IC-NRLF
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REESE LIBRARY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
Received... ..^
Accessions No.-??^.?? Shelf
ROMAIC GRAMMAR,
ACCOMPANIED BY A
CHRESTOMATHY,
VOCABULARY.
Br E. A.
, A. M.
HARTFORD:
H. HUNTING TON, JUN,
1842.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1842, by
. A. SOPHOCLES,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts.
CAMBRIDGE:
METCALF, KEITH, AND NICHOLS,
PRINTERS TO THE UWITEBSITT.
FACE.
ROMAIC, or, as it is often called, MODERN
GREEK, is the language spoken by the modern
Greeks. It may with propriety be said to bear
the same relation to the Greek, that is, the lan-
guage of the ancient Greeks, that the Italian bears
to the Latin. It is called ?? c Papauxq, (sometimes
by the mass of the people ; and ^
va,
and %vSaia, by the educated. By some it is
called AiQ^Q^ogiy,^ JEolodoric*
* It is believed that this term was first used by ATHANA-
sios CHRISTOPOULOS, who, in consequence of his superficial
acquaintance with the Greek language, imagined that the
Romaic (of which, by the way, he was a perfect master) was
little else than a slight modification of the -ZEolic and Doric
dialects. With equal propriety he might have called it
Turko-Ionic, or Greeco-Latin. The fact is, the Romaic is
the legitimate offspring of the Byzantine Greek, which is
the last stage of the Common Attic.
IV PREFACE.
With respect to the term 'Po^aux^, Romaic, it
should be remembered, that long before the over-
throw of the Graeco-Roman empire, the Greeks
began to call themselves 'Potato*, Romans ; not
because, as some have hastily supposed, they
considered themselves unworthy of their glorious
ancestors, but because there was more glory at-
tached to the name of their masters, the Romans.*
The revolution of 1821 has restored the ancient
appellation, "JEMrjves : but, as it is used chiefly
by the inhabitants of Bavarian Greece, who per-
haps do not constitute more than one fourth of
the Greek nation, it may safely be said thai the
mass of the people still call themselves 'Pcofiaiot,
and their language, 'Papauxr].
The Romaic, as such, cannot be traced farther
back than the time of THEODORUS PTOCHOPRO-
* It may be remarked here, that the term "Ettyvse was,
a few years ago, considered equivalent to tidwloldTQai,
idolaters. Indeed, at this very day, many a devout monk
thinks it a horrible appellation, not fit for a Christian nation.
As to the Greeks of Phanari (ftavdgi), they styled them-
selves " TO tvdo^ov ye'vog TUV 'Pwpaiwv, the illustrious nation of
the Romans," and looked upon the appellation "Ettrjvtg or
rpaixoi with utter abhorrence and contempt.
It may be remarked, further, that the Arabs of the pres-
ent day call the modern Greeks 'Povp, that is, Romans, and
the ancient inhabitants of Greece, *iowuv or nownv, that is,
lonians The term -Pot'/i gave rise to c Pov/*cJli}, Roumele or
Romelia, that is, the country of the Romans, which is usually
applied to continental Greece, Macedonia, and Thrace.
PREFACE. V
DROMUS, who flourished about the middle of the
twelfth century (say, A. D. 1150), and is the first
Romaic author of whom we have any definite ac-
counts. His two Romaic poems consist of about
946 iambic verses of seven and a half feet (tech-
nically, iambic tetrameters catalectic), and are ad-
dressed to the emperor Manuel Comnenus. The
prologues and epilogues are in barbarous Greek,
that is, in the Greek commonly used by the
learned of that period ; which period, according
to some, is the darkest in the history of Greek
literature.* It may be stated further, that the
story of = ' ^.Ttohkaviov TOV Iv Tvgco, Apollonius
of Tyre, was translated from the Latin romance
" Jlpollonius Tyrius" the supposed prototype of
"Pericles Prince of Tyre" about the year A. D.
1480.
With respect to Romaic Grammars, most of
those that are written by native Greeks, instead
of describing the language as it is spoken by the
mass of the people, and written by men of edu-
cation and sense, are most commonly little more
* These poems of PTOCHOPRODROMUS have been edited,
commented upon, and treated with affected contempt, by
the learned CORAY. The editor seems to be out of patience
with his author because he did not use better Romaic.
The fact is, CORAY, when he undertook the edition of these
poems, was too old, or rather too Parisianized to appreciate
the rude humor of the " Poor Forenunner."
V1 PREFACE.
than an exposition of some favorite philological
whim.*
Those composed by foreigners, are usually free
from systematic pedantries ; but, with a few hon-
orable exceptions, they abound with errors; and,
as most of the authors of these Grammars have
the misfortune to be tolerable smatterers in Greek,
they are by no means free from needless and con-
fusing comparisons between the language of the
modern Greeks and that of their supposed ances-
tors ; so that the reader, after he has been through
half a dozen of them or so, knows little more
about the Romaic, than that the language of Ber-
toldo and Bertoldino differs somewhat from that
of Thucydides. Not unfrequently, a rule is based
upon a misprint.**
* Thus, in the skeleton of a Grammar lately printed and
published at Syra, and pompously entitled lt r^ap/um*^ T?J?
agxaiaq xal TIJ? aT)pfQirij$ ^waaij?, A Grammar of the ancient
and modern Greek," among other whimsical observations we
meet with the following ; " What the ancient expressed by
lovaofiai, the modern Greek (6 arjpfQirog "EM^v) expresses
by &&<*> lova&Tjv." Now if by "the modern Greek" the
author means himself and a few other Coraists, the state-
ment is partially true ; but nothing can be more false, if it
is intended to include the mass of the nation.
** For example, a learned author, who is by no means
unacquainted with the Romaic, gravely informs his readers,
that the modern Greek has augmentative nouns in -favrj, as
Tio&wvTj, a great desire, from n6$o$ ; the origin of which mis-
take is the "erratum" Tto&uvai for no&u val, occurring in
a poem attributed to Regas.
PREFACE. Vil
It may be remarked here, that CORAY, though
he has never written a Grammar, has made
more grammatical observations, than most modern
Greeks ; unfortunately, however, his fort lay not in
accurate grammatical knowledge.
The Grammar which is now offered to the
Hellenists of the United States, professes to give
a full account of the Romaic of the present day.
A great number of books, pamphlets, newspapers,
and epistles, have been examined with reference
to it. Comparisons between the Greek and Ro-
maic have, in general, been avoided, simply be-
cause to the Hellenist they would be of little or
no use, and as to him who is not acquainted with
the Greek, they would not only be entirely use-
less, but also highly perplexing. An elementary
book is not the proper place for comparisons of
this kind.
CAMBRIDGE,
May 15, 1842.
CONTENTS.
PART I.
LETTERS AND SYLLABLES.
PAGE
The Alphabet . . .1
Diphthongs . . 2
Pronunciation . 2
Accents and Breathings . 5
Enclitics and Proclitics 7
Punctuation . . 9
Syllabication . . .9
Synizesis . . . 11
PACE
Metathesis . . .31
Additions and Omissions of Letters 1 2
Prosthesis and Aphaeresis . 12
Epenthesis and Syncope 12
Paragoge and Apocope . 13
Crasis and Elision . 13
Commutation of Letters . 14
PART II.
INFLECTION OF WORDS.
Parts of Speech . .17
Noun . . . 17
First Declension . .18
Second Declension 22
Third Declension . . 24
Indeclinable Nouns . 29
Adjectives . . .29
Adjectives in eg and ovs 30
Adjectives in ns . . 31
Adjectives in vs . 31
Adjectives and Participles in av,
as, its . 32
Comparison of Adjectives . 34
Anomalous Comparison 35
Numerals . . .36
Cardinal Numbers . 36
Ordinal Numbers . . 37
Multiplicatives . 37
Article . . .38
Pronoun . . 38
Personal . . .38
Reflexive . . 40
Reciprocal . .41
Possessive . 41
Interrogative . .42
Indefinite . . 42
Demonstrative . . 43
Relative . . 44
Pronominal Adjectives . 44
Verb ... 45
Augment . . .51
Formation of the Tenses . 53
Present . . .53
Imperfect 54
Aorist and Perfect Passive
Participle . .55
Future . 57
Perfect and Pluperfect . 59
Conditional Tenses . 60
Verbs in u . . .62
Irregular Verbs . . 65
Adverbs . . .73
Derivation of Words . 74
Composition of Words . 79
CONTENTS.
Subject and Predicate
Subject
Predicate
Substantive .
Adjective
Comparatives
Numerals
Article
Pronoun . .
Personal .
Reflexive
Reciprocal
Possessive .
Interrogative
Indefinite
Demonstrative
Relative
Object
Genitive .
Accusative
PART III.
SYNTAX.
81
Vocative .
81
Voices
85
Active
86
Passive
88
. 89
Deponents .
Tenses . .
89
Moods .
90
Indicative .
94
94
97
Subjunctive
Interrogative and Relative
clauses
97
97
98
Conditional Propositions
Expression of a Wish .
Prohibitions .
98
99
Imperative . .
Adverb . .
99
. 101
102
. 106
Preposition . .
Conjunction .
Interjection
112
113
113
113
114
114
117
117
119
122
124
126
127
127
128
130
131
133
Feet
Trochaic Verse
PART IV.
VERSIFICATION.
134 1 Iambic Verse
. 134
135
CHRESTOMATHY.
Miscellaneous Extracts
Coray . .
Koumas . .
Kokkinakes .
Chourmouzes
(Ekonomos .
Proverbs
Christopoulos
Soutsos .
Perdi cares
VOCABULARY
ADDITIONS TO THE VOCABULARY
139
. 144
Klephtic and other Songs
Miliones .
146
. 148
Gvph takes
Pliaskas .
149
Death and Souls
. 154
156
Olympus and Kisabhos
Constantine and Arete
. 157
Salomos
163
. 165
NOTES
167
167
168
169
169
170
170
172
175
191
262
ROMAIC GRAMMAR.
PART
LETTERS AND
THE ALPHABET.
^ 1. 1. The Romaic alphabet consists of the
following twenty-four letters :
Figure.
A a
B ft 6
r 7
d 8
E s
Z I
TT
/"fc Q. /\
\y \T u
i i
K x
A A
M 11
N v
V t
&
O o
J.J. 7t TXf
P 9
2 a s final
T T
T v
(f
X x
II o
Representative.
Name.
Ji
a
31 Akcpa
EH
bh
Sqia
GH
gh
Jnstfjifjia
DH
dh
^/^ra
E
e
*E i/;tAo
Z
z
Zrjra
E
e
~ 3 Hia
TH
th
fJTa
I
i
'Icora
K
k
Kdmta
L
I
Adpfldi
M
m
Mv
JY
n
Nv
X
X
31
*O [IM^
P
P
III
R
r
'PS
S
s
2 typo,
T
t
Tav
Y
y
7 r yd.*
PH
P h
01
CH
ch
XI
PS
ps
m
7 J2 uiyi
2 LETTERS AND SYLLABLES. [$2-4.
2. The letters are divided into vowels and con-
sonants. The vowels are seven ; a, , ??, 4, o, v, a.
The consonants are seventeen ; /3, 7, 5, , #, x, A,
p, V, |, 7T, , (?, T, 9, 2S I//.
3. The consonants | and t/> respectively repre-
sent x<? and 7T<7. Thus |fVos, xopa|, ifja%vos, yvy,
are pronounced xoivos* xo'paxs, 7ioa%v6s, yvjts.
4. The consonants */, p, g, |, and \y are the only
ones that can stand at the end of a genuine Romaic
word.
DIPHTHONGS.
2. There are eleven diphthongs ; at, av, a,
B v, 01, ov, vi, ?/v, a, y, a.
The second letter in the last three is written
under the first, and is, lor that reason, called iota
subscript.
PRONUNCIATION.
3. The Romaic has five vowel-sounds, repre-
sented by a, f, i, o, and ov, and twenty-one conso-
nant-sounds, represented by j3, 7, 8, f, #, x, A, ^,
V, 7T, 0, tf, T, 9), ^.
^4. 1. Of the five vowel-sounds, only two,
namely, e and o, cannot be exactly expressed in
English letters.
is pronounced like a in father. After the sound 1 (i, ei, 77,
77, ot, v, vi , like a in yV/f, pat, but not so sharp : perhaps a
in pecnKaritjf would express it better.
, like .
at, like ?.
au, fi 1 , r/v, before a vowel, or before /?, ;', d, A, /u, v, ^>, are pro-
nounced like .-5, f;5, ^/S, respectively ; in all other cases, like
aif, up, r t (f. In other words, v in these three diphthongs has
4.] PRONUNCIATION.
the force of /9, or q>. E. g. svol, avyov, avkog, ifjsvdog,
are pronounced fjSol, afiyov, /?Adc, yefidog, y^yoi '. avTog,
ijvxeio, are pronounced aqprog, tyx?), tf(f%no.
e, a liltle longer than the first e in veneration. Further, a in
mate, without the vanishing sound, expresses it almost exactly.
ei, like i.
ev, see cev.
T? and 77, like i.
yv, see av.
i, like i in machine, or ee in y*ec/.
o, a little longer than o in confuse. The English long 0,
as in note, cone, without the vanishing sound, expresses it
very nearly.
ot, like i.
ov, like oo in moon, pool,
v and vi, like i.
< and w, like o.
NOTE 1. The multiplicity of the representatives of nearly all the vowel-
sounds is a source of confusion in the orthography of some Romaic words of
obscure or foreign origin. The most natural way to settle the orthography of
such words is to spell their root in the simplest manner as it is pronounced ;
that is, to use only a, s, t, o, and ov.
NOTE 2. It is well known that nearly all the English long vowels, so called'
are composed of two distinct elements ; in other words, they are diphthongs.
For the gratification of those who may wish to know how the Greeks express
them in Romaic letters, we give the following table.
a is sounded nearly like i'i, la, as fate, <pi'tr : fare, <pi<t.
e " " ia, IK, " there, Si : mere, pi<x.
I " " <i't, a/a, " spite, fffair : Jire, <p/'a.
6 oov, oa., ' ' note, voovr : store, rrbag.
U tov, tova, " mute, ftiour ' pure, Tifluttg.
It will be observed that i as in Jire, and u as in pure, are each composed of
three distinct elements.
2. Of the twenty-one consonant-sounds only
three, namely /3, /, and #, cannot be expressed in
English letters.
/? is weaker than v, but stronger than w. In this book, /?, y, d,
are respectively represented by bh, gh, dh.
y, before the sounds E and /, is stronger than y in yes, yoke ;
that is, it is a strong palatal. In all other cases it is
guttural. Compare x, %
Before x, %, or another y, it is sounded like ng in hang ;
in which case, x and the second y have the sound of g in
4 LETTERS AND SYLLABLES. [ 4.
give; as, avdyxr), ah-ndng-ge, adlmy$ (that is, odlmyxs),
sal-pings, ovyzvaig, sy'ng-chy-sis, ayytiov, ang-gih-on.
yx, see y, x.
8, like M in Mis, Mew, rather.
, like z.
#, like M in MIH, theme, mouth.
x, like &. Before and I it is palatal ; in all other cases it is
rather guttural.
After /, it has the sound of g in g-z've, ^ef. For examples,
see y.
I, like /. Before T, it is generally sounded like tt in William,
or like the Italian gl : compare v under the same circum-
stances.
ju, like m.
pin, see n.
py, see y/.
v, like n. Before 7, it is generally sounded like the first n in
opinion, or like the Italian gn.
The final v of the proclitics V, foV, tv, at'?', roV, x^V, and
of some other words, before a word beginning with x, or |
(that is xa), is pronounced like y under the same circum-
stances ; as, rov xaiQov, royxatyov, tong-geh-ron, dev |^w,
df/StQM, dheng-gseh-ro. Before n, or y (that is na), the v of
these words is sounded like p : as, rbv TIIXQOV, roftntxQov,
tom-bih-kron, rrjv yvx^v, irj^v^r t v, teem-bsyh-cheen; see n
and y.
VT, see T.
$, like x in ax.
TI, like p. After ^, it has the sound of 6 ; as, opngoaTa, om-
brostdh. See also v.
Q, like r.
o, like 5 in soft. Before /?, /, 5, p, v, and ^>, in the same or in
the next word, it has the sound of : as, tafivai-, ttfivae, eh-
zbhyh-seh, 'lagay)., **I&)arjli, Iz-rah-eel ; TOW? ylgovg, TovyfQOV$,
tooz-ghe/i-roos.
r, like / in ttll. After v, it is sounded like d\ as, )T^OTI?J,
en-dro-pe : so also after the proclitics V, 5gV, V, avv, iov, ir\v :
av -iQi%(n, an-dreh-cho.
TO (formerly T^), before E or I, like ch in check, cheap ; as, era*,
eh-chih ; in all other cases, like #5 or tz ; as Iradxtaav, eh~
tzdh-kih-san. But rat before a, o, or or>, in case of synizesis,
is pronounced like ch in chapter, choke, choose ; as, Tamxemj-
, chah-kah-te-rah. When preceded by y, it has the sound
as, TOV TasfaTifj, TovTaffany, ton-jeh-leh-pe.
^ 5.] ACCENTS AND BREATHINGS. 5
<p, like / or ph.
X, considerably stronger than h ; the German ch, or the Spanish
j t expresses it exactly.
Further, before E or 7, it is palatal', in all other cases it is
rather guttural.
y, like ps in perhaps. After p, it has the sound of bs, inas-
much as it represents TIG : as, {iyv%o$, em-bsyh-chos.
3. When a consonant is doubled, only the first
one is pronounced ; as, tfgpaAAw, (pvhdiTa, pro-
nounced
Examples for Practice.
v, ylh fiovaixs, Eh-sy'h, phih-leh moo-sih-keh,
[tov pa&Qttxe, Pho-nah-kldh-moo bhah-thrah-keh,
o nlvoviaq, ylvxd Neh-r6 pih-non-das, ghlyh-kah
K().aidelg TO pTiaxaxd. Keh-lah-ih-dhis to-mbah-kah-kdh.
Tr t g avyris d^oadro dtgi, Tiss-abh-ghis dhro-sdh-to ah-eh-rih,
Aiv <pvaag JMQU lav n\io Dheii-phyh-sds to-rah eh-sy'h plih-6
*2 TWV yEvdoniaTwv TO - Stom-bsebh-dho-pih-ston to-ah-
steh-rih.
O-E'h-ro-tas mch-Uh-ghih
3 2 TO. nudri ^uov Stv cpTcxlyst Stah-pdh-t he-moo dhen-phteh-gih ;
Kai del%vei xal 7t^o/5AAt Keh-dhih-chnih keh-pro-bhdl-lih
Ilwg TITIOTS dsv acpdMei. Pos-tih-po-teh dhen-sphdl-lih.
Ol Aa/ot 7iofa[j,ovvTe$ ps TOV$ OISTOV$
lh-lah-ghih po-leh-mo6n-des meh-toos-ah-eh-to6s eh-pah-rah-
kdh-loon issym-mah-chih-an tas-ah-16-peh-kas.
ACCENTS AND BREATHINGS.
^ 5. 1. There are three accents, the acute ('),
the grave ( " ), and the circumflex ( " ).
The acute can stand on one of the last three
syllables ; the circumflex only on the last two ;
and the grave only on the last.
With respect to pronunciation, there is no differ-
ence between these three marks.
6 LETTERS AND SYLLABLES. [ 6, 7.
NOTE 1. Some of the polysyllabic forms of the present and imperfect passive
sometimes take the accent en the fourth syllable, in which case a secondary
accent is placed on the penult ; as, xB&p/c/rrt, l**$op*rTv, from xetSofuu.
But such forms as xovntvi^ ififfiumn, from xfly/&r, /S^aJi/a^w, are no ex-
ceptions to the general rule, since the antepenult is, by synizesis, contracted with
the penult into one syllable.
2. Every word, except si?, as, and the articles
6, ??, ot, at, #, has one of the accents.
With regard to the place of the accent in any
particular word, it must be learned by observation
and practice.
For the accent of the oblique cases of nouns, and for that of
the verbal forms, see the paradigms.
NOTE 2. In Romaic words of modern date, the acute should be used, unless
it would violate some Greek rule. Thus, instead of ^a^Sx/, xx\oxa7p, <ra7f t
write {tosv}.i, xa&txaigt, retig,
6. When a word, which has the acute on the
last syllable, stands before other words belonging to
the same clause or expression, this acute becomes
grave. E. g.
not xorAo'c
^7. 1. Every word, beginning with a vowel,
has either the rough breathing ( c ), or the smooth
breathing ( ' ), over that vowel.
With respect to pronunciation, these two marks
have no power whatever. E. g.
o/a), tt'pal, oh-rih-zo, ih-eh-rax t
axot'w, ^w, ah-koo-o, eh-cho.
What words take the rough, and what the smooth breathing,
must be learned by observation. It is only remarked here,
that derivative words take the breathing of their primitives.
2. The rough breathing is placed also over g at
the beginning of a word. E. g.
iifia, re-tor, rebh-mah.
8-10.] ACCENTS AND BREATHINGS. 7
When p is doubled in the middle of a word, the
first one takes the smooth, and the second, the
rough breathing. E. g.
enlQfjyua, eh-pih-re-ma.
8. 1. The accent, as also the breathing, is
placed over the second vowel of the diphthong
accented. E. g.
yvvouxtg, oixoi, TOVTOV, xaxalg.
2. But in the diphthongs a, #, a, these marks
are necessarily placed over the first letters. E. g.
fxdto, rj, fVw.
3. When a word is written in capitals, its breath-
ing and accent are commonly omitted ; as, A4SI,
rPAQH, ENJ2.
ENCLITICS AND PROCLITICS.
9. An enclitic is a word which is pronounced
as if it were an integral part of the preceding word.
The most striking enclitics are the personal pro-
nouns fiov, [is, ^MOCS, tfov, (Tf, etas, and all the cases
of TOS.
^ 1O. 1. If the word before the enclitic has the
acute on the antepenult, or the circumflex on the
penult, the accent of the enclitic is dropped, and the
acute is placed on the last syllable of the preceding
word.
With respect to pronunciation, in the first case,
the primary stress is on the antepenult of the at-
tracting word, and the secondary on its last sylla-
ble ; in the second case, the acute on the last sylla-
ble of the attracting word has no power whatever.
E.g.
deans |i/ pron. deafje^ag, d/ieh-sch-teh-mas
dovlog aot$ " dovkoa(j&$, dhoo-lossas.
8 LETTERS AND SYLLABLES. [^ 11.
2. When the word before the enclitic has the
accent on the last syllable, or the acute on the
penult, the accent of the enclitic is simply dropped ;
and if the accent on the last syllable of that word
be the acute, it remains so, contrary to the general
rule (^ 6). E. g.
yvi'txixog aov pron. yvvatxooaov, ghyh-neh-kossoo.
tliiers rov finsrerov, ih-pe/i-tch-too.
3. When two enclitics succeed each other, the
last one drops its accent, and the one preceding it
takes the acute. In this case the primary accent is
that of the attracting word. E. g.
B rov ro pron. dwatrtrovro
fWV rov
ov rovB
^ 1 1. A proclitic is a word which is pronounced
as if it were an integral part of the word before
which it stands.
The principal proclitics are the articles, the pre-
positions, the auxiliary^Jfra, the conjunctions civ,
xai, and vo, andfEeTpersofia/ pronouns mentioned
above ( 9), except the genitive TJ/. E. g.
o av&fjwnog pron.
ano '
xa rovrog " xairovro/;
uag fl'ntTf " ^.aadnirs
aag ro i'dwxa " aaaroidwxa.
NOTE. The union of the preposition tis, and of the articles rev, <rw, with
the word to which they belong, has been the source of a considerable number of
curious words. Thus, the Turks have made Sra^ToA., Constantinople, and
2ra* or 2-rayx/c, Cos, from the expressions '2 T IIeXj, to the City, and
'2 TI K, to Cos.
The Greeks, imagining that the y of the article belonged to the following
word, have made yxj^ves, N/'v<w, Ny, NT^VW, Ni/^c, y^<!j, from TV x.e</u.voi>,
7fiv A7va, T^ "lay, T^V T^yy, T? "TJ^ay, TOY af/,ov. On the other hand, sup-
posing that the v belonged to the article, they have formed 'A/a, "Ea-a^Ttff,
from <ry Na|y, rot
12-14.] SYLLABICATION. 9
The Italians have made Stalanini, and Negroponte, from '2 TV Ajftvta or
'2 <rjy AJjycevay, and '2 rijv "Ey/T<w or '2 r^v JLugiirov, imagining, at the same
time, that the latter word was of Italian origin (negro, ponte).
PUNCTUATION.
1 2. The Romaic makes use of the following
marks of punctuation :
Comma,
Colon and Semicolon,
Period, .
Interrogation,
Apostrophe, .
Coronis,
Diaeresis,
Parenthesis, . . . . . [()
Admiration, . . . . . [ !
The mark of diaeresis is placed over i or v only when the
preceding syllable ends in , , or o : Thus xlav^a has three j
syllables, xAa-i'-^a, but xAav^w is a dissyllable,
SYLLABICATION.
13. There are as many syllables in a Romaic
word as there are vowel- sounds in it.
14. 1. Any single consonant may commence
a Romaic word.
2. The following combinations of consonants
also may commence a word:
/?/, fid, /9A
yd, yx, yl, yv, yg : ydvvia, yxayl&i, ylvxoq, yvc0Qi"w,
5|U, dv, dy :
, x ( u, v.v,
v, (in :
j VTG '. vtovkam, vnsn^i \
A, nv, ng, m '. TrAaio?, nvtv^iu, nqog, mvw :
> oy> o&> 0x> oxl, a/u, onk, OT, aiX, atg, ay,
10 LETTERS AND SYLLABLES. [^ 15.
ayagdl, axuTtTW, axirjgo?, anlrjva,
, T|U, TQ, T(J :
(jpx, <pv, cpQ, qpz : cp&dvia,
**> *'' X9> X* '
3. The above combinations, except fly, yx, pn, VT, via, com-
mence also a syllable. Also, yp, &p, TV, ^.
4. Any three consonants may commence a syl-
lable, provided the combination of the first with the
second, and that of the second with the third, may
each begin a syllable ; as
15. Romaic words are divided into syllables
in the following manner.
1. A single consonant standing between two
vowels, or a combination of consonants which can
commence a syllable (^ 14. 3, 4), is placed at the
beginning of the syllable. E. g.
