, North
Carolina.

*

Professor J. W. Toumey, of the Yale Forest School, has
become a life member of the Canadian Forestry Association.
This is the kind of American aggression that we welcome. And
we must further say that the kindnesses we have received from
our friends in the United States who are interested in forestry,
make us wish that in this respect we were able to give a recipro-
city that would be of anything like an equal value.

*

Some time ago we announced that we had made arrange-
ments to have any questions in regard to forestry, tree planting,
or allied topics that any of our members wished to submit,
answered by experts in these subjects. Up to the present time
advantage has not been taken of this offer, and we must there-
fore conclude that no unsolved problems vex the souls of our
subscribers. Our offer is still open, however, and we hope it
will be made use of both for the sake of those desiring informa-
tion and in order that we may understand better the subjects
that should be brought before our readers.

*

We have had the pleasure recently of a visit from Rey.
A. FE. Burke, of Alberton, P.E.I. Father Burke has been
working vigorously for some time to interest the Government
and people of the islandin the work of preserving and managing
scientifically their timber supplies. Unfortunately the area of
land still in the hands of the Provincial Government is very
small, amounting to only 15,000 acres, and even this is in seat-
tered tracts, so that the field to work on is not extensive from
the forester’s point of view. The land is mostly of a character
unsuitable for agriculture, so that it could not be used for any
other purpose than tree growing. Father Burke states that a
number of bush fires have occurred in the Proyince this year,
and that the country is becoming so bare as to affeet very injur-
iously the water supply. It is to be hoped that Father Burke's

untiring efforts may have the success they deserve.
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AN EXPLORATION TO THE HEIGHT OF LAND.
By St. Croix.
Concluded from the January Issue.

Thatafternoon, just beforesunset, we started forthe southern
end of the south lake. On the way we passed another “‘ mine.”’
This one consisted of an enormous vein of apparently barren
quartz, having an almost vertical dip. On the discovery stake
was the following affecting legend: ‘‘ This claim discovered by
L. H. Timmins, June 7th, 1900.”’

At the head of the lake two streams debouch ; the one
coming from the south-east, the other from the south. We
ascended the former for some miles. We got no snap-shots of
moose, but we frightened one badly, which is something to be
proud of. It happened this way: We were returning down
streara, in the most inky darkness, and chilled to the very
marrow by a cold mist which lay upon the face of the waters,
when we ran upon a sharp snag, and, not knowing that we
were near game, began discussing loudly the best manceuvres
to avoid a shipwreck.
into the forest, and we then knew that a big moose had escaped
being shot with the camera.

In the confusion something splashed

At 9 a.m. the next morning
came in sight.

Messrs. Miller and Leheup
Mr. Miller was hunting iron ranges, and round
his neck dangled a miner’s dipping needle, and in all his
pockets he carried choice specimens of h:ematite and jasper.
I do not know whether he has staked mines, but I am
sure I hope he has, and that the reward will be preportionate

to his great labors.

any

I myself now know of several gold mines,
thickly studded with iron pyrites, which I am willing, nay
eager, to sell to any wealthy syndicate which wishes to make a
bid for them. (N.B.—My address may be learned from the
Editor.) Mr. Miller was bound tor Beaver Lake, which is the
head of the north branch, and after a short delay went on,
leaving us to follow. This we did after luncheon, carrying all
our stuff first over a half mile portage to a little pond (where
there are some beaver left alive) ;
made another portage, of about half a mile, to a slightly
larger pond, and finished up by a third portage of a mile and
a haif to the east branch of the north fork. All these trips
had to be doubled, so that altogether we walked nine miles,
and carried as heavy loads as we could stagger under for five
of them. I find in my diary the following entry:
tough half day.’ Old bushwhackers will
means.

after crossing which we

‘A very
know what that

All we had to do now was to run down stream until we
reached the main White River, where we knew all would be

plain sailing. Now this sounds very easy, but before you can

run down stream in a satisfactory manner you must have
water, and this was just what was lacking. We dragged our
canoes for the first mile, then paddled for a couple more to
the main north fork, which we navigated for three quarters of
a mile. Then followed two long portages, crossing which were
many moose, deer and bear tracks, but by noon we had reached
the head of Grassy Lake. The lake itself is two miles in length,
and at its foot we found the camp of Jean Baptiste No, of
Abittibi. He had for youngest

boy, twelve dogs, three cats, and a little half tamed beaver

companions his wife and

the latter I bought, but four days later had to let
it go again, as the little creature was getting so weak
I felt sure it would not live to reach the settlement.
No is a strange, lupine creature; his obliquely set eyes

have all the shiftiness and cunning which you see in those of
the wolf; he is old, disreputable and dirty, but, nevertheless,
he is an object of admiration and envy to all the other silent,
smoky ones of the northland. His fame has been carried far
and wide to every Hudson’s Bay Post, and his reputation is
known to hundreds who may never hope to see that grizzled,
tangled mop of hair, those cunning eyes, and that rugged
countenance which seems to have dodged soap and water
successfully for more than a generation. And why is No so

famous? Because Jean Baptiste is the one man in all that

country who can eat a ful! grown beayer ata single sitting.
When No kills a moose he camps alongside it, and feeds steadily
until nothing but the skull and the big bones remain. He has
been known to devour seven rabbits at one meal, and then
finish off with a beaver’s tail, by way of desert. If any manu-
facturer of tonic pills could persuade Mr. No to travel in the
interests of his preparation, I am sure the result would be
satisfactory. I asked John if No did much hunting. John
looked straight in front and without moyinga muscle grunted :
“OF course ; What a terrible
fate! Think of this old Indian, this very old man, ceaselessly

tramping the forest, Hudson’s Bay muzzle-loader in hand,

he must’’—and I understood.

hopeless of relief, and forced to work oyertime to satisfy his
relentless appetite.

There were four green moose hides drying on a poplar
frame work, showing how the Ontario moose are thoroughly
protected by the game laws made by the wise men of Toronto.
For the greater part of the year No, together with those who
belong to his family, that is to say his wife, sons, daughters-in-
law, and grand-children, fifteen in all, live off the country, and
to feed these people about five hundred pounds of meat or fish
must be provided each week. Of course, they keep their nets
out, and procure large numbers of pike, dore and whitefish,

2 Rod and Gun

but, nevertheless, the flesh of the moose is their mainstay.
This country would swarm with game if somebody could
persuade Mr. No to emigrate. He is a perfect thorn in the flesh
to the animals, birds and fish of that region. At one point in
Te-gou-sie-wabie I saw seven bear skulls, the animals to which
they had belonged having fallen victims to No and his boys.

Next year, however, the moose may have a rest, because it
will be the big rabbit year. They are very numerous now and
in 1902 they will swarm. In 1903, however, they will be con-
spicuous by their absence. As is well known to those whose
business or inclination has taken them into the northern
wilderness, the rabbits increase during seven years, and are
then almost exterminated, by outbreaks of tuberculosis, such
as that which has devastated the over-stocked preserves of
the British Isles this summer. When rabbits are plentiful the
Indians are not so keen to hunt big game, because the
rabbit is the woman's prey, and the men can indulge in a
restful time while the squaws supply them with food.

We got away from No’s camp early in the afternoon, and
went about five miles down the deadwater before camping. It
was very uninteresting, as there were no fresh tracks,and when
night overtook us we had to camp in a wet willow swamp
where there was no firewood to speak of. I noticed all through
this country that the climate was very much better than I had
expected. On August 20th there seemed to have been no frost,
though the trees were yellow from the heat, and hundreds of
white fish were floating dead on the lakes owing to the water
having become too warm. On the morning of the 21st we got
off early, and reached the end of the dead water, ten miles from
the lake, in good season. A couple of short rapids followed,
and at the end of the second we lunched ; then another two
miles of a paddle and we had to tackle a formidable carry of
one and three quarter miles. This made a good day’s work,
because, of course, we had to double tripeverything. We were
rewarded by a most delightful camp; the tent was pitched on
a level flat, free of undergrowth, and bearing the most wonder-
ful forest of mixed growth. Many of thespruces were over two
feet in diameter, and had evidently escaped the ravages of the
big fire which I have alluded to. This was practically the end
of the good farming tract, and from this point down to the
main White River we saw little land fit for settlement. Next
day we managed to negotiate the ‘‘ Long portage’”’ of two and
a quarter miles, together with another couple of miles of
paddling before the rain came down. Then there wasa deluge,
which lasted thirty-six hours and kept us close prisoners to the
tents, but, so hungry was the soil, this heavy rainfall only
caused the river to rise two inches, and by the evening of the
24th it had fallen to its old levelonce more. Four miles below
this camp we came to the log jam which marks the head of
the fall at the mouth of the river. The portage passes over a
high ridge, and the view from the summit is magnificent. The
traveller here learns the true character of the White River
country. He sees hundreds of square miles of undulating land,
covered by a second growth of aspen and white birch. It is not
a rugged country, but it is one that holds much game, which is
even better.

Time was lacking for any further explorations, otherwise |
should certainly have ascended the main river to Round Lake.
As it was, we went a mile up stream to see Granite Falls—
almost dry—and then turned the bow of the canoe toward the
south-east, and Temiskaming. A mile below the north branch
we came to a rapid, and a mile and a half further down stream
to another one, each of which necessitated portages. A third
rapid may be seen from the second, and here we met four canoe

in Canada

loads of Indians returning to Grassy Lake. They were the sons,
and daughters-in-law, and grand-children of Jean Baptiste No,
returning, alas! with empty canoes, havirg been unable to
coax the storekeepers at Temiskaming into advancing them any
supplies. This means that all through the coming winter they
will have to live upon game, and muskrats, and owls—in fact
anything they can kill—without flour, or tea, or sugar to break
the monotony of the diet. Just think of this, ye epicures,
accustomed to a daily choice such as these poor wretches have
never known. Verily, the lot of the Indian is a hard one, and
if he is not all that our fancy paints let us in justice not expect
too much. Once, at the end of a long and cruel winter, I came
to the camp of some Ojibways in the Lake of the Woods
country, Western Ontario. They were living upon rabbits
straight. Happily it was a good year for the bunnies, and so
they had not to face absolute starvation; but some persons
would consider death as a welcome relief from a steady course
of rabbit. These people bad a beautifully simple, yet an effec-
tive, method of cooking the rabbits. Firstly, the skin was torn
off, and, secondly, bunnie was thrown into a big pot of boiling
water standing on the fire. That is all there was to it; just
these two motions. Not even those parts which the old game-
keeper used to call the ‘‘innards’’ were removed. It does not
require a very vivid imagination to picture the appetizing stew
which resulted.

After saying good-bye to our Indian friends we went into
camp, three and a half miles below the mouth of the north
branch.

The morning of Sunday, August 25th, broke fine and
warm ; in fact it was the most sultry morning of the trip,
and for a short time the flies were quite bad. Four miles below
our camp the south branch joined the main stream, and two
miles below that the old familiar mouth of the north-east
branch welcomed us back, after having made a round trip of
perhaps a couple of hundred miles. At the first rapid
we were passed by Messrs. Miller and Leheup on their
way out. From this point all was plain sailing, but we
only reached a point seven miles below the rapid when
we were driven into camp by heavy rain. Next morning
we were off betimes, and had paddled eight and a half
miles when we halted a little below the mouth of Otter Brook.
Here we met the charming Mrs. Johnny McBride and the even
more charming Miss McBride. The men folk were away road
making. On the way down we saw two muskrats and a mink.
The remainder of our trip to the mouth of the river was very
uninteresting, as both banks haye been burnt over this summer
as far as Otter Brook. At 3 p.m. we reached the mouth of the
river, having covered the eight miles from below Otter Brook
in two hours. We now had twelve miles more to paddle to
reach Haileybury, and as the lake was asa millpondeverything
was in our favor. It took us an hour anda half to paddle the
six miles to Windy Point. Here we landed and prepared our
supper; and of all the things to which I look back with
memory’s eye it seems to me that this view from Windy Point,

the whole landscape bathed in the golden haze of a fine August ~

evening, is one of the most satisfying. We landed at Hailey-
bury at 7.30, having paddled twenty-eight miles, in nine and a
half hours’ actual work.

This ended my partial exploration of the White River, and
summing up my impressions I should say : There are few dis-
tricts within easy reach of civilization where there is so much
gaine. Notwithstanding the ravages of the No family, moose
in general are increasing, and I doubt not will continue to afford
excellent sport for many a long year to come.

a

Rod and Gun

TO MY AGED TENT.
By E. Edmond Lemieux-

You are now old and weak, unable to withstand the hard-
ships of camp life. When you came into my possession, twenty
years ago, then fresh from the toanufacturer’s hands, you
looked strong and durable, pretty and attractive. Fora more
satisfactory inspection you stood up on the lawn adjoining my
home, and your general appearance pleased me in the highest
degree. In fact, I felt you were constituted to last a long time ;
I was not deceived in my expectations. How jubilant I was
when we started on our initial outing. I shall never forget the
was in the

River,

first night you sheltered me and my friends. It

latter part of August. on the shores of the Ottawa

in Canada 2
well you protected us from wind and cold, rain or snow ; how
impartially you distributed the invigorating heat of the iron-
sheet stove, from whose long arm, extending outward, frantic
What a

comfort you then afforded to your visitors, cold and shivering

sparks crossed one another’s path, soon to die away

Your guests are numbered by hundreds, but never was a com-
piaint heard ; no matter from what direction the wind raged you
held firmly With the
octopus, you obstinately held your ground. moyve-

arms, like
The light
ments you made to and fro were no indication of doubt as to
your strength to withstand attack, but
shaking laugh at the invisible elements whistling about.

to your post. extended

a mere ironical, side-

During my cwnership I haye looked to your welfar

An Abitripsi Ovrtrir.

Jean Baptist No, with a few of his belongings, including a 15-lb. pike, which he has just caught in Grassy Lake

beneath a small tree through which murmured the evening
breeze. The sky above was brilliant with a myriad of stars
shining on the camp ground, and seemingly out to view your
splendid form.

In the that

during which we shared your hospitality.

the excursions
What a delight it
would be for me to recall the pleasant hours spent under your
roof, by the glow oj the camp-fire, or with the moon’s peaceful

vears followed many were

Those were indeed hours of
rest and ease, when stories were narrated, and experiences made
known—-with short intermissions to appease sudden attacks of
thirst. Late in the season, on hunting expeditions bound, how

gleam peeping through the trees.

steadfastly ; never stored you away in a hurry, or in damp
with the possible result of your firm, white skin
No, on return from an
I hastened to spread you out to bask in the sun’s

condition,
becoming mossy and decayed my
excursion
ardent rays, or at least gave you the benefit of all the fresh air
obtainable, and then only did I pack you away for good. Thus,
your life has been prolonged and you were fit to accompany
me, for the past twenty years, on trips after fish and game. I
must candidly say that when, occasionally, I retired to some
elaborate and expensive club-house, or even to a modest and
roughly-made log cabin, I never felt so much at home as under

your coyer, True enough, I often carried you on my back, at

4 Rod and Gun in Canada

times for long distances, too, but 1 did not grumble at that, for
I knew I would be more than repaid for my fatigue when the
time arrived to spread your mantle over my paraphernalia and
self. Your broad wings were a perfect safety against the chills
of the night ; our sleep was pleasant and undisturbed, with
an assurance that no rain or snow could penetrate your canvas
back. é

How often we have brought to your door the result of a
morning or an evening’s work with rod or gun. How often a
string of beautiful fish hung up nearby. How often you stood
before the camera, and thus our sporting pictures were rendered
all the more interesting, for they conveyed a truer idea of
enjoyable tent life in our Canadian These pictures
oceupy foremost pages in my album, and help to bring back to
my mind some of the happiest days spent in Nature’s grand
wilderness.

Alas! we have both grown older, have suffered somewhat
noticeably by wear and tear, the effects of exposure and unex-
pected hardships on some of our outings. Unfortunately, you
now succumb to such experiences, but I am yet able to stand
them as well as during my earlier trips. I expect to be favored
soon with another mate like unto you, which I hope to use for
tivo score more years. If it prove to possess the qualities which
made you such a favorite and serve us as satisfactorily as you
have done, I can afford then to take a rest myself at the expira-
tion of that period. You have roughed it out long enough, old
friend. Your arms now lack firmness, vour back is discolored,
and full of holes; no doubt you are constitutionally broken
Possibly you did not receive from those to whom I

forest.

down.
occasionally loaned you the same scrupulous treatment I always
accorded you, but I am more than satisfied with your long
years of service. [am very sorry indeed that we must part, for I
loved you dearly. However, I shall never forget the good times
we have had together.

+

A MONTH IN A MANITOBA SHANTY.

By N. B. M. W.

It was mid-July, with the bright hot days of the brief
summer of the Northwest. Threatened with nervous ex-
haustion, I resolyed to cast pills and potions to the dogs, and
try what a few weeks of open-air life would do asa restorative.
Two thousand miles lay between this inter-ocean province and
the cool beaches of the Atlantic and Pacific, but thoughts of the
long, green rollers surging up their wet sands and the surf
dripping over the rocks reminded me of the great fresh-water
lakes of Manitoba.

Toward one of these we turned our faces on a lovely
morning in August, as we boarded a Canadian Pacific train. A
run of two hours and a-half brought us to a little wayside
station where a farmer’s wagon, drawn by a pair of stout
horses, awaited our arrival. Driving over eight miles of level
road we came upon asmall oak wood, which we decided was
an ideal spot for the building of our shanty; the ground for
which was immediately measured out by the gentlemen of our
party. After lunch under a big oak tree, with a breeze from
the lake, about a mile distant, stirring the delicious prairie air,
we concluded our plans for the construction of our ‘ Walden,”
and returned to town

In less than a month our little hut was completed, con-
sisting of two rooms and a small cooking-shed away from the
house. As a day or two later our party of eight drew thither,
we did not allow the pouring rain to dampen our spirits, if it

did our wraps, for we reasoned that the weather could not
always be unkind, and the ducks were coming, for we intended
to combine shooting with our quest for health. After the
simple articles of furniture had been pnt in their places and
our primitive cuisine arranged, our little home looked more
than comfortable. The tiny cooking-stove, with its few feet of
pipe, suggested whole vistas of enchanting repasts; for how
could the satiated appetites and elaborate menu of Delmonico’s
compare with our feasts to be, when a lordly mallard that
yesterday cut the blue sky with its golden bronze wing, or a
plump grouse that in the morning whirred its quick flight over
yellow stubble-fields, should grace our simple board, together
with fresh milk, cream, butter, and home-made bread, the
latter baked from the flour of the world-renowned ‘‘No, 1
Hard’’ wheat.

From a farm-house, whose red roof peeped from a group of
russet stacks and ricks, we procured our small cook, a swarthy-
faced little half-breed, blessed with an exceedingly cheerful
and optimistic disposition, being perfectly willing to prepare
meals at any hour of the day. Breakfast for the shooters was
ready at five o’clock or earlier, as the men usually left at that
hour, followed by the faithful black retriever, which would
work all day in the water if required to. They were frequently
accompanied by the daughter of the house, who in short skirt
and heavy shoe would tramp along as keen for sport as any of
the party.

The long days in the cabin were spent in reading, writing,
day dreaming, or with some kind of light work, such as
painting, wood carving and embroidery, varied by delightful
rambles in the oak glades of the wood, that were like those of
an English park, or in photographing, driving, and, as it
darkened into dusk, placing a lighted bicycle lamp in the four-
paned window to guide the sportsmen home. Tired, hungry,
and happy, their bag was each night hung up upon a stout nail
on the wall, as with many a joke they laughingly recounted
the adventures or mishaps of the day.

Although far from the chime of church bells, the Sundays
were Edenic in their calm and quiet. The event of this day
was the drive to the lake shore, inarude cart, forsupper. With
cushions and rugs laid out, and the little kettle on the impro-
vised crane singing as it boiled the water for tea, we lay gazing
out over the water, which was as sapphire blue as the sea.

Though the shores were perfectly flat, in many places the
outline was softened by fringing willow-bushes and tangles of
weeds and water plants. The only sound that broke the still-
ness was the distant ery of the wild geese, ‘“ Honk, honk,’ as
a thin waving line overhead marked their flight to their
favorite feeding grounds and gravel-beds, where in the grey
dawn our hunters know where to seek them. Sandpipers, with
their slender beaks and limbs, tripped daintily along the beach,
while grey gulls and kingtishers swooped down upon their prey
beneath the waves. Almost any day might be seen wavies,
brant or blue-winged teal, while over the fields and ‘‘ marcus,”’
chicken rose from the long grasses, where they came to find
the saskatoon and other berries upon which they feed. As the
quiet wr sometimes brought the faint ery of the rail or the
plover, it was hard to realise that not more than twenty years
ago these sands echoed to the tread of immense herds of the
great American bison, as they bent their shaggy heads to drink
from these waters, or tossed their manes as the arrow of the
hunter laid them low, leaving their bones to bleach over the
plains where once they browsed, and over which we sometimes
stumble in our walks,

Rod and Gun

On one of these evenings, to our intense surprise, where we
were accustomed to an unbroken sheet of water, we suddenly
discovered, about three miles out, what appeared to be a large,
thickly-wooded island. Unable to understand the occurrence,
we inquired among the settlers for a solution of the mystery
and found it was a mirage, the island being
seventy miles distant.

Another surprise happened one afternoon as we were
driving to the station to meet some friends. Stealing along by
the fence was a large prairie wolf, which, after taking a look at
us, made off through the grain fields and was lost sight of
behind a haystack.

One very cold and dark morning towards the close of
October, we were aroused by the clicking of an engine, and
realized that the most exciting event at that time of the year
had occurred, in that a threshing outfit had arrived at a neigh-
bouring farm. Feeling we could not miss this long-wished-for
visit, we tripped off as fast as we could and seated ourselves in
a huge straw stack to watch the novel scene, which, with the
great hungry machine, the flow of the grain like a golden
fountain, the swelling sacks and rapidly growing hills of chaff,
presented a picture of color and motion, set in a frame of
autumn scenery, which for picturesqueness none in the whole
round of agricultural life can surpass. And thus the days had
lengthened into weeks, and the green leaves of the willow, oak
and alder changed into yellow, red, or ruddy brown, and a
breath of frost in the nights touching the brilliant sunflowers
and purple and white Michaelmas daisies, made us unwillingly
acknowledge that winter was soon coming to turn us out of our
paradise. He roused us rather suddenly and roughly, for one
night, lying down with a roaring fire in our little stove and
feeling fairly comfortable, the wind suddenly changed in the
night to the north, bringing frost and a heavy snowstorm, and
the creeks which had run clear the day before were frozen
solid. This mild hint suggested that the time had come when
we must leave our egg-shell castle, where so many hours of
pure delight had been passed, to carry back to the routine of
town-life perfect health, excellent spirits, and a longing for the
time to return when we could go back again to where our
month's tarrying had transformed us into enthusiastic disciples
of Nature-loving Thoreau.

really about

‘“WHEN THE MOOSE IS RIPE.”

The Autumn morn is clear and still
The stars grow cold and pale ;

White rime lies on the treeless hill,
Grey mist hangs o’er the vale.

The hunters rise and break their camp
Beneath the pallid skies,

And off they tramp where bleak and damp,
The Big Moose barren lies.

* * = * = co =

Wind, Indian, wind your birch-bark horn,
Give, give the mating call ;

And mournful on the stilly morn
The lorn notes rise and fall.

Then presently an answering call
Comes from the neighboring wood ;

A bull moose in his forest hall
Wearies of solitude.

in Canada 5

A bull moose on his stamping ground
Has heard the call of love,

And, like an avalanche of sound
Comes rushing through the grove.

To keep the tryst the monarch comes
Smiting the beech and fir ;

The plump spruce partridge, startled, drums,
And takes wings with a whirr.

Athwart his path the forest falls
Far crashing down, until,

The rattling clangour half appals
The hunters on the hill.

Ho, like a rushing mighty wind,
Or thunderbolt let loose,

In frenzy dire, with passion blind,
On comes the love-lorn moose.

Then, while a loon Jaughs aloud
Along the far-off lake,

With antlers reared, erect and proud,
The bull bursts from the brake.

Montreal. —Couixs McKay.

CORRESPONDENCE.

To THE Eprror or Rop anp Guy :

In England and on the continent of Europe the black-
powder rifle is passing into disuse ; in this matter the western
hemisphere has certainly not led, and we have yet to listen to
men who try to make out a case in favor of their old weapons,
but it does not require the gift of prophecy to foresee that the time
is not far distant when rifles not firing high-velocity charges
will be as out of date in the hands of a hunter as they
already are in the hands of a soldier.

One of the best-known rifle makers of London is advertising
all the black-powder burning rifles left in stock at cost price,
and even on these terms they do not find buyers. The new
rifles are superior to the old in point of weight, power, trajectory
and accuracy, at least at the longer ranges. One of .400 bore,
the charge of which is 60 grains of smokeless powder and a
metal-cased bullet of 400 grains, gives a muzzle velocity of 2016
feet sec., and a striking force (energy) of 3597 feet lbs., which
last is greater than the old fashioned .577 burning 6 drams of
the strongest black powder.

Rigby, one of the most scientific rifle makers in England,
turns out a .350 smokeless powder rifle which is more than the
equal of the .500 Express, and a .450 which will stop the
heaviest pachyderms, being fully as deadly as an 8-bore, black-
powder rifle, such as have been used for elephant, bison, and
rhinocerii in India and Africa.

For our Canadian shooting such powerful weapons are
unnecessary—a .30 is good enough—but, seeing the enormous
advantage of the modern rifle in lightness and trajectory, we
can certainly not afford to ignore it in favor of a weapon which
is far inferior to it, merely from sentimental reasons. Some of
the old guard cannot disabuse themselves of the belief that
smoke, noise and recoil mean power, but while their loyalty to
the chosen arm of their youth may excite our admiration, our
common sense must warn us not to pay serious attention to
their garrulous chatter. GUMPTION.

Toronto, Ont.

6 Rod

To THE Epiror or Rop anp Gun:

Noticing a short article in Rop anp Guy for January on the
new .32 Winchester, a few words from me may bring out some
ideas from other readers which will have value, perhaps in get-
ting at what experienced hunters look for ina rifle for sporting.
I have carried a .30 W.C.F. for two seasons now, and like it
very much. Nothing that I hit got away, and only once did I
miss, and that a snapshot at a deer in thick brush, which was
no fault of the rifle. One fault, however, the .30 has, and the
same is to be said of all the Winchester rifles except the old ’73
model, and that is they were too straight in the stock, except-
ing for men with short necks. In order to use one quick, I
have learned the best way is to place the lower point of the
rifle butt-plate against the shoulder, which places the barrel at
once in the line of sight without having to bend the neck to
one side to lower the head. Iam not alone in my notion of
this fault as I call it. Now, regarding the bullet of the .30, it is
too round on the point for a good killer, or, I might rather say,
to take the full advantage of its killing power. I formerly used
a .45-70-350 which was a great killer, but heavy to carry, made
a big smoke and a great noise, three bad points in a sporting
rifle. It had the straight stock too, another so-called fault for
me. While L always have got my game with my .30, vet I have
never seen it kill a deer in its tracks, like the .45, unless it
was hit in the head or neck or through the shoulder. Now, I
believe the cause is to be found in the shape of the point, which
I believe should be as flat as possible, without being large
enough to come in contact with the barrel. I have tried the
ordinary bullet and one which I had beaten flat on the point
with the heavy blade of my hunting knife, and [ have found
that it increases the tearing effect by about 25%, animals such
as the porcupine having been torn almost in pieces by it. Of

course such a bullet will not penetrate as far as the other, but
it is the smasher we are after, since the shock is greater the
more laceration of the flesh you can secure. My opinion is
that the .30 made with all the flat on the lead point it can stand
without touching the rifling as before said, will drop game in its
track as well as .45-70. For accuracy there is nothing to be
desired further, as I have shot the heads from partridge regu-
larly, not having missed one out of a dozen shot this past sea-
son. Give us the flat point and stock with more drop, and the
.30 W.C.F. I believe is without a superior as a hunting rifle.
The new .32 smokeless may prove a superior rifle, but the tra-
jectory is greater than the .5) and penetration only 1} inches
superior to it, and the cost quite a consideration to many men.
It is a pity in ‘‘changing the styles’’ that the Winchester
people do not give us the .30-40 U.S. army cartridge ina style of
the 86 model Winchester, which I consider the best mode! ofa
rifle they have put on the market. They adapted it to the
88-40, 44-40, ete., in their 1892 model, and it would, I think,
have been better to have used it again for the cartridges of the
1805 model and even the 1894 model. The 1895 model seems
to me the poorest arm they make. The balance is bad, and I
dislike it to carry, owing to the situation of the magazine and
the light muzzle. All of the hunters around here who have

owned them have got rid of them, without exception,

Yours, W. J. Scorr, M.D.

Lanark, Ont., Canada.
*
Jinks—I’m going bear hunting; what would vou advise
me to take with me?
Binks—An accident policy

and Gun

in: Canada

FISH AND FISHING

FIRST DAY OWN THE HOUSEBOAT.
My Dear JEAN :—

Since I wrote you the other day we have had such a lot of
fun that I hardly know what to tell you about first, but to-day’s
sport has been so exciting that I really must leave the story of
our trip until another time, and tell you about our first morning
on the houseboat, so here goes.

Give him line!

Let him run! Oh, he is a monster, forty
pounds at least and such a fighter! There he goes, six feet out
of the water, turning three somersaults before my astonished
eyes, winking at me every revolution with his big red eye, and
finally making a dart at the boat, strikivg it viciously once,
twice, three times, while I gather strength to scream for help.
Just as 1 open my mouth to shout to our guide to rush in and
help me fight him off, I suddenly fee! that distance is slipping
away at the rate of thousands of miles a second, and awake to
the fact that some one is calling me. ‘ For the land’s sake,
Madge, what are you groaning about?’’ is the first remark I
hear from the other side of the door, and it suddenly dawns
on me that I am not on the Restigouche, wrestling with a forty
pound salmon, but in a comfortable bed in a houseboat on
Kootenay Lake, with a delicious sense of having the best air in
the world to breathe.

“Look here, Sis, if you want to see a glorions sunrise
tumble out this minute,’ is Jim’s next remark, but after
sleepily saying, *‘ all right,’’ I roll over for another snooze. A
moment later I hear Jim calling to the guide that he saw a big
trout jump justa few vards away. At this, without waiting
for even a stretch, I imitate the trout, and in ten minutes I am
dressed, ready for my first day’s fishing in the far-famed
Kootenays. When I join Jim on the deck of the houseboat
he laughs heartily, and I find that the horrid thing has not
seen any trout jump, but knew that if I heard the word
“trout? it would act on me like a ery of fire.

Well, 1 chase Jim and finally get a chance to box his ears,
but by this time Iam glad that he did call me, so he gets off
without punishment.

We are combining business with pleasure on this trip, as,
while I fish, Jim intends to tramp around the mountains
gathering specimens of the various rocks and examining the
many mines in the district. How any one can find any fun in
doing this, when fishing is so good, I cannot see! But then,
Jim is a man, and that makes a difference.

We fished during the early summer on the Restigouche
River in New Brunswick, for the King of all game fish, the
Salmon, and have now crossed the continent to try our luck
with the rainbow and brook trout of the lakes and streams of
the great Rockies. We reached Kootenay Landing, the ter-
minus of the Crow's Nest branch of the great C.P.R. system,
last night, after a day’s ride through the wonderful mountain
scenery, which seemed doubly attractive after the long ride
over the level prairies. We stepped from the train into a fine
steamer which took us over to the houseboat, anchored at the
mouth of Canyon Creek, a place which had been recommended
to us as a wood spot to get fish.

Rod

We were tired enough to turn right in when we reached
the houseboat, and instead of the hard bunk I had expected,

found a couch that a princess could not object to, and
fell asleep to the music of the rippling water of the
creek.

Three o’clock in the morning and day is dawning! While
Jim is already gazing at the mountains and making guesses as
to their ‘“‘formation,’’ whatever that may be, ' am looking
intently at the water, and soon see what thrills me as nothing
else can do, a fine trout rise to take a fly, not far from the
anchorage. I immediately insist on unpacking my tackle and
getting to work, so Jim reluctantly leaves his guessing for a few

minutes and I am soon ready to try my luck. The morning is

a

Mourn o1

Boiling the Kettle’' at the mouth of

now brightening and the trout are beginning to feed, as we see
them jumping all around.

Grant, the cook, offers to row me around while I whip the
stream, and I notice that he puts on a most peculiar straw hat
with avery wide brim, which droops so much that you only
see Grant’s chin when he sits up straight. When I remarked
that as the sun was not shining, so much hat was hardly neces-
sary, he sighed and said he always wore that hat on certain
oeeasions, so I only laughed and put it down as a whim of his.
Well, we pull off and Grant rows into the stream and holds
the boat in a pool of =till water while I make ready to cast in
the eddies and swift water. The mountain
swiftly into the lake, and the

stream rushes

force churns the waters

and Gun

THE Norti
the North Branch, White

in Canada 7
into numberless eddies and ripples, where the lusty trout love
to feed,
during which operation I notice that (rrant’s head seems to

After a few preliminary casts to get my line out,

sink into his body, I begin to cast, and my second attempt
I gently let him hook himself before striking
the
Grant told me to give them

brings a rise.
and then begin to reel in, as we had been doing with
salmon, but the trout had gone.
a ‘“‘twist of the wrist”’ the minute they struck, and explained
how to do it. After that I had better luck, and in the next
hour had fought and landed sixteen fine trout, averaging about
a pound each.

After I had made a few casts I noticed that Grant took off
his peculiar head gear and shoved it under a seat.

Brancr.
River, Ontario,

He said that we ought to get at least one big fish before
breakfast and rowed out into deeper water where the large
trout and charr lie. On the way out I asked Grant why he
had taken off his hat. ‘‘ Well, Miss,’’ said he, “‘ you see that
lump just below my ear and this scar on my cheek? Two
years ago this summer, a party of tourists were at Nelson and
wanted to do some fishing. They hired me to cook and row
one of their boats around at the fishing grounds, and two of
the women folks of the party kind of liked my looks and said
I was always to row them when they went out fishing. The
first day I dodged their flies pretty well, only getting two into
my coat and haying my hat jerked off three times. The next
day their arms were a little tired, and their casting as erratic

8 Rod and Gun in Canada

as the mischief. Before we had been out ten minutes the old
girl in the bow made a vicious cast and the tail fly landed
against my cheek and hooked me as pretty as you please.
When she turned around to see what had caught her flies and
found out where they had lit, she let out a scream which so
scared the other one, that, as she was drawing in for another
cast, she fainted,.and her flies slapped again my neck, and the
top hook went in pretty deep. Say, I didn’t do a thing, but
make for shore, and after cutting the gut just above each hook,
and not waiting even to say good-bye, I lit out for town anda
doctor. It seemed that the hook in my cheek was rusty and
poisoned the wound, so I had to lay up for five weeks nursing
it. When the party returned to town they give me $20.00
besides my doctor’s bill, but what was that after spoiling a
fellow’s looks! Before I went out again with any women
folks I bought this hat and now feel pretty safe with any of
them, and say, Miss, after I seen you throw them flies once or
twice I knowed I was safe as achurch.’’ Wasn’t that a nice
compliment, Jean?

By this time we had reached the deeper water, and Grant
pointed to a beautiful eddy. The very first time my flies
touched the water there was a big swirl, a rush, and a spin-
ning reel. I let him have about sixty feet of line and then
prepared to snub him, but failed. After 120 feet of line had
gone out, I thought it time to stop his rush, so I gradually put
on the drag and finally succeeded in stopping him. Then
commenced a fight that lasted twenty minutes and gave me
the best sport of my life.

Grant couldn’t account for such a big fish as this one
apparently was, and kept asking how he pulled. After many
rushes and reelings in, I finally got him to within 20 feet,
when he suddenly made a dart for the boat while I tried to
reel in the slack line. Just as he was going under, I quickly
gave him the butt, the force pulled his head up a little, and he
struck the keel of the boat a sharp crack and came to the sur-
face stunned, where Grant gaffed him, at the same time saying
“Well I'll be jiggered if you haven’t hooked asalmon!”’ It
proved to be a fine lake salmon, weighing 32 pounds 8 ounces,
and the largest one caught in the lake for several years. So you
see, Jean, our first day on the houseboat was a memorable one,
and my dream of the morning not so very far out after all.

Sincerely yours,
MADGE.
Afloat on Kootenay Lake.

THE OJIBWAY CALENDAR.
By C. A. B.

An Indian friend of mine, one in whom I have considerable
confidence, told me recently that the Indian calendar I printed
inthe April issue of Rop anp Guy was not correct. I gather
from him that the young Indian who gave me this calendar
was more remarkable for imagination than accurate knowledge,
and that it should have been as follows :—

January—Long month.

February—Ground hog month.

March--Goose month.

April—Glare Tee month.

May—Flower month.

June—Strawberry month.

July— Raspberry month.

August—Cranberry month.

September—Harvest month,

Oetober—Trout month.

November—W hitefish month.

December—Winter begins month.

This is not quite so poetical a calendar as the other one,
but displays a great deal of sound common sense. The
substitution of goose for ghost is a decided improvement, as the
former are much more abundant than the latter, and serve a
useful purpose. Iam so in love with this calendar that I have
drawn up one on similar lines, adapted to the wants of the
white man in moderate circumstances. It reads :—

January—Good resolves month.

February—Grip and mustard-plaster month.

March—Put-away-furs month.

April—Easter-bonnet-bill month.

May—Big-fish-story month.

June—Straw hat month.

July—Gin-rickey month.

August—Sea-bathing month.

September—Children-go-to schoo] month.

October—Hunting month.

November—Light-the-furnace month.

December—Indigestion and swelled head month.

[While the foregoing list of names given by the Ojibway of
the Temiskaming region may be correct, it is worth pointing
out that Bishop Baraga in his invaluable dictionary of the
language, gives one which differs considerably from it. His
study of the Ojibway tongue was, however, made in the Lake
of the Woods region, which may account for the discrepancies.
For instance, September cannot be the ‘‘ moon of the gathering
of wild rice’’ to the Temiskaming Indian, because he knows
of no such plant. The following is the bishop’s version :—

January—Manito-gisiss. ‘‘ The moon of the spirit.”

Febrnary—Namébini-gisiss. ‘‘ The moon of suckers.”

March—Onabani-gisiss—*‘ The moon of the crust on the
snow.”

April—Bebok wédagiming-gis
ing of the snowshoes.”

May—W abigon-gisiss—“‘ The moon of flowers.”’

June—Odéimini-gisiss. ‘ The moon of strawberries.”’

July—Miskwimini-gisiss. ‘‘ The moon or raspberries.”

August—Min-gisiss. ‘The moon of blueberries.”

September—Manominike-gisiss. ‘* The moon of the gather-
ing of wild rice.”

October—Binakwi-gisiss. ‘“The moon of the falling leaves.”

November—Gashkadino-gisiss. ‘‘ The moon of freezing.’”

December—Manito-gisissons. ‘* The little moon of the
spirit.’’—Ep. }

<<. “‘ The moon of the break-

*

The mule deer of Montana have been atHicted with some
contagious disease this year. The stockmen believe that it is
anthrax. This, if true, substantiates, in a measure, the theory
that the murrain which occasionally thins out the deer and
moose in certain portions of the Dominion is most probably
anthrax. This disease did a vast amount of damage in Sean-
dinayia five years ago.

+

Hunting men in England have little use for the automobile.
In proof of which read the following from The Field :—

“The Master, Committee, and Farmers of the Warwick-
shire Hunt beg that ladies and gentlemen will kindly refrain
from travelling to the meets in motor cars, or using them for
any purpose connected with fox hunting within the limits of
the hunt. (Signed), Hon, R. G. Verney, Lord North,”

eee

Rod and Gun

KENNEL DEPARTMENT

Conducted by D. Taylor

Owing to the prevalence of distemper and other diseases
incidental to dogs in the early stage of their existence during
the past three or four months, there is at present a marked
scarcity of really good canines for sporting purposes and also for
household pets. From ail over the country the ery is that
never before has there been such a mortality among puppies,
some kennels being entirely decimated of young
stock. It may be that a portion of this mortality was prevent-
able, still, when we look at the names of those who have
suffered and know the care and caution they generally exer-
cise in the supervision of their kennels, the cause for such an
excessive death rate must be looked for in another direction
than carelessness or inattention. The best veterinary surgeons
have been puzzling themselves over the matter, and many have
come to the conclusion that the same causes which haye made
zymotic diseases so prevalent among the human race during the
same period have conduced to the extraordinary fatality among
dogs. There is a good deal of reason in this theory, because the
symptoms in many of the cases brought under our notice have
been entirely at variance with the well-known and established
indications occurring in distemper, worms, etc., and have led
many breeders to express the opinion that a new disease not
yet diagnosed has appeared amongst our dogs. It is true that
in many cases where distemper was supposed to exist, a post-
mortem has revealed the fact that death was entirely due to the
presence of ‘pin’? worms in enormous quantities, or to abnor-
mal fatty conditions induced by overfeeding of too rich food.

The seareity of young stock from the above and other
causes has had atendeney to raise the price of really good
dogs, so that it isnow almost impossible for others than those
with means to become the owners of blooded stock. Especially
is this the case with hunting dogs, as wealthy sportsmen, in a
general way, have a total disregard for the price they have to
pay for a well-broken dog, provided it hits their faney at the
time, and it is safe to say that never before last season has the
average price run so high for dogs fit to be shot over.

™

almost

Messrs. James Lindsay, of this city, and W. P. Fraser, of
Toronto, recently imported the well-known English champion
fox terrier, Matchmaker, the winner besides of many first
prizes and the sire of more prize-winners than any other dog
we know of. Matchmaker has been placed at stud, and the
deniand for his services is in keeping with his reputation.

%

A new Kennel Club has been formed in Ottawa, under the
style of the Ottawa Kennel Club. The following are the offi-
cials :—President, J. C. Cox ; vice-president, R. H. Elliott :
secretary-treasurer, A. P. Mutchmor. W.G. Young, F. E.
Montgomery, A. Armstrong, J. Graham, F. McLean, Dr. Kirby,
Dr. Webster and W. J. Newton, executive committee.

*

Mrs. Bradley-Dyne, of British Columbia, has purchased
the successful Scottish terrier, Dopper, winner of prizes at the
Crystal Palace, London; Birmingham and elsewhere. This
lady has probably the leading kennel of this breed in Canada.

in Canada 9

The Westminster Kennel Club’s bench show takes place
in Madison Square Garden, New York, from the 19th to the
22nd inclusive. This is the premier show of the United States,
and as the prizes and specials are even more numerous and
liberal than usual the inference is that there will be a corres-
ponding increase in the
benched. The committee have appointed eighteen canine
specialists to do the guessing. Among them we notice that
Canada has been honored in the person of Mr. W. P. Fraser,
of Toronto, who will undertake the decisions in Scottish
terriers, and we haye no doubt, from the increasing popularity
of the ‘‘ Diehard”’ and the well-known ability and impartiality
of the judge that he will be greeted in the ring bya large entry.

*

Newmarket Kennels report haying sold their bull terrier
dog Newmarket Bendigo (recently illustrated in Rop anp
Gun) to Frank F. Dole, at a long figure. At Philadelphia he
won for his new owner: Ist puppy, Ist limit over 30 Ibs., and
3rc open in hot company. Edgewood Penn, formerly New-
market Baron II., a litter brother of this dog, also sold from
the Newmarket Kennels, won 2nd puppy and 1st open under
30 lbs.; and another brother, Rising Star, won 3rd novice.
Newmarket Kennels have had their slice of hard luck lately,
having lost through distemper, four yery promising young
dogs by Edgewood Dick, and a good son of Champion Little
Flyer.

number of entries and of dogs

™

Mr. Joseph Reid’s fine collie, Heather Blossom, for which
he had been offered and refused $350, lately gave birth to a
litter of eleven, eight of them being dogs. The sire is Ellwyn
Astrologer, one of the best dogs in the United States, and Mr.
Reid is sanguine that most of them will prove winners. He
has already booked several of the pups for $30 at six weeks
old, and is negotiating with a gentleman in Chicago for the
balance of his brood bitches, a deal which he expects will be
closed shortly.

L

Secretary-Treasurer Jacobi of the Canadian Fox Terrier
Club is able to show the substantial balance of $138.58 on the
right side, a position which shows careful management. The
new officers are :—Patrons, Wm. Hendrie, Esq., Hamilton ;
Geo. Beardmore, Esq., M.F.H., Toronto; honorary president,
Richard Gibson, Esq., Delaware, Ont.; president, Geo. H.
Gooderham, Esq., Toronto ; vice-president, Jas. Lindsay, Esq.,
Montreal ; secretary-treasurer, Fred. W. Jacobi, Esq., Toronto ;
executive committee, G. M. Carnochan, Esq., New York, N.Y..
H. B. Donovan, Esq., Toronto, C. Y. Ford, Esq., Kingston, W.
P. Fraser, Esq., Toronto, J. G. Kent, Esq., Toronto, C. W.
Keyes, Esq., East Pepperall, Mass., A. A. Macdonald, Esq.,
Toronto, D. W. Ogilvie, Esq., Montreal, H. P. Thomas, Esq.,
Belleville, Ont.

™

A correspondent sends us the following anecdote, which
goes to show that this dog was equal to the occasion :—A man
was once giyen a large dog to take care of by a friend, who was
going abroad. But the dog annoyed him by always sitting in
his best armchair. One day a splendid idea struek him. He
came into the room and found the dog in his usual seat, so he
walked to the window and called : ‘‘ Cats! cats!’’ Up jumped
the dog and rushed to the window, while the man went and
sat in the chair. A few days later the dog walked into the
room while his master was sitting in his armchair. Going up
to the window he barked loudly. The man got up to see what
was the matter and the dog rushed and secured the chair.

10

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INTERESTS
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Communications on all topics pertaining to fishing, shooting, canoeing,
the kennel and amateur photography, will be welcomed and published,
if satisfactory. All communications must be accompanied by the name of
the writer, not necessarily for publication, however.

Rop AND GUN IN CANADA does not assume any responsibility for, or
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All communications should be addressed to:

ROD AND GUN PUBLISHING CO., 603 Craig Street, MONTREAL.

By the exercise of an immense amount of misdirected
energy we white men have almost succeeded in making the
great toe perfectly useless to us. We laugh at the Chinese
women and call them foolish for having deformed their feet,
and all the while we do the same thing ourselves. | Watch the
noble Caucasian as he crosses yonder slippery slab rock ; doth
he not dig his heels manfully into it, so that the sharp-headed
nails studding its under surface may gouge out little holes and
so prevent falling ?

from one of
these days, when the nails shall have become rounded per-
adventure they will fail to pentrate the rock, and then the
noble Cancasian will make the aequaintance of his mother earth

in abrupt and painful fashion.

him Yea, verily, and

And now let us watch brother Lo cross the same slab rock.
Instead of digging his heal into it the balls of his flexible toes
seek, almost instinctively, as it were, the slightest inequalities
of surface ; and so it comes to pass that he can carry a couple of
hundredweigit where his white “ superior’? may only pass by
The fact is that Lo instead
of having two hands has four, and the two extra ones are in-

pounding like a stamp mill.
valuable on a slippery surface. Now Nature, as a rule, starts
the white baby and the Indian papoose with a_ precisely
similar outfit—yet ten or fifteen years later the (‘‘ intelligent ?’’)
paleface has rendered useless half his equipment.

*

There are certain people—generally editors—who think
they are doing yeoman’s service by wailing ceaselessly on the
subject of game extermination. If they knew how weary they
make their readers they would surely change the tune oecasion-
ally. So faras Canada is concerned, game, on the whole, is
We have any amount of it yet, and
because

not being exterminated.
that :
caribou and bear are shot each year that they are being ex-
terminated.

it does not follow thousands of deer, moose,
\ good many steers and sheep are also sacrificed,
yet we do not hear that there is any danger of those breeds
becoming extinct. Provided that not more than twenty-five
per cent of the head of game be killed annually, there is not
the slightest risk of extermination; and we believe that of the

wilder species of Canadian big game the

g ge slaugher by white
men and Indians does not amount to five per cent. of the total.
Over large areas, we have excellent reasons for believing that

big game is more abundant than it was fifty years ago, the

Rod and Gun

in Canada

reason being that there are fewer Indian hunters now and,
consequently a smaller toll is taken. If some of our friends
across the border, who, as they confess, are chained to busi-
ness, would tear themselves from their sanctums for a sufticient
length of time, we could direct them to regions which would
be a revelation to them. Many generations will pass away ere
the broad, deep track of the moose, the square-toed trail of the
caribou, and the dainty imprint of the Virginia deer’s hoof will
cease to be found in our northern forests.

*

In the present issue a correspondent dwells upon the
passing of the black-powder rifle, and it seems to us that his
contention, that it will have to yield to a weapon using nitro
powder, is well taken. Quite recently we received the cata-
logue of a well-known London maker, in which he gives the
following particulars of bis latest patterns. Speaking of a new
400, to carry a charge of 60 grains of cordite and a .370 grain
bullet, he says : These rifles will answer for any animal from a
roe deer to a bison or elephant, and will make a clean kill if
the proper description of bullet is used. Bullets are made in
six different patterns. For accuracy of shooting the .400 will
tie with the Mannlicher ; they did so at Bisley in the Martin
Smith sporting rifle competitions in 1898. These rifles have a
muzzle velocity of 2200 ft. per second, and a striking force of
4000 Ibs., according to the “ Field”’ trials. They hit with the
same force as the 8 bore, and the recoil is not more than one-
half of that of a .500 Express.

The same maker builds a .600 rifle of extraordinary power.
We think that even the worst grizzly, even a silver tip, would
go away back and lie down if he were tickled in the ribs with
a bullet from this persuasive weapon. Of it the maker says:
These cordite smokeless rifles of .600 bore are the most power-
ful weapons ever constructed for big game shooting ; velocity,
1750 ft. to 1800 ft.; striking force, 6200 lbs. They handle better
and easier than any .577 Express, and the striking force is
greater than that of a 4 bore using 12 or 14 drams of powder.
The .900 grain bullet is heavier than the ordinary 8 bore bullets,
and with 100 grains of cordite (three times the .303 charge) it
has a very high velocity. The recoil is less than that of a .577,
so very accurate shooting is obtainable even at long ranges.
Any sportsman who has once fired, and witnessed the effect of,
the .600 bullet would never again use an old black powder 8 or
4 bore.

Nor are the victories of the smokeless powder rifles con-
fined to the larger calibres, for the .255 rook and rabbit rifle is
now being manufactured in England to shoot, either 4 grains
of cordite and a cannalured bullet, or else a nickel-covered
bullet propelled by 7 grains of the same explosive.

*

In the October and November numbers of The Common-
wealth are two very interesting articles on forestry. The writer
discusses the problem of the settler and the forest, and coming
to the conclusion that large areas in Canada are better suited to
tree growing than to agriculture, suggests that somewhat similar
lines should be followed with our forest lands as are now adapted
for settling the fertile districts, but that, in view of the slow
maturing of the crop and other conditions which do not exist in
ordinary agriculture, the area allowed to each settler should be
increased sufficiently to provide for the maintenance of himself
and his family, which might be estimated for the present at two
square miles, or 1280 acres, The settler should be required to
manage the tract properly to bring about the greatest possible

Rod and Gun in Canada It

productiveness, to take all precautions against fire, assist in the
fire prevention service, ete.

It is very gratifylng to know that attention is being directed
to this subject, particularly as we may surmise from the quota-
tion of the report of the Canadian Forestry Association that
some of the inspiration for the articles mentioned came from it,
but we must confess that our view of the forest policy of the
future is that it must become more frankly socialistic, and that
where lumber production is the object the sphere of the state
must be made wider, and the operations carried on on a much
larger scale than would be possible for the individual, unless
his resources were of the amplest description.

*

If we may believe the accounts that reach us from England
the days of the revolver are by no means over. It is said that
those British officers who have returned from the front infinitely
prefer the revolver in a hand to hand fight to the small bore,
automatic, magazine pistol, while at longer ranges they believe
only in the service rifle.

*

Already preparations are in progress for the many horse
shows, which during the present year are to be held in Canada
and the United States. The Bostoneyent takes place in April,
and the catalogues being already in the hands of the printer,
they will be ready for distribution before the close of the
month. The amount to be competed for in prize money will
exceed that of last year, and it is expected that the best horse
show that has ever been held in the Bay State will form a part
of the Easter festivities.

Ls

Although the year is but a few days old, arrangements are
already under consideration touching our own Montreal ex-
hibit, which will, as in previous years, occur in May. The
enthusiastic patronage which has been accorded to the two
previous shows warrants those interested in sparing neither
time, thought nor expense in providing a programme which
will keep up the high standard already attained.

%

A short time ago we had an enquiry from a foreign noble-
man as to the range of Fannin’s sheep, and in order to go to
the fountain head for our facts we wrote to Mr. John Fannin,
the veteran naturalist, after whom the sheep was named, about
the matter. He replied:—‘‘The only locality at present
known in which the sheep can be found is on the Yukon
Riyer, north of Dawson City. This is the only range at present
known of the Ovis fannini.”’