-if, ygd-cpov-ai, rav-gog, tf-na-atv
fg, u-ni-aiog, f-x&Qog, qrj-xvo-fifv.
2. When, the combination of consonants cannot
commence a syllable, its first consonant belongs to
the preceding syllable. E. g.
SQ-XOV-TUI,, auk-my-yog, I'-^aA-Af?.
3. A compound word is resolved into its com-
ponent parts, if the first part ends with a consonant.
But if the vowel of the first part has been cut off,
the compound is divided like a single word. E. g.
-7if-^a), xa-r-yw, v-7
4. When elision takes place, the last consonant
of the preceding word is prefixed to the vowel of
the following. E. g.
U' eyw divided a
U7l
16-18.] SYNIZESIS. 11
SYNIZESIS.
. Two successive syllables, of which the
first ends in, and the second begins with, a vowel-
sound, may be so rapidly uttered as to form but
one syllable. This is called synizesis or synecpho-
nesis. E. g.
may be pronounced a-ya-nusig, ali-gha-pice.
17. When the first of the syllables thus con-
tracted ends in an / sound, the following changes
take place in pronunciation :
/?t, di, i f QI, are pronounced fiyi, dyi, yi, qyi : /3to|uat fiyid-
^o^ueu, didxog dyL(ixog, iuiyoq yunyos, &fQia -frfyyid '.
ni, cpi, &i, 11, are pronounced 7t%i, qp;ft, &%!, T%I ' ntdrw 7r%idv(o,
acpiovi acpxion, &udcpi
jut, is pronounced ^vi :
It must be observed here, that if the / has the accent before
the synizesis, the tone is placed on the next syllable ; as &TJQIO
&IJQIO, qp&m'w qDwna, xqaalov xyaaiov, jta^dlctg xagdiag.
NOTE 1. When two I sounds are thus contracted, the first I is sometimes
omitted in writing, inasmuch as this omission does not affect the pronunciation
of the word; as, "Spupoi, %Xoi, vrtvraxoffoi, for 'Sptvgvioi, *jX/a/, vrivraxotnot*
NOTE 2. The uneducated often drop the I in case of synizesis. Thus, they
pronounce xgatrd, ci%ov } travel, for xgxtrid, ei%iot>,
NOTE 3. The preposition $< becomes yia, in the following manner : $ia,
SytK, yix, the J being dropped for the sake of euphony.
NOTE 4. Many place a curve or a straight line, or a circumflex under the
syllables contracted by synizesis ; as, Ixowuirs, ixovia<rt, or txbiriafft. These
marks may possibly be useful in spelling-books ; but in such as are intended for
those who can read properly, they are needless, and moreover they disfigure the
page.
METATHESIS.
1 8. Metathesis is an interchange of place between two
letters (one of which is commonly A or p) in the same word.
E.g.
cavlGi for
12 LETTERS AND SYLLABLES. [ 19-22.
ADDITIONS AND OMISSIONS OF
LETTERS.
PROSTHESIS AND APH^ERESIS.
1O. Prosthesis is prefixing one or more letters to a word.
E.g.
anfgvw, anriyavo/; from TttQVW, nrjyarov
yalua, ykaQog, yvi&a " ai/ja, Idgoc, vr^&at
axorrj, oxvynw xonz, xvmw.
NOTE. The uneducated often prefix t to words, especially to such as are pre-
ceded by the proclitics ret, <r?, rev;, (*,;, va.f. E. g.
ret \y\i-ru for -rev yXi<ru
l*Mi itpvrifyt " /ct? $ur%u
xoXXriv lyvu^i(jtla.v " -roXXr,* yvugiftictv.
The fact, that this prefix usually occurs after the forms rev, rw, revs, has led
some to suppose that the t belongs to these proclitics, and consequently to write
ritt, T, rat/a-i, absurdly enough.
2O. Aph&resis is the taking of a letter or letters from
the beginning of a word. E. g.
My os, jMTt for ollyos, Oj
'c, 'it, vy>o$ " tig, on,
<y f/.w,
EPE^THESIS AND SYNCOPE.
581. Epenthesis is the insertion of a letter or letters in
the middle of a word. E.g.
ayoi'QOc, ^ui7/, for at'^ac, UUQOC, pvia.
NOTE. In tyveitt, r^ttyves, for fvteiet, rvfvei, it must not be supposed that
the first is changed into y, since only one is pronounced ( 4. 3) ; and
moreover, this insertion takes place in os.yva.M-na, from
. Syncope is the omission of a letter or letters from
the middle of a word. E. g.
tyirxtt, Ae'w, |^o>, for tyiv^xa, liy<a,
NOTE. The uneducated generally make the following omissions :
1. They drop r before S-, as iSeyetXo, ftetfa&tixet, for a,&<>ya.Xo* t
2. They drop y before p or #, as a^U/, -r^afe*
from iyxtlos, -r^y^tf, *cyx{es, pilayxprfs, ffuy^u^.
3. They drop the sound B before /u., as, yifta, $cif*<x, for
23-25.] CRASIS AND ELISION.
PARAGOGE AND APOCOPE.
13 /
33. Paragoge is the adding one or more letters to the
end of a word. E. g.
, IsTtvt, for T/TTOT, Uis.
NOTE 1. The uneducated often annex i to nouns and pronouns ending in v :
as, fio'Siavt, TOM (enclitic), for fiotiiuv, TOV.
/ NOTE 2. In the time of Ptochoprodromus (A. D. 115O), the annexing of v
to words ending ]D a-v^wel - was.-. very, common j as, vr^K'yp.u.v, 'tQogitv, fTt-
:. Apocope is the cutting off of one or more letters
from the end of a word. E. g.
xoaa/, %a)Qoi(pi for xgaalov, %o)Qacpiov
|uAo, i'xovps, nah " vlov, fyopw, nothv.
NOTE 1 . The mass of the people generally drop v at the end of a word.
NOTE 2. The proclitics TOV, TW, before a noun, are by the uneducated
changed into TO, TV, before 0, 7, 3, 9-, <p, %, A, p, v, g. E. g.
TO fietou, TW ya,T<& for TOV fietgvv, TWV yotTttv
TO 'SidfioKo, TVI Sioi *' TOV
TO Xoya, TV) Ni^ai'^a " TOV Xoyov, TYIV T&t^eifltc* %J* QJ" TBS
The adverbs ^sv and pjv very often follow the analogy oiluies&artflkws*"! *n C T
--~~ , -^=r J V IS I V * w A
CRASIS AND
S5. 1. When the proclitics TO, TO', T, ^uov, aou, TOV, #',
and r, are followed by a vowel, a contraction (called crasis)
takes place, which consists simply in the omission of the weak-
er vowel-sound.
In this, case the strongest vowel-sound is , next ov, next o,
next e, and the weakest of all is i.
When the same sound is repeated, it makes no difference
which of the two is dropped. The omission of the first, how-
ever, seems to be more natural. E. g.
T VojUCCTtt for T OVOfJLOiTa
" in
TO pQiaxa TO
TO 'dapsv " TO ffiapt*
" &a
2
14 LETTERS AND SYLLABLES. [ 26, 27.
T' axovot for TO axovu
T' ovo/ict " TO oro/ztt
T' oua'oi> " TOV OVQUVOV.
2. The same rule applies also to fyta, nov, and T/, when they
stand before ct^uat, with this exception, that T/ does not lose i.
E.g.
fw 'Ut for f'
r aat i aat.
NOTE. There are those who, in imitation of the ancient*, unite the proclitic
to the word following, and place the coronis ( ' ) over the contracted syllables ;
aS, TUXOV6I, TCVOfJLO, for TO O.XOVU, TO 019(4.*..
Others, most absurdly, write the accent and the breathing of the omitted
syllable over the place which it once occupied ; as, v r ^ for to, %*, TO r i/
for Tt
2G. The final vowel-sound in many cases may be
dropped by elision, when the next word begins with a vowel;
in which case the apostrophe (' ) is put over the vacant place.
E. g.
TT* Ida for 7To fdu
(ji 9 (xtlvovg " [
xlv' arjdovdxi "
NOTE 1. The preposition are and a few other words may drop their final
vowel also before the accusative of the article ; as, *' TO /, ' <rj *c^>j.
Also the verbal endings t, u, and j may be dropped before the accusative of
the article ; as, fr% TO %ievi, for pjfy.
NOTE 2. The conjunction xui drops / before E and I ; as, *' i^'we, V
t*riTi' Before A, O, and OT, it may be changed into xt ' as xt eixouffa., x]
oXaj, *< ovfuvtet, pronounced by synizesis xnixovtra,, xiaXcts, xiav^civuK.
There are those who write *' before all the vowels ; but this changes the pro-
nunciation of xeti before , , ev : thus, x' a*i$v, x' {&, x ovgeimet, cannot be
pronounced XIKTI^U^ xiuga, xtovgdtiat, as they should be, but take the sound of
xci-rilu, xt*K, xoueivict t which would be unintelligible to a Greek.
Others write xi\ and some xi before et, e, eu. They should remember, how-
ever, that there is no elision in this case, but simply a change of the sound E
into the sound I, which does not affect the original accent of the word.
COMMUTATION OF LETTERS.
27. In this section, the Romaic, as spoken by the mass
of the people, is compared with the Greek.
$ 27.] COMMUTATION OF LETTERS. 15
1. A is often used for E and : as, uyyl^w, addly, rlnora,
for tyyl(o, atdjuiij, xlnois '. apovw, aQfjtldi, arj^fQa, from
2. The mass of the people change ava and sva into i// and
ey respectively : that is, they change the sound & before a into
n : as, xdyrj, Ixwj^s, tpaolfaipe, for xavaig, txavoe, tfiaolfavas.
3. When the diphthong tv loses by aphaeresis, v is changed
into /? or 9, in order to preserve its original sound ; as, potyye-
Jiio, /5^/ffxo), for ivayythov, evglaxw cpjyvog, cpnavw, for tv&riro?,
11 d ft Ot.
In ayivivig, for av&svTrjg, the v becomes qp after the omission
of #.
4. In a few instances /S is used for p : as, ^/?'5, /5y^Vw,
from %ij[iri, jui;^w.
5. In a few instances ^ is used for 12 : as, yUnu, yUcpaqo,
"EyQin<a, for jiSAeTrw, {ftscpaQOV, Evginog.
6. is often used for the sound /, and sometimes for O : as,
MQVW, xfQt, [idytQus, for yvgvw, xtpw, xrjgl, (utyttQttf :
, syig, from "Olvpnog, oy>6.
7. In a few instances is used for 5 or a: as, 0xa'J*,
fc', from dogxd?, opadi (opadog) : OXCIQI, from a6y%oq.
8. Very often the sound E is changed into t : as, nlio,
from nUof, prjUa : yQid, 'Efigiog, Spvyviog, for ygnlct, 'E
9. After a, * is generally changed into x : as, ax/o>,
for
On the other hand, x before T is generally changed into % :
VI, acpi%rog, for
10. Sometimes A is used for v or 0: as, Tr/l^oX fr m
juwv : O&ETQI, o^A5a, TiAw^, from UQOTQOV, #?,
On the other hand, Q is often used for A : a
'Povcpsiag, from
11. M, in a few instances, is used for B: as, axapvog, Fid-
or z/taxWjU^c, James, EfivooTog, hdfira), from ^avvo?, Ya'xw-
ci/Voaro?,
12. O is often used for e : as, "O/ff^io?, opoQcpog, 6'lw, from
Eftgnlog, fv^
16 LETTERS AND SYLLABLES. [ 27.
In three or four instances, after has been changed into o,
an i is put before o in order to preserve the original sound of
the consonant preceding: ^toqpvjpc, yiofta, hpiovag, for ytcpvgt,
yspa, hpsvag.
13. Very often ov is used for 0, and often for lor v : as,
unuvov, xovxxt, from anavw, xo'xxo? : ouAtw, jrot^va^u, for TJ-
Acvw, ngivdgi : xoi'Hoc, /uovaraxt, from xvMoc, ^uaittj.
14. After ^, and in some other instances, n is used for /5 :
as, ttvaaxoi^Tioyw, i^nalvWy from aya xo///?o?, f^Salvw.
15. The uneducated generally change # after a, </>, or ^,
and also 5 after v, into T : as, tax/azTjxa, ^qpT7jxa, eAfvrf^o?,
iiivdzTrjxa, uviQceg, for la^ta^Tjxa, t/^aqp^^xa, tltv&fQo? (pro-
nounced U'<]p&fOc),
NOTE 1. In the aorist of xa9-/^, S is changed into <r after ^ has been
dropped '. thus, sxaSiffa, ?*aS-a-, ?*<zT0 i or txaro-a.
16. T^ is often used for x, XT, , a, ax, or T : as, Ta/^a, for
x/^Aa, uTalda from txx/^, TawqrJlo/o from !'w (jpAoioc, raovfidli from
law /SaAAw, TTETCJ/ from neaxog, ractyyog from jay yog.
NOTE 2. In some parts of Greece (as in Crete), the uneducated change *
before E or I into T<T: as, rfftti l\v T<rvT<rd%tis, for *) Jb xwrra'^i/j.
17. <Z> is sometimes used for # : as, a^/gD^ro?, aidyvr], qpj-
or (povxagi, from mraQi&pifios, aiw^^, T^JJX^.
Further, the uneducated generally use qo for ?r before T : as,
, for 711711(0,
PART II.
INFLECTION OF WORDS
PARTS OF SPEECH.
28. 1. The declinable parts of speech are
the noun, the article, the pronoun, the verb, and
the participle.
2. The indeclinable parts of speech are the
adverb, the preposition, the conjunction, and the
interjection.
The declinable parts of speech have hvo
NUMBERS ; the singular and the plural.
NOUN.
^ 3O. 1. Nouns are grammatically divided into
substantive and adjective.
Substantives are divided into proper and com-
mon.
2. The noun has three GENDERS ; the masculine,
the feminine, and the neuter.
The genders are, in grammar, distinguished by
the articles, 6, 7}, TO, respectively ; as, 6 avdgas,
man, rj yvraixa, ivoman, TO ipapi, bread.
3. There are three DECLENSIONS of nouns ; the
first, second, and third.
2*
18 INFLECTION OF WORDS. [ 31
4. The CASES are four ; the nominative, genitive,
accusative, and vocative.
NOTE. The dative occurs only in some Greek phrases ; as r^os revreis, t
, Iv -retoc^tf.
5. All neuters have three of their cases alike ;
the nominative, accusative, and vocative ; which
cases in the plural always end in a.
6. The vocative in the plural is always like the
nominative.
FIRST DECLENSION.
^31. The following table exhibits the endings
of the first declension.
S. Feminine. Masculine.
N. at n as us
G. as, us IS a, ov n, eu
A. ay, a, n, n ay, a jv, n
V. a r, a ,
P.
N. a;, ais at, ais, a$is at, a/,-, a5tf, rtiif
G. ft/y uv, a$*iy ay, eiluv, rduv
A. a;, aii a;, 0,1;, ci^is as, ais, K^IS, n$is
V. eu, ats ai, ais, aSts '> '> '^;, I^E;
NOTE 1. The endings aSi; and >j5y are borrowed from the third declension,
are sometimes incorrectly written a'Sats, n'Sais.
NOTB 2. There are those who write ibis for tdis, as %a,Tff*s %arfftss, %aftei-
Xjf ^a^aXiJff. But as the v is part of the root, it ought not to be changed
in the plural. v
NOTE 3. Some write is in the nominative plural, and KIS in the accusative;
as 5 rtfAts, T/J npais. The ending /y for ?, they say, is ^Eolic. But then
they ought to change evs into eis in the second declension, which would be
absurd. Further, tus was not pronounced ts by the ^olians.
In reality, the Romaic accusative plural in the first declension is the same
as the nominative. (Compare all the neuters, the Greek dual, and the plural
of the Latin third declension.) We observe, further, that the illiterate generally
make no distinction between the nominative and accusative plural in the second
declension. Thus, they say ffxorufavi aX to* Xj/r/va/, for iffxeruffet* oKovs
rev; ^fifnxveu;, they have killed all the Christians.
$32.]
FIRST DECLENSION.
19
Ferainines in a make the genitive in qs.
But when a is preceded by a vowel or g, they
make the genitive in as.
The mass of the people, however, always make the genitive
in ag. And in nouns derived from the third declension (as
the genitive never ends in rjg.
&
r\ (muse)
P.
(muses)
N.
fiovaa
N.
[iova-ai, ftovaaig
G.
[Aova-ijg, -ag
G.
[tovawv
A.
fjiova-av, -a
A.
fiova-ag, povaaig
V.
fiovoa
V.
pova-at, fiovaaig
8.
f) (sea)
P.
(seas)
N.
vOfAofffCTOf
N.
frahaoo-tti, -aig
G.
o'af.ad'fjg, 9'tt/>ao(jag
G.
<&akaaa<av
A.
frdkaaa-av, -a
A.
&nJia(jGotg, ^Ac
V.
ddlaaaa
V.
d~akaao-ai, aig
8.
y (house)
P.
(houses)
N.
oljtlce
N.
oixl-ai, -aig
G.
oixlag
G.
01% 10>V
A.
oixl-av, -a
A.
oiKi-ag, -aig
V.
olxla
V.
olxl-ai,. -aig
S.
^ (joy)
P.
(joys)
N.
%aod
N.
%ao-al, -aig
G.
Xagag
G.
%<XQOJV
A.
%aQ-ttV, -a
A.
X^Q-dg, -aig
V.
%aga
V.
XoiQ-al, -aig
8.
% (honor)
P.
(honors)
N.
11^
N.
Tifi-al, -aig
G.
Tt^rjg
G.
TlfJlWV
A.
T/^-7jV, -rj
A.
Tifi-dg, -aig
V.
tifj,^
V.
itfi-al, -aig
5TK.
The following feminines may
have etiis,
eti*>v, in the plural :
xug-d, lady, almost always
fteivvK, mother^ f*tavva,oif or ftK
oxci, oka, always oxadts.
20
INFLECTION OP WORDS.
^33. Masculines in as with the circumflex on
the last syllable, or with the acute on the penult,
generally have ddes in the plural.
Masculines in qs with the circumflex on the last
syllable have rjdes in the plural.
S. o (steward)
N. TUfilag
G. rapl-ov, -a
A. Tapi-av, -a
V. Tp'
S. o (priest)
N. nandg
G. nand
A. nan-dv, -d
V. nand
S. o (elder)
N.
G.
A.
V.
& o (disciple)
N.
G.
A.
V.
-r
$. o (peasant)
N.
G.
A.
V.
-rj
S. o (imam)
N.
G.
A.
V.
-uig
P. (stewards)
N.
G.
A. TttiUt-ftC, tttC
V. ruui-ai, -aig
P. (priests)
N. nanddsg
G. nanddaiv
A. 7ia7ra<5
V. nanddeg
P. (elders)
N. ytgovrddsg
G. yEyovid8(av
V. ^0T<5
P. (disciples)
N. jua^jT-a/, -ddsg
G. (ja&rjT-uv, -ddtav
V. pa&r]T-al, -ddtg
-aig
P. (peasants)
N.
G.
A. xtaQwi-ag, -aig
V. ^wotaT-at, -at j
P. (imams)
N.
G.
A.
V.
34, 35.] FIRST DECLENSION. 21
S. o (Iwjee) P. (hajees)
N. xaiayg N. %uTar t dfg
G. xmar] G. x ara ^ (av
A. ;fTa-7ji>, -77 A. ^azaijdss
V. %(XTar] V. %onarjdfg
NOTE 1 . The educated often form the vocative singular of nous in rtjg , /-
Tj?, and vu*.v$, after the manner of the ancients. (See Soph. Greek Gram.
31. 4.)
34. 1. Some nouns in ag and rig unaccented follow the
analogy of the second declension in the plural. E. g.
, PI. daipovoi, docifiovtav, ditipovovg, devil
" paaiogoi, [jLCiaiOQmv, ^aotogovg, artist.
2. Some nouns in ag and yg unaccented, especially proper
names, form the plural by changing ag and rjg into aloi. E. g.
Tactfo'kag, PI. TavfitJialoi, otlcav, aiovg, Tsabhelas
KokoxoTgovqg, " KoloxoTQOvaioi, alwv, ctlovg, Kolocotrones.
3. A few nouns in ag follow the analogy of the second
declension in the genitive singular also. E. g.
, xogaxov, PI. xogaxoi, dxwv, dxovg, crow.
NOTE. TlaVaj, the Pope, has ra<rj$u in the plural. The learned however
usually say, or rather write, at !/.
Masculines in ', and feminines in ', derived chiefly
from the Turkish, are inflected in the following manner.
8. o (coffee) P. (coffees')
N. ttaysg N. xacpedsg
G. xacps G. %txyid(av
A. xacp-sv, -s A. xacpt'dsg
V. x(jps V.
S. % (Fatmth) P. (Fatntehs)
N. (puTfis N.
G. <Z>T|U? G.
A. 3>(XT[t-tv, -8 A.
V. *&aTte V.
Nouns in f? unaccented, as o ndyeg, father, o
Daponte, have no plural.
V
INFLECTION OF WORDS. [ 36, 37.
SECOND DECLENSION.
The following table exhibits the endings
of the second declension.
S. Masculine. Fern. Neuter.
N. ts evs es 0v, /
G. ev ev ev ev tov
A. 0y, a 0w, tv ev 0>, i
V. t, ev ( fly, /
P.
N.
A. 0v; wf a /a
V. 0< 0< a *
NOTE 1. The ending i comes, by syncope, from tn : as irtrnoi, from icfrn-
j/v, cu/7 ; f/3^/, from pxfioiiv, stick.
In Cyprus this ending takes v: as ffirdoiv, petxiv, for firei^i, wheat, p*xl,
brandy. In strictness, however, <v is older than /. It may be observed here,
that Ptochoprodromus always uses /,
NOTE 2. The vocative masculine in is restricted chiefly to some proper
names and national appellatives. . g.
ntTj0 f , Tlir^e for Hir^i, Peter
Teuoxa;, Tauotto " TCVOKI, Turk.
NOTE 3. The endings vye, w, of the genitive plural are not used by the
educated.
. 1. The greater number of nouns in os
are masculine. All nouns in ov and t are neuter.
S. o (hare) P. (hares)
N. Aa^oV N. layoi
G. layov G. \aywv
A. lay-ov, -6 A.
V. As V.
5. o (word) P. (words)
N. >Lo/o? N. }.6yot,
G. Ao'^ov G. lo'/wv
A. ioy-oy, -o A. loyovg
V. id V.
37.]
SECOND DECLENSION.
8. o (death)
N. frdvcuog
G. <&avdtov, ddvaiov
A.
V.
S. y (island)
N. vyaos
G. vyaov
A. vr^oov
V.
& TO (water")
N. yf^-oV, -o
G. yf^ov
A. y-oV, -0
V. vsg-ov, -o
. 10 (sword)
N. cr7ra#/
G. O7HX&-IOV, -10V
A. OTICt&l
V.
, -to
N.
G.
A. XttQClfit
V.
P. (deaths}
N.
G.
A.
V.
P. (islands)
N. vr\GQi
G. vrjatov
A. yjy'aovs
V. vfjaot,
P. (waters)
N. wi<
G. yS^HUV
A. y^
V. vsgd
P. (swords)
N. ana&-iat, -id
G. vna&-lwv, -iwv
A. anafr-la, -id
V. anud-ia, -id
P. (ships)
N.
G.
A.
V.
NOTE 1. Forms like Savetrov, ^vara/, for Svara/, 9-vaT, are not much
used by the educated.
2. All substantives in ovs are masculine, and
want the plural. E. g.
Tianovg, G. TTWTTOI;, A. TraTr-ovv, -ov, V. nnnov, grandfather.
NOTE 2. The ending w is by the mass of the people changed into if, in
which case the noun is declined after the analogy of the first declension ; as
Fcwgy-w, ->j, -HV, -, from Ytugyios, George.
Some write /j for us, inasmuch as the sound 12 is formed simply by dropping
the of its. It is evident, however, that there is a change of declension here.
Further, this orthography introduces some strange endings, as, Barfcw for
I3a<r//.jy, from Baf/Xufff, Basil.
NOTE 2. The ending eg of feminities of this declension is, by the mass of the
24 INFLECTION OF WORDS. [ 38-41.
people, changed into u, in which case the analogy of the third declension is
followed. E. g.
G. apftvs, A. apu.iv, for ifjt.fi.es, sand
G. 'Ptius, A.
There are those who write a for u, as, "Ey^a-a, TJJ; *Eyg/<rf, Negroponte,
fi n, rji; Hcigos, Paros j which looks odd enough.
3 8. Verbal nouns in tpov follow the analogy
of the third Declension in the genitive singular, and
in all the cases of the plural.
S. TO (writing) P. (writings)
N. ygdyip-ov, -o N.
G. yQayifiUTog G.
A. ygdytfi-ov, -o A.
V. diji-or, -o V.
NOTE. "AXayan, Aorie, Sni^av, dream, and irgofetx'ov, face, may follow the
analogy of nouns in <^9v in the plural ; as, aXyT, ovs/gf r
39. A few names of places end in w?. They are of the
feminine gender, and want the plural. E. g.
Kus, G. KW, A. Kwv, Cos
Kt<o$, G. Kso), A. KfW, Ceos or Cca.
The mass of the people, however, follow the analogy of the
third declension ; as, r) Kut, TTJS Kwg, ft,v Ku.
4:0. The following nouns, as used by the mass of the
people, are masculine in the singular, and neuter in the plural :
, word
og, [*VCX)M, brain
], wealth^ riches
year.
THIRD DECLENSION.
41. The terminations of the third declension,
that is, the letters added to the root to mark the
different cases, are the following.
Neut.
S.
All Genders. P. Masc- $ Fein.
N.
s,
N.
t;
G.
o;, us
G.
M
A.
a, v
A.
as
V.
h
V.
tf
$]
THIRD DECLENSION.
Examples.
S. TO (thing-)
N.
G.
A.
V.
S. o (giant)
N. ^?
G. ylyaviog
A. ylyavia
V.
. ^ (quantity)
TTOtfOTTJ?
N.
G.
A.
V.
N.
G.
A.
V.
^. o (crow)
N.
G.
A.
V.
xogaxo?
N.
G.
A.
V.
S. 5
N.
G.
A.
V.
^J (/Ol)
i-ovy, -ou
P.
N.
G.
A. n y y par a
V.
P.
N.
G.
A.
V.
P. (quantities)
N.
G.
A .
V.
P. (hopes)
N. fta/def
G. ^/3wv
A. i\n!8aq
V. ^w/^eff
P. (crows)
N. xopaxeg
G.