*

The Peterboro canoe, either of cedar or of basswood, is
slowly displacing the birechbark. The fact is there is no com-
parison between the crafts. If you doubt it, give each a fair
trial and you will soon be convinced that this claim is true.

*

The other day a British Columbia sportsman—? man who
has had unrivalled opportunities, in the way of big game
hunting—paid Rop anp Guna yisit. Amongst other interest-
ing information he said that Dall’s sheep is abundant in the
mountains of the Coast Range at least as far south as the
mouth of the Skeena River. This same gentleman states that
he has secured a good many specimens of a very little known
deer — Richardson’s deer. This is quite distinct from the
ordinary mule deer, and adds one more to British Columbia’s
noble list of game fit for the rifle.

The good ship Minnehaha, which sailed for English shores
on December 20th, carried the chestnut colt Nasturtium, by
imp. Watercress, and owned by Mr. W. C. Whitney, of New
York. Nasturtium goes from the United States to England for
competition in the Derby, the greatest of British turf events,
which will be looked forward to with a great deal of interest in
consequence.

*

Our frontispiece this month shows a houseboat on the
famous Kootenay Lake. Nowhere on the continent is there
better fishing than in this beautiful British Columbian water,
and there is very good shooting to be had in its immediate
neighborhood, the game being caribou, bear, duck and grouse.
A small tug tows the houseboat from one part of the lake to
another, just as the whim dictates, and thus all of this great,
lonely, lovely lake may be visited without the loss of comforts
and conyeniences usually unattainable, excepting in the centres
of civilization.

*

Owing, doubtless, to the Christmas festivities a considerable
number of typographical errors found their way into the
January issue of Rop anp Gun. But we congratulate ourselves
upon the fact:that our readers are all sportsmen, or sportswomen
or sportscbildren, and, therefore, we feel that it is not absolutely
necessary to explain that when the hilarious compositor makes
us ‘‘poddle,’” what we really meant to say was paddle; and
when he speaks of 200,000 visitors going to the State of Maine
for the hunting we intended to have said 20,000, and when he
gives the striking energy of the new .32 Winchester at 1150 ft.
lbs., what we actually wrote was 1550 ft. Ibs. Then canoes are
not generally ‘“‘luunched’’; in our younger days they were
always launched, but one of our most brilliant and promising
young compositors doesn’t believe in sticking to the old rut,
but has found some new method of putting canoes in the water,
which by the bye, we shall try to get him to explain in print
some day.

All of which goes to show how easy it is to slip up—
especially about Christmas time.

Only 33 per cent. of the Province of Ontario has yet been
surveyed.

CONTENTS
PAGE
Frontispiece—Houseboat on Kootenay Lake, B.C.
An Exploration to the Height of Land ........... 1-2

TopViry Atoe denen tiers. tenaeye see ete stele oe 3-4

A Month ina Manitoba Shanty................. 4-5
pov ben Ghe NW OOsesISuRpetce cans S21. mr r/eees eee 5
@orresponmencely./ oa rrecjersiste ent isere saint cen cle eee 5-6:
Fish and Fishing.......... Sh a ae ee cate 6-8
‘hei jibwairysGalendar. ss) ee aes tandiaanae soe 8
MenneliDepartment.s.% say faa ssc shee eae 9
I GICOTI Ales tots rece awe tae, le rene: aA e er 10-11
RP ONEStNV gr aemiee: teaecteeyeteer ae ee 12-15.
Fishing in Te-gou-sie-wabie.... ... RE re os OOO 15

Amateur Photography........

12

FORESTRY

‘Rod and Gun” is the official organ of the Canadian Forestry Association.
The Editors will welcome contributions on topics relating to Forestry.

Edited by the Officers of the Canadian Forestry Association.

FOREST FIRE PROTECTION IN ONTARIO.

By W. A. H. Findlay.

Secretary, Crown Lands Department, Toronto, Ont,

For some seasons previous to the year 1884 the heavy
losses sustained in Ontario through bush fires, both on licensed
and unlicensed lands, made it apparent to everyone interested
in the timber resources of the province that a necessity existed
for some means of preventing the origin and checking the
spread of fire in the forest during the hot months of summer.
The pioneer farmer and miner were steadily pushing their way
further and further into the virgin parts of the province, in-
cluding the pine regions of the Ottawa and Mississippi valleys,
and the north shore of Lake Huron. In the Muskoka and
Parry Sound districts the advance of settlement was heralded
by the immense fires which swept over a large part of that
country during the summers of 1SSL and 1882. The construc-
tion of projected railways, also, was bound to entail almost in-
calculable destruction to one of the most valuable of the natural
resources of the province. The time had come, therefore,
when the question of devising some scheme whereby these
annual devastations would be entirely avoided, or at least to
some appreciable extent lessened, should engage the attention
of the Department of Crown Lands and the timber licensees as
well.

Investigation and inquiry were instituted by the Depart-
ment, and, as an experiment, a number of men were placed on
duty during the summer of 1884, to patrol the limits of two
well-known lumber firms in the eastern part of the province.
The work accomplished by these rangers was highly satisfactory
to both the lumbermen and the Department, and in the spring
of 1885 the present Assistant Commissioner of Crown Lands
prepared a memorandum in which he set forth the results of
the Department’s investigations, and outlined a system of
** fire which was laid before the Commissioner of
that day, approved by him, and communicated to the licensees,

To understand the principle and working of this proposed

ranging,’’

system it is necessary to know something of the tenure of
timber lands in the Province of Ontario. Limits are held by
yearly license only, and no title to the land passes from the
Crown, but merely the right to cut the timber. Part of the
purchase money is paid in the form of “ bonus’’ before the
issue of the license, and part in the form of ‘*dues’’ when the
timber is cut. Ground rent is paid annually.

It will thus be seen that even after a limit is placed under
license, retains a substantial interest in it,
because it expects to realise on thé timber when cut, along with
the lumberman.

the Government

It therefore seemed proper that the Crown
should bear some part of the expense of protecting licensed
lands, and it was proposed that half should be borne by the
Department and half by the licensees.

“Fire Rangers’ were

to be selected by the licensees themselves from among their

Rod and Gun

in Canada

foremen, or other old employees who were practical men, ex-
perienced in the bush, and who knew their limits thoroughly.
They were to be instructed from the Department and given
authority to enforce the Fire Act as officers of the Crown.
They were to be put on duty between the Ist and 15th May
and to remain in the field till the 15th September or Ist
October, according to the season. If the summer were par-
ticularly dry, or any special danger from fire existed, extra men
would be procured. The rangers would travel over the limits,
visiting localities where clearing might be going on and im-
pressing the settlers with the necessity for caution in burning
their fallows and brush heaps, and keeping an eye on miners,
prospectors, explorers and tourists, ever watchful to see that all
fire had been carefully extinguished before camp was moved.
They would be furnished with copies of the Fire Act In
pamphlet form, to be distributed amongst settlers and others
with whom they came into contact, and with copies of the Act,
on linen, to be posted in conspicuous places on travelled roads
and at clearings, camp grounds and landings. If fire should
unfortunately break out it would be their duty to hasten to the
spot, and, if necessary, call in outside assistance to prevent it
gaining headway, and eventually to stamp it out.

It was to be a purely voluntary matter with the licensees
whether they employed rangers or not. Their interests were
even greater than those of the Department, so there was no
compulsion. The Department merely intimated its willingness
to bear one-half the cost of their staff should they see fit to
nominate the men, and one-half the cost of extra help to fight
any fire getting beyond the rangers’ control.

The proposed system found favor to an extent scarcely
anticipated, and during the first summer of its operation (1885)
57 men were on duty. The effect of the presence of the rangers
was excellent. Not only were the numerous fires promptly
stamped out and thousands of dollars damage thereby averted,
but settlers and others frequenting the woods were impressed
with the necessity for care in their use of fire, and a general
feeling of interest in the preservation of the forests was
aroused, At the close of the season the limit holders who had
employed rangers expressed the greatest satisfaction with the
results, and urged the continuance of the system. Since then
lumbermen have become better acquainted with the advantages
of employing rangers, and now there is scarcely a limit holder
in the province who does not nominate men for his territory
every summer. Legislation was passed a few years ago which
empowers the Department of Crown Lands to place men on
licensed lands where the appointment of rangers has not been
asked for, and where there may appear to be any special danger
from fire, and charge half the cost of maintaining them to
the appreciative have the lumbermen
generally been of the benefits derived from the operation of
the system, that action in this direction has not been called for
in a single case.

licensee, but so

On the unlicensed lands of the Crown the danger from fire
is not so great, owing to the absence of settlers, but wherever
railways have been built, or miners, prospectors or tourists
have commenced to frequent localities timbered with pine, the
Department has placed rangers on duty, the expense of
which is, of course, borne wholly by the province.

In the year 1896 it was noted by the Director of Forestry
that during the previous summer on 49 limits from which
reports had been received, only 93 fires had occurred, by which
upwards of 59 millions of feet of timber had been destroyed or

damaged, representing over $40,000 in yalue. The proyince

Rod and Gun

was then congratulated on the efficient work done by the
rangers, in the absence of which greater damage would un-
doubtedly have resulted. But let me point out that during the
summer of 1901 on the limits of 50 representative lumbermen,
covering a vast area of country in all parts of the province, the
fires that caused any damage worth mentioning could be
counted on the fingers of one hand, and the yalue of the
merchantable timber destroyed would be covered by a thousand-
dollar cheque.

Perhaps the most serious fire of this year was one which
started in the Temiskaming district early in July. There is but
little pine in this section, and the land is not under license.

The timber consists of spruce and other soft woods, and settlers
were at that time going into
the country in large numbers
and commencing to make
their clearings. As far as
the destruction of timber is
concerned, the loss was rela-
tively small; it is even main-
tained by some that the
fire, by consuming the
underbrush and debris on a
section which is rapidly
being cleared up, will ulti-
mately prove to be a blessing
rather than a public loss.

On licensed lands through-
out the province many fires
started, but in almost every
case the rangers were on the
ground and checked them
before they passed the in-
cipient stage. A most regret-
table fire took place on the
limits of the Collins Inlet
Lumber Co., on the north
shore of Lake Huron. This
company, of which Mr. John
Bertram is president, has
been operating its territory
with some regard to future
crops of timber, and has
been preserving on its limits
a large area of young pine
not yet ready for the axe.
The limit was well guarded
by rangers, but in some way
fire got in, and, before it
could be checked, ran through a tract 5 or 6 miles in
extent, and timbered with a thrifty growth of white pine from
10 to 20 years of age.

Hetio!

No pine timber of any great value was destroyed on the

Crown domain. In addition to rangers in other unlicensed
pine territory, seven rangers and three assistants were employed
in the Temagaming Forest Reserve, headed by Mr. Lawrence
Loughrin, of Pembroke, who is known throughout the whole
of the north country as an experienced bushman. Notwith-
standing the fact that in the eastern part of the province the
rainfall this summer was particularly light, and that a greater
number of tourists than ever before went through the Tema-
gaming country, only four or five fires started on the Reserve,

Wo Are

Crossing a Divide in the Rockies, 8,700 feet above sea level

in Canada 13
which were all extinguished before any damage was done,
Besides carefully guardingythe 2,200 miles of territory placed
under their care, the rangers found time to erect a lodge on
Bear Island, where the headquarters ot the Reserve have been
established, which will add to the comfort and convenience of
the rangers there in future years.

Across the Height of Land, in the great spruce belt on the
Hudson’s Bay slope, a couple of rather extensive fires have been
It is said that explorers have been working in that
Possibly, therefore, the cause

reported,
country during the past summer
of the fires is not far to seek. Fire is not very likely to start up in
a vast uninhabited and untravelled country without the agency
of man, but with the advent of the explorer, prospector or rail-
way engineer, a large ele-

ment of danger is introduced,

which
taken within the
next few years if we are to
have the
people the huge forests of

against precautions

must be
conserved for
spruce, and other pulp tim-
bers which are known to
exist there.

The almost entire absence
of fire south of the Height
of Land during the past
summer is abundant
dence of the efficacy of a
fire-ranging system which
has stood without any im-
portant modifications for
sixteen years, and has been
copied and adopted in neigh-
bouring provinces and states.

evi-

Theaggregate damage caused
by forest cannot be
placed at anything like the
value of the merchantable
timber destroyed or dam-
aged. Untold damage may
also result from the destruc-
tion of the
and the consumption of the
forest litter, and even of the
soil itself. The first principle
of practical forestry applic-

tires

younger trees,

able in this province, or in-
deed in any other country
timber

You?
where the areas
undoubtedly to
Depart-
believe
which is

cover many thousands of square miles, is
from fire what we already have, and the
ment of Crown Lands, and limit holders alike,
that this can best be done by the system
in force. Costly the service may appear, yet it must be remem-
bered that the expense is distributed over a large area of
country, and among many different individuals and firms ;and,
considering the immense value of the forest wealth
which is thus guarded, in which both private persons and the
publie generally are interested, it must be conceded that the
protection afforded by the employment of rangers has proved
and

protect

now

money

to be an insurance ef the most economical

kind.

practical

14 Rod and Gun

The Red Pine.

Anyone who has travelled along the waterways of the
northern part of Ontario must haye noticed a coniferous tree
standing here and there in groups on the bold shores of the
rocky islands, or mainland, and apparently growing up from the
bare granite where there seems to be hardly a foothold for the
smallest vegetation. The red trunks stand out clear and straight
against the background of rock, and, with the tufts of coarse
needles forming the foliage which crowns the clear-springing
columns, they make a contribution peculiarly their own to the
unexcelled beauties of the scenery of the Canadian forests.
This tree is the Red or Norway Pine ( Pinus resinosa), so named
from the red bark and the darker color of the wood which
distinguish it clearly from the White Pine. The foliage is also
much coarser than that of the White Pine, and a closer exam-
ination. shows that the needles are longer and thicker and are
grouped in pairs. The cones are short and thick, preserving
the coarse character of the red pine. The contrast between the
red bark and green foliage makes this a very ornamental tree,
and it is frequently used for this purpose.

As a timber tree the red pine is not nearly so valuable as
the white pine, but it grows to a good size, reaching a height of
fifty to ninety feet, and as it flourishes better than the latter on
bare rocks and poor soil it will always have its place in the
economy of the forest. When the trees are of fit size they are
taken out by the pine operators, and it needs no further demon-
stration to show that the handling of red pine is profitable even
at the present time. The wood is resinous and dark in color,
from which the tree gets its specific name (resinosa). It is
stated to bear a close resemblance to the most resinous examples
of the Scotch fir, and it is from this fact that it has been called
Norway pine. In the early days of the lumber industry this
resemblance gaye the tree a temporary prominence and value
which it was not able to maintain against the now much more
highly appreciated white pine. The timber is strong and has a
clean and fine grain. It is used for piles, bridges and works
where heavy timber is required.

In the Royal Dockyards in Great Britain it is employed for
dock work, masts, spars, cabin fittings, etc. It is shipped in
logs sixteen feet to fifty feet in length and ten to eighteen inches,
and in deals of mixed length, mostly sawn to three by four
inches.

In Canada the range of this tree is practically that of the
white pine, being from Nova Scotia to the western boundary of
Ontario, but oceupying usually the poorer soil.

*

Forestry in Nova Scotia.

The subject of forestry is being agitated at present in Nova
Scotia, and there is no question that is more worthy of attention.
The provincial governments have already received so much
revenue from their timber lands that it should surely be a
matter of the greatest importance to them to make these lands
as productive as possible, instead of allowing them to be bared
again and again by fire or cut without regard to any future
return. Nova Scotia is justly proud of her mineral wealth and
her great coal and steel industries, but the lumber industry is
a wealth producer which, if properly dealt with, is continually
renewing its youth and will be an asset of the greatest value
forall time, While there are considerable areas of forest still
in existence in that province, the axe and fire have done their
work so widely that thinking men are beginning to ask them-

in Canada

selves the question whether there is not some way of making
better use of the forest and preserving its beneficial effects.

This matter has been brought before some of the Boards of
Trade. In May last the Annapolis Bay Board of Trade passed
the following resohition :-—

““ Whereas, the subject of forestry is a most important one
and there is no question but that it has been too long neglected
in Canada, and, whereas, the manufacture of lumber has been
one of the most important industries in the Province of Nova
Scotia, and it is now anticipated that pulp mills will consume a
very large quantity of standing timber, and, whereas, it is
apparent to everyone that the depletion of standing timber of
all kinds by forest fires and the axe is fast denuding our forest
lands and rendering them of no valne, and, whereas, it is be-
lieved that, with the prevention of fires, protection to the
rapidly growing young timber, and the systematic cutting of
trees for lumber, our forests will be of value for many years to
come, therefore this Board of Trade suggests that the Boards of
Trade co-operate throughout the province to induce the Goy-
ernment to take immediate steps to awaken public interest in
forestry, and make such appointments that suitable overseers
or inspectors will be put in charge of the timber districts in
Nova Scotia, and, as an incentive to owners of private timber
lands, guard and protect all Government timber lands, and
reforest any suitable areas that may be found fit for the purpose.
A copy of this resolution to be sent to the other Boards of Trade
in this province.”

The Boards of Trade at Kentville, Chatham and Halifax
have taken action in the line of this resolution, and it is hoped
that the legislature will give the matter consideration at its
next session. Hasty legislation is not advisable, but all who
have given study to the question of the world’s lumber supply
are agreed that the outlook is for increased demands with a
diminishing supply, and therefore an enhanced value. As
expressed ina recent work by Mr. Nishet, one of the leading
students of the economic questions concerned with forestry in
England :—

“The economic conditions now already obtaining, and
practically certain soon to become greatly accentuated, are such
that the present sources of supply throughout the world are
just able to meet the existing demand, and such enhancement
can only be met by working out timber from backwoods and
remote tracts which are at present unremunerative. Hence a
general rise in priccs throughout Scandinavia, Russia and
Canada must be the direct result of competition between
Britain, America and Germany.”

In forestry it is inevitable that there must be a very long
foresight, and it will be buta poor policy for any province to
shut its eyes to the future when a comparatively small expen-
diture for preserving the means of reproduction will ensure an
increasingly valuable supply of forest products and a stable
source of revenne to the State. The more light that can be
thrown on the subject from a practical point of view the better,
and it is to be hoped that the discussion will not die out with
the passing of resolutions, but that it may be kept steadily
before the minds of the public and the legislators until some
basis for a definite line of action can be worked out, No ready-
made policy can be advocated. [Tt must be framed froma
knowledge of local conditions: the land; the forest products ;
the conditions of growth ; the objects to be served. The advice
of scientific experts is of the greatest value, but the data of local
conditions must be made available if their knowledge is to be
fitted for practical application, Taking stock is a necessary

Rod and Gun in Canada 15

operation at times in all business establishments, and Nova
Scotia, as much as any of the provinces, will be in a much
better position to adopt a wise policy if definite information is
available in regard to the resources of the country and the
conditions under which they must be developed.

%
The Birch Bucculatrix.

During the past summer the seared and browned appear-
ance of birches of all kinds throughout the Province of
Ontario has attracted general attention, and many conjectures
have been made as to the canse of this injury. Upon a search
being made beneath the leaves, several small, pale, greenish
caterpillars, about a quarter of an inch in length, might have
been found. These had slender bodies, tapering to each
end, and were covered with fine bristles. These caterpillars
soon made the leaves like lace, by eating out portions of the
upper or lower sides and destroying the cellular tissue, leaving
only the fibrous skeleton. The injuries became noticeable in
August, when the trees assumed a rusty appearance, and many
of the leaves fell prematurely. Among the caterpillars might
be seen several small white circular and flat webs. These are
peculiar to this insect and are really temporary shelters made
by the caterpillars at the time they moult their skins, and
which they only use for a day ortwo. The real cocoon, in
which the insect passes the winter, is a beautiful little boat-
shaped object, dark brown in color, and conspicuously ribbed.
As soon as the caterpillar is full grown it lets itself down by a
silken thread, and having found some suitable place spins its
beautiful cocoon, frequently crawling very long distances before
it decides on an acceptable site. The minute moth, which
expands only three-eighths of an inch, is bright brown in
color, and has the wings crossed with silvery white bars. The
head is white, as well as the margins of the thorax and the
bases of the fore wings. This insect only occasionally appears
in the vast numbers which were seen in Ontario during the
past season. The last occasion was in 1892. This was equally
bad with the outbreak of 1901. In reply to several questions
which have been asked on the subject, as to whether the birch
trees are likely to be killed by haying their leaves destroyed, I
can merely say that in 1893 there were none of the caterpillars
to be found on the birches, and the trees showed no trace of
having been stripped the previous year. The small moths
appear during June and July, and the caterpillars may be found
if looked for towards the end of the latter month. The
injury to the leaves, however, does not become apparent til!
August, and by the time it attracts general attention it is, as a
rule, too late to use any practical remedy. This insect, like all
others which feed exposed on the foliage, can be destroyed by
spraying infested trees with a weak mixture of Paris green or
some other active poison and water. In the case of the
arsenites most commonly used, one pound of the poison to 200
gallons of water is sufficient.

*

A meeting of the Board of Directors of the Canadian
Forestry Association was held in the office of Mr. E. Stewart,
Dominion Superintendent of Forestry, on the 3rd instant.
Those present were Mr. Wm. Little, Dr. Wm. Saunders, Mr.
C. E. E. Ussher, Professor John Macoun, E. Stewart, Norman
M. Ross, and R. H. Campbell. Arrangements for the annual
meeting were discussed, and it was decided to have a two days’
session on the 6th and 7th March. So farasat present arranged
papers will be submitted by Dr. Wm. Saunders, on the results of

the experiments with shelter belts as carried out at the Experi-
mental Farms; by Mr. Norman M. Ross, Assistant Superin-
tendent of Forestry, on the work accomplished by the Dominion
Bureau in the West; by Mr. W. N. Hutt, on the management
of woodlots in Ontario. A report on the forest fires which
have occurred throughout Canada during the past year is to be
prepared by the Secretary. Arrangements are being made for
other papers on the management of spruce pulp forests, and
other subjects of special interest at the present time. The
report of the proceedings of the next annual meeting promises
to be fully as interesting, and useful, as the previous ones
already issued by the Association. The Forestry Association is
steadily growing in numbers, having now a membership of 330.
Full announcement in regard to the annual meeting will be
made by circular to the members of the Association at a later

date.
*

Mr. D. B. Dowling, of the Geological Survey, who has
recently returned from an exploration of the district to the
west of James Bay, reports that on the return journey he
passed through a district on the Moose River, one hundred
miles in width, which had been burned over during the present
summer. The timber was not dense, nor of great value, but
the sweeping of such an area shows that the forests in the, at
present, inaccessible districts cannot be depended upon with
any certainty as a source of future supply. The results of such
a fire cannot be repaired within the present century.

FISHING IN TE-GOU-SIE-WABIE.

To THE Eprror oF Rop AND GuN :

I have been captivated by the narrative of your clever
correspondent ‘‘St. Croix,’’ always noting with a feeling of
pleasure the concluding sentence, ‘‘To be continued,’’ whose
echo we hope may yet continue to resound before finally
breaking against the rugged cliffs of “‘The End.’’ The easy
rhythm and unaffected simplicity of the tale seasons conviction
with the savour of charm, and, with the credulity and interest
of a child, one participates in the exhilarating pleasures and
romantic sensations which can only be experienced in a trip
through the northern wilds.

But, to the marrow of my mission, which is emphatically
dissent from the heresy that there is any less degree than first-
class fishing in Lake Te-gou-sie-wabie. Only last fall I, per-
sonally, caught within a short distance of the portage before
leaving the lake, while trolling to and around an island, ten
large and beautiful salmon trout, each weighing about four
pounds, the time occupied in the catch being about twenty
minutes. I have also caught numbers of large and luscious
perch ; and need not mention doré, as its presence has been
admitted. These fish are all of superior flavour, like most
north-water inhabitants. In every one of the several times I
have visited the lake, I have seen many evidences of the
presence of large numbers of fish ; so that your readers, Mr.
Editor, will, I trust, forgive ‘‘St. Croix”’ for his error in view
of the genuineness of his story in all other particulars.

W. C. LeHevp.

Mattawa, Ont.
™

Sir Charles Ross has secured a charter for a factory to
manufacture the Ross rifle in Canada. The plant is to cost
$3,000,000.

16 Rod and Gun

AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHY

Conducted by Hubert McBean Johnstone

DEVELOPING AND DEVELOPERS.

That is the right word; it isa
genuine science, though the average amateur does not appear
to realize it. Yet it is easily proved to him. All that is neces-
sary is to take one of his own badly developed negatives and

Development is a science.

let him compare it with the production of some competent
worker. Asa rule, he imagines that all that is necessary to do
is to drop his plates in a bath coniposed of certain ingredients
(and he most likely does not know what they are), and then
when the image comes out on it strong enough to print, take it
out and fix it. Such a simple little process! Really, there
can be no excuse for all this talk about mixing ‘‘ Bromide of
Brains’’ with the solutions. Why, even a child could do it,
and that’s no jest—the way he does it.

Surely the amateur who uses one brand of plates and then
developes with the formule that is supplied with the produc-
tion of another maker, cannot be aware of the fact that, not-
withstanding all the different formule published, even the
sample pyro and soda, there is no single developer that will
develop all plates at their best, nor, in fact, any two makes.
The proportions in which one solution is mixed will fully
answer the requirements of the plate for which it is intended,
and yet, perchance, may mean utter ruin to another plate of
equal sensitiveness. Of course it will produce a negative, al-
most any developer will do that. But it won’t give you just
what you are looking for—the best that is to be had. In order
that you may be assisted in realizing how true this is by having
a conception of the various formule on the market, the follow-
ing list compiled from the formule issued by the various plate
manufacturers, is given. The figures given therein indicate the
number of grains in one ounce of diluted developer :

Sulphite Pyrogallic

of Soda. Sal Soda. Acid.

Monroe 19 9h 2}
Stanley. 18 18 3
Cramer. 1S 9 24
Kastman . 15 10 24
Seed . 18 12 :

Haron 12 6 14
Clima 18 18 3
STI ETICATE ccs30ssusee'ssreacae 24 12 2h

In one, for instance, we
find there is used 24 grains of Sulphite to the ounce, while in
another there is but twelve, only half that amount.

Observe, there are not two alike.

One uses
eighteen grains of sal soda and another only one-third of that.
The pyro ranges from one and a half to three graius to the
Now, what is the cause of all this difference ?
must be some reason.

ounce, There
Well, the reason is to be found in the
fact that there are no two manufacturers using the same emul-
sion, Some of them employ potassium bromide, others use
amonium bromide, together with iodides of both kinds. In
those instances where the same ingredients are used, they are
most likely mixed in widely varying proportions, and, asa
consequence of this, the different brands of plates each have a
distinctive color and quality, which will only yield the best
results to the developer that is compounded in proportions

carefully mixed to suit it. While all are aiming at the same

in Canada

result, i.e., a perfect negative, each sets about producing it in
different ways.

The most important agent bearing on the development is the
exposure Successful workers always expose to suit the
developer and steer clear of that error of developing to suit the
exposure. By this it is meant that they use a normal developer,
and, in order that it may be successfully manipulated, expose
correctly. All directions give methods of rectifying incorrect
exposures by varying the proportions in which the developer
is mixed, but it is well to bear in mind that old adage about an
ounce of prevention being woith a pound of cure

Mistakes, however, will occur, and then it is necessary to
find some way of remedying the evil. Perhaps in out of doors
work, most common cause of complaint is over-exposure. Here,
if the trouble is only very slight, it is possible to get along
by simply using an old pyro developer. Pyro, you know, once
it has been used, takes up a certain amount of bromide from
the plate, which acts asa restrainer. The adding of a ten per
cent. solution of bromide of potassium to the developer as a
restrainer is unnecessary to comment upon. But in cases
where the trouble is excessive it may be necessary to adopt
more emphatic means to make anything out of the plate. Per-
sonally, I would advise that you go back and take it over again
if you are able. But there are often cases where it is impossible
to do this. Your directions will tell you in what quantities to
mix your solutions to serve here and you may try it. If that
is not sufficient, the following solution is excellent for all pur-
poses where great density of the high lights and clear glass in
the shadows are required. Though intended for the copying
of pen drawingsand engravings, my personal experience is that
it is par excellence for the developing of badly over-exposed

plates. Here it is:
I
Distilled, or ice water........... .. vascannsaseeeees 25 072.
Sulphite of soda crystals 5 oz.
Hydrochinone.. 4 oz.
Sromide Of POtASSiUM ........eeeeeeeeeees t oz.
Il
Wistert concn onpesaneawentects Rea dewaanencwedwutinn dtences 25 (0%;
Carbonate of soda crystals........... a dacaneeene 6 oz.

Mix parts one and two in equal parts for use. The nega-
tive should then be put through an alum bath to prevent heat-
ing from frilling it and afterwards dried neara stove. It is
surprising how a negative dried near the heat will gain in
intensity.

It is not necessary to give an intensifying or reducing
formula here. Every maker does that, and besides so many
other good ones are published that it would only be a waste of
space.

Also, it ought to be unnecessary to say that an undertimed
plate should be treated with a fresher deyeloper, Every one
knows that. If this does not make the image appear satis-
factorily, take the plate out, and, without rinsing, place it in a
tray containing water, to which has been added a little alkaline
solution (sulphite and carbonate of soda), and leave it there as
If it is not then strong enough
the development may be continued in fresh developer, and if
that does not bring ont what you want, you may as well throw
the plate away and go and take it over again.

It would seem that amateurs do not sufliciently under-
stand the effect of different chemicals or the duties which they
are intended to perform, Without a clear knowledge of this
point, they are in the dark as to what they are doing, It is not

Jong as it increases in detail.

the right way to do a thing to simply set about it by rule with-

Rod

out knowing the why or the wherefore of it Suppose I give the
uses of a few of the commonest chemicals and what effects they
produce. First, of course, comes the pyro or metol or whatever
agent is employed. Without them the developer would not act ;
yet too much or too little is justas bad as none at all. Too much
will produce a clogging of the whites and make an altogether
excessive contrast, while on the other hand, too little will
result in prolonged development and a lack of vigor and
brillancy. There are many developing substances such as
pyro, eikonegen, metol, hydrochinone, glycine and others,
which hasten

development, and so quickly intensify the

high lights that the shadows remain behind and do not get

and Gun

in Canada i7

On the other hand, of course, too little will retard the action of
the solution. | You must bear in mind that granulated sodas
are twice as strong as crystals, and also that old and dry
crystals are considerably stronger than fresh, as the water of
crystallization gradually evaporates. The most convenient way
to work is to make up saturated solutions, and then, when you
want to use them, all that is necessary is to add water to a
portion thereof until the hydrometer reads at the

This makes no difference if dried chemicals are used

desired
degree.
instead of crystals. When theyare prepared by weight, how-
ever, proper attention must be paid to the relative strengths of
the chemicals. Bear well in mind that

twelve parts of

Apove Grassy LAKE.

The North Branch

their proper amount of detail brought out. A little over
exposure, dull lighting or soft working plate is of good service
Or it is possible that the developer may be diluted with
and development so held back that the shadows
will have a chance to work through before the high lights have
gained too much strength.

here.
water,

Passing on to the alkalies, we find that their mission is to
soften the film and open the pores so that the pyro, or what-
This will
show you the object of soaking an under-exposed plate in
sulphite and carbonate of soda.

ever agent be empioyed, will get a chance to act.

In ordinary use, however, care
must be taken not to use too much of it, else the agent, acting
too fast, will make the negative too dense and cause granulation.

White River at extreme low water,—the lowest known, it is said, for fifty years

carbonate of sodium crystals (sal. soda), are equal to five parts
of carbonate of sodium dried, or to six parts of carbonate of
potassium, and two parts of sulphite of sodium crystals are
equal to one part of the dried or granular sulphite. Roughly
speaking, one ounce of dried or anhydrous soda is equivalent to
about two ounces crystals. When dissolving dried sulphate or
carbonate of sodium, the water ought to be vigorously stirred
with a glass rod while adding the powdered chemicals to cause
aspeedy solution and prevent the formation of a solid lump.
The carbonates of soda are added to give the agent employed
the alkalinity necessary for action, while the use of thesulphite
is to prevent discoloration and decomposition. Itis very im-
portant, therefore, that these chemicals beperfectly pure. Also,

18 Rod and Gun in Canada

contact with the air decomposes them, and they ought to be
kept in well stopped bottles.

Again, in the case of the soda as with the agent, one has to
be careful and not use too much. An excessive amount will
kill the high lights, and particularly if one be photographing
white drapery, effects are very apt to be inclined to be chalky.
The tone of the negative is also affected by the amount of
sulphite of soda used. A smaller quantity than is called for in
the directions will produce a warmer tone and a larger amount
of a greyish or blueish black tone.

It is not, however, my intention to run on and describe at
length the action of every chemical used in photography. To
do that would demand several times as much space as I have
here, and even then would be only going over what every
meznulacturer prints on the slips of paper that he puts out with
his plates. My idea is rather to draw your attention to the
fact that it is necessary for you to see more than the mere
surface, for you to understand the effects of the different
chemicals you are using, and to know them as something more
than mere words printed on slips of red and yellow paper, if
you ever expect to get from your dry-plates the very best that
lies in them. You may succeed sometimes with your eyes
shut, but you can’t expect to do it all the time, you know,

*
Subject, Negative and Print.

In a photogram, it seems to me that the aim of every
photographer should be to depict the subject of his picture as
nearly like itself as possible. To do this, once the question of
posing and lighting is disposed of, he must attempt to render
the total values truthfully and to catch in the whole things as
nearly as possible, the exact tint that will best convey the
impression he wants. Unlike the painter, unfortunately, he
cannot run the scale of a dozen different shades and colors ; he
is obliged to confine himself to one, and it must remain with
himself whether he picks on the one that is best adapted to his
purpose or not. The photographer has, however, a much
greater control over his print in the way ol color than most
workers appear to imagine. Composition will help to accentuate
the principal points of interest ; good lighting will help the
composition. But the finishing touch, i.¢., the atmosphere
and feeling that existed in the scene when the picture was
taken are added, by a skillful manipulation of tonal values and
the tint of the print.

In order that the meaning may be clearly grasped, suppos-
ing we look ata case or two in point Let us consider how
this may apply toa landscape photogram, for that is perhaps
the commonest class of work attempted by amateurs. Place
before you a typical summer landscape, with its still pool, its
quiet creek, or its tall coarse grass in the foreground ; its
bnshes and trees and gentle undulations of ground ; its distance
filled with hills that effectively break up the horizon; and
overhead an occasional fleecy cloud. The careless amateur
drops the plate into the developer and washes it up and down
until the image comes out on it. The operation is finished.

jut see how the skilled worker does it. He starts it in a
diluted solution and works up his detail ; washes over the hills
in the distance with a solution of bromide of potassium on a
brush so that in the print they will appear to be shaded by
that blue veil of atmosphere that we refer to as aerial pros-
pective ; then finishes up with a bath strong in whatever agent
he is using, and so gets plenty of contrast without sacrificing
asingle thing. You may think that all this is backing down

on my statement that we want to be as truthful as possible,
It’s not. With the power possessed by the modern lens to see
more than the eye can and the ability of the dry plate to depict
all that this lens reflects to it, a photogram is actually untrue
and positively requires some manipulation to bring it back to
reality. And then the print. The one chap slaps a sheet of
Aristo plat in behind his negative and takes just whatever old
Sol gives him; the other carefully selects from his stock that
which he thinks will be most suitable. It may be a brown, to
show up the glory of a sun-bathed meadow, or it may bea
sheet of bluish tint to catch the effect of the haze in the air,
but whichever it is, it is chosen for a reason and not in any
haphazard manner. And think how much better the result is
and how much more it inspires us with the impression that we
are looking, not at the photogram of a place, but through a
window at the spot itself.

Jompare two pictures of a sunset, the one printed on some
tame black and white paper, and the other staring strongly forth
in an angry, red carbon. Which is the more effective ? Or think
of the vivid reality of a moonlight picture that has been print-
edin a weird green, particularly should the view happen to
have been made across a sheet of water witha boat or two
on it.

Or it may be that we are photographing a piece of marsh-
land, with its gloomy foreground of soft, treacherous-looking
mud that runs away into unfathomable mist. Mud and mist
of themselves do not make a picture. Mud and mist printed
from a negative with just the least tendency to thinness and
perhaps slightly inclined to be the least bit impressionistic,
may be made into a very striking thing indeed. These, it
seems to me, like those pictures of sailing ships lying at anchor
in the fog, with the shore showing vaguely in the distance,
would not only be spoiled by printing on red or green carbons,
but absolutely ery out for a plain black and white effect, on a
fairly soft paper of course. Here, to stick to our text, the
subject is practically in monochrone, and to be as nearly Hike it
as possible the print must be in monochrone too. Then, if it
is intended to hang such a print, the frame ought to be of plain
black also.

Turning te the landscape under slightly different condi-
tions, let us look at snow scenes and see what they require. In
the first place we want a different class of negative, more or
less. Where before we needed a certain amount of gradation
we now require a// gradation and half-tone. We do not want
any of those pictures where a patch of harsh white is sharply
contrasted with a heavy dark shadow by its side and varieties
of depths of drift show not at all. Long dark shadows,
stretching from the base of a tree out to the edge of the picture,
may relieve the monotony and look all right occasionally, but,
asa rule, it is safer to let them alone. Ii it is necessary to
have any do not look for them, but let them take care of
themselves. You will find that they are quite capable of
doing it all right. Instead, take the picture on a day when
the sky is overcast, and then, before developing, give the plate
a few minutes preliminary soak in an alkali bath to obtain all
the softness possible and lessen the hard intensity of the lights.
And make the print on either a bluish ora black and white
paper, Snow scenes in blue are excellent and, in the majority
of cases, better than in black and white. Of course, not a
decided blue, but rather on that tinge. On no account, if the
finest detail is wanted in the surface of the snow, must the
negative be made heavy and dense, If the picture is of a large
size, however, it is best to use a black and white paper—some-

a

Rod and Gun

thing rough—and then relieye it by surrounding it with a
carbon black matt. There is something cdd about it, but it
always seems to me that a small snow scene looks best in blue,
while a large one displays its finest effects in monochrone.

For such subjects as seashore pictures, where the waves
are in a turmoil and lashing furiously upon the beach, making
the foreground one mass of foam-flecked billows,—heavy
inasses of dark green, capped by spots of milky white,—a
dense negative is almost sure to kill the effect, for, if the
exposure has been fast enough, it is often possible for one to
trace fine lines in the water following the curl of the wave,
which, if you are working with a dense negative will not print
out sufficiently to tone, and half of the beauty of the effect of
movement and action is lost. The average worker does this
up all the time in a dark green tone. This is not right, for
only look a little closer and you will find that instead of the
water being green, it is more than half the time inclined to be
muddy and assumes a dirty brown tone. Why, then, not
make the print to match. Speaking of seashore work brings
up the question of pictures where the landscape is very much
inclined to be all sand, as in the case of the arid plains of
California and Texas. Reproductions of such spots are best
made ina very faint tone of yellow.

Passing on to figure studies, it ought to be quite unneces-
sary to go at any length into the best kind of negative for the
purpose. Just one little thing on toning. You will find that
platinum prints put through a mercury bath will result in
yellow tints of practically the same tone as flesh under certain
conditions. This process, however, except in the hands of an
expert, is inclined to result in some awful looking things.
Better practice with it a while before you show any of your work.

Nor is it necessary to say a great deal in relation to this
sort of thing to still life work. Perhaps here, as in no other
branch of work, are its possibilities to be fully realized. In
the imparting of the proper tone to fruit, earthenware, china,
glassware, birds or stuffed animals, it opens up a tremendous
and practically untouched field. For such pictures as are
shown in this class of work are almost always in straight black
and white. Experiments, howeyer, will show many other
ways in which the various tones of paper may be utilized to
advantage.

™

The Scrap Bag.
A wise man changes his mind often :
plates never.

his brand of dry-

A Buve Focussrnc Scrern.—Very frequently in the photo-
graphic press are amateurs recommended to carry with them a
pair of blue spectacles for the purpose of viewing their subjects
on the ground glass in monochrone. A still better plan is to
have a blue focussing screen. One may be made in the follow-
ing simple manner. Take an ordinary dry plate into the dark
room and strike a wax match, which you will hold for about a
minute a foot away from it. Then with some slow acting
developer, such as hydroquinone, develop the fogged plate,
carrying the process of development on until the plate is ofa
greenish color. Wash and fix as usual. Now bleach it with

Mercurie chloride 10 gr.
Ammonium chloride 10 gr.
Water 1 07.

Wash again thoroughly and soak the plate in a solution of
powdered blue, taking care not to carry this operation too far or
the screen will be too dark in color. Then fasten this in position
in place of the ground glass and you haye what you require.

in Canada 19

For Copyina Brack AND Wuire.—Where the utmost con-
trast is desired in making a copy of a black and white subject,
use potassium iodide as a restrainer instead of bromide, or
rather in addition to the developer. Double the normal
exposure and develop in a solution containing a dram of
potassium iodide and a dram of potassium bromide to every
three ounces of solution.

Aw Exposure SCALE For THE Tyro.—Frequently I receive
letters from amateurs asking me to tell them how to correctly
judge their exposures. Now, in every photographic exposure,
in order that it be correctly made, there are six factors which
ought to be taken into consideration. They are the month,
the hour, the condition of the weather, the subject, the size of
stop employed and the speed of plate used. Itis true this may
be all sammed up in one word—light ; but, until one possesses
athorough understanding of the exact degree in which each
factor bears upon the duration of exposure, it is well nigh im-
possible to lump them in together and arrive at a decision from
a study of the ground-glass. There have been placed on the
market from time to time to assist the tyro, various types of
exposure meters which doubtless are a great help to the
beginner, but which, every one of them, possess one fault.
They depend upon sensitized paper printing to a certain depth
in a fixed time asa basis of calculation. Any one who knows
anything at all about sensitized paper, knows how unreliable
it is. Besides this method takes time. Then for the convenience
of severai of those readers who have been corresponding with
me on the matter, I want to tell you about the little vest-
pocket instrument that I myself am using, made by the Wager
Exposure Seale Co.,of Philadelphia, Pa. In construction it is
similar to an engineer’s slide rule, and once itis set for the
month and hour, which is done in one movement, it is only
necessary to look a line lower down, and below the number of
the stop used will be found the exposure. It is the most simple
automatic calculator for the purpose with which I am familiar.
The last ‘‘query’’ I had on exposures was from an amateur
who wanted to take his camera into the bush with him. I
should imagine that to those who desire to carry their
instruments on fishing trips, hunting trips, &c., where they
are constantly obliged to work among unfamiliar surroundings
and under yarying conditions, the instrument would proye
invaluable.

To Crean A Pyro Srainep. Necative.—The following is
asimple formula for cleaning a pyro stained negative after it
has been fixedand dried.

Alum 1 oz.
Citricacid .. 1 oz.
Sulphate of iron 1 oz.
Water to 20 oz.

Should this fail to work satisfactorily, try thiocarbamide as in
the following :—

Thiocarbamide 30 gr.
Citric acid 60 gr.
Chrome alum 30 gr.
Water to 6 oz.

It is well to bear in mind that it is not the pyro alone that
stains the fingers. It is dipping them into the pyro and then
into the fixture without rinsing them. If care is taken to dip
them under the tap between times there is but little danger of
discoloration on the finger-nails.

A Crean Hypo Baru.-—An ounce of sodium bisulphite to
every pound of hypo in the fixer will keep it free from dis-
coloration by the developer, and give clear, crisp negatives.

20 Rod and Gun

A Nore Paper Decoration.—Evervone knows what pride
most people take in their note paper and of the many devices
that are resorted to to make it pleasing. Now it strikes me
that if a corner of one’s note paper were to be sensitized with a
blue print solution (it can be bought in bottles of any dealer),
and a photogram printed there, that it would prove very
attractive. Haqw many pleasing little scenes do we run across
that would be suitable for such a use if they were reduced to
the right size? Pictures of camp scenes, hunting scenes, winter
views of snow-shoeing, skating, toboganning and a dozen other
things that I do not recall just at present, would work up into
tasty designs for such a purpose, and to the recipient, almost
double the value of the letter.

Tue Dancers or Fiasn Ligur.—The average photographer
who is unfamiliar with the handling of chemicals is just as
likely as not, unless he be extremely careful, to blow himself
up. The adage, “Fools rush in where angels fear to tread,”’
hangs good here. For instance, here following is a flash
mixture by the unforseen explosion of which two lives were
lost recently, and which amateurs would do well to avoid. It
consists of magnesium powder, chlorate of potash, picric acid
and red phosphorous. Picric acid of itself is simply inflammable
but picrates of metals are all explosive. Do not use them.

DevetoptnG Fitms.—Those camerists who are in the habit
of carrying their cameras into the bush on hunting and fishing
trips as a general rule are in the habit of using film on account
of its extreme lightness ascompared with dry plates. Films are
the finest things in the world to handle, except in the
developer. The average man cuts his apart and then proceeds
to develop each separately. He argues that he can’t get the
very best that there is in each unless he does each separately.
He isinerror. All may be developed together up to a certain
stage without any fear of harm being done. To do it, take an
ordinary developing tray of at least acouple of inchesin depth.
Across the centre of it rig up a little roller so that when the
tray is filled with the solution the roller will be half in it all
the time. Now, when you are ready to proceed with operations,
all that is necessary to do is to run the film under the roller so
that its back is against it and the coated side toward the bottom
of the tray. Pull it slowly back and forth to develop. Being
in the air so much will assist in the development. Then as
soon as one part of it commences to show signs of being over-
done, cut it apart and drop the farthest advanced part into a
tray near at hand containing a much diluted solution where it
will finish at leisure, or whence you may pick it to complete at
your convenience. Not only will this method prove a conven-
ience to you, but it will also result in the production of vastly
improved negatives.

Tue INTERNATIONAL ANNUAL.—The International Annual of
Anthony’s Photographie Bulletin for 1902, vol. xiy., is out.
Ont on the market, I mean—not sold out ; though, judging
from the excellence ofits make-up, it will probably soon be that,
too. I know of some people who tear the advertisements out
of their annuals and bind the reading matter; then I know of
others who bind the ads. and throw the rest away. From
whither point of view, this is well worth the price of admission.
The editor, Mr. W. I. Scandlin, is to be congratulated on the
wealth of interesting, instructive and practical information he
has managed to accumulate between its covers, as well as upon
the excellence of its varied illustrations.

Comparative Strenorns or Liguts.—In connection with
the paragraph ‘‘ An Exposure Scale for the Tyro,"’ I am giving

in Canada

the following table showing the comparative strengths of
various lights in order that those who want to make photo-
grams by artificial illumination may have a basis of calculation.

Gasflame .. 22 oc me 1
Oxy-hydrogen a ce at 11
Magnesium ribbon . . ce ie 58
Diffused daylight .. a/5 ee 268
Electric light se me oe 5079
Sunlight .. St at = 16079

Quick Proors oN Bromme Parer.—It is very easy to make
an excellent proof from a wet negative right after fixing. The
only condition essential to success is that there be no bubbles
between negative and paper. The easiest way to effect this
result is to immerse both negative and paper in a dish of water
and withdraw them from it in contact. If carefully done, there
is little possibility of bubbles forming. | Now put them in the
printing frame in the ordinary way, and after putting the back
in place dry off the front. Expose for almost twice as long
as ordinary, and, of course, develop the print at once. The
negative should then be returned to the wash water for full
elimination of the hypo. The print is as good as one made in
the usual way.

Moisture oN THE Lenys.—Holding the warm hand near the
lens for too long a time when setting the shutter or diaphragm
will often result in dim and perhaps spoiled negatives, caused
by the moisture that condenses on the lens. This trouble is
particularly to bemet with in the making of winter photograms.

*
Correspondence.

Correspondence should be addressed to H. McBean
Johnstone, P.O. Box 651, Sarnia, Canada.

C. G. Fowler, Cobourg, Ontario.—In reply to your query
as to what method should be employed for sensitizing silk, I
might say it depends entirely upon the class of prints you want.
You can buy silk sensitized with platinum for development,
and with silver for printing out. | Or you can easily prepare it
yourself by the following method :—First soak it in common
salt and water, about 60 gr. salt to 1 ounce of water. After a
thorough immersion, blot off the superflous moisture and dry
thoroughly. To sensitize, dip or float it ina bath of silver
nitrate, 60 gr.; water, 1 oz. Dry thoroughly and print deeply.
Of course white silk is the best color to use.

T. L. M., Montreal, P.Q.—To keep your films from curling
when dry, after washing, soak them in the following bath :—

Glycerine... e ae - 3 oz.
Water SE nt 8 oz.

Then, without subsequent washing, pin them ona board to dry.

Berkley A., Port Hope, Ont.—I[t is possible to get green
tones on bromide of silver paper by treating with Eder’s lead-
intensifier and cobalt solution, which will result in the pro-
duction of a very bright green tone. Smooth paper is most
suitable. As the resulting tone is very bright it is essential
that the print have plenty of contrast and clear whites. The
operation ought to be started and finished with a good washing.
The prints to be toned are first bleached in the following
solution :

Nitrate of lead........ <opieware 4 grams.
Red prussiate of potassium... 4 “
WUT. 6 whore eae aw tani aire cans OU ae

After a short washing in water put the prints in a 5 per
cent. solution of cobalt chloride until the picture is thoroughly
green, Then wash again,

in

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Single Copies Ten Cents.

SOME BRITISH COLUMBIAN FIELDS OF SPORT
KamLoors Disrricr.

Kamloops is an incorporated city, having a population of
over 2,000. It is a divisional point on the main line of the
Canadian Pacific Railway, and holds a commanding position,
being the distributing point for a great part of the interior
plateau region of British Columbia.

The districts which are tributary to Kamloops are those
drained by the north and south branches of the Thompson
River, Shuswap, Grand Prairie, Nicola Valley, Savona and the
shores of the main Thompson Riyer. This is mainly a rolling,
bunch-grass country, through which are found many lakes and
ponds, most of which are fringed with a heavy growth of
rushes and tuiles, thus affording excellent feeding and breeding
grounds for all species of waterfowl, from the swan to the teal.
Each Spring and Fall great flocks of geese halt in their migra-
tions and pass days and weeks in these waters.

The rolling, bunch-grass covered hills of this district are
dotted here and there with groves of pine, and it is in these
thickets that the bears—grizzly, cinamon and black—-are found,
together with mule deer and white-tail. For mountain sheep
and goat the ruggeder portion of the range must be visited,
such, for instance, as the North Thompson, above its junction
with Blue River, 152 miles from Kamloops, or the country sur-
rounding Adam’s Lake, but if the hunting ground has been
properly selected there will be found no lack of these most
wary animals.

Kamloops is a mountain town, depending largely upon
mining, hunting, fishing and ranching for its support, hence
special attention is given to the selection of goods, imple-
ments and equipments, by the storekeepers, used in these
pursuits and sports, so that it is a very good place to outfit
for a hunt, no matter of what duration. As an all-round
sporting place it is hard to beat, for there are a large number
of Englishmen, some of them retired officers, who find hunting
and fishing the best amusements of their leisure hours. There
is also an excellent half-mile race course, and meetings are held
twice every year; a polo and gymkana club, and one each to
look after the interests of baseball, football, lawn tennis and
ericket, testify to the sportsmanlike spirit of the place, though
these are not all, for there is a well-equipped gymnasium, and
in 1901 a start was made by E. Brocklehurst, Esq., the owner
of the Cottrick Farm, which is situated about three miles west
of Kamloops, in the organization of a kennel of fox hounds, so
that in future the ‘‘sport of kings” will be an additional
attraction, and will doubtless draw many personsto Kamloops.

There are no foxes in this region, but there are many coyotes,
wolves afford excellent
thoroughly is this recognized that a great many sportsmen have

and these small sport, indeed, so
expressed their intention of leaving their homes in the coast
cities every now and then for a burst over the hills of North
It is Mr.

Yale at the heels of the flying pack. Brocklehurst’s

intention to hunt two days a week.
Savona’s FERRY.

This place is twenty-five miles west of Kamloops, on the
Itisa
favorite fishing resort, as there is a well-appointed hotel there
kept by Adam Ferguson. Moreover, it is on the main line of

south bank of and near the foot of Kamloops Lake.

the C. P. R., and boasts of a post office and a general store.
There is excellent hunting in the neighborhood, and the fishing
in Kamloops Lake is undeniably good.
always be hired.

At Savona boats may
The wildfowl and grouse shooting along the
shores of the lake and in the thickets adjoining are above the
average, and when the flight is on heavy bags of duck are made
by the men who know where to look for them and how to hold
their gun straight.

Kamloops Lake is twenty miles in length, with a width
varying from two to four miles. It abounds in fish. One of
the most famous points is Tranquille, eight miles west of
Kamloops on the northside of the lake. Mrs. William Fortune
provides excellent accommodation for visitors.

Sruswar.

In this district must also be included the south branch of
the Thompson River. It is very accessible, as the main line
of the C. P. R. traverses it, and there is a government road on
each side of the river. Eighteen miles east of Kamloops is the
flag station called Ducks, where there is a post office, hotel and
This is a capital headquarters for wildfowl and grouse.
Fifteen miles east of Ducks, and thirty-three from Kamloops,
there is another little station, and another three miles further
east, at the foot of the great Shuswap Lake, there is an excellent
conducted by Mr.

store.

stopping place, James Ross, which has
lately become a very favorite resort among Kamloops people.
The big Shuswap Lake may be considered the centre of a
very fine sporting region. North of the lake hunters may} after
a day’s travel, pitch their camp in a fine caribou and deer range,
and southward of the lake the deer shooting is equally ge vod. It
is fine sport trolling in this great lake for trout, almost equal in
weight to asmall salmon. Quite recently Mr. Ross has placed
on this magnificent sheet of water a neat little gasoline launch.

Small boats and canoes are always available, so that it is hardly

2 Rod and Gun

possible for the fisherman to fail to fill his creel should he visit
Shuswap Lake.

Bears are quite numerous in the mountains north of the
lake, anda good many Indian hunters have been mauled by
them. The Indians are the only really well-informed guides to
be had, and when hiring them it is best to use as intermediaries
men whom they know and who know them well. Many
sportsmen have made their arrangements through Mr. James
Ross or Alexander MacBryan. When a pack train is to be
taken all gear and camp outfit should be bought in Kam-

loops.
NiconA Disrricr.

The Nicola Valley has an area of more than sixty square
miles, including all the country lying immediately south of
as the foot of Nicola Lake.
reached from}Kamloops by a stage line_running over a govern-

Kamloops, as far The valley is

oe

law 3S

IXAMLOOPS,

ment road, and making a weekly round trip. Kamloops is left

on Monday morning and reached again by Friday evening.
There are several places for public accommodation on the road.

John Peterson, fifteen miles from Kamloops, will provide

accommodation. This is a good point for duck shooting, Long
Lake being close by. Taomas Bulman, at the head of Stump
Lake, twenty-six miles ont, also entertains sportsmen, and this
The Rockford House, kept by Mr. Robert

Scott, thirty-three miles out, is centrally located in the valley.

is a favorite stop.

Here, horses and guides can be had, and it is a good headquarters
from which to hunt an immense country in which there is any
amount of sport to be had, both fishing and shooting. Informa-
tion cheerfully furnished by the proprietor of the Roekford
House.

rhe Quilchena Hotel, forty-five miles from Kamloops, is an
excellent hostelry, and a most desirable point for sportsmen, it

B.C.

in Canada

being within ten miles of the famous Minnie Lake, famous for
the goose and duck shooting it affords and for its fishing. A
similar description would apply to nearly all the lakes of this
district, a majority of them being breeding grounds for duck,
which are usually to be found in large numbers. In addition
to the duck shooting most of the lakes teem with fish, the most
famous having been dubbed “ Fish Lake.”’ This sheet of water
is about twenty miles south of Kamloops, and has always
yielded a handsome return to fishing parties. Many Kamloops
anglers visit it yearly, and spend weeks in camp under the
shade of the pine and fir trees that line its shores. The nights
are cool here during the hottest summer weather. There is a
good waggon road from Kamloops to the lake.

In a district where there is such remarkably good all-round
sport it is, perhaps, hardly necessary to particularize, but men-
tion must be made of the Douglas Lake section, which ineludes

Lower Town

wll the lakes already mentioned. The whole district may be

classed as a good hunting ground for small game. Gnides may
In addition to the duck shooting,
veese are shot in quantities, as in their southward migration

they linger long around these lakes.

be obtained at Kamloops.

Big game keeps further south in the more wooded district,
but the grizzly bear frequently make raids upon the ranchers’
cattle.

services of good guides.

Deer shooting is good, but sportsmen must retain the
In the Douglas Lake district there are
no public places of accommodation, but sportsmen are always
made welcome at the ranch.
and

The best guides are the Indians
halt-breeds.

The commonest species of duck are mallard, canvas back,
teal, golden eye, widgeon and the big and little bluebills
scaup duck),

rO BE CONTINUED,

Rod and Gun in Canada 2

A DAY ON A TROUT STREAM.

By Walter Greaves.

When I was in New Brunswick, on sick leave, during the
past summer, Robert Forgan, William, our driver, and I, drove
to a stream about 7 miles from where we were staying, and
enjoyed an afternoon’s delightful trout fishing. Certainly we
did enjoy ourselves, as the sport was excellent. Between | and
8.30 p.m. I landed 100 nice trout, several of them running up
to } lb. Robert and William also made good catches. Every
now and then I heard them call out, ‘‘ I have one, anda beauty,
too,” ete., ete. This continued most of the afternoon, and when
we came to count up at the end of the day we found we had
160 trout between us. Not one, however, was wasted. Most
of them were bright, silvery sea-trout, just in from the salt
water. How much more gamey they are than those that have
spent some time in the warm fresh water pools! You can often
tell the difference as soon as you see the rise.

I cannot imagine any more enjoyable sport than to be on a
lovely trout stream, with a light rod and fine tackle, and the
trout rising nicely. On the aiternoon referred to, I took all
my trout with the fly (I seldom, if ever, use bait), and found,
on this particular stream, that a fly with grey seal-fur body,
ribbed with oval silver twist, grey hackle with fine guinea-fowl
over, tail of pin-tail, and wings of barred black and white snipe
feathers, small jungle-cock chocks, and head of white ostrich,
to be very killing. This is an attractive-looking fly and
certainly proved so on the occasion referred to, and on one or
two other trips to the same stream. The trout, in nearly every
instance, passed my other two flies, and showed a marked pre-
ference for the ‘‘ grey monkey,’’ as I called it. Usually a red
fly, or a fly with plenty of red in its dressing, is very attractive,
but on this stream red did not seem to take. I consider that
a well-marked pin-tail feather is very attractive to the trout,
made up with almost any dressing. There is, however, only a
few of the prime feathers on each duck. For the grizzly king
and professor I prefer this feather to the grey mallard, although
it may not be considered quite as correct a dressing for the
flies named. Try the flies sometime side by side, dressed with
both wings, (pin-tail and mallard) and see which you prefer.
After all there is nothing like a practical test in order to satisfy
oneself in such matters. Practical experience in regard to
trout fishing is always preferable, I think, to what one can
gather from books or articles on the subject. I must, however,
admit that I have gained a very great deal of useful informa-
tion from reading angling literature ; but, when it really
comes down to the actual work on the stream, there is nothing
so conyincing, and so educating, as can be gained through one’s
own experience in endeavoring to tempt the often shy trout to
rise. I consider there is much to learn in this respect which
cannot be conveyed in words. The same may be said in regard
to teaching a person to cast a fly. He must have the practical
experience. The chief fault with beginners, I find, is that
they try to cast too long a line, causing it to get entangled and
fall at their feet, and often resulting in the snapping off of
many fiies. If they would practiee with a short line they
would easily get into the swing of it, and learn to cast well
much sooner, I believe.

I make all my own flies—salmon, trout and bass—and enjoy
fishing with them far more than flies tied by a professional fly
tyer, and I always imagine mine are more killing (imagination,
perhaps). With regard to rods I generally use a 7-0z. 3-joint
split bamboo 103-ft. red, made by T. Chubb, of Post Mills, Vt.,
and find it simply perfect for trout or bass. I have just finished
a light 11-ft. rod in four joints, two of second-growth hickory

and twoof lancewood. So faras I can judge at present it seems
as though it would bea fine rod for stream trout fishing. I
must not, however, say too much until I haye put it to the
actual test, as I did not copy any pattern, but simply guessed
at the dimensions. It (like most of my rods) is without dowels.
Ottawa.
; *
A Wild Goose Dinner.
To vne Eprror or Rop anp Gen:

There is just one distinctly wild goose public dinner in the
world that is known of, and that is given annually by the ladies
of the Methodist Church, Souris, Manitoba. These rare and
wild birds are hatched and bred in the far north. As soon as
fledged they come in great numbers to the broad wheat fields
of Manitoba, and for protection choose some body of water for
the night, from which they fly to feeding grounds and return
twice a day. They always come from the north very poor, but
feeding on the best wheat in the world for two weeks they are
fat, and, in this condition as a tender, delicate, toothsome article
of diet they outclass anything of the kind ever found on any
bill of fare. They are highly valued, because of being very
wild and hard to secure.

From this dinner all turkey and domestic fowl are barred,
nothing but high-class northern-bred ‘‘ honker”’ and “‘ brant”’
wild goose are admitted.

For this year’s dinner the ladies modestly asked for sixty,
and the men of the town were to supply them. So with tent,
ammunition and ‘‘grub” the men hied forth to the feeding
grounds and the lake. Hunting late and early they returned
after five days with 105 prime birds. Sixty were selected for
the great dinner. These were plucked and dressed, and the
whole lot sent to the baker, who placed them in his oven and
roasted them in one batch. The dinner was held in Sowden
Hall, on Noy. 19, 1901, and, as was expected, proved a phe-
nomena success.

Northern-bred honkers to the number of sixty were carved
and presented in prime condition, and proved a delicacy to
tempt the most refined taste.

To the ladies belong the credit of having perfectly prepared
the birds and other good things that made a most tempting bill
of fare.

At 5.30 preparations were complete for the reception of
guests. The tables, draped in spotless linen, glittered with
silver, sparkled with crystal, and groaned under the weight of
good things. One hundred and eleven guests could be seated
at once. By 6.30 every chair at the table was occupied. The
seats at the sides were filled and all standing room taken and
still crowds gathered in. The large hall proved altogether too
small for what is distinctly the only wild goose public dinner
in America.

The programme began at 9 o’clock, Rey. W. Bridgman
occupying the chair. The orchestra rendered a fine selection.
Rey. Messrs. Hewitt and Elliott and James Argue, M.P.P.,
delivered racy and happy speeches. Miss Grant sang a solo,
as did also Mr. Deans and Mr. Brooks and Miss Fowler, Miss
Moffat presiding at the piano. Miss McLaren gave a piano solo.
Rey. Mr. Bowles delivered a neat and impressive address, which
was thoroughly enjoyed. He showed that a preacher may
occupy a metropolitan pulpit and still keep in touch with every
phase of life in the commonwealth. Dinner and programme
were both thoroughly enjoyed. The ladies took in $213. By
unanimous solicitation the citizens of Souris and surrounding
country have requested that the wild goose dinner be made an
annual event.

Souris, Manitoba. WELLINGTON BripGMAN,

4 Rod and Gun

IN THE WILDS OF NORTHERN CANADA.

By M. H. Hoover.

Not content with the deep-water communication between
and the Lakes

many things, is planning to build a

the Atlantic Great which she now enjoys,

Canada, unprogressive in
* short-cut”? route between Chicago and Boston, which shall
The

telegraphic dispatches have detailed the proposed canal, the

make these two ports nearer for ships by 500 miles.

survey for which has already been made, from the standpoint
of the engineer and theshipper. The lover of nature, who has
penetrated those wilds, sighs with regret as he reads them.
The genius of gain who thrust the iron into the soul of the
Adirondacks and the White Mountains, he learns sorrowtfully,
is sharpening his drills to penetrate the heart of silent and
majestic northern Canada. The solitudes enveloping the chain
of natural waterways extending from the Ottawa to Georgian
Bay, enjoyed by the hardy yoyageurs, the lonely

the
alone, are to be rudely in-

Beaucage and Duquese Indians, and most

venturesome touris

truded upon by the noisy messengers of com-

merce. Farewell, white violet and golden cory-
dalis of the hillsides, soon to be soiled by the
grime of ¢ cean-going monsters ! Good-bye trail-
ing bearberry and bonny blue-flag, for a path is
for the

Au revoir, kingly

to be cut through thy untamed garden
flaunting pennant of industry !
bull-moose, fleet-footed deer and lazy bruin, thrust
back from thy native haunts by the tireless agents
of the Wall Street bulls and bears!

Along the French River, Lake Nipissing, Trout
Lake, Lake Nasbonsing, Lake Du Talon and the

Mattawan River may now be found ‘“ God’s Out-
All that is to
this canal should become a fact.

oi-Doors,”’ just about-as he left it.
be changed if

At the end of a bewildering journey through
the maze of ten thousand islands, in one of the
innermost recesses of the French River region, is
a camp consisting of two log cabins. Of the many
wayward channels of this marvellous river which
through the boundless tracts of trees or dash

glide

impatiently through rugged gorges, the glimmer-

ing expanse of water stretching out before our
forest home. although as broad as the Hudson at
Poughkeepsie, is nothing more than an inlet sent
northward by the lmperious French to meet the

mid, rus ined Wolsey It is out of the route

of the few canoes of the bold advent-

straggling
urers Who run some of the rapids and crawl] around

the rest on the way from the Ottawa to Georgian

Bay. From this camp to the nearest habitation of white men
on Lake Nipissing is thirty miles, while to the French River
settlement at the river’s mouth is forty miles, as the great
northern woodpecker flies—or rather more, on reflection,

because of the many ups and downs of the ‘‘cock-of-the-woods.”’
Our destination is that distant camp, Whose surrounding
solitude is so wide, broad and deep, that unless a man ‘in the
»of nature holds communion with her visible forms,”’ he is
upt to gr lonesome occasionally, even surrounded by his best
beloved and most highly entertaining friends. Come with us
nm a jaunt before the engineers follow the path which
knight the theocdolite has blazed through ‘* God’s Out-
of-Door Come to the far-away north where the river so

ered rocks, the red-berried shrubs and

in Canada

cone-clad pines that he goes out of his way many miles at a
thousand points to take them all into his fond embrace.

At Norton Bay, the queen of all Canadian lakes
is viewed with an admiration little short of worship on the part
of the nature lover. The camping party, which for several
years has spent a fortnight or more on the distant French, is

Nipissing,

disappointed to find that the one steamboat owned by the town
which them thirty-five the silvery
Nipissing to the portage above the Chaudiere Falls, has becn

carried miles across
delayed on an expedition up the West Arm, seventy miles
away. Later it transpired that the Queen had run short of
fuel, and had to make Goose Island by sail to replenish her
Capt. Windsor, of Callandar, twelve south,
quickly responded to a dispatch, and hastened to the town-
held campers’ rescue with his staunch little craft, the Van

Woodland.

stock. miles

PORTAGE.

ON THE

Twelve hours had been lost in the hospitable, but unsatis-
fying railroad centre. But for all this there was ample com-
pensation in the moonlight journey, over a course always,
heretofore, haying been made in the daytime by the health
The

sufficient to send the most phlegmatic into eestacies, but the

seekers. daylight trip discloses beauties of scenery

effects of Luna were almost startlingly apparent, for they set
staid business and professional men singing the love songs of
their youth :
‘For there’s nothing in the daylight
Half so dear to you and me.”’
The

glimmering faintly like belated planets on the hazy horizon’s

lights of the town were soon lost in the distance,

rim. Off the throbbing steamer’s bow rushed twin streams of

Rod and Gun

liquid silver, which had drawn from the smooth surfaces just
beyond the golden reflections of the stars. Mists of evening
let down tantalizing curtains through which could be obtained
but vague intimations of glorious visions among

OO es a AD yCrowas
Of islands that together lie,
As quietly as spots of sky

Among the evening clouds.”
Presently, as if in respect to the queen of the heavens, the silky
draperies of night were thrown aside, revealing to eager eyes a
prospect of surpassing loveliness. The rocky promontories of
Manitou Island stood forth in glistening array like a chain of
fortresses against the dark background of trees, with here and
there a solitary pine on the summits as giant sentinels.

Louis Beaucage, the Indian guide,
interrupted: ‘‘ Dat, long back, tous-
ands Great Spirit’s Land.
Water all round, but white man get

moons,

him too, by em by, too soon.”’

And so, it would seem, the Mani-
Island not the
invader’s greed, for the white man

tou’s was safe from
had taken everything in sight, not
sparing even a little path of rocky
forest, in mid-lake, to the Red Man's
Deity. Under the spell of the evening
there was no materialist in the party
sufficiently hardened to query, ‘‘ And
what would the Manitou do
it?”

The witchery of an irrefragable
silence soon

with

rested upon all again.
Eyen the merry captain was lost in
the depth of the contemplative trance.
From the brilliancy of the open water
the boat swept majestically into the
shadow of wooded islands. The sooth-
ing odors of the forests arose, grateful
as the incense of ‘‘God’s first
temples.’’ Overhanging boughs of
spruce and balsam seemed, almost,

in Canada 5

rollicking

By

Echo joined in the appropriate refrain, one bank repeating with

old-time chorus, ‘‘ There’s Moonlight on the Lake.’’

its boulder lips :
“ Our boats the ripples break ’’—
Then from the other shore :
“The birds have gone to rest ”’
And trom the distant headland more faintly :
“Por now there’s moonlight on the lake.’’

Luna was low in the heavens, and the morning star had
arisen to announce the approach of dawn, when the Van Wood-
land tied up to a natural dock consisting of a great shelving rock
which dropped sheer off into twenty feet of water, not far from
The

cry of the startled loons and the yeip of the wolves far up on

the portage which cuts around the big Chaudiere Falls.

within reach. Harmoniously the
beautiful words of Faber associated
themselves with the situation :
“ Old trees by night are like men in thought,
By poetry to silence wrought :
They stand so still and they look so wise,
With folded arms, and half-shut eves,
More shadowy than the shade they cast
When the wan moonlight on the river passed.”

The last argosy of islands was soon left astern, and the
converging shore-lines announced the near approach to the
French River. The illusion as to there being merely shades of
men aboard was soon dispelled when one hungry wayfarer
spoke up: ‘‘ Boys, it’s about time to hit those lunch baskets ! ”’
And it is remarkable how quickly everybody ‘‘ came out of it.’’
There is nothing sentimental about the inner man, and the
average mortal has experienced times when he would swap
eyery metrical foot he ever saw for six square inches of tongue-
sandwich. Quickly delicious black tea (and you’re the green
one if you ask for any other kind in Canada) was boiling in the
pot, which was made to bubble all the more briskly by a

Near Littie Caauprere Farrs, Frencn River.

the mountain sides were soothing night-songs to the tired
voyagers, who were soon dreaming of the things that mysterious
country had in store on the morrow.

And despite the late retiring hour, a strange thing happened.
All the tenderfeet were up in time to see the sun rise on the
French River. And what a glorious reward was in store for the

! The enchanting mystery of the moon-lit night

enterprising !
was gone, but in its stead had come a daylight revelation even
more beautiful. The panorama of nearby forest, receding
ridges, and island-dotted
reverential admiration.

river held everyone in almost
The delicate tints of dawn slowly gave
way to the pronounced colors of sunrise in a cloudless sky,
eyery rock, shrub, flower and tree shining resplendent in the
reflected glory.

Overhead an eagle was soaring, wondering, apparently, at
the intrusion upon his grand domain. A phalanx of ducks
wheeled suddenly around the nearest headland, alighting with
a splash almost within reach of a paddle before they discovered

6 Rod and Gun in Canada

that their feeding grounds had been preempted. A sharp-eyed
hunter, the Sheriff, spied a deer on a sandy beach across the
river, coming down for his morning drink. With glasses high
in air the party drank to his majesty the buck. The stirring
reed gave evidence that the hungry pike were hustling for their
breakfast, and around the lily-pads the bass were leaping. The
veteran anglers were restrained with difficulty from unpacking
their tackle at once, when just outside a large rock in the
natural harbor an immense mascalonge leaped in air. They
were reminded that a quarter-mile of rough rocks, cruel haw-
thorn and entangling bindweed on the portage was to be
traversed with boats and baggage before beginning the twelve
mile paddle down to camp.

Dr. VanDyke says in ‘‘ Little Rivers’’: ‘‘ These portages
are among the troublesome delights of a journey in the
wilderness. To the guides they mean hard work, foreverything,
including the boats, must be carried on their backs. But the
sportsman carries notiing but his gun, his rod, and his photo-
graphic camera.”’

TO BE CONTINUED.
*
NORTH AMERICAN FISH AND GAME PROTEC-

TIVE ASSOCIATION.

The annual meeting of the North American Fish and Game
Protective Association at Burlington, Vt., on the 22nd and 23rd
of January last, was thoroughly successful.

Those present were Messrs. Horace Bailey, 8. T. Bastedo,
Toronto, Deputy Commissioner of Fisheries for Ontario ; Dr.
Thomas C. Brainerd, of Montreal, Treasurer and ex-President
of the Province of Quebec Association for the Protection of Fish
and Game ( Vice-President of she Association); J. E. Bentley,
St. Albans, Vt.; Chas. F. Barhans, Warrensburgh, N. Y.;
General F. G. Butterfield, Derby Line, Vt. (Vice-President of
the Association); E. T. D. Chambers, Quebec (Secretary-
Treasurer of the Association); C. E. E. Ussher, Montreal ;
H. R. Charlton, Montreal; N. E. Cormier, Aylmer East,
P.Q., Chief Game Warden of Ottawa and Pontiac; Dr. W.
H. Drummond, of Montreal, author of ‘The Habitant,’’ ete. ;
Hon. A. T. Dunn, Fredericton, N. B., Surveyor - General
of New Brunswick (Vice - President of the Association) ;
H. G. Elliott, Montreal; G. A. Farmer, Bank of Montreal,
Montreal; Hon. Nelson W. Fisk, of Fisk, Vt.; Dr.
John T. Finnie, Montreal, ex-President of the Province of
Quebee Association for the Protection of Fish and Game;
General William W. Henry, United States Consul at Quebec,
President of the St. Bernard Fish and Game Club ; F. S. Hodges,
of Boston (Member of the Executive Committee); Andrew
Irving, Gouverneur, N. Y.; L. Z. Joncas, ex-M.P., Superinten-
dent of Fish and Game for the Province of Quebee; L. B.
Knight, St. John, N.B., Chief Game Commissioner of New
Brunswick ; J. 8S. MeCollough, North Bennington, Vt. ; John
McGeary, Burlington, Vt.; W. H. Parker, Lac a la Peche, P.Q.;
and others.

President Titcomb, in his address of welcome, dwelt upon
the needof such an Association, urging the necessity of personal
work on the part of the members in order that the influence
and growth of the Association might be made more satisfactory.
He announced the resignation of Mr. L. Z. Joncas, the late
secretary-treasurer, owing to ill-health, he having appointed
Mr. KE. T. D. Chambers, also of Quebee, as successor.

The receipts of the Association during 1901 were $385, of
which amountall had been expended excepting a cash balance
of $69.87, The forty-three original members have been joined

by twenty-five new associates during the year, and when the
election of new members was proceeded with the following
gentlemen became members: Dr. W. Seward Webb, of Shel-
bourne ; General J. G. McCullough,of North Bennington, Vt. ;
Olin Merrill, H. Shanley, F. E. Burgess, Horace Bailey, Wm.
B. McKillip, and W. A. Whiting, of Burlington, Vt.; F. A.
Phelps, of Wilkesbarre, Pa. ; J. E. Bentley, of St. Albans, Vt. ;
H. G. Elliott, and J. B. Sparrow, of Montreal; Waldo K.
Chase, of Farrington, Conn.; and J. E. Walsh, of Ottawa.

Tt was decided to hold the next annual meeting in Ottawa.
The following officers were elected :

President—Hon. F. R. Latchford, of Toronto.

Secretary and Treasurer—E. T. D. Chambers, of Quebec.

Vice-Presidents—H. O. Stanley, Dixfield, Me.; John
Fottler, Jr., Boston, Mass. ; R. E. Plumb, Detroit, Mich. ; Hon.
A. T. Dunn, Fredericton, N.B.; Nat. Wentworth, Hudson
Centre, N.H.; C. H. Wilson, Glens Falls, N.Y.; G. A.
McCallum, Dunnville, Ont. ; T. C. Brainerd, Montreal, Que. ;
F. G. Butterfield, Derby Line, Vt. ; C. S. Harrington, Halifax,
N.S.

Executive Committee—F. 8. Hodges, Boston, Mass. ; Henry
Russell, Detroit, Mich.; D. G. Smith, Chatham, N.B.; W. H.
Shurtleff, Lancaster, N.H.; J. H. Seymour, New York; C. E.
Clark, Augusta, Maine; J. W. Titcomb, St. Johnsbury, Ve. ;
S. T. Bastedo, Toronto, Ont. ; C. E. E. Ussher, Montreal, Que.

Membership Committee—E. T. D. Chambers, Quebec, Que.;
W. H. Drummond, Montreal, Que. ; Wm. W. Henry, Quebec,
Que.

Auditing Committee—L. O.
W. J. Cleghorn, Quebec, Que.

The afternoon session of Wednesday, the 22nd inst., was
devoted to the hearing and discussion of reports made by the
executive of the different provinces and states represented.

Dr. Brainerd presented a report showing the excellent
results which had followed the earnest efforts of the past year
to secure improvements in the fish and game laws of the Pro-
vince of Quebec, and to harmonize them with those of its
neighbors, on the lines suggested by the North American
Association. He pointed ont that the chief difficulty in enfore-
ing the fish and game laws arises from the government
appointment of wardens as a sinecure for political services.
His report continued: ‘‘Since the last meeting of the Associa-
tion we have, in this part of Canada, gained the following
points :

First.—The permission for one person to kill two moose,
three deer and two caribou has been changed to one moose, two
deer and two caribou, and the addition allowed by special
permit of five deer and five caribou has been cut down to three
deer and three caribou.

Seconp.—A fine of five to twenty-five dollars is now im-
posed for allowing ‘‘ dogs accustomed to hunt and pursue deer”
to run at large, except between the 20th and 8lst of October,
and anyone is allowed to kill dogsso running. So far as it goes
this is a clear gain.

Tutrp.—Wild ducks are now protected between March Ist
and September 15th, which, in this climate, practically covers
spring shooting. An exception, however, is made by which
‘pied ducks or divers’? may be killed up to April 15th and
after September Ist, and hunters for sheldrakes are very apt to
mistake red heads or black ducks therefor, The latter clause
is of course intrinsically vicious, but it had to be accepted tem-
porarily as a compromise.

Fourru.—All eold storage warehouses are hereafter to be
licensed. They are forbidden to receive game beyond fifteen

Armstrong, Montreal, Que.;

Rod and Gun

days after the close of the season; their premises are open for
inspection at any time, and in case of doubt whether the laws
have been observed the burden of proof rests upon the ware-
house keeper.

Firra.—Authority is given the Lieutenant-Governor in
Council to prohibit at any time the sale of any protected game
for a period of not exceeding three years. Under this Act the
sale of grouse has been prohibited until October Ist, 1902.

Sixtu.—The export of trout has been forbidden, from
Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Seotia, and Prince
Edward Island, except not over 25 pounds when shipped by a
party who has killed the same for sport and when accompanied
by the proper certificates.

SeventH.—Fishing with nets in the eastern portion of Lake
St. Francis and in Lake St. Louis, including the waters of
Chateauguay and Caughnawaga, has been prohibited until July
Ist, 1902.

The last two important changes are due to the Dominion
authorities, and not to the Provincial.’’

He also argued at some length in favor of a non-resident
license to be imposed upon all sportsmen who shoot or fish
away from the State or Proyince in which they reside.

“Vermont,”’ said Mr. Titcomb, ‘‘ has nothing new to report
in the way of legislation, for there has been no session of the
Legislature since the last meeting of the Association. There has
been a delegation, however, of our people to Quebec, on the
subject of the netting in Lake Champlain. We met the enemy,
and we are their's.

New Brunswick was heard from. The Surveyor-General,
Hon. Mr. Dunn, made a very encouraging report. ‘‘ His
Proyinee,’”’ he said, ‘‘ had enacted a law against spring shooting,
except that for geese upon the North shore, where they were
very plentiful, and where the natives were allowed to kill them
for their own use. The spring killing of other game was pro-
hibited, especially that of black duck, which was rapidly
becoming quite scarce. The sale of partridges is forbidden,
and the bag of game for each hunter is now limited to one
moose, one caribou and twodeer. Several hunters have stopped
trapping and are now helping us, and asa result, the present
increase in game is satisfactory.

Mr. Richards, of Boston, reported that for the last two
years the sale of woodcock and of partridges had been pro-
hibited in Massachusetts.

Quite a discussion arose over the question, suggested by the
President, as to the evil of planting black bass in trout waters,
Mr. Titcomb speaking of the harm that was being done in
Vermont by the substitution of bass and other coarse fish into
the natural trout waters of the State. Some years ago, he said,
all the ponds of the State were trout waters. It was about
fifteen or eighteen years ago that the black bass fad swept over
the land, and now almost all the ponds contained bass and the
trout had largely disappeared, being almost exterminated, while
it was impossible to get rid of the coarser fish. The bass ate
up the bullheads and everything else, and then the food supply
became exhausted, so that now the bass do not, asarule, exceed
a pound in weight. Their trout waters had been almost
ruined. Other States had had thesameexperience. The Maine
Commissioner had expressed his satisfaction that the subject
was to be brought up. A New Hampshire Commissioner
reported that the bass were chasing aureolus and land-locked
salmon out of Lake Sunapee, though it was thought for awhile
that the fish would retain its own side of the lake. But the
bass were winning in those waters, and it was certainly not
the survival of the fittest. He urged that bass should be

in Canada y

placed with other coarse fish in waters that were unsuited for
trout.

Mr. Bastedo said that in Ontario they had transplanted ten
thousand bass last year, and that in only one instance had the
fish been planted in trout waters. Even in that case the waters
had become exhausted of their trout. Some of the exhausted
waters of Muskoka were now swarming with bass up to five
pounds in weight, and it was found that there was quite a
demand among tourists for bass fishing.

Mr. Ussher favored the planting of bass in suitable waters,
where they would be no menace to the existence of trout or
other game fish. The bass afforded sport to the angler when
trout were not rising to his flies.

Mr. Irving spoke from his own experience of the result of
the withdrawal of the bounty on wolves in the Province of
Quebec. A few years ago these pests had almost entirely dis-
appeared from the Proyince of Quebec, but after the with-
drawal of the bounty there had been an immediate increase,
and now their howlings could be heard nightly in the neigh-
borhood of the preserve in which he was interested. Last year
they had destroyed seventy sheep and two young moose in
that neighborhood, besides a number of young cattle. These
statements were confirmed by Dr. Finnie, of Montreal, who
said that the howls of the wolves were heard as soon as the
sun went down, and that they were not only destroying game
in the Proyince of Quebec, but were a serious menace to far-
mers as well.

Mr. Tinsley declared’ that the bounties worked well in
Ontario, where two years ago they were increased from ten to
fifteen dollars. The result was that the wolves had been
almost exterminated in the territory covered by the law, while
deer were on the increase and rapidly extending northwards.
The Association reaffirmed its resolution of last year urging
the offering of bounties for wolves in the Province of
Quebec.

An interesting discussion arose upon the subject of forest
protection against fire, Mr. Ussher pointing out that laxity in
this matter by one province or state, at a point at all near its
border, was a menace to the safety of the timber lands of
adjoining states or provinces. The fearful effects of forest
fires upon the fish and game reserves of a country were referred
to by Mr. Titcomb, while Mr. Smith remarked that such fires
commonly originated from the carelessness of
clearing their lands.

During the proceedings of the second day, two very in-
teresting papers were read and discussed, one on the pike-
perch, by Mr. C. H. Wilson, and the other on the so-called
“red trout’? of Canada, which is presumably the Salvelinus
marstonit (Garman). Members of the Association, and others
who may join it, will receive the volume of Transactions of the
Association, in which both of these valuable papers are to be
printed. Mr. Titcomb’s paper was illustrated by colored
plates of the fish in question, made for the new report of the
New York State Forest, Fish and Game Commission.

Mr. Wilson’s paper on the pike-perch dealt with its
habits, its importance as food, with the difficulties attending
its artificial propagation, and the measure of success attained
in it. He spoke in particular of the practice of catching the
fish in Lake Champlain during the season of reproduction.

This paper caused a spirited discussion, Mr. N. W. Fisk
being the first speaker. He said that the majority of sports-
men in Vermont were in favor of haying netting stopped in
Missisquoi Bay. He remarked that if Quebec would cease to
issue licenses that Vermont would be obliged to stop.

settlers in

8 Rod

Mr. Joneas said that he thought that the needed legisla-
tion could be secured in Quebec if delegations from Vermont
and New York should visit the legislators there and show that
the people of those States wished to have the matter remedied.
He said that only 18 licenses were issued last year in Quebec
and that only three of those were used by Canadians, the
others being taken advantage of by residents of Vermont.

On motion of Mr. Wilson, Mr. T.. Z. Joncas was elected an
honorary member with full privileges of membership.

A hearty vote of thanks was also tendered to Mr. Titcomb
for his valuable and efficient services in the chair, and the
meeting adjourned.

At night the members of the Association were entertained
at the Van Ness Hotel by the Vermont Fishand Game League.
Three hundred guests sat down.

[Additional space will be given to a-report of this im-

portant meeting in our next issue.—Ep. ]
*

Mr. John W. ‘Titcomb, of St. Johnsbury, Vt., State Fish
and Game Commissioner, President of the Vermont Fish and
Game League, and retiring President of the North American
Fish and Game Protective Association, has been appointed
Chief of the United States Division of Fish Culture of the
Federal Fisheries Commission at Washington, in place of Mr.
Ravenel, resigned, and leaves Vermont for Washington about
the middle of February. Mr. Titcotmmb is one of the leading
authorities of the day upon all matters pertaining to the science
of fish culture, and his many friends will rejoice at his well-
merited promotion to a larger sphere of public usefulness.

The Ojibway Calendar.

Mr. C. C:
contribution with regard to the names of the months as known
to the Ojibways. he wrote he had
what was printed in our February issue. He says the Indians
in his part of the world designate the months by the following

Farr, of Haileybury, sends us a very timely

Of course when not seen

names :
January—Keenoosite kisis—Pike month.
February—A kakajij kisis—Ground hog month.
March—Nikik kisis—Otter month.
April—Waskato kisis—?
daylight).
May—Wabikoni kisis—F lower month.

(Perhaps something about longer

June—Oteimini kisis—Strawberry month.
July—Niskwemini kisis—Raspberry month.
August—Tatakakomini kisis—Blackberry month.
September—Kakakoni kisis— Means: summer over, cold
commencing ).

October—Namekosi kisis—Trout month.

November—Atikemik kisis—W hitefish month.

December—Vitcipipon kisis—( Means, perhaps, real winter).

*

A sportsman has written to the Quebec Chronicle stating
that during arecent caribou hunt in Temiscouata County, P.Q.,
he found moose on the increase and caribou and deer quite up
to the average.
affairs would not continue, as the knowledge of this abundance

He feared, however, that this happy state of

of game has become pretty general, and pot hunters have left
for that hope that the
Quebee Government will see to it that all this valuable game

region in numbers. We sincerely

is not sacrificed to the greed of the crust hunter.

and Gun in

Canada

KENNEL DEPARTMENT

Conducted by D. Taylor

‘Lhe committee of the Montreal Canine Association, which
met on the Oth February, decided to hold a bench show at
the Arena on the 15th, 16th and 17th of May next. There will
be a full classification of the various breeds, with good money
specials and valuable cups, medals, ete. In order to provide
against the heavy expenditure incidental to running such a
show as is contemplated, it was resolved to institute a guarantee
fund in addition to the funds already at the call of the Asso-
ciation, which, in the event of a deficiency, would be drawn
upon pro Those present promptly responded to the
suggestion and, led off by the president, Mr. D. W. Ogilvie,
subscribed to the extent of $275

rata.

5. This was felt to be a good
beginning, and little doubt is entertained that from $500 to
$800 will be pledged when all the membership is heard from,
With the object also of increasing the funds it was resolved to
hold a “ tombola,’’ the prizes in which will be thoroughbred
pedigreed dogs of various breeds, kindly donated by well-
known At the same meeting a very important
decision was arrived at, namely, to hold the show under
American Kennel Club rules instead of C. K.C. This decision
will probably give rise to adverse comment among western

breeders.

fanciers, and we may say it was not arrived at without some
misgivings on the part of a few of those present, who, however,
were convinced that those in favor had the best of the argu-
The trouble is that
while the C. K. C. recognize American wins toward making a
champion of record, the A. K. C. do not accord the same value
to Canadian wins, and it is well known that it is almost im-
possible to get American breeders to exhibit on this side the
line from this very fact. Among the purely sporting class on
the other side a win is considered of more yalue than a money

prize, and through this feeling it is believed a number of the

ment from a business point of view.

most prominent owners can be induced to send their dogs, an
eventuality which may in some measure offset the lukewarm-
ness and, perhaps, opposition, to be expected from members of
the C, K. C.

Mr, Jos. A, Laurin, Vice-President of the C. K. C., as mover
of the motion has placed his resignation in the hands of the
secretary of the club.

Field and Fancy |New York) referring to the above decision
of the M. C. A., says:

“The long expected has happened and it behooyes the
American exhibitors and the American Kennel Club to take
advantage of the opportunity thus presented and eventually
have one governing body for North America. The first break
from the Canadian Kennel Club jurisdiction will undoubtedly
United States exhibitors
demonstrate that they appreciate the throwing open of more
shows at whieh wins will count as additions to what the dogs
get south of the line.

“The opportunity for the American Kennel Club to show
its appreciation of the Montreal club's action, and encourage
other clubs to enroll themselves with the A. K. C.. is to get
better and more convenient regulations and procedure for the
easy return of dogs into the States. What may be done in

be followed by others, provided

Rod and Gun in Canada 9

this direction is within the province of the American Kennel
Club to find out, and it would be only a proper return to the
Montreal Club which is its first member from Canada.

“We trust that the Canadian Kennel Club officials
and members will not jump to the conclusion that we are
opposed to their association because it is Canadian. Not at all.
In dog matters America means the United States and Canada.
Canada is a division, and we hold that it should be a division
with executive powers, under one common set of laws for the
entire country. It hasno standing outside of its own division
of America, being recognized by no national body, not even by
the English Kennel Club, which recognizes only the A. K. C.
Neither is it recognized for custom house purposes. It is local
because it has made itself so, whereas there is every reason
why it should become part of the American Kennel Club, with
delegated powers such as are accorded to the Pacific coast.”

The annual show of the Westminster Kennel Club, the
most important fixture on the North American continent,
opened in Madison Square Gardens, N. Y.,on Feb. 19, continuing
fourdays. Compared with 1901, which was a record year as
far as entries and prize money went, the present year’s show
excelled it in almost every feature. There were nearly 250
more entries, while the prize money and specials greatly ex-
ceeded that of 1901, the amount put up for competition this
year aggregating $12,000. There was a considerable falling off
of exhibits in some of the breeds this year compared with last,
while there was an enormous increase in others. This in some
measure is to be accounted for through the varying taste of the
public, but more, perhaps, from the tendency of professional
fanciers to periodically ‘“‘boom’’ certain breeds, from interested
motives, and is scarcely reliable data on which to gauge a
popularity, which, after all, may be only ephemeral. It is,
however, pleasing to note that most of what may be called the
standard breeds of both sporting and non-sporting dogs con-
tinue to hold their own. Among the breeds which show the
greatest Increases in entries are: Greyhounds, 35 to 29 in
1901; pointers, 118 to 108; Irish setters, 50 to 39; collies, 151
to 116; old English sheep dogs, 43 to 7 ; bull dogs, 159 to 67 ;
bull terriers, 125 to 99; Airedale terriers, 53 to 29; Boston
terriers, 215 to 167 ; beagles, 136 to 116; fox terriers, 160 to
148; Welsh terriers, 20 to 15 ; Skye terriers, 14 to6. There
was also a marked increase in the number of toy dog entries.

We are pleased to notice among the list of judges at the
forthcoming Chicago show the name of a Canadian, Mr. H. B.
Hungerford, formerly of Belleville, Ont. Mr. Hungerford’s
specialty is the collie, in which he is a firm believer. While
resident in Ontario he, in conjunction with Mr. McAllister, of
Peterborough, imported several good ones, the best of the lot
probably being Laurel Laddie, who met with an untimely end
not so long ago. Mr. Hungerford will judge his favorite breed,
along with Old English sheep dogs, and from his reputation
as a coilie fancier will no doubt attract a large entry.

It is believed the C. K. C. will take action regarding the
death of the deerhound, Scamp, at the Philadelphia show.
Through the neglect of the officials he was not removed from
his crate until the closing day, when he was accidentally
discovered. He had been without food or water all of that
time, and died from the effects. Scamp was owned by Mr. V.
H. G. Pickering, Minnedosa, Man., and was valued at $500.

The Western Canada Kennel Club’s bench show, at
Winnipeg, Man., will be held March 20-22. Mr. A. H. M. Clark
is secretary.

Mr. W. O. Roy’s Wishaw May has presented him with a
litter of six fine puppies. They are divided as to sex. The
sire is Wellesbourne Hope, the Buffalo winner.

Mrs. A. Belasco arrived back in town, lately, accompanied
by her handsome St. Bernard, Prince, who is looking remark-
ably well after his sojourn in the States. At the last show he
competed (Chatham), although not in the best of condition, he
got one first and reserve in winners. We understand that
Prince is to be placed at stud for a short time here, and that he
is booked for Atlantic City the latter part of March, which will
be his home for the spring and summer.

The Montreal Collie Club will hold a show of collies on
March 8th. Dr. Wesley Mills has kindly consented to judge.
The classification provides for puppies under three, six, nine
and twelve months, sex divided; dogs or bitches that have
never won a prize at any show; novice dogs or bitches ; open
dogs ; open bitches; winners, dogs; do., bitches; best in show;
best litter (puppies only to count), and a selling class the limit
of which is $25.

Mr. W. H. Tallis, of Grand Mere, Que., has a nice litter of
bulldogs by Dubbo from a bitch that came out in whelp to this
dog.

Mr. Geo. Douglas, of Woodstock, Ont., has sold Robin
Hood, the red cocker winner at Philadelphia and elsewhere, to
Miss Eleanor Macdonell, of Kingston, the owner of the well-
known parti-color Braeside Blue Jacket.

Mr. Laurin has sold his interest in the Clonmel Kennels to
his partner, Mr. Oscar Dufresne, who will continue the breeding
of Irish terriers.

Dr. W. H. Drummond lately visited Father O’Gorman’s
kennels at Gananoque, and made him an offer for the Irish
terrier Bullet Proof, but the reverend gentleman declined to
part with him for a money consideration.

The Limefield Fox Terrier Kennels, of this city, have sold
a good bitch puppy by Banker ex Limefield Vixen to Mr.
Irving C. Ackerman, of San Francisco.

The Ottawa Kennel Club will hold a show on April 7-9.
The committee are hustling to make the affair a success and are
looking for the support of the Canadian fancy to help making
it so by sending in entries.

A gentleman in the city has made what he believes to bea
veritable find in the shape of a St. Bernard. It is claimed that
he is a litter brother to Baden Powell and to Mayor of Watford,
the latter owned by Mr. W. Johnston, and winner at New
York the other day. Baden Powell is also a heavy winner,
haying been first at Buffalo, New York (Ladies’ k. A.), Rhode
Island, Hamilton, and third to his brother at New York.
The new find is of good size, standing about 36 inches at the
shoulder and possesses great bone. He hasa solid orange body,
perfect white markings, with dark head, and when licked into
shape will not be unworthy company for his famous brothers.

Among the dogs entered at the Westminster Kennel Club’s
show at New York were Mr. Geo. Caverhill’s Skye terriers ;
Mr. D. W. Ogilvie’s fox terrier, Bank Note ; Mr. Joseph Reid’s
collie, King Edward VII.; Mr. W. Ormiston Roy’s sable and
white collie, Coila Victor, and his tricolor, Coila Howdie.
Messrs. Coulson & Ward also sent Irish setters and the
Montreal Hunt a full kennel of foxhounds. The latter were in
charge of Huntsman Nichols and competed for the special
prize offered for the best kennel.

IO Rod and Gun

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*“T recently ran across your sprightly and
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Your periodical ought to

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The Chicago Sportsman’s Show, opened on the 3rd of Feb-
ruary, was a great success. The attendance was very large. One of
the finest exhibits was that made by the Canadian Pacific
Railway, which filled its 1,200 feet of space with a comprehen-
sive display of pictures, oil paintings and those striking
photographs which alone would serve to make the Canadian
Pacific scenery world-famous. There was an abundance of
skins, heads and other trophies of big game to be seen, anda
very good working collection of maps and descriptive literature.

Mr. L. O. Armstrong was in charge of the exhibit, a
thoroughly representative Canadian one, and was instrumental
in taking to Chicago the dramatized version of ‘‘ Hiawatha.”’
The Hiawatha troupe included William Kabaoosa, Geo. Link-
later, White Fish, Ont.; Hugh Irvine, Desbarat, Ont.; Joe
Banngeseck, Tom Obtossoway, George Kabaoosa, Tom Kab-
sukwujimimi, Albert Wabunsa,
Sam Wabunosa, Aleck Wabunosa, Shawano, Tom Shingwauk,
Wm. Kabaoosa, Garden River, Ont.

*

aoosa, Bukwujimimi, Henry

A western correspondent informs us that the pack of
hounds owned in Crystal City, Manitoba, has been very suc-
cessful during the past two seasons, having accounted for over
100 wolves. The method of hunting is said to be rather peculiar,
and the pack somewhat of a scratch one. Three times each
week the huntsmen sally forth to make life wretched for the

coyotes. ‘ Bach farmer who comes to town reports any wolf

in Canada

that he may haveseen. Ina few minutes horses are hitched
up to a buggy or cutter,—a few are mounted on their quads.
li the snow is deep the hounds are put into a huge box which
is placed on a wagon on bob-sleighs. The dogs are covered up
with blankets. Mr. Coyote never shows any fear of a team,
but the sight of a dog starts him off ful] gallop! When within
forty yards the blankets are thrown off, the pack jumps out
and away after the hunted one.”’ As the pack is composed of
animals of different breeds, the ambition of the English fox
hunter—a pack which could be covered when in full ery by a
carpet—is not attainable, but each hound, or rather each dog,
does his best, and the leanest and longest-legged lead, while
the fat, chunky dog labors along in the rear. Funds derived
from the wolf bounty and sale of skins enable the Crystal City
Hunt Club to hold an annual gathering, which is a red letter
day in the life of each jolly sportsman.
¥

Our readers will be glad to learn that the beautiful
Canadian National Park, at Banff, is to be added to largely. Its
size, heretofore, has been 26 x 10 miles. Now it is to be made
of triangular shape. The distance from the southern extremity
to the most northerly latitude being 100 miles, and along the
northern boundary, running due west from the same point, also
100 miles. The hypothenuse of the triangle will be the water-
shed of the Rocky Mountains, which has a northwesterly
course in general, although it is full of minor irregularities, of
course. Several passes exist in the range, afew, such as White
Man’s Pass, Simpson Pass, and Howe’s Pass, being already
known. Mt. Forbes, a very lofty peak, is on the line dividing
the park from British Columbia. In addition to this park the
British Columbia government will form a Yoho Valley reserve,
which will include all the magnificent scenery of that wonder-
ful region.

Mr. Howard Douglas is superintendent of the park. Dating
from its inception the amount spent upon it has been $2,000,000,
though the annual expenditure is now said to be but $1,200a
year, while the revenue is placed at $5,000.

*

The Crown Lands Department of New Brunswick has
recently issued a new edition of Gun and Rod in New Bruns-
All interested in the sporting attractions of that
Province should procure a copy of this very useful little man-
ual, which is to be had upon application to the Crown Lands
Department.

wick.

*

Introduced Mongolian pheasants have succeeded admir-
ably in British Columbia, but it seems that the poacher is
hard at work thinning their numbers, and this is what the
Westminster Columbian has to say upon the subject :

‘* Under the Game Act it is unlawful to sell either pheas-
ants or ruffed grouse, but it is a well-known fact that very
little difficulty need be experienced in buying a brace or two
any time after the season opens. Indians go from house to
house offering grouse for sale, some market gardeners supply
them to customers, and eyen on the city market it is possible
to buy the birds, on the sly, of course, and under the guise of
‘picked chicken.’ All these things are going on under the
eyes of the authorities, but they take no notice of them. The
Act, as matteYs stand, is practically a dead letter, though there
is no good reason why such should be the case, for one or two
judicious prosecutions would serve to give all habitual law-
breakers a very wholesome dread of the consequences.”

Rod and Gun

A Tourist Association has been formed at Victoria. It has
not come a day too soon. Those who know the unrivalled
attractions of Canada’s western Province have always regretted
that an out-of-place modesty, ora particularly aggravated
attack of ‘‘coast langour,’’ has prevented the inhabitants of
the balmy Pacific Province from making known to the world
the happy results which a sportsman, or even a mere tourist,
will reap by a visit to British Columbia. The inaugurators of
the Tourist Association are the most infiuential officials and
merchants of the coast cities, and we shall be much disap-
pointed if they do not achieve great things.

*

We have received, through the courtesy of Mr. A. Knechtel,
State Forester of the State of New York, a copy of the fifth
annual report of the Commissioner of Fisheries, Game and
Forests. It is, as its predecessors have always been, a model
to which other commissioners may look with longing eyes, yet
with little hope of being able to duplicate. It is rather a sad
reflection, that with all our magnificent game and fish resources,
Canada has yet produced nothing in the way of a government
report to compare with this. Yet we could have no better
advertisement. It may hardly be doubted that were Canada
to issue year by year a report of equal excellence to that pub-
lished by the State of New York, we should reap a very large
return through the increased tourist travel which would result.

Mr. Denton’s fish pictures are up to their usual high
standard, and in this volume is figured our own beautiful red
trout. Mr. Ridgway’s birds are also very good, and wonder-
fully true tonature. The report is thoroughly illustrated by the
work of these artists, and by numerous half-tones of photo-
graphs and wash drawings. We hope to be able to discuss this
report at greater length in some future issue.

*

On the eve of going to press it is not possible to describe
the Boston Sportsman’s Show of 1902 as it should be described ;
suffice it to say that on the opening day 7,000 persons visited
Mechanics’ Building.

A very interesting specimen is on view in the Canadian
Pacitie Company’s log cabin. It is the head of a buck which
was killed by wolves near Mattawa. Just as the wolves had
hamstrung the deer a lumber boss happened to come along and
the pack withdrew to a safe distance while he cut off the head,
returning, however, as soon as he had lef:, and a few hours
later only a few of the big bones remained.

The Boston Sportsman’s Show opened on Feb. 22nd. In
many respects it is more likely to appeal to the sportsman than
any other show we have seen. The collection of live game
animals, game birds and waterfowl is undoubtedly the best ever
brought together in this country. It has been supposed that
the ruffed grouse will not live in confinement, but here we have
seyeral dozen of these usually timid birds, not only in good
health but, apparently, utterly indifferent to the people and the
music of the bands. The entire credit of this wonderful feat is
due to Mr. C. W. Dimick, the Vice-President and General
Manager of the Association, who, personally, tamed these birds
and taught them to feed in captivity by tempting them with
such delicate dainties as Hungarian ants’ eggs.

*

We publish in the present issue a portion of a paper
upon the sporting resources of the Kamloops district, British
Columbia. We bel‘eve that this is the first serious attempt at
making known to the world the attraction of a district which

in Canada ll

is second to none for all round sport. We hope to be able to
follow this article with others describing the different districts
of Canada’s wonderful Pacifie Province, and her unlimited
game preserves in the North West Territories.

It is more difficult to get hold of accounts of western sport
than it is to gather those relating to shooting and fishing in the
east ; the plainsman and the mountain man is each too busy to
haye much time or inclination to use the pen, nevertheless,
Rop anp Gun has many staunch friends from Winnipeg to the
Pacific, and they have kindly promised to send in stories which
while absolutely true will no doubt make the mouths of eastern
sportsmen water at the feast of good things their brethren in

the west enjoy.
*

Professor Knight, of Queen’s University, Kingston, has
been experimenting upon the effects of sawdust and polluted
water on fish. He came to the rather unexpected conclusion
that sawdust does not injure adult fish, though it may be fatal
to eggs, and by interfering with the development of aquatic
life, diminish the food supply. His experiments, however, were
with sawdust in clean running water. It is quite possible that
sawdust rotting at the bottom of a stream may be very fatal to
fish. Personally we believe it is. The professor further found
that waste water leaving pulp mills has no bad effect upon
fish if diluted with ten times its volume of clean water. The
waste liquid from gas works is very poisonous, one part in two
hundred proving fatal; and the refuse from nail works, con-
taining, as it does, hydrochloric acid and iron, will kill when
diluted to one part in every thousand.

*

The American Ornithologist Union has issued a list of what
are generally known as game birds. It comprises: The
Anatidze, commonly known as swans, geese, brant, river and
sea ducks ; the Rallidee, commonly known as rails, coots, mud
hens and gallinules ; the Limicolze, commonly known as shore
birds, plovers, surf birds, snipe, woodcock, sandpipers, tattlers
and curlews ; the Gallinse, commonly known as wild turkeys,
grouse, prairie chickens, pheasants, partridges and quails, and
the species of Icteridze, commonly known as marsh blackbirds
and reed birds or rice birds.