A.
V.
N.
G.
A.
V.
P. (fishes)
N.
G.
A. i%&vag
V.
(/<)
INFLECTION OF
WORDS.
S.o
(vulture)
P. (vultures)
N.
r*f
N. yvnsg
G.
yvnog
G. yvnwv
A.
yvna
A. yvnag
V.
yvy
V. yvnsg
Of e
(Mary)
N.
MttQiya
Nouns in w,
G.
MviQi/ug
G. MS, have
A.
Mi*Qiyw
no plural.
V.
MaQiyw
S.o
(winter)
P. (winters)
N.
Xfiptav
N"
Xfipwvtg
G.
Zsipwvog
G. xtinuruv
A.
Xtiliwva
A. x i p (in ' (/l ?
V.
Xiipuv
V. x*W't?
S.
(lion)
-p / ij nn \
N.
titav
N. JisovTfg
G.
IsovTog
G. ACOJ'TWV
A.
Isovia
A. JieovTug
V.
kiov
V. Af'oyicc
[ 42.
42. The following table exhibits the changeable part
of the nominative, and also the gender of nouns of the third
declension.
a Gen. TO?, neuter. But yalat, /a'Aaxro?, milk.
av avog masculine, aviog neuter. There are no neuter
substantives in av.
ag aiog neuter, adog masculine or feminine.
SIQ fiQog, only o CP&EIQ, louse, and ^ %tiQ, hand.
f ig evTog, masculineT No substantives. The numeral elg,
one, has evog.
tv >TOC, neuter. No substantives. The numeral tv has
evog.
eg ovg, neuter. No substantives.
svg sag, masculine.
^ y r { vog, fvog, masculine, seldom feminine.
yo i)Qog, masculine, 5510^ masculine or feminine. See also
below ( 43. 4).
rig yiog, ovg, masculine or feminine. Abstract nouns in
rrig (as noaotqs) are always feminine.
42.] THIRD DECLENSION. 27
i nog, only TO [ish, fiehrog.
t? l 0?) ilo?) tfog, ivog, twg, commonly feminine, but never
neuter.
I xo?) y 0?t xo?> commonly masculine, but never neuter.
!^Ao)7ri}|, rj t changes 77 into s in the oblique cases, as, Aw-
TTSX-O?, -?. IVu$, ^, night, has G. yvxioV
ov ot>Tog, neuter. Only participles,
o? ovg t neuter.
ov ovg, feminine. This ending is a modification of the
Greek w, G. o'o?, contracted ovg.
O w ovvrog, neuter participles. The compounds of novg
have odog, as, dlnovv, dlnodog.
ovg oo?, only o ftovg, fioog, and o vovc, voog. The com-
pounds of novg have odog, as dlnovg, dinodog, twofooted.
Names of cities in ovg are almost always feminine, and have
G. ovvrog, as, r) TQcmf'^ovg, ovi'iog, Trapezus.
v eng, neuter. Chiefly adjectives.
VQ VQog, only TO nvg, nvQog, Jire.
v$ vog, vdog, vvog, tog or sag, masculine or feminine.
^ 7lo?} p 0?) commonly masculine, but never neuter,
w ovg, dig, feminine.
uv (avog, ovog, masculine or feminine, ovrog masculine,
wvrog masculine or neuter participles, ovvjog masculine
participles.
tog o0, masculine.
og (oog, oiTog, masculine.
NOTE 1. The Romaic, as spoken by the mass of the people, changes the
accusative singular of feminines, and the accusative plural of masculines, into a
new nominative; and then the noun follows the analogy of the first declension.
E.g.
Aa^waj, K$O; ft Xxf^fcioct Gen. XaftTTxotz.;, candle
%w, jjva? '/i %wa, %4vtxs, goose
fas V iXi'J " Ufri2$, hope
eivas o riroivcts rirdvx, Titan
, avros o y'lyaira? yiyavra, giant
%(>u;, utf 6 li/iiuaf %gaa, hero.
There are those who form only the nominative in this way. E. g.
vu| fi vvx.ro., Gen vvxrot, vvxra, VVXTIS, vvxrav, vuxrag, night.
NOTE 2. The uneducated change n; and is of feminines into y, and then
follow the analogy of the first declension, in all the cases except the genitive
plural. E. g.
?j /3j8flT? Gen. fiugfiugorvs, barbarity
civo<%t] ' " avoids , the spring.
INFLECTION OF WORDS.
[$43.
In words like vj, some write / instead of *, which necessarily introduces
the odd genitive in /?, as TVS
NOTE 3. The mass of the people change i; of masculine nouns into f, and
decline the noun after the manner of the first declension. Further, they inflect
nouns in m after the analogy of the same declension. E. g.
IT^j Tide*; Gen. !!?, Paris
"Ajaj " "Afn, Mars.
NOTE 4. A few masculines in &>v change this ending into ,-, and follow the
analogy of the second declension. E. g.
yioujt yi/>6s Gen. yi^ou, old man
" Xa^flu, Death.
vs, G. urof, becomes XotffTos, cv t the chief magistrate of a village, or
the prior of a monastery.
\
NOTE 5. The illiterate change arj, of neuters in a, into KTOO. E. g.
y gap, pet, G. yafift.et<rov, for y^a/t^araj, letter.
NOTE 6. Kif, re, /torn, becomes xtgara*, to, a noun of the second de-
clension.
43. 1. Nouns in ?/g, fg, G. oi/g: t/g, v, G. fos:
and *g, svs, G. fog, are inflected as follows.
o,fi(te)
P. (^we)
N.
G.
A.
V.
N.
G.
A.
V.
& o (sweet) P. (sweet)
N. ^vxv? N.
G. ytoxioq G.
A. ylvxvv A.
V. vAvxv V.
N. TZoif?
G. TIo'Afft)
A. Ttohv
V. TTo'At
P. (Vlf5)
N. TToAfi?
G.
A.
V.
. TO (true) P. (true)
N. >Uj#EV N.
G. ai^^ov? G.
A. aA^^e'i? A.
V. A77#'C V.
5f. TO (sweet) P. (sweet)
N. yiuxi; N. ykvxea
G. ^Avxf'oj G. ylvxswv
A. ^Avxv A. ylvxict
V. ^ylt'xv V. ylvxta
V.
^. o (knight) P.
N. tWTTft? N.
G. Inniwg G.
A. tTTTIE'a A.
v. iTiTifi; v.
(knights)
inntfav
Inntlg
Inniig
2. Proper names in xhrjs have xhlovs in the
genitive ; as 6 r Hgaxhrjs, G. f Hgaxheovs, Hercules.
44, 45.] INDECLINABLE NOUNS. 29
3. Feminines in eJ, G. ovg, in the plural follow
the analogy of the second declension. E. g.
S. $ (echo) P. (echoes)
N. ^w N. 7#o/
G. ifooi/ff G.
A. ?w A.
4. A T otJs, Ttairig, piJTiiQ, and ftvydxrig, are in-
flected in the following manner.
o you?, wind 1 , G. yooff, voi;, A. i/ow, V. yov, P/. voeg, vomv, voag,
voeg.
o nairjQ, father, G. nonQog, A. najsga, V. TKXTSQ, PL
, mother, G. fiiftgog t A. py-iega, V. (iijjfQ, PL
air t Q t daughter, G. dvyanQog, A. &vycniQtt, V.
PI. dvyaiigeg,
INDECLINABLE NOUNS.
44. Indeclinable nouns are those which have but one
form for all the genders, numbers, and cases. Such are
1 . The names of the letters of the alphabet ; as, TO, iov Aqp,
alpha.
NOTE. The names of letters are sometimes declined ; as, ft Xa/3$, r5?
Aa/3$j, 5 Xa/S^a/j, for TO Xa'^a/JSa, lambda.
2. The cardinal numbers, from five to one hundred inclu-
sive ; as, ol, a.1, T, TCOV <5'x, <cw.
3. All foreign names not Grecized ; as, o, iov, rbv, M(ad[ii&,
Mohammed, Bnaiyyiwv, Washington.
ADJECTIVES.
^ 45. 1. In adjectives of three endings, the
feminine is always of the first declension ; the mas-
culine and neuter are either of the second, or of
the third.
3*
30 INFLECTION OP WORDS. [ 46.
2. Adjectives of two endings are either of the
second or of the third declension ; the feminine is
the same with the masculine.
3. Adjectives of one ending are either of the first
or of the third declension. As to gender, they are
either masculine or feminine.
ADJECTIVES IN O g AND ovg.
^ 46. 1. Adjectives in os have three endings,
os, ??, ov : as aocpos, aocpij, aocpov, wise.
But when os is preceded by a vowel or by p,
the feminine ends in a : as a|tos, a|ta, a|*oi>, wor-
thy ; xa&aoos, xa&agd, xa&agov, clean. The mass
of the people, however, make the feminine in a
only when os is preceded by a vowel.
N. aoqiog aotpr) aoy-ov, -o
G. aocpov ao<pr t g ooqpou
A. aoqp-ov, -o aucp-rfV, -17 aoqp-or, -o
V. aoop JOCP73 aocp-or, -6
N. oocfol (jo<f>-txl, -alg oo<fot
G. aoqpwv aoqccoy aoqxav
A. oocpovg ao(f-ag, -alg oo(fd
V. ao(pol aoqp-at, -alg aocpd
G. a*iov, oc^iov alctg, a^ivtg
A. a^i-QVf -o ct^lav, a$iav u^i-ov, -o
N. ci$iot u$i-ai, -aig a|ta
A. a^/ous, a&ovg ctSlag, a$iatg
V. a'tot a$i-ai, -aug
2. When the accent is on the antepenult, the
educated commonly make the feminine like the
masculine ; as 6, rf rjav%os, rj<jv%ov. The mass of
47-49.] ADJECTIVES. 31
the people pay no regard to this rule ; as rj<tv%os,
?> ifev%ov 9 quiet.
G.
A. v\vv%-Qv t -o rfovx-ov, -o
V. ijavjfs ^avx-ov, -o
N.
G.
A.
V.
NOTE. With the mass of the people, the accent of the masculine nominative
of adjectives in es never changes its place.
^ 47. Adjectives in ovs have three endings, ovs,
^, ovv : as %QVGOVS, %gvarj, xgvtiovv, golden.
When ovs is preceded by Q, the feminine ends
in a .- as dgyvgovs, dgyvgd, agyvgovv.
N.
G.
A.
N.
G.
A.
NOTE. The mass of the people invariably change tug, ti, ovv, into is, , ov
or : as
ADJECTIVES IN
48. Adjectives in ys have two endings,
and es : as 6, i\ ctA?/#??$, TO aA^^f g, true, for the
inflection of which, see above (^ 43. 1).
NOTE. Adjectives in rts are used chiefly by the learned. The uneducated
change the declension, or use a synonyme ; as ZftttSof, u, , for etfAuSff, igno-
rant ; ukuSivos, n, ,
ADJECTIVES IN v s .
^ 49. Adjectives in vs have three endings, vs,
aa, v : as, yhvxvs, yhvxeia, yhvxv, sweet.
3'2 INFLECTION OF WORDS. [ 50, 51.
N.
y\vxvg
ylvx-fia, -fid
y'kvxv
G.
ylvx-iog, -v, -vov
yji.vx-tlag, -fiug
ylvxtog
A.
ylvx-vv, -v
ylvx-fiar, -fid
ylvxv
V.
ykvxv
ylvx-fla, -fid
ylvxi>
N.
yXvxfig
ylvx-ticu, -tialg
y).i'x-s'a, -id
G.
ykvxiwv
ylvxfiuv
'//.vxitov
A.
ylvxilg
ykvx-dag, -tialg
^ii'x-g'rt, -id
V.
y).vxfig
ylvx-fiai, -fialg
ylvx-e'a, -id
The endings vov, ace, stag, sialg, id, are always contracted by
synizesis.
ADJECTIVES IN uv , AND PARTICIPLES
IN ag, fig, cov.
5O. Adjectives in av, G. oj/os, have two end-
ings, av, ov : as 6, ?; deiaiSaiucov, TO
superstitious.
N. dfiai8al[A(ov
G. dfiatdaiporog
A. dfiaidaipova
V. detaidalfiov
N. dftaidalfiovfg dfioida'fiova
G. dfiaidai^ortav
A. dfioidalpovag
V. deiaidalAOVfg dfiatSui'uova
. 1. Participles in a? have three endings,
, av : as /pai^as, ygdyatia, ygdyav, writ-
ing.
Ni i r
yottwotg ypuwuott yonwotv
G. ygdipavTog yQn^ia<jr^g yga^avtog
A. ygdyarTU ygdyjuaav ygdyar
V. ygdtfjag ygdyaaa yguyjuv
So -nag, all. the only adjective in ag, G. avrog : TTK?, ndaa,
Tiav, G. TiarrOc, ndarjg, nctviog, A. nnvta, naaav, ndr, PI. ndvifg,
ndooti, ndria, G. ndvTtov, naawv, ndriwv, A. ndviag, ndaag,
ndvia.
ADJECTIVES.
33
2. Participles in eis have three endings, sfe,
kv : as yga<p&eis, ygay&eiaa, ygoupdsv, having been
written.
N.
G.
A. ygacpdevTtt
V. yga<p&tlg
N. ygcty&ivrtg
G.
A.
V.
ygacp&uauv
yyntp&ev
3. Participles in ov have three endings, av, ovaa,
ov : as ygd<pav, ygdyovtfa, ygdcpov, writing.
But participles in en/ (circumflexed) have c?v,
ovaa or wcra, ovv or &v : as Trarov, Ttonovoa, na-
TOVV, treading ; Tipcov, upcoaa, iipcov, honoring.
N.
ygdywv
ygdyovact
ygdyov
G.
ygdyoviog
yQUHpovays
ygdtpovTog
A.
ygdyovxa
ygdyovoav
ygdyov
V.
ygdywv
ygucpQvact
ygdfpov
N.
ygdyovitg
ygdyovaui
ygdcpovia
G.
ygctrpovTwv
ygixcpovawv
ygnyovrav
A.
ygdyovTctg
ygacpovaag
ygdyoviu,
V.
yedcpovjig
ygdcpovacu
ygdyovr*
N.
TIUTMV
nocTOvaa
naiovv
G.
TlUTOVVTOg
nurovarjg
TlOtTOVVTOg
A.
THXTOVVTtt
ntxTovaav
naxovv
V.
narwv
Tiarovact
naiovv
N.
nccTovvTfg
Tiarovoai
narovvia
G.
natovviwv
nmovawv
narovvrwv
A.
natovvtag
Tiaiovoag
narovvrce
V.
naiovvitg
narovaai
nurovviot
N.
TlfJWV
n/nawa
TI/.IWV
G.
ripaivTog
jifiwarjg
TfjUWJ'TOff
A.
Tlf^MVIOt
tiftwa'nv
TI/UWV
V.
TIUWV
TlUUHJCt
TtUWV
34 INFLECTION OF WORDS. [ 52, 53.
N.
G.
A.
V.
Meydlos and
These two adjectives, fitydkos, great, and
nokvg, much, many, are inflected as follows :
N. {Afydkos, pt'yag firyd^r) niydk-ov, -o,
V. fifydJie fisydjir] piydk-ov, -o, psya
N.
G.
A.
V.
N. nolvq TtoJUif noXv
G. TTO/J.Ot'
A. 7IO>l-V', -V
N. TIOUO/
G. jroyUwv TroA/Lwv 7ro/l/ltov
A.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
^ 53. 1. Adjectives in os are compared by
dropping 5 and annexing tsgos for the comparative,
and rctros for the superlative.
When o? is preceded by a, s, i, o, or v, either
with or without an intervening consonant, the o in
the final syllable of the positive generally becomes
o. E.g.
TioJivdvd'otoTioQ, populous,
' ii'tt '
mxQoz, outer, TiixgoTfQog,
ay log, holy, dyicoifQog, dyi(araiog
dya&og, good, dya&uifQOs, ;
ffogccc, wise, aogpw'if^oc, aocptoraro?
tvdo$og, glorious, frdo$OTfqo$j evdo$oTotTO$.
<> 54-57.] COMPARISON OP ADJECTIVES. 35
2. Adjectives in ovs (contracted from the Greek
oos) annex if QOS and raios to the nominative, E. g.
t simple, anhovaisQog, otnlovaTotTog.
^ 54. Adjectives in ??s, G. ovs, are compared
by changing ??s into earsgos, sGia-cos. E. g.
?jf, true, o
55. Adjectives in vs, G. f os, drop s and annex
regos, TOLTOS. E. g.
vg, deep, fia&vTtgog,
. Adjectives in av, G. ovos, change this
ending into OVSOTSQOS, oveoiaTos. E. g.
, superstitious, $aat<5a^uo'or0,
ANOMALOUS COMPARISON.
. The following adjectives are more or less
anomalous in their comparison.
otvto-cegog, upper, avtoiaiog, uppermost, from the adverb Vw, up.
xaxog, bad, xaxKTeQog or xftgoTigog sometimes xaxjj'xf^o?, xaxw-
-larog.
xaAo'c, good, xcd.rjTf()og or xodhwTiQog (neuter xa
and xaJihcnog.
xcfiwTfQog, lower, xaiwiaio?, lowest, from the adverb XW'TW,
xovjog, short, xovioTtgog or xovi/jif^o?, xovtormog.
alog, great, large, ^.eya'kriKQog or
^, much, nfoioTBQog or TifQioaoisQ
nivog, learned, Trgoxo^^fvsaregog, ngoxofifisvsajcnog.
, first, nQoirjTtQog, before, first.
jqavog, big, TQavyjepog.
og, thick, xovdQOTSQog or
NOTE. Many, supposing that fatsos was formed from the Greek ai
write an iota subscript under the * : as xxX'^rs^os, %ov$y<rios. In reality,
however, this ending presupposes a positive in vs. Indeed, this is actually the
case in some adjectives ; thus, pctx^os, lAa^o? are, by the mass of the people,
changed into ftetx^uf, tXettpfvs : on the other hand, yXuxvf becomes
36 INFLECTION OF WORDS. [ 58, 59.
NUMERALS.
CARDINAL NUMBERS.
t. The cardinals IWs, one, rgtls, three, and
rlaaages, four, are declined as follows :
Masculine. Feminine. Neuter.
N. tvaq> tig plot, (ltd IVa, IV
G. IVa, |'O fiiag frog
A. IVa, IVav, IVave fii-av, -a, pid IVa, cv
Masc. fy Fern.
N. T ? I ?
G. 7QIOJV
A. T^fTf
Masc. fy Fern. Neuter.
N.
G. iiaoitQMv, itaatQfav Tfaauowv, itoaiocjv
A. Teaff-aoac, -oc. -toovc Taa-o. -f^>
The accusative -tsaaegovs is masculine only.
59. The cardinal numbers from five to one
hundred inclusive, and also Svo, two, are indeclina-
ble.
Except SsxaTQsis and Sexaretitiagss, which are
declined like TQUS and rsaaagss respectively.
2. Svo 16. dexae'5, dsxafy
5. nivis 17. ^exaeTrra, dexaqnn
6. I'|, f'|^ 18. ^tXttOXTW, 5fXO^TW
7. 7rr, eqpra 19. dexaevvea, dsxaevvioi
8. oxrw, o^rw, 70. a'xoat
9. ivvia, Ivvid 21. ft'xoat fVaj
10. ^f'x 30. TQidxavTct,
11. IV(5fxa 40.
12. 5w'(jxa 50.
13. 5XT^-CI?, -/ 60.
14. dtxaisoaaQ-tg, -a 70.
15. SixariEVit 80. oydorpovia, oy8or t viu
60, 61.] NUMERALS. 37
90. ervevyxovTct, ivv^VTa 600. taxotftot, at, a
100. exarov 700. entaxoaioi, at, a
200. diaxoaioi, at, a 800. oxraxoatot, at, a
300. rotaxotftot, oci, a 900. evvEctxdaioi, at, a
400. TCToaxocrtof, t, a 1000. %i)uoi, at, a
500. neviaxoaioi, at, a 1,000,000. |udtovj>t, tov
Thousands are formed by means of the substantive 77
adog, and the cardinals ; as, dvo %ihddeg, two thousand', <5cxa-
7wW jpJUa'&g, fifteen thousand.
6O. ORDINAL NUMBERS.
1st. nQWTog, 77, ov 20th. uxoarog, 77, ov
2d. fourf^os, a, ov 2 1st. uxoarog HQtaiog
3d. TQtrog, 77, ov 30th. rotaxoaxo'c, ?', ov
4th. Te'iaoToc, 77, ov 40th. TSaoraoaxooro?, 77, ov
5th. ns^Tiiog, 77, ov 50th. nsviqxoaTog, 77', ov
6th. f'xiog, 77, ov 60th. ^77x0010?, 77', oV
7th. tftdouog, 77, ov 70th. kfiSo[M}xoai6g, 77', ov
8th. oydoog, rj, ov 80th. 0/0*077 xoaroV, 77', o'v
9th. BvvuTog, 77, ov 90th. evvfvrjxoarog, 77', ov
10th. df'xaio?, 77, ov 100th. exaiooro'?, 77', o'v
llth. ev^fc'xaro?, 77, ov 200th. #taxofftoffTO, 77', ov
12th. dwdi'xctjog, TJ, ov 300th. TQiotxoaioaiog, 77, ov
13th. dsxmog TO/TO? 400th. Tsr^axofftoffTo'c:, 77', o'v
14th. dtxuxog xtTctfjTog 500th. TrcvraxoatoatoV, 77', ov
15th. dsxaTog Tii^mog 600th. claxoatoaTo'?, 77', o'v
16th. de'xajog exTog 700th. emaxoaioaTog, r), o'v
17th. dsxarog tfidouog 800th. oxjaxoaioaTog, 77', ov
18th. dsxarog o/doog 90Gth. evvsaxoaioaiog, 77', ov
19th. ddxonog f'vvonog 1000th. %il.io<jTog, 77', o'v
MULTIPLICATIVES.
^61. The multiplicatives are formed by drop-
ping the final vowel of the cardinal, and annexing
ankovs. Except the first four and
hundredfold. E. g.
fjiovog, 77', o'v, single
dtnkovg, TJ, ovv, or OiTihog, r\, o'v, double
4
38 INFLECTION OF WORDS. 62 - 64.
r, or Timing, triple
tore, fmirfold
TiiviunJiovg, fivefold.
ARTICLE.
62. The article 6, the, is declined in the fol-
lowing manner.
8. M. F. N. P. M. F. N.
N. 6 ^ TO N. ol at, y id
G. TOW irjg TOW G. TWV TWV ttav
A. TOV, TO TijV, TTJ TO A. iovg T, Tulg id
For the forms TO', TJJ, for TO'V, T?Jv, see above ( 24. N. 2).
NOTE 1. The uneducated change rris, revs, T/?, into TV* : as, r->j ftdvvttf,
rfri avS-^Ttfff , T<r>i xirytit.
This change takes place also when the article is used as a pronoun.
These three articles first become TS by syncope, and then rff*i by paragoge.
NOTE 2. In some parts of Greece (as in Thessaly) the uneducated use
for 9 : as fi avr^oss, ft Tiogs, for o $$, o Tia/>>yios.
PRONOUN.
63. There are eight kinds of pronouns; the personal,
reflexive, reciprocal, possessive, interrogative, indefinite, de-
monstrative, and relative.
Of these, the first three are called substantive, and the rest,
adjective pronouns.
PERSONAL PRONOUN.
^64. The personal pronouns are eya, I, r^ttcs,
we, iov, thou, satis, you, and avios, ij, o, he, she, it,
they.
N. f >' N.
G. pov G.
A. ffjtiva, ffis, fid, ffitrars A. Tjpag, pag
N. lav, av N. taeig, atlg
G. aov G. vfiaiv, aag
A. (usva, eae, as, iaivttvt A. taug, aag
65.]
PRONOUN.
N.
G.
A.
, TGI
N.
G.
At / /
aviovg, Tovg
> / ,
avi-ag, -vug
It has already been remarked, that ^o), /us, pug, aov, at,
aixg, and all the cases of TO'?, are either enclitic or proclitic
($$9-11).
NOTE 1. Formerly the Greeks said also 1/tiv, lo-iv, (for ipi, f^t,) which forms
are at present confined to some proverbial expressions.
NOTE 2. The uneducated form some of the oblique cases of the masculine
and neuter of avros, as if the nominative were aiiTouvos or KVTOVVOS : as, G. a.v-
TOVVOV, KVTOVVUV, A. KVTOVVOV) KVYOUVOVf.
They use also a-iir^vos, uvrnvv or a-lrr^n, avrtjva, G. avrwov, aurwvws, &C.
NOTE 3. The nominatives rag, ro, ret, are used only in the expressions iT/
TOS, is he 9 ttvcti TO, is it ? and v res , here or there he is, vei re, here it is, v
ret, here they are.
The nominative feminine of the enclitic rat would regularly be rvt, but the
mass of the people pronounce it <njv : as, vou 'vccl rnv ; where is she ? vei T,
here she is.
Further, these nominatives are used only in conversation.
NOTE 4. The genitive roug (Cretan rui) may be used also as feminine and
neuter.
65. A compound personal pronoun is formed
by subjoining the enclitic genitive of the personal
pronoun to the indeclinable expression iov hoyov.
It regularly denotes respect, and is used chiefly in
the nominative and accusative.
Sing. N. A. TOW loyov fiov, T, me
tov Ao/ov aoi>, thoUj Ihee
rov Ao'/ou TOU or ir\s, he, him, or she, her
Plur. N. A. TOV hoyov /u?, we, us
tov Ao^ov aag, you
toil Ao'/oi; rtav or TOV^, they, them
After the preposition did, the accusative may drop the arti-
cle ; as, dia loyov aov, about you, sir.
40 INFLECTION OF WORDS. [ 66, 67.
NOTE. The origin of the expression rtu Xtyeu is obscure. We may suppose
that originally they said o \eyes, reason, argument, learning, and used it in
addressing the learned ; for example, they might have said, a keyof rov, Your
Eloquence or Oratorship or Doctorship, just as the English now say, Your
- Reverence, Your Excellency, &c. In the course of time, the genitive took the
place of all the other cases. The formation of this pronoun may be compared
with that of such names as Williams, Andrews, from the expressions at Wil-
liam's, at Andrew's, sc. house, or rather tavern.