This year’s experience shows that the Manitoba open
season on ducks begins two weeks too early. September 15th
is quite early enough, as the young ducks are in the flapper
stage at the end of August.

CONTENTS

PAGE
Frontispiece—Eagle Peak, Illecillewaet Valley.
Some British Columbian Fields of Sport................ 1-2
AY Days ontaelrouti Stream’ parece es eee aac: ere 3
AS Wild Goose/ Dinner: syac 2 aer ce e 2. Sane se aoe a aee 3
In the Wildsiof Northern Canada .............-.:..... 4-6
North American Fish and Game Protective Association. 6-8
KenneluDepartmentincn dessert eons seinen eee 8-9
MCitori alle scemrers cisc cree cease SES COC UR See cCSe a ee 10-11
Lice LANG Tae athe qonoigadsadoowoeace ababaens coesOH 12-15
Goose Shooting in the North-West..................... 16
aXe) KINA famn apo BECO AC Moedaoc nso ROR Eon e nce amen Caen. 17-20

Answers to\Correspondents. ...:-.....0.2--+-s-sseesees 20

kkod and Gun

AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHY

Conducted by Hubert McBean Johnstone

RELATIVE VALUES IN EXPOSURE WORE.

Perhaps the greatest difficulty that the amateur photog-
rapher will encounter, is that fact that he is ignorant of the
relative values of the various factors in negative making. He
does not know how one light compares with another ; how one
stop and another agree ; how a certain plate speed of one man-
ufacturer will correspond with the same speed of another, or
what the difference is between the various developers on the
market. What is more, the text books issued for the beginner,
will not help him out and he is left to flounder by himself
hopelessly in the dark.

Let us look at the first of these troubles, i.e., the compar-
ative strengths of lights. ‘The worker who has been accustomed
to making his pictures entirely by daylight and then takes it
into his head some day to try a gas light exposure, finds him-
self absolutely without means of judging what exposure is
necessary. He can experiment but that takes time and costs
plates, and at best is a more or less unsatisfactory method.
Then for the benefit of such workers, I have compiled the
following table, showing the comparative strengths of the
various illuminations by which it is possible to make photo-

grams. It is as follows:
Sunlight, 1 Electric light (arc) 3
Diffused daylight, 60 Magnesium ribbon, 277

Oxyhydrogen light, 8,040 Common gas flame, 16,080
Knowing the proper exposure to give with the stop and plate
he is employing, under conditions where the source of illumin-
ation is bright sunlight, it is the acme of simplicity to figure
out the correct exposure with any of the other illuminates given
from the figures therein supplied.

Next comes the question of what stop to employ and how
the exposure must differ between f/8 and f/64. The question is
frequently put, ‘Is it to be eight times as long in one case as
in the other?’”? Theanswerisno. Itis not. But first toa
clear understanding of what is meant by the f value of the lens
opening, let us look at the following simple and oft-repeated
explanation. Suppose you are attempting to find the f value
of your stop. Focus the camera without any stop on an object
50 ft. distant ; then measure the distance from the ground glass
to the place where the diaphragm is to be placed, and the result
is what is commonly referred to as the ‘‘ equivalent focal length
of the lens’’ ; next measuring the diameter of one of your stops,
divide that diameter into the focal length. If the result be 32,
then the f value of the stop is f/32, or by the Universal System,
U.S. 128. Now, supposing, in order that you may be able to
calculate the relative values of the stops, you look at another
table which I have compiled, showing the relation one stop
to another as It is as

bears far as exposure is concerned.

follows:

f/5.6, or U.S. 2, requires an exposure of »; see.
t/8, mm ‘ “ ,
ite (tt 8, " < 1
{/16, Le 16, : ns ares
{/22, “39 “ “ , 4
{/32, “By ‘ ye
£/45, “198, ‘ “ 1
{/64, “95K “ “ Q 4

in Canada

You will see that the Universal System is the easier by far
to manipulate. With it it becomes merely a matter of multi-
plication to find what exposure you desire to give with any
particular stop. When using the f system, I find that the
easiest way is to carry with one a copy of the preceding table,
when its figuring will become very easy.

Perhaps next to the fact that plate makers throughout the
world have never agreed upon certain standard sizes to make
their plates, their most deplorable fault is that there are hardly
any two manufacturers putting out plates of any three speeds
whose relative values are similar. This forms one of the most
serious questions that the amateur has to encounter in changing
from one brand to another. He has been using the medium
speed of one maker and resolves to change to the corresponding
speed of another. He gives it the same exposure, and on
developing it finds that it is hopelessly overtimed. To learn
accurately where he stands he is forced to go through a series
of experiments just as when he first started to take photograms.
Of course the reason of all this difference is that there are no
two factories using the same ingredients in mixing their emul-
sions, or when they do use the same they use it in vastly dif-
fering proportions. It is almost impossible to learn from
manufacturers what they use to coat their plates, but one writer
gives the following figures :

Sulph. Soda Sal Soda Pyro
Stanley. .... sog ihe) 18 3
Hammer ...... 12 6 1}
American...... 24 12 23

These figures represent grains to the ounce. It will be seen that
the Sulphite of Soda varies all the way from 24 to 12 grains to
the ouuce; the Sal Soda from 18 to6; the Pyro from 14 to 3,
And the writer has only referred to three brands! How is it
possible to think all brands the same? One of the exposure
meters on the market has worked out the way that they think
plates ought to be graded, and after trying it on a great many
occasions I have come to the conclusion that their figures are

correct and am consequently going to give them here. Iam
also giving the proportion of exposure required by each. It is

as follows:

Class 1—Cramer Crown ;
Eastman Red Seal ar.d Film;
Lovell Extra Rapid.

Class 2—Cramer Banner and Instantaneous Isochromatic ;
Seed 26x ; Hammer Blue Label ; Eclipse ; Stanley 50.

Class 3—Seed 26; Carbutt Orthochromatic 27.

Class 4—Kastman Yellow Seal; Carbutt Special 25.

Class 5—Cramer Medium Isochromatic; 4 Cramer, Seed
and Hammer Non-Halation; Hammer Fast; New York D.P.
Co. New Havard.

Class 6—Seed 23; Hammer Slow;
Crescent ; Carbutt Orthochromatic.

Class 7—Cramer Slow Isochromatic.

Class 8—Carbutt B. 16.

The relation each class bears te the others in exposure is:

Seed 27; Hammer Red Label;
New York P.D. Co. Record ;

New York D.P. Co.

GIRRHE cc commebetrearnzests. 1 second.
ia) Wy) 14 “
Ne aarti Lt eee
4 Sr ore
Pitta nal Oared Wlejere lla. ici Ne nee rhe py ee
rindi (eters stele ercis mina c'e At wiapaieieee tater arr | as
a, Toa
“og “| ‘

Now that we have gone over all this, let us compare the
difference between two exposures, one made under the most

Rod

favorable conditions and the other made under the most unfavor-
able. For the first we will say that we have bright sunlight,
Diaphragm U.S. 2, and a Cramer Crown plate (class 1). We
are working about noon on a June day. The exposure ought to
be for a landscape about ;},5 of a sec. But see it from another
point of view. Westill have bright sunlight but are using
Diaphragm U.S. 256 and a Carbutt B. 16 plate (class 8). The
exposure at once changes to 6 seconds, or just 2,400 times as
long. Between these two there is a whole scale to be run, de-
pending, of course, upon the plate and the stop. Supposing,
that instead of bright sunlight you are using gaslight, what a
difference there is. With the fastest plate and the largest
opening the exposure is 40! secs., and with the slowest plate
and smallest opening it will be 26 hours and 48 minutes! This
seems preposterous, but figure it out for yourself and you will
find that, like the exposures in bright sunlight, the one is just
2,400 times as long as the other. I am not supposing for an
instant, you understand, that anyone would lack so much
common sense as to make any 264-hour exposures. I am
merely trying to attract your attention to the importance of
relative values.
*
About the Tripod.

It is worthy of note that not one amateur in five sets up his
tripod correctly unless someone has shown him how. Instead
they stand with two of the legs to the front and then straddle
the third to focus. This is the wrong way. Suppose that you
try it just vice versa and put one support to the front so that you
may stand between the two back ones and make a study of the
ground glass in comfort and without any danger of jarring the
instrument after everything is ready to make the exposure.

Jasiest thing in the world you know to spoil a razor-edged
definition by just the tiniest, little kick. Then, too, this
method has another advantage. By the old way, when you
want to lower the front of the camera (not lower the front
board) you have to take hold of the two legs and let it down by
spreading them apart at no small trouble to yourself in getting
the top level again. If you have one lez in front it is the
simplest thing in the world to merely loosen the screw of the
lower section and let it slip up into the second one. This can-
not possibly shift the level of the instrument. If by any
chance it should get off the square all you have to do is to grasp
the two legs that are right beside your hands, if indeed you are
not resting them on them when you focus, and move them this
way or that until it is straight. Or, simpler still, if the two
legs be at the back, the top may be leveled by loosing the screw
in one and either raising or lowering that side as the case may
necessitate.

Another difficulty that has to be gotten around is the
standing of the tripod on a smooth floor or a piece of very
rough and uneven ground. The latter is the easier as it is only
necessary to study the adjustment of the legs. Occasionally,
however, one runs up against a floor that is as smooth as glass
with neither crack nor crevice in which to locate the lower end
of the leg. If there is one crack there is sure not to be another
within yards. Sometimes it is possible to take chunks of
rubber and stick them on the spikes, but very frequently this
will fail to hold. Cork is also sometimes used, but it is not any
better than the rubber—in fact, not so good. Take then a bit
of string and after setting the tripod up in position, tie it from
leg to leg about half way down. Then when it is moved to the
slippery floor there is no room for a spreading and no possible
chance of aslip. There are several small devices that are sold
to attach to the legs in somewhat this manner, and though

and Gun

in Canada 13

made of metal so as to keep the affair perfectly rigid, are so
seldom required as to make it hardly worth while to throw
away money on one.

In working ina high wind, as, for instance, in photograph-
ing clouds or any subject where the weather is apt to be gusty
and jar the camera, some means are necessary to keep it steady.
The remedy is so simple that it is a wonder that it is not more
Tie a bit of string between the screw in the top
and a stake firmly driven in the ground ; then raise the instru-
ment until it is drawn taut and jar is next to impossible. Or
you may tie it to anything that has sufficient weight to hold
it down tight. A heavy stone or a small log will answer first
rate.

Of the tremendous power that lies within the grasp of the
operator through the tripod in the rendering of distance by
raising or lowering, it is, I think, necessary to say but little.
Six inches lower may accentuate the foreground so as to entirely
alter the aspect of the scene being depicted.

There are many other uses to which the worker of an
ingenious turn of mind may easily and advantageously put his
tripod. Like anything else it only requires a little thought
and figuring to devise methods of manipulating it in different
cases as the circumstances may necessitate.

LS

The Scrap Bag.

often used.

Some Printinc Processes.—The fact that most amateurs use
the one printing process for all negatives is responsible for their
not getting uniformly good results. Assuming that we have a
series of negatives, from the thinnest and weakest to the densest
and hardest, we may grade the different processes as follows :—

Collodio-chloride—thin negatives.

Gelatino-chloride—thin negatives with much detail.

Cold-deyelopment platinum, CC—weak, soft negatives
inclining to thinness.

Gaslight development papers—rather thin negatives devel-
oped through with some contrast.

Sepia or hot-developed platinnm—medium
neither weak nor hard, inclining to strength.

Bromide for daylight printing—quite strong negatives.

Pigment processes—about the same but not very dense
anywhere.

Albumen—quite strong, brilliant negatives without fog.

Plain salted paper, weak bath—medium strong to very hard
negative.

negatives,

DrvetoprnG Sorto Parrr.—The deyelopment of Solio paper
when the prints are insutticiently printed is thoroughly prac-
ticable if the paper be fresh and carefully handled. After
development they must be well washed, care being taken that
they are kept under water or the developer will continue to act
strongly on the exposed parts, or oxidize and produce dirty-

looking spots. After this washing tone in the following :

Ammonium Sulphoeyanide.........-.15 grs.
Golder swivense A BOCIG Gor See Leyes
Waters (Gistilled)) | rclemietetse cre viet steteter= 15 ozs.

Then wash for five minutes and fix as usual.

CuHancinc BLur to Brown Prixts.—To change the color of
a blue print to a brown immerse the print in a caustic soda
solution, composed of five ounces of water and a piece of caustic
soda about the size of a pea, until the color changes toa yellow.
After washing the print for about four or five minutes. place it
ina bath consisting of about a teaspoonful of tannic acid in
eight ounces of water. The longer it is allowed to remain in
this bath the darker will the brown tint it has assumed become.

14 Rod

FLOWER Srupres Wir a Camera.—I have recently received
a number of flower photograms from a Miss

‘sippi amateur
which have called to my mind the advisability of the present
little paragraph. The pictures I haye reference to are simply
the natural flowers of the field posed against a plain background
—light or dark as they may require—and then photographed
The result
shows all the most delicate half-tones and detail in the shadows

with a color seyeen and an orthochromatic plate.

that exist in the original, and to one who has never tried it—
even though he may not have the slightest inclination to study
botany—are a positive revelation.
botanist !

What must they mean toa
Workers who have never tried it or seen it tried
will do well, as soon as the now coming spring arrives, to get
And that makes
me think, What have you made during the past few months,

out and make some such studies of still-life.

while we have been snowed up?

I have written to those
amateurs with whom I am acquainted asking them if they will
not send me what they consider their best print. But I don’t
know you all. I wish
you all would send me
prints occasionally. It
encourages me, if noth-
ing else, for then I
know that you are in

terested.
DEVELOPING PLATES.

—Referring to the

developing of plates,
Mr. Bayard E. Spar-
ham, a Smith’s Falls

reader of Rop ANb GuN

my CANADA, sends us

the following: “‘I am

aware,” he says, ‘‘ that

almost all the direc-
tions that are written
say that by looking
through a plate at the
light, it can be ascer-
tained whether the
details are sufliciently
out and whether the A LAgY MORNING
density of the high
lights is great enough or not. While we are told all
this, we are also informed that plates are so sensitive

to light that even the subdued illumination of one’s dark-
room lamp is dangerous if the plate be exposed too near it.
[ haye found it uncertain in examining a plate in that way.
Sometimes the details do not show, though they can be seen
by examining the face of the plate ; especially in snow scenes
is it difficult to arrive at any definite conclusions in that way.
Then as to density : I have never yet been able to determine
by this method, with any degree of certainty, when it is done.
My lamp has a ruby and an orange glass. How close to the
flame should the plate be held, and is it by means of the flame
itself or only the light of the ruby-lamp that the density is
examined’? The plan I have adopted is to use these methods
of determining the stage of development, but still continuing
it until the unexposed edges of the plate begin to turn grey.
Can you give me any more light on the subject?”

[do not think that any directions will say that the plate
must not be exposed to the ruby light. [am inelined to believe

that Mr. Sparham must bein error on that point, Directions

and Gun

in Canada

do, however, advise care, and recommend that the plate be
kept as much in the dark as possible unless it is being
Then it may be held right up against the ruby
glass, if necessary, but only for a short time. You must bear
in mind that the faster a plate is, the more sensitive it will be.
Special care is necessary in the case of orthochromatic plates.
On no account should an unfixed plate be held up to the flame
of an ordinary lamp without a ruby glass in front of it. Nor
can I say that I like the scheme of judging the development
by looking at the edges of the plate. I don’t believe in it. The
only way to correctly judge development is by looking through
it. The prints, however, that Mr. Sparham encloses are

examined.

excellent, and no matter how wrong his theory of development
may be, his results certainly do not show it.

Rep Spots on Artsto Paper.—In many places where the
water has in it a great deal of mineral or lime, red spots will
make their appearance on Aristo paper. In trouble of this
kind, add to the first
wash water 2 oz. of a
saturated solution of
Sal Soda to the gallon,
and handle the prints
in this wash for about
five minutes. It will
do very little good in
any but the first water.
The ‘al Soda has the
effect of cutting loose
the free silver and get-
ting rid of it quickly.

Wertrnc A LANTERN
Suerr. — There is no
advantage in having a
lantern sheet wet un-
less it is to be used as
a transparent screen,
with the audience on
one sideand the lantern
on the other. In this
case the wetting of
the sheet increases
its translucency and

BY Srusware Lake.

is therefore an adyantage. Otherwise it makes the sereen
less opaque and is therefore a disadvantage. As the slides
are seen by the light which the screen reflects to the

spectator, the more transparent the screen is the less light
Under
these circumstances you will easily see that it is an advantage
to have the screen dry for ordinary use.

it reflects and the duller, therefore, is the picture,

AVOIDING GRAIN IN Copyinc.—The ‘grain’? in copying is
simply the shadow cast by the texture of the paper, and it ean
be overcome by the simple expedient of giving a longer ex-
posure. This is always possible, provided it be accompanied

by careful development.

Croup Necarives.—March is the month to get out after
rather IT might say, March and April.
It is during these two months that, after heavy storms, they are

likely to be

forms. Focus upon the extreme distance in order that you

your cloud negatives
most plentiful and assume their most fantastic

may have the proper degree of sharpness, and make the ex-
posure with a rapid shutter and a medium stop, say, f/22, using

Rod and Gun

Supposing vou are using a Carbutt B. 16 plate,
which is the slowest made. ‘This ought to call for an exposure
of abont 1 see. at noon during these two months. An ortho-
chromatic plate should be used, anda color screen is an im-
provement, though of course with this latter, the exposure
will be considerably longer. Development should be light and
ought to be stopped just as soon as the detail is sufficiently
ont not to be lost in the fixing. Care is necessary not to overdo
it in the dark room.

a slow plate.

* Hempervey’s’? Frxinc-Bara Formuts.—Hemperley’s fix-
ing bath formula is a good one, and for the benefit of one
worker who wrote me a short time ago, I am giving it here.
It is as follows:—Take 32 oz. of sulphite of soda, hydrometer
test 60 degrees, and add to this very slowly 1 oz. of sulphuric
acid; then 8 oz. of solution of chrome alum, hydrometer test
60 degrees, then add the whole to2 gal. of saturated solution of
hyposulphite of soda, and it is ready for use. Leave the nega-
tives in the bath a little longer than is required for fixing. As
the permanency of the negative depends upon this, it is import-
ant. Also use a grooved box to fix in. A flat tray is apt to
cause spots and dirt.

Tue 1902 AmertcAn ANNUAL.—Messrs. Scovill and Adams’
yearly publication, the American Annual of Photography, is on
the market. Mr. Woodbury has gotten together a very fine
collection of matter for the 1902 issue, and is also to be congratu-
lated upon the excellence of his pictures. Among other inter-
esting articles, he has one on ‘‘ Photography in China,’’ by Mr.
Isaac Taylor Headland, which, in view of Mr. Headland’s be-
ing a recognized authority uvon Chinese matters and an en-
thusiastic amateur photographer as well, is especially attractive.
Altogether Mr. Woodbury’s work this year bears evidence of
much careful thought and plenty of hard labor, for he has suc-
ceeded in producing a volume that is not only a pleasant com-
panion for idle hours but that is also full of practical, technical
information.

Wuiicu Devetorer.—Different developing agents give
widely different results,—a fact which ought to be borne in
mind when one is in the habit of using several kinds. For
instance, pyrogallie acid in combination with carbonate of
sodium or carbonate of potassium will produce strong, vigorous
negatives, while on the other hand, eikonegen and metol will
give soft, delicate results. Hydrochinone added to either of
the two latter will give greater contrast or more strength. Of
course with any of them, quick development means a Jack of
half tones and more contrast.

STarns ON THE Fincers —There is, perhaps, nothing more
annoying to one than to find the fingers coated up with stains
just at a critical moment when he has an engagement to go
somewhere and wants to look at his best. I give here methods
of removing a few of the commonest. Development stains will
yield easily to the action ofa little lemon juice. To remoye
nitrate of silver discolorations prepare asolution of water,100ce.c. ;
chloride of lime, 25 grams.; sulphate of soda, 50 grams., and
apply with a tooth brush. Nitric ac*d stains may be removed
by applying a solution of permanganate of potash and then
washing freely. Perhaps the most difficult stain to remove is
that of amidol. You might try citric acid. Washing the
stained parts in a 10 per cent. solution of oxalic acid will
remove pyro troubles.

A Crackep NeGcative.—lIt is quite possible to make a good
print from a cracked negative, if the film is not broken, and no

in Canada is
one who looks at the result will be a bit the wiser. To do it,
first place in the printing frame a piece of porcelain or ground
glass with the rough side outward. Then put in the negative
and paper on top in the usual way, and when it is all ready to
put in the light to print, over the whole thing lay several layers
of tissue paper or of that paper that comes wrapped around the
various sensitized papers. Being waxed it is excellent. Do
not put the frame in bright sunlight. While this will take
quite a bit longer to print than ordinarily, the result is well
worth while.

Luminous Lasers.—Labels made with the ink described
below are capable of being read in the dark room. The writing
has the appearance of fire. It is as follows:

Phosphorus, - - - 3 dram

Oil of Cinnamon, - - 4 OZ.
Mix in a vial and after corking tightly heat it slowly until it is
well mixed. It may be applied witha pen. It is best to put
it on the label after it has been pasted on the bottle.

Karim WasuixG or NeGarives.—Sometime when it is desir-
able to wash your negatives rapidly you might try the follow-
ing bath. Put them for a short time in this bath :

Acetate of Lead - 90 grams.

Water - - - 500 c.c.
This solution keeps well. Let it stand for some time and then
further dilute 90 cubic centimeters of the solution with 1000 c.c.
of water and use this dilute solution as a washing bath.

Mr. F. Hortann Day.—A short time ago I had the pleasure
of spending half a day in the studio of Mr. F. Holland Day of
Boston, and being shown, by the artist himself. the work he
has accomplished in the past ten years or so. Mr. Day isa
most pleasing man to talk to, and at the same time most inter-
esting. He is one of the leaders in what he himself refers to as
the ‘‘advanced moyement’’ of photography and it is in no
small degree owing to him that the new school has attained
the prominence that it possesses to-day in America. The third
American to be invited to join the Linked Ring of London,
Eng., which is practically the Royal Academy of Photography,
his fame is international. For one thing in particular are his
pictures interesting, namely, the fact that hardly one of them
possesses a single strong high light The highest tones in his
pictures correspond to about the middle tone of the average
worker, and altogether it cannot be said that the effects that he
produces by this means are unpleasing. Mr. Day is, however,
a consistent supporter (perhaps leader) of the fuzzytype school,
though here it ean hardly be said that his work so appeals to
one. All round, however, judging his productions from every
standpoint and looking at the main chance rather than at
details, his work is a living example of photography’s pictorial
possibilities, and as such is worthy of consideration.

It is proposed to make the season for big game in New
Brunswick begin on September Ist, instead of September 15th.
Somebody ought to call the attention of the Ontario game
officials to this. If it passes it means that New Brunswick will
get all the gilt-edged hunters, and that Ontario will get left,
unless it decides to make a common-sense open season each
year.

*

The Russian government, it is reported, has not found the
same success in experimenting with dogs to be used in actual
warfare as has the German. Possibly patience and intelligent
treatment were lacking.

16 Rod and Gun

GOOSE SHOOTING IN THE NORTH-WEST.

In the current number of the Badminton Magazine, Senator
Kirehhoffer, who entertained the Duke of Cornwall and York
during his visit to Manitoba, describes the pleasures of wild
goose shooting on the plains of the North-West. It seems that
some of the Duke’s party should have tasted the joys of this
sport but for an accident beyond the control of the Senator.

“The royal shooting party comprised fifteen guns, and
seeing that my own place would only accommodate eight, I
arranged that as their special trains sped eastward on the
Canadian Pacific Railway some of the sportsmen should be
dropped off at other points, where friends of mine would attend
to their wants. Thus, two were to step off and shoot geese at
Moosejaw, two were to shoot ducks at Qu’Appelle lakes, and
three to go snipe-shooting on marshes near Winnipeg, while
the Prince of Wales and the remainder of the party were under
my own personal care at York Lodge. Unfortunately there
accompanied them on the train an inspector of the North-West
Mounted Police, who assured them that in such fine weather as
then prevailed they would not get a shot at geese at all. Natur-
ally impressed by such a statement, the two gentlemen who
had been told cff for that sport preferred to come on and join
their comrades who were to slay the ducks at Qu’Appelle,
where they had most excellent sport and made a large bag.
3ut I did not hear of their alteration in my programme until
we met the rest of the party at the station. Then I learned it
with sincere regret, as all the indications had pointed to a most
successful wild geese chase. An old English gamekeeper had
been out for a week locating the flights, the farms where they
were feeding had been protected from shooters, and pits had
been dug in the most favorable spots, so there would have been
nothing to do but drive on to the stubble and put out the
decoys. Duck-shooting, as I explained to our friends, they
could get all over the world, but such a flight of geese as is to
be seen on these plains of Assiniboia is, as far as my experi-
ence goes, unique, and they had missed a great and thrilling
experience.”

Naturally Senator Kirchhoffer was loth to let the prepar-
ations go entirely for naught, and remarked to the Duke that
he would take advantage of them himself lateron. “If you
do,”’ replied His Royal Highness, ‘‘ be sure and telegraph me
the result.’? The way to go about the sport is thus described
by the Senator :—

“The first point is to locate the fields where some large
body of birds haye made a feeding ground. When this is
ascertained do not disturb them, but allow them to leave of
their own accord. Then get your pits dug, put out your decoys,
and be ready for them at daybreak. With eager eyes you
watch for the first streak of dawn. Long before you see them
you hear the metallic but not unmusical ‘honk, honk,’ that
tells the birds are on the wing. Then a thin line appears on
the horizon, wavering, changing, rising and falling. It is
followed by a second, and still another, until the whole sky is
full of them. Now is the thrilling moment. Are they coming
in your direction? Sometimes a change of wind or having
been shot at on thet line the previous evening, will cause them
to alter their flight, and you may have the mortification of
seeing them stream past a mile or two to the east or west of
your location ; but generally, when proper care has been
observed, some flocks will come your way. They see your
decoys and head straight for them, lowering towards the earth

as they come. There is a momentary hesitation, as something

in Canada

arouses their suspicion, but an answering note or two from
your goose-call steadies their nerves, and they hover and pre-
pare to alight. Steady! Keep down! Surely they are near
enough now? No; let them come in till they drop their legs.
Now ! and as you raise your head, with one mighty sweep of
their wings the huge birds springupward. Itistoolate. Their
breasts are bared to the shot, and two heavy thuds tell that the
10-bore has done its work. Still keep down, for another flock
is hard at their heels. Wary as he is, when once he has made
up his mind as to the point he desires to reach, it takes a good
deal to cause your grey goose to deflect from his course ; and so
the fun goes on for the better part of an hour, sometimes fast
and furious, at others slacking and almost ceasing, till the flight
is over. Zhen you gather your slain, the man drives out with
the waggon to bring them in, and you to breakfast.”

The net result of Senator Kirchhoffer’s shoot over the plains
around Moosejaw was a bag of 118 geese, and on his telegraph-
ing the news to the Duke at Halifax he received the following
gracious reply: “So glad to hear you had such good sport.
TI wish I could have been with you.—George.”’ No doubt there
are members of the royal party who are even now regretting
that they did not avail themselves of the opportunity when it
was offered.

The following highly important Order in Council has been
passed :

Whereas there has been reported a decrease in the supply
of fish in the Eastern Townships, due to improvident fishing,—

The Governor General in Council, in virtue of the provi-
sions of section 16 of The Fisheries Act, chapter 95 of the Revised
Statutes of Canada, is pleased to make and does hereby make
the following Fishery Regulation for the Counties, in the Pro-
vince of Quebec, hereinafter mentioned.

‘Fishing with nets of any kind in the lakes and tributary
“streams of Missisquoi, Shefford, Brome, Drummond, Rich-
“mond, Wolfe, Sherbrooke, Stanstead, Compton, Megantic
“and Beauce, in the Province of Quebec, is prohibited.

‘* And no night lines used in the above prohibited districts
“to have more than 100 hooks each.”

These regulations should preyent the excessive destruction
of fish life which has taken place in the waters affected. Rop
AND GuN has given space on more than one occasion to a dis-
cussion of this important subject, and we congratulate our-
selves, as well as the many good sportsmen living in the Eastern
Townships, that the Federal Government has regulated the
fishing in that part of the Province of Quebec.

A four-day show, under the auspices of the Duquesne Ken-
nel Club, will be held at Pittsburg, commencing Mareh 5.
There are 202 classes, the prizes being the same throughout,
viz., for puppy and novice, $5 and $3 ; for limit and open, $10,
$5, $3. There are also a splendid lot of specials, including
several cups valued at from $50 to $75. The judging staff is a
strong one, and includes Major J. M. Taylor, Mr. Muss Arnolt,
Mr. W. T. Payne, Mr. A. Albright, jr., and Mr. Jas. Mortimer.

*

The prefect of police of Paris recently bought five New-
foundland dogs to add to the number already owned and used
as auxiliaries to the river police. The dogs are used to save
persons from drowning and are also useful in discovering
offenders in their hiding places on the wharves.

Rod

FORESTRY |

“Rod and Gun” is the official organ of the Canadian Forestry Association.
The Editors will weleome contributions on topics relating to Forestry.

Edited by the Officers of the Canadian Forestry Association.

BRITISH FORESTRY

A very suggestive article, by Herbert Maxwell, M.P.,
appeared in the October number of the Nineteenth Century
under the title of ‘‘ The Sad Plight of British Forestry.” Ref-
erence to the report made in 1887 by Sir John Lubbock’s
School Committee of the House of Commons shows that that
Committee pronounced British woodland management to be
capable of material improvement and reported themselves as
satisfied that a considerable proportion of the foreign timber
imported might
be grown at

and Gun

in Canada 17

In view of this approaching crisis, Mr. Maxwell asks the
question, ‘‘ What provision is being made to meet it.’’

The woodland of the United Kingdom extends to a little
over three million acres. These three million acres would not
suflice,even if they had been under the most skilful management
for the past one hundred years, for the present requirements
of the British timber market. In fact, it is estimated that at
least three times that area would be required, or even twelve
millions, to supply what would be required when plantations
now formed would be available. 3ut the situation is even
worse than this would indicate, for the general quality of the
timber grown on the three million acres is eyen more discour-
aging than the deficiency in extent. On only a few estates in
Scotland is the forest properly managed. The ayerage English
landowner knows nothing of economic forestry ; he has a de-
sire for game and pride in great trees and can see nothing be-
yond. Asan example of this, Mr. Maxwell quotes the follow-
ing instance of the treatment of an oak grove on an estate in
the Midlands :—

“These oaks have been grown well and sufficiently close
to draw them up to a great height, thus taking full advantage

of the good soil

and propitious

home under a
more skilful
system. These
imports at that
time were reck-
oned at the
value of £16,-
000,000, exelu-
sive of forest
products
than timber to
the value of
£14,000,000.
This value had
increased to up-
wards of £21,-
000,000 in 1899,
whereof £5,-
000,000 was paid
for rough-hewn
logs and £16,-
000,000 for sawn
timber. The lat-
ter import con- 1
sisted nearly

entirely of pine and fir Baltic, Scandinavia and
Canada, and Mr. Maxwell adds, “there exists no physical
why every foot of this should not haye been
grown on British soil had it been the will of our people to do so.”
The Select Committee estimated the waste lands in Great Britain
and Ireland at 16,000,000 acres. A considerable proportion
yields a good revenue for sporting purposes, but much of it is
put to practically no use whatever.

The general situation in regard to the timber of the world
is that the visible supply is @ecreasing while the demands are
constantly increasing, particularly in Britain, America and
Germany, with the result that the recent advance in prices will
not only be maintained but will increase. If present forecasts
are correct the demand must overtake the supply before many
years have passed, but with the slow maturing of timber crops
it is necessary to make provision far in adyance of the need.

other

{. Brock LEHURST,

from the

reason

'sqQ., M.F.H., Kanroors, B.C,

shelter; they
averaged about
80 ft. in height,
with noble,
clean stems,
some 40 or 50 ft.
Without a
branch, and
seemed to be
about 200 years
old. Assuming
that the wood
consisted of
about 50 acres,
there could not
have been
than 9,000 or
10,000 cubie ft.
of sound

less

oak
timber per acre
(according to
the reduced
British mea s-
urement of
square-of-quart-
oak crop maturity fifty
years ago. At Is. per foot, this value of
£22,500 or £25,000. The greater part of this value has been
sacrificed in the supposed interest of the landscape. Ten or
fifteen years ago the oaks were suddenly and severely thinned,
by way of improving the beauty of the wood ; and the ad-
mission of light has brought up a strong growth of ash and

reached
represents a

er girths) when this

beech saplings, with other undergrowth, among which haye
been planted a number of what are usually classed as orna-
mental coniferae, but which, in such a scene, are simply so
many eyesores. So far from the beauty of this fine woodland
being enhanced by what has been done, it has been ruined.
My host pointed out with much concern that the oaks were
failing. His forester, had he known the rudiments of his
business, when he was directed to change the close oak wood
into an open one, should haye warned his employer that the

18

trees left standing were bound to fail. The inevitable result of
suddenly isolating an oak which has been grown to middle
age or maturity in close highwood is that an eruption of twigs
and branchlets springs from the trunk and frem the branches
below the crown; the tree becomes ‘ stag-headed,’ and the
timber is greatly spoilt. That is exactly what has hap-
pened in the woed Iam describing. These oaks have passed
their best ; they could not have improved even had they been
let alone ; treated as they have been, they are past praying for,
and the rest of their existence must be a long-drawn process of
decay, diversified with random and morbid growth.”

Turning to the State woodlands, the situation is not in any
better condition. The forests of Belgium cover an area of
1,750,000 acres and yield a return of £4,000,000 sterling a year.
Under equally careful and skilful management the existing
5,000,000 acres of British woodland should yield £7,000,000. But
the New Forest, containing 63,000 acres, on account of the senti-
ment in favor of the vested rights in grazing, ete., is left
largely as poor pasture, there being only 17,600 acres of thriv-
ing wood. In very few of the other State forests—even in
those like the 25,000 acres of the Forest of Dean, where wood
is grown and cut to supply the market—do the returns meet
the expenditure, let alone paying the rent of the land. There
is no net income, but a deficit.

Mr. Maxwell urges the importance of a proper manage-
ment of the State forest, first, in order to establish a standcrd
of management ; second, to set up a regular trade in home tim-
ber; and third, for the social effect of establishing a healthy
industry like forestry in a thinly-populated region. To put the
matter in a practical shape, Mr. Maxwell submits the follow-
ing calculation :

**Suppose that Parliament could be persuaded to vote a sum
of £10,000 a year for the purchase and planting of suitable land.
There are tens of thousands of acres now offered for sale in
Scotland, producing an annual rent of not more than two
shillings an acre as sheep pasture, of indifferent or no merit as
grouse ground, but very suitable for growing timber. Thirty
years’ purchase—a liberal price, as times go—would secure
1,000 such acres for £3,000. Planting this at 3 feet by 3
(probably the most profitable distance on level ground, although
many planters save expense by placing the trees 4 feet apart)
will require 4,840,0. G trees for the 1,060 acres (it will take one-
third or one-half less on sloping ground), and will cost about
£6 an acre = £6,000. Here we have an immediate initial out-
lay of £9,000, supposing the whole area to be planted at once ;
bat it might be found expedient to spread the planting over
five or even ten years, so as to secure a successional period of
maturity, if the same kind of trees are used on the whole of the
ground. The balance of the £10,000 voted, £1,000, invested at
5 per cent., would pay the annual too! bill, in addition to which
an annual charge must be reckoned upon :

FIGMETOTCRURE A s-slers yom den icie da perennial voles £120

Four woodmen at £60. .................- 240 .

Repairs and buildings. . ....... ....... 100
Tobticcacavetey cones aE «ake eoU

or say £500 a year. Shall we be able to meet this charge,
receive interest on the capital sunk, and find our capital in
hand at the end of the century? We ought to do so, if the
statistics of commercially managed woods on the Continent are
trustworthy, for we intend to manage this forest on stringently
economic principles, not planting oak here to please somebody's
fancy, nor fir there because it will look romantic.

Rod and Gun

in Canada

‘For the first ten years no return can be expected from the
plantation ; therefore the capital of £9,000 originally sunk will
have increased in that time at 4 per cent. compound interest to
£13,522 3s. 6d. In order to receive + per cent. upon this
money, and to defray the annual expense of £500, we must
make a net profit of £1,053 a year off cur 1,000 acres. Between
ten and fifteen vears’ thinnings will be worth little except for
fencing purposes, and cannot be reckoned on as doing more
than covering the expense of cutting and removal. From
fifteen years onwards the income will steadily increase, .
beginning with pit-props, for which there is an almost insati-
able demand in this country, proceeding to the medium-sized
trees removed, in judicious thinning, until the period of com-
mercial maturity, which in the case of Scots fir and larch should
be at about eighty years, when the regular falls will begin.

“Taking prices at the improbably low figure of 6d. a foot,
1,000 acres, vielding an annual average of 75 cubic feet per acre,
will givea gross return of £1,875 5s., or £1 17s. 6d. an acre from
land which, as sheep pasture, vielded a rent of two shillings an
acre, or £100 for 1,000 acres. The average balance-sheet would
appear as follows, subject to a siight additional charge for
insurance.

EXPENDITURE. RECEIPTS.
£ Ss. £ Ss.
Interest at 4 per cent. | Sale of 75 cubic feet per
on capital £13,332. 532 13 acre at 6d. on 1,000
Average annual ex- acres..... nin eosieis sa ene Re
(DEHSeS eats aoe 500 0
Net profit...-.-.:... $42 7
£1,875 5 £1,875 5

“Tf no more than £10,000 were voted annually for the next
fifty years the State would have made a progressive investment
of half a million—ahout the cost of four days’ war against the
Bocrs—and earned 2 gross revenue of £93,750, supposing the
price of timber fifty years hence at no more than 6d. a foot.
The experiment would seem to be worth trying.”

*
F ORESTRY BULLETINS

Anyone interested in forestry in any of its phases will find
much interesting and useful information in the bulletins which
are issued from time to time by the Bureau of Forestry of the
United States. It was the intention to call attention to these
bulletins as received by us through the kindness of the Bureau,
but as this has not been done with regularity we wish briefly
to mention those that have reached us during the past year:—

“The Forest Nursery,’ by Geo. B. Sudworth, Dendrolo-
gist of the Bureau, gives in a concise form the information in
regard to the collection of tree seeds and the propagation of
seedlings which enquiries made of the Bureau from time to
time show to be required by farmers and others interested in
tree planting. The aim is to supply the needs of those who
have had little or no experience, and with this object in view
definite instructions are given az to the time and means of col-
lecting seeds, the proper methods of storing, testing vitality,
identification, ete., the preparing of seed beds and setting out
and care of seedlings, wintering and transplanting. The illus-
trations add much to the usefulness of the report, as does also
the systematic list of useful timber trees suitable for planting,
which oceupies the last four pages.

“Practical Forestry in the Southern Appalachians, ’’ by
Overton W. Price, Superintendent of Working Plans, is a re-

Rod and

print from the Year Book of the Department of Agriculture for
1900. <A description is given of the forest and the
methods of lumbering followed up to the present time which,
both as practised by farmers and lumbermen, haye done much
needless harm to the trees, while the tires, over which there is
little control, are responsible for the destruction of much more.
For cut-over land, now covered by a second growth of oak and
pine chiefly, improvement cuttings to remoye undesirable
species and to promote a denser and healthier growth are
suggested. Such cuttings have been found by experiments at
Biltmore to involve no financial loss if properly managed. The
procedure for dealing with the virgin forest is outlined in the
two following suggestions: —

(L) Remove all diseased, over ripe, or otherwise faulty
trees of a merchantable size, where there is already sufficient
young growth upon the ground to protect the soil and to serve
as a basis for a second crop of timber.

(2) So direct the cuttings that the reproduction of the
timber trees may be encouraged in opposition to that of the
less valuable kinds.

“Forest Extension in the Middle West,’’ also a reprint
from the Year Book, is by William L. Hall, Assistant Super-
intendent of Tree Planting. It is first pointed out that the two
facts which are clear in regard to tree planting in the West in
the past are:—First, that there is a general aimlessness and lack
of system in both planting and management; second, there is
but a small percentage of thrifty plantations. The aims to be
served by the plantations, the conditions of growth, the rela-
tive usefulness and value of different species have not been
understood. The rise of value consequent upon the diminu-
tion of the supply in the Mississippi Valley is illustrated by
fence posts, which are now selling at ten to twenty cents in-
stead of eight to twelve cents, the price ruling ten years ago.
Telegraph and telephone poles are worth fifty per cent. more
than twenty years ago, and railway ties twenty-five per cent.
more. These increases have made growing profitable, and the
subject is therefore deserving of study and attention. The
different species suitable for planting are mentioned with some
detail, and though many of them are not fitted for the Cana-
dian West, there are many items of useful information that
will be found of great interest by all who are considering the
problem of forest extension.

** 4 Forest Working Plan for Township 40 in the New York
State Forest Preservye,’? by Ralph $. Hosmer and Eugene S§.
Bruce, gives a detailed description of the plans adopted for
managing this forest tract. The main purpose is to outline a
method of management under which the merchantable timber
may be cut in such a manner that successive crops may be ob-
tained and the condition ofthe forest constantly improved. The
total area of the tract is about 25,660 acres of rocky and
mountainous land. An examination of the trees was made,
and from the information thus obtained a calculation of the
production was made, and from these data the method of cut-
ting was decided upon. The species to be lumbered at present
are pine, spruce and balsam. This pamphlet will be found of
great value by those svt are en gaged in practical lumbering.

There have also recéntly come to hand ‘‘ Notes on the Red
Cedar, ”’ by Clfftrles Mohr, Ph. D., and ‘Tree Planting on
Rural School Grounds, ’ by Wm. L. Hall, which will be
noticed more at length at a later date. The latter pamphlet is
specially valuable for those interested in the celebration of
Arbor Day and the beautifying of school grounds.

Gun

in Canada 19
The third annual meeting of the Canadian Forestry Asso-
ciation will be held at Ottawa on the 6th and 7th March. The
following is the programme so far as arranged at the time of go-
ing to pre “Pastern Forest Trees grown at Victoria, B.C.,
from seed imported from the ” by His Honor Sir Henri
Joly de Lotbiniére ; ‘‘ Forestry in Ontario,’’? by Thos. South-
worth, Director of Forestry for Ontario ; ‘‘ The Management of
Wood Lots, ’’? by W. N. Hutt ; ‘The Growth of Porest Trees,
by Professor E. C. Jeffrey, of the University of Toronto; ‘The
Making of the West,’’? by Professor Macoun ; ‘‘The
Contribution of the Experimental Farms to Forestry,’’ by Dr.
Wm. Saunders ; ‘‘ Tree Planting on the Prairies, ’? by Norman
M. Ross, Assistant Superintendent of Forestry for the Domin-
““The Forest Fires of 1901,’’ prepared by instruction of
the Association; ‘‘ Forestry in Prince Edward Island,’’ by
Rey. A. E. Burke, of Alberton. Circulars will be sent to all
the members giving full particulars.
Ks

Past,

John

ion;

The Canadian Forestry Association extends its heartiest
congratulations to its Vice-President for the Province of New
Brunswick, who is now His Honor J. B Snowball,
tenant-Governor of that province. His Honor has taken a
great interest in the work of the Forestry Association, and his
presence at the annual meeting will be much missed. His high
position may, however, give larger opportunities for advancing
forestry interests, and we feel convinced that full advantage
will be taken of them. This is not the first time that a mem-
ber of the Forestry Association has been so honored, as the
respected President, Sir Henry Joly de Lotbiniére, was some
time ago apromitedit toa similar high office in our far western
province, British Columbia. The Canadian Forestry Associa-
tion cannot bunt feel honored in the honor thus done to its
oflicers, and while it is to be regretted that it will not be pos-
sible for them to take such an active part in the work of the
Association at Ottawa, the presence of energetic members in
such influential positions means much for the future of the
Association and—we may add—of the Dominion.

™

Rev. Dean Paget, of Calgary, whom we are glad to wel-
come as a member of the Canadian Forestry Association, writes
us that on the grounds of the rectory, which has recently been
erected on virgin prairie, he has hada plantation of trees set
out. The ground was ploughed, manured and planted thickly
in front and on the sides with poplars, cottonwood and spruce
alternately. The rule which has been followed in Calgary is
that spruce must be planted in the spring, but as an experi-
ment they were set out in this case early in November. We
hope to be able to furnish information as to the results of this
experiment when the plantation is sufficiently advanced.

Lieu-

*
Question Drawer.
D. James, THorNHILL, OnN?.—1. On October, 1899, and

again in October, 1901, I planted in clay soil, well drained and
rich, about 100 shell bark hickory nuts. Not one grew. Can you
suggest acanse? 2. In the fall of 1900 I planted a variety of
nuts and seeds supplied from Guelph. Can you
suggest acause? 3. I! have a hillside of about 1} acres of good
clay loam, cannot use it for grain; also a swamp of about 4
acre. How should I prepare it to grow a crop of trees? What
would be a most suitable and profitable kind? 4. How many
cubic feet per year per acre should a well wooded deciduous
bush grow ?

None grew.

20

ANSWERS TO Questions 1 AND 2.—It would be impossible,
knowing none of the conditions, to assign any particular
reason as the cause of your failure. Any one or more of the
following may have had something to do with it :

1. The seed may have been poor, that is, the kernels dried
or worm-eaten, thus having no vitality. 2. The seed may
have been planted too deeply in the soil ; on an average a seed
should be covered to a depth of not more than two or three
times its own diameter. 3. After planting, squirrels or mice
may have carried off or eaten the seeds and nuts. This is one
of the chief dangers to be guarded against where nuts are
planted. 4. The soil may not have been sufficiently moist to
cause the hard shell of the hickory to disintegrate sufficiently
toallow the kernel to sprout. Seeds oiten lie inthe ground
for one or two seasons without germinating if conditions ofsoil,
moisture, etc., are unfavorable.

Answer TO Question 3. — Preparation or Hittstpe.—The
chief object in any preparation of soil for tree planting is first,
to remove any soil covering such as sod, weed, scrub, etc.,
which might prevent young trees from growing, and second,
to loosen the ground as deeply as possible in order to assist the
young seedlings to make rapid foot growth during the first
few years after planting. If the plot of land mentioned is at
present in sod, it should be ploughed in the early summer
about four inches deep and again in the fall as deeply as possible,
at the same time using a subsoil plough. The ground should
be left rough over winter. If the hillside is so steep that there
is danger from washing, strips of sod two to three feet wide at
intervals of about fifteen feet might be left running parallel
with the contour lines of the slope. In any case the furrows
should follow the contours.

PreparatioN of Swamp.—li the land is soaked with stag-
nant water it must be drained to a certain extent, as trees
require a certain amount of air at the roots. Perhaps the best
method of planting is what is commonly known as ‘‘ mound
planting.”’ This consists of planting young seedlings on
mounds of earth thrown up above the general level of the
surface, either by digging holes or trenches.

VARIETIES TO PLANtT.—This depends on, first, the sort of
produce it is wished to obtain, whether fuel, fencing or other
material, and second, the local conditions affecting tree growth.
For instance, the hill may slope either north, south, east or
west. The north and east slopes are most favorable to tree
growth, as they are always moister, and here such trees as
sugar maple, walnut, hickory, e'c., may be planted. Fora
small plot perhaps sugar maple would be as good as anything.
It isa rapid grower, produces good fuel, and after a few years
sugar may be tapped. On dry, south slopes conifers, such as
white, red or Scotch pine or larch, will generally proye more
successful than broad leaf varieties. In the swamp or wet
lands, ash, elm, willow, cedar, and other trees which grow
naturally under such conditions, should be selected. Some
forms of tree willow make very rapid growth and are easily
propagated from cuttings.

ANSWER TO Question 4.—It is absolutely impossible to
answer this question with any degree of accuracy, as conditions
of growth in this country have as yet received but very little
attention. In order to determine the exact annual increment
for any given species, it is necessary to make careful measure-
ments, year after year, on the same plot of ground. Different
classes of soil and differences in climate still further complicate
the work.

Rod and Gun

in Canada

The following figures are taken from the yield tables
compiled in Germany by Baur, and apply to a beach forest :
BEST SOIL FOREST SOIL

Age Cub. ft.of wood- Cub. ft. for Cub. ft. of wood- Cub. ft. for

growing stock thinuings growing stock thinnings
20 1143 170 359 99
40 5121 397 1462 170
60 5992 539 iSl7 241
So $235 497 3124 227
100 10238 304 5345 156
120 12942 235 onoace “=

These figures may give some idea as to the growth of a fully-
stocked broad leaf forest, bat they cannot be taken as applying
accurately to Canadian forests, as the rate of growth is so de-

pendent upon local conditions.
N. M. Ross.

Answers to Correspondents.

L. C. Ropervs—The best bass lakes we know of in Northern
Ontario are Lady Evelyn, Diamond, Obabikaand Temagaming,
but there are many others in that region which are probably as
good. You must not forget, however, that the waters wherein
black bass are found form a very small percentage of the whole
fishing area of the northern part of the province of Ontario.
The apparently capricious distribution of the various species of
fish is yet a puzzle to the foremost icthyologists. For instance,
there is very excellent bass fishing in the Montreal River for a
few miles above its junction with the Mattawabika, but higher
up, according to Mr. Farr, a trustworthy authority, there is
none. The two fish of almost universal distribution are pike
and pike perch, usually called doré , in many of the larger lakes
the lake trout is found, ina few of them the small and large
mouthed bass exist, and in a very few streams and lakes, which
the coarser species have been prevented from reaching owing
to falls or a series of rapids, there is fishing for the brook trout.
We do not believe there are mascalonge in any of the waters of
northern Ontario or Quebec, but in the present state of our
knowledge it would be rash to say that they do not exist. The
pike run heavy and are very game and determined fighters,
hence they have often been dubbed mascalonge.

ENQuirER—No doubt as an old fisherman you have learned
the wisdom of taking all such stories with a grain of salt. The
catch in question may or may not have been made, but in any
case it was a very unsportsmanlike proceeding, as the lake trout
were then on their spawning grounds.

*
Fishing in Te-gou-sie-wabie.
To tue Epitor or Rop anv Gey :

I was glad to see the correction in last month’s issue to my
statement that there was no trout fishing in Te-gou-sie-wabie.
I can explain easily how I formed this erroneous conclusion :
Owing to John’s broken English I understood him to say that
there were speckled trout in the lake, and I, therefore, only
fished the shallower bays, whereas had I been after lake trout,
or ‘‘salmon trout’? as Mr. LeHeup calls them, I should have
trolled in the very deepest water | coula find, because in hot
weather in August I do not think that Mr. LeHeup or any-
body else would find them where he took them later, during
the spawning season. As every fisherman knows, the lake
trout leave the deeps in the fall, and during October are found
in quite shallow water, as they spawn on the reefs and around
rocky islands and shores.

I forgot to say that the Indian boy caught any number of
small perch, but I don’t count that kind of fishing.

Montreal, P.Q. Sr. Croix.

CANADIAN SHOOTING AND FISHING

ARE UNRIVALLED

Canadian
Pacific
Railway

ALONE GIVES EASY
ACCESS TO THE BEST

The General Passenger Department,
Montreal, P.Q., willanswer enquiries,
and send copies of Game Map, Fishing
and Shooting and other useful publi=
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An UNNAMED LAKE

CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY.

THE BEST SHOOTING AND FISHING IN NORTH AMERICA ARE TO BE HAD ALONG
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PIKE, | MASCALONGE,
aa BRINGING OUT A KIPPEWA HEAD. DORE.

Send for copy of our Game Map, our Fishing and Shooting and other
useful publications, to General Passenger Dept., Montreal, P.Q.

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A Necs< Je

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IN THE WILDS OF NORTHERN CANADA.
Py M. H. Hoover,
Coneluded from the March issue.)

It is truly astounding how much pleasure the amiable
doctor gets out of his outings, in view of his ayowedly lazy
Why, the toils of the portage give zest to the holi-
More-
over it is the barrier which makes possible the splendid isolation

disposition.
day, and make what is beyond all the more enjoyable.

so dear to the true sportsman and loyer of nature.

But hold! That last is an unworthy sentiment. Down
with the portage barriers and let everybody have an oppor-
tunity to the
ereat region whose

see
praises we sing ‘*be-
fore the canal came.”’
Build the canal, and
meanwhile let
that this
criticism of Dr. Van
Dyke uttered
on this side of the
On the

us

confess
was

portage !
other side the ave-
rage tourist, (or
voyageur as he may
want to call himself
the j

jaunt au
large), is apt to re-

on
pent any sentiment-
ality about the en
foreed overland

trips in sack and

perspiration, especi-
ally if the addition

MONTREAL, APRIL, 1902.

DEVOTED
TO

THE
FISHING
GAME AND

FOREST
INTERESTS
OF
CANADA.

Single Copies Ten Cents.

Bay, 50 miles, there are two main channels, in places 25 miles
apart, subdivided into countless minor ones, embracing islands
innumerable. There are hundreds of rapids, many of them
safe for the skilful paddle, but most of them treacherous and
The tragedies of two successive seasons warned the
The
Chandiere, which the natives say means ‘‘The Boiling Pot,’’ is
the Niagara Falls rapids in miniature, and twice as spiteful.
No artist’s yet essayed their wild grandeur and
picturesque beauty, a new and worthy subject for his skill.

“Au large!

dangerous

Lockport campers to be unusually careful this year.

brush has

Knvoyez au large!’’ cried Louis Beaucage to

the lingering Le
Blane. The guide
may be depended
upon to see that the
cook gets off in
sulety and stays

with the party.

It was a morn-
to make
thankful that
was alive and out of

ing one

he

Each travel-
was primitive
man again. He had
off the
sordid anchorage of

doors.
ler
cast from
civilization and was
himself

giving up
unreservedly to the
rehabilitating wel-
come of Mother
Nature.

The Banker had

to the necessities long ceased count-
and luxuries of ing up his gains,
ve require j ~ 1 , > la>
camp require still On THE Peexce River. Oxranio. lost in contempla
one more SEY = This is a very characteristic scene in the Land of Iiawatha The French River tion Oe the reflec-

The ordinary flows with a stately volume through the most picturesque scenery of the Nipissing tion of a cardinal

district
map represents the

French River by a single sinuous line extending between Lake
Nipissing and Georgian Bay. No map has ever portrayed
it as it For the to the head of
Okikendawt Island, there is indeed but one broad majestic
channel. At this island, which is about
even canoe navigation ceases, the boisterous Big Chaudiere

is. 12 miles from lake

36 miles in area,

Falls and rapids commanding the most daring Indian
to walk around. From this portage to the Georgian

flower in the water.
and
The Judge was not addressing the

The Lawyer had forgotten his client was gathering

in the golden pond lilies.
jury when, after an appreciative inhalation, he quoted Milton :

oe Now
Fanning their odoriferous wu

gentle gales

,gs, dispense
Native perfumes, and whisper whence they stole

These balmy spoils.”

Rod and Gun

It was a long stretch of wild country to camp, but a court
injunction could not restrain the forest lovers from running
up to the foot of the Chaudiere Rapids on the way, to see if the
*lunge and bass were again at home. At the foot of a foam-
flecked rock the Sheriff cast his line, and ere the protesting frog
had disappeared from view a fine specimen of Esox nobilier
gobbled up the bait. The angler thought he had made connec-
tion with an underground trolley cable. The ’lunge responded
to an invitation to closer acquaintance, but with an angry shake
of his wicked head he said good-bye, taking along the greater
portion of the tackle as a souvenir of the brief meeting. In the
eddies the bass were resting and waiting for prey. They took
with equal rashness, trolling spoon, fly, grasshopper or frog.
Louis and LeBlanc soon had the pans sputtering with a savory
meal and the loss of the ‘lunge was quickly forgotten in the
juicy morsels of bass and pike, or pickerel, as the same fish are
called in the States.*

Late in the afternoon Camp Niagara on Duquesne Bay was
sighted, and the weary oarsmen spurted for the coveted goal.
After a short rest fragrant boughs were cut for the bunk mat-
tresses, and camp put in order for the pleasuring of the days to
come. The ‘‘ bite-’em-no-see~em”’ flies were gone, and the
pesky mosquitoes did not rise to the elevation of the two log
cabins under the pines overlooking the broad bay. Angling
around camp was magnificent. In the thickets back of the
cabins were plenty of toothsome partridge. Deer were to be
had for the hungry man in almost every reedy nook. The
ordinary menu of that camp, hidden away from the cunningest
paddie and the sharpest scout, although within rifle-shot of the
route of the proposed ship canal, was something like this:
Dinner—Tomatoe soup, frogs legs, broiled bass, venison roast,
mascalonge steak, fried pike, blue-berries, wild-raspberry pie.
When the canal runs through our way, overdined Lucullus
of Boston, Chicago, New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, just
apply to the Lockport Tenderfeet for a more definite map, and
come sup with us under the pines. From under the canopy of
our forest restaurant we can see your smoke as you round the
bend, down towards Masog-Masing, below the Five-Mile
Rapids, and thus forewarned, we shall have everything in
readiness for you.

But wait for the canal, the rapids are dangerous, as before
observed. Two years ago three college men, all athletes, lost
their lives on the Five-Mile Rapids, second portage, drowned
while attempting to shoot the treacherous currents. Towards
evening on the second night in camp this year a canoe rounded
the point and headed for the cabins. An Indian was paddling
and in front was the bowed form of a man. As they came
nearer the white man burst out weeping. He was helped
ashore and when his grief had subsided he gasped, ‘I have
lost my comrade !”’

Those words conveyed the whole sad story of the tragedy of
the wilderness. In detail, Cook Bausman, of Pittsburgh, the
visitor, related that with his companion, Robert Allen, of Pitts-
burgh, they had been making a canoe voyage from the Georgian
Bay tothe Mattawa. In coming up the second rapids of the
Five-Mile their skiff had been upset in an apparently safe cur-
rent. Allen clambered to a rock and shouted to the guide to save
Bausman who was struggling in the water. The Indian obeyed,
but when they looked for the man on the rock he had disap-
peared, Long hours they searched for him, but in vain. Rein-
forced by help from our camp, Bausman started on the long
journey to Sturgeon Falls to wire the awful news to Allen's
Pittsburgh relatives. Three days later the body was recovered

in Canada

in an eddy not far from where the accident had occurred, and
the unfortunate forest traveller was taken home. As Bausman
related the story, all the more harrowing under the circum-
stances of isolation, the south wind bore to our ears the sullen,
mufiied roar of the distant falls. In the sombre trees the
breezes sobbed a requiem. The once pleasant sound of the
waves beating upon the rocks now possessed all the dolesome-
ness of a dirge. The melodious notes of night had changed to
the dreary, droning measure of far away monastery bells.

In this now isolated region, according to the designs of
commerce soon to be put in touch with the out world, the
hunter finds his paradise, the poet his heaven and the artist
hiselysinm. It cannot be described in language adequate to
the subject. Do not try to locate it on the map, but go and
search it out with eyes, ears and all the senses God has given
man, and memory’s storehouse shall be amply prepared
against gloomy days.

*[The writer is in error. These fish were pike, not pick-
erel, which are not found in Canada, though the natives often
call the wall-eyed pike ‘‘ pickerel.’’—Ep. ]

™ —
SOME BRITISH COLUMBIAN FIELDS OF SPORT

(Continued from the March issue.)

THe Nortu THompson VALLey.

A most diversified field is the valley of the North Thompson
River, including those of its tributaries. Fishing may here be
combined with hunting and trapping. Large and small game
abound, and beaver, marten, lynx and otter are found in fair
numbers. From its mouth to the point where it tends to the
westward, the North Thompson measures 200 miles and to its
source is yet another hundred. This description must be
understood to refer onty to that part of the valley from its
mouth to the junction of the North Thompson and Albreda
Rivers, a stretch of 200 miles. The valley is tributary to
Kamloops, which is its gateway. A wagon road extends for
the first fifty miles, above that saddle horses and pack trains
are needed. During five months of the year the North Thomp-
son is navigable for a distance of 110 miles.

There is a post-office on the main road 36 miles out, at the
junction of Louis creek with the main river, and there is also a
mail service, semi-monthly in summer and monthly in winter
(December Ist—March Ist). There is an hotel and store at
Louis Creek, which is on the eastern bank of the stream. There
is also a waggon road on the west side of the Thompson for the
first 26 miles, after that the traveller has to follow the trails.

The mountain ranges which hem in this great valley
abound with big and small game. Sportsmen may enjoy bear
hunting as well as deer shooting, and there are numerous
grouse and rabbits for the pot, but the duck shooting is not as
good as in the regions further south, such as the Nicola Valley.
There are no places of public accommodation, but travellers are
always made welcome at the farm houses. To hunt this valley
successfully pack and saddle horses are necessary and they,
together with the rest of the equipment, should be secured in
Kamloops. :

Abam’s Lake VALLEY.

This lake is on a large scale like most things in British
Columbia, being 60 miles in length and varying in breadth
from three to five miles. Adam’s Lake may be reached either
from the big Shuswap Lake, into which it discharges, or by the
North Thompson River to Louis Creek, then south about eight

Rod

miles, turning east at this point into the Adam’s Lake valley, 20
miles long. In the valley and in the mountains which fringe it
on either side, there is capital hunting for bears and deer, and
grouse and ducks may also be shot.
fishing both with fly and troll.

The lake is famous for its

Barrier River.
The

miles north of Louis Creek (41 miles from Kamloops).

3arrier River flows into the North Thompson, five
This is
as good a Gistrict for big game, small game and fish asany. A
waggon road passes the mouth of the river from which a trail
runs up its valley.

By continuing up the Thompson good deer shooting may
be had, especially in the neighborhood of Little Fort, Mosquito
Flat, Raft River and Pea Vine. met
with, though they are much more numerous in the ranges
bordering Blue River further north.
hill sides harbour
great numbers of

Caribou are also often

The river bottoms and

grouse, and even
the
streams
with trout. In
the high, rugged
which
the Gold
Range at right
angles, and which
the
the Col-

smaller
swarm

chain

crosses

ends at big
bend of
umbia, there are

numbers of goat.

Lone Lake.

Long Lake has
very exceptional
advantages, as it
is a good shooting
and fishing
ground and in
close proximity
to Kamloops. One
of the
cessful

most
loeal
sportsmen writes :

suc-
taken twenty miles south of Kamloops.

“You are aware that duck and grouse shooting is one of our
most popular autumn sports, and one of our leading shooting
grounds is on the Long Lake ranges, which inelude Cherry
Creek, Jacko Lake, and McConnell ranges. A long day’s shoot
usually embraces all these ranges, a stretch of about 50 miles,
with good shooting all the way along. Small lakes abound, and
in the early part of the season these furnish good goose shoot-
ing and there are, of course, plenty of dueck—mallard, butter-
ball and teal. McConnell’s Lakes are admirably adapted for
wing shooting, as the ducks will not leave the chain, but fly too
and fro when put up. Geese are also plentiful around these
lakes. Outside the famous Nicola Range, the Long Lake
district offers the best shooting to tiose who only intend
spending a few days in camp. The last time we were out we
pitched our tent in an ideal spot, at the spring at the head of
Long Lake, which, although one and a half miles in length and
broad at each end, narrows to a width of 50 yards at the centre.
Here excellent shooting is to be had when each end of the

Flight shooting is generally good,

lake are properly guarded. g

and Gun

Camp av Fism Laxr, B.C:

This is a very fair representation of the fishermen’s camp in British Columbia

in Canada 3
as it is a feeding ground at night. Near Long Lake are
numerous other waters, including Rush Lake,a noted resort for
geese.
hood. Owing to the fact that Long Lake is in the direct line
between MecConnell’s Lake and Stump Lake, the course which

Several days may be spent profitably in the neighbor-

the geese travel when flighting to either lake makes Long Lake
one of their favourite resting places. It is about nine miles from
McConnell’s Luke and ten miles from Stump Lake. Prairie
chicken are found in abundance on these ranges, Humphrey’s,
Hall’sand Newman’s fields being their favourite feeding ground,
so that a day or two’s outing affords a variety of shooting.”

Userut INFORMATION.

Hotel accommodations at Kamloops are*good. Charges run
from $1 a day up.
Pack horses cost from $10 to $25.
Pack saddles and gear complete cost from $7 to $8.50 each.
Riding saddles
cost from $8 to
$50 and hire.
Assistant guides
acting as packers
as well, charge
$2 to $4 a
day. As a

from
rule
they furnish their
own saddle horse.

Hire of pack
horses and pack-
ing gear (when
obtainable), 7c.
a day.

Pack horses

without gear, 50
cents a day.
Livery stable
horses, $2 a day
(saddled >.

Single
>

horsfe
and rig, $3 a day.
Single horse
and rig, with
driver, $5 a day.
Double rig, with
driver, $6 a day.
Guides—There is no one in Kamloops who makes a business
of guides, but Mr. John Freeman Smith, of Kaniloops, if written

It was

to, will make satisfactory arrangements, and will secure the
services of trustworthy guides to each district. Ammunition
and fishing tackle are always on sale at the Hudson’s Bay
Company, and MacArthur & Harper.
TO BE CONTINUED.
*
THE WAYS OF THE FISHER.
As told by Henry Braithwaite to the late Frank H. Risteen.)

The black cat, or fisher, used to be much more plentiful in
New Brunswick than of recent years, and was trapped without
much trouble. The few survivors of the race seem to be very
hard to trap. They are forever on the move and coyer a big
scope of country in their travels. The animal is classed as
belonging to the marten family ; he is really built more on the
lines of the bear in front and the fox behind, but nature made
a smoother job of it at both ends of the fisher because he never
does any fishing.

4 Rod and Gun

Many wrong opinions exist as to the size and weight of the
fisher. He will not average more than 12 or 15 pounds, anda
specimen weighing 20 pounds would be very unusuai. The
color of the animal varies all the way from a good old-fashioned
brindle to very nearly black. The darker the fur the greater
its value. The cubs are all light colored, almost as light asa
coon. The value of the skins in this country varies from $5 to
$11. An average first-class skin will bring $7 to $S.

The fisher rambles around so much that he has very little
time to give to his domestic affairs. Hisden is usually a hollow
log, a hole under a root, or a crevice in the rocks similar to that
of the pine marten or sable. Hescems to have regular hunting
grounds on which he appears every fortnight or three weeks.
You find him bere to-day and 15 or 20 miles away to-morrow.
IT once came upon the track of a fisher that lad lost part of
one foot in a trap, making it easy to distinguish his tra:l in the
snow from that of any other fisher. This was in the Little
Sou-West country, on one of the spurs of County Line Moun-
tain. I was on my way north ever my line of traps, which ran
about 40 miles in that direction to within a few miles of the
Nepisiguit River. I made the trip in two days, and on the
following morning struck the trail of old hop-and-go-fetch-it
within twenty rods of the camp. I wouldn’t like to say where
else the fisher had been, but he had certainly made 40 miles
northing in a little over two days.

The cubs are born, I believe, in May or June. I have
caught gravid females quite late in the spring. I never knew
the female to have more than two kittensata time, but I would
think that, like the marten, they sometimes have three or four.

The fisher is the finest combination of stxength, speed and
courage to be found in our noithern woods. * Though smaller
than either the Canada lynx or wildcat, he is fully able to take
care of himself with any of these animals. If yon give him
room enough he can hold his own against as many dogs as you
can pick up in a day’s travel.

I once went after a fisher with a foxhound, a bull terrier
and a thoroughbred mongrel belonging to Jack Gibson, of
Marysville. The black cat had crossed my trail in the morning
and I thought all I had to do was to set the hound on his track
and the other dogs would follow the hound, and if they ever
overtook the cat I would be lucky if I found anything but the
pieces. I followed the trail till about 2 o’clock, when the dogs
overhanled him and he took refuge in the top of a hollow pine
that had broken off in a recent storm. The three dogs were at
the hole when I came up, just threatening to chew up all one
end of the tree in order to make a meal of the cat. I had no
axe with me to cut him out, so standing my gun against a tree
I cut a club with my sheath knife and hammered on the log to
drive him out. I felt sure th» dogs would eat the cat up so his
fur would be useless, but T wanted to collect a few samples of
the hide if possible. About the second clip I gave the log the
cat stepped out. He just sprang from one dog to another and
there was a bunch of fur floating in the air and a dog turned
upside down every wipe he made. He just left a wake of dogs
behind him and rambled off as if he had forgotten all about
it. The dogs, however, got up right away and followed him
yelping for all, or even more than, they were worth. I had the
gun ready to shoot but the dogs kept so close to him that I
couldn't fire without hitting them, and they all soon passed out
of range. The cat would just trot along and when the dogs got
too close for comtort he would turn about and chase them. I
didn’t get the cat and I had walked so far that I came near
having to lay out that night without dinner or supper.

in Canada

Fishers will occasionally tear a mink or sable to pieces in a
trap, but, as a rule, are not so bold. The wooden trap is prefer-
able to the steel trap for catching the fisher. It should be set
the same as the sable trap, but heavier. The advantage of the
deadfall is that it kills the animal before he has chance to
thresh around and destroy the fur. Almost any kind of fish or
meat is good for bait, but fresh trout is the best. They will
take that when they will go by anything else. In setting the
deadifal] a tree is cut down and the trap set on top of the stump
about breast high, but the fall should be three times as heavy
as the one used for marten. Ifa steel trap is used it should be
a large one that will catch the fisher very high up, or else he
will twist his toes off.

The fisher is the only animal I know of that will tackle a
porcupine. I have often caught them with their skins so full
of quills as to be nearly worthless. I have never caughta fox,
lynx or other animal with a porcupine quillin hishide. I once
shot a moose that had his nose full of quills where he had
evidently heen inspecting a porcupine. The quills of the poreu-
pine will not penetrate the flesh of a black cat as they will any
other animal. They just go through the skin and then turn
sideways, laying in layers between the flesh andthe skin. You
might, perhaps, find a quill driven through one of the paws
where the porcupine struck him, but about the head and body
the quills will not penetrate further than the skin.

The tail of the fisher is wide at the base and tapers almost
toa point. When the snow is sott the tail is dragged through
it so much that along the first part of April it gets very much
damaged. The fisher is very short legged, but seems to have
fully the speed of a fox. I think the animals mate when they
are two years old. The best fur is obtained from animals of
medium size. A very old fisher has very coarse fur. With
regard to the fur of the fisher generally, I can hardly see where
the value comes in, for it looks coarse and rough without any
special beauty of gloss or color to recommend it.

NORTH AMERICAN FISH AND GAME
PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION.

Owing to a lack cf space we were forced to omit several
very important resolutions passed at the annual meeting of the
North American Fish and Game Protective Association in our
report. We make room for them in this issue :

That the open season for moose, caribou and red deer in all
the border States and provinces should generally be from Sep-
tember 15th to November 30th inclusive, but that for certain
sections of a province or State, where moose are decreasing, it
may be desirable to make partial or entirely close seasons ;
that in northern districts a longer season for caribou is desirable,
though great care should be observed in extending it beyond
that for moose, and that in districts where red deer are few in
number it is desirable that the open season be further restricted.

That the numbers of moose, caribou and deer killed by one
hunter during a single season be limited to one moose, one
caribou and two deer, and that the pursuing of moose, caribou
and deer with dogs be prohibited.

That spring shooting or killing of game birds be abolished.

That the close season for beaver should be extended until
1905 in all the States and border provinces,

That the open season be from September 15 to December 15
for all species of grouse with the exception of ptarmigan, for
woodeock, snipe and duck of all kinds, including swans and

Rod and Gun

geese, rail, plover, and other birds known as shore birds or
waders.

That every State and province should adopt laws limiting
the number of game birds that may be killed by each hunter
per day, and the number, weight and size of game fish which
may be caught by each angler.

That a permanent protective law be urged against the
destruction of insectivorous birds and other birds useful to
agriculture.

That the exportation of speckled, or brook trout, be totally
prohibited, save with the exception of fish caught by any
tourist or summer visitor, the total weight of such fish not to
exceed thirty pounds net, and limited to the lawful catch of
two days’ angling.

That in all the waters dividing the States and pro-
vinces, the open season for black bass shall be from July Ist to
January Ist.

That all net fishing be prohibited in Lake Champlain, in
the spring of the year, in New York, Vermont and the Province
of Quebec.

That in the publication of the game and fish laws of the
different States and provinces by the departments or officers in
charge of the enforcement thereof, the open season, as well as
the close season, should be stated.

That the pursuing, shooting at or killing of any of the
animals or birds specified in the foregoing recommendations,
should be entirely prohibited at all other times than those
specified in such recommendations.

That the tag and coupon system in use in Ontario and
Michigan be adopted by all the provinces and States, and that
market men, game dealers, buyers, sellers and tanners of deer,
moose and caribou skins and proprietors of hunting camps be
duly licensed—if such a system can be legally so arranged—
by the chief game authorities of the States and provinces, to
whom they shall periodically report.

That the possession, sale and exportation of all game birds
and animals should be prohibited after the expiry of fifteen
days after the close of the open season for the birds or animals,
as the case may be, in each State or province in which taken
or killed, each article to be accompanied by a coupon from a
license authorizing the killing or capture of the same in such
state or province.

That a bounty sufficient to insure the trapping of wolves
should be offered in Quebec, Ontario and New Brunswick,
where these pests are sufficiently numerous to be a detriment
to the game supply, and that the minimum amount of such
bounty should be fifteen dollars.

Resolved, That this association favors the amendment of
the Act of Congress, passed May 25th, 1900, known as the
Lacey Act, in such form as to prohibit under penalty of
forfeiture of goods and of imprisonment of the offenders the
bringing into the United States of any fish or game, furs and
fur bearing animals that shall have been killed or had in
possession, in violation of the laws of the State or country in
which the same shall be killed or in which any such fish or
game, furs and fur bearing animals shall be unlawfully had in
possession under or by the laws of the State into which any
such fish or game, furs and fur bearing animals shall be brought
into the United States.

Resolved, That the president of this association be and is
directed to transmit a copy of this resolution to the Honorable
Mr. Lacey, member of Congress, with the request that he
make such efforts as he can to carry the resolution into effect.

in’ Canada 5

Resolved, That it is the sense of this association that the
members from the Provinces of Canada shall urge their several
Governments to enact laws similar in scope to the Lacey Act of
Congress, together with the above proposed amendment.

Resolved, That the secretary of this association is hereby
instructed to send, as soon as printed, a copy of this preamble
and resolution, together with a copy of the printed proceedings
of this meeting and the constitution and by-laws to the chief
game and fish authorities of Minnesota, Manitoba, North
Dakota, Montana, Idaho, British Columbia and Washington,
and the North West Territories of Alberta, Assiniboia and
Saskatchewan, as a respectful suggestion from this association
for their earnest consideration.

Resolved, That it is the sense of this association that it
should in no respect become an advertising medium for any
sportsmen’s resort, sporting goods, railroad or steamboat lines
or anything else in the way of merchandise or transportation.

Resolved, That this meeting believes that the best results
in enforcing game laws cannot be gained unless their enforce-
ment is altogether divorced from politics.

Resolved, That we believe a prosecution for infraction of
game or fish laws should be pushed to a conclusion as soon as
possible in every case.

Resolved, That we strongly object to the pernicious practice
of remission or payment by provincial or State governments, or
their officers, of fines imposed on offenders, or of suspended
sentences or any other device of which the intent is to defeat
the ends of justice for any reason, political or otherwise.

Resolved, That copies of this resolution be sent to all
interested governments.

Mr. Wilson introduced the following resolution, which was
adopted : Whereas, the general laws of adjoining States of the
American Union, except New York and of the provinces of
Canada, except the Province of Quebec, which having a general
law prohibiting spring shooting, makes an exception in regard
to divers or bufle heads, which practically nullifies the law,
and in the opinion of this association it is desirable that such
shooting and exceptions should be prohibited, therefore,
resolved, that this association respectfully petition the Legisla-
tures of the State of New York and of the Province of Quebec
to enact legislative measures, which will entirely prohibit
spring shooting of all wildfowl in that State and Province.

*

A SUMMER IN ALGOMA.
By H G. Tyrrell, CG. E.

In the summer of 1884 the writer was appointed the chief
assistant on the survey of Fairbank Township, in Algoma,
Canada. This lies about sixty miles inland, north of Georgian
Bay, and up to that time had remained in its original wild
condition. It was, however, known to be of the same general
nature as the rest of Algoma, a wild, mountainous region,
almost entirely unfit for cultivation, and yaluable chiefly for
its timber and minerals. Up to that time, however, not even
the prospector had ventured far into the country, and the mines
now being worked in the vicinity of Sudbury were then
unknown. Year after year the work of exploring and survey-
ing the country was being carried on, and the summet’s work
now to be described was but one step towards opening up this
new and valuable region. The survey was in charge of Mr.
Francis Bolger, an Ontario Land Surveyor of Penetanguisheen.

A study of such maps as existed showed that the easiest
route to our township was by way of a chain of lakes and

6 Rod and Gun in Canada

rivers, northward from Georgian Bay. It was therefore
decided to go by boat to Killarney, and from there westward
along the northshore, to the mouth of White Fish River, which
we would ascend, and after portaging through a chain of lakes,
to reach the Virmillion River, which would take us to our
destination. This river was known to have its rise in a lake
which we found to lie mostly within the limits of our township,
and which we called Virmillion Lake.

Accordingly, on the morning of July 8, the writer took an
early train to Loronto, where he was joined by his old friend
and college mate, Robert Laird, who was to be an assistant on
the survey. We had also for part of the journey the company
of our former teachers, Professors Galbraith and Baker, of
Toronto University.

The trip northward to Killarney contained nothing of
unusual interest. It lay by way of Allendale, Collingwood,
Meaford, Owen Sound and Wiarton.

We left Toronto at 7 a.m., reached Allendale at i.30 p.m.,
and Collingwood at five, where we took passage on the steamer
Pacific, arriving at Killarney at 9.30 on the following morning.
Short stops of an hour or so at Meaford and Owen Sound gave
some of the passengers a chance to go ashore and prepare for
the night sail up through Georgian Bay, which, on account of
its great extent, is often as rough as the open sea. But we had
fine weather, and very much enjoved the evening on the bay.
How delightful it is to watch the daylight as it fades away, and
the moon steal quietly up from the water. The surroundings
on this occasion seemed to invite sentiment, and I very well
remember how much it was enjoyed by us, who were soon to
leave the comforts and luxuries of civilization for rough life in
the woods.

In the early morning, before we had yet reached the shore,
we were surprised at the presence of so many seagulls, and, in
fact, had been wakened by their noise. They seemed to fill the
air, and were floating on the water everywhere. As we neared
the village of Killarney we found the air to be loaded with a
heavy, sickening stench, which increased as we neared the
shore. It came from the islands, where the offal of fish was
piled as food for the water birds.

At the time of my visit to Killarney it was then a village
of only twenty to thirty houses, and the inhabitants were
mostly Indian half-breds. It was, however, quite an important
fishing station, as it shipped out daily not less than seven tons
of fish to the principal cities of Ontario, and some across to the
United States. Mr. J. C. Noble was the principal business man
and trader of the place. Ile owned and operated a packing
house, where the fishermen would come to sell their fish. A
common daily catch, I was told, was about a thousand fish, and
as these were sold for about eight and a half cents apiece, the
fisherman would receive eighty-five dollars for his load. To
make the catch would require the use of a large net and the
service of three or four Indians for several days. In connection
with the packing house, there was a barrel factory in operation,
employing eight men. The fish taken were principally maski-
longe, pickerel, white fish and trout. At the time the village
boasted of two hotels and a post office which was built of logs.
We expected to be detained at Killarney for several days
in collecting an outfit and employing Indian choppers. We
therefore secured accommodations at one of the hotels—the
Algoma House—which we were very glad to leave a few day,
later for the better accommodation of our camp.

The principal Indian villages in the vicinity were across
the channel on Manitoulin Island, and it was there we went to

employ our Indians. Nine were hired at the village of Wek-
wimikoug, and while Mr. Bolger was off on this errand, Laird
and I were busy in getting blankets and provisions ready for
a start. On the morning of July 12th the Indians arrived—
nine good, able-bocied men, who were experienced woodmen
and expert in canoes. Their leader was one Wauba-gaesic—a
well-built, clever-looking fellow who could speak English fairly
well; two or three others could also speak some English, and
all of them knew a few of the common words, so it was not
long before we could understand each other fairly well.

With the assistance of Wauba-gaesic, I at once set to work
learning the Ojibway language, and I soon mastered enough to
be easily understood. There is much regularity in the lan-
guage, and when systematically studied is very interesting.

Three staunch birch bark canoes were purchased at Killar-
ney. These were eighteen feet long and capable of carrying
two thousand pounds each.

It was very important to take the least possible amount of
goods with us, that wonld last us for the journey, for much
portaging would be necessary, and every unnecessary pound
of baggage was just so much hindrance to our progress. Per-
sonal baggage was put in dunnage bags, which are heavy can-
vas sacks, painted or oiled to make them waterproof. The
openings in the end or side may be fastened tight with strap
and lock, and other straps may serve as handles. Dunnage
bags are easily carried ; in camp they serve well as pillows, and
they will always hold a little more. Blankets were carried in
oil cloth bags to keep them dry. The outfit contained also two
transits, a surveyor’s compass, several pocket compasses, bar-
ometer, thermometer, chronometer, field glasses, chains, steel
tapes, etc., all as required to complete the township survey
according to the Government specifications.

At noon, then, on July 12th, all things being ready, we
started westward in our three birch bark canoes, having alto-
gether 5,000 pounds of baggage and thirteen men.

We retained our course till five o’clock, when a head wind
began to blow, and our heavily loaded canoes were in danger of
taking too much water. It was thought to go ashore till morn-
ing, or till weather would permit usto continue. All next
day the waves continued running high, and though we made a
start in the afternoon, we were obliged to go ashore again and
wait for smoother water. Towards evening we saw two sail
boats passing and hailed them, thinking to get passage over to
McGregor’s Island, at the mouth of White Fish River. As they
came into shore we bargained with them to take us all aboard,
canoes and all, and carry us over the rough water. All the
afternoon we sailed along the north shore, passing the mouth
of Manitowaning Bay on Manitoulin Island, and a little later,
the La Cloche mountains on the mainland. It was 10 o’clock
when we took passage on the fishing boat, and we had only a
cold lunch for dinner. So when six o’clock came, rather than
take the whole party ashore for supper, we sent two men off in
a canoe, with meal and flour, with instructions to make a pot
of teaand bring back some cakes and stew to us on board.
Our sails were lowered till they should return. On getting
back to us with a kettle full of dumplings they found a hungry
lot of men. We had taken very little food since morning, and
were ready for a hearty supper. But some of the Indians par-
took too freely, and were obliged to lie on deck the remainder
of the evening. The rest of us enjoyed a moonlight sail along
the shore, and arrived at MeGregor’s Island at nine o'clock.
This Mr. MeGregor had the distinction of having forty children
most of whom were sons, and still living with him, They lived

Rod and Gun in Canada 7)

in log houses, and there had been no effort made to improve
the surroundings. A feeling of loneliness comes over one as he
approaches an Indian dwelling. Frequently the house is
almost hidden by weeds and bushes. On one oceasion |
remember an old log house standing ina hundred yards from
the shore, and almost hidden by a rank growth of sun-flowers.
Curiosity prompted me to investigate it, and on going to the
door I found the lonely place inhabited by a solitary Indian
and his daughter. The old man lay on his death-bed, dying
apparently from old age. Around the bare log walls were hung
afew, but very few, implements—gun, hatchet, paddles, fish-
ing lines, and a few pieces of dried meat, while in the centre of
the floor was a pile of stones where they used to make a fire.
It was indeed a scene of desolation. We gave them all we
could, and left them to their fate. After the old man had gone,
the daughter intended going to live with some of her people in
the Indian village.

There is much poetry written about the noble redman, but
their real condition as seen by the writer on this and several
other oceasions, both in their wild and semi-civilized state, is
very deplorable. And yet there are many interesting features
in their existence. I thought them morose and taciturn. But
when I became acquainted with them, and came to live with
them day by day, this all wore off, and they often appeared
quite happy. The eleven Indians employed by us had a tent
by themselves, and when the day’s work was done, they
would lie down in camp, singing their Indian songs. The airs
are often very catchy, and easily remembered. The Ojibway
language is a very rhythmical one, with soft guttural tones
rather than harsh ones. Many of the natives talk rapidly and
a sentence might easily sound like one long word. They
are yery expert, too, at gestures. A stranger can soon get their
meaning, their gestures are so expressive. They are very
expert boatmen, having a world wide reputation. It will be
remembered when a few years ago the British Government
required the services of expert boatmen to accompany Lord
Wolseley on his voyage to the Nile, during the war in Egypt,
these were selected from the Ojibway Indians. In the woods,
too, they are smarter than white men, and are willing to work
for the same or smaller wages. So we found them altogether
very satisfactory.

These semi-civilized ones had of course adopted the regular
white man’s dress, excepting when they would supplement it
with a feather, or some highly colored sash or fringe. Taken
altogether they have about the same proportion of good and
bad in their natures as do their white brothers, and, occasionally,
as will be seen later, some of them exhibited noble and manly
traits of character.

At McGregor Island we employed two more men, one an
Indian and the other a Frenchman, Samuel Bean, to act as
cook. Our party contained three surveyors, the French cook,
and eleven Indians, or fifteenmen in all. As there was a party
going over to Little Current, on Manitoulin Island, we took
this last opportunity of sending out some home letters. These
were written on our transit cases, as no such luxury as a table
was available.

On the morning of July 15th we were all astir at daybreak,
and by 5 o’clock had started our canoes up the White Fish
River. The first morning we encountered no less than six
portages, the last of which required three hours to pass. At
the outset this was discouraging, but the afternoon we had a
clear course and nothing to delay our progress excepting the
advent of a brown bear. He was first seen by Wauba-gaesic,

feeding on blueberries upon shore among the bushes. Though
1 had only a large revolver with me, I landed with the Indian
and gave chase. It was in the berry season when bears haye
plenty of food, so bruin lost no time in hiding himself in the
woods. We followed him along a beaten track for an hour or
more, at times haying to travel on our hands and knees along
his path through the underbush. But Mr. Bear took no
chances on a fight, and, as he had evidently escaped, we
returned to our canoes.

We paddled on up the White Fish River till 7 o’clock, and
then camped for the night. This was our usual fourteen-hour
day. When camp was pitched and supper over we were ready
for a rest. There were no sleepless ones after such vigorous
exercise in the open air. Whoever is troubled with insomnia
will find a quick and certain cure in such employment as this.
It was raining hard and the ground and trees were very wet, so
there was little chance of cutting boughs with which to make a
bed. Camping places were generally chosen where spruce or
tamarack trees were found. When several layers of these are
spread and covered with a rubber cloth or blanket the bed so
formed is very comfortable. Perhaps it was the absence of
these branches that helped to give us an early start on the
following morning, for we were off again at five o’clock in our
canoes. It rained all day, and we paddled on against the stream
with heayy loads. Two short portages were passed, and we
camped again at 7 o’clock. And though the work was hard
each day brought new pleasures and experiences. Ducks were
often found, and we seldom lost a chance of having some in the
pot for supper. They had not been hunted, and were easily
shot. Instead of flying away they would flap along on the
water with their wings till they were under shelter. Or if they
left the water they would light again a little further on.

While travelling we were seldom stopped by rain, for the
canoes were easily covered with tarpaulins. The unpleasant
part of continued rain was that the tents and clothing when
once wet could not well be dried. The blankets, though not
exposed directly to the weather, would absorb the moisture,
and after several days of continued rain, it was difficult to find
anything that was dry.

At three o’clock on the afternoon of July 17th, after passing
a half-mile portage, over fairly level ground, and going across a
little lake, we reached the Indian village, where lived the chief
of the Ojibways.

He was an old man, and in appearance like the rest. His
dress consisted of a red flannel shirt, with blue trousers that
were ornamented with colored beads and grass. They were
tied below the knees with a colored scarf. On his head he
wore a broad felt hat and on his feet 2 pair of moccasins.

The village was situated on the summit of a hill, two hun-
dred feet above the water. The Jesuit missionaries had been
there, for conspicuously on the hill was a white cross made of
hewn timber and standing sixteen feet above the ground.

The Indians lived mostly in skin-covered wigwams, though
a few had log houses built for them by the Government. The
chief himself had a good log house, but he would not live in it,
for he preferred the wigwam of his fathers.

TO BE CONTINUED.

An association was formed at Nelson, B.C., on March 4th,
of leading business and professional men with the object of
advertising the attractions of the district as a field for sportsmen
and fishermen. It will be known as the Kootenay Tourist
Association.

8 Rod and Gun

KENNEL DEPARTMENT

Conducted by D. Taylor

MONTREAL COLLIE CLUB SHOW.

On Saturday afternoon, Sth March, the Victoria Rifles
Armory Hall was the habitat for the time being of a large num-
ber of collies, brought together under the auspices of the Mont-
real Collie Club to decide which were to be singled out for favor.
Competiticn was confined to members of the club and was
open to puppies of the age of three months and upwards.
The members themselves took a great deal of interest in the
show and the amount of hustling they did previonsly in the
way of securing entries, selling admission tickets, etc., was
responsible for the success of the show, which, we are pleased
to nvte, proved satisfactory from the view point of quality and
numbers as well as financially. The dogs were not benched,
being simply ‘‘ nailed to the floor,’ as a lady visitor expressed
it, and in the evening, when sightseers were pretty numerous,
this was somewhat of a drawback, and certainly the exhibits
were not seen to the best advantage. There was also an ever
present danger of the visitor getting tangled up in a dog chain
with a snzppish collie at one end of it, but withal there was a
well-pleased string of visitors, among them being a fair
sprinkling of ladies.

The judging was done by Dr. Wesley Mills, who seemed to
give very general satisfaction, the percentage of disgruntled
ones being perceptibly small. It is as easy as rolling off a log
for some people to show up the faults in a dog, especially if the

dog belongs to someone else, but it is another and more diffi-
cult matter to collocate all tae good features and place the
proper value on each so as to make a harmonious whole. This
is where the art or science of judging comes in, and it is only
one in a hundred who is equal to the task of diverting his
mind from his pet proclivity fora good head or well carried
ears, to be able to appreciate all that goes to make up a really
good animal, And this is the reason why some of our specialty
judges are such failures—they have their mind set upon one
particular feature of a dog’s appearance and quite ignore quali-
ties which are equally important or go blind to faults which
are obvious to the veriest tyro in dog knowledge. We will not
say that Dr. Mills is the ideal judge we are all looking for, but
this much can be said in perfect justice : that he is always con-
scientious, with an eve for one end of the chain only (a quality
not always wbservable in the show ring), and if he does not
always follow his type strictly it is more from lack of subjects
than from lack of knowledge.

Mr. R. C. Binning acted as Superintendent, and he, in
conjunction with Mr. A. F. Gault, president; Mr. J. R. Lewis,
secretary, and the committee composed of Messrs. Wm. Me-
Glashan, H. Mackenzie, D. Coull, Chas, Wilson, A. B. Stalker,
Wm. MeRae and James Ainslie, are to be congratulated on the
way in which the show was condneted. The ring was kept
well supplied, and there was therefore no delay in the judging.

The classes for young puppies, both sexes, were very well
filled, but it is hardly safe to
merits, and the awarding of the ribbons was more or

venture an opinion upon their
less a
matter of guesswork.

The classes for dogs under nine and twelve months brought
out a remarkably good specimen in Wallace, belonging to Mr.

in Canada

MeGlashan, who deservedly scored, and was also placed reserve
in winners class. He is a very fine pup all over, well marked,
good head, correctly carried ears, fair size for his age, with
good body and coat. We should say there is a future before
him. Braehead Beaver, Laddie and Strathcona Chief were
also possessed of many fine qualities.

In the bitches, same ages, the best shown was undoubtedly
T. S. MeGee’s St. Louis Violet. She is a handsome light-
colored sable, with a very fine head and splendid ear carriage,
a racy-looking dog of good size for her age. She had a very
taking appearance and will no doubt improve. If any fault
were to be noticed, she stood a little wide in front. She won
in all her classes, and eventually carried off the ribbon for the
best collie in the show, which, judging from the applause when
the award was made, proved a popular win. Cairngorm Belle
(R. C. Binning), came a pretty close second. She is a beauti-
fully formed bitch, although rather undersized, with a nice
head and a very sweet expression. In the open class she had
to go back a place for Strathardle Queen (A. B. Stalker). Brae-
heal Dollie (a. F. Gault), and Lass o’ Gowrie (A. B. Stalker)
were also worthy of special mention in these classes.

In novice dogs, Mr. McRae’s Minto took first place. He
is a well built dog with correct ear carriage and a fairly
good head. Regarding second and third places, there was
room for a difference of opinion. We can scarcely understand
why Joe Perfection and Prince Rightaway were not given a
better place than ‘‘ highly commended.’’ The former is getting
on in years and a little thick in the head, but is a true collie
all over, with a magnificent coat, which would have been all
the better for a little more grooming, and great bone. He
did not show well in the ring, and owing to the absence of face
markings, lacks somewhat in expression ; but taken all round,
he is a representative collie. Prince Rightaway is a big up-
standing dog, and well marked, rather short in the head for
his size and a trifle leggy, otherwise he is a remarkably good
dog and rather stylish in appearance.

The class for open dogs brought out Braehead Royal Scot,
a dog which, since his arrival in this country, has been the
subject of a good deal of criticism, adverse and otherwise.
There is no doubt Royal Scot is full of the best collie quality
and strongly built, with a good head and excellent ear carriage,
finely marked, good expression and fine dark eyes properly set
in the head. Yet, notwithstanding all these qualities, at first
sight he does not make that favorable impression which the
possession of such collie characteristics should demand. In the
first place, he is not a good shower in the ring, and being short
in the back, he has a ‘‘crulged’’ look that detracts very much
from his general appearance. Out in the open, on the go, we
have no doubt he would appear quite differently ; in fact, he
should make a splendid hill dog, which, after all, is the true
purpose ofa collie. However, he was easily and worthily first,
and it was only when St. Louis Violet and he came together to
be judged for the best collie in the show that his general appear-
ance, compared with that of the bitch, went against him.
Minto was second in the class.

In the open bitch class Mr. A. P. Stalker’s Strathardle
Queen got in front of Cairngorm Belle, beating her in size and
condition.

Three litters were shown, the best of which was judged to
be from Queen Bess; Jas, Ainslie, owner.

An old English sheep dog, or ‘‘ Bobtail,’’ was on exhibi-
tion and proved quite an attraction. These dogs are compara-
tively rare in this country, bunt are fast coming into popularity

Rod

in the States, as was shown by the large entry at the last New
York show. When well broken, the ‘ bobtail’’ is an exceed-
ingly useful animal among sheep or cattle, and for sticking
to his master and fidelity to what is entrusted to his care,
there is hardly another dog his equal. The present one came
from Beaconsfield, and is, we understand, thoroughly broken
and an excellent worker.

We trust the Club will see its way to give another show at
a future time, and would suggest, in the event of their doing
so, that they should provide at least one unconfined class.
We regret that space will not permit us giving the prize list in
detail.

*

Mr. G. H. Webber, who is well known as a successful
breeder of cockers in connection with the Longueuil Cocker
Kennels, has migrated to Stanhope, Que., where he has rented
asmall farm of about eighty-five acres. There are two con-
venient barns on the farm, one of which he is converting into
a hennery and rabbitry and the other into a kennel. Mr.
Webber has lately fallen a victim tothe Belgian hare craze
and has imported fifteen does and bucks to start on. His
specialty in fowls is White and Buff Rocks, and he calculates
to set between four and five hundred eggs the next month.
Although Mr. Webber’s time will be pretty much taken up
with these two branches of his business, he is not going back
on his old love. At present he has a strong kennel of eight
bitches and two stud dogs from the very best strains, from
which he hopes to add to the reputation he has already gained
in the show ring.

It is gratifying to be able to report that the Show Com-
mittee is receiving much encouragement from outside sources
in the way of specials for the coming exhibition at the Arena
in May. Nearly all the American specialty clubs are putting
up their medals or cups, and in this respect almost every breed
will be amply provided for. The Collie Club in particular
haye donated everything they haye in sight, amongst them
being two orthree valuable cups and trophies. The Vancroft
Kennels send a beautiful shield. The local patrons are also re-
sponding very generously to the appeal of the Committee. Mr.
Jos. A. Laurin has given a handsome trophy, to be known as the
“Colne,’’? for competition between packs of foxhounds, a
feature introduced at the last New York show for the first time,
and which proved yery attractive. The conditions are five
couples, to be shown under master, or master and whip, in full
hunt uniform, and the competition will take place on Saturday
afternoon, the third day of the show. Points will count as
follows: Levelness, 25 per cent. ; appointments, 25 ; color, 20;
type, 20; control, 10. The popular breeds will be judged at
advertised hours, so that those interested may be able to time
their visit accordingly, and itis also probable that a parade of
all the prize-winning dogs will be held ata stated hour. Mr.
James Mortimer, of Hempstead, L. I., will judge the majority
of the classes but it is expected that a lady will undertake the
toy dog section.

The annual meeting of the Canadian Collie Club was held
in the Natural History Rooms on March 11th. Mr. A. E.
Coleman, president, wasinthe chair. The secretary-treasurer,
Mr. J. A. Brosseau, read his annual report, which was a very
fayorable one, showing that the club had a bank account of
over $125 to its credit. The chairman congratulated the mem-
bers on their position and also on the fact that, included in
the membership were some of the most prominent collie

and Gun

in Canada 9

fanciers in Canada—men who always take a front place in
competition against the best on the other side of the line. He
was also proud to say that one of their members, Mr. Robert
McEwen, of Byron, Ont., had frequently been called upon to
judge at the most important shows in the States, as well as in
the Dominion. The matter of providing medals for competition
at the forthcoming show of the Canine Association was fayor-
ably entertained and the matter was left in the hands ofa
small committee. The meeting then proceeded to the election
of officers for the current year, with the following result:
Patron, Lord Strathcona ; Hon. President, R. B. Angus, Esq. ;
President, Joseph Reid; Vice-President, A. E. Coleman ; See.-
Treasurer, J. A. Brosseau (re-elected) ; Committee, Messrs. C.
B. MeAllister, Peterborough, Ont. ; Robert MeEwen, Byron,
Ont.; W. O. Roy, John Lee, John Cummings, Alex. Smith and
R. 8S. Kellie.

A largely attended meeting of the Canine Association was
held in the Natural History Hall, Saturday evening, 22nd
March. The meeting was called on the requisition of six mem-
bers to consider the action of the committee in holding the
show under A.K.C. rules. The case of the protestants was fully
and ably put by Dr. Wesley Mills, and explanations were given
by the president and others of the committee, who disclaimed
any idea of absorption of the C.K.C. by the A.K.C. The
present venture was in the nature of an experiment and in the
hope that a better show and higher quality of dogs would be
the result. A sort of non-confidence motion was proposed but
afterwards withdrawn, and at the close of the meeting the best
of good feeling prevailed, nothing but congratulatory speeches
being in order.

The Victoria (B.C.) Kennel Club can boast of a member-
ship of about two hundred, and a great deal of enthusiasm is
manifested over its first show, which will be held April 3rd to
5th. The Victorian committee are to be congratulated on their
energy in securing such a large membership, and we hope their
first venture will prove a success, financially as well as from an

exhibition point of view.
*

To Correspondents.

H. B. Hungerford, Minneapolis.—Many thanks for the
information received.

Jennie D , Toronto.—We agree with the authority you
quote. No dog can be said to possess reason in the sense we
understand the term. They have certainly asharpness of intel-
ligence which breaks out by fits and starts, but are not capable
of exhibiting this sharpness of intelligence in a sustained man-
ner. Besides this well-developed intelligence, the dog is usually
endowed with an excellent memory, as is evidenced by tl:e fact
of his frequently finding his way home oyer a road which he
had only travelled once, and that after a considerable lapse of
time. Through his retentive memory he is thus capable of
conjuring up mental pictures of objects he has seen before,
as well as of perceiving associations of ideas. A professional
dog trainer, for instance, does not rely in training his dogs
for trick performances on the stage, upon the intelligence of
the animal, which is too erratic to be trustworthy, but rather
on the constant repetition of certain exercises which become
automatic by constant practice. This, with the fear of punish-
ment ever present before his eyes in case of failure, or a kind
word or encouraging pat on the head in the event of success, is
the cause of his going through exercises which so astonish and
delight an audience.

|e)

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Communications on all topics pertaining to fishing, shooting, canoeing,
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Rop AND GUN IN CANADA does not assume any responsibility for, or
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ROD AND GUN PUBLISHING CO., 603 Craig Street, MONTREAL.

When the May issue of Rop anp Gun shall appear it will
haye completed the first three years of its existence, and as its
growth has been very gratifying and its success is now assured,
it has been resolved to give ita new make-up, which, though an
additional expense to ourselves, will, we are sure, meet with
the favor of our readers.

Any angler who has fished in Canada knows that it is a
paradise for the lover of the rod—and leafy June is the best
month inthe year. Therefore, we have decided to make the
June issue a fishing number, and we hope that those kind cor-
respondents who have sent us so many delightful stories of
their experiences in the Canadian bush, will make a special
effort to sent us in some good material for our June number.
We should like to have the last of it in hand by May 10th.

*

A new service explosive is to replace cordite. The new
powder, which is known as ‘‘Cordite M.D.,’’ or modified
cordite, contains less, and not more nitro-glycerine than does
cordite. ‘‘Cordite M.D.”’ has a nitro-cellulose base, while
cordite has a nitru-glycerine base, The percentage of nitro-
glycerine in cordite was 58 per cent. ; in ‘‘ Cordite M.D.” it is
believed to be not more than 30 per cent. It may be noted that
pure nitro-cellulose powders are gradually replacing the older
nitro-glycerine powders for nayal and military purposes. As
the propelling agent in rifles nitro-glycerine powders are em-
ployed only by Great Britain, which uses cordite, Italy, which
uses solenite and ballistite, and Norway, which also uses
ballistite. All the other Powers, with the exception of Greece
and Portugal, which adhere to the old black powder, use nitro-
cellulose powders. With regard to guns, Germany, France,
Russia and the United States use on the whole pure nitro-
cellulose powders for their modern artillery, both in the army
and in the navy. Great Britain, Italy and Austria still hold to
a nitro-glycerine powder. The Explosives Committee is still
sitting, and it is possible that after more experiments have been
made it will be found that a pure nitro-cellulose powder
possesses greater advantages than ‘* Cordite M.D.”

+

Our frontispiece shows the royal party at Poplar Point,
Manitoba. Some of our readers may be of the impression that
royal sport is only to be had by royal personages; in other

Rod and Gun

in Canada

words, that the cream of the thing may be tasted but by those
of exalted rank or of great wealth. But this is far from being
the case. Any sportsman who cares to take a run out to Man-
itoba, and who can shoot straight, can have just as good sport
as that enjoyed by the heir apparent to the British crown.

Each fall, when the north wind has acquired an added
keenness, owing to the formation of the young ice in the Arctic
regions, vast flocks of wildfowl, from the swan to the little
green-winged teal, reach the great province of Manitobaand its
sister territories to the westward, remaining there until the
waters are sealed by frost. There are thovsands of sloughs,
lakes and deadwaters, where it is no trick at all to shoot off all
the cartridges you could carry to the ground, and yet find that
you have made no impression whatever upon the ranks of the
fowl.

*

On March 13th the Legislative Assembly of the Province of
Ontario passed several enactments, which are substituted for
certain subsections of section + of The Ontario Game Protection
Act. The most important alteration is this:

‘* No moose, reindeer or caribou shall be hunted, taken or
“* killed in that part of Ontario lying to the south of the main
“line of the Canadian Pacific Railway from the town of
“* Mattawa to the town of Port Arthur except from the first day
‘‘of November to the fifteenth day of November, both days
“inclusive in each year. Throughout all that part of the
“* Province of Ontario lying north and west of the main line of
“the Canadian Pacific Railway from Mattawa to Port Arthur
“the open season for moose and reindeer or caribou shall be
“from October 16th to November 15th, both days inclusive.”

As all experienced men know, and as Rop anp Gun has
always maintained, there are more moose north of the Canadian
Pacific line between Mattawa and Port Arthurthan there are on
any ground further south or east. This statement is indisputable.
Hence it was extremely unwise to prevent the legal shooting of
moose where they are the most abundant, and where the toll
taken by the rifle could do no damage.

Last season the back settlers of the Province of Ontario, as
as well as the outfitters and dealers in sportsmen’s goods, must
have lost a large sum of money owing to the close season which
was enforced. And we are glad that this mistake is not to be
repeated. If it be made known, far and wide, that the great
Province of Ontario has thrown open her unrivalled moose pre-
serves to all fair sportsmen, large numbers of them are sure to
avail themselves of this opportunity.

Yet, we are of the opinion that the powers that be would
have been even better advised had they opened the season on
Oct. Ist and closed it on Noy. Ist. The bulls are all on the rut
before October 1st, and, as the Indians say, they are then
“travelling.’’ This is the best time for sport, and as the
weather is cool enough by that time to save the meat, which is
as yet fit for food, there would seem to be no good reason for
preventing the sportsman from shooting on the first day of the
month. Later on the bulls have been with the cows too long,
and their flesh has become so rank that even the Indians do not
care for it, and many sportsmen content themselves with merely
taking the head and hide of their trophy. Also, after the
beginning of November much of that northern country is unsafe
to travel in. All journeys are made in birch bark canoes, and
between the Ist and 15th of November the smaller lakes and
deadwaters are generally frozen over, and the ice, although
sufficiently thick to cut through a canoe will not carry a man.
A party frozen in on a remote lake would have to wait forsome

Rod and Gun

weeks before it would be safe to come out on the ice, and during
that time they might endure great hardships. The astute
Indian does as little travelling as possible after the first week in
November until such time as the ice shall be strong enough to
carry himself and his loaded toboggan, and in such matters it
is always wise to do as the Indian does.