66. 1. An emphatic nominative is formed by
subjoining the enclitic genitive of the personal pro-
noun to onos (also azraiog), or to povos (also pova,-
%6s or fjLovd/os), self. E. g.
ov, TTJ fiov, I myself
juoroc pov, n6rr { pov, 1 myself
KTO'? oov, azij (jov, thou thyself.
2. Further, an emphatic pronoun may be formed
by subjoining 6 i'dios to the personal pronoun. E. g.
tyu o I'Sioc, I myself
tasra tov I'diov, thee thyself
TO I'diov, it itself.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN.
67. The reflexive pronoun is formed by sub-
joining the enclitic genitive of the personal pronoun
to the expressions TOV iavrov and tov iavrov, self.
The nominative case is wanting. The genitive is not much
used.
Singular.
G. TOV eavrov pov, of myself
A. jov enviGv pov, w?yse//*
G. TOV kavrov oov, of thyself
A. TOV iavjov aov, thyself
G. TOV eavrov ton, rr^, rov, of himself, of herself, of
itself
A. TOV eavTov TOV, TTJ?, TOV, himself, herself, itself
68, 69.] PRONOUN. 41
Plural
G. TOV SOCVTOV (lag, of ourselves
A. TOV sviviov fioig, ourselves
G. tov Kotviov aag, of yourselves
A. TOV sotviov acts, yourselves
G. TOV kavTov TWV, of themselves
A. TOV eavjov jwv, themselves
NOTE 1. Many writers use the Greek reflexive pronoun (Greek Gram.
NOTE 2. In the first person singular, some use ipawrov, Ipuwrov, instead of
\KvroVy iawr'ov ' thus, TOV tftavrov ftov, TOV iftavrcv ftov.
RECIPROCAL PRONOUN.
The reciprocal pronoun is formed by
means of the nominative 6 eras or sis, the one, and
the oblique cases of o aAAos, the other.
For examples, see Syntax.
Some writers use the Greek yUJ>Uwv, ovq, ag, a (Greek
Gram. 72).
POSSESSIVE PRONOUN.
^ 69. The possessive pronoun is formed by
subjoining the encHticTgenitive of the personal pro-
noun to the adjective idtxos (or iSixds).
The adjective denotes the thing or things pos-
sessed, and the genitive of the pronoun denotes the
possessor or possessors. E. g.
N.
edixog aov,
idixr] fiov,
edixov fiov,
my, mine
edixog (tag,
edixr) uag,
tdixov fiag,
our, ours
edixog aov,
edixrj aov,
sdixov aov,
thy, thine
edixog aag,
sdixrj aag,
fdixov aag,
your, yours
G.
fdixov uov,
edixijg uov>
edixov aov,
of my
edixov aag,
sdixrjg pag,
tdixov aag,
of our
A.
fdlXOV filOV,
tdlXTjV flOV,
edixov aov,
my, mine
edtxov pug,
edixyv [tag,
tdixov aag,
our, ours.
4*
42 INFLECTION OP WORDS. [ 70, 71.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN.
7O. The interrogative pronouns are its and
tos, who 1 which ? what 1
Jlolog is declined like a*tog (46. 1) : thus, Tiolog, rtola, nolov,
G. 71OIOV, 7101 as, &>C.
Tig is inflected as follows :
S. M. 4* F. N. P. M. 4- F. N.
N. zlg ti N. tlvfg tlva
G. tlvog tlvog G. tlvtav ilvuv
A. tlva ti A. TtVac T/Va
The neuter ?/ may also be used as masculine and feminine :
further, it may stand for the plural; as, rl &V&QWTIOI ; what
men? tl yvralxig / what women ? il novJua f - what birds ?
NOTE. The uneducated form some of the cases of vo7os as if the nominative
were x-otavas : as, G. roietvtjg, for -rola.;.
INDEFINITE PRONOUN.
^71. The indefinite pronouns are its, xdvlvas
or xvi5, xaTtoios, xau, {JLSQIXOI, and TLTIOTS.
Tig, a certain, certain, is declined like the interrogative rig,
except that the dissyllabic forms take the tone on the last sylla-
ble :
S. M 4- F. N.
N. jig, nvug tl
G. Tirog
A. tivu ti
Karivag or Kant's, any, anybody, any one, is inflected like
the numeral tmg or fis : thus, xrVc, xa^iuta, XKVEV, G. xcu--
vog, xa^fiiag, A. xy)', xo/u/iiac, xareV.
jc^TTninc^a^ certain^ somebody, some one, is declined like
olio.;: its accent always remains on the antepenult : thus, x-
noiog, xunoia, y.unoiov, G. xunoiov, x;ro/c, A. xunotov, xunoiav,
PI. xiinoioi, y.unoiais, xiinoia, G. x7roiwy, &.C.
KTI, 5om^, something, is indeclinable.
JlffoixtH, /, u, some, inflected like the plural of
Tlnotf, any, anything, indeclinable.
72, 73.] PRONOUN. 43
/ NOTE 1. In the time of Ptochoprodromus, ox&reios, ex&n, were used for I
\ K&XOIOS, x&n : that is, the article a was prefixed to xci-rcies, xein.
NOTE 2. The uneducated form some of the cases of xoivoios as if the nomi-
native were xxiroixvo; : as, 6. xetvoiuvov,
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN.
. The demonstrative pronouns are TOVTOS
(also hovios), this, and Ixelvos (also xsivos), that.
N. rovxog, oviog TOVTIJ, ctvTr) rovro
G. IOVTOV iovTi]g, Tctinyg TOW row
A. TOVIOV TOUT7JV, TCCVirjV TOVTO
N. toinoi, OVTOI rovTctig, amai TOVTCC, tctvia
G. tointav VOVTWV tovnav
A. TOITOV? rovraig, Taviag vovia, xavict
The forms OV-TO;, evrai, atlrv, returns, ravryv, etvrai, rctvrets, and
are very little used in conversation.
N. fxitvog extlvr) ixtivo
G. exa/vou extlvrjg txfivov
A. exflvov exflvtjv extivo
N. Ixtlvoi, extivoti, cxetj'w
G. extlvtov fxsivwv extlvwv
A. exelvovg sxtlvotg
NOTE 1. The Heptanesians (that is, the natives of the Ionian islands) drop f
the v of Ixt7vos, and place the tone on the last syllable ; as ixuos, Ixna, \xtia,
NOTE 2. The uneducated accent the last syllable of the genitive of \xt7vos : "^
thus, fxsiveU) ixuvtis, ixuvuv-
NOTE 3. In some parts of Greece (as in Thessaly) they annex the syllable
IK to the demonstrative pronouns, for the sake of emphasis ; as, rourofftu, Utis
here, ixtivo'iu, that there. (Compare the Greek ovroffi, StoutMUt)
NOTE 4. The uneducated form some of the oblique cases of rovrts, as if the
nominative were ravrevvos, rtvrnvri ' as, G. rourouvov,
The indefinite demonstrative pronouns
Ssiva and rdde, sucht^jCL^WZ^^
call-him, are indeclinable.
The genitive of <5ai/, however, is either dura or duvog.
NOTE. TSi is evidently the nominative neuter plural of the Greek '<tii.
44 INFLECTION OF WORDS. [ 74, 75.
RELATIVE PRONOUN.
74. The relative pronouns are 6 dnoZos. onov,
onoios, OTioioGdijnois, and oans, o TI.
f O onoioq, who, which, the which, is formed by prefixing the
articTeTo to the adjective onolo?, both of which are declined.
Thus, o bnoiog, % ojio/tt, TO onolov, G. rov onoiov, Ttj onolag,
, irho, which, is indeclinable. In certain prover-
biaphrases it takes the accent on the penult ; thus, onov, in
which case it is equivalent to OTIOIOC, whoever, he who.
"Onoioc, oTioia, oTotoy, whoever, whosoever, whatsoever, he
who, does not shift the accent.
t, onoiudr t noTf, onoiordijTioTs, is formed by annex-
ing <5f;7TOTf to oTToco?. In signification it is a little stronger
than the simple 071010;.
C 'OCJT<C, r t Tis, PI oiTtrts, a'tJiveg, who, which, whoever, whoso-
ever, is used only in the nominative.
"0 TI (also o,n), whatever, whatsoever, is the neuter of the
preceding, and is used for all genders, numbers, and cases.
NOTE 1. Some writers use antes, <m, as the genitive and accusative of
ems, but always in the sense of whoever, whosoever.
NOTE 2. The uneducated form some of the cases of onus as if the nomina-
tive were c-rentteg : as, G. eraictvav,
NOTE 3. The indeclinable srt* is nothing more nor less than the adverb
<rov, where, used as a pronoun. Compare the English where in the compound*
whereof, wherewith, &c.
It should be remembered, that the Greek word for where is o*v, with the
accent on the penult, which in Romaic regularly means wherever, wheresoever,
or whoever, whosoever, he who. (See above.)
75. PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.
, o, other, another. The uneducated form some of the
cases as if the nominative were UoiW?, mUqviJ : as, G.
a, or, same, self, is always preceded by the article.
, every, each, indeclinable.
76, 77.] VERB. 45
or Ka&tlg, every one, is inflected like the numeral eva$
or tig I thus, xa&t'vac, xa&tpltx, x#gV, G. xadwog, xa&ffAiag,
A. xa&tvn, xtt&fpiar t xa&ev.
Katmoaog or Kapnoaog, ij, ov, some. The first form never
changes the place of the aceentT Formerly it was 6x7ioao?.
'OTIOIOC. a. oy, as^juch os^corresponds to zotoi/To?.
"0(jo? or c 07To'<;o, 17, oy, as, as much as, in the plural, as many
aSj corresponds to rooog or roiovrog'
noaog, 17, ov, Aw^ much, in the plural, A0w many.
TeTo/o?, , ov, equivalent to roioviog. It never changes the
place of its accent.
Toi-oviog, -ctvji), -OVTOV, such, G. -oviov, -ctviyg, -OVTOV, A. -ofJ-
TOV, -1XVJ1)V, -OVTOV, PI. -OUIOt, -UTt, -VT, G. -OVTWy, A.
-ovrov?, -avTag, -avia.
Toaog, y, ov, so much, in the plural, so many.
Toa-ovTog, -aim/, -ouror, equivalent to ioaog. It is inflected
like TOiovTog.
VERB.
^76. 1. The verb has two VOICES; the active
and the ]3asive.
2. There are three MOODS; the indicative, sub-
junctive, and imperative.
NOTE. In Romaic, the Greek infinitive may be used as a noun, in which
case it is always preceded_by__the article; as, TO i%uv, property, TO X'tynv,
saying, talk, TO ftK%icr$Ki, fighting.
3. There are six TENSES ; the present, imper-
fect, aorist, future, perfect, and pluperfect.
4. The imperfect, pluperfect, and future, occur
only in the indicative mood.
5. There are three PERSONS ; the first, second,
and third.
The Romaic has three auxiliary verbs;
alfiwill, ?, have, and tuxf, be, which, as
auxiliary verbs, are used only in the present and
imperfect indicative active.
46
INFLECTION OF WORDS.
. SYNOPTICAL TABLE OF
ACTIVE VOICE.
[ 78.
INDICATIVE.
Present.
Imperf.
Aorist.
Future.
SUBJUNCTIVE. IMPERATIVE. PARTICIPLE.
y^ityu
So,
r, or
Future
Continued. Si
Perfect.
Pluperf. iT^
tT^
Irgggrf.
Conditional. 9-a
Aorist
Conditional.
Present.
Imperf.
Aorist. iyfei$$*v
, or
t or
vot
, or
Sa
Future.
Future
Continued. 3-
Perfect.
Pluperf. it-%*
j/t0t/
Imperf.
Conditional. &z
Aorist
Conditional.
PASSIVE VOICE.
yoa^u^an yoti^tv
y^ii^ou
or
eti, or
, or
t or
79.] ACTIVE VOICE. 47
79. ACTIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present. / write, / am writing, or / do write.
S. ygdcpa P. y g a 9 - o p f v , -ops, -ov[ts
ygdcpeig y g dtp -si , (Chian -tier, -titrs)
ygdysi, ygdcp-ovai, -ovv, -ovvs, be-
fore a vowel -ova iv, (Cretan
-ov)
Imperfect. / was writing, I wrote.
S. tygacp'a, (Greek P. lygdy-ttfttv, -ups, (Greek
-ov) -opsv, Epirotic -afj.otv}
I' y g a 9 e g , fygaqieg lyydcp-tTt, -are, (Epirotic
-erav, Chian -tTtv, -TCJ')
ey Qcxcp-s, iygdcpf, ( be- sygaep- av, fyyacpuai, tym'trpav,
fore a vowel -sv) $*f*9**v* (Greek -ov, Cretan
Aorist. / wrote, I did-write.
S. sygaipa P. eyQay-afiEV, -/*e, (Epirotic
I' / g // - g , lygdipf g, lygdy-ST, (Greek -CCTS, Epi-
(Greek -?) rotic -Ty, Cbian -my, -CTC?*)
sygay s, fygdy/G, be- sygayav, (ygdyvtai,
fore a vowel -v tygdyave, (Cretan e
Future. / shall or will write.
& u ygctifjG), or ^g'Asi ygdyjca, or ^e'/lw ygdyet
Future Continued. / sAa# or w7/ 6c writing.
&a ygdqxo, or ^s'AEt ygdcpo), or ^g'Aw ygdysi. 95.
Perfect. J Aorwe written,
y g cup s i , or I'^w y g a p [itv ov (17 v , ov). 97 : 99.
Pluperfect. I had written. 98:99.
or f^ ygapftsvov (yv, ov).
Imperfect Conditional. I should, would, could, or
might be writing. 100.
or i)'#cAe ygdqxa, or
Aorist Conditional. I should, would, could, or might write.
ygdyto, or ^'^e)la ygdyet. 101.
48 INFLECTION OF WORDS. [ 70.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present. I write, or I am, or may be, writing.
S. y Q <p to P. ygdcpwfisv
y Qdcpyq yyucp-fTB, (Greek -rjre)
y (*d<pfl yguqt-foa t, -ovv
The subjunctive has all the peculiarities of the indicative, both in the present
and aorist.
Aorist. / write, or / may write.
S. Y Q a y W P.
(Greek
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present. Write, or Be writing.
S. ygd(ps P. y $ a <p e T s
, -ovv
a ? yQuyy ? ygayj-(a<j i, -ovv
Aorist. Write.
S. ut P.
The third person of the imperative, both active and passive, is formed by
prefixing the auxiliary verb *ff^ to the corresponding person of the subjunc-
tive.
PARTICIPLE.
Present, ygaywv, ova, ov, writing; also ygdyovxag in-
declinable. ( 51. 3.)
Aorist. yQctyas, a a a, av, writing , having written.
(51. 1.)
80.] PASSIVE VOICE. 49
80. PASSIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present. 1 am written (continued action).
8. y Q a. cp - o ju a i , -ov^ni P. ygacp-6 fis& a, -ovfiea&sv,
-OftEodsV, -OVpSGTf, -OVflOC-
OTS, -OftSOTE.
ygacpsaott yQcicp-sa&s, -?<m, (Chian
-ovarev, -ovorsvs, -oarsv)
yga.cfiai yydcp-ovTcti, -OVVTCU
Some of the forms of the first person plural may take the accent on the
fourth syllable from the end ; as, y^nQovfAiffri.
Imperfect. I was igriV/e_(^Dtinued_ - acjiJflD ).
S. lygdcp-ovpovvy-ofiov, P. ey Qcp-6 fj,e& a , -ov(iea&e,
-ovpov, -opovv, -ov- -ovfisare, -ovpaais, -
, -ovpva, (Greek a&av, -ovpoiaiav, -of
eyga<p-o vao vv, -ov- syQoicp-Ea&s i -ov<jeais, f -ov~
aovvs, -ovaiav, -ov- aaaTe,-ovaaa&ctv,-ovaotaToiv,
aravs -ovauo&B
f/Qoicp-STO, -oviaVy ey Qtxcp-ovT o , -oviav, -ovv-
-ovviav,-ovvTav,-ovv- rctv, -ovvictv, -ovviavs
rave, (obsolete -BTOV)
Some of the forms of the first and second persons plural of the imperfect
may take the accent on the fourth syllable from the end ; as
Aorist. J was written.
8. lyodcp&-r)V, -qua P. syo ucp&-r][j,e v, -yxctpsv
ey()d(p&-i<}<; , -r)x f$ iy Q ci q> & - rj T e , -yxsxs
eyaoKpfr-r), -yits lyQuyd-riauv
The form in nxet has all the peculiarities of the aorist active.
Future. / shall or will be written.
# ygaop&w, or vHAft ygacp&a), or ^s'Aw
Future Continued. / shall or ivill be written (continued action).
& a ygacpo) pal, or -freest y Q a cp a [j, a i , or #t'>lw ygd-
cpea&ai. 95.
Perfect. I have been written, I am written.
(r], ov). 97,
5
50 INFLECTION OF WORDS. [ 80.
Pluperfect. / had been written.
ti%u ygacp&il, or ypovv y gap pivot; (jj, oy). 98.
Imperfect Conditional. / should^ would^jtould, or might, be
written (continued action).
, or jj&tls yQucprnpai, or
100.
Aorist Conditional. I should, would, could, or might, be
written.
u, or rjdela ygay&ri. 101.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present. I am, or may be, written (continued action).
8. yQacp-Wftai, P. yQCKp-ups&ct
, (pedantic ygdcp-sa&s, (Greek -r t
\ t (Greek
-fJTCu)
The subjunctive has all the peculiarities of the indicative.
Aorist. I am, or may be^writtcn.
^P. yQacpfr-wpev, -oi 1
y()a<p&-r)xs, (Chian -i]
ygct(f&-wai, -ovv, -ovvs
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present. Be written (continued action).
8. yQOLfftOV P
Aorist. Be written.
S. yqdyov P. yQOKp&fJTS
ag ygayS-UGi, -ovv
For the formation of the third jterson of the imperative, see Imperative
Active.
The second person singular of the aorist is formed from the corresponding
active by changing i into ev ' as, y^a.^1, y^d^ou 7i*ct%&, rivafeov riftnrt,
riftrtffov. But in verbs in XX&, Xv, vu, gw, or gvu, it is formed by changing
$j of the indicative into vov : as, <r-rtXA, lo-TaX^>?y, frti^ffou T\VVU, I
9F\vffou
81.] AUGMENT. 51
PARTICIPLE.
Present, ygay-ojisvog , 77, ov, being written, inflected like
TrogJoc*. The uneducated use -ovpsvo?, or -d
for -0
Aorist. ygny&ils, -tlaa, iv, being written, having been
written. ( 51. 2.)
Perfect. yQapfievo?, t], ov, written.
AUGMENT.
81. 1. The imperfect and aorist of the in-
dicative of verbs beginning with a consonant prefix
I (called the syllabic augment) to the root. E. g.
^& f ?}& f
, to honor, imperf. eii(.iovaa, tTipovpovv, aor.
fygcicpovjiiovv '
2. Verbs beginning with double this letter after
the augment.
, to sew, imperf. tggama, tqgdnrov^ovv, aor.
, to throw, Q$ri%rct,
NOTE 1. The mass of the people omit the syllabic augment in verbal forms
of more than two syllables. E. g.
xvr-ra.^ta, to look, xvr<ra<x, xurrct^ovftovv, xurrot%x, xvTK%9-vxa,
xefrrea, to cut, izo-^ct, ixo-^fg, txo-^i, pi. xo-^xpi, xotf/tTi, xo^ecvt-
Dissyllabic forms may 'omit the augment only when they are preceded by a
proclitic ; as, ro t^eiyce,, for TO 'i^etya, from f^uyu : <rou /3aAa, for trau s'jSaA.,
from jSa^ft/.
NOTE 2. The uneducated often change the augment I into w, which is nothing
more than using the sound I for E. E. g.
\ovyu, to wash,
NOTES. The perfect passive participle .takes no augment whatever. Many
writers employ the Greek participle (Greek Gram. 76: 80); as, vretititvu,
to educate, fftwtt.tbtufAivas for vrxi'Sivfttvos. This augment sounds well enough
in verbs common to both languages ; but if prefixed to such as are peculiar to
the Romaic, it produces a ludicrous effect ; for example, such participles as the
following could be tolerated only in burlesque ; rspayw^svo?, xixauxXupivos,
fttfAovvriravguftive;, IftyivraXafAivos, irya.xifffji.ivos, from r^uyu, xovx^ovtu, ftouvr-
erougovu, fjt,vct\ov
52 INFLECTION OF WORDS. [ 82.
3. Verbs of more than two syllables beginning
with a vowel or diphthong take no augment what-
ever. E. g.
to hear, imperf. uxovotj dxovovfiovv, aor. tixovaa, a-
, to question, fgcaiovact,
i, to pray,, wxevfiovv,
a), to name, o*o[faet, oro^d^ov^ovy ' orouaoot,
Many writers, however, employ the Greek temporal augment
(Greek Gram. ^ 80) ; as, xoi'w, r t xovaa' f/tw, ykeovv o
NOTE 4. The Romaic can hardly be said to have any dissyllabic verbs begin-
ning with a vowel. Except i%w t which see in the Catalogue of Irregular
Verbs.
8 3. Compound verbs beginning with a conso-
nant take the syllabic augment at the beginning.
Those beginning with a vowel take no augment
whatever. E. g.
ardniw, to kindle, imperf. uvumn, aor. avaycc, avdqp&rjv.
avjiygdcpw, to copy, uvir/Qacpa ' avii'/Qaya, avn/Qacf&r^ce.
anoQ$imv, to reject, unoQ^ima, anog^tjnovuow ' dnogyiyja,
anogqlcpihiv.
di apd^w^TzTrecid, ididfiaa ' fdidfiaaa.
, ididfiaa '
Ixdidta, to edit, txdida ' a'x^wxw,
inaivw, to praise, iTiaivoijaa, inuivovpovv ' tnalvtaa
xTxo7rrw, to cut vp, fy.aTdy.omrt, exajaxoTnovpovv '
, to bring again,
d^oj, to command,
iL>_to spell, eavUd t 3ia '
avvd<a, to gather, iovva^u. ' favru$a, f
VTiofjLtvw, to endure, vno t utva ' vnouava.
vno(fioi'(a, to bear, v7i6(ffQra ' vno
In verbs compounded with a preposition, writers of preten-
sion follow the Greek rules (Greek Gram. 82) ; as,
83.] FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 53
FORMATION OF THE TENSES.
PRESENT.
83. The first person singular of the present
active indicative is the source from which all the
other verbal forms are derived.
Deponent :verjbs, that is, verbs used only in the passive, may,
for grammatical purposes, be supposed to h aveari active form.
NOTE 1 . In verbs in aia, KVSU, tutu, $u, and ouu, the uneducated insert y
before &>, but only in the present and imperfect E. g.
XKtyiU) (fiT/itiyu from xetiu, Tfroitu
xa-uyu) yupivyu " xtti/w, yvoiiiQ)
Kpv&yci), axouyea u xovfca, uxova.
NOTE 2. In the present, the Greek endings lx\u t Xa, and ti^a, sgev, or vgu,
are respectively changed into Xv&/, and t^vw. E. g.
ffTt^-vea, %ctXvea from ffrikXa, ^aX&J
ffTtgvu, Qigvu, fft^vea " ffvftigu, (fi'i^ea t ffv^ea
becomes either fioivu, or fid^u.
NOTE 3. The endings xw, y<a t or ffxu t are often changed into x, vta > or
E.g.
^I'l^vea or 'Stix'ru from the root ^itx- (whence s'Sn^a)
or p-nxru " " pny- (whence tpp*i%a)
from 'btbcLffx
NOTE 4. When a is preceded by the sound I, the accent may be placed on
the last syllable; in which case the verb is inflected like <na.ru or vipu. E. g.
irsiu, ffftuu, from fftia, fffiuu.
Sometimes the sound I is dropped after the accent has been placed on the last
syllable; as xvXu, f^yivu, from xvXiw, pyivveu. ( 17. N. 2.)
NOTE 5. Verbs in vvea generally change this ending into uiva ( 27. 6). E. g.
txKiviu, from u&vv
NOTE 6. The ending ovu (incorrectly tavu) retains the v only in the present
and imperfect. It is a modification of the Greek ou. E. g.
<potveg6v6) from <ptx.vi(>au.
NOTE 7. In some parts of Greece (as in Peloponnesus), u is changed into
'*. E. g.
from rvtu.
In a few instances uZw becomes u : as a.^ru from a^-ra^w.
NOTE 8. The Greek ending avu or TTU is changed into &/, and sometimes
into yu,^w. E. g.
T;V?&>, tyuXayw, rXaS-jy, from nvciiro'iv,
54 INFLECTION OF WORDS. [ 84-87.
84. 1. Verbs in ya, when this ending is not preceded
by the sound /, may drop y with the vowel-sound belonging to
it, in the present and imperfect active. In the first and third
persons singular, however, only the y is dropped. E. g.
liyo ).ita, teysiq lig, ttyii, liu, PI. li'/ops Af/if, Uytit UJB,
liyovv AtV
iQCoyu T^W'W, TQtayeig T^W'C, row/a TQOJH, PI. T^W'/O//E jQtouf,
TQwyne room, toiayovv TO for.
ndyw nuta, naysig nag, nuyn ndti, PI. nuyo^B nape, ndyeif
none, ndyoi'v ndv.
The same syncope takes place also in qptt'/w, the aorist sub-
junctive of TOW'/W : as, <fu/o) (fua) }
2. 'AXOVW, to hear, may be inflected as follows :
dxovtiz xot'c, uy.ovfi, PI. dxovofie c<y.oi\ue, axoi'tif uxoi'ie, uy.ovovv
dxovv ' Imperative, uy.ovs tixov, uy.ovns w
3. Oilto, to wish, will, in some respects follows the analogy
of verbs in 6/w : thus, &ttw, du.eig &eg, -fri-Xet, PI. &UOJIB &(te,
, -fruovre
The present pass^v? is formed by chang-
ing w of the present active into opai. E. g.
pres. pass,
IMPERFECT.
The imperfect active is formed by chang-
ing o of the present active into a, and prefixing its
augment. E. g.
tvgaxa,
^87. The imperfect passive is formed by
changing opai of the present passive into ovpovv,
and prefixing its augment. E. g.
ygdyu, yQacpopai imperf. pass
OWTTTW, Q
xoi'w, dxovofjiai " " uxovovpovv
88.] FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 55
AORIST AND PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE.
^88. 1. When o is preceded by a consonant,
the aorist and the perfect passive participle are
formed by making the following changes : the
aorist of course takes its augment.
pres. aor. act. aor. pass. part.
not, /5ft), qpeo nica ya cp&r^v ^.fitvog
xto, yea, yyw, %w,
#TC, %vco, Tift) ! X& r i v yfisvog
&(&) tt) CJW
ova wact
Examples.
iQlfico, rub tiQiifiot
vlmoa, wash tviya
i, knit I'TrAfla
), show tdsi^ot
>, form IVrAaaa
, fold iSlnlwaot
2. When a is preceded by a vowel, these tenses
are formed by dropping a, and annexing tfa for the
active, ftyv for the passive, and pevos for the par-
ticiple. E. g.
Vdi), to believe, sTilaievact,
3. Verbs in o change this ending into mra for
the active, rj^rfv for the passive, and ypsvos for the
participle. j5Tg.
gitAftJ, kiss, egjfc'A^aa, f
, honor, eilfirjoce,
NOTE 1. Sometimes the endings tjtru, ^>jv, yplvos, are respectively changed
into n%a, vx&tjv, Mypivos " as, Quo-a, l<pv<rti%et, t<puffn%S-w, Quffwyptvos.
NOTE 2. The uneducated change the endings autra. and ivffa, of the aorist
active into et^a. and i-^a ( 27. 2). E. g.
KKVU, fiaff&ivu, aor. sxa-^
NOTE 3. In some parts of Greece (as in Attica), the uneducated change
in the aorist active into ec. E. g.
or. IvOIKIUXOi, \^\
NOTE 4. In the aorist passive, the uneducated generally drop the n of the
ending xa t as, yivofieii, l<ytvxa for ly/vjxa * ^ru-ru, XTVTTV&KU. for
9***
56 INFLECTION OF WORDS. [ S9-91.
They drop 3j of the ending <p$vxa, and ffv*<t : as, yga'p*, lyaa<p* for
' tfAitu, iiffKa, for
4. Some verbs in o have iGpivos instead of
in the perfect passive participle. E. g.
SLTl'jjfW, '
89. The aon'sf passive of the following verbs deviates
somewhat from the general rule.
/SarcTw or fid(p(o } dye aor. pass.
PQt%(a, wet
ygdcpca, write f/Qaq)&i]V or
evjQsnoftai, to be ashamed errQtxmjv
&a7iT<o, bury e&ucpyv or
xa/eo, 6wrn fxa>jv
Tirlyct), drown envlyqv
aiQS(f)(o, turn
, feed ITQU^V or
appear tcpdiyv
OO. 1. Many verbs in w form the aorist and the perfect
passive participle as if the present ended in yu. Such are the
following : >
j^/^w, aura^w, T^W, lagd^w, Ttvd(a,
2. Some verbs in <o form these tenses either according to
the general rule, or according to the preceding paragraph.
Such are ugnd^w, l
91. 1. Some verbs in w change this ending into iaa or
aa in the active, id^v, ia&r t v, oi&ijv, or aa&ijv, in the passive,
and fperog, tapero?, a^iivoq, or cta^svog, in the participle. Such
are
paga), ffidgwa, e@aQt'&r}v, fiapffdveg
ytlw, ty&aaa, tjfddafhiv, yt'kaa^ivog
5^^//o5, edlyaact, dufjctapsvos
enairca, inaiviau, enctivs&rjv, i
, fXQfftaaa,
, ertfivuaa, 7ieiraa t uevog
, tnovtaa, novtutvog
92-94.] FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 57
) 92* These verbs, xoi;<u, xAe/a>, XQOVW, xf/U'w, Aovw, Sixa,
and (m', insert a before di]v and ^evog : as, axovadriv, axov-
93. 1. Verbs in Uw, A^w, rw, and QW, are not very regu-
lar in the formation of the aorist and participle. The following
examples exhibit their peculiarities.
pres. aor. act. aor. pass. part.
yulftevog
, aiEkvw
i Iftlava
yuvo^LGiL s.yiva
nhvvw sjiliiva
eontiQU
2. Verbs in ^w, derived from the Italian infinitive in -are, J
change w into iaa, iadqv, tafievog. E. g.
FUTURE.
94. 1. The future is formed by prefixing
or #f va, or &d vd, or ftftei, to the aorist subjunc-
tive. E. g.
i9
, &shi
, ditei
The form -d-ifa represents all the persons and numbers of
the indicative of #e7w, and therefore should not be confounded
with the third person singular of the same verb. Compare
N. 1, below.
58 INFLECTION OF WORDS. [ 95.
2. It may be formed also by subjoining the third
person singular of the aorist subjunctive to &i AGJ.
The endings # and y of the subjoined part are
commonly written si and rj respectively, in all the
compound tenses. E. g. ygdcpa),
c'Aa yoayjfi, &ttsi ygayti,
ygayu,
;, &shovv /Qacp&T).
NOTE 1. Some form the singular of the future by subjoining the aorist sub-
junctive to 9-X<w. E. g.
NOTE 2. In the time of Ptochoprodromus the future was formed by prefix-
| ing va to the aorist subjunctive. E. g.
vat, 9-pt-Jffis, va
There are those who even now form the future in this way.
NOTE 3. A few centuries ago, the future active was formed by subjoining to
the third person singular of the aorist subjunctive, with its ending changed
into t<v. E. g. ly^utpeu, Xa^/Eawu, /3a'XA.a>,
SJAW yja^i/y, 3iX&/ Xa/sa/v, SeX-w /3aA/>.
The futatfUMMtrr was formed in the same manner, with the ending of the
subjoineapa^Trhanged into >Jy. E. g.
Coray and a few others of less note have recently attempted to introduce
these barbarous infinitives, but with little or no success : the mass of the people
do not acknowledge them.
With respect to such infinitives as ygaipSvv, rtfttjSr,*, Coray says they are
jSEolic, and refers us to [*.&vtrr,v, in a fragment of Alcaeus. But the word
thus accented seems to be an editorial invention, for the manuscripts have it
ft&vffSnv : and this is required by the analogy of the ^Eolic dialect.
There is no doubt, however, that the third person singular, when subjoined
to the auxiliary verbs, has the force of the infinitive ; which circumstance would
naturally suggest the Greek termination .
^ 95. 1. The c.ontjmid future is formed by
prefixing #ot', or # vd, or &d va, or &l Aft, to the
present subjunctive. E. g. ^gdcpo,
&a aw $a ucr &ot t & c - 74. 1.
)
y^dcpnat, &-C.
96, 97.] FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 59
2. This tense may be formed also, in the active,
by subjoining the third person singular of the
present subjunctive to & Aw : in the passive, by
subjoining the Greek infinitive to &i Aw. E. g.
ygcicpsi, d&sig ygdyfi, ^tlet ygacpsi, &.C. ( 94. 2.)
The other peculiarities of this tense are analogous to those
of the future.
^ 96. 1. By subjoining the accusative of the
perfect participle to the future of %&, a completed
future active is formed, corresponding to the English
second future. E. g. a
&a jovg t%ovv anoxscpoiha^fvovg, they will have beheaded
them.
2. A completed future passive is formed by sub-
joining the nominative of the perfect participle to
the future of etvai. E. g.
svoi, they will have been beheaded.
PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT.
. 1. The perfect is formed by subjoining
the third person singular of the aorist subjunctive
to the auxiliary %&. E. g. ygdcpa,
ygayei, tyovv /Qcxysi.
For the ending ft, see Future.
The perfect thus formed is used chiefly by the inhabitants
of Epirus.
2. The perfect passive of transitive verbs is
formed also by subjoining the perfect participle to
E. g. ygdya,
(?j, ov), tiaai yQix^fjsvog (rj, ov], sivai
^
yQ<x(j[*voi (at, a), dads yQa^^ivoi (ou, ), tivcu
Q<x(j[*v
(at, a).
60 INFLECTION OF WORDS. [98-100.
98. 1. The pluperfect is formed by subjoining
the third person singular of the aorist subjunctive
to t/a, the imperfect of %a. E. g.
fz?$ '/Qaysi, se
yjfi, itysis ygtiyti, ti%av ygdysi.
ygacp&ij, ttytte
2. The pluperfect passive of transitive verbs is
formed also by subjoining the perfect participle to
, the imperfect of elfiai. E. g. ygdcpa,
(77, or), r t oovv %Q#fift4**Q (?, ov), rpov yQa^i-
, ov),
(at, a), rja&s yQn^ivoL (ai, ), r t auv
(at, a).
99. The perfect and pluperfect active of transi
tive verbs may be formed also by means of f/o
l/a, and the accusative of the perfect participle
E. g. 7gd(pa,
f%(o ygapiievov (ijv, ov)
ei%a '/Qanfjiivov (TJV, ov).
CONDITIONAL TENSES.
1OO. 1. The conditional imperfect is formed
by prefixing #a, or &e vd, or #a i/a, to the imper-
fect. E. g. ygdcpco,
a eygayautv, \tu fygdcftis, &u eygacpav.
ovr, &i*. f /gay (TO,
s, \)a f/QW
2. It may be formed also by prefixing rftsfa to
the present subjunctive. E. g.
ygcpyg, e/e ygcpr],
ij&ds ygdcpwusv, r^tke ygdcpsie, ij&fls ygdcpovv.
y$d(f(a t u(u, r^tjis ygdcpeaou, jjftfcAc yqctyfTat, &c.
101.] FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 61
The form fads stands in reality for all the persons and
numbers of the imperfect indicative of #t/lw. Compare 94.
1 : 100. N. 3.
3. It may be formed also, in the active, by sub-
joining the third person singular of the present
subjunctive to the imperfect jj&eha, from &sha : in
the passive, by subjoining the Greek infinitive to
E. g.
ygdqisi, ij&tfag ygoKpti, tf&thf ygdcptii
ygdcpti, *i$i)un* ygdcpfi, ij&skav ygixcpsi.
ygdcpsa&ai, ij&sksg fQncpsa&at, tilths ygucpto&ai, &.C.
NOTE 1 . Instead of Sa, or \ va, or Sa va, or #$sXs, many use S-sX in all
the conditional tenses. E. g.
sygaQx, S/Xa Vy^a^sj, S-sXa 'ly^ettyty &C.
&C.
, &C.
NOTE 2. Some insert va between ^'S-eXi and the subjunctive, in all the con-
ditional tenses. E. g.
v <ygoi<p&> t ^'SsXs va ygetQys, &c.
va ygti^u, %StKt va y^a^Sjjj, &c.
NOTE 3. Some form the singular of the conditional tenses by subjoining the
subjunctive to #&tXa. E. g.
Sometimes va is inserted ; as, #hXs$ va putpSys, SXs va
{NOTE 4. The conditional tenses may be formed also by prefixing va to the I
imperfect and aorist indicative. E. g.
va 't'y^cttfia, va 'lyQattytf.
(The aorist thus formed is almost obsolete. In the time of Ptochoprodromus,
the conditional tenses were invariably formed in this way.
^ 1O1. 1. The conditional aorist is formed by
prefixing rj&sks to the aorist subjunctive. E. g.
ygdcpG),
ygyovv.
to, y&elfg ygotcpdyg, tfdffa yQtty&ri,
^'^fAs /Qctcp&rjTf, rfttfa ygay&ovv.
6
62 INFLECTION OF WORDS. [ 102, 103.
2. It may be formed also by subjoining the third
person singular of the aorist subjunctive to the im-
perfect rj&sha, from &e Ac?. E. g.
yguyti,
VERBS IN a.
1O2. There are two classes of verbs in a, the
first of which comprises those which have as, and
the second, those which have els, in the second
person singular of the present active indicative.
These verbs differ from the rest only in the present and
imperfect.
NOTE 1. Some may have either as or eJ> in the second person singular ; as,
~Zs or -t7j fl/5-aw^a/, -oiffa.t or -ittreu.
NOTE 2. These verbs are contracted from the Greek verbs in a* and la.
The radical c, it will be observed, is changed into < ( 27. 8) ; as, ivd.rn for
ircrfi, vretritffai for faviiffett ( 17).
Further, verbs in <w, in respect to t, follow the analogy of those in lea : as,
npioftai, iTiptovft&et, for r/^a'a/ta/, 1711*0.0^1^0. (the Ionic of which would have
been
1O3. SYNOPTICAL TABLE OF T^ AND -*r.
ACTIVE.
.
PARTICIPLE.
INDICATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
IMPERATIVE.
Present.
Imperf.
TlfLU
nftS
71/u.a
Present.
Imperf.
1-rtroM
iea.ru
~XTi.
PASSIVE.
Present. Tiftuftai Tiftuf&cti np.su
Imperf. tTifA&ftn*
Present. Ta.rosJp.eu rarv/u.Ki -rttrov -ra.Tovp.ivts
Imperf. tret* ovftnv
104.] ACTIVE VOICE OP VERBS IN w.
104. ACTIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present. S. 1 1 p - to , -don HUTU
Tip-dg , -dsig
iifj,-d, -as i
P. 1 1 [I - U [I V ,
"iifiaTS naxslis
"fifA-wai, -ovv, -ovvs, nat-ovai, -ovv, -ovvs
-dovv, -dv, -dvs
Imperf. S. sxl^-mv, -ova. a endr-ovv, -ova a
sTlp-a g, -ovasg, -atg snon-sig, -ova sg, -ts$
sxi^-a, -ovas, -as sndx-si, -ovas, -is
P. sTifi-fopsv, -ova a- snax-ovfisv, -ovaa-
(J.SV
t s, -OVOSTS InaT-sltSf-ovasie
v, -ovaav, snaT-ovv, -ovaav,
-ovaavs -ovaavs
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present. S. iiu-w.-dw naxw
z
upa , -ay naty
P. 1lfl-K(J,SV,-OVflS nttT-W [J,SV, -OVfAS
t ifiaTS narr^ts
Tip-coai, -ovv, -ovvs, n ar-wai, -ovv , -ovvs
-dovv, -dv, -dvs
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present. S. rl^a naT-si,-is
ag T i fj, a ag nan]
P. Tipdrs natslis
ag Tifitaai ag naxwai
PARTICIPLE.
Present. tifji-oiv, waa, a>v, nai-wv, ovaa, ovv,
G. aviog ( 51. 3). G. ovvTog (ibid.).
Also Tipuviag Also naTtavrag
indeclinable. indeclinable.
64 INFLECTION OF WORDS. [ 105.
105. PASSIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present. ?. Tifi-ojfitxi, -ov^at, Ticn-ovpcd,
-lovftai, -to^uat -to/mi
1 1 H-UG a i , -if'aai, nux-tlaott,
-toaai -loaut
-thai, nax-slTai, -that,
P. Tifi-u fj,& a, -ovpe&ci, nar-o up e&a,
-lovfit&a, -lopt&a -Lope&a
-fip-aa&e, -it'a&f, naT-tla&B, ~ii
-ioa&
-tovvTai, nat-ovvrai,
-lOVTOtl,
Imperf. S. ejifi-wfiijv, -ovpovv, iitm-ov^riv^ -ovpovr,
-lOVJJ-OVV -lOVflOVV
fitfi-ovaovv, -ovaov, fnaT-ovaovv, -ovaov,
-lovoovv -tovaovv
BTip-cijo, -ovvtavy inax-tlio, -ovviav,
-lovviav, -tovxav -lovviav, -IOVTOIV
P. iTip-cafis&a, -ovpefra,
, -tea&s tnctT-sZa&f, -tta&s
, -ovviav, inax-ovvTO, -ovvrav,
-loviav, -tovvrav, -IOVTUV, .
-IOVVJO -IOVVTO
With respect to the changes after ft, , r, and , in the passive endings, verbs
in u do not differ from verbs in *> : thus, rif&iovft'ffTt may be used for r/^^tS-a
or rather rtfttovpiSat.
When a is preceded by an I sound, the / of the ending is dropped : as Xuu,
Xuov/tat, ^vlffuif not Xv't'oup.xi, Xvitfcci fftiu, fftiovftcti, fftiovtreti, not
fflllt>'Jf&a.l, fflllOVVTKI.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Present. S. zt/iw^at
ncnyaat
T i HUTCH 7iatr)jai
106.] IRREGULAR VERBS. 65
P.
ncnrja&s
Ttarwviai
The subjunctive passive has all the peculiarities of the indicative passive.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present. S. ii^iov narov
as TifiaTai, a$
P. Tt/ua#
Tificavrai ag
PARTICIPLE.
Present. rifioj^Bvog, rj, ov narovfifvog, t], ov
Also TlfAOVfltVOS, V], OV.
106. IRREGULAR VERBS.
A.
, to begin to be dear, to make dear, A. axglfava, to be
dear,
iocialvd), and
oir(a, to sin, A. wftagTrjoa, seldom ^UW^TOV, Pp.
, apsis or a^iT, a defective imperative, = nriyaivt, n
yfre, go.
ttva^aivta (/5tVw), to ascend, to come or go up, A. avefav (like
f/Qay&rjv) , or aLt>t'fir)xa, subj. avafioi) or wvf^w (like yQuyQw),
or avifiw, imperat. v/5a, pi. y/?rc or uvafiyTS. part, avotfids.
avayivtoax(o (yivuaxto), to read, A. uvuyvwaa, or aviyvwact, otva-
yvwa&riv or avfyv(aa&r)v, Pp. avtxyvo)O(jLivog or aveyvwapitvog'
avayvw&a, and
avayvtovw, = avotyivwaxw.
avaaialvw (aiau'w), ^ rrzzse as from the dead, A. avaaTijaa or
, avaairj&rjv or avsaiydyv, Pp. avaoTr^iivog. Pass.
ai, to rise as from the dead.
jjVw, = the preceding.
avsfittlvco, = avafltxtvto.
avoaralvo), to lose flavor, to become insipid, A. avo'
ot7it&ctlv(a t = ano&ixtt'fo.
, A. aTtigaaa, Pp. anfgaa^ivog, =
6*
66 INFLECTION OP WORDS. [ 106.
ano&ulrw, and
(vh'Tjaxto), to die, A. ani&ava, part, ano&avwv, Pp.
or aTit&afAtvog, dead.
(Aa^flavw), to enjoy, A. dnokavaa or uni\ui'au.
aru/rw), fzre, <o oe tired, A. unoaiaact.
agenda, and
), ?0 please, A. a^taa, Pp. dgtapevog.
, = the preceding.
(<jpf?j aq>lijpi)t let* a defective imperative, used chiefly in
the formation of the third person of the imperative.
ov|/j'0), and
wvlaVeo, 20 increase, to grow, A. avfyaa, av!;r)&T)v, Pp. av
ucfnw (oc(plr]fii), to leave, to let, A. acprjaa or aapijxa or <
imperat. acpyat or agjf? or ucpae, pi. aqpijacie or aqp?^, A. Pass.
a(pe&r)v, Pp. aqpT^gVo?.
JB.
/?a^en, and
/?a'>Uw, #o pw<, <o p/acc, A. !/?u/la, par^. /?AwV, A. Pass,
Pp. ^a^fiirog.
pdru, = the preceding.
fiaQt-ovpai, -taai, to be tired, to be weary or lazy, A.
Pp. paQfuivog, tired.
fiagvvonai, A. ffiaQvt'&ijv, = the preceding.
/5>LffTa/j'<u, and
, to bud, A. ffildaTrjaa.
), to see, to look, A. r<5 (also f!5), SM&/. ^w (like
w), imperat. I8i or t3'?> pi- tfoie, par^. t^wV, A. Pass.
Its compounds have A. Act. c/ftey/a, as dnopUna), ano-
ashionable people pervert the subjunctive Ida into do,
which sounds like 3v6, two.
@6ax(0, or /5oaxw, aj, ^o pasture, A. l/?oaxi?aa, efioaxijdrjv, Pp.
J, a$, to dive, A. ffiovrrjaa or ifiomi$a, Pp. ^ovir^evog or
, immersed.
Xw, to wet, to rain, A. i/?pe$a, e^o^r/v, Pp. figeyiisvog, wet.
and
ro), to suck, A. f/Sioa, Pp.
Pp.
r.
, to flay, skin, A. tydaga or t'ydfiQot,
106.]
IRREGULAR VERBS.
67
ydvvw (eMva), to undress, strip naked, A. tydvaa"
Pp.
ys()v(o, =
ylvonctt, to become, to be, to be made, A. fyira or eysiva, subj.
ylvct or yilvta, imperat. ylvs, A. Pass, fyivrjv, subj. yivw or
yeva, imperat. ysrov, pi. ytvrjis, part, ysvofisrog (little used),
Pp. ywrmivos.
The A. Pass, has the same signification with the A. Act.
yhvTova, to rescue, save, A. tyhmwaa and eyXvaa, Pp.
vo?.
, to lean on one side, to bend, A. tyvgot, Pp.
, Pp.
dayxavw, to bite, A. Iduyxaaa, Pp.
dsv(o, to whip, flog, beat, A. tdsiQ
Siafialvw (palvfo), to pass, A. i&ulfrp or isv or
eygd(fj&r]v, tygdcp&rjxct), subj. diufiw, or diafiw (like
imperat. oiujta, pi. dtn^Tf, part, dta^ag.
diddaxto, to teach, A. e<5/<5, sdiddx&rjv, Pp. dtdayfj.EVog.
Sldw, to give, A. sdwxa or I'^waa, imperat. dwas (Greek
A. Pass, fdo&yv, Pp. doapdvog or doptvog.
Mr to, = the preceding.
(like
, sz/6;.
(Ida, see /SAeTiw.
cl^uat, /o 6c, s6/.
Imperf. ypovv or
IND. S. el^ai
SUBJ.
, or
, A.
, A.
(like
, Pp.
or -^^ (sometimes
), imperat. /?/, pi.
, imperat. lao, z//j^n.
, A. said&rjv (from (m'
, part,
Present.
P. ei'fi-f&a, -ta&t, -to&tv, -tais,
-(JT
ei-a&s, -an, (Chian ct'c/Tfj'c)
sivcti
P. y[ie&ot, ya&s, yvai, with all
the peculiarities of the Indie-
ative.
68 INFLECTION OP WORDS. [) 106.
IMP. S. I'ffo, I'UTW or as yrai. P. 3 pers. a$ y
PART. <uv, ovaa, ov, G. 6'vroc, ovarjg, ovtog.
Imperfect.
S. rjfiovv, jjnyv, rjpov,
yaovv, r t <jo, rjaovtf, r t aiav,
I]TOV, rjTO, rjiav,
JP. rju-s&a, -sate, -aars, -affray, -ea&av
f, ifaao&av, ^
NOTE. The third person tTa/ was formerly ?, and is probably a modification
of the Greek Iniot Invru It must not be confounded with the Greek infini-
tive iTww.
It is hardly necessary to observe here, that the Romaic 7^< is passive in
form, with the exception of itveti, r,ffa.i.
Una, see Ae/m.
!/L, &ait or fAaoT (fAawo), come, a defective imperative, =
&iTe, from l^o/iai.
lvw, (eV, jfruVu), ^ en^er, ^o ^o or come in, A. tpftyxa, subj.
, or f^u/Jw (like ^a<jp^w), imperat. 1'^a, pi. f/u/Jaw or e/z-
, .
fiat (eV, T^C'TIW), <o 6c ashamed or bashful, A. IvTQa
or (Q&IU, ==. co^o/iat, rj)i&a, 17,^0) or
cowc, A. *}>l#a, 56/. I'idw, or &#ai (like
imperat. &&s, &#*, ji;ar^. eA^wV.
vQtaxfo, to jind, A. n-o^xa or jS^ijxa or fto/jxa, or 7;u(>a or fv^>a,
SM6;. fu^w, or tv^w (like ^aqp^w), imperat. wye or ^, pi.
tt'^fTS or tvyrjTt, part, ft^w'y, A. Pass, dyedr)*, Pp. st/
or tvQfftt'vog.
i, to pray, A. sv%y&i]v.
, to have, Imperf. ti^a. The rest is wanting.
Z.
w, Kff, Sf, pi- ^//f', ^TS, ^wat, to live, Imperf.
i. ftw/^f
co : A. e
H.
rfftnoQu, ti<;, can, may, to be able, A. qfjtnoQfaa.
w, Kff, Sf, pi- ^//f', ^TS, ^wat, to live, Imperf. Itwr, ^TJC, ?>
pi. ftw/^fy, f^T, t'bw*', with the other peculiarities of verbs in
co : A. eijva.
f, , , , , . .
jSevQO) . to kmiw, Imperf. fevga. The Aor. in some connexions
may be borrowed from
106.] IRREGULAR VERBS. 69
0.
&u, an indeclinable auxiliary verb, for all the persons and num-
bers of the present and imperfect of the indicative of
Compare nd.
frdmu, to bury, A. tfrctya, e&dcp&yv or frdcpriv, Pp.
'Aw, to wish, to will, Imperf. tf&da, A. rt&ehyaa, subj.
imperat. deltas, part, delrjcrctg.
TW, to put, to place, to locate, A. !'#caa, sis&rjv, Pp. deusvog.
&Qi(poa, = rgecpco.
I.
Ida, see @Una.
K.
xa#o/uai, to sit down, to dwell, A.
xa/w, to burn, A. exavaa, exav&qv or exdyv, Pp. xavpevog*
The Participle xavpsvog, i), ov, usually means poor fellow,
poor or dear woman, poor thing, in an endearing acceptation,
and is used chiefly in exclamations.
xa^uvew, to do, to make, A. Ixa-ua, Pp. jtot^im^evos.
xc^uca, and xwVw, = xdfivw.
xonapalvn (/?tVw), #o descend, to come or ^o c/o?^w, A. ixariflqv
or xT/?^y, exT/?jjx or xT/?^xa (like eyQacp&rjv, iygdcp&ri-
xa), swft;. xT/5w, or xaif^tu (like ygcccp&w), imperat. XT/?,
pi. xT/?ax, part. xta/5.
xai/5atVw, = the preceding.
y.avw, =^ y.aiW'
x()8ctlvo), to gain, A. exsgdrjaa, Pp. xs^T^Vo? or xf^^at/ufVo?.
, A. x^5t|a, Pp. xsgdiyfisvos or xegdiafievog, = the pre-
ceding.
, ^o ^owr o?^/ %wor for anybody, frefltf wi/A liquor,
A. ext'gaaa, sxsQaa&yv, Pp.
, ag, = the preceding.
x/la/a), ^o t^eep, A. I'xAavaa, Pp.
xQspd^M, and
Qi(*va), a$, to hang, A. exQenaact, exQfpda&rjv, Pp.
xgsfiofiai t to be hanging, to hang, intransitive and defective.