Of course, the Legislature of Ontario had a reason for choos-
ing the dates they have. They wished to give the moose hunt-
ers thirty days open season, and to make the legal time for
killing moose and deer coincide, and as the deer season is from
November Ist to Noyember 15th, the only way of reconciling
these two requirements was to fix the open season for moose as
they have done; but while we congratulate the lawgivers of
Ontario upon their wisdom in doing away with a close season,
which debarred sportsmen from hunting for two consecutive
years, we are of the opinion that the open season for moose
north and West of the main C.P.R. track should begin on October
1st and close on November Ist.

*

The season for quail in Ontario has been changed. It is
now illegal to shoot them after the first day of December or
before the first day of November. The law previously was more
generous, quail being legal game between October 15th and

December 15th.
*

The following has been substituted for subsection 6 of sec-
tion 4 of The Ontario Game Protection Act: Notwithstanding
anything in this Act, the woodhare or cottontail rabbit may be
taken or killed in any manner by the owner, occupant or lessee
of any land upon which it can be proved to cause actual damage
to trees and shrubs, or by any member of the family of such
owner, occupant or lessee, or by any person holding a written
license or permit to shoot from such owner, occupant or lessee.

REVELSTOKE, BRITISH COLUMBIA, RIFLE
ASSOCIATION.

On Wednesday, March 5th, there was a largely attended
meeting held in the City Hail, for the purpose of completing
work of organization, election of officers and general business.
Mr. D. O. Lewis in the chair. The chairman announced amidst
much applause that the necessary number of signatures, forty,
had been duly secured to service roll, and members sworn in
before a Justice of the Peace.

The objects of the association haying been discussed, the
meeting proceeded to appoint officers, and the following were
duly elected :

Hon. President, T. Kilpatrick.

President, H. A. Brown.

Vice-President, Dr. Carruthers.

Captain, D. O. Lewis.

Ist Lieutenant, B. Lawson.

2nd Lieutenant and Secretary, W. Foster.
Treasurer, A. E. Phipps.

Committee, H. N. Coursier, W. M. Lawrence.

*
HUNTING BEAR ON THE CANADIAN BORDER.

By the Gabrie! Brothers

After the beef round-up in the North-West Territory, we
headed for our home ranch on Belly River. After turning our
horses loose on the home range we got out our pack horses and
camping outfit, and hit the trail forthe head of the Milk
River, where we thought we could find a bear. There were
three of us in the party.

Our first night camp was in the bad lands of the Cypress
Hills. At daybreak the next morning we hit the trail, and

in Canada Te

after meandering some five miles up a dry creek we came upon
a yearling steer that had just been killed. After trailing, I
should judge two miles, we got sight of the gentleman, a big,
fine silver tip. He reared up on his haunches and with a
growl challenged us. We were hunting trouble, and in rapid
succession started to pump our 45-125 Winchesters into him.
Our shooting wasn’t accurate, and as we hit, the dust would
fly out of his coat. It reminded one of beating an old blanket.
The game, however, soon became a little too hot, and with a
growl he started for us, and we sanded down the trail. We
all made the nearest pines, and it was amusing the way we
went up those trees. The old fellow by this time was getting
mighty sick, and as he came towards us he reared up, with a
look as much as to say, ‘‘Let’s quit.’ A well aimed shot
pierced his heart, but it took us some moments to get up
enough courage to meet Bruno face to face, and then he had
passed in his checks.

Now came the work. Our nearest railroad point was 124
miles off, at the town of Medicine Hat, on the Canadian
Pacific. We went back to camp, got our outfit together, and
it took us all one day to cut him up and get him on cur pack

Duck SHootrnc, CAMPBELL’s MEADows, B.C.

Campbell's Meadows are very favored resorts for Kamloops
sportsmen. A great many birds are shot annually, and there is
very little, if any, hardship connected with the sport.

horses. After getting under way it took us four days to make
our destination. The hide weighed in the green 175 pounds,
and is to-day in the Smithsonian Institute in Washington as a
relic of the bad lands of the North-West Territory, showing
how much lead an old bear could carry.

CONTENTS

PAGE
Frontispiece—The Royal Party at Poplar Point, Manitoba.
In the Wilds of Northern Canada...............-.-...- 1-2
Some British Columbian Fields of Sport ...........-... 2-3
he Wayxiakwtheisher cms soe ieee eee a eee 34
North American Fish and Game Protective Association... 4-5
AY SUMMECGHDHAI POMS er a. cts sells psc sie Sein ones eee 5-7
KenneltDepartimentio..«-...c-cccc sere c cesta niex aoe ee 8-9
PGI GOTIRIS js Noteratctse ales te acter a ie see eee eerie 10-11
Revelstoke, British Columbia, Rifle Association ........ 11
Hunting Bears on the Canadian Border ................ 11
Amateur ENOLOSTapD Yer. -/:-\-fniesitee ena sci ses See 12-14

INDRA coode orsacore scar on gaa sadS. daa 5s GAGES ea ES oe

12 Rod and Gun

AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHY

Conducted by Hubert McBean Johnstone

SUNSET PICTURES AS CLOUD EFFECTS.

Perhaps in landscape and seascape photography,—parti-
cularly the latter,—there is no more important part of the
picture to be considered that the sky half. Clouds in a photo-
gram at once stamp it as the production not only of a skilled
technical worker but as the work of a photographer who is
able to fully appreciate the comparative ugliness of a bare sky.
It is difficult for one who has never compared two prints of the
same subject, the one with and the other without clouds, to
fully realize just the exact drawback that a bare heaven is to a
picture. It is truly astonishing how a most uninteresting
bit of composition will be transformed into a brisk, cheery
picture when there is, so to speak, an essence of ‘‘ really truly
sky”’ infused into it, and when it is no longer topped by a stretch
of blank white paper. Far more important than the uninitiat-
ed could be brought to believe, is the sky in a photogram.

In securing clouds in a picture, while it is quite possible to
print them in from another negative, it is by far the better
plan to get them in the original. When faked in, there is
always apt to be a dissimilarity of lighting between the upper
and lower half of the print, an incongruity which is only too
apparent. The actual process of printing-in has so often been
described, as to make a description of it almost superfluous,
Over printing is a very common fault, as is also the apparent
lack of care shown in welding the sky to the subject. This
lack of joining is as a rule, painfully obvious. Instead of
adding distance to the view, the clouds frequently appear to
project in front of the trees and overlap the horizon! There
is a simple way to avoid this. Print the sky part first. It
gives a far more natural effect. In making a cloud negative,
make a trial print of your negative and then cut away the
upper part roughly at the sky line and, after carefully adjusting
the print on the glass side of the cloud negative, with a fine
camel’s hair brush take some India ink and run along the
horizon on the glass. ought to be cut away, as
standing out against the sky they will print over the sky in
the after-process. A print of the desired clouds must then be
made, using the trial print as a mask and moving it up and

Trees, etc.,

down within about one inch of the painted line until the neces-
sary depth of print is secured.
along the horizon.

This makes a soft vignette

The cloud negative is now replaced by the
whieh print correctly the
vignetting and ought not only to leave no trace of the manipula-

subject negative will out over
tions, but the clouds will appear naturally at the back of the
picture. It must be borne in mind, however, that clouds are
subject to the same rules of perspective as terrestrial objects
and that it should never be attempted to photograph a cloud
at the horizon and then introduce it in a picture at the zenith.
Judgment must be used in placing them at the proper distance
above the sky line. Also, always try to take them with the
same sort of lens that is used for the landscape and endeavor
to have the strength, quality of lighting and direction the same
in both.

While it is possible that one has greater latitude of com-
position in a composite picture, the best results as far as natu-

ralness is concerned, are the result of one exposure. The

in Canada

average amateur seems hardly to be able to discriminate and is
unable to select the skies that best fit his landscapes ; therefore
it is best that he find a number of good standpoints and then
await asuitable day. One of the prettiest effects to be had is
the result of placing the camera facing directly against the sun
when the sky is half covered with heavy clouds. Besides these
photograms where the sun is shown, it is possible to make
others almost equally good with the source of illumination just
outside the boundary of the plate. Care must be taken, however,
in such cases to make sure that there is not any halation appa-
rent. To make sure of this important point, set the instrument
in position and loosen the tripod screw so that the lens may be
swung round to some other view where the sun will be on one
side. Then keeping a careful watch on the ground glass,
bring the camera back to its original position, and if no change
is apparent while swinging it round it is reasonably safe to go
ahead and make an exposure. An orthochromatic color screen
is nota necessity, but if the operator possess one, it may be
used to advantage. It isa little inclined to make the picture
too harsh to suit me, but that is a matter of taste perhaps. Cer-
tain it is that when it is used in connection with an iso plate, it
destroys the truth of the color values. Perhaps the very best
results are to be had on a backed iso plate without a sereen.
Then, when the sun is only half sheltered by the light fleecy
edge of the heavier masses, just so that one may look at it for
a second or two with the naked eye, there is a very fair oppor-
tunity for you to secure a good result. You will have to bear
in mind in making your exposure that when a plate is backed
for non-halation, it is necessary to give it one-fourth more
exposure than otherwise. This is to compensate for the extra
light absorbed by the backing.

Difficulty will be found in the choice of a day, not because
of inexperience, but because except in March and April, such
days as one needs are few and far between. What is needed is
asky of a fairly intense blue, such as is seen when the atmos-
phere is very clear, and a number of white, well-separated
clouds of a fair density. The question of foreground is again
a matter of individual taste. Personally I prefer a little pool
where just the faintest breath of air causes the quiet surface to
be broken into innumerable points of light that sparkle and
glitter like so many priceless jewels in the morning-gold. If
the photogram is being taken before sunset in evening, or any
time later than three or four o’clock in the afternoon, the
clouds will either be of the light, fleeey variety or black with
white tips. In either case they will photograph well. But in
picturing a sunset where a number of warm colors are inter-
mingled, more care is necessary. If the bars of light be yellow,
green or white, the picture will have more contrast than if
they were red or some other color that takes darker. These
tones may to a yery large extent be retained in the print if
the paper used be a rich sepia or a blue carbon, For some,
however, black and white is most suitable. When using the
negative to make a fake moonlight, blue carbon gives a strange,
weird charm that adds wonderfully to the beauty of the
composition,

In developing, have the developer rich in pyro, metal, or
whatever agent is used, and weak in accelerator. Let the aim
be to bring out the high lights first and secure in them good
printing power by restrained,—not weak—developer, As a
rule, as soon as the high lights are what you desire, the rest of
the negative is just right, though it is true that to secure this
end it is sometimes necessary to use a large amount of
restrainer,

Rod and Gun

A developer which I saw somewhere once and which I
frequently use is as follows :—

Pyrocatechine.......... Hparseudon — lljohiiign byy ae
Sulphite sodacceaenc. - ee ricm seer 4pwt. dgr.
Ganbonate ‘Soddans. acces ce iee Spwt. 1 gr.
\Weidleaeceopppecotos Ree eta caste . Woz

This will not stain either plate or fingers, and even with a
prolonged exposure will not fog an underexposed plate, thus
making it possible to very often save such. It produces clear,
brilliant negatives, just such as one needs in this class of work.

It is true that while photography of clouds alone may not
be a very high form of art, it is nevertheless in connection
with straight landscape work a very important subject, and as
such is deserying of considerably more attention than is now
allowed to it. To any who are not familiar with this elass of
work, its careful study is earnestly recommended.

™
The Planes in Landscape Photography.

While I realize most thoroughly that, as Rudyard Kipling

says in his ‘f General Summary,”’

“The artless songs I sing
Do not deal with anything
New or never said before,”’

it seems to me that on this subject—the accurate rendering of
all the different planes that exist in an ordinary landscape—
there is much that might well bear repetition In the search
for pictorial effect in this class of work, everything from fore-
ground to background ought not to be of one degree of sharpness
and all equally bold and vigorous. The different distances are,
or ought to be, always more or less subdued and softened by the
haze which is ever present in the air, in order that proper
atmosphere may be had, for, as Mr. A. H. Wall puts it:
“ Atmosphere is the great harmonizing element of a picture : it
is the eye’s music giving order and proportion. It supplies the
prevailing tone, high or low, and with it the pervading
sentiment or feeling. A rich effect or a simple one may be
made to prevail by its judicious introduction, selection or
treatment. Without atmospheric peculiarities or characteristics
a landscape picture seems flat, monotonous and uninteresting.
The photographer who goes to the study of nature as an artist
or poet does, reverently, with trained perceptive organs, will
find the pleasure and delight of his work largely increased, even
if he does not realize what Shakespeare calls ‘the utmost
reachings of his soul.’’’ Of course if the aim be to secure
merely a photogram of general topographical excellence, such
as might be desired by a surveyor, the negative must possess
as much detail as possible all over, or, in fact, must not be
divided into planes at all.

Now it seems to me, after having put into practice almost
eyery known method, that, though by suppressing the detail,
distributing the focus to secure the effective masses of light
only, and trying various other schemes, good results may be
arrived at, nothing can be secured quite equal to the scene
photographed under natural conditions, provided they be
appropriate of course. And to catch this feeling, we are not to
go out in the middle of the day when thesun is high over head,
but rather in the early morning or late afternoon, then the long
wavering shadows creep across our path and the air is full of
vague sentiments and feelings. It is said that you can’t
photograph a feeling because it is something that appeals to
one’s senses and not to the eye. I contend that that is wrong.
You can,—if you know how. Perhaps after selecting the time

in Canada 13
of day, the most important item to be considered is the focus,
for here it is quite evident that there will be certain points that
have to be emphasized, while, again, others have to be sub-
ordinated. As a general thing these principal points will be
found in the foreground, and then they will have to be made
sharp. But just because you haye read somewhere else that
your principal object ought always to have razor-edged defini-
tions, don’t make the error of always bringing out the hair lines.
It is a mistake to say that the principal object should always be
sharp and clear. There are other methods that may be used to
give it prominence ; but supposing that your principal point of
interest lies well back toward the middle distance and you
focus for it regardless of everything else, you are going to have
in your resulting picture a state of affairs that is absolutely
false. Foreground and background will be out of focus and
middle distance will be sharp. Now, in order to make the
most of the depth of focus of your lens, you must adopt the
following rule that I have adyocated from time to time. First,
get into focus the most distant object that is desired to be sharp
without any diaphragm. Now put in the stop you haye decided
on using and note the one spot nearer than the first taken where
absolute sharpness ceases. Take the stop out and get a hair
line on this latter point: then reinsert the diaphragm and the
operation is finished. This will give you sufficient sharpness
on the object you desire and yet not falsify your values.

Let us suppose that the scene we are desirous of securing
on our dry plate consists of a strongly marked foreground, a
flat, impossible middle distance and a background filled with
hills, half hidden in a veil of faint, blue mist. The difficulty is
that our distance, having so little local coloring, is extremely
apt to be all washed in with the sky. It’s true we don’t want
it to be very strong, but it must show a little. It has been
suggested that in such an event the best method of procedure
is to make two negatives identically the same, exposing the one
for the foreground and the other for the distance. Theoretically
and practically this may be possible. But in nine cases out of
ten what will the resulting print look like. No matter how
excellent the combination, I haye never succeeded in getting a
result that did not look patchy and not so true as a print from
one single negative, so that after all the question is how to pro-
duce one negative with proper graduation between sky and
foreground. Now considering that the blue veil that causes al]
the trouble is due to the advent of a semi-transparent blue mist
in front of us that we have to remoye, it is possible to a very
large extent to remedy the difficulty by the use of an ortho-
chromatic plate and ray-screen. But there is a better plan yet.
Our object is to bring those hills up to within speaking distance
as it were. Now after you have your negative, make from it by
contact, a positive, and then from that in turn, another nega-
tive. This is an extremely simple process, and it is only
necessary that you make the exposure long enough to reduce
the contrast and at the same time to preserve the detail. You
may not make a success of it the first time, however, as it
requires, I find, a little practice. It is a trick easily picked up,
however.

Winter work is still more difficult. I have been trying a
number of experiments of late with orthochromatic plates, and
though hitherto I have more or less advocated their working in
this class of photography, I have recently come to the conclu-
sion that I do not like them but preferthe ordinary. I see that
Mr. Osborne I. Yellott is in favor of orthochromatic, and thongh,
judging from the winter work he exhibits he makes a success of
it, I must say that I myself cannot succeed in getting anything

14 Rod

soft enough for me. Just the other day, by the way, I was
looking at a photogram by a prominent worker of the “ New
School’ of a white, fluffy snow-bank that was inexpressibly
delicately rendered (too much so to reproduce), and that bore
all round, a charm impossible to catch on orthos. He told me
himself that he had tried the same thing with a color screen
but had succeeded in getting nothing so good. Of course where
it is desired to show the distance by the perspective instead of
by aerial peculiarities, the orthochromatic plate may be useful.
For soft effects, full of feeling and daintiness, it is worthless.

A negative that is intended for the purpose of showing all
the different planes of a landscape, that is intended to be
purely pictorial and not topographical, must be thin, with no
solid high lights and with that thin veiling which lends such
an indescribable charm to the finished picture. There must be
no clear glass in the shadows and no unprintable density in the
high lights. A strong foreground and delicate distance is
desirable. In other words, like a lantern slide, it requires
utmost tonality combined with delicate translucency. To get
this, development ought to be carried on with a developer
admitting of unlimited control, which, of Gourse, bars all one-
solution developers as well as all with which you are nov
thoroughly familiar. Suppose you begin with a very weak
pyro-soda solution to which has been added a minute quantity
of bromide of potassium. The distance will soon appear and
may be painted over with a restrainer. Keep the developer in
the foreground with occasional tilts of the dish to wash the sky
and prevent the formation of a definite line. The foreground
will probably now be coming up and if so, the operation will
probably be automatic and require but little alteration other
then perhaps to give the requisite density by the addition of
small quantities of pyro-soda from time to time. Another
method is to employ an extremely dilute developer, treating the
negative as previously mentioned, and then when a mere ghost
of an image is secured all oyer the plate, change the solution
to one containing a normal proportion of pyro and a small
quantity of accelerator and so obtain uniform density and no
fog. It is very necessary to avoid over-exposure, and eyen if
a very strongly restrained deyeloper be used, there will neces-
sarily be considerable fog and a very poorly defined distance.
Also it would make a slow printing negative. But why go
farther on the developer question? It is important that all
developers be used rationally and with views to certain
definite effects. That is the only way to ever hope to get the
best out of a negative.

*
The Scrap Bag.

A Serra Tonic Baru.—The following bath is recommended
by A. Horsley Hinton for toning gelatine papers to brown and
sepia tones :

Sodium tungstate. ...............6-.

Ammonium sulphocyanide
PEYDO ces Waje ataé a aca Detehoee aes
Distilled water to make.............

Add a little at a time to this solution :

Ghioride Of gold) <4:..:44 agente ene ont
Water. 1c rte .

In this bath the print passes from a yellow to a brown tone,
and does not only lose not at all in toning but also darkens a
little in drying. Mr. Hinton claims to have proved that if the
prints are properly washed they are entirely permanent.

Carp Mounrs.—It is interesting to note the gradual out-

casting of the “ regular size’? mount for photographie purposes

and Gun

in Canada

and the growing tendency to use only such board, both in shape
and color, as will be suitable for the print. A few years ago
amateur photographers were buying just whatever the mount
maker offered them,—a selection was put out in front of them
and they took their pick. Now they are doing it differently,
the proof of which is to be seen in the fact that instead of
making regular sizes any more the manufacturers have placed
on the maket a profusion of odd sizes and colors that will suit
almost anything. More than that, if you cannot choose from
what they show, you can have your own material of any
quality you like and cut your own mounts to suit. All of
which isan indication of the advancing of artistic photography.

SPORT BETWEEN KINGSTON AND PEMBROKE
By F- Conway.

As it may prove of interest to your readers, I send you a
few pointers as to where sport is to obtained between Kingston
and Pembroke, along the line of the K. and P. :

Verona: Rock Lake, Silver Lake—Bass, doré and pike.
Duck shooting.

Hinchinbrooke: Cole Lake, fishing first-class.
partridge, snipe and woodeock.

Parham : Eagle Lake, Bob’s Lake. Fishing in these lakes
is first-class, bass, lake trout, doré and pike. Duck and part-
ridge very. plentiful in the fall.

Sharbot Lake: Sharbot Lake, black bass and lake trout.
Duck shooting.

Clarendon : Crotch Lake, lake trout and doré,.

Lavant: Trout Lake, lake trout, duck and partridge.

Flower: Clyde Lake and Round Lake, bass, doré and
pike. Deer, duck and partridge.

Calabogie : Calabogie Lake, bass and mascalonge.
and partridge.

Kingston: Lake Ontario, River St. Lawrence and Rideau
River, first-class fishing, bass, doré and pike. Small game.

*

A Newark, N.Y., sportsman wrote recently to Mr. J. D.
McKeown, of North Bay, for information as to sport in that
region, and received the following letter in reply, which we
publish in the hope it may be useful to others contemplating
a visit to the same region:

*©Your favor of March Sth.

Shooting,

Deer

You had better come to North
Bay and come without boats. You can hire a Peterboro canoe
or two from J. G. Crews, boatbuilder here, for two or three
weeks, at fifty cents per day, or bark canoe for 25 cents. This
will save you railway carriage, ete. You cannot do very much
portage work without a competent guide, as the rapids are dan-
gerous and it is not safe. He will cook and do chores, and the
investment is a good one, costing about $1.50 per day. On the
south shore of Lake Nipissing, about 28 miles across, there is
very deep water and nature in its primeval state, foliage to the
shore and perfect solitude. There is great fishing and it isa
great resort for New Yorkers. There is the outlet into the
French River, many going down the river, and the fishing for
forty miles is varied and very good. I will ask Mr. Ussher to
send you some copies of his fishing and sporting guide, which
relate more particularly to the north shore up from Mattawa
into the Kippewa and Temiskaming countries. You can also
take the train here to Nepigon, which is a great resort for
speckled trout. I think you will be pleased with a visit to
North Bay and Lake Nipissing, and have no doubt you will
determine on Lake Nipissing and French River for two or three
weeks,”

Rod

FORESTRY

“ Rod and Gun” is the official organ of the Canadian Forestry Association.
The Editors will welcome contributions on topics relating to Forestry.

Edited by the Officers of the Canadian Forestry Association.

THIRD ANNUAL M®&STING OF THH CANADIAN
FORESTRY ASSOCIATION.

The third annual meeting of the Canadian Forestry Asso-
ciation convened at Ottawa, in the Railway Committee Room
of the House of Commons, on the 6th March, at 10a.m.. In
the absence of the President and Vice-President, Mr. Hiram
Robinson was elected Chairman.

Among those present were Thos. Southworth, Hon. Senator
Power, J. R. Booth, C. Jackson Booth, A. C. Campbell, J. B.
MeWilliams, E. G. Joly de Lotbiniére, Mr. Hall, Professor
Macoun, T.S. Young, C. E. E. Ussher, Robt. Gorman, Dr. Jas.
Fletcher, T. B. Flint, M.P., Jabel Robinson, M.P., Dr. Win.
Saunders, D. Lorne McGibbon, W. N. Hutt, A. Wright, M.P.,
W. T. Macoun, Mr. Davies, C. J. Thompson, Professor W. L.
Goodwin, R. B. Whyte, Hon. Senator Primrose, F. W. Cowie,
Professor Robertson, Colonel Neilson, D. B. Dowling, S.
Stewart, W. R. Ross, H. C. Ros, W. H. Boyd, E. Stewart, R.
W. Campbell.

The report of the Board of Directors showed that tbe
membership was 348, an increase for the year of 104, and that
the number of life members had been increased from five to
nine. The membership according to Provinces and Districts is
as follows: Prince Edward Island, 1; Nova Scotia, 6; New
Brunswick, 9; Quebec, 28 ; Ontario, 117 ; Manitoba, 73; Assi-
niboia, 17; Saskatchewan, 4, Alberta, 58; British Columbia,
16; Yukon, 2; United States, [5 ; England, 1 ; Germany, 1.

The revenue for the year ending 3lst December, 1901, was
$454.70, and the expenditure $140.74, leaving a balance of
$313.85. Since then the receipts have been $71.86 and the
expenditure $150.90, and the amount standing to the credit of
the Association in the bank now is $234.71. The expenses of
the annual meeting and other liabilities will however reduce
this amount by about $150.00, leaving a net balance of $80.71.

Dealing with the forests, the report states that the attention
of the British Columbia authorities was drawn last year to the
extensive forest fires in that province and a request sent that the
penalty clause in the British Columbia Fire Act should be
amended. The British Columbia Forestry Association is
working in conjunction with the Dominion Association, but
the directors that there
affiliation.

The report goes on to deal with the results of the forestry
exhibits made at Winnipeg during the past summer, stating
that they were very satisfactory.

The system of co-operation with the settlers of the western
prairies in forest tree planting adopted by the Dominion
Government is developing into large proportions. Upwards of
500 farmers prepared their land last season under instruction
from the agents of the Forestry branch, and will be supplied
with seedling trees to plant shelter belts this spring. As this
work will be done from the Red River tothe Rocky Mountains,

recommend should be a closer

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in Canada 15
the result will be an object lesson to the settlers in the whole
plain regions.

The work of guarding the f rests from destruction by fire
has from all reports been attended during the past year with
gratifying results. This is brought out by the report of the
chief of the Forestry Bureau in Ontario, who states that the
damage to timber on Crown lands has been very small. The
reports from the other provinces of the Dominion are equally
gratifying except Quebec, where the measures taken were not
effective in preventing a serious loss in the Temiscamingue.

An effort has also been made to induce the Game Pro-
tective Association to co-operate in the protection of the forests.

Mr. E. G. Joly de Lotbiniére read a very instructive paper
on ‘‘ Bastern Forest Trees Grown at Victoria, B C.’’ The paper
was prepared by His Honour Sir Henri Joly, the Lieutenant-
Governor of British Columbia.

Sir Henri Joly no sooner arrived in Victoria than he set
about experimenting in tree planting, his old and fayorite
occupation. For this purpose he procured from the East seed
of the butternut, black walnut, red oak, ashleaved maple, and
green ash, and sowed them in the Government garden in
Victoria in the autumn of 1900. These gave very good results,
the seeds germinating well and in very fair proportion to the
number sown. Sir Henri considers that the most valuable
wood that can be grown in British Columbia is the black
walnut, as it grows more rapidly than either Eastern pine or
white spruce.

The Secretary called attention to a number of specimens
of wood which had been sent from British Columbia by Mr.
J. R. Anderson, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for British
Columbia, and which were very much admired. Mr. Anderson
also kindly prepared a paper, but it arrived too late for sub-
mission. It will, however, be included in the printed report
of the proceedings.

At the afternoon session the chair was taken by the Vice-
President, Mr. Wm. Little. This meeting was devoted first to
Ontario, the larger phases of the subject being treated by Mr.
Thos. Southworth, the Director of Forestry for Ontario, in a
paper entitled, ‘‘ Forestry in Ontario.’’ One of the great
divisions of Ontario dealt with in this paper was that lving
beyond the height of land, which is a good agricultural district
with a clay soil. A railway into this district is now projected
by the Government, and Mr. Southwell pointed out the advisa-
bility of constructing this as a colonization road, extending it
only as the necessities of settlement required, instead of run-
ning a line rapidly through to James Bay, or some other point,
thus scattering the settlements and greatly adding to the danger
from fire to the 288,000,000 cords of pulpwood which the
survey parties sent out in 1900 estimated as growing in that
district.

The great district, however, which presents its forestry ad-
ministration for more immediate attention, is the great rocky
belt lying along the height of land and which is mainly fitted
only for timber production. To sum up briefly what has been
done in the direction of establishing a practical system of forestry
in Ontario, it is sufficient to state that a fairly effective system
of fire protection has been established ; the fee simple of the
forest lands remains in the Crown ; there has been definitely
inaugurated a system of forest reserves intended to form part of
an extensive and permanent Crown forest from which the pro-
vince may derive a large annual revenue and from which the
individual people of the province may obtain wealth and em-
ployment, To the scientific treatment of this Crown forest we

16 Rod and Gun

are only gradually approaching but we are steadily ascertaining
the problems to be solved and there is no doubt that the solu-
tion will be found. A reference to the map of the Province will
show that this forest will extend across the province from East
to West with large agricultural communities settled upon very
rich land both north and south of it, and forming the watershed
of all the principal streams flowing south into the great lakes
and north into Hudson’s Bay. The Crown forest of Ontario,
ultimately, will comprise 25,000,000 acres, a forest larger than is
possessed by any other country. With wasteful methods and
only a part of the territory operated the province receives a
revenue of $1,000,000, and
with proper management
this great forest should
produce an enormously in-
creased revenue.

In the southern part
of the province, which is
good agricultural land,
denudation has been car-
ried on to such an extent
that in eleven counties
have less than ten per cent.
of their area in timber,
while in sixteen other
counties the area is less
than twenty percent. Mr.
W. N. Hutt spoke on “The
Management of Wood
Lots’? in this district,
with the object of laying
down the lines upon
which action could be
taken to have this aspect
of affairs changed. He
first called attention to
the fact that the streams

in Canada

low spreading branches should also be gradually cut out and
finally there will be a wood lot of valuable species of trees with
high clear trunks. The elm, black walnut, basswood and
hickory are valuable trees, but the best results will be obtained
from mixed varieties.

Mr. Davies stated that he had fenced up the wood lot on
his farm with the result that it grew up thickly and became a
refuge for small game.

The Assistant Secretary of the Association submitted a
paper on ‘*The Forest Fires of 1901,”’ which gave information of
very much interest. Itappears from this report that the forests

in every province of the

Dominion have been

threatened by fire, and it

- was only by the determined

efforts of the fire rangers

that serious loss was
prevented. It spite of
these preventive meas-

ures, however, the
Province of Quebec
suffered heavily by a fire
which occurred in the
Temiscamingue District
in June last, and
which swept away a
large area of yaluable
pinetimber. This fire has
already been fully dealt
with in our columns.
The Governments of
all the Provinces, except
Prince Edward Island,
Nova Scotia and British
Columbia, have organ-
ized a fire ranging
system, and all bear

generally in Western testimony to the
Ontario were character- value of the services
ized by freshets in the rendered by this force.
spring, while they prac- This results not only
tically dried up in sum- from the direct efforts
mer. An example of the of the rangers in ex-
loss thus occasioned is tinguishing fire, but
that which the city of from the educative effect
Brantford has suffered Tue Ivtectntewaer VAtiey, B.C. of their presence, and

from the overflowing of
the Grand River, to guard

Until the year 1884 this valley had never been trodden by a white foot
The Kootenay Indians did not care to penetrate to its head, as they
some superstitious fears, which were encouraged by the frowning f

: their pressing the subject
a: .
cs, on the attention of those

anti ay ey a pe great glaciers and other marvels of a similar nature. Even to-day, you a 4 Sem, .
against which a large : x need only goa few miles on either side to find canyons and peaks as yet with whom they come in
penditure is now being unmapped contact.

made by that city. The reason of the unproductive- In the Province of Ontario the efforts of the rangers pre-
ness of wood lots, and the general effort to cut them yented any serious loss in the districts patrolled by them, but

off as soon as possible, is the result of a belief that wood lots
are not capable of management. The first thing to do is to
have the whole of the land made to produce trees, and in order
to accomplish this stock must be kept out, for their browsing
and trampling make it impossible for the seedlings to grow up.
It is best to plant seed, but if the land is rough or stumpy small
seedlings might be planted in. be made so
Then take out the least
useful trees such as hawthorn, blue beech, iron wood, also poplar
and swamp oak.

The wood must
thick that grass will not grow under it.

Trees that have grown in the open and have

in Northern Ontario a district of fully 3,000 square miles on the
Missinaibi River This fire was not in valuable
timber, but there was no reason why it might not have been
started in the best of the timber rather than where it
did.

The chief causes of forest fires were noted as—settlers clear-

was burnt.

ing land, hunters, railway locomotives and prospectors, and the
preventive measures suggested are—an effective law with ade-
quate penalties and its proper enforcement, education of public

opinion, spark arresting devices on locomotives. The fire

Rod and Gun

warden system should be extended in order to assure that the
territory to be covered by each man would not be so large that
fires could not be caught in their inception in any part of it, for
a forest fire is most easily fought and frequently can only be
fought when it is starting. The fire in the Temiscamingue dis-
trict shows the necessity for some better supervision of the set-
ting out of fires for clearing land, and the defining of the lines
between the districts suited for agriculture and timber growing
respectively.

A very important discussion on the fire question, which
was participated in by Messrs. J. R. Booth, J. B. McWilliams,
E. Stewart, Thos. Southworth, Geo. Johnson and others, fol-
lowed. The main point discussed was the relation between the
settlers and the forest, and the prevailing opinion was that
the Governments of the Dominion and the Provinces
should take steps to haye land surveyed in advance of
settlement, with the object both for the sake of the forests
and the settlers of directing settlement to lands fitted for
that purpose, while the non-agricultural lands were retained
for timber.

Friday morning was mainly devoted to Manitoba and the
North-West Territories, and the whole of that great country
was shown graphically on a relief map which had been: pre-
pared by Mr. D. B. Dowling, of the Geological Survey staff, and
was explained by him to the meeting. Professor Macoun, ina
paper entitled ‘‘ The Second Discovery of the West,’” showed
how in the early days, aiter the acquisition of the territory by
Canada, people scoffed at the idea that it was a great agricul-
tural country. He maintained then, what the result has shown
to be the case, that the West is the richest agricultural district
in the whole of Canada, and he further made this prophecy,
that it would yet be demonstrated that trees could be grown in
any part of it. This is clearly shown by the frees still existing
in sone parts, such as the Cypress Hills, and by the very suc-
cessful experiments carried on at the Indian Head Farm and
elsewhere.

Dr. Wm. Saunders, Director of the Experimental Farms,
gave the results of some of the experiments in tree planting
made by him, particularly at the Farm at Indian Head. When
the location was chosen it was bare prairie, but now the farm
is sheltered on the north and west by a belt of trees one hundred
feet wide and nearly two miles in length. In all there are now
about 130,000 trees growing on the farm, and many of them
have now reached a height of from 25 to 30 feet. The influence
of the larger plantations on the crops of grain grown in their
vicinity is very marked in protecting them from destructive
winds, which at times blow the soil to such an extent as to lay
bare the roots of the young plants and cause them to wither
and perish. Wind-storms were very frequent and severe in the
Indian Head district in 1900. The yield of spring wheat on
plots partly protected by the growth was over 30 bushels per
acre, while unprotected sections were in some instances totally
destroyed, while in others the yields varied from 5 to 17
bushels. In oats, many exposed plots were destroyed ; those
more or less protected varied in crop from 76 to 32 bushels.
Every foot in height of the tree protects from fifty to sixty feet
of grain in the field. Where the tree belts were from eight to
twelve feet high the grain was preserved quite green for from
400 to 600 feet from the trees, whereas a few yards beyond this
influence the crops were so wind-swept that not a single green
blade could be seen. There have been distributed from the
farms to settlers 1,500,200 young forest trees and cuttings and
17,306 one-pound bags of tree seeds.

in Canada 17

“The Work of the Forestry Branch in Tree Planting in the
North-West Territories and Manitoba’’ Was the subject of a
paper by Norman M. Ross, Assistant Superintendent of Forestry
for the Dominion. During last year a beginning under the
co-operative system was made, and about forty settlers in Man-
itoba and the Territories were supplied, about 60,000 seedlings
being apportioned among them, these being set out in plots
varying in size from three acres downward. The varieties used
were principally Manitoba maple, Dakota cottonwood, elm and
green ash, as these were the most easily obtained. The results
of these first plantings are very encouraging, as with only one
or two exceptions all the plantations were in good condition
last fall, and out of the number inspected in the Territories at
% of all trees planted were alive at the commencement
of the winter. The lack of snow in the West this winter is an
unfayorable circumstance. About 500 settlers in Manitoba and
200 in the Territories expressed a desire to avail themselves of
the proposed scheme. About 450 of these will receive trees this
spring. One of the great difficulties of the work is a supply of
seediings to meet the demands. 500,000 or more will be
required to supply those who have already applied, and next
year two or three millions will be required to meet the demand.
Practically the only way in which a certain supply of young
stock can be obtained is by establishing large nurseries which
can be managed under the control of the Forestry Board.

Mr. Wm. Pearce, of Calgary, submitted a scheme to pro-
mote an interest in the growth of trees, shrubs, flowers and
plants, throughout the treeless portion of the Territories,
pointing out that if the school population was interested the
whole question would be advanced more largely than it could
be in any other way. The plan is to have a plot of about
three or four acres in connection with each school, or in towns
and villages or places where a combination can easily be made,
a plot fora number of schools together. The land should be
thoroughly prepared and the pupils supplied with trees,
shrubs, flowers and plants that are likely to sueceed. Instructors
should be sent out, or in some places the teachers would be
competent. Literature on the subject should be prepared and
text books attractive in style provided. The subject could be
extended so as to create an interest in the chemistry of the soil
and other studies directly connected with agriculture.

A paper on “‘ Forestry in Prince Edward Island,’ by Rev.
Father Burke,of Alberton, was read. In eloquent language Father
Burke pictured the change that nad come over the Island through
the ruthless destruction of its forests. Streams,which were sup-
posed to be perennial springs, have become dry ; whole settle-
ments may be visited where the farm buildings stand out
bleak, bare and storm-beaten, without a single tree to protect,
beautify or endear. The forests of Prince Edward Island were
most beautiful and varied, and in sacrificing them as has been
done all now recognize that a great element of wealth and
comfort has been eliminated from the list of the provincial
resources, while agriculture has also suffered from the opening
of the land to the cold and drying effect of the winds. Out of
the 1,280,000 acres which comprise the Province only about
16,000 acres remain in the hands of the Crown, and even this is
in scattered tracts. It is proposed that a Commission should
be appointed to manage the state holdings and encourage forest
growth on private lands. Fires have done much damage
during last year, and although a Fire Act has been passed no
attempt has been made to enforce it.

Hon. Sydney Fisher, Minister of Agriculture, addressed
the meeting and expressed his interest in the objects of the

18

Forestry Association, one of the most important matters that
could engage the attention of Canadians. He urged that the
work should be carried on perseveringly and there could be no
doubt of its ultimate success

At the afternoon session, Mr. D. Lorne MeGibbon,
Manager of the Laurentide Pulp Company, read a paper on
“The Pulp Industry in Canada.”’ In establishing a pulp mill
it is necessary to have good water power and a plentiful supply
of raw material. The establishment of such a mill as that at
Grand’Mere requires an investment of fully four million
dollars, and the investment of such a sum isa guarantee that
the owners will use the forests conservatively. The Laurentide
Company cut in accordance with the regulations, and handle
the cutting as much as possible with their own camps, as in
this way the best average as to cost, etc., in cutting can be made,
and the full use of every available part of the timber can be
secured. Mr. MeGibbon’s main argument was, however, devot-
ed to show that the first guarantee of a proper system of man-
agement of pulpwood forests

is that the manufacturing of
pulp and paper should be
done in Canada. There is
no question whatever that
the Canadian manufacturer,
who has large investments
dependent on the continua-
tion of the wood supply, will
be more considerate of the
future than a foreign manu-
facturer. The benefit of the
manufacture in Canada is the
difference between $5.50 per
cord which the pulp wood
produces and 540.00 which
the finished product is
worth. Mr. MceGibbon
therefore strongly urged that
the Government, Provincial
and Dominion,
sure by adequate dues or

should en-

regulations that the manu-
facture should be carried on =
in Canada, and the result
would be greatly to the ben-
efit of the wealth of the
Dominion as a whole and of be! missed:

the reyenue of the Provincial Government more immediately
concerned.

Mr. Austin Cary, of Brunswick, Maine, who is probably
the only forester employed by a pulp company, gave a sketch
of the method followed by him in the management of pulpwood
the cutting
The critical

lands. The key to success is the variation of
according to the stand and the lay of the land.
matter is the safety of what is left from wind. Mixed growths,
that is, where hardwoods predominate, can usually be eut with
Elsewhere great care bas to be exercised, and there is a

The

arrangement in regard to cutting is that spruce and fir timber

ease.

great deal in picking strips and clumps to be left entire.

shall be cnt to the size of 12 inches on the stump, but this rule
may be varied with a view to leaving the land in good growing
condition. Mr. Cary suggested that for Canada, with large
tracts of timber and low stumpage, the main thing was to study

the health and condition of the timber so that it would not be

Rod and Gun

A Day’s BaG on THE Sourn THompson.

The bag of wildfowl shown in this picture would be considered
excessive in some parts of Canada, but in British Columbia the birds
are so numerous that the toll taken by these sportsmen will never

in Canada

allowed to decay or be destroyed to no profit. Some specimens
of wood showing the work of a beetle, Dendroctonus, were
forwarded by Mr. Cary and were examined with much interest.

Mr. E. G. Joly de Lotbiniere read a paper on ‘‘The
Danger Threatening the Crown Lands Forests of the Province
of Quebec through the Cutting of Pulpwood as at present
sanctioned by the Regulations concerning ‘Woods and
Forests.’’’ Mr. Joly made careful examination of one hundred
specimens of white spruce which showed an average growth of
one inch in eight years, while for black spruce one inch in
fifteen years, hemlock one inch in twelve years, and balsam
one inch in five to seven years, are the averages found. He
therefore concludes that if we are to secure a continuous supply
of pulpwood, and at the same time give our forests a proper
measure of protection so as to permit of natural renewal, the
regulations of the Province of Quebec should prohibit the
felling of white spruce and hemlock under thirteen inches, and
that of black spruce, balsam, aspen and poplar under nine
inches on the stump. Mr.
Joly also urges the advisa-
bility of haying the pulp
manufactured in Canada.

Dr. B. E. Fernow, Dir-
ector and Dean of the New
York State College of For-
estry, Cornell University,
Was present during the meet-
ing, and gave. the benefit
of his extensive experience
in many of the discussions
that were held. On Thurs-
day evening in the lecture
hall of the Normal School
Dr. Fernow lectured to a
large audience on ** Evolu-
tion of a Forest Growth.”
The lecturer sketched the
steps by which tree growth
came into existence and
gradually spread itself over
the earth, its struggle with
the adverse elements of soil
and climate, and its various
adaptations in species and
form to the special needs of
its situation. Then came
the struggle between tree and tree and the development
finally of what we call ‘‘the virgin forest,’? varying in
composition aceording to latitude or elevation. The man
came with axe and fire, destroying the work that nature
had built up, and he is only now beginning to make an
effort to repair the harm that was done. Dr. Fernow
went on to the great expense and laber which
France had to undertake to repair the damage caused by the
denudation of her mountains, and, in contrast, the beautiful
regularity of the forests of Germany. In conclusion, Dr.
Fernow explained the work that was being undertaken in the
demonstration forest of the New York State College of Forestry.
The lecture was splendidly illustrated by limelight views, and
was thoroughly enjoyed by all who had the pleasure of hearing
it,

show

follows :-—
Honorary

Association as
Governor-General ;

Otlicers were elected for the

Patron, His Excellency the

Rod and Gun

President, His Honor Sir Henri Joly de Lotbiniere ; President,
Mr. Wm. Little; Vice-President, Mr. Hiram Robinson ;
Secretary, E. Stewart; Assistant Secretary and Treasurer, R.
H. Campbell ; Board of Directors, Professor John Macoun, C.
Jackson Booth, W. C. Edwards, M.P., Thos. Southworth, E.
G. Joly de Lotbiniere, C. E. E. Ussher.

*
Forest Culture.

Rev. James Lang, Estevan, Assa.

No subject now betore the people of Canada approaches in
importance the ‘‘ Enforesting’”’ of our prairies.

Its urgent need, supreme utility, assured results are beyond
cavil or controyersy. Its practicability should also be unques-
tionable. But the recital of truisms will not arouse public
interest or attention. Existing conditions must be practically
contrasted with what should be and what may be brought
about in pursuance of a definite plan of action. A Forestry
Department has been established by the Dominion Goyern-
ment, with provision for liberal aid to private effort, and this
is so far good that in say a quarter of a century large results
will doubtless follow if that policy continue. But more vigorous
action is imperatively called for if the country is to be spared
a recurrence of such disasters from frost, hail and drought as
have mocked the hopes of our farmers in past years.

I invite attention to the following propositions and
suggestions :—

There can be placed around every section of land on open
prairie throughout the West a belt of timber, 50 feet wide, a
graded road 32 feet wide, with a like 50 feet timber strip
fringing the adjoining sections, the whole forming two gigantic
hedge rows with the road between.

As an immediate and certain result of the above the ‘‘Prairie
Fire’? would be abolished once for all, permitting benign Mother
Nature to clothe by spontaneous growth, with wood and
shrubbery, every acre of unused land on hillside, valley, ravine
and coulee.

Every natural watercourse throughout the country can be
made to retain a large measure of the flood from melted snow
in spring and a lesser measure of the rainfall during summer,
and that, not in stagnant mud puddles, but in many thousands
of pools and lakelets of varying depth, fringed with a dense
growth of willows and fenced against pollution.

The processes named being completed, trayel would be
rendered absolutely safe at all seasons, despite darkness or
storm, and social life in the country be rendered possible, even
among a busy and hard-worked people. An abundant supply
of fuel and water would be assured, the sanitary and industrial
conditions of life in North Western Canada immeasurably
improved, and the face of Nature marvellously transformed.

Who will venture to limit the advantages of such a work,
with such results, to the agricultural, manufacturing and com-
mercial interests of the Dominion.

THe Mope.

Let every road allowance in open prairie be taken possession
of for purposes of improvement, not obstructing necessary
travel, and increased in width to 132 feet by expropriating
additional land from adjoining property, the whole broken and
backset, a roadway 32 feet wide graded up to a bold curve to
avoid snowdrifts, the remaining strips 50 feet wide on each
side thoroughly cultivated and planted with cuttings or seed-
lings of cottonwood, Russian poplar, maple and elm, inter-

in Canada 19

mixed, with small plots at intervals sown with tree seeds to
replace failures in growth. Let the statute labor or commuta-
tion tax,—preferably the latter,—be expended with vigorous
exactitude in the care and culture of the plantations during the
first years.

Let all watercourses be improved by deepening the depres-
sions and raising intervening ridges, forming many thousand
pools from 5 to 20 feet deep. Plant around with quick growing
willows and fence to keep off cattle. Water, when needed, to
be drawn off by pumping.

Cost.

The estimated cost would be $200 per lineal mile of
roadway and timber belts, or six millions of dollars for fifteen
thousand square miles of country, the Forestry Department
supplying seed, cuttings and seedlings at public expense. One
million should be ample to supplement individual enterprise
in the improvement of the eee and probably half a
million for superintendence. Thus the expenditure of an
amount about equal to the loss on one year’s crop from causes
which all admit can be modified or removed, would ‘‘ save the
country’ ina very practical and non-partizan sense. We are
safe to say that by coyering one-twentieth of the country’s
surface with timber, scrub or water, Nature’s equilibrium
between evaporation and precipitation would be established.

Difficulties of detail will, of course, appear. Objections
will of course commend themselves to many minds, but all
these will be of little account if honestly weighed against the
interests imperilled by existing conditions, and the vast and
enduring benefits to be gained.

Ways AND MEANs.

The simplest and most effective plan would be make the
improvement as a matter of Government Policy—the logical
sequence of deepening the canals, subsidizing railways and
steamship lines and promoting immigration,—and provide
the entire sum by Parliamentary appropriation. If, however,
party exigencies would render this too difficult, the Provincial
Government could do the work by borrowing the funds on a
Dominion Government guarantee for interest at three per cent.
Or, say, one half the yearly interest might by municipal
action, legalized by statute, be chargeable as a special tax upon
the property benefited, the other half, as for a national under-
taking, provided by the State.

*
Shade Trees.

A recent note in the Toronto papers has called attention to
a dispute between some of the citizens and an electric company
over the question of the cutting of the tops of the shade trees
for the passage of the wires. This raises an important question
as to the management of shade trees on public streets. On the
grounds of wholesomeness, utility and beauty, it is desirable
that the planting of shade trees in towns and cities should be
encouraged. How pleasant to pass from the blinding heat of
the sun blazing on staring walls and pavements to the coolness
and shelter of a shaded street. The tension on brain and eye
is relieved and the grateful shade lays its calming touch on the
jarring nerves of the wayfarer. How far this is beneficial may
be illustrated from the experience of a southern city, namely,
Savannah, Georgia, which with its fourfold rows of trees shading
every principal street, is reported to have a much less numerous
record of sunstrokes than the more elevated settlements of the
prairie states which stand unsheltered in the scorching sun.
The relief afforded to the eye by the green of the leaves and the

_

20 Rod

shadowed light will help to prevent the injury to that delicate
organ which the glare of the unshaded sun causes in many
cases. Dr. Felix L. Oswald recently writing of this subject in
* Health Culture,’’ cites the following illustration :

“*T am still haunted by the recollection of a scene in the
harbor suburbs of Girgenti, where children with red, swollen
eyelids were foraging in a dump pile. There was not a tree in
sight. Far up and down the undulating beach the heat of the
sun made the air tremble and the glare of its reflection from the
refuse of old salt pans was almost as afflictive as the glitter of a
snowfield. Yet on that same spot Agrigentum with its popula-
tion of keen-eyed Greeks flourished for three hundred years, a
city of gardens and groves, rivalling the wealth of Carthage, the
niistress of the Mediterranean.’’ .

And by means less obvious the trees are working in ways
beneficial, drawing up the moisture from deep down in the
earth and exhaling it@!ito the atmosphere, inhaling carbon
dioxide by the leaves wich tear it apart and free the oxygen,
and thus cooling and clearing the air.

The beauty of avenues of stately trees has an attractiveness
which nothing else can rival. They add a charm to the streets
of a town or city which appeals to all. Without them no place
wili be pleasing to the eye either of the dweller in the land or
of the stranger within the gates.

It is rather amusing to see the efforts which have been put
forth at times in some cities to improve the shade trees. A
man, or perhaps two men, are started out with a saw and a
hatchet and turned loose at their own sweet will. They cut
the trees up and they cut them down. They cut off one side
of the tree and when they find it lop-sided they cut off the other
side to make things even. No tree is too small to receive their
attention. Despite the protests of indignant householders,
pretty little Norway maples, inoffensive and unobstructive, are
reduced to almost bare poles. But nothing must stand in the
way of improvement. Sky-scraper trees are decreed and shade
and ornament are secondary considerations.

And the gravest danger which results from improper
trimming is still but little appreciated. It is not an uncommon
thing to see the stumps of branches which have been carelessly
cut dying and forming an avenne to convey decay to the heart
of the tree. In the majority of cases of rot in trees it will be
found on examination that it has resulted from the invitation
to dampness and fungi offered by the broken ends of branches.
Anyone who gives attention to the question will see examples
of this coming under his own observation. As an instance of
the careless methods followed may be cited a case where but
recently a large branch has been cut from a grand old tree to
make room for an electric wire, leaving a splintered stump
about eighteen inches long. Could any fungus resist.such a
pressing invitation to make its way to the heart of the tree? It
would be decidedly a step in the right direction if the trees
were put under the protection of some official who understood
something of their nature and the proper method of handling
them, and would have authority sufficient to give him effective
control of the situation.

The Massachusetts Tree Warden Law is an attempt to deal
with this question which is of much interest. This law, which
came into effect in that State in 1899, obliges every town in the
State to elect annually an officer known as a tree warden.
Cities do not come under this Act, but separate provision will
probably be made for them lateron. The warden has exclusive
care and control of all public shade trees in the town outside of
such grounds as may be under the control of a board of park

and Gun

in Canada

commissioners. The law also specifies that all trees within the
limits of the highways are deemed to be public shade trees.
No tree on the highways can be cut down without the warden’s
consent, and this consent he cannot give without first posting
notices upon the tree in question and in two other public places,
in which he calls a hearing. Even aftera hearing the warden’s
decision is final. Adequate penalties are provided in the shape
of fines and imprisonment for all violations of the provisions of
the law. The law is specific as to the duties of the wardens,
and under it every root and twig is protected from mutilation.
No posters are permitted on the trees, and electrical companies
are required to run their wires in accordance with the warden’s
wishes. When it is absolutely necessary that wires should pass
through the tops of street trees, and trimming is required to
give free passage, the warden’s men do the cutting under the
direction of that officer but at the expense of the corporation
thereby accommodated.
*

In many countries where the necessity for forest preserva-
tion has become more pressing and acute than it is at present
in Canada, the destruction of the forests is looked upon as
nothing less than criminal, but we may perhaps look elsewhere
in vain for an example of such a strong deliverance upon the
subject as that given recently by the Greek Church. National
and patriotic as that church is, it takes a deep and proprietory
interest in everything that affects the national welfare. A few
months ago the Holy Synod of Greece issued an encyclical, which
was publicly proclaimed by the Government in all parts of the
kingdom, in which the utmost wrath of the Church was visited
upon all who indulged in ‘‘the unholy practice, abhorred of
God” of setting fire to forests; and also against all who,
knowing others to have been guilty of such deeds, failed to
denounce and testify against them and to aid in every possible
way in securing their punishment. All thus guilty through
commission or omission are to be ‘excommunicated from the
Chureh, accursed and shut out from forgiveness.’’ ‘‘ The wrath
of God”’ continues the encyclical ‘‘ and the curse of the Chureh
be upon their heads, and may they never see the success of
their labors.”’