, and
, 7We, ^0 conceal, A. txQVipa, A. Pass. (XQvcp&yv or
rjv, imperat. xQvyov or xyvfiijaov, Pp.
t'co, <0 ro//, A. exvhaa, exvUo&rjv, Pp.
, ag, = the preceding.
INFLECTION OF WORDS. [ 106.
;. ?/' , and
uro), to receive, to take, A. &/?, par/. Za^wV, A. Pass.
to mistake, to be mistaken, A. ilav&aa&yv, Pp.
/yw, happen, A.
'/ci), 20 say, *e//, A. slna, subj. sl'nw, or UTIW (like
imperat. sins or tins'? or TT^, pi. tnct0, part, sinuv, A. Pass.
and 6t7ia>#if', Pp. fiQijfifvog.
Its compounds have A. He^a, &ix&rp : as, 3t;uya), f dta-
M.
paovto, to gather, to collect, A. $pdta*a or c/zaaa, A. Pass.
, Pp. jua^w/Jtt'os.
, and
, to learn, A. epa&a, part, pndtov, Pp. fia&Tjpivog, eru-
dite, learned, accustomed.
Htdixa, to get d u k, A. efie&vaa to be drunk, Pp.
drunk.
jus#w, ?, = the preceding.
u? A?/. < concerns, Imperf. l'|U)ls, impersonal.
urw, ^0 remain, A. tuttm.
vfn, to give notice, to announce, A. fufrvaa,
, a?, = the preceding.
vet, to mix, A. fpS, tplx&yv, Pp.
, and
IV.
a, pi. var, faArc, a defective imperative, having originated in
the interjection vd ! behold ! see here !
w, ?, to vomit, A. t$sQowi(.
, and
if i' ow, = ?; |f row.
Sf^ayw, /o forget, A. elg^oaa, Pp. ^aafjisvos stupid, booby,
blockhead,
?, = the preceding.
, and
w, <0 scratch, A. ei/c/a, elv'^ijy, Pp.
, &I$, = the preceding.
106.] IRREGULAR VERBS. 71
O.
ofivvG), to swear, A. opoaa or wfioaoc* * *
), = the preceding.
n.
nd, see
, and
nayca, = nriy
na&aivw,
naiQVG) (enaiQQ)), to take, A. inif\qa, sub}. TTW^O), imperat. nags,
A. Pass, inuy&riv, Pp. naQptvog.
, to suffer, A. tnot&a, part, na&tnv.
), and
vvw, to grow fat, A. Inu/vva, to be fat.
, ag, to pass, A. intgaaa, Pp. ntgaaperog.
, ot?, to fly, to throw away, A. entrance, intia^Qf\v, Pp.
thrown away.
ni]yalv(a (vTia/w), ^o g"0, part, also nrjyaivafASvog, A. inr\ya or
vnriycx, subj. nayw or vnayw, Pp. nn/aifisvog gone.
The form TT may stand for all the numbers and persons
of the subjunctive after >. Compare #' for #f'Aw, &Efat$, &c.
TitVw, ^o drink, A. I'ma, SM&;. TI/W, or Titw (like ^(p#w), zmpe-
r#. 7i/6 or 7m, pi. mtTe or Tm'is, par^. mwV, A. Pass, ino-
frnv^or Jti6&nv, Pp. mo^Evos, drunk.
nlmco, tofauj^A.. tnsan, part, mawv, Pp. ntanivog.
TT/Lf'o), ^o float, to sail, A. Enksvaa.
nvtco, to breathe, A. envsvaa.
t, to swell, intransitive, A. engrja&rjv, Pp. ng^a pivot;.
i, to pray as to the deity, A. sn^oaev^rj&^v, imperat.
P.
SO), to flow, A. e
a7r/w, to rot, A. iadnioa, Pp. a an ia pivot; or
OEQVM, = aU(>'(W.
orw, #o raise, A. tayxetaa, earjxw&rjv, Pp. aqxtopevog. Pass.
yxovofitti, to rise, imperat. ar t xov or aifxeo, pi. ayxwTe.
aaj, to break, A. tanaaa, eandcf&rjv, Pp. anaafj.eyot.
72 INFLECTION OF WORDS. [ 106.
andvu, = the preceding.
lva), to erect, to place in an erect position, A.
, Pp. aTrjfisvog.
and aTsxopai, to stand, to stay, to stop, imperat.
pi. arsxaTf, A. Pass, iaid&i]v.
OTcM.o>, and ar&yo), <o send, Iraperf. I'aTelva, A. 1'cmt/la,
or eardkrjv, Pp. a
(avv, /5a/m), z^ happens, A. lavvs^ij or avvefii], subj.
avpfi or avvtpy.
OVQVW, to drag, draw, A. tavgct, IOVQ&IJV, Pp. ovyptvos. The
A . imperat. <JVQS, aiders, means also ^o.
cj^w, = the preceding.
oylyyto, to squeeze, imperat. acplyyB and aylyya, A.
, Pp. aytypsvog tight.
T.
A. figd^a, ixga^lx^v, Pp.
stiw, to tremble, Imperf. iT^f^ua, defective.
}) to feed, nourish, A. Edgsyot, A. Pass. e&Qsy&riv or
or fTQdq>r)v, Pp. fytfifierog.
^o run, imperat. r^c^a, pi. TQ^UTE, A. tr^flcf.
T(>(o/o), ea, A. tcpaya, part, yaywv, A. Pass, tcpayw&rjv, Pp.
o?.
happen, A. Irt^a.
r.
vnayaivw, obsolete, = vjid/ca, nyyalvw.
vnyta, =
i, to promise, A. vnoaxi&rtv or
, and
^o bring, Imperf. Iqp^va, A. I'cptga, jpf Jhpr, Pp.
yu, to flee, imperat. also <ptvya, pi. cpwyaTe, A. tyvya.
X.
iga, commonly xaiQOfiai, to rejoice, to be glad, part, also #-
gov}Jiivog, A. fxdgrjv.
vw, ag, and
destroy, to demolish, A. f'xdlaaot, f'xalda&rjv, Pp.
107,108.] ADVERBS. 73
%dv(a, to lose, A. %aa, tyu&i\v t Pp.
%<xaxa), to gape, imperat. also ^aaxa, defective.
ZOQTotlvo), to satiate, to be satiated, A. f^o^Taaa, Pp.
vog.
, and y/Tjyw, roast, to cook, A. eyyaot, tynj&ip, Pp.
ADVERBS.
1O7. 1. Adverbs formed from adjectives in og and vg,
of all the degrees of comparison, are the same withlfie nolm-
native neuter plural of those adjectives. E. g.
x>L, well, xahqifQct, better, from xAo?, jtaX^rsgog, good
TtixQu, bitterly, nixgoxsQa, nixgoTctTot, from mxgog, bitter
fia&id, deeply, pa&vifQu, fiadvTarct, from fia&vs, deep.
2. Adverbs of the positive degree may be formed from ad-
jectives in os, i}?, v$, by changing o$ and ^ into a??, and v$ into
sag. E. g.
aoqp<w, wisely, aoqxaTSQCt, aocpwrctTa, from aocpog
<w?, truly, ahy&eaTfQot, a^&s'aiara, from a
, in a truth-loving manner, from
c'w?, deeply, from
Adverbs in we are not used by the uneducated.
3. A few adverbs are the same with the nominative singular
of the neuter of the adjective. E. g.
[Aovov, only, from fiovo?, alone
nolv, much, from nokvg
how much, from noaog.
1O8. 1. Adverbs answering to the question noodxig,
how often, how many times, end in dxig. E. g.
dxig, often, many times, from nohvg.
2. All numeral adverbs, except una$, one, dig, twice, and
lg, thrice, end in dxig. E. g.
attig, four times, from rsaaa^sg
, hundred times, from
7
74 INFLECTION OF WORDS. [ 109, 110.
NOTE. Instead of adverbs of this class, the mass of the people use the accu-
sative of <poa, time, preceded by the adjective denoting the number. E. g.
xoffats fogais, how many times ?
/u.iacv <pt>/>dv, once, one time
$va (pagetis, twice, two times
j Qogeiis, many times
q>agai;, a Jew times.
1 OO. The adverbs nov, xanov, onov, onov : no&BY, ono-
&>, o&tv : noTf, noT, Tozf, oiav, onoiav : nug, xanug, ovTtog,
at, OTTO)?, correspond to each other as follows :
Interrogative. Indefinite. Demonstrative. Relative.
nov xanov onov, onov
no&sv o&sv, onodtv
nors nors TOTS oiav, onoTav
xantag ovT(og } STGI> onug, wg, xa&wg
NOTE. KawoTs, the proper indefinite of , now means sometimes, not
some time, which analogy requires.
DERIVATION OF WORDS.
This head comprises chiefly such endings as are more or
less peculiar to the Romaic.
1 1 O. 1. PATRONYMICS from nouns in ag of the Jirst
declension are formed by changing this ending into ddyg. E. g.
'Hhddqg, son of Elias, from *Htiag.
2. Patronymics from nouns in og of the second declension,
and ^g of the first, are formed by changing these endings into
Idrjg. E. g.
Oixovopldrjg, son of CEkonomos, from Olxovofiog
NLxo\aC8r t g, son of Nicholas, from iVixdAao?
*Ia)avvidr]g, son of John, from 'ladvvrjg.
But when og is preceded by the sound /, it is changed into
: as, JrjfjtrjTQiddrjg, son of Demetrius, from
3. Patronymics from nouns of the third declension are
formed by changing og or wg of the genitive singular into /<%.
E.g.
g, son of Plato, from nluTtav, tavog
, son of Nestor, from NBOTUQ, ogog
, son of Theseus, from Oijasvg, stag.
111, 112.] DERIVATION OF WORDS. 75
1 1 1. From the Greek nwlog, foal, or rather from the
Latin pullus, come the following endings, which are always
preceded by o :
-novlog G. ov, son of, occurring only in proper names ; as,
3 Afa$6nov)i.og, Alexopoulos, from ^e'^g.
-novKa G. ag, daughter of; as, aQxovionovlct, a nobleman's
daughter, from ag%ovTag : /SoaxoTrotUa, shepherdess, from
/5o<Txo : TovQxonovka, a Turkish girl.
-ovlov G. ov, offspring of, son of; as, ayxovTonovhov, a
nobleman's son : Tovyxonovlov, a Turkish boy. In words
denoting irrational or inanimate objects, it has a diminu-
tive signification; as, yuhdonovhov, small scissors, from
1 1 S. A DIMINUTIVE is a derivate word, signifying a
small or dear thing of the kind denoted by the primitive.
Diminutives end in
-ax??? G. i), implying dear, used chiefly in proper names ;
JHEw^axT??, dear George, from rswQyqg : lYixoAax???, dear
Nicholas, from Nixokog : riavvdxyg, from ridvvrjg, John.
-dxi, little, small, dear, precious, used only in the nominative
and accusative of both numbers ; as, ^a^at^ax*, a little
knife, from ^uc^a^t : x^aaaxt, dear icine, from xQaal. Di-
minutives in axt are formed from nouns in i of the second
declension.
-id G. tou, used only in names of women, particularly of
young women ; as, TO KUTSQIVIO or Kavio, Kate, from Al-
xansglvvi, Catherine ; TO Asvio, Nell, from 'EUwi, Helen ;
10 MCCQIO, Molly, from Magta, Mary.
-liaa (Greek -tax?}), G. ^, little, small, dear ; as, fiaQxlroa,
little boat, from fiaQxa : yvvaixhaa, dear woman or wife.
KvQctTdoc, or Kf)(XToct, from %VQU or x^>, mistress, takes
in the penult instead of /.
-lxar,g G. TJ, occurs only in tcvQlrayg (also xvQiTaog), from
X^TJ? or xv^to?, master. KvylToyg, however, is now chiefly
used as a man's name.
Oiv G. naiov, was very common in the time of Ptochopro- "
romos, and was used also in adjectives of the conipara- \
ve degree ; as, xQuatTaiv, [iixgoTSQlraiv, from xgaal, (J.IXQO- \
.SQOV. At present it occurs only in xogliai (without the v),
girl, from XO^T?, but without its diminutive force.
-xw, G. xag, occurs in the Constantinopolitan proper names,
7? f E\tvx(a, r) Kcnlvxo), from '
76 INFLECTION OF WORDS. [ 113, 114.
-oxag G. a, found only in yvioxag or vlyioxag, dear son, from
yviog or vlog.
-ovda G. as, equivalent to -haa, as, xondovda, dear lass, from
KOtt&Oj.
-ovdsQog, 77, 6v, modifies the meaning of some adjectives of
color ; as, fiavgovdegog, blackish, from fiavgog.
-ovdi, equivalent to -dxi, as, TO yviovdi, from yviog, son.
-ovla (Latin -ula), G. ag, equivalent to -iraa, as, no
little door, from nogra : xayovla, poor woman, (in an en-
dearing acceptation,) from xi//a, heat.
-ofays G. rj, equivalent to -ax???, as, xa^ovJirjg, poor fellow,
from xay/w.
-ovAt, equivalent to -xt, as, naidovh, little boy, from 7r/5/.
Xe^ovAt, lov, TO, handle, as of a vase, from ^t, has lost
its diminutive signification.
-ov/o'c, 7;, or, (Greek -w^fo. Latm_-i4^ equivalent to -ovjpi-
xoj : as, fia&ovloc, rather deep, from jSa&vg.
-ot'iatxoc, ?/, ov, (Italian -uzzo,) modifies the quality denoted
by the primitive ; as, oo-TroovTfftxo?, whitish, from aWoo? :
ylvxomaixo?, sweetish, from ylvxog : xaKovxautog, rather
good, from xaio'?.
^113. An AUGMENTATIVE is a derivative noun, signifying
a great, large, big, or huge thing of the kind denoted by the
primitive.
There are two methods of forming Romaic augmentatives :
1. By changing neuters into feminines, and feminities into
masculines. E. g.
^ anada, big sword <C; from TO ana&l
77 y.tyul.a, big head " TO
y 7ro5oa, big foot " TO
o pviog, monstrous nose ^ "
2. By annexing ^ G. ag, or agog G. ov, to the root of the
primitive. E. g.
j\ #fpo, clumsy hand from TO ^ f ot
o /iVToo?, huge nose " 17
1 1 4. The following endings denote employment, occu-
pation, or character.
-agrjg (Latin -an'us), G. ^, or -agiog G. ov :
115-117.] DERIVATION OF WORDS. 77
apothecary, from anodyxr) : nsQifioldgrig, gardener, from
G. a, denoting a seller or keeper of, dealer in :
butter-seller, from fiovrvgov : [ivhavcig, miller, from [j,vJ(.og :
ocpovyyagdg, spunge-mer chant, or spunge-jisher.
Some nouns of this class have acquired an augmenta-
tive signification ; as, xecpcddg, big-headed man, from
K(ph : cpaydg, glutton, from cpayl.
taaot G. at;', fiaaihaooc, queen, from fiaadevg, king; ttaniToc-
viaaa, captain's wife, from xanndvog ' tx&giaotx, female
enemy, from ez&gog: yidigiaaoc, female physician, from
Most commonly the feminine of national appellatives
end in wan ' as, TovQxiaaoc, AQamaau, PvcpTioaa, from
TovQxoSj Turk, 'Agdnyg, Arab, Ivcprog, Gypsey.
-ov G. ovg, is the feminine of -cig : xoaxivov, a female sieve-
maker, or the wife of a sieve-maker, from xoaxivag.
-ovaa (Greek -oeig, -otaaa), G. ag : fiavgopodovaa, black-
haired woman.
-tgn or -TQta G. ag, comes from the masculine -irjg :
or ydJi-iQin, songstress, from ydtor t g.
-ra^g (Turkish), G. 17 : xai'xTd^, boatman, from xa'/xt, boat,
vessel.
1 1 5. The ending wot or aivu G. a?, is in many parts of
Greece appended to a married man's name to denote that of
his wife. E. g.
^AnooTohtva from ^AnooTokyg, Apostoles
Kwaraivct " Kwa-cag, Constans
Demetrius
Theodore.
1 1 6. Some proper names are formed from adjectives in
og simply by changing the place of the accent. E. g.
Xgyarog, from lafingog,
1 1 7". 1. Neuters in -Idi come from nouns in ig G.
and from nouns in og G. ovg. E. g.
(pldi, snake from 6 ocpig, ewg
voyage " y id$ig, stag
vinegar " TO ot-og, ovg.
7*
'
78 INFLECTION OF WORDS. [ 118, 119.
Some write -tidt, for -18 1 : both are correct, but -Idi is
the simplest.
2. Neuters in -d<pi come from nouns in og G. ov. E. g.
i, razor, from o li'o?.
1 1 8. Abstract nouns, peculiar to the Romaic, end in
-dda, -agid, -id, -ifiov, -net, and -via*
-dda G. ag, corresponds to the English -ness, and the Greek
-frjg : as, ylvxdda, sweetness, from y\vxog.
-agid G. ag, occurs in numbers that are multiples of ten or
of Jive ; as, dsxagid, ten, dexantvTaQid, fifteen, tty.oaaotd,
twenty, ilxoainewaQid, twenty-five. Also dwdsxagid, twelve.
But exorov, hundred, has exaroarij.
Nouns of this class are always accompanied by xdpuid,
some, about, from xdvtig ( 71); as, ysys pag xd^id ne-
vrjviaQid xtcpdha, bring us fifty heads or so. This cir-
cumstance has led some to suppose that the indefiniteness
lies in the noun and not in the pronoun xauuid.
-id G. tag, denotes the effect produced by any instrument or
organ ; as, ^anu, glance of the eye, from pan, eye; xavo-
via, the report of a gun, from xavovi, cannon ; paxaigid,
a stab, from naxalgi, knife ; xordvlud, a mark with a pen,
from xovdvh, pen.
-ipov (Greek -/uoc), G. /wroc, denotes the action of a verb;
as, ygdyinov, writing, from ygdqxa : TQSI[*OV, running,
from TQ%(o : yrjaifiov, roasting, from y-^Vw.
-it a (Latin -itas, Italian -itd), G. ag, corresponds to the
Greek -TTJC : as, uoyua, delay, from agyw : t^^ira, en-
mity, from ez&Qog : pdvna, rage, from pavta.
v^iUa (Greek -vlog), G. ag, occurs in some nouns of color ;
as, aangvla, intense whiteness, from aangog : xoxxivvJia,
intense redness, from xoxxivog.
Ka'vka, a burning sensation, from xalo), is perhaps the
, only noun of this class that does not denote color.
511O. Adjectives, more or less peculiar to the Romaic,
end in -'TO, -two?, -*i<Jioq, -Ixiog, -ixog with the accent on the
antepenult, and -ovqiog.
-dfog, r}, o*, (Latin -atus,) formerly very common, but at
present confined to a limited number of adjectives, the
most common of which is ytudiog, full, from
120.] COMPOSITION OF WORDS. 79
(Greek -ivog), ct, ov, denotes the material of which any
thing is made ; as, t-vUviog, wooden, from vkov: /iA|ua-
-idviog, golden, from pd^a^icx, gold.
-rjaiog, a, or, denotes pertaining to ; as, yidqaiog, goat's, from
ylou, goat ; yvvaixrjaiog, woman's, from yvvalxa ' naidicc-
xyaiog, boy's, boyish, from notidl.
-Ixiog, a, ov, (Greek -txog,) occurs perhaps only in avrglxios,
"~man's, from avTQag, man.
-ixog, rj, ov, for -ixog, rj, ov : as, ayvaixog, unnatural, TOVQKI~
xo$, Turkish ; 3 yyksixog } English ; Bsvenxog, Venetian.
-ovQiog, , ov, as, xaivovQtog, new, from xotivog '.
deficient in beard, from
COMPOSITION OP WORDS.
^ 12O. 1. When the first component part is a noun of
the first or second declension, its ending is dropped, and o is
substituted. E. g.
&ahuao6vsQov, sea-water from -^aAaaaa, VSQOV
yfQovToxoQirao, old maid ysgoviag,
xcdoi/^vw, to roast well xaAo?,
wine-cup xgctal,
2. When the first component part is a noun of the third
declension, the termination of the genitive is dropped, and o is
substituted. E. g.
, lion-hearted, from AeW, ovrog,
3. When the last component part begins with a vowel, the
o is omitted. It is omitted also when the first part is nohvg.
E.g.
nahdv&gwnog, old fellow from Tiahog, av&gwnog
vJidv&Q(onog, blockhead " v).ov, av&QMno$
xahaxova), to hear well " xodog, cixovw
nokvxaiQivog, stale " no\vg, xctigog.
NOTE 1. When the last component part is a neuter in /, this ending generally
becomes ov in the compound ; as, fto)*.ifioxovbvX.ov, lead pencil, from ftoXifii and
NOTE 2. The nouns <**;, priest, ^urffrts, hajee', p,Kffrof, artist,
old, }ta.x.o? t deacon, $Kffxet*.os, teacher, when used as titles of respect, drop their
final $, and are prefixed to the proper name. E. g.
90 INFLECTION OF WORDS. [ 121, 122.
TI.eivfttB-vju.ios from -raxx;, Qvfusg, Euthymius
" 'Atruvt]{, Anthony
%ifrffijsi X^n^-ray, Chrestos
(to. frowns, r/awjf, John
T i gat ix a; ytges, N/xaj, Nick
Atetxoygtj'ye^ef 'Sidxa;, Y^nye^ia?, Gregory
Ait ffxctk.oxet'HL'y turns l< ^xffxxXa;, TLavcfyivrtts, Panaghiotes.
Some write such words with a hyphen between the component parts ; as,
TttTtx-Qvftit;, iMMriU-ILnMyivntf- Others accent the last syllable of
thus, a*sra Tgwyogios.
Coray compares the nominative -rtt-ra,, in such expressions as **
to the Epic nominatives in a, (as ivr-rora) : but the cases are not parallel ; for
the syllables ** remain unchanged in both the numbers and in its deriva-
tives ; as oi IIa-y/yr, the priest -John-family. Add to this the analogy
of the feminine $;, priest's wife ; as, fj Hot-reibiet'yt&mvit, rife
<ytvfivetf, the wife of priest John.
1. The negative prefix -, before a vowel y-,
corresponds to the English prefix un- t or to the suffix -less.
E.g.
t<xxoc, harmless from xaxd?, 6crf
ava$ios, unworthy " alto?, worthy.
2. The negative word corresponding to the perfect passive
participle is the verbal adjective in TO'S (sometimes an adjective
in os) t w ith the negative prefix. E. g.
g, written aygamog, unwritten, from
roasted ayrjTog, not roasted, from
g, salted avdkaiog, not salted, from
A mixed number, the fractional part of which is
one half, may be formed by annexing the suffix -ypiav or -i
(from riniavg) to the cardinal number. E. g.
ptdftiav, svdfjiiav, one and a half
dvofiiav, two and a half
three and a half
tq-iduiov, seventy -seven and a half.
Some separate -fAtav from the first component part ; as,
dtxu '/utar, trviu ' uiov, dudexd fuav.
PART III.
SYNTAX,
SUBJECT AND PREDICATE.
133. The subject of a proposition is that of which any
thing is affirmed.
The predicate is that which is affirmed of the subject.
SUBJECT.
124. The subject is either a nominative, or a word
standing for a nominative.
The nominative, or its representative, may have other words
closely connected with it.
125. The verb agrees with its subject-nomi-
native in number and person. E. g.
run. c PTpfl$ mriyalvo^fv^ We go.
, Thou writest. 3 Eas~ig Uyzis, You say.
Avrbq entQiTTUTOvae, He was walking.
Ol ffT^TiWTt saxo-cwdrjaav, The soldiers were killed.
NOTE 1. In certain fashionable expressions, the number and person of the
verb are determined by the genitive of the personal pronoun limiting the nomi-
native. E. g.
TV tivrts h tlytvix <rov, What did your Nobility say 9
KaraXa^avsTg *a) arc? <ry, You yourself also perceive.
C H rifuorns fug rt itytrt tig rovro ; What does your Respectability say to
this?
Those who affect the height of politeness, or rather servility, use rnt for <rov
or vets : as, 'H l^a-? rns $ voffrip&usrui, Your (literally Her) Excel-
lency does not relish it.
NOTE 2. It is fashionable (but not servile) to use the second person plural
for the second person singular. E. g.
T/ xciftvtrt ; for T/ xxftvti; ; How do you do 9
a, ; for Wurui KO.\K j Are you well ?
82 SYNTAX. [ I26-12S.
1 26. The nominatives fyoi, ^7?, eav, rc%, and all the
nominatives of avrog, are expressed only when emphasis is
required, or in case of antithesis. E. g.
*Ey<a Uyat, It is I that say.
Eailg TO exdfiETS xat o%i yptiS) You did it, not we.
127. 1. Two or more nominatives in the
singular, connected by xcu (expressed or under-
stood), take the verb in the plural, and in the chief
person, which is the first with respect to the
second and third, and the second with respect to
the third. E. g.
*Eyw x lav x' ixslvrj tTtyyalvafisv, I and thou and she were
going.
*Eav xal avrog xal txsitnj &a &Kf am, Thou and he and she
will hope.
*O xQoxodtdog x ?j aAwTrov eydoveixovaav, The crocodile and
the fox were disputing.
2. The verb may agree with the noun which
stands nearest to it. E. g.
Oa za&fi? lav, t/(b, y nohg, Thou and I and the city shall
perish.
"AyvtiHJTog tlvcu o ronog xal o %Qovo$ f Both the place and the
time are unknown.
NOTE. A nominative in the singular followed by the preposition ps, with,
may take the verb in the plural ; as, ^TOIXOS pi ra, raXXwxg/a ip*rix,an t
Sta'ikos entered with the brave men.
. When two or more nominatives of dif-
ferent persons are separated by fj, OVTS, or /terjrf,
the verb agrees with one of the nominatives, and
is understood after the rest. E. g.
Iff ^just? &a ^a^w^ey, ^ fXBtvrj, Either we shall perish or she
will.
Ovis laus ijaaa&s ixsi, OVT J fxelvi), Neither you were there,
nor was she.
Myis avTos, [WITS eau$ va, TujyalvftE, Neither must he nor you
129-132.] SUBJECT AND PREDICATE. 83
NOTE. When the nominatives are separated by ovn or pfot, the verb may be
in the plural, but it must precede or follow all the nominatives ; as, MJJTS rovros
(ivr \Ktlvos $tv ro l<rTo%u<rS-ti<retv, Neither this nor that man thought of ic.
139. A collective noun in the singular may
take the verb in the plural. E. g.
Ilotenovv % KfoyTovQid, The Klephts Jight.
Oa /us xavriyoQriaovv o xo'ff/wo?, The world will censure me.
13O. The person of a verb agreeing with the
relative pronoun is determined by the person of the
antecedent. E. g.
3 yw ajtov fitjUa/ <5cu, I who am here.
. Those who were caught.
131. The subject of verbs denoting the state
of the weather, or the operations of nature, is not
expressed. Thus,
, it lightens from aavQunxw
rains
K, it thunders fiyovrw
G, it is late
exodaavvsvas, it has cleared off
, it is dark
, it is day
&, it dawns
, it is day
, it snows
cpeyyw
13S. 1. In general, any word or clause may
be the subject of a proposition.
2. Particularly, the subject may be a verb in the
sjibjunctive mood preceded by vd or TO vd. Such
may be the subject of
anayoQtvvrcH, it is forbidden ; from anayoQevo).
t, it is enough; c^xw.
i, it is, followed by a neuter adjective, or by a preposi-
tion ; ti^ai.
s, it wanted, it was wanting;
84 SYNTAX. [ 133, 134.
i, it is possible.
nginti, it is proper, it becomes ; nglnu.
avyxwg&iait it is permitted ; avyxwgw.
ovppalvei) it happens ; avu^alvot.
avutpigei, it benefits, it is of advantage ;
Tvxalvsi, srvxf, it happens, it happened ; rvxaivu.
wgpsAct, it benefits ; (ucpslw.
Etvai advvcnov vet yaai, xalog xal xaxog fig TOJ/ avrov xaigov, It
is impossible that you should be good and bad at the same
time.
va yvywfiw, We must go away.
3. The subject may be a verb in the indicative
preceded byjiri, that. Such may be the subject of
it is said ; from fo'^w.
i, it is conjectured or inferred; avunsQalro).
, it appears, it seems ; q.ah-ouui.
i, it is enough ; cp&ava.
vsToct OTI avaxwgijas, It is conjectured that he has
departed.
4>alvsTai on anaTrj&rjxautv, It seems that we have been de-
ceived.
^ 133. Sometimes a verb, most commonly eijtai,
to be,-is to be supplied after the nominative. E. g.
To TiQayfia xaiov, dsv \%si ofttag nijguaiv, The article is good }
but there is no demand for it.
MagTvyeg ol udeJicpol fiov, My brothers are witnesses.
Kalo xt auro / Pretty thing this !
MyTS o m<a%og fii^Ts o loyog TQV, Neither the poor nor his
word (is good for any thing).
^ 134. In certain cases, the subject becomes
the object of the preceding proposition. E. g.
Tov aroxd^ofiaL OTI anoxtcpod.ia&rixs 'g irjv Hohv, I think he
was decapitated at Constantinople.
J7^o(jf^ T^V &VQCIV vet rjvai ndvxa xAta/uVi/, See that the door
is always shut.
Jiv yvugi&i TOV avffjiov ano nov q>vaa, He don't know from
what direction the wind blows.
135-139.] SUBJECT AND PREDICATE. 85
^ 135. The nominative with or without an
interjection is used in certain exclamations. E. g.
3 Jdov xal o rl^iLog av&gwnog ! Behold also_ the honest man !
No, togT There he is !
Na txiiros o avorjiog ! There t see that fool!
JiTT "KTTVTSHSI'l
136. The nominative is used in designating
an object without asserting any thing respecting it.
E.g.
XQVOOOTOUOV -tot, anavia, Chrysostom's works.
To dQcifia o TvxodiaxTyg, The play " The Adventurer."
Tyg yoiiiuc, % 'Evvvto, Of the schooner Ennyo.
^ 137. When a transformation is spoken of, the
nominative is used with the pre|iQsilioiL^^ E. g.
3 JE(jv onto GTQttTKaTqg t'ytvfg cpdoGocpog, From a soldier you
have become a philosopher.
C O TrjQtvg ano av&Qwnog tywe novll, Tereus from a man
became a bird.
1 3 8. The nominative regularly precedes its verb, as in
English. It is, however, commonly put after the verb,
1. In interrogative clauses not beginning with the interroga-
tive pronoun. E. g. JIov elvcti aviog ; Where is he?
iav o n\olttQ%og / Are you the captain 1
2. In animated discourse. E. g. "Epeivs o z/mxo? V in
(puna fis dixoxTtu Jitfe'viais, Diakos, with eighteen heroes, re-
mained in the heat of battle.
3. After relative adverbs. E. g. llgoausvs I'wg va jy>&otarj
o (ftttoe, Wait till_ the friend arrives. e >Qaa^jm^^v r^aav ol
Jl^oai Tf'xva yvvccixwv, As if the Persians were not children of
women.
PREDICATE.
13O. The predicate is either a verb alone, or a verb
and a substantive, adjective, pronoun, or participle, with the
words (if there be any) connected with it.
8
86 SYNTAX. [ 140, 141.
14O. 1. A substantive in the predicate is put
in the nominative, if it refers to the subject. E. g.
C H 'AcpQoSliTj tivat #', Venus is a goddess.
2fi? &a ytvijis aTQairj'/oi, You will become generals.
EiactL ioi) loyov aov o xaQafioxvyys ; Are you the captain, sir 1
*Extivo<; ovofjuxa&r} Ev&vuioc, ffe was called Euthymius.
div tivai {vigour] TO va bp.o\oyri xavelg TJJV a t uu&iiuv TOV, To
acknowledge one's ignorance is no disgrace.
*Eptivs Tidal xal xdxa/lo, He is nothing but skin and bone.
2. The gender, number, and case of an adjective
standing in the predicate and referring to the sub-
ject, are determined by the rule for the agreement
of adjectives ( 144). E. g.
ilvai ^avqog, The Arab is black.
x'ngivog, He became yellow.
Ti tlvai TOUTO / What is this ?
Elvat tv&rivov, It is cheap.
NOTE. The number and gender of an adjective in the predicate may be
determined by the number and gender implied in the subject. E. g.
"EliffSt #tou[Ats, You are eager.
Afag fccu fi i$ f . u , Worthy is your Lordship. ( 125. N. 1.)
V.
3. When the subject is any word but a nomina-
tive (^ 132), the adjective or pronoun in the predi-
cate is neuter singular. E. g.
AEV sivaiTSlxaiov va xaTCKpgovwvTcu ol advvaioi, It is not just
that the weak should be despised.
ni&uvov slvat va TOVI; aplay, It is probable that he will please
them.
Atv flvai naga&vov uv ra avd^dnoda d)(W w$ ctydqanoda, It is
not strange that slaves should live like slaves.
SUBSTANTIVE.
141. 1. A substantive annexed to another
substantive or personal pronoun, denoting the same
person or thing, is put in the same case.
$<> 142, 143.] SUBSTANTIVE. 87
A substantive, thus annexed to another substantive or pro-
noun, is said to be in apposition with it. E. g.
Jrjfioa&evrjg o Q^KOQ, Demosthenes the orator.
C dnoaroJiog 3>lhTinog t Philip the apostle.
Tijg notewq Spvqvij?, Of the city Smyrna.
C O XgyoTog o Mdiovrjg, Chrestos Miliones.
Nopoi, duov EVQtjfiu, Laws, a divine invention.
T 0ardar t g Buiag, Athanasios Bhdias.
2. A substantive, in apposition with two or more
substantives "or personal pronouns, is put in the
plural and in the same case. E. g.
'ffQodorog xal Oovxvdldyg ol IcfTogixol, Herodotus and Thu-
cydides, the historians.
c Movaracpag, o Xaadvrig, xal o Mt^i-itirig, ol naaddtg, Mus-
tafa, Hasan, and Mehmet, the pashas.
142. National appellatives may be used ad-
jectively. E. g.
Ol rgctixoi Ktiircai, The Greek Klephts.
TOVQXOL (pdooocpoi, Turkish philosophers.
c O rdMog owwtrtrtatt The French colonel.
143. The limiting noun, which regularly is
put in the genitive, is put in apposition with the
limited noun, when the latter denotes quantity in
general. E. g.
Miu oxd ifjdQia, An oka ofjish.
"jEva JIOTTJQI VBQOV, A cup of water.
&vyaQia vnodyfiara, Three pairs of boots.
dt5? TOVQXOI, Five thousand Turks.
tixoactQia xicpuha, AbouLtwenly heads.
aufjia 'JERyvixo, Abundance of Grecian blood.
1 Eva xofApaTi ywpl, A morsel of bread.
NOTE. This idiom is not uncommon in Greek (Greek Gram. 136. N. 5).
Some have imagined that the modern Greeks borrowed it of the Turks ; and
some, that the preposition a,<ro, of, is understood before the latter noun ; both
of which suppositions are wrong. (See also Stuart's Hebr. Gram. 435.)
88 SYNTAX. [ 144, 145.
ADJECTIVE.
1/44. 1. An adjective agrees with its sub-
stantive in gender, number, and case.
This rule applies also to the article, the adjective pronouns,
and the participle. E. g.
Kodog av&Qwnog, A good man.
Tov xaxbv pauifa'ct, The bad king.
Ol fdixol pov qp/Aot, My friends.
Jlolav yvviuxa, ; What woman 1
c JI[*wv jifQiTtaiovviuv, Of us walking.
2. If an adjective refers to two or more substan-
tives, it is put in the plural, and in the leading
gender, which is the masculine with respect to the
other genders, and the feminine with respect to the
neuter. E. g.
Ol avdQfs xal ul yvvaixtg xat ia naiSla TrsQifisvovTeg, The men
and the women and the children waiting.
Al yvvaixfq xat ra naidlct avaxo)Qijaaaai t The women and the
children having departed. -
NOTE. The adjective may agree in gender with the nearest substantive ; as,
'0 fieuf xi TO etJua, o* *-orxoX*.>ip.tvov, The sweat and the blood adhering.
145. 1. Any adjective may be used substan-
tively, the substantive with which it agrees being
understood. E. g.
Ol xaxol, The wicked.
e H via, The young woman.
Tu [tixQci, The little ones, or The small things.
2. The neuter singular of an adjective, preceded
by the article, may be used for the corresponding
abstract noun. E. g.
To yJivxov, Suavity.
Tov xaxoiJ, Of the principle of evil.
$<$ 146 - 149.] ADJECTIVE. 89
^ 146. Masculine and feminine adjectives are
often, especially in poetry, used for their corre-
sponding adverbs. E. g.
3 Enriya. nfog, I went on foot.
c O avspog axhrigog ag ^ (pvaqar), Let not the wind blow vio-
lently.
TantLvoraTrj aov yiyvti rj TQiaa&ha xcqpcdf?, Most humbly
bends thy thrice, wretched ^
147. When an adjective (or adverb) is re-
peated without any intervening word, it has the
force of the superlative. E. g.
Mia. yylri ifj^lr) XQ[AU&QCX, A very high gallows.
IltQinaTsi uyaha ayaha, He walks very slowly.
See also Stuart's Hebrew Grammar, 338 ; Fourth Edition,
1831.
COMPARATIVES.
^ 148. 1. The comparative with the article before it has
the force of the superlative!! E7g.
C Q xsiQOTSQog av&gwjiog rov xoa/uov, The worst man in the
world.
2. The comparative may be preceded by the adverb
more. E. g.
Eivat, nkdov ocanQOTSQi], She is whiter.
f O Tiltov ti^icaifQog av&Qwnog, The most honest man.
NOTE. There are those who form the comparative by prefixing <rxlov, more,
to the positive; as, Hxiav fAfyd^os, greater; IIXsov si>ati<r&tiros, more sensitive.
NUMERALS.
140. 1. The numeral adjective Ei'otg or eig, one t cor-
responds also to the English a or an. E. g.
^Evng tvysryg, A nobleman.
Mia tabula via, A beautiful young woman.
"Eva a&oloyov fiifiUov, An excellent book.
2. When prefixed to a word denoting a drinkable fluid,
denotes a cup (or a draught) of that fluid. E. g.
8*
90 SYNTAX. [150-152.
Eva XQCtai, A cup (or glass) of wine.
Eva vtQo, A glass of water, A drink of water.
3. The numeral dvo, when preceded by xal with the article,
means both. E. g.
Kofi ol dvo tqtvyav, Both Jled.
Talg tTiiaaav xal rat? dvo, They caught them both.
4. The expression xal oi, when it precedes the cardinal
numbers, except !><* and dvo, means a//, every one of. E. g.
A'ta TO iv 7TM TOI'V xoH<(jv, They have hanged every one
of the Jive.
1 oO. 1. In dates, the word r^iga, or ITO?, is to be sup-
plied after the ordinal number. E. g.
TJJV 7io(oir t v TOV 'lowlov, sc. r t uigav, On the first of June.
Kuiit TO ziJiioarbv oxTaxoaioarov TfaaagaxoaTov dsvifgor, sc,
, In the year eighteen hundred forty -two.
2. When the hour of the day is spoken of, woa is to be sup-
plied after the cardinal number. E. g.
Elni TOV va sJL&ij '$ ii]v filar, Tell him to come at one.
NOTE. In dates, many use the cardinal numerals ; as, '2 T/J Toia.tr*
rtv yii<tiov, On the thirtieth of January. '2 ret /Xt o^raxovtct
Si*, sc. xpn*t I n the year 1842.
ARTICLE.
. 1. In its leading signification, the article
corresponds to the in English.
2. A noun in the singular withput the article is
often equivalent to the corresponding English noun
with a or an before it. E. g.
Tt, A bad head.
rtf, A frigid poet.
^ 152. 1. Proper names generally take the
article. The article, however, may be omitted
153, 154.] ARTICLE. 91
when the proper name is accompanied by a sub-
stantive with the article. E. g.
C O Otodwgog, Theodore.
6 ajgairiyog, Kara'i shakes, the general.
2. Abstract nouns, and names of sciences and
of the elements of nature may take the article. E. g.
C H agsTr) eivai nyci/pa enaivsiov, Virtue is a praiseivorthy
thing.
*H /6J/uf TQIOI sivai emaTqfM), Geometry is a science.
e O arjQ eiroci owfia AacmxtoTTov, Air is a very elastic body.
slvou phaMov, Gold is a metal.
When the masculine of the article is
followed by the genitive denoting a city, province,
or country, one of the following words is to be
supplied ; sjtLaxoTios, ag%L7tic>%07tos, [MfigoTtohiiris,
TtajQidgxys, fiatiifavs (rarely). E. g.
e O ^EQV&^V, sc. eniaxonog, The bishop of Ery three.
C drfiiriTQiddog, sc. aQyiGnlaxonog, The Archbishop of De-
metrias.
Tov aylov 2^iVQvr]g t SC. ^TQonoUiov, Of his Holincss t the
metropolitan of Smyrna.
Tov 3 Alt&vdQla$, sc. TuxTQuxQxrjv, The patriarch of Alexan-
dria.
154. 1. An adjective, possessive pronoun, or
participle, is placed between the article and the
substantive.
But when emphasis is required, the article is
placed before both the substantive and its adjective ;
or the substantive without the article may precede
the adjective with its article. E. g.
C O rlftioi; BfinoQog, The honest merchant.
C II tdixr) aov ^V/IXT^Q, Thy daughter.
c uv&Q(ano<; o voyo?, The wise man, or rather, The man who
is wise.
Tot <xju7iJUa T edixd ootg, Your vineyards.
92 SYNTAX. [ 155.
C O xaylos o /uiUo?, The good mill.
vai? f] cfttVTaalatc, The cold fancies.
o dlxaiog, The just king.
NOTE 1. When the article is not used, the adjective may be placed before
or after its substantive. E. g.
s, or BaSw; Qikoffotpos, A deep philosopher.
NOTE 2. When the adjective stands before or after the substantive and its
article, ttftai or its participle ui is to1>e supplied. R g.
To ray/* xaXo'y, The thing is good, not The good thing.
MfyaXa^y^o TO pun, The eye beinz magnanimous, not The magnanimous
eye.
2. The article, in elevated style, may be separ-
ated from its substantive by an adnominal genitive,
a preposition, or an adverb, with the words con-
nected with it. E. g.
C O TOV dv&Qwnov vovg, The mind of man.
'fl (pvaixrj TOV av&Qwnov xUatg, The natural disposition of
man.
Tyg sx TOVTOV TiQoadoxwfiEvvjg wcpfltiotg, Of the benefit expected
from this.
Tov tunQoa&iv pov xslptvov vexQov, The dead man that lies
before me.
3. The participle with the article before it is
equivalent to ixsivos followed by the relative pro-
noun and the corresponding verb. E. g.
C O cpvywv aTQctTKarrjg, equivalent to C O oigaTKairig oaiig tyvye.
The soldier that fed.
155. When a noun, which has just preceded,
would naturally be repeated, the article belonging
to it is alone expressed. E. g.
C O innog /uov xal o TOV addcpov pov, My horse and that of
my brother.
Many, however, following the idiom of the languages of
Western Europe, use fxiirog for the article ; as, To nloiov pov
xal exelro TOV cpttov pov, My vessel and that of my friend.
156, 157.] ARTICLE. 93
156. 1. The demonstrative pronoun and
ally are placed either before the substantive and its
article, or after the substantive. E. g.
Toviog o av&Qconos, This man.
c fl yvvalxa Ixc/w/, That woman.
2. The article may be placed before T&, toiov-
TOS or Tfjotos, Totfos, Ttolos, itotfos (in indirect in-
terrogations), xa&evas, and xd&s.
To tl va B/IVS y pawn TOV ; What has become of his mother 1
Tl Tovg exapve tovg toiomovg y What was he in the habit of
doing to such persons 1
e H To'o-7? -ictQoexrj, This great tumult.
To noto, Which of the two.
TO noaov naaxovv, Consider how much they suffer.
rov xa#fVa, / advise every one.
3. The indefinite demonstratives Seiva and rcide
always take the article. E. g.
Tov I'dsg rov 8iiva; Have you seen such-a-one 1
nov slv' 6 icxde ; Where is so-and-so 1
1. The neuter singular of the article
may be placed before prepositions commencing
with vd or OIL. E. g.
To va ofAdfi xdvel?, That one should talk.
To on ^xov Tovgxog, The fact that he was a Turk.
2. It is placed before single words, regarded as
substantives, which are explained or quoted. E. g.
Mttaxtigl&iai TO tyto, He uses the word lyw, I.
To " ctvib? TO I'xw^s," The expression) " He did it."
To peaa xotl TO c'lw, The " in " and the " out."
3. In grammar and lexicography, every word
regarded as an independent object, takes the article
of the word denoting the part of speech to which it
belongs. E. g.
94 SYNTAX. [158-160.
To (tovaa, sc. ovopa, The noun //oiW, muse.
C H ixtivog, sc. ttnw'Vftlm, The pronoun exIyo, that.
" O xa/, sc. avvdeafiog, The conjunction xa/, anrf.
NOTE. In a few instances, the article TO before an adverb does not essentially
affect the meaning of that adverb ; as, TO Xo< Wv, then, therefore, consequently ;
TO xetToriv, at one's heels.
. The article is equivalent to the demon-
strative pronoun when it immediately precedes ooos
or otiTis. E. g.
'AJIO TOVS oaoi enedvpyaav, From as many as wished.
Els *ov oang dtlrjar], To him who shall be willing.
Ta oaa imnrffatuut, The events which happened.
NOTE. The neuter TO is equivalent to TOVTO in the expression Ta xa< re, This
and that, So and so ; as, ETa-i TO **} TO, He said so and so.
^ 159. In certain antiquated expressions, the
article has the force of the relative pronoun. E. g.
OUQSIS -lov a/anaj, Thou seest him whom I love.
Ta (ptQvTi y WQU, o XQOVOS Ssv T cpsyvei, What an hour brings,
a year may not.
Ta xQova-cag n^govtiq, What you owe you must pay.
Iloao TOV TiQsnei va nd&r) xa cpo^atai, How much he deserves
to suffer what he fears.
PRONOUN.
PERSONAL PRONOUN.
16O. 1. The dissyllabic and polysyllabic forms of the
oblique cases of the personal pronoun are more emphatic than
the corresponding monosyllabic ones.
For the nominatives tyw, lav, &c. see above ( 126).
2. The enclitic forms (as such) are not used after a prepo-
sition. E. g.
El? ffiera, To me, never El? ut.
'AJTO r^aq or ^uac, From us, never *Ano pa?.
ngo? aviov, To him.
161-163.] PRONOUN. 95
161. The genitive of the personal pronoun, when it
limits a substantive, may refer either to the subject of the
proposition in which it stands, or to a person or thing different
from it. E. g.
""ids (or"ldcc) xbv nareoa pov, He (or /) saw my father.
JK-cdhsgytig (or /faAA*/w) tov xilnov aov, You (or /) culti-
vate your garden.
'jEvlxyaav (or 'jEvlxyofg} TOV$ fx&Qv$ rcav > They (or You) con-
quered their enemies.
NOTE 1. The uneducated sometimes use the personal pronoun instead of the
reflexive after certain prepositions ; as, "l^tg pi #v <rov v<r/V ierivet vvftQiov
<rov vl'ov ffov, You saw with delight your son made bridegroom in your stead.
NOTE 2. Instead of etiirov from auras, some use the Greek uvrou for luurov,
when it refers to the subject of the proposition ; as, 'ULripufft rov xot.<ri^a. avrov,
He honored his father. But as there is no difference in pronunciation between
avrov and avrov, this distinction may be considered as savoring of pedantry.
1G2. The oblique cases of the personal pronoun may be
repeated] in which case the longer forms of the accusative are
put in apposition with the monosyllabic accusatives. E. g.
'E^iha |U agios, He pleases me, or / am pleased with him.
Tl as ^uf'Aa foevct ; What is that to thee ?
Holog TO txafifv ovro / Who has done this ?
Avrov dsv TOV Af/7m 'TITIOTS, Nothing is wanting to him.
2ov I'xAcj/yav TO novyyl aov, They have stolen thy purse.
Tov tJiha&v TO xf^paAt TOV, They struck off his head.
NOTE. The genitives pou, <rov, TOV, may be accompanied by the accusatives
iftivx, tffiva,, avrev or ixtivev, respectively. E. g.
'E^sva 'vai ftetxgid (jt,ov, He is far away from me.
Avrov 5v rov t^uxx rivorx, I did not give any thing to him.
'ILxiTvo *ovt7 w pei%n rov, Its back aches.
1G3. 1. Aviog, rj, o', hz, she, it, may be used for the
demonstrative pronoun. E. g.
Aviov rov xceAov CXV&QWTIOV, That good man.
2. ^TO'S, joined to a substantive or to a personal pronoun of
the first and second persons, signifies self, very. With respect
to position, it follows the analogy of the demonstrative pronoun
(156.1). E.g.
tovq TOVQXOVS (tviovq, From the Turks themselves.
avios, I myself. The article is not used when avtos is
appended to pronouns.
96 SYNTAX. [ 164, 165.
3. With the article immediately before it, aviog signifies the
same. E. g.
JIf()i irjg amr t g vno&tawg, Concerning the same subject.
164. 1. The oblique cases of the monosyllabic forms
of aviog (and sometimes of the other personal pronouns) may
be subjoined to the relative pronoun in the same proposition.
IJgayfia onov dsv TO voaTipsvopou, A thing which I do not
relish.
TOJV onolwv o s^o^og TWV pag ixaQonolrjas, WTiose arrival has
gladdened us.
2. They may be subjoined also to a noun or to TOVTOC and
fx?vo, in the same proposition. E. g.
Tov xanudyov dsv TOV tniaaav, The captain they did not
catch.
"Ola sins TOV i, Tell him all.
'Exslvov dsv &a vbv xoyovv, They will not behead him.
16o. 1. When the monosyllabic genitives depend on a
substantive or adverb, they are always enclitic. E. g.
C O &cos.j*oy t My God.
Tov av&gwnov aag, Your man.
2ifia loiv or TOV?, Near them.
c O nywxog pov av&evTTjg, My former master.
TavirjV fiov TTJV yvta^riv, This my opinion.
2. When they depend on a verb in the indicative or sub-
junctive, they are generally pxociitic ; but when on the impera-
tive or participle, they are always enclitic. E. g.
Ms fine, He told me.
"Oiav rov idyg, When you have seen him.
*lde rovg, See them.
3 Axovovid$ TTJV, Hearing her.
3. When both the immediate and remote object of a verb
are monosyllabic pronouns, the remote object always precedes
the immediate.
Further, in the indicative and subjunctive, these pronouns are
proclitic ; in the imperative and participle, they are enclitic, as
in the examples in the preceding paragraph. E. g.
166-168.] PRONOUN. 97
Mov TO tdtigf, He has shown it to me.
Tovg TW cpeQvti, He brings them to them.
fl% TOV TO, Show it to him.
ug TOV T, Giving them to him.
4. The proclitic pronouns are always placed after the auxil-
iary #/la) (with its various modifications), and also after div,
[tyv or |U??, and va E. g.
Oa TOV Idoj, I will see him.
Jfv -&u os Ttfirjaovv, They will not honor thee.
Mr\v TOV TietQatyg, Do not trouble him.
.ZVa xr}v ntaoo) ; May I catch her ?
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN.
1 GG. The reflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the
proposition in which it stands. E. g.
Toajps lov kavrov aov, Support thyself.
Eins s TOV eavTov TOV,
RECIPROCAL PRONOUN.
167. The verb agreeing with the first component part
of the reciprocal pronoun, is not expressed. E. g.
vv o siyxg rov ixttov, They accuse one another.
o fig XT TOV a'AAov, They rushed against each
other.
2Ttx6[tt$ct [laxQuv o tig TOV Hov si'xoat /?^T, }Ve stand
twenty paces from each other.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUN.
1G8. 1. The possessive pronoun is equivalent to the
genitive of the corresponding personal pronoun. With the
article before it, it is definite ; without the article, it is indefi-
nite. E. g.
To Idutov fiov @i@Uov, the same as To fiifiUov pov, My book ;
but 'Edixov (jiov pifiUov, A book of mine, One of my books.
OlJ$imLji<xg qpt'Aoi, Our friends ; 'j&ibisjy, pag <filoi, Friends
of ours, Some of our friends.
Tec Tiatdia T fSixa aov, Thy children; naidia Idixd aov,
Children of thine, Some of thy children.
9
98 SYNTAX. [169-171.
2. The possessive pronoun in an answer refers to the geni-
tive of the interrogative pronoun in the question. E. g.
Tlvog ft*' aviog (j, oV) / *Edix6$ (ij, oV) /uov. Whose is
that ? Mine.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN.
1 69. The interrogative pronoun is used both in direct
and in indirect questions, and in exclamations. E. g.
Tig TO teysi ; Who says it ?
JEV favQU Ttolog 10 cppty/E, / do not know who threw it.
Tl aiwnri ! What silence !
Tl dev fir at ixavol va. xapovv ! What are they not able to do!
that is, They can do every thing- !
Jtuos p.ov TO piftUov. IIolov ; Give me the book. Which ?
INDEFINITE PRONOUN.
17O. When the indefinite pronoun agrees with a sub-
stantive expressed, it means, a certain, some, any, a or an.
Without a substantive expressed, it means, a certain one,
some one, somebody, some person. E. g.
"AV&QWTIQS rt, or Kunotog av&Qwnog, A certain man.
Mtgixot qp/Aot fiov, Some friends of mine.
"l8e$ -ilnoif Toi'Qxovg , Have you seen any Turks ?
Kanotog TO I'xa/if, Some one did it.
Tiviq earozda&yaav, Some persons have imagined.
l Ityovv, Some say.
NOTE 1. In certain interrogatire clauses, xini; refers to the person who
speaks, and xH-reies to the person addressed. E. g. TV va xttp.r, xattig ;
What can one (that is, /) do ? Ka<rj0; S^a Q/iyy %vXo, Some one (that is, yoii)
will get a whipping.
NOTE 2. Kar< may mean something in the sense of a remarkable thing,
something great ; as, KT< TO B-appeurs, He thought it was something great.
NOTE 3. Ka-n, used subs tan tively, may be accompanied by -n : as, "E%u
KO.TI rt, I have something.
17'!. In answer to a question, y.aviig, ilnors, and the
adverbs axo'//?/, xa^o'Aov, TIOT, and nov&erd or orot'TioTf, are
negative. E g.
172-174.] PRONOUN. 90
4sv i'ds? xavevav ; Karsvav, Have you not seen anybody ?
Nobody.
"%fi$ TlnoTs ; Tlnors, Have you anything 1 Nothing.
Tl xdpvdg avTov ; TlnoTe, What are you doing there 1
Nothing.
Tov I'dsg TIOTS; Ilors, Did you ever see him 1 Never.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN.
IT'S. 1. TOVTO? denotes that which is near the person
who speaks ; txslvo? refers to a person or thing remote from
both the speaker and the person addressed.
It rnay be observed here, that when the object is near the
person addressed, UVTOS is used ( 163). E. g.
TOVTOI ol cpiloi, These friends.
To fjaxaiQi rovro, This knife, which is near me.
^JExslrov TOV xaiQov, Of that time.
Tl &a TO xdpiis uvio ,- What icill you do with that, which is
near you 1
NOTE. The same remark applies also to the corresponding adverbs ?$, here,
etUTtu, there, where you are, and !<", there.
2. 3 E%fivo<;, v], o, means also he, she, it. E. g. Tl a' tin
f What did he say to you 1
173. The neuters TOVTO and ivuvo, (also nvro when
used demonstratively,) may be put in apposition with a clause.
Rg.
*A\V uv ane&avfv o 7rvto~x(ov, TOVTO div firai ivjgonr], But if the
patient has died, this is no disgrace.
RELATIVE PRONOUN.
174. 1. The relative pronoun agrees with the
noun to which it refers in gender and number ; its
case is determined by the clause in which it stands.
E. g.
man who came y ester do y, has departed to-day.
C r \ c * w * J r f\ f_f*
H &vyaTriQ TOV, Ttjv onoictv ctyouiovae now, otns&avf, His
daughter, whom he loved much, is dead.
100 SYNTAX. [175-177.
f O ovy/Qtupevg, jov onolov to avyy^n^^a edaipda&r], exotradt-
xuadri (I? ddvator, The author, whose work has been ad-
mired, is condemned to death.
The word to which the relative refers is called the ante-
cedent.
2. If the relative refers to two or more antece-
dents, it is put in the plural, and in the leading
gender (^ 144. 2). E. g.
Ol i<5^fc xal al yvvaixig xal TU naidla ol onoloi ava^uQ^aav,
The men and women and children who have departed.
Al yvrouxfz y.al T naiola al onolai nooo^itvovy, The women
and children who are waiting.
175. The indeclinable onov is almost always
used as nominative or accusative. E. g.
3 J^xflvog onov r t tov edu, Ife who was here.
Aviov onov fiJiiTifi?, Him whom you see.
Further, it is never used after a preposition.
NOTE. In phrases like the following, xw, although untranslatable, is abso-
lutely necessary to the sense :
T/ yjTj oftv ittreti ! What a fool you are !
T; xtfu^i txtv t%ti ! What a head he has got I
176. The antecedent of the accusatives o-
:, oTtov, oTtoiosdijTtoTe, and of o it, may be
omitted, when it is a general word (TOVTOS, Ixefros,
&,c.). E.g.
3 Exgf^ivovof onoiov rjfrt).f, He hanged whomever he pleased.
^ ^Avddffia TU yQn(J t uara xal onov ia ^e'A/ Cursed be literature
and he who likes it !
MIXQOV lirui o ft 7j$>lij(jtt rot xot^iw, Little is what I wished
to do.
"Eif/s o rt iov Tj'o^fTo ft? TO xf(fu).i, He said whatever came
into his head.
177. The proposition containing the relative
may, by inversion, be placed before that containing
the antecedent, when emphasis is required.
$ 178, 179.] PRONOUN. 101
This applies to Sang, o TI, onov, onoiog, onoioadynoTs, and
oaog. It applies also to the relative adverbs. E. g.
"O TI yddayg Uyng, You talk at random.
"Onov nfivctfi, xo/w/uaua oriigewTcu, He who is hungry dreams
of loaves.
"Onoiov idyg, mdas TOV, Catch whomever you shall see.
"Oaovg eaxoTwaa, tlvai noMol, They are many whom I have
slain.
"Oiav TOV idfig, sins TOV, When you see him, tell him.
NOTE. The pedants and their disciples make some very ludicrous inversions.
E. g. 'H <ri/ rtjs iroiets u[ii*.viffK(Aiv vre&ia'is, The business about which we
have talked. 'O oiriits vrg%$ls * retvrtjv TWV jrX<v itpwyetbivSn avw^, The
man who yesterday was banished this city.
1. Sometimes the relative takes, by
attraction, the case of its antecedent. E. g.
Kaidloyog TWV ootov evplaxovTut Ida, A list of what is found
here.
3 x TMV o(jwv as edtyyiq&rjv, From what I have related to thee.
To i'leys fig onotov xal at> tyzovvictv, He would say it to what-
ever man would come.
TOV onoiotvov s gty g TO nct%aQi aov
Woe unto him who shall be found under thy knife.
2. On the other hand, the antecedent sometimes
takes the case of its relative. E. g.
nirav onov dh Tgwysig 11 a' evvouz&i av y.alnai / A pie which
you are not to eat what do you care if it is burnt ?
OBJECT.
179. 1. That on which an action is exerted, or to
which it refers, is called the object.
2. The object is commonly put in the accusative or genitive.
Any word or clause may stand in the place of the accusative
or genitive.
3. Participles are followed by the same case as the verbs
from which they are derived.
4. When the active voice is followed by two cases, the
passive retains the latter.
9*
102 SYNTAX. [180-182.
GENITIVE.
ISO. A substantive which limits another sub-
stantive, denoting a different person or thing, is put
in the genitive.
This rule applies also to the personal pronoun and to dura
and rude.
The genitive thus used is called adnominal. E. g.
*O xr,no$ jov (pilov, Tht friend's garden.
<Zt/lo? TOV fiaadt'ug, A friend of the king.
Tl AO/JJS avdQwnog iivai ; What sort of a man is he 1
"AV&QWTIOI; TOV a^otviov xal rov TioAoimov, A man of the rope
and the pole, A scape-gallows.
nmdiov, A boy seven years old.
iidtav, A heap of stones.
g TiTfJisag, A branch of an elm.
ot; aaq, Your servant.
Ol fy&Qol TWV, Their enemies.
Tov rdds TO xapa/?t, Such~a-one's ship.
NOTE 1. The uneducated express the relation of material by the accusative
with ire, of. E. g. 2r4<py/ T Xe'jXo&iet, A crown of flowers. 2*; OLTO
rirgais, A heap of stones. 2<racS) >., A wooden sword. (Compare
143. N.)
NOTK 2. When the limited noun is accompanied by an adjective, the genitive
may be placed immediately after the adjective. E. g. 'O x*Af rv p/Xf, Thy
good friend. 'H ie%ctia vr iSvy /3^/3*frjf, The ancient barbarism of
nations.
^ 181. When a proper name in the genitive is
subjoined to another proper name, vids, son, or
, daughter, is to be supplied. E. g.
Nixoluov, Peter the son of Nicholas.
'ifaawov, Helen the daughter of John.
This idiom is prevalent in those parts of Greece where the
spirit of innovation has not yet introduced family names.
The genitive may be used where one
would naturally expect apposition. E. g.
'// TIO'/US TWV naQtaiuv, The city of Paris.
183-186.] GENITIVE. 103
^183. The genitive is put after tfyai, to be, to
belong to, to denote most of the relations expressed
by the adnominal genitive. E. g.
Tlvog tivou to ^w^ttqpt / Whose is the Jield?
C xynog flvai TOV qp/Aov pov, The garden belongs to my
friend.
n6a<ov zQovnv thai ; Plow old are you 1
Tlvos slaati ; Whose child are you 1
184. The enclitic genitives pas, cds, and TOVS
or TGJV, may be put after oAo*, all, 6 xa&sts, xai oi
Svo, and xal oi igsis, ( 149. 3, 4.) E. g.
"Clot, pag, All of us.
'O xa&elg pag, Each one of us.
Kal oi dvo xovg, Both of them.
185. The genitive is put after some adjec-
tives, the most common of which are opoios, jtago-
agios, at/iios, and i'8ios. E, g.
iio&rov, Like a beggar.
, Worthy of honor.
Al'nog tov xaxov, The causer of the evil.
3 EmdsxTix6g xaMifgytlag, Susceptible of cultivation,
"idiov tov apa&ovg, Peculiar to the ignorant.
"0/ioto? and naQopoiog may be followed by the accusative
with fie : as, "Opoiog fis easva, like unto thee.
1 86. The genitive, especially the enclitic geni-
tive of the personal pronoun, may be put after ad-
jectives of the comparative degree, to denote that
with which the comparison is made. E. g.
Eivou xalyTsgog aov, He is better than thou, or superior to
thee.
In general, however, the person or thing with which the
comparison is made, is put in the accusative with ano. E. g.
ocno eaeVa, Better than thou.
ano olovg, Worse than all.
an* tpiva, Farther than I (or me).
104 SYNTAX. [187-189.
187. la certain phrases, the principal of
which appear in the examples, the genitive denotes
the cause, manner, means, place, or time.
3 Ani&avt trig ntivag, He died of starvation.
Tov xdxov xonidtig , You toil in vain.
^Ttgtag teal TOV ntkdyov, By land and sea.
IIov ijaovv TOV ayiov Baodtiov / Where wast thou on Saint
Basil's day ? In such instances, TTJV yptgav or TTJV eooirjv,
may be supplied.
188. A substantive with a participle is put in
the genitive (called absolute), to denote the time, or
cause of, or any circumstance connected with, an
action. E. g.
Ano&avovTog TOV JTcoxoTorc, o nlaTMV tn^ytv tig Trjv Alyv-
TITOV, Socrates dying, Plato went to Egypt.
NOTE. Only the educated make use of the genitive absolute. The unedu-
cated use the nominative ; as, Tt^iietavnct auras trturo, TO. Xeyitt,
' l*r, He finishing these words, we went away from thence.
1 89. 1. Adverbs of place are followed either
by the genitive, or by the accusative with els, pi,
or djto.
The following list contains most of the adverbs to which this
rule applies.
avdfifaa TOV or sl$ iov, between.
arafi(Ta$v TOV or il$ -tov, between, among.
antfinqoz or anojunQooTa TOV or ano TOV, from before.
ajii$<a ano TOV, without, from without.
.TOX'TW anb or dg TOV, under, below, from below.
aJtofif'aa anb TOV, from within.
anondvo anb TOV, above, from above.
unoniou anb TOV, beyond^ from beyond.
anoniaoi anb TOV, behind, from behind.
WTO? TOV, without, except, besides.
(pnybs or ffinQoaTu TOV or ti$ TOV, before.
fvavTtov TOV or tig TOV, against.
IvTog TOV, within.
l'|w TOV or anb TOV, out of.
inavot TOV or tig TOV, upon.
190.] GENITIVE. 105
or w (I? TOV, as far as.
xarandvco or xT67iaj>w TOV, against.
xaroTTi TOV or ano ToV, behind, after, at one's heels.
xo'T TOV or fig TOV, near.
together with, with the enclitic genitive of the per-
sonal pronoun, or with ps TOV.
TO> or ano TOV, far from.
TOV or ano TOV, far from,
fisaa ilg TOV, in.
|UTai> TOV or tig TOV, between.
7roaxTft) ano TOV, a little below,
ano TOV, a little above.
TOV or fig TOV, near.
s, ever, never, with the enclitic genitive of the personal
pronoun.
TOV or tig TOV, near.
or TQiyvgov TOV or tig TOV, around, about.
or vaTfga ano TOV, after.
OI ano TOV, apart from, beside,
tag, see I'wg.
2. The numeral adverbs also are followed by the
genitive. E. g.
"Ana$ Trjg ypigaq, Once a day.
Jig Trig e/?<5o^a'<5o?, Twice a week.
^ 1OO. After verbs signifying to give, to say, to
send, to find, to do, and some others, the genitive
is used for the accusative (^ 196). E. g.
pov xo^aTt y/w/u, Give me some bread,
lvpnog Uyii TOV Kiadfiov, Olympus says to Kisabhos.
TO TOV noirjTov aov, Say it to thy poet.
"yoays TOV cpttov TOV va e'A^, He wrote to Ms friend to come.
NOTE 1. As the genitives pas, ffa.f, revs, of the personal pronoun, do not
differ in form from the corresponding accusatives, it is impossible to determine
whether, in such phrases as A&W ftas $upt,i, Give us bread, (corresponding to
Auiri p.au ^afti, in the singular,) put is genitive or accusative. Either sup-
position is correct.
It is observed further, that eti/ruy and ruv are never used after these verbs.
NOTE 2. The genitive after these verbs is evidently equivalent to the Greek
dative. Those who consider the use of it, in such connexions, a barbarism,
106 SYNTAX. [191-193.
will do well to compare it with the genitive of the Greek dual, and with the
genitive singular of the Latin first and fifth declensions.
191. The enclitic genitive of the personal
pronoun of the first and second persons is some-
times apparently superfluous. E. g.
Tl pov TOV xvTTa&ig , Why are you looking at him? (the
contrary would give me pleasure.)
2oi> TOV filva^s era xAo yafidl, He has given him a sound
beating, (it makes you glad to hear it, I know.)
193. The genitive is put after the following
prepositions.
3 Avii, instead of, in the place of. IJlvtt alua avil tdmog, He
drinks blood instead of water.
Jux, through, through the instrumentality of, by. tfa
dia TTjjs Bitvrrjg, He passed through Vienna. To t
did TOV <jp/Aov pug, I sent it through our friend. Jid usaov,
by means of.
*Ex or '!, from, out of, (a thing.) 3 JEx Zuvyvyg, From
Smyrna.
Kara, against. "Eygaye xaia cpdooocplag, He has written
against philosophy.
Mnd, with. ' O fiaadtvg fitia ir t g jSaadlaai]?, The king with
the queen,
nayd, from, by, (a person.) 'Hl&s naga iov aovhdvov, He
came from the sultan. 3 JS/^d(fi] naga TOV deiva, It was
written by such~a-one.
JltQi, about, concerning, of. rqdfpti m()l xctfinvlav ygauuuv,
He writes about curve lines.
n6, before, ago. UQO rr t g efidourjg rov urjvog, Before the
seventh of the month. 'AvaxwyTjas ngo TQIWV yufQav, He
departed three days ago.
e Tji6Q,for, in behalf of . 'Ane&avev vneg TictTQidog, He died for
his country.
c lW, by, after passive forms. 3 x8ldercii vno TOV duvog, It is
edited by such-a-man.
ACCUSATIVE.
^ 193. The immediate object of a transitive
verb is put in the accusative. E. g.
194, 195.] ACCUSATIVE. 107
KOKTH luAa, He cuts wood.
Ti xdpvHs ,- What are you doing 1
194. 1. The accusative is put after some
intransitive verbs. Also after dvayxaios and ct
ios, when they are in the predicate. E. g.
KJiulei tov vlov jr}?, She weeps for her son.
Hoact fifis psvovv ; How many remain to us 1
Jk/' ijA#f, He came to me.
Mi novel TO xcqpaJU, My head aches.
Tovg iivai avayxviioe, They are necessary for them.
V us tlvai, It is enough for you.
Verbs of this class are Igxofiai come to, xAa/w to weep for,
to be wanting to, ^ug'/Ut it concerns, peVw remain to,
become, novta ache, vg^m tremble at, tvxalvu happen to,
to be wanting to, and a few others.
2. Sometimes the accusative is of the same sig-
nification with the verb to which it is subjoined.
E. g.
TQIU Ticnriftcnot naiag, Thou steppest three steps.
4sv tq>TouJ:av xuviva cpial&fio, They have not committed any
fault.
1. Verbs signifying to demand, to ques-
tion^ to teach, to remind, to take away, to clothe,
and a few others, are followed by two accusatives
equally remote. E. g.
2ag l&rrjoa ilnors ; Have. I asked any thing of you 1
Al 3 E()ivvve$ as Idlda&v noirjuxyv, The Furies taught thee
poetry. 3 Ediddx&r] cpdoaocplav, He was taught philosophy.
Tov evdvaav xo'xxwa, They clothed him with red garments.
3 vd4&i) TO (f>6gt(jioi rov, He put on his garment. ( 179. 4.)
Oa TOV norlaovv cpaQpdxi, Thy will give him poison to drink.
Verbs of this class are acpaiQta, yvQzvta, 3t#a'axw, erdvvw,
2. Some verbs of this class occur only in the
passive voice. Such are ev^oyov^ai, and
108 SYNTAX. [ 196.
[iou, and arsyavovofiai, to marry;
to come in contact with, to touch.
% 196. 1. Verbs signifying to give, to say, to
send, to find, to do, and some others, are followed
by two accusatives, one of the immediate and the
other of the remote object. E. g.
Ti as etfwxf / What did he give thee ?
Ma? TO tins, He said it to us.
~iel)id pas x' ( u7ioa/c aiacpldatg, Send us some raisins.
3/ rjVQtg rat? Tovmaig ; Have you got me the doubloons 1
Akv iovs x ( u ilnoie, I have not done anything to them.
Verbs of this class are ^qpw, didta, fldonoiw, kioi^a^w, svgl-
axfc), xduvu, ley (a, o^/Aw, arc'Avw, tfr<u, ^twaTw, and a few
others.
The immediate object may be omitted after
, and O///AW : as, Tovg ouD.r^a, I spoke to them.
NOTE 1. Most frequently, the proclitic and enclitic accusatives of the per-
sonal pronoun denote the remote object of these verbs.
NOTE 2. The preposition ti$ may be used with the remote object. E. g.
T tfiit tis ir't**, He gives it to you.
ill rov trafaiv xxfji-raaa. *.t$d\ta, He sent a Jew heads to the pasha.
2. Two accusatives may be put after yspiZa, to
fill, and cpog-covo, to load or lade. E. g.
Mas lyeuiaB %iovi (or ano ^oV/), He Jilled us with snow.
To xatQafii TO fcpoQiuaav aiidgi, They laded the ship with
wheat. 3 (po()ju&r) xQiddgi, It was loaded with barley.
(179.4.)
is thus construed only in the passive; as, Toi's
t I have got rid of them. ( 179. 4.)
3. 2iganivos from tfigova, to strew, spread,
and ^f/iaros, full, filled with, take the accusative.
Kg.
vos xiA//iia, Strewed with carpets.
yugia (or ano ifjaQia), Full of Jish.
$197-199.] ACCUSATIVE. 109
197. Verbs signifying to name, to constitute,
to deem, and a few others, are followed by two
accusatives denoting the same person or thing.
In the passive, the accusatives become nominatives. E. g.
Tov fa'yovv Wxcilyv, They call him Michael. M/STCXL
yiog, He is called George.
irjv T?]v txttftav fictalkioaav, They made her a queen.
tyivt fiaalhaaa, She was made a queen.
fjQe axAw/Jo tov xai^, He has mode the cadi a prisoner.
Verbs of this class are dioQiw, xapva, Myw to name,
d^M, nalgvco, <7TO#ao^uat, xetgojovw, ^w^/^ca to divide.
1. The accusative is put after certain
nouns and verbs for the sake of limiting their
meaning. E. g.
IsQftavo? ir^v najQida, A German by birth.
Tovg edeae XQ"* * nodioc, He bound them hand and foot.
Tl TQf'xsis; What do you run for?
Kurt rov dsgvsig ; Why do you whip him 1
*OUyoi jov aQi&pov, Few in number.
Ilriyaivu x/?AAof, I go on horseback.
Klva ymlo, Speed along the shore.
*Enyyaivs ycovia /(avid, He teas going from corner to corner,
or along the corners.
Toi%o toixo aegvovviav, He dragged himself along the walls.
2. The accusative TCC ixarov, per centum, is put
after the cardinal numbers, to denote the rate of
interest. E. g.
o) dwdsxa z exarov, I pay twelve per cent.
1 99. The accusative is used to denote extent
of space, the time when or how long or how often,.
the price of a thing, and, in certain phrases, the
place whither. E. g.
e /jjvTa oQyvicuq [Mxxgvjegog ano laeva, Sixty fathoms longer
than you.
lrriv, He came last Tuesday.
10
110 SYNTAX. [200,201.
Jloaov XHIQOV faid^^g fig TTJV Atvov ; How long did you stay
n
"Egynui joug <fooalg TOV ZQOVOV, He comes three times a year.
To uyoQaoa isoaagct TAo, / bought it for four dollars.
3 7i(l^r} dvo TittQadfg, It was sold fur two paras.
Hyyairs (or ^t'^t) anhi aov, Gfo to your house.
NOTE. The accusative of price may be preceded by &, for ; as, Tc yg
ra,/,aact.
2OO. The accusative is used in exclamations.
E.g.
3 Avd&eud rov$ ! Cursed be they !
TTJV xaxi] aov ir t v r^uiga. ! An evil day be to thee !
BQS (or Jl/Ti^e') TO** xaitQydgri ! The rascal !
>r Jl iov u&liov ! Poor wretch !
20 1. The accusative is put after the following
prepositions.
3 Avd, a-piece ; at a time. Only with numerals.
A-piece. "Elafiav ava rla AWT, They received three
lepta a-picce.
At a time. "EQXOVTUI dvd dvo, They come two at a time.
3 Aviig, or *Avrls yid, instead of. 3 Avrl$ aviov tniuauv ipiva,
Instead of him they caught me. nlvei alua dvilg yia TT\V
dyooid, It drinks blood instead of dew.
3 A7io, from ; of; with ; by ; on account of, by reason of, be-
cause of; a-piece, for one's share ; at a time ; than.
From. "jE^Ojuai arco T^V nohv, I am coming from the
city. I7r t yaivs ano f^sva, Go from me. Mav&dvouev an'
avior, We learn from him.
Of. "Evas an 1 aviovg, One of them. To f]ua#a dno
tov diddoxalov, I have learned it of the teacher. <l>ays ano
Tot-ro, Eat of this. 2na&l dno v)io, A sword made of
wood. *Ane$avt duo jrjv niivav, He died of famine. I~k-
JUTOV dno rdlaya, Full of dollars.
With) after /fu/w, To iyiuiaav dno %wua, They filed
it with earth.
By, after passive forms, and also after verbs signifying
to take, to seize,, to know. 'jEtnla&jjxs dno TOV naisQCt iov,
It was built by his father. Tov dynast dno id uaUid,
He seized him by the hair. 2s. yvwQl^w dno trjv xoy>T) TOV
ona&tov t I know thee by the edge of thy sword.
201.] ACCUSATIVE. Ill
On account of, by reason of, because of. *Anb TO n*ya
nvsvpa vofil&iai TOGO'S, On account of his great genius he
is considered crazy.
A-piece, for one's share, with numerals. 'Enqgav ano
dvo yyoaia, They took t two piasters a-piece. Ka&evag
fnyQS ano sxarov ia\aga, Each one took one hundred
dollars for his share. Ka&ivag pas i%n ano dvo ntaioha,
Every one of us has two pistols.
At a time, with the cardinal number repeated. "EQ%OV-
Tai ano dvo dvo, They come two at a time, or two and two.
Than, after comparatives and aJUog. C \nyog sirai
y^riyoQoxfQog ano rrjv e^tAwW, The hare is swifter than the
tortoise. 'jEav TO xapveig if^nxwiE^a an* ixiivov, You do it
more skilfully than he.
Pi a, for did.
Jia, for, for the sake of, on account of, in behalf of; about,
concerning (not very elegant).
For, &c. "Eyivt dia as, It was done for you.
About, concerning. Tl teyovv di. a TOV dgdpahrjv ; What
do they say about Dramales ?
Jl%(a?, equivalent to XwQig.
Ji$, to; into ; in, within, at ; on; during; for.
To. Oa nriyalvw '? iW Kivav, I will go to China.
Into. "jEnws ti$ TTJV ddlaaaav, He fell mto the sea.
In, within, at. Evgiaxtiai fig TTJV Oeaaahovlxyv, He is
in Salonica. 2k Ix-cvnijae '? TO xscpdh, He struck you in
the head. Elg piav ypeQav, Within a day. y JErv7i(a&rj tig
BtvtTlav, It was printed at Venice.
On. Elg rrjv xoQvqnfjv, On the top. ' Enaivflicu tig TO
xwHo? rye, She prides herself on her beauty.
During. Elg jov no^^iov, During the war.
For, with a noun denoting a coin, real or nominal.
Ta Tuolovv dsxa elg TO Talagov, They sell them ten for a
dollar.
"jEcog or e Jlg, about, with numerals. 'ExQepaaav I'oig -igiaxo-
aiovg, They hanged about three hundred.
Kma, according to; during ; in, in respect to, as to.
According to. *0 yhioi; XT rovg aaTQOvo^iovg thai ^ue-
yalrjTtQog ano ryv yyv, The sun, according