It may be deemed that the Greek Church is unnecessarily
autocratic and aggressive in this action, but if it is remembered
that Greece has but to lift her eyes eastward across the sea to
look upon deserts which were once fruitful and the support of
a numerous and prosperous people; when we look with her
eyes upon her green hills and fair valleys and realize the deso-
lation and suffering that examples within her own borders also
sufficiently demonstrate would follow the sweeping away of the
forest covering, we may perhaps begin to realize that a useless
destruction of the forest is an act essentially unchristian, and
exemplifies the spirit of disregard for others which is undoubt-
edly deserving of the condemnation of those who speak with
authority for the Christian Church.

The New York Sportsman’s Show has been a great
suecess. It would appear from the press clippings that have
come into our hands that the well-known guide, George
Crawford, of Mattawa, was king-pin, Some of the sportsmen’s
journals published in Gotham devote considerable space to
Crawford and his bears—for if there is one thing that your
genuine New Yorker loves better than another it is a good
blood-curdling bear story. For some years bears have been
extremely scarce south of the Bronx, though the Gothamites
have suffered severely from the incursions of the tiger.

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A SUMMER IN ALGOMA. that we did not expect in this wild region. After being

By H. G. Tyrrell, CE.
Continued from the April issue.)
Our visit to the village may have been a rare occasion, for
as we climbed the hill, the chief took his stand at the open
door of his log-house, where we went to see him.

most interesting feature
of the village was the
graveyard, a little further
up the river. The bodies
of their dead were placed
on platforms, built high
up in the trees among
the branches. They were
rolled up in sheets of
birch bark. It was a
lonesome sight to see so
many of these little silent
platforms through the
woods. Many of them
contained, besides the
bodies of the departed
Indians, their guns and
implements for use in the
Happy Hunting Ground.
We left it all as we found
it, unmolested. Before
leaving the village, we
procured a new stock of
spruce gum for repairing
the canoes, and as will
presently be seen, 1t was
much needed.

At the Hudson’s Bay
Company’s Trading Post
at White Fish Lake, it
was necessary to makea
long portage. This was
over high ground, two or
three hundred feet above
the river, and it occupied
a whole afternoon. The
station contained alto-
gether six log-houses, one

of which was occupied by
keepers of the place. We
pitality of these kind people.
large bowls of milk that we received, a luxury in hot weather

Perhaps the

-

we

bE
.

~Ti

,

\

a

a
“

rR

z

the family of Mr. and Mrs. Ross,
all very much appreciated the hos-
I remember especially the

cramped in small canoes, and haying our meals on the ground,
it was a treat indeed to sit down again to a white spread
table, in comfortable chairs. Mr. Ross expected soon to
make a trip down to Little Current, so we wrote a number of
letters and left with him to be posted in that village.

We arranged also
with him that on this or
any future trips, he would
bring any letters there
might be for our party up
to White Fish Trading
Post. Then if there was
opportunity we would
send an Indian down for
the mail, and if not, we
would get it on our return
home in the autumn.

After making a long
portage at the post we
crossed Clear Lake, and
made another portage
over high ground into
Virmilion River. The
water of this river is
highly colored,and hence
its name.

An early start at four
o’clock in the following
morning soon brought us
to the foot of a long and
difficult rapids that we
decided to ascend with-
out portaging. Ropes
were fastened to the
canoes and these were
towed up stream by men
on shore, two Indians
remaining in each canoe
to steer it, one in the
bow, and the other in

Home tur Derr. the stern. Two of the

Last season 12,000fdeer were shot in Ontario, and yet they ar canoes passed safely
increasing in number. 7

through the rapids, but
the third was not so fortunate. for, striking on a hidden rock,
a large hole was torn in the birch bark bottom, and the
canoe rapidly filled with water. The Indians used their
best efforts to keep it afloat, while the writer bailed out

2 Rod and

the water. The blankets and baggage sustained a serious
wetting, but we managed to get ashore, and built a
fire, where our goods were spread out to dry. The
country was more or less well supplied with birch trees, and it
was a comparatively easy matter to find a patch large enough
to coverthe hole in our canoe. A supply of gum was kept on
hand for such occasion, and after an hour or two delay we
again loaded the canoe and started on our way.

The change from college life to this laborious work in the
untravelled woods, naturally made the coming of Sunday very
welcome. Instead of the early start before sunrise, it was our
custom to make it a day of rest. To Laird and I the
experience was new, and it is natural that we should enter
into it with enthusiasm. Al] day paddling in our bark canoes,
working our way with heavy loads, against the stream, fre-
quently climbing rapids or portaging our goods, up mil and
down, throngh tangled woods and swamps, all this left us
ready to enjoy a Sunday rest. It was necessary for those of us
who passed the time in reading, to select a breezy spot, where
the mosquitoes and black flies would be driven away. <A point
of rock out by the river, or a shady hill top were favorite
retreats. The Indians were scattered about at various occupa-
tions. Some were down in the meadows berry-picking, others
off in search of yame, while others fished or remained in camp.
If the day was fine, it was usual to take astronomical observa-
tion of the sun for solar time.

We were all amused at the efforts of Wauba-gaesic to be a
tailor. He had met with some unfortunate accident, that had
left him much in need of a pair of trousers. But his ingenuity
rose to the occasion. Taking an ordinary flour bag, woven
withent a seam, he split it up the centre to within eighteen
inches of the top ; he then ran up two seams to form the legs.
At the top he made a running string to tie about his waist, and
behold, he had a pair of trousers. Surely, we thought, “ Neces-
sity is the mother of invention.”

During the journey up the river, when other days were
spent in travelling, it was necessary for the cook to spend part
of his Sunday in baking. All through the summer, the regular
camp fare consisted almost entirely of pork, beans, and
crackers, commonly known as hardtacks. There were, how-
ever, a few cans of molasses, and a bag or two of dried apples,
as well as several sacks of flour. The bread was made in an
iron bake kettle. This was a por, eighteen inches in diameter,
and twelve inches deep, fitted witha tight iron cever. In this
the dongh was placed, and the whole then covered over with
a layer of ashes. A fire was built over and around it, and ina
short time there would be as fine a loaf of bread as would come
from any bakery.

On the morning of July 21, the usual four o’clock start was
made, and by noon we reached a large body of water which
we knew must be Virmilion Lake. We had, therefore, passed
the south boundary line of our township without seeing it,
for we knew that it intersected the Virmilion River several
miles below the Lake. It was therefore necessary to retrace
our course, keeping all the while a careful watch for the bound-
ary where it crossed the river. On the shore of Virmilion
Lake we found the tracks of deer and bears, though the animals
were not seen.

As this Lake lay largely in Fairbank Township, it was
decided to lighten up our load, by making a cache of the
greater part of our food supply. Then, as more would be
required from time to time at camp, it would be an easy matter
to dispatch an Indian to the cache for a new supply. This

Gun in Canada

place was chosen for a cache, for it was easier reached from
many points by canoe. To place our goods away from the
reach of bears, a platform was built up in the trees twenty
feet or more above the ground. On this the goods were placed,
and covered over with a rubber sheet, securely fastened down
with rope. One canoe was left behind, and with the other two,
and lightened loads, we retraced our course southward in
search of our boundary line.

Both the wind and current were in our favor, and to
increase our speed, holes were cut for masts, and blankets used
for sails. The first rapid was easily passed, but the next one,
where we had damaged a canoe before, must be run with
care.

Landing above the rapids, Wauba-gaesic made a careful
survey of the conrse. For a while he stood on some high
rock overlooking the river, and then returned to us, his face
beaming with delight. Taking with him one other boatman,
he pushed out from shore, giving orders for the other canoe
to follow him. Each canoe was manned by two Indians. In
a moment they were in the rapids, dashing past protruding
rocks, through the foaming water. Sometimes it seemed that
they were lost, but the careful boatmen knew their trade. We
had trusted them before, and had confidence in their skill and
judgment. Eagerly the rest of us watched our canoes from
shore. At times they almost disappeared from sight, but in a
few minutes they shot out safely on the smooth water below.

Wauba-gaesic was a faithful guide, and I never questioned
his judgment either in the woods or on the river. Nothing
brought more pleasure to him than such an experience as this.
And while he delighted in excitement, still he was cautious, and
neyer undertook to run a rapids that proved disastrous to him.

Eight miles below the lake we saw some blazing on the
trees, which proved to be the long sought-for survey line. A
mile or so in from shore was the starting point of our town-
ship survey. Bags and baggage were brought ashore, and
preparations made for packing through the woods.

A bundle as large as one man could carry was securely
bound up with a leather strap called a tote line, the end of
which was passed in a loop over the packer’s forehead, leaving
his arms entirely free. Loaded in this way, with his head bent
forward, and balancing the load upon his back, the packer is
obliged to travel through the woods, jumping from stone to
stone, and log to log, climbing over fallen trees and through
tangled bushes, up hill and down, through marshes and
swamps, often exposed to the heat of a blazing sun, and more
often tormented, in the low land, by myriads of mosquitoes.
One of his greatest trials is the frequent absence of drinking
water. He was often obliged to go entirely without water, and
when on the rocks, exposed to the blazing sun, thisis a severe
hardship. It was often necessary for the men to leave their
packs, and go down in search of water into the swamps and
valleys. And while the work is very tiresome, yet the experi-
enced packer frequently enjoys himself. A great variety of
amusing incidents are liable to happen, such, for instance, as
enc untering hornets, falling from slippery logs with load on
one side and packer on the other, sinking perhaps to the waist
while wading through swamps and assisting each other out of
difficult places. The Indians, however, keep good-natured
throngh it all, and it was seldom that they were provoked to
anger.

The greater part of a day was spent in preparing for a
start. Bush hooks and axes must be ground, and an astron-
omical observation made of the north star, to establish the

Rod and Gun in Canada 3

The duties of the men were now allotted out to
Mr. Bolger and myself were each to have the seryice
Laird
also had the assistance of an Indian to drag the survey chain,
and Sam was to haye the charge of camp and be the cook.

The two survey parties now started out to run the south
and east boundaries of the township, Mr. Laird taking turns in
chaining, one day following up the work that I had done and
the next day chaining after the other party.

The Indians are experts in the woods, and soon learn to
run a straight line without much assistance. It was necessary
to establish mile posts, and others intermediate at the quarter
points. These were carefully set with the transit, and on them
were cut the lot and concession numbers. Wherever possible
I would set my transit on high ground, to secure long sights,
and avoid frequent moving. In hilly country sights of half mile
or more could usually be made. These long sights hastened
the work greatly, not by saving time in resetting the instru-
ment, but by requiring much less chopping. The Government
required not only that posts be planted at the corners of all
sections, but also that blazed lines be made marking the
boundaries.

Where the growth of timber was beavy, it was necessary
to cut down all the trees and bushes, leaving a clear path
through the woods, three to four feet in width. This was
necessary, not only to mark the line but also to give the transit
man the opportunity of sighting to his pickets through the
woods. Open or hilly country meant then rapid progress and
easy work, but at the same time exposure to the sun and fre-
quently the absence of water.

Wooded country meant heavy chopping and slower
progress, but at the same time, shelter from the sun and
plenty of water.

Camp was established in a convenient position, and all the
lines in that vicinity run before moying forward. Then a day
was spent in moving to a new position, which would be
headquarters till all the lines in that vicinity were surveyed.
In this way it was seldom necessary to walk more than three
to four miles in the morning to our work, or back again to
camp at night. When the line was to be continued on the
following day, the instrument and axes were left on the line
over night, the transit being covered with a rubber hood to
keep it from the rain and weather.

To know and understand a people you must see them at
their play. Sunday was the Indians’ play day. Often at early
morning they would go off in search of beavers. These little
animals built their houses along the water courses, or in the
beaver meadows along the hills. These meadows are low
lands, where the water collects in ponds or marshes, and they
are frequently grown thickly over with moss or filled with
reeds and long grass. On the larger rivers the beaver houses
stand along the bank beside the water, or sometimes they are
found on floating logs or driftwood clinging to the shore.
Where the supply of water is small these intelligent little
animals build what are known as beaver dams, and thus form
ponds of water, around which they build their houses. To
form these dams small trees along the river bank are gnawed
off and felled in to the stream. The beaver understands his
trade, for he makes the deepest cut in the tree trunk on the
side next the stream, so the tree will fall that way. Trees as
large as twelve to fifteen inches in diameter are frequently
cut. The chips taken out in asingle bite are offen three to
four inches in length. Gnawing is done by the four front

meridian,
them.
of five Indians to chop our lines through the wood.

teeth, two upper and two lower, which are sharpened on the
outside edge. These cutting teeth are about one half-inch
thick and three inches in length, curved nearly to asemi-
circle.

Beaver houses are circular in form, and from six to twelve
feet in diameter. The entrance is always from beneath the
water. This isa safeguard to exclude land animals or other
enemies. The houses are made by piling up sticks and other
rubbish, and filling the openings with mud. Houses have been
found completely and neatly plastered both inside and out.

The beaver has many uses for his broad, flat tail. It is
his mud shovel, and plastering trowel as well. When swim-
ming in the water it is his rudder. It is indeed an unique
little animal, and well selected as an emblem of Canada. The
Indians hunt the beaver, not simply for the sport of hunting,
but also for the furs, which bring good prices, especially if
killed in the winter season. The country contains also plenty
of otters and other fur bearing animals. On this expedition,
however, the Indians were not permitted to bring any fire
arms, so whatever shooting was done was by the principals of
the parties.

On the evening of July 28th, after finishing a hard day’s
work, Laird and I, thinking to make our five miles back to
camp somewhat shorter, left the survey line and cut across
lots. The country was hilly, and had lately been burned over
by a forest fire. From the summit of a hill-top, as far as the
eye could see, was a blackened wilderness. On the high
ground, where the wood was dry, the fire had made a clean
sweep, but the swamps and meadows between the hills were
still green. Down in the bottoms, berries were found in great
abundance. Fine large raspberries that would delight many
a city home were rotting in the sun. In the rich swamp soil
they grow to an unusually large size, and at the lowest estimate
there must be many hundred tons of delicious berries annually
wasted. Blueberries grow principally on the hills and open
ground. Everywhere, acre by acre, and mile by mile, the
country was covered with small fruit. A pity it seems that
this should all be wasted, when it would be so much enjoyed
by our people, especially in the hot summer season.

The journey home to camp lay over a succession of hills
and yalleys. One ridge would be ascended only to descend
again into another valley. The heat was intense, and on the
blackened hills there was no relief from the blazing sun.

For an hour or more we trudged on, trusting to our com-
passes to bring us safely to ourcamp. We descended once more
in a beaver meadow, thickly covered with grass and moss. At
every step our feet would sink through the moss and water.
Perspiration was rolling from our faces, and it seemed as if we
could go no further Poor Laird seemed even more exhausted
than I was myself. We wondered if our compasses had taken
us astray. But as we rested for a few minutes to discuss the
prospect I espied a light across the valley and knew that it was
our camp. We were not long in reaching it, and with some
refreshing food we soon revived. But the effects remained for
several days.

On the way home we had seen a number of partridges,
some of which we killed with sticks, they were so tame. An
old bear with three young cubs also crossed our path, but we
were in no mood for hunting. Once more there was occasion
to appreciate our faithful Indian, Wauba-gaesic. Swamp water
and fatigue had left us very sick, so sick that we were unable
to stir from the ground. But the Indian knew a remedy. He
found some roots and ground them up, so that we could drink

4 Rod and Gun

them in a cup of water. We submitted to his treatment, and
under the Indian doctor’s care While
Laird and I were sick the Indians employed their time in
moving camp forward three miles along the line. This took us
through a cedar windfall. It was a continuation of climbing
over and under fallen cedars, and progress was very slow. The
cedar branches are so sharp and numerous that much care ts

we soon recovered.

necessary to keep from being torn or injured. Bags of pork
and flour, teuts and instruments, together with a bark canoe,
had all to be carried through the woods, and it took all day to
make the move.

Where lakes or that
crossed, it was our practice, if a canoe was notavailable, to build

rivers were encountered, must be

For this purpose each party carried a small lot of rope
It was a matter of only half an hour

a rait.
to bind the logs together.
or so to make a raft substantial enough to take us across any
of the
ponds

large
or
streams. A
rough-hewn
paddle ora pole
was sufficient to
After
the
would be
to the
otber shore, and

propel it.
crossing,
raft
fastened

used again when
coming home at
On
when

night. one
occasion,
impatient to get
home at night,
too many of the
men crowded on
at one load,
and, as a result,
they gave them-
selves a free dép
and scramble in

the water. This
incident delay-
ed Laird and

in’, Canada

largest gun, hoping to attract him by the sound. He bad only
four miles to come and as he had now been out four hours it
seemed as if he must be lost. We resolved, however. that he
would not suffer if we could at all assist him. I therefore kept
up calling and firing. At ten o’clock I caught a sound and
then again another, which I quickly answered. It was Laird’s
He had, he said, been guided through the
de had not heard our call
neither had he seen our fire. But the gun shots reached his
ears and he groped on in the direction of the sound. The last
mile or two of the journey home through the black, dark
woods had occupied a space of two hours. We had hot food

welcome voice.
woods wholly by my gun shots.

ready and he was soon refreshed.

Up till now I had experienced no trouble with the Indians.
They had been willing to work hard and long. But now one
of them that I called Joe seemed to be dissatisfied, and he said
he would not
work. He ap-
peared to be
tired of his job,
and was anxious
to get back
again to the
lazy life of the
village. I could
hear him mut-
tering threats at
the Shoganos
(white men).
We said but
little to him,
but did our
talking with
Wauba- gaesic,
our Indian
chief. Here,
again, he was
successful, for
on the second
day Joe went off
again to work.

The time had
now come for us

his Indians so to leave the

late that it was green bush

six o’clock be- A Maxrrop, Moost camp) beside a

fore they started his noble bull was shot by a Winnipeg sportsman in Northern Manitoba, It fell to a bullet lake of clear
- from a Winchester

home for camp.
Theythad four miles to come. A
They had no food with them, and as it had

heavy rain came on, and it
was very dark.
hours we

been raining now for several knew they must be

soaking wet. We hoped they might have matches to light a
fire, but this was doubtful, for the rain was very heavy, and
without matches it would be impossible to see the compass after
dark. The hope for their home-coming lay in the fact that
there was an Indian along with them. To addtoour alarm the
rain brou ‘ht on a change of temperature, so that the night was
growing cold. I[ was very anxious that my friend should not
be exposed to the danger of sleeping out overnight in a cold
rain with neither food nor shelter. I called as loud as I could
call but there was no reply. | built a fire to attract him in the
dark, but the rain was pouring in such torrents it was difficult

to keep the fire burning. At frequent intervals I fired off my

water and move
to the north shore of Virmilion Lake, to camp in the open

country. The country here had all been burned, and it
is known as Bralé. While in camp here we had a visit
from an old Indian and his daughter, a child of five

years old. They told us they were starving. and begged
for food. They lived in a wigwam across on the south
shore and depended for their food on fishing. Whether
they were really starving or not we could not tell, but

they appeared to be. The cook was ordered to give them what
Salt pork and beans were heaped upon their

The capacity even of the

they needed.
plates, and were eagerly devoured.
to serve them several

child was wonderful. It was necessary

times before we could get rid of them, They were given food
to take along with them, and told to come again if they needed

more. Of course they came, and they were again given all that

Rod and Gun

they could eat. The Indian was an old man, and this little
girl was his only companion.

North of the lake, when running a line across the brilé,
I suddenly came upon three bears. The meeting was so
unexpected, it was diffienlt to say which of us was most sur-
prised. It was an old bear with two cubs. When I met them
they were all sitting on their haunches eating raspberries. The
old bear was seated beside the berry bush, and had its arms
or front paws, around a lot of branches, drawing them in to get
the berries. Its nose was thrust in to the leaves, and this may
account for its not seeing me. They were not ten feet distant
from me, and the old bear paused for a moment before all three
of them bounded off across the rocks and down into the ravine.
The black bear’s hind legs are so much longer than the front
ones, that their gait when running is very peculiar. Our tame
bears, and those in the parks or circuses, are so confined in
small quarters that it is seldom if ever that we have a chance
of seeing one on the run. Whoever sees their gait will long
remember it.

To the north-west of Virmilion Lake I discovered a fine
bush of sugar maples, and still further north, a lot of heavy
hard pine timber. Many of the pine trees were four feet in
diameter. The growth elsewhere has been mostly birch,
tamarack, spruce, balsam, and cedar.

It had been an unusual summer for thunderstorms. It
Was our custom to observe the weather indications before
starting out to work, but notwithstanding this, we were often
caught in heavy storms. Rubber coats were too hot and
burdensome to carry,and when it rained, we could only let
it rain. The transit would be covered with a rubber hood,
while the men would seek the shelter of trees or rocks. After
the storm had passed a fire would be built to dry ourselves,
and the work then proceed. Or if the day were very hot, the
men would enjoy a wetting as a means of keeping cool.

On the evening of September Ist I located the last survey
post at the north-east corner of the township, thus completing
the summer’s contract. Early on the following morning camp
was struck and the homeward journey begun. The men were
eager to get back to their native village and worked enthusiasti-
cally. The remaining provisions from the cache were taken,
and with light loads and the current in our favor we made good
As we journeyed homeward there were mingled
feelings of pleasure and regret. We certainly had passed a
period of laborious work. We had endured hardships and had
worked late and early, and yet for all the whole party was in

excellent health.
*

THE HORSE SHOW.
By Dr C. J- Alloway,

The word fad, is supposed to be the initial letters of some-
thing which for-a-day strikes the fancy, but which being
ephemeral, passes away as suddenly as it came. If such is the
history of the term, then it can in no sense be applied to the
modern horse show. -

In by-gone years the exhibition of horses in the prize ring,
displaying their qualities and mettle in competition was entirely
associated with the country fair, and naturally the horses
exhibited were mainly the property of those immediately inter-
ested in agriculture, and the animals shown bore the marks of
having been bred for farming purposes alone, the grand Cleve-
land Bays, the magnificent Norman Percherons and Clydes
showing to what perfection draught animals could be brought.
It was a healthy emulation and aroused a laudable desire for

in Canada 5

the best and a willingness to spend money on obtaining the
choicest imported strains. This ambition has resulted in rais-
ing the standard over all our farming districts, and made the
proudest day in the husbandman’s life, that in which his prize
animal with tail and main woven into strands and gaily be-
decked, pranced out of the ring with the blue ribbon floating
on the breeze.

It is, however, no disparagement to the attainments of the
rural communities to assert that, to bring the display of horse
flesh to a fine art it was necessary to come to the populous cen-
ters, and there to find what wise choosing, intelligent training,
and perfect care can do in bringing the native or acquired quali-
ties of the horse to the acme of equine development. Nor
should the farmer be unwilling that such is the case, for
although horse shows now yearly held in all the great cities of
America are exponents of urban life and conditions, yet it is
on the meadow lands and pastures far away from the fashion-
able centres that are raised the materials for these charming
exhibitions. One of the most delightful features of these cos-
mopolitan gatherings is the fact that for the moment the innate
love of the horse, which from time immemorial has found a
place in the heart of man, makes all meet on equal terms. It is
true that the owners of the high-stepping pairs and graceful
saddle hacks look on from the exclusiveness of comfortable
boxes, but their pleasure is no more keen in the grand jumping
and magnificent action of the favorites than is the more boister-
ous enjoyment of their grooms grouped together in fraternal
good fellowship at the end of the tan bark. Certainly the own-
ers of the prize winners in the carriage pairs have no more
elation over their success than has the well-appointed man in
livery on the box, whose deft and skilful handling of the rib-
bons has in no slight measure contributed to the result.

Another feature which has been instrumental in instituting
the popularity of the horse show on a firm and permanent basi,
is that its patrons and exhibitors are not men alone, ladies
entering into it with the spirit and enthusiasm which ever
mark anything which they delight to honor. For it they don
their most bewildering millinery, their daintiest costumes, and
give their unwearied attencance, until the whole amphitheatre
is a delight to look upon, and indirectly those who are called
upon to furnish these triumphs of the needle woman’s craft feel
the beneficial influence of the horse show iu stimulating trade.
Not only does the fashionabie gown-maker share in the business
interest aroused, buta wide circle of buyers and sellers are affect-
ed ; beginning at the remote breeding farms, the stimulus ramifies
in all directions to the personal gratification of all concerned.
The wagon-maker, harness-maker, dealer in up-to-date sup-
plies, the landlord, and a great variety of mechanics find a
demand for their best. As prizes are offered for such unpoet-
ical yet eminently useful turnouts as even the baker and butcher
carts, a marked improvement in their style and general appear-
ance has followed.

Unlike many other popular amusements there seems in the
horse show to be an utter absence of objectionable adjuncts.
Allis honest, fair and healthy. In it an opportunity is given
to the general public to witness a competition between indiyi-
dual animals of the several classes, which merits the warmest
support. It proves that an American population will sustain
with enthusiasm and interest an entertainment without any of
the brutalizing tendencies which degrade other forms of
so-called sport.

Another benefit which is arising from these competitive
exhibits is the incregsing popularity of horseback riding as a

6 Rod and Gun

recreation and health builder. The sedentary habits of the
ordinary man or woman, and especially of those whose means
render compulsory work unnecessary, are the greatest enemy
tosound health. The many outdoor games in which the young
indulge are somewhat unsuited to the dignity and physique of
middle life, but there is no ‘‘dead line’’ in the use of the sad-
dle, and the most casual observer must see that it is steadily
increasing in favor year by year, while in many an attic the
erstwhile delightful wheel is quietly rusting in dust and obli-
vion, while the horse that it endeavored to supersede, still holds
his throne as the comfort and delight of the human race as a
means of locomotion.

There are those who are doing their utmost to cultivate his
natural powers and qualities to bring him as near perfection as
possible. The present attainment is the result of unwearied
experiment, the high culture of years and the survival of the
fittest, which make possible the great diversity of breeds and
classes containing specimens of such grace of contour and refine-
ment of muscular development. The quality of bone, deep
chest, fine head and perfect lines of the hunter are the result of
years of selection and the heritage of generations of hunting
sires bred in the blue grass of Kentucky, or on the pastures of
English and Irish shires, and in cobs, carriage horses and other
classes the prize winners are undoubtedly the result of similar
care and attention.

If the Canad.an people show a proper interest in this laud-
able emulation among horse lovers and horse owners they are
doing something to lift the national taste. This can be done by
heartily supporting the coming horse show, which is to take
place in this city from the 6th of May to the 10th at the Arena.
There is every indication of its surpassing in every way its
predecessors. The management have fairly exhausted every
resource both by alterations and additions to make the pro-
gramme and prize list entirely satisfactory and attractive.

The entries, which closed on the !9th of April are consider-
ably in excess of the show of last year, and as the executive
have engaged a professional manager from New York, there
can be no doubt that the entire entertainment will meet with
an amount of appreciation commensurate with its merits and
the energies the directors of the Arena have spent upon its

preparation.
*

GAME IN WESTERN QUEBEC.

The reports made by the fire rangers of the Province of
Quebee contain a good deal of information that is valuable to
sportsmen. We have recently been furnished with a copy of
the reports covering the period intervening between May | and
Septe.nber 1, 1901, and select the following extracts as being
most to the point :

Mr. W. Snoddy, whose beat is the Upper Gatineau, East,
says: ‘‘ There are a lot of red deer on my territory but very few
moose. There are a few wolves but not any great number.
The Indians and their dogs do more harm than the wolves, at
least in the months of March and April when the crust is on the
snow. They destroy a lot of them for the pelts and leave the
venison in the woods. Fish in this country are abundant.
Some large lakes in my territory, Baskatong, Baskatochin,
George, Silver and Pikwakonagog Lakes are good fishing
waters, There are lots of grey trout, black bass, doré, pike and
sturgeon. The small lakes and creeks are full of brook trout.
There is no disease among the game, and last spring the snows
were not very deep. Indians and dogs do all the damage.
Partridges hatched ont well this year. Nota day passes but I

in Canada

see deer, and I consider this a fine territory for sportsmen in
the fall. I take good care that the Indians do not set nets.”

Mr. J. A. Campbell, who looks after the Blanche and Nation
Rivers, reports: ‘‘ My territory is so large that I cannot even
estimate the amount of game. Deer are as abundant as ever,
and the same may be said of the fish, but the fur bearing
animals and partridges seem scarce.””

Mr. John Kelly, sr.. one of the joint guardians of the
Lower St. Maurice, says: ‘‘ We have abundance of caribou and
moose, also quite a few red deer, and any quantity of partridge
and fish.”

Mr. W. D. Richer, who watches over the Upper Liévre
River, sends in an interesting report, in French, which we
translate in part: ‘‘The fish which are the most numerous in
the Liévre, and its tributary the Kiamika, are the pike, the
doré the brook trout, the grey trout and the whitefish. I have
given their names in the order of their abundance. The pike
are numerous and run to a large size, sometimes being taken of
a weight of 25 lb. The doré is also found in company with the
pike in the larger lakes. Some very fine ones are found in
Lake Kiamika, Lac de la Carne, and Burnt Lake. The grey
trout is especially abundant in Island Lake, behind the
Wabassee Farm, in Green Lake, which is near the larger Bark
Lake, Lake Kiamike, and, occasionally, in Tapanee. There is
some poaching in Island Lake and Green Lake, where nets are
used to take the grey trout on the spawning beds. The brook
trout is not as abundant as some people think. Very few
waters in the settled portion of my district hold these fish.
They are more abundant in the Tapanee River, and in the little
lakes near the forks of the Li¢vre than in any other waters.
Lake Busby, at the head of Busby Creek, which flows into the
Tapanee, holds the largest trout. Whitefish are scarce and
rapidly diminishing in number as the settlers net them on their
spawning beds.

“The best parts of my district for hunting are those
surrounding Lake Kiamika, the smaller Bark Lake and the
Kiamika River. I cannot imagine a better ground for deer and
duck. One or other is always in sight, and very often ten ora
dozen deer may be seen from the canoe. One day last August
we counted over a hundred in passing from Lake Kiamika to
Little Bark Lake. On the preceding day we had caught a
glimpse of a large moose. The shooting on the Liévre is not so
good. There are plenty of deer about the Wabassee and at
L’Original, but they disappear as one goes up stream, and
above the forks there are very few. On the lower parts of the
river the deer are continually increasing, and it is evident they
prefer to face the bullet rather than the hungry wolf. The
moose has little to fear from the wolf, and a few are found along
the Liévre down to the Tapanee Farm, and along the banks of
the Tapanee River, but in a few years the Indians will have
killed the last one, just as they did the last beaver, unless the
Government can findsome means of making them submit to the

same laws as the white man.”’
*

The poacher has been having a bad time in Quebec lately.
A resident of St. Adolphe, county of Chambly, was fined $100
for killing a moose, and two brothers from Point Blue, county
Roberval, had to pay $113 for the destruction of four beavers.

Let the good work proceed.
*

“*Tain’t de fellow wid de longes’ line dat catch de mos’
fish,’’ said Chareoal Eph, in another of his raminating moods ;
“hit’s de man wid de longes’ ’magination,’’—Atlanta Constitu-
tion.

Rod and Gun

A NEW HAMMERLESS GUN.

One of the most useful weapons a man can take into the
Canadian forest isa light shotgun. Partridge, rabbit and duck
are found almost everywhere. Anticipating a great demand
for this class of firearm, now that the tide of sporting travel is
setting so strongly to Canada, the Stevens Arms Company, of
Chicopee Falls, Mass., has put a new gun on the market, to
which the following description applies: Top snap, special
* Pyro-Electro’’ steel barrel, choke bored for nitro powder,
walnnt stock, rubber butt plate, case-hardened frame. Has
pistol grip, checked and capped, with a patent forearm,
checked. This gun has a new cocking deyice, by which it

A New ‘‘SreEvens.”’

cannot be opened to insert a shell until the gun is at full cock.
Also has automatic safety, making it impossible to discharge
gun before it is pushed forward. Has an automatic shell
ejector with a special device by which operator can at will
change the gun from an ejector to an extractor by two turns of
the screw. The simplest mechanism of any hammerless gun
and by removing one screw that holds the trigger guard in
place, the mechanism can be removed for inspection or repair.
12-gauge 28-30-32-inch barrel. Weight about 6} pounds.

IAM ho waeage Sarke see came see $12.00
16-gauge 28-50-inch barrel. Weight about 63 pounds.
IEA Oi Sencsn CoOponD osc ogsoGG $12.00
20-gauge 26-28-inch barrel. Weight about 6} pounds
Dette ee IC OOS OS ECO $12.00
™
CORRESPONDENCE.

The Ontario Game Laws.
To rue Eprror or Rop anp Gun:

Srr,—A few days ago a copy of the Ontario Game Laws, or
rather an abstract of them, came into my possession, and as
this is a subject in which I am vitally interested I have given
it considerable study. It appears to me that all the amendments
which haye been made during the last session of the Ontario
Legislature are moves in the right direction, and if I have any
fault to find with them it is that they show a certain timidity,
which seems to me uncalled for. Perhaps, however, Mr.
Editor, you will allow me sufficient space to touch upon the
provisions of this abstract at some little length, and if so I beg
to offer the following criticisms :

In the first place it appears to me that the wording is, in
almost every case, clumsy—instead of saying that a person may
not hunt or kill without having procured a non-resident
license, or that only one moose may be taken in one season by
one person, or that no cow or young moose can be killed, would
it not be better to have said ‘“ It shall not be legal, etc.’’ It is
no use telling’an old woodsman that no cow moose can be

in Canada 4)

killed, because he has probably seen cow moose killed in those
parts of the province where the heavens are high and the law
far off, and knows that a bullet behind the shoulder will killa
moose no matter what its sex or age.

Then it would appear as if the person who wrote the
paragraph dealing with the restrictions on the killing of moose
was not very well up in that sort of work. No moose or caribou
are to be killed in that part of Ontario lying to the south of the
main line of the C. P. R., from Mattawa to Port Arthur, except
ete. Is not this provision intended to apply also to the district
south of the line between Mattawa and the boundary line of the
Proyince of Quebec? Ifso, why not say so? Then, again, we
are told, throughout all
that part of Ontario lying
north and west of the
main line of the C.P.R.,
from Mattawa to Port
Arthur, moose and cari-
bon are legal game from
October 16th to Noyem-
ber 15th, both days in-
clusive. Now this des-
cription is a very unfortu-
nate one, because it is
ambiguous. I cannot
conceive of a district
which should lie west of an infinite east and west line. What
I think is intended, is that moose may be killed north of the
C.P.R. main line from Mattawa to Port Arthur, and on either
side of it from Port Arthur to the Manitoban boundary.

Also, why is it necessary that the alternative for caribou,
which is reindeer, should be inserted in the act while the
synonym for moose, which is elk, is omitted? Perhaps the
correct English word for the moose has been left out in order
not to create confusion with the incorrect name for the wapiti,
which is inserted, but in that case would it not have been
better to have dispensed with ‘‘reindeer’’ as well?

By the bye, the law relating to muskrats is a gem of legisla-
tive eccentricity. We are told that the open season is from
January Ist to May 1st, both days inclusive, but no muskrat
may be shot during the month of April. Soit would seem that
we may shoot merrily until the evening of the 3lst of March,
when we must give Bre’r Muskrat a rest until the first morning
in May, when we may slaughter him again until the going down
of the sun, after which the little fellow is safe until January Ist
of the succeeding year. F, M.

+
Desbarats Islands.
To THA Eprror or Rop anp GUN :

Many of your readers have doubtless heard of the Desbarats
Islands, and as some of them may think of visiting this charm-
ing region during the coming summer! have ventured to
trouble you with the following notes relating to them :

There is good fishing and canoeing here, pike and doré
being abundant in Georgian Bay, and many of the smaller
lakes a few miles back in the forests hold black bass and lake
trout. There is fair hotel accommodation both at the station
and the Indian Playgrounds, where Hiawatha is given every
summer.

A good many summer residents live on the islands sur-
rounding Desbarats, finding it easy to obtain all the luxuries of
civilization owing to the excellent railway and steamship

8 Rod and Gun

service. A large number of these islands are for sale within
four miles of the station, the Government asking about $5 an
acre.

A novel attraction at Desbarats will be a number of Indian
wigwams or tepees, that have been erected at various desirable
spots and which may be hired at a merely nominal rental.
Those who have never lived in an Indian wigwam havea fresh
and delightful experience in store.

Desbarats is at all times easy of access by way of the Sault
Ste. Marie and the C. P. R. There is also steamer service
from several ot the American cities. Guides cost from $1.50
to $2.00 a day, but they are not indispensable.

Desbarats, Ont. Srraw Har.

P. S.—I notice that the open season for moose and caribou
in Ontario will be one month north of the main line and a fort-
night south thereof. Those whoare afraid that the season will
be a little late north of the main line might take with much
pleasure the following trip: Goto Biscotasing, on the main
line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and hunt north of that
point for a fortnight, then during the open season south travel
from Biscotasing down to Dayton or Dean Lake, on the Soo
Branch, where the altitude is considerably less and the climate
about the same as that to the north of New York State. There
would not then be the slightest danger of ice for bark canoes,
and the trip down the Mississaga River between the points
above mentioned is a very delightful one.

*
ONTARIO’S GAME AND GAME LAWS.

James Dickson, O. L.S.

Although for probably half a century or upwards before
Confederation there were laws for the preservation of game,
and a close season during which none might be either hunted,
taken or killed, on the statutes of Canada, and an occasional
transgressor brought to the bar of justice for having shot a
deer or trapped a beaver during the prohibited period, it was
not until near the close of the year 1890 that any serious or
effectual attempt was made to protect, or put a stop to, the
indiscriminate slaughter of either the denizens of our woods or
waters. The wanton destruction at all seasons of the year of
our moose, deer, fur-bearing animals and game birds, had gone
on to such an extent that even the most callous had come to
realize the fact that, unless some trenchant steps were immedi-
ately taken to puta stop to such practices, the game fields of
Ontario would soon be as completely cleaned out as were the
plains of the Northwest of the buffalo. In the month of
November of that year the government of Ontario realized
that the time had arrived when some measures for its pro-
tection must be promptly adopted, and also felt that prob-
ably the best method they could adopt to enlist public sym-
pathy in any steps they might take for the preservation of our
game was to take that public into their confidence, and en-
deavor to find out in what localities the various kinds of game
was most abundant, the best methods to be adopted for its
preservation, and ensure at the same time a fair chance of suc-
cess in the chase to all, without infringing on the rights of any,
or affording to any one class of the community any undue
advantage over the other.

The Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council of the Province of
Ontario appointed a commission to visit all parts of the pro-
vince where there were any settlements, and any yariety of
game, hold public meetings, invite any and all persons to
attend and freely express their opinions as to what kind of
legislation would prove the most effective and so commend

in Canada

itself to publie favor as to stand a chance of being reasonably
well enforced.

All the evidence taken was reduced to writing, a careful
compilation of it made anda valuable report submitted to the
government. The result of which was the passing of the Game
Act of 1892.

By this Act the Fish and Game Commission was estab-
lished, consisting of five members selected from various parts
of the province, and composed of gentlemen who were known
to be ardent sportsmen either with rod or gun, but who would
not countenance the taking of any variety of game during the
close season, They were to hold office for a term of three
years. With the exception of the chairman they were to act
without salary. Their duty was to give all necessary directions
and take all reasonable measures for the enforcement of the
law, to collect statistics, and basing their recommendations
upon such information as was available, submit an annual
report to the government, making such recommendations as to
changes in the law as they deemed advisable.

There was also appointed a chief game and fish warden, and
four deputy wardens. These were permanent salaried officials.
The chief warden located in the parliament buildings, Toronto,
the others at different points, each having a certain district
under his supervision ; cach to look after the enforcement of
the laws in his district. Itis no more than justice to those
gentlemen to say that, taking into consideration the opposing
elements they met, and difficulties they had to contend with,
they have performed their duties remarkably well.

There was also a large staff of unsalaried deputy wardens
appointed, scattered all over the province. Their remuneration
consisted of a moiety of penalties imposed and collected.

By this Act the hunting or killing of deer was only per-
missible during the first two weeks of November in each year.
Each hunter was restricted to two only, and no fawns were
allowed to be hunted, takenor killed. Also no moose, elk or
caribou was to be taken before the month of Noyember, 1895.
Game birds and fur-bearing animals were also protected during
the breeding season. Settlers and Indians in unorganized dis-
tricts were exempt from the provisions of the game laws in so
far as they might take game for the use of themselves and
families, but were not allowed to sell any. And no person but
a resident of the province was allowed to hunt without paying
an annual fee of $25.

All peace officers, wood rangers, fire wardens, crown lands
and timber agents were also vested with the powers of deputy
wardens, and it was made a part of their duty to assist in
enforcing the game laws.

Previous to the passing of this Act there was no bounty for
killing wolves except where there was municipal organization.
It was then enacted that a bounty should be paid for wolves
destroyed in any part of the province, and the amount increased
from $6 to $10.

Although so much care had been taken to ascertain the
trend of public opinion before the passing of this Act, it was
found when it came to be enforced that there were many loop-
holes that required closing, and additions and alterations desir-
able, consequently the Act was recast the following year, 1893,
when several additions and a few alterations were made. The
powers of the wardens were somewhat extended and a license
fee of $2 exacted from residents of the province, and no insec-
tiverous birds were allowed to be killed atany time. The only
birds that were allowed to be killed at all were crows, hawks,
black birds, English sparrows, and game birds during the open
season.

Rod and Gun

The destruction of the eggs of game birds was also pro-
hibited, and additional restrictions placed on the exportation
of any variety of game.

In order that residents might be put to as little trouble as
possible in procuring their license, parties were appointed to
grant themin every town, township and village. A great
wail went forth over the length and breadth of the land that a
hardship was loaded on to the “poor backwoods settler,’’
because he had to pay a fee of two dollars for the privilege of
killing two deer, and as.a consequence the fee to be paid by the
poor settler was reduced to the nominal sum of 25 cents.

At nearly every session of the legislature some additions
were added to or alterations made in the game laws, until the
session of 1900, when the whole Act was revised and remodelled,
additional restrictions placed on the sale and exportation of
game, the close season for beayer extended until November,
1905, and permission given to kill one bull moose or caribou
during the first two weeks of November in every third year,
on payment of a special license of $5.

Power was also given to the Lieutenant-Governor-in-
Council to vary the close season as they might deem necessary
In certain outlying districts, and also to extend further pro-
tection to migratory or other birds in danger of extinction. A
section was also added forbidding the hiring of hunters to
shoot game animals, thereby making it clear that the holder of
a license, and no other, should have the right to either hunt,
take or kill any variety of game.

Power was also bestowed upon the Lieutenant-Governor-in-
Council to exempt Indians or white settlers in certain outlying
sparsely settled districts, whether organized or not, from any
of the provisions of the Act which was deemed necessary.
Thus it will be seen that the interests of the “poor settler”
were always carefully guarded.

When such an amount of time and money had _ been
expended by the Government and their subordinates to ascer-
tain the wants and desires of all classes interested in the
preservation of game, and such care taken so to mould the law
as toconform with the views of the greatest number, it was
not too much to expect every law-abiding citizen to put his
shoulder to the wheel and assist in its enforcement. But
instead of this being the case what have the game wardens
found? Opposition on every hand, not only by the man who
has speared a trout, trapped a muskrat or shot a deer out of
season, but by nearly every inhabitant of the community in
which the offence occurred; clearly showing that public
sympathy was on the side of the law-breaker. It is always a
difficult matter to enforce a law with which the public is not in
sympathy. If smuggling was held in as much abhorrence as
burglary, there would be little use for preventive officers.
And if fish spearing or deer hunting at unlawful seasons were
looked upon with as much detestation as robbing a-hen-roost or
hog-pen, no man’s conscience would prick him, nor would he
dread getting the cold shoulder for playing the role of informer.
But because wild game is not the private property of any
particular individual or class, but belongs to the State, and that
which belongs to the State is the property of everyone, share
and share alike, some people (and, unfortunately, they are in
the majority), think it is their individual right to take all they
can at all seasons and at all times, no matter what effect their
actions may haye on the rights of others. Oblivious of the fact
that in order to obtain a slight temporary advantage, they are
leading towards the extermination of an element which if

in Canada 9

reasonably well protected would be a source of healthful recrea-
tion, and also a source from which many a delicacy and
comfort could be extracted for all time, to say nothing of the
actual cash value of the game so mercilessly slaughtered.

The professional burglar has generally a confederate to
whom he ean go with his spoil and be sure of acertain percentage
of what the goods are worth, the dealer retaining the lion’s
share to offset the risk he runs. And when the gentlemen fall
into the toils it is generally found that neither of them occupy
a very high position in the social scale, and when the reward
of their labors is meted out to them neither of them gets much
the start of the other. In like manner the professional hunter
and trapper knows where he can at any time dispose of a
beaver or otter pelt, a saddle of venison or set of moose anflers,
without any questions being asked as to how or when the
animals were taken. Were this not the case they would be
permitted to live.

It is a notorious fact that the dealers are almost invariably
men of standing in their community. Many of them can eyen
tag J.P. or even a higher title after their name. Box up the
goods and hurry them to the station just before the train is due
to leave, and with asmirk and a smile call that business tact.

If they are @ccasionally caught and a trifling penalty im-
posed, large although it may sometimes appear in proportion
to the yalue of the goods in their possession at the particular
time, yet a bagatelle in comparison with the value of contraband
goods disposed of in a season; for like the burglars’ “fence,”
they also get the articles very much below their value.

Judging from the tone of most of the articles which so
frequently appear from the pen of so-called sportsmen, one
would infer that the writers have not perused the game laws
so much for the purpose of finding out their good points and
using their influencein assisting to enforce them as to finding out
what, from their standpoint, is a flaw. And reading between
the lines, it is readily seen that the man who violates any
section which does not merit their individual approval has
theirsvympathy. These gentlemen ought to bear in mind that
there is a wide diversity of opinion, and a wide diversity of
interests to be taken into consideration by the framers of the
law, and that, from the highest to the lowest, the opinion of
each is entitled to due consideration.

One class of writers strenuously oppose the killing of deer
in the water, others as vigorously maintain that this is the only
and proper method by which they should be taken; each
arguing, no doubt, from the standpoint of his own experience.
For my own part, I fail to see that it makes much difference
whether the animal is slain in the water or on dry land, so long
as the number allowed to be taken is not exceeded, and that
others are disturbed as little as possible.

One class maintain that hounding is the only proper way
to hunt deer, and that the still hunter is simply a pot hunter;
while the still hunter maintains that the reverse is the case.
My whole life and professional practice has been spent in the
heart of the deer districts, and in any section where there was
any reasonable percentage of the country unfit for agriculture
I cannot recall an instance of them becoming scarce so long as
hunting was indulged in by the still hunters only. Nor have I
ever met an individual whose experience teaches otherwise.
Surely this is the most conclusive evidence that hounding, and
not still hunting, is the most likely to lead to the rapid exterm-
ination of the game.

TO BE CONTINUED.

10 Rod and Gun

DEVOTED
TO THE
FISHING

ROD AND GUN
IN CANADA 444.44

GAME AND
FOREST
INTERESTS
OF CANADA.

PUBLISHED MONTHLY
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Communications on all topics pertaining to fishing, shooting, canoeing,
the kennel and amateur photography, will be welcomed and published,
if satisfactory. All communications must be accompanied by the name of
the writer, not necessarily for publication, however.
Rop AND GUN IN CANADA does not assume any responsibility for, or
necessarily endorse, any views expressed by contributors in these columns.
All communications should be addressed to:

ROD AND GUN PUBLISHING CO., 603 Craig Street, MONTREAL.

We have been favored with a copy of the following report
made by the non-commissioned officer stationed at Fort
Chipewyan, to the officer commanding Northwest Mounted
Police, Fort Saskatchewan :-—

“T notified the Hudson’s Bay Company's officer at Forts
Smith and Resolution re the extension of the close season for
buffalo, and requested them to warn all Indians and Half
Breeds in their districts of the same.

“The buffalo this winter have been seen by the Indians
within two days’ travel of Fort Smith. The Indians say the
herds seem to be getting smaller. They put it down to the des-
truction of the calves by wolves. Wolves are very numerous in
this part of the district and are constantly seen following the
herds around. I enquired from several of the Indians who hunt
in that part of the country, and frequently see the buffalo, if
they could give an estimate of the number of animals in the
herds. They say it is impossible to give a correct estimate of
the number, as they range over a large area of the country,
from Peace Point, on the Peace River, down.to the shores of

Great Slave Lake.”’
*

In a recent issue a New York weekly gave a sketch of the
work accomplished by Mr. Andrew J. Stone in the extreme
north of the Dominion and in Alaska. It is most humiliating
that Canadians should stand aside and allow others tc investi-
gate and explore the great, little known regions of the north.
We have men whose early training has fitted them most per-
fectly for the work of the explorer, but they are handicapped
by lack of means, and there seems to be in this great Dominion
of ours no wealthy men sufficiently interested in geographical
and scientific discoveries to volunteer the necessary funds.

But though we may envy Mr. Stone his opportunities, we
cannot certainly begrudge him a full meed of praise for his
magnificent work. He has been a pioneer in so many distant
parts of the Dominion that he is entitled to rank with Richard-
son, Fraser, Hearn, Back and Franklin; in fact, although his
geographical discoveries may not be so important ar were theirs,
his zoological work has been far more valuable.

Among the new species that Mr. Stone has introduced to
science are Ovis stonei, the black sheep of the Northern Rockies;
R. montanns, a new caribou from Casvigr, and another species
of caribou from the western part of the Alaskan peninsula, R,

gra

We are also led to expect that when the specimens Mr.

in Canada

Stone has just brought back from the north shall have been
examined and classified, it will be found that he has added con-
siderably to the existing number of species, as he is said to have
deposited in the American Museum of Natural History, New
York, some 350 specimens of northern mammals and 300
birds.

Mr. Stone commenced his explorations in 1896, having pre-
pared himself in his Missouri home by five years of close study.
Like every other man who has tasted the delights of the
wilderness, Mr. Stone is anxious to return to the north, and is

now planning another trip.
*

The following order-in-council, recently passed in Ottawa
will explain itself :

Whereas, there has been reported a decrease in the supply
of fish in the Eastern Townships, due to improvident fishing,—

The Governor-General in Council, in virtue of the provi-
sions of section 16 of the Fisheries Act, chapter 95 of the revised
statutes of Canada, is pleased to make and does hereby make
the following fishery regulation for the counties, in the Province
of Quebec, hereinafter mentioned :—

‘* Fishing with nets of any kind in the lakes and tributary
streams of Missisquoi, Shefford, Brome, Drummond, Rich-
“mond, Wolfe, Sherbrooke, Stanstead, Compton, Megantic and
* Beauce, in the Province of Quebec, is prohibited.

“And no night lines used in the above prohibited districts
**to have more than 100 hooks each.”

[This order would, in our opinion, be a good one if the last
clause allowing night lines with not over 100 hooks each were
cancelled. A pot-hunter could use as many of these linesas he
chese, provided the number of hooks on each did not exceed
100. Such night lines are most destructive in land-locked
lakes. —Ed. ]

‘“c

*

The subject of our frontispiece this month is one of those
charming bays which are so common in the neighborhood of
Desbarats. It is essentially a region of pine and rock, and the
visitor is sure to concede that Hiawatha had a pretty eye fora
country when he “ located’ in this part of the world.

*

The following Order in Council has been issued: The
Governor General in Council, in virtue of the provisions of
Section 16 of The Fisheries Act, is pleased to order that the
Order of the Governor in Council dated 26th March, 1892,
providing a close season for speckled trout in the Province of
Quebec, between Ist of October and the 30th of April, both
days inclusive, shall be and is hereby amended so as to permit
during the season of 1902 only, the fishing for speckled trout in
Maxwell's Lake until lst November, and in Lake St. Germain
until 15th October, and the same is ordered accordingly.

CONTENTS

PAGE
Frontispiecee—Kensington Point, Desbarats Island, Ont .
A’ Summer in Algoma)... ..acs0 =. << ees ce se oe 4
Dhe Ore ‘SHOW ic. ssecies cs tient se ay eet ne i eS 5-6
Game in Western Quebec ..... 6
A New Hammerless Gun .... : = ‘ 7
COrFFeBpOndence ©. .'53 sc ace's.s 4:0 cae ae sck solids shear 7-8
Ontario’s Game and Game Laws. 8-9
Editorial .. ae 10
Kennel Department. ... 1-14
Amateur Photography 15-16
Forestry 17-20

Rod and Gun in Canada II

KENNEL DEPARTMENT

Conducted by D. Taylor

MONTREAL SHOW.

As the time approaches for the close of entries for the
annual eyent of the Montreal Canine Association the committee
are becoming more and more convinced of the ultimate success
of the experiment in holding their show under American Ken-
nel Club rules. Up to the time of writing (April 23) the encour-
agement received in the way of entries from the other side of
line 45 has been very gratifying, while at the same date,
compared with former years, there has been no apparent fall-
ing off in local entries, neither is there any diminution in the
number from other
parts of Canada.
At previous shows
held under the
auspices of the
Canine Association»
American dogs
were conspicuous
by their absence,
now the dog-loving
publie of Montreal
will have the op-
portunity of seeing
some of the most
prominent dogs of
different breeds
there are on the
continent of Ameri-
ca to-day, and this
in itself should
justify the commit-
tee in their action.
The superintendent
Mr. H. M. Walters
(who, by the way,
seems to the manor
born, and is push-
ing things along
with an energy and
vigor that deserves
success), reports
that some local exhibitors felt a little shy at entering in
the opening classes with the chance, perhaps, of having to com-
pete against trans-atlantic cracks, but after a little heart to
heart talk they came to see things in another light. The true
dog-lover does not enter his dog solely for the purpose of win-
ning; he desires to see him alongside some acknowledged
specimen of merit, compare the two together and find out for
himself where his own is lacking. The experienceis an object
lesson which will serve him in years to come.

Besides cash prizes in the open classes for each breed there
is a great array of very valuable specials offered, comprising
cups, medals, articles of utility and cash.

Among specials the Collie Club of America offers, open to
members only : Collie Club Trophy, value $800, for best Amer-
ican bred collie, with a medal to best of opposite sex to win-

A CREE TEPEE.

This scene was taken in Alberta, N.T.W.: while not a thing of beauty, this style of
habitation has its many advantages,

ner ; the Van Schaick Cup, value $300, for the best collie, and
a medal to best of opposite sex to winner.

J. Cromwell Cox, Esq., and <A. Perey Mutchmor, of
Ottawa, offer a silver challenge cup, value $100, to the best
specimen of any breed in show.

The Iadies’ Kennel Association of America offers a silver
medal for the best Blenheim spaniel, owned and shown by a
lady ; a silver medal for the best fox terrier owned and shown
by a lady ; the Meadowbrooke Challenge Cup for best dach-
shunde owned and bred by a member of the L. K. A.: the
Hickory Valley Challenge Cup for the best cocker spaniel
owned and bred by a member of the L. K. A.

St. Bernards, Russian wolfhounds, Irish setters, cocker
spaniels, collies, bulldogs, fox terriers, and Irish terriers are
exceptionally well provided for with specials, but indeed none
of the breeds have been overlooked. The Association also offers
$20 for the largest exhibit of dogs entered and owned by one
kennel or exhibi-
tor, and $20 to the
handler in charge
of the largest string
of dogs.

It is quite safe
to say that every
local dog with any
pretensions to qual-
ity will be entered,
and to encourage
local competition
as much as possi-
ble, confined class-
es haye been pro-
vided for all the
standard breeds,
with cash prizes
and specials. The
superintendent has
received a great
many assurances of
entries from Amer-
ican kennels and
among those who
have already sent
them in are G. M.
Carnochan, River-
dale - on - Hudson,
who will show his
celebrated string of
fox terriers; Mr. W. P. Earle, New York, bulldogs; Mr. E. P-
Woodbury, Burlington, Vt., Boston terriers, and others.

The following are the officials of the show. They haye work-
ed with well-directed energy and zeal in the preliminary work,
and it is believed their efforts will result in the best dog show
ever held in Montreal :

Superintendent—H. M. Walters, Room 21, Stock Exchange
Building.

Dog Show Committee—A. F. Brittain, S. Britcher, S.
Coulson, Dr. W. H. Drummond, Arthur F. Gault, W. Henry,
Jos. A. Laurin, D. W. Ogilvie (Chairman), N. C. Ogilvie, J. A.
Pitt, Jos. Reid, D. Robertson, W. O. Roy, F. Stuart, D. Taylor,
H. L. Thomas, H. M. Walters.

Veterinarians—Drs. O. Bruneau, V.S., A. Lesperance, V-S.

Secretary—J. R. Innes, Canada Life Building, Montreal,

1 ~*

12

The Ottawa Show.

During the past few months there has been quite a revival
oi interest in canine matters in the Capital City of the Domin-
ion, a state of affairs brought about throvgh the reorganization
of the erstwhile defunct Kennel Club by a few enthusiastic
fanciers, at the head of whom is Mr. J. Cromwell Cox. This
gentleman had an able and willing lieutenant in Mr. A. Percy
Mutchmor, and between them, and with the assistance of the
committee, they made a pronounced success of their initial
show. The result of these gentlemen’s efforts shows what can
be accomplished by energy when backed up by enthusiasm, and
also confirms the truth of the statement frequently made that
the true fancier will sacrifice a good deal financially to obtain
the covetted blue ribbon for his dog, and that it needs not the
putting up of big cash prizes to induce him to show. We trust
that the present success will induce the Kennel Club to make
it an annual event, and the only suggestion we would offer is
that it be fixed on dates around Montreal’s show, and under
different judges.- If this were done we are certain the change
would benefit both.

As far as entries were concerned it was quite up to, if not
beyond, expectations. There were 287 dogs benched, making
a total of 521 entries. The place was not very suitable for a
show, being in two flats of a store, and some inconvenience was
felt in the larger classes owing to the circumscribed ring area.
But the judge (Mr. James Watson, of collie fame) got through
his work with remarkable celerity, looking tothe difficulties he
had to encounter, and on the whole there was an unusually
small percentage of grumblers. Montreal dogs were quite a
feature in the show, and the majority of them came home with
blue or red ribbons. Mr. Geo. Caverhill’s Skye terrier, Queen,
was awarded the special for the best specimen of any breed in:
the show, and Mr. T. S. McGee’s collie bitch, St. Louis Violet,
obtained all the honors she was looking for. Mr. H. T.
Thomas’ recently imported bulldog was also singled out for
special honors, while Messrs. F. and A. Stuart’s St. Bernards
were a prominent feature.

Quite a contingent of Montreal fanciers went to Ottawa and
report receiving the heartiest of welcomes and the best of treat-
ment from the president and others of the committee. The fol-
lowing were the officials :

President—J. Crom well Cox.

Vice-President—R. H. Elliott.

Executive Committee—Dr. R. E. Webster, Dr. H. S. Kirby,
W. G. Young, T. A. Armstrong, W. J. E. Newton, J. E. Mont-
gomery, F. McLean, J. W. Graham.

Veterinary Surgeons—W. G. E. Austin, V.
Gilpin, V. 8.

Secretary-Treasurer—A. Perey Mutchmor.

Superintendent of Show—A., P. Mutchmor.

Judge —James Watson, all classes.

Of the dogs quite a large number were only of mediocre
quality, with one or two in several breeds standing out promi-
nently in front. St. Bernards were a very fair show, the cream
of the lot being from the St. Louis du Mile End Kennels, and
they had no difficulty in winning. American foxhounds were
quite numerous, but of a very mixed description. The other
sporting classes were not filled as they ought to have been,
while the entries in fox terriers was a distinct disappointment,
and to add to this several western dogs entered did not put in
appearance. Collies were the great feature of the show, the
acknowledged reputation of Mr. Watson as a collie expert no
doubt contributing largely to swell the number. Of course

S.; Wm. G.

Rod and Gun in Canada

there was a lot of just fair, every-day dogs, but also quite
a number fit to beseeninany company. We have been favored
with the following criticism on the collie classes by one who
knows all about them :

“*The collie classes were wonderfully well filled, the total
entry being one hundred and seventeen in nine classes. There
were of course a good many duplicates, and each novice class
held the key to the situation. Of the ten puppies, first was the
good bodied Guy Long. He is not quiteso long or clear in head
as Coila Brankstone who, after having his ears weighted until
led into the ring held them well, but the next day they pointed
to the zenith. Cawning Hero, third, is a big fellow with plenty
of body coat, but he is clumsy and wide in front. Pilot’s Bob,
too small, has a good texture of coat for a black and tan. In
novice dogs Brandane Abbot, a very true built collie, excellent
legs and feet, good coat, nice expression, could be improved
with more length of head, won well from the first two in puppy
class, and for reserve a good choice was made in Sir Humphrey
Il. With nearly forty dogs in the class the ring was packed,
but the judge starting in the right way, sent out all the prick-
eared and worthless one’s and winnowed them down, gave C. or
H. C. where there was any merit, by way of encouragement, and
finally reached the best eight. Of those not mentioned before
there were Fullerton, Edgeworth Tim and Don in the V. H. C.,
all showing character but short of quality in head. The limit
dogs included King Edward VII., and the judge was some time
deciding between him and Brandane Abbot. The Montreal
dog has come on in coat of late, but there Abbott beats him, his
skull is also flatter, but the former has a cleaner head which
looks, if it is not, longer, and his make and shape suggest going
faster and travelling farther. The other than sable and white
class had Brandane Abbot and Guy Long for first and second,
and in the open class it was a repetition of previous placing.

“The bitches were fewer but showed more quality than the
dogs. First in every class came St. Louis Violet followed by
Coila Kelpie, and in novice, limit and open, Dominion Patti
was third. The winner is a beautiful biteh, her head, ears,
expression, outline, stern and carriage being-all of the best.
She has yet time to put on a bit of substance as she isa June
puppy, but she will never be a heavy bitch. She eventually
got the breed specials, of which there were three, and the
owner of King Edward VII. consoled himself with the fact that
the bitch was by Logan’s Ear!t. Coila Kelpie is a very neat,
evenly turned bitch, a little better in head than Dominion
Patti, and looks good enough to show in any company.”

A correspondent also sends us the following: ‘‘ Mr. Watson
being a specialist on collies, brought out a big entry, there
being no less than 36 in novice dogs. In puppy dogs Guy Long
was first, a tricolor shown in fine condition ; has nice expres-
sion, head, ears and coat, but carried his tail over his back.
Coila Brankstone, second, had he not shown his ears had been
weighted, would have won. He is very near what the collie
fanciers are looking for and. with age, will be heard of again.
Cawning Hero and Pilot’s Bob are both on the skully side. In
novice dogs Brandane Abbot won. He isa big tricolor and was
shown in tip-top condition. Tle has a nice head and ears, grand
coat, but his gaily carried tail spoils him. Guy Long, second,
and Coila Brankstone, third, reserve going to Sir Humphrey IT.,
a sable and white, with grand head and ears, good coat, legs
and feet, and with lots of collie character, but shown very thin.
A hardly used dog in only getting H. C. was Joe Perfection.
True he is six years old and shows age, but for size, length of
head, small ears well carried, and quality of coat there was

—

ese
= Ss,

Rod and Gun

nothing in the class to equal him. Several others getting com-

mended tickets were good useful collies. Limit class dogs
were much the same, excepting King Edward, which won

over Brandane Abbot. King Edward was shown in better coat
and condition than in New York, but still lacks undercoat
and is getting checky in head, and therefore might have given
way to Brandane Abbot, Open dogs were a repetition of the
Bitch puppies: St. Louis Violet won right through her
classes, and at the finish discounted King Edward for the best
in show. She is keeping herself well and, as she stands to-day,
can win in the very best company. The second went to Coila
Kelpie, a sweet bitch with fine head and good coat. Her ears,
carried too low, spoil her. Novice class: St. Louis Voilet, first ;
Coila Kelpie, second; Dominion Patti, third, is showing age,
but a big useful dog, and is showing herself to be a grand
brood bitch, being dam of St. Louis Violet and the new States
winner, Coila Victor; reserve went to Lassie, a big sable and
white. good head, ears and expression, and only wants a little
more undercoat to make her a nice one. ‘The others behind
reserve were hardly worth mentioning. Limit and open classes
a repetition of former class.”

The following are the Montreal winners :

Sr. Bernarps.—Novice, dogs—-1, Uncle Homer, F. & A.
Stuart and E. Starr: limit and open—1, Uncle Homer. Bitch
puppies—l, Alpine Peggy, F. & A. Stuart ; novice—l, Alpine
Peggy. Limit and open—l, Rosie O’Grady, F. & A. Stuart.
Russian Wotrsounps.—Limit and open, dogs—1, Sir Roswald,
Terra Cotta Kennels, Montreal and Toronto. CoLtres—Puppies,
dogs—2, Roy, W. Ormiston Roy. Novice, dogs—8, Coila
Brankstone, W. O. Roy; H. C.—Joe Perfection, P. J.
McManus. Limit—l, Logan’s King Edward VII., Joseph
Reid ; 3, Coila Brankstone, W. O, Roy ; H. C.—Joe Perfection.
Open, dogs—King Edward VII. ; reserve—Coila Brankstone ;
H. C.—Joe Perfection. Puppies, bitches-—1, St. louis Violet,
Thos. 8. MeGee; 2, Coila Kelpie. W. O. Roy. Limit and
open—same order. Winners class—St. Louis Violet ; reserve—
King Edward VII. Btiitpocs.—Novice dogs and bitches—1,
Rose of Kent, H. L. Thomas. Bitches, open and winners class—
Rose of Kent. Butt Terriers—Puppies, bitches—!, New-
market Pride, Newmarket Kennels. Novice—!l, Newmarket
Pride. Atrepate Terriers.—Noyice, limit and open, dogs—
Colne Master Nut, Jos. A, Laurin. Bitches, novice, limit, open
and winners class—Colne Walton Flyaway. Fox Terriers
(smooth).—Bitches, limit and open—2, Elmwood Electra, Mrs.
C. Thomson. Fox Terriers (wirehaired ).—Bitches, novice—l,
Norfolk Peerless, D. W. Ogilvie. Open—1, Flashlight, D. W.
Ogilvie. Winners—Flashlight. Scorrisn Trrrters.—Open,
dogs—1, Balmoral Toughie, Miss Isabel M. Lindsay ; 2, York,
Miss Eadie; 3, McGregor, Miss Eadie; reserve, Wishaw
General, W. O. Roy. Bitches, open—Snapshot, Miss Eadie.
Skye Terrrers.—Open, dogs—Moorland Lad, George Caverhill.
Bitches, open and winners — 1, Queen, Geo. Cayerhill-
Wetsu Terriers.—Open, dogs and bitches—l, Teddy, W. O.
Roy. Prryce Cares Spanigts.—Open, dogs—Lord Bobs, E.
Bradford ; 2, Baden Powell, E. Bradford. Bitches, open—
Minnie Warren, I. Bradford.

same.

*

At arecent meeting of the Brandon ( Man.) Kennel Club
the following officers were elected: Patron, Capt. P. H. B.
Ramsay ; president, J. P. Brisbin; vice-presidents, Vere H.
G. G. Pickering and C. Arthur Rea; secretary-treasurer, Dr. H.
James Elliott ; executive committee, R. Fortune, E. H. White,
W. J. Currie, W. McChesney ; auditors, C. Arthur Rea and R.
Fortune.

in Canada 13

Manitoba Field Trial Club.

The annual meeting of this club was held on March 27 at
Winnipeg, Mr. John Wootten, the president, in the chair. The
secretary-treasurer’s report for the past year was the most
favorable ever presented, and consequently gave great satisfac-
tion. The purses in the Derby and All-Age stakes were in-
creased by $100 each, making a purse of $325 for each event,
divided as follows: $150 to first, $100 to second, $50 to third,
$25 to fourth. The date fixed for this vear’s trials, September
4, is a little earlier than last year. The conditions of the
championship stakes have been changed and is now open only
*‘to dogs that have won a place in competition in field trials.’
The entrance fees and a gold medal will be given to the winner.
The club was instrumental in securing an amendment to the
game laws of the province which will permit of the training of
setters and pointers during the close season. Prof. Eric Ham-
ber, Winnipeg, is the secretary, and all communications regard-
ing the entries of dogs to the field trials should be made to

him.
%

Victoria, B.C., Bench Show.

The newly organized Kennel Club of Victoria, B.C., held
its initial show April 8-5, and were favored with a very gener-
ous measure of public support as far as entries and the attend-
ance of sightseers were concerned. Krom the abundance of
both wing and ground game in the almost immediate vicinity
of the city, dogs which can be used for sporting purposes were
largely in the majority, and nowhere else in Canada do we find
such a number of well trained setters. The number of dogs
benched was 226, totalling about 300 entries, and of these nearly
one quarter, or fifty to be exact, were English setters. In point
of numbers cockers came next, thirty-nine being actually
shown. The judging ring was outside the exhibition building,
in the open air, and the glorious sunshine made it very pleas-
ant for visitors. Mr. E. Davis judged all classes and placed the
ribbons to the apparent satisfaction of the majority. The fol-
lowing officials deserve every credit for the success they worked
so hard to obtain: President, Hon. D. M. Eberts ; vice-presi-
dent, J. W. Creighton ; secretary, T. P. McConnell ; treasurer,
T. H. Plimley ; superintendent, Frank T. Turner; show com-
mittee, W. F. Hall, T. Astle, E. Pferdner, C. A. Goodwin and
J. MeSweeney.

*

Mr. J. Cromwell Cox, the popular president of the Ottawa
Kennel Club, is, we understand, importing a new collie from
the Old Country which he hopes to do a lot of winning with.
The dog is now on the water and, if he arrives in anything like
condition, will make his first appearance on this side at
Montreal show. A gentleman who has an intimate acquaint-
ance with the breeder and knows the stock from which the
dog is bred, informs us that he is wore than likely to prove a
eracker-jack. Mr. Cox isa keen fancier and does not allow a
dollar or two to stand in the way of getting the best. We
understand he pays a high price for his last purchase.

%

Mr. Eric Hamber, secretary of the Manitoba Field Trials
Club, writes that Mr. N. Wallace, of Farmington, Conn., has
consented to act as one of the judges at the trials to be held
early next September at Carmen, Man. Mr. Wallace’s abilities
are so well known to field trial men that his selection as judge
ought to prove a large factor in ensuring a successful meet. The
second judge will be announced later.

14

On 7th April Alex Smith’s (‘‘ Auchcairnie ’’) Kincardine
Maple Leaf (Champion Laurel Laddie ex Logan’s Apple
Blossom) whelped fourteen pups—eleyen dogs, three bitches
to Mr. H. Jarret’s dog Coila Victor, which took a good place at
New York. Coila Victor is by Knight Errant II. ex Dominion
Pattie. ‘‘ Aucheairnie ’’ has kept seven and thinks he should
have some prize winners in the bunch.

; *

‘Lhe collie bitch Broadlin’ Mayflower (Champion Laurel
Laddie ex Logan’s Apple Blossom) has given birth to seven
puppies—five dogs, two bitches—to the owner’s (Mr. P. J.
MeManus) stud dog, Joe Perfection. They are all beautifully
marked sable and white.

*

Mr. W. Ormiston Roy’s collie bitch, Logan’s Whin Blossom
(Woodmansterne Conrad ex Logan’s Apple Blossom), has
whelped ten perfectly marked puppies to Mr. P. McManus’ stud
dog, Joe Perfection (Shrewsbury Perfection ex Fanny).

*
Distemper in Dogs.

From a timely article on ‘‘ Distemper in Dogs” by a corre-
spondent of a contemporary, we extract the following :

“Primarily, distemper, at its inception, shows a disturbed
and inflamed condition of the membraneous tissue of the
alimentary canal. It is likely a condition corresponding to
typhoid, as some maintain. Its germ certainly finds ready
cultivation in the unhealthy conditions which result from
worms. Its first usual symptom is a hard bronchial cough, with
some retching, irritated by excitement or nervousness, all no
doubt caused by the stomach’s disturbed membraneous condi-
tion. Whether at two or three months, or at six to ten months,
or any age, the first thing to do when this cough appears is to
chain the dog up in some inside quarters where air is good and
floor dry.

“Distemper develops much slower than generally thought
for. <A dog is first noticed to be ‘‘off his food ;’’? soon the
cough is noticed in the morning and towards night, and in a
week or ten days it is more than likely that the eyes show a
sticky discharge and the nose sooner or later begins perhaps to
discharge likewise thick purulent yellow mucus.

“* Of great importance is the isolation of the patient, chained
up free from activity and excitement from other dogs. If your
puppy is young, and you have an old bitch (that has had the
distemper), no harm can follow shutting her in with the
patient. She will aid the puppy in keeping clean and be very
helpful in quieting him. Your chances are that if this first
moye is made promptly, and faithfully adhered to, your dog
will have but a ‘‘ mild case.’

“In treatment, the writer does not believe in the speedy
use of any medicine ; the less used the better you are off, and
the dog, generally. If at first your dog is suddenly prostrated,
as is common, one good large dose of rochelle salts or castor oil
ig a good beginning. If indicationsof worms are present, treat
for their removal. If the patient refuses food for a couple of
days, it will do no harm to let himgo without, but rather good.
The first stage ig no time to force food, but, on the contrary,
does injury. Should much mucous discharge develop at the
eyes and nose, and a general fevered condition exist, with quick
breathing and much loss of energy, quinine in moderate doses,
or any tried “‘grippe’’ tablet that has been found good in
family use will prove beneficial. The condition of the stomach
is the most important factor to keep in mind, for on getting the
dog back to a good appetite depends his recovery.

Rod and Gun

in Canada

** Right here, begin at once, something that will, if followed
up regularly, allay the development of the worst tendencies of
the disease. After the general cleansing, begin to give, three
or four times a day for several days, and continually as long as
its helpfulness is indicated, a tablet that can be purchased from
any druggist, being a compound of pepsin (one or two grains,
according to age), bismuth and charcoal. These tablets are
inexpensive and should be given after each meal, if the patient
takes food, and, if not, fourtimesa day. They are easily taken
or given, and their beneficial effect will soon be observed.

“These simple and harmless tablets will first digest the
food and enable the dog to assimilate it. They sooth and tone
up the inflamed intestinal conditions and gradually make a
dog’s appetite good again and slowly but surely bring about the
conditions which permit healthy, well formed feces. When
this is accomplished more than half the battle is fought.

“Should the patient show general debility and indications
of the disease rather generally poisoning the system, in fact, if
the nasal form develops, lose no time in arranging to put ina
seton. Any veterinary can do it, but you can do it yourself fully
as well, as follows: Clip the hair on neck back of skull close to
skin for three or four inches square. Securea piece of ordinary
(tarred) tarpaulin or common hemp cord, which shonld be
soaked in a solution of carbolic acid and water. Cut cord at
length of eight or ten inches. Catch one end of it in the joint
of a pair of small curved sharp-pointed nail scissors or sail-cloth
needle ; hold skin just below occiput of skull bone, well up
away from inner tissues and puncture point through from one
side of neck to the other, drawing cord through so that holes
will be about two inches apart ; tie good large knots in each
end of cord, dressing at first with antiseptic vaseline, and leave
it in from five to ten days, dependent upon profuseness of
discharge. Draw cord from knot to knot each day often, in
order to keep outlet free.

““Tn almost all cases where the seton is used soon enough
its aid is largely responsible for safe recovery. The writer has
seen most wonderful cures by its assistance in the last stages of
the disease. Its use is of English origin, and one theory
advanced to explain its benefit in dogs is that asa dog perspires
only through the glands of nose and mouth, and never through
the outer skin and coat, this outlet affords an immediate drain
much needed to carry off the poisonous accumulations about the
inner body tissues. When the system is generally much
poisoned with the effects of distemper, this drain is very
beneficial and never harmful.

““Many dog owners have special food theories for distem-
per, a popular delusion being that meat fed to young dogs
produces distemper. All young dogs should have meat in mod-
eration, and don’t forget that dogs need salt in their food, as
well as the human race and animals. The frequent continual
diet absolutely without salt, is suflicient to cause most any
ailment. The writer’s observation has been that a dog in dis-
temper gets along best when given limited quantities of what
it craves, three to five times daily, always bearing in mind the
aim to make the stomach’s work easy. Raw (fresh) beef cut
fine on bread, fed three or four times daily is most excellent.
If milk is relied upon, sterilize it (rather than boil) and give in
moderate quantities. Raw eggs with milk is generally very
good and strengthening.

“The most important safeguards to bear in mind are: (1)
Absolute quiet on chain in dry quarters. (2) Tablets regularly
given and constant care. (3) Theseton promptly put in before
the case has advanced to the fatal or acute form of the disease.”

Rod

AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHY

Conducted by Hubert McBean Johnstone

The Scrap Bag.

A Hint on Fixinc.—The first action of a solution of hypo
on the unaltered silver bromide emulsion of a plate, is to form
an insoluable compound that is invisible because it is transpar-
ent. This change begins at the surface and is immediately fol-
lowed by another action which changes the first chemical into
a soluable salt easily removable by water. It is evident that 1/
the plate is removed and washed at the exact moment the last
trace of white disappears from the back, there will be spots,
where the white last appeared, containing this insoluable com-
pound that cannot
This is what turns
yellow or brown
after atime. It is
another case of an
ounce of preyen-
tion saying a pound
of cure, for I have
never yet seen any
sure method for
getting rid of them
completely.

AN INEXPEN-
sive BackGrounp
FOR Porrraits. —
Get some muslin at
the dry goods store
that is at least two
yards wide. It will
cost perhaps twen-
ty cents a yard.
Get enough to
make several back-
grounds and, leay-
ing one white, color
the rest with Dia-
mond Dyes. Slate
color, brown and
black are most de-
sirable. Nail one
edge of each on

be removed by any amount of washing.

one strip-of wood and put a screw eye in each end of the
stick. Nails or brass hooks placed at different parts of the
room will allow the ground to be hung in any desired position
by running a stout cord through the two eyes from one point to
another. This will allow of the ground being swung from
side to side, and by changing one end of the cord to a different
hook, the angle of the ground may bealtered. Vibrating the
cord a trifle during exposure will prevent the texture of the
material from showing.

Bivue Prixts.—At this time of year, the month for cloud
pictures, blue prints will be found to express very adequately
the feeling of spring, and are worth using. If you have not
been using them all winter get some paper and have a change.
““Tt’s time for a change.’’ Print your negative in the centre of
a large sheet of paper by marking off the edges ; then cover the

and Gun

On THE RANGE.

A Canadian cowboy breaking iu a pony for the British troops to use in South Africa.

in Canada 15

print and a narrow strip of the print all around (say a quarter
of an inch) with a card a little larger than the matt you have
just used, and print the margin of the paper. By shading it
diagonally so as to let one corner print stronger than the rest
and keeping the shade in motion, you can produce that same
effect as is shown in the popular Rembrandt mounts.
GARDENING with A Camersa.—In Country Life in America
a few months ago, Mr. L. M. Bailey gives usa lesson in garden-
ing, in which he tells us that the camera is one of the most
important aids and also shows us some of the beautiful photo-
He says: ‘‘ The best
preparation for gardening is to go afield and see the things that

grams which he says have helped him.

crow there. Take photograms in order to focus your attention
on specific objects, to concentrate your obseryation, to train
your artistic sense. An ardent admirer of nature once told me
that he never knew nature till he purchased a camera. If you
have a camera, stop taking pictures of your friends and the
making of mere souvenirs and try the photographing of plants

and
small

animals and

landscapes.
otice that the
ground-g lass of
your camera limits
your landscape.
The border pieces
frame it. Always
see how your pic-
ture looks on your
ground-glass before

you make your ex-
posure. Move your
camera until you
have an artistic
composition — one
that will have a
pictorial or pictur-
esque character.
Avoid snap-shots
for such work as
this. Take your
time. At the end
of a vear, tell me
if you are not a
nature lover. If
to-day you care
only for pinks and
and other
prim flowers, next
vear you will admire also the weedy tangles, the spray of
wild conyolvulus on the old fence, the winter walks of the
sun-flower, the dripping water trough by the roadside, the
abandoned bird’s nest, the pose of the grass-hopper.’’ In
some ways Mr. Bailey seems to haye gottenoff his subject, but

roses

at the same time there is much in what he says. Try it
ang.see re .
LANTERN SimpE Work.—Lantern slides in two colors by

development only are very effective, especially in the case of
sunset scenes. To make such, make an ordinary lantern slide
of suitable depth and tint from the desirable negative. Then
instead of binding it with the plain cover glass, expose one of
the lantern plates for red tones in contact with the slide already
made. The denser part of the slide will shield the plate which

1s to take the place of the usual coyer glass, but the thin part of

16

the slide representing sky, etc., will allow considerable light to
pass through. When this plate is developed to a warm red
tone, and eventually bound up in exact registrar with the
original slide, we have, instead of a sunset slide in monotone, a
composite one in which the sky, water, reflections, ete., are
suffused in a warm sunset glow, intense or otherwise, according
to the depth to which the plate used as a cover-glass has been
developed.

Bromipe oF Porasstum.—One must bear in mind that
bromide of potassium used in the developer will have the effect
of spoiling the gradation. A negative that is to be used
for any special purpose and shows signs of being under-exposed
might just as well be thrown away and taken over again as
wasting time over it with a restrainer. Gradation is essential
to pictorial excellence.

A Pratixem ToninG Formeia.—Here is a new formula for
toning platinum prints. It is being largely used by all the
wholesale makers of platinum prints for the art stores :

A
Uranium nitrate = <3 48 gr.
Glacial acetic acid t6 ue ae 48 gr.
Water se ie Ae oe 1 oz.
B
Potassium ferrievanide ac at 48 gr.
Water — Sc me a 1 oz.
C
Ammonium sulphocyanide — .. 2S) gr.
Water ie at sr x 1 oz.

Use ten parts of each of the three solutions to 1,000 parts of
water. Wash all prints thoroughly, as the slightest trace of
iron will be fatal.

A Worp on Trimuinc.—There is nothing that will detract
more from the finished appearance of a print than poor trim-
ming. A straggling, wavering edge that looks as though a
cyclone had struck it just as its maker was slicing off its sides,
will effectually take the charm off any photogram, no matter
how excellent it may be in composition or technical workman-
It does not cost much for a trimming board with a square
and rule at the top, (about 90 cents, I think, for a 4x5,) but if
you feel that you can’t afford one, get a common square. But
don't have ’em crooked.

ship.

MakinG Carson TranspareNcites.—Take an unused dry-
plate, fix it, and then wash well. Immerse the plate for a few
minutes or hours (it does not matter) in a strong solution of
chrome alum, well wash again and dry. The plate is now ready
for carbon tissue in the ordinary way. In this manner, stale
plates or light struck ones may be made useful to the carbon
transparency worker.

Vetox.—Velox develops too rapidly to suit some workers.
If therefore a teaspoonful of sugar be dissolved in four ounces
of the developer, it about doubles the time required for develop-
ment. Two teaspoonfuls quadruple it. This superficial method
of retarding development will be found useful, since potassium
bromide alters the color of the print, while sugar, if it has any
effect on the color of the blacks, only makes them richer.

texovatine Leatner.—When the leather in a hand cam-
era becomes worn and brown in some parts, apply a good dead
black varnish and when thoroughly dry polish with furniture
cream polish, Or it may be given a coat of shellac, 3 grains ;
alcohol, 8 drams ; nig-rosin,4 grains. Hither of these will make
it look almost as good as new.

Rod and Gun

in Canada

Remoyinc VARNISH FROM A NEGATIVE.—Place the negative
in a flat dish and pour methylated spirits on it which has pre-
viously been made distinctly alkaline by the addition of a few
drops of strong ammonium solution. Let the plate soak one or
two minutes and then remove by gentle friction with a tuft of
soft cotton wool, the remainder of the gum, after which the
plate may be well washed by two or three changes of fresh
spirit and well washed by soaking in three changes of fresh
water, face downward, and then dried. This will effectually
clean the negative.

The sixth report of the Department of Agriculture of the
Province of British Columbia is certainly a credit to that de-
partment and to its compiler, Mr. J. R. Anderson, the Deputy
Minister. It is a very full compendium of information in
regard to the agricultural and forest resources of the Pacific
Province. The feature that attracts special attention ata first
glance is the splendid illustrations of the lumbering and
agricultural industries, which are evidently reproduced from
good photographs, and with a clearness and definiteness almost
equal to the original. In this respect this report is the superior
of any we have seen issued by any other Government Depart-
ment in the Dominion. Considerable information in detail
is given of the different districts by the agents resident therein,
and under the heading of forest fires the almost unanimous
statement is that such fires as have occurred are caused by
carelessness. An agent on Vancouver Island is divided against
himself in attempting to harmonize the agricultural interests
and forest preservation. He says: ‘‘To destroy such fine
timber as we have up here for farming is not only a waste but
asin; but how to get it taken off soon is a question. It will
be taken some day, but surely the pioneers are entitled to some
present benefits as we do all we can to preserve the timber.”

*

The fifth annual report of the Commissioners of Fisheries,
Game and Forests for the State of New York, being for the
year ending 30th September, 1899, has been received. This
annual report, one of the most elaborate issued by any State
authority, is splendidly illustrated with colored plates of fish
and game, and with numerous monochrone pictures of forest
and other scenes. The leading articles of interest to foresters
are: ‘* Timber Product of the Adirondacks’? and ‘ Forest
Fires in 1899,” by Wm. F. Fox ; ‘‘ Insects Injurious to Elm
Trees,’ by E. P. Felt ; ‘‘Some European Forest Scenes,’’ by
Dr. John Gifford ; *‘ Forest Taxation,’’? by Dr. C. A. Schenck ;
“ Beginnings of Professional Forestry in the Adirondacks,”’ by
Dr. B. E. Fernow.

*

We have received from the Union Metallic Cartridge Co.,
of Bridgeport, Conn., a very useful little treatise on shotgun
ammunition. We notice that the well-known ‘ Smokeless”
shells have been changed into ‘‘ Arrow,” and that, for the first
time, the company has listed special tournament loads with
heavy charges of powder, special wadding, and chilled shot.
This publication will be sent gratis upon application.

The Department of Fisheries of the Province of Ontario
will shortly resuine the work, so successfully prosecuted during
the past two seasons, of restocking the inland waters of the
Province with bass and other game fish. It is intended to
expend some $2,000 in this way this year, which will accom-
plish more than has been done previously.

Rod

FORESTRY

“ Rod and Gun” is the official organ of the Canadian Forestry Association.
The Editors will welcome contributions on topies relating to Forestry.

Edited by the Officers of the Canadian Forestry Association.

PINUS BANKSIANA.

Among the ten characteristic trees of the northern forests
is Pinus Banksiana, commonly known as Jack, Scrub or Grey
Pine, and by the French Canadians as Cypré. A casual observer,
not well acquainted with trees, might perhaps be pardoned for
deciding that a young tree of this species isa spruce, for the
leaves, instead of being clustered toward the ends of the
branches, as in the Red and the White Pines, are scattered along

them more aiter the man-

and Gun in Canada 17

lakes, and covered by large rocks piled upon each other and
usually oyergrown with large black lichens, which deepen the
gloomy aspect of these desolate and almost uninhabitable
regions. Here and there in the intervals of the rocks are seen
a few individuals of this species of pine, which fructify and even
exhibit the appearance of decrepitude at a height of three feet.
One hundred and fifty miles farther south its vegetation is more
vigorous, but it is still not more than eight or ten feet high and
in Noya Scotia, where it is confined to the summit of the rocks,
it rarely exceeds this stature.”’

Professor Macoun finds that this tree extends from Halifax
in Noya Scotia, north-westerly to the Athabasca River, near
old Fort Assiniboine, and northerly down the Mackenzie River
to the arctic circle. In the East it scarcely forms a tree, but
going west it increases in size until north of Lake Superior it
forms groves of tall trees, and westward of Lake Winnepeg and
north of the Sasketchewan River it equals the Red Pine of the
East in height and diameter. The Banksian Pine, whether

small or grown to the

ner of a spruce, but the

characteristics which dis-
tinguish the species are
quite clear and easily
recognizable. The leaves,
are arranged in

sheath, are

which
pairs in a
about one inch in length,
flat on the interior and
rounded on the exterior
The

commonly in

sides. cones are
twos or
more, and are pointing
in the same direction as
the branches. They are
curyed a_ little to
side, and are very hard
and thorny. Their grey
color is supposed to be
the reason for the name
Grey Pine, which Mich-

one

aux reports as the name
most generally used in
Canada.

Michaux’s descrip-
tion of the distribution
of this tree is interesting,
though the facts since
gathered have shown its
incompleteness in some
respects. It is as follows:

“Tn the environs of
Hudson’s Bay and of the
great Misstassini Lakes
the trees which compose
the forests a few degrees
farther south disappear
almost, entirely in conse-
quence of the severity of
the winter and the ster-
ility of the soil. The
face of the country is
almost everywhere
broken by innumerable

Pinus BANKSIANA.

These trees grew up surrounded by nume1ous companions, and in their efforts to
reach the light produced long, straight stems, branchless until near the top.

stature of a tree in the
forest, has an irregularity
in branching which is an
easily distinguishable
feature Its favourite
habitat is rocky or sandy
soils, and the presence of
a grove of these trees may
usually be taken as an
indication of light soil.
This is a characteristic

which makes this tree,
comparatively of little
value, one which may

render otherwise useless
land productive.
The wood is not of
much value, the main use
to which it has been put
being for railway ties,
though as ‘‘any tree may
be used for pulp” it
might be made of some
use for this purpose.
Michaux states that the
Canadians find a speedy
cure for obstinate colds
in a drink made by boil-
ing the cones in water.
A curious controversy
has arisen over the meth-
od of opening of the
cones, and the fact that
such a controversy is
possible is a striking com-
mentary on the ordeal
of fire through which
our forests have had to
pass. The cones are yery
hard and are slow in
opening, taking at least
two or three years, and
it is asserted that this
tree has so adapted itself

18 Rod and Gun in Canada

to its environment that usually the cones will not open at all,
and the seed will not be scattered until fire has assisted in the
operation. It is quite true that the cones gape open and allow
the seed to escape after they have been scorched by fire, but
there are so many instances of the freeing of the seed by the
natural development of the cone that the evidence to establish
the necessity for the intervention of fire can hardly be consid-
ered as suflicient.

Dr. W. H. Muldrew, of Gravenhurst, writes us referring
to the statement of Dr. Bell, that fire is the chief, if not the
sole, cause for the opening of the cones of Pinus Banksiana,
and forwards cones from a young tree which are now opening
naturally, and are apparently neither diseased or immature.
This tree is on a little island in Muskoka Lake, and Dr. Mul-
drew states that as sufficient seeds have been liberated to grow
seedlings of all sizes, it would be necessary, adopting the
theory of opening by fire, to conclude that young white pines,
as well as the parent scrub pines, must have successfully with-
stood a series of severe fires, which is clearly an untenable

position.
™

Arbor Day.

The schools have so established themselves in the minds of
the public as the proper medium for training the yonth of the
country, that no person who has any new movement to launch
which affects the general interest of the people, but feels that he
must secure the assistance of the schools. And the view which
dictates such a policy is well based, for those things which
are emphasized in the schools of the present will most easily
be impressed upon and understood by the public of the future.

3ut while this tribute is paid to the influence of the school
teacher, there is a danger, partly from over enthusiasm in
special directions and possibly sometimes from a desire to shirk
responsibility, of placing upon both himself and the scholars
burdens greater than they can bear. No new demand, how-
ever, is being made in urging the general observance of so well-
established a custom as the celebration of Arbor Day and the
making of efforts to render its results more permanent, both
educationally and practically.

The day was first observed in Nebraska in 1872, and its
celebration has become more and more widespread. While its
observation was not primarily a school function, and is not
necessarily still so, it has been generally connected with the
public schools. The ceremonies by which the day has been
observed have been usually more poetical than practical. Trees
are planted in commemoration of noted persons or events, and
the ceremonies are made as impressive as possible by songs,
recitations, addresses, etc. The tree planting has not always
been done judiciously or understandingly, while the esthetic
effect, which has been mainly kept in view, has often been lost
by neglect to follow up perseveringly the beginning which had
been made. Until, however, through the kindness of Sir Wm.
Macdonald, or in some other way, school gardens are estab-
lished, Arbor Day has an important function to fill.

In most of the provinces of the Dominion the day is
observed in the schools, British Columbia being apparently the
only exception.

In Prince Edward Island a day to be observed as Arbor
Day in the schools was set apart in 1886, but the observance has
not been at all general or persevering.

In New Brunswick Arbor Day is observed on a day
appointed by the Inspectors each year, but the observation is
not obligatory. During 1900, 462 school districts celebrated the

day, about 2,000 trees and shrubs were planted, and 500 flower
beds made. This is about the annual average, but the Chief
Superintendent of Education states that little attention is paid
to the trees and shrubs after they have been planted, and con-
sequently many of them die or are destroyed before the next
Arbor Day!

In Nova Scotia the Superintendent of Education is also
Vice-President of the Canadian Forestry Association, so that it
will not be surprising to know that Arbor Day has had his
hearty support. Dr. McKay has gone further than this and
has had established in the schools a system of nature study, in
which the teacher and scholars unite to record their observa-
tions of the natural phenomena in their particular districts,
with the result that much permanently interesting material is
gathered and the children are trained to observe natural pro-
cesses and their effects.

In Quebec Arbor Day was established by general act of the
Legislature in 1887, but 1t appears to have largely dropped out
of notice, as no mention is made of it in recent school reports.

In Ontario the first Friday in May is Arbor Day, and the
oceasion is generally obseryed in rural schools. The former
Minister of Education issued a small yolume giving suggestive
programmes for such celebrations, with suitable poems and
selections, which has been very helpful.

Manitoba has given the day special prominence. The trees
planted since 1892 number 32,321, and last year a circular was
sent to the trustees and teachers directing attention to the
importance of observing Arbor Day in a fitting manner, and
with the circulars were distributed 10,000 copies of ‘‘ William
Silvering’s Surrender,”’ a little work prepared by Rey. Dr. Bryce,
which gives much useful information in regard to forestry and
tree planting.

In the North-West Territories, where the need of trees is
most felt, considerable attention has been given to the subject.
Public school children in the higher classes are given instrue-
tion on the cultivation of trees for shade, ornament and protec-
tion. These subjects are continued in the High Schools and
form part of the papers set for non-professional teachers’ certi-
ficates. In the Normal School the planting, care and uses of
trees are discussed and instruction given on the objects of
Arbor Day, modes of conducting Arbor Day exercises and ways
of interesting the people in tree culture. The influence of
examples is mentioned by the Superintendent of Education in
order to urge the advisability of haying plots planted with trees
in each district.

The outline thus given will suggest some ways in which
action may be taken to make the celebration of Arbor Day
more effective. The practical work should be carried out on a
proper plan and under competent supervision, and should not
be confined to one day’s celebration.

We quote the following from a pamphlet on ‘‘ Tree Plant-
ing on Rural School Grounds,” by Wm. L. Hall, Assistant
Superintendent of Tree Planting of the United States Bureau of
Forestry :

“The need of the school grounds 1s for plantations of hardy
trees, cared for by such methods as will keep them constantly
thrifty. The trees should be selected and planted in the most
careful manner. They should be properly placed and in sufli-
cient numbers. ‘To plant in this way requires a great deal of
attention to details. It may be the work of several days. The
perishable nature of trees also makes it extremely important to
plant them when the weather conditions are just right. Dry,
windy weather may cause several days’ delay in planting. It

Rod

and

is therefore impracticable to depend wholly on a specified day
for the work. Let the trees be planted at the right time ; then,
if public exercises are planned, they may be held on an
appointed day after the planting is completed.”

The theoretical work might include studies of particular
trees, their development and their uses, the beneficial effects of
sheltering trees on crops and the added beauty and comfort
which they bring to the home, the effects of forests on climate,
water supply and sanitation, their great value as revenue pro-
ducers, the varied ways in which they minister to the needs of
modern civilization and industry, the great dangers to which
they are subject from

Gun

in Canada 19

allow black spruce, poplar, balsam and hemlock and other
small timber intended for the manufacture of paper pulp to be
cut at adiameter of seven inches at the stump, and went on
to say:

“This is a system of forestry which for this province is far
superior to that of planting new trees, adopted in some of the
countries of Europe. Under our system it is only the old and
large trees that are cut down, and the young trees of the size
above indicated are preserved to renew by their natural growth
Iumbermen say that spruce limits

It isa
to sup-

the forests for all time.
under these -regulations are renewed in fifteen years.

great mistake

fire andthe loss which
has

been occasioned
in this way, the results
of the methods of
forest management
adopted on the Con-
tinent of Europe. In-
formation on _ these
subjects should be
made ayailable for the
use of teachers, as it
would make the work
of Arbor Day much
more effective and

permanent in its
results.
The wider basis

on which the celebra-
tion of the day was
at first established has
been largely lost sight
of, but the utter care-
with which
the beauties of nature
are often destroyed
by the advent of
human _ habitation,

lessness

the clear running
turned into
stagnating pools chok-

streams

ed with rubbish, and
bareness and ugliness
replacing nature’s
charm, gives reason
that the
wider significance of
the celebration should
view.

for urging

be kept in
The Canadian people
are not making any
advance if they permit an ugly utilitarianism or an animal
blindness to so dull their intellect and their imagination that

A young “scrub pine

the thousand appeals which the unmarred work of nature
makes to the higher nature are unseen and unheeded.
*
Pulpwood Forests in Quebec.
Hon. Thomas Duffy, Treasurer of the Province of Quebec,
in submitting his annual statement to the Legislature, called

attention to the regulations for the cutting of woods used for
pulp, which limit the diameter of spruce allowed to be cut to
eleven inches, and trees of other descriptions to nine inches, but

Pinus BANKSIANA.

growing on rocky land that has been swept by fire

pose that our forests
the
are

comprised in
Crown domain
being depleted of tim-
ber. Under the pres-
ent regulations they

constitute an asset that

will endure for all
time if they escape
the ravages of fire.
The holders of the

limits themselves are
equally interested
with the Government
in not destroying their
limits by cutting the
small trees and, as a
matter of fact, some of
the limit holders have
adopted a higher
stumpage than that
provided by the regu-
lations.”

Everyone must
with Hon. Mr.
s statement that

agree
Duffy
it would not be a

statesmanlike act for
the Government to
leave its great for

areas unproductive if
they can be made to
produce a revenue and
at the same time be
not reduced in value
as an asset of the pro-
and also with
the statement that the

vince,

intensive forms of
forest management
practised in Europe are impossible of adoption in Canada at
the present time, but the question still remains as to whether
the policy laid down in the regulations is the best and most
complete that can be adopted, and whether it is actually ac-
complishing the purpose for which it is intended.

This question was under discussion at the annual meeting
of the Forestry Association and much information was brought
out that will be of use in the determination of the best policy,
an outline of which will be opportune at the present time.

To have the holders of pulpwood forests fully in sympathy
with the policy sought by the regulations is, as suggested, a

20 Rod and Gun

desirable aim, and if if can be brought about in all cases, a
great step forward has been made. To do this the holder must
have some assurance of permanency in his tenure and must feel
the necessity for providing a permanent supply of material.
The first proposition hardly need be discussed at length, but its
bearing on the main question should not be overlooked or mis-
understood. Permanence of tenure, of course, does not mean
perpetual tenure or unchangeable conditions, and a serious
error will be made if they are confounded. In order to supply
the second condition, there can be no more compelling motive
than the investment of a large capital which is only made
revenue-producing by a supply of wood material, and which will
be practically a dead loss if the supply should fail. This is
exactly the position in which the Canadian pulp mill owner
finds himself. He invests millions in obtaining the necessary
plant for his business, and would be utterly lacking in common
sense if he did not take precautions to see that a permanent
and convenient supply of raw material was assured. The
exporter or foreign importer of pulpwood has no such respon-
sibility upon him, and it may be a question as to whether or
not the Canadian forests are exploited at times to save the for-
ests abroad. When the wood is manufactured into pulp, the
difference in the contribution to the wealth of Canada is about
the difference between $3.50 a cord for pulpwood and $40.00 per
cord for the finished product. The objections to the adoption
of a policy requiring manufacture in Canada, are interference
with the farmer’s market for such pulpwood as may be upon
his land and the necessities of revenue. There seems to be no
valid reason, however, fcr considering that a Canadian manu-
facturer would not be as willing to buy the settler’s pulpwood
as the exporter, and, unless the necessities of revenue are very
pressing, indeed, it would certainly not be a statesmanlike pol-
icy to sacrifice the future for the present, while the great reduc-
tion in Quebec of the dues on pulpwood for export seems to be
largely a sacrifice of both.

Another question is as to the reproduction of the crop. It
may be doubted whether the regulations are always strictly
adhered to, but that may be leit out of consideration for the
present. The Government has not taken steps for an adequate
investigation of the rate of growth and conditions of reproduc-
tion, and recourse must be had to estimates which are largely
guesswork, to calculations made by private persons which are
on too small a seale to give results of sufficiently general appli-
cation, or to investigations elsewhere which cannot with safety
be adopted as an absolute criterion for Canada. The investiga-
tions made by foresters of the United States with the Adiron-
dack spruce (Abies rubra) show an average growth of one inch
in nine years in the original forest, and the same in seven years
on cut-over lands. The average number per acre of spruce trees
over ten inches in diameter, breast high, was 31.40—yielding
3,703 feet, board measure—out of a total of 73.44, made up in
addition of birch, beech, hard maple, hemlock, balsam, soft
maple, white pine, ash, cedar and cherry in descending ratio.
The number of spruce trees six inches in diameter and over
was 68 ; two to six inches, 75 ; two inches and over, 143 ; under
two inches, 158. The conditions for white spruce (Abies alba)
are probably somewhat similar in Quebec, as Mr. EB. G. Joly de
Lotbiniére found an average growth of one inch in eight years
in one hundred specimens examined by him. Of course, indi-
vidual trees will show faster growth, but, on the other hand,
some will show a slower growth. In New Brunswick the claim
is made that spruce has grown from the bud to a merchantable
log in thirty years, and a growth of half an inch in a year has

in Canada

been known, but this certainly is not an average, and while
Mr. Joly records one instance of a growth of one inch in four
years, there is over against it a growth as slow as one inch in
thirteen years. While there would seem to be no special reason,
so far as the present diameter regulations are concerned, why a
continued crop might not be secured, it does not necessarily
follow that the best return is secured by cutting to the diameter
fixed, and Mr. Joly shows that if the trees were allowed to grow
to thirteen inches, the increase in diameter and height would
mean an increase from 52 feet board measure, to 84 feet board
measure ; thus, the time required to add only two inches in
diameter, would mean an increase of more than one-third in
volume.

The diameter regulation is not the only consideration,
though it has a place of importance and may be effective as far
asitgoes. Is it at all certain that in taking out the mature tim-
ber, proper care is taken that the young trees should not be
destroyed? Even if such care is exercised, is there any assur-
ance that the less valuable species which are left uncut will not
have gained the ground to the exclusion, or, at least, the sup-
pression of the spruce? Another result of the trimming out of
a forest frequently is that the trees left are unable to stand
unsheltered against the wind, and so have to be remoyed or
left to destruction.

On this subject a quotation may be made from the remarks
of Dr. Fernow :

“When alumberman says that the reproduction is snch that
in twenty years he can go back, he means that in twenty years
some of the trees which he did not cut, have grown up, but the
young crop that starts without a diameter may not be there.
When you are in the woods you can see that the new crop is
beyond your control to a very large extent. You find that the
very kind of crop that you do not want to produce is the one
that seeds. And it is generally so. Nature seems to take a
delight in reproducing weed trees rather than the good trees.
Whenever you begin to apply a particular diameter, it is use-
less to put it on paper merely. It must be looked to in the
woods, or else there will not be any obedience to your rule, and
there will be mischief otherwise. As Mr, Cary has pointed out,
there are conditions in your spruce wood that when you cut
only to the twelve-inch diameter, you do more mischief than if
you had cut down to a seyen-inch diameter. My very first
experience in the college tract was in that line. We, too, were
struck by a gale, and the nice trees that we allowed to stand
for the future generation and for reproducing themselves—that
is, for throwing seed over the area—were blown down by those
winds, and we had to go to the extra expense of going to the
same ground again and taking away the less valuable material.
There are many cases in which there would not be any satisfac-
tion in the diameter limitation, which points out the necessity
of having educated foresters direct the work of cutting the
trees.”’

The last word has not, however, been said upon the ques-
tion, and an expression of views or records of any observations
bearing on this subject, will be welcomed from our readers.
The Canadian forestry problem is distinct from that of any other
country, and must be considered from its own standpoint.
Information from those who have seen the conditions and
know whereof they speak, is a necessity for any rational con-
clusion, and we therefore urge that this subject, so important
to the future of the Province of Quebec and of Canada, be taken
hold of and fully discussed.

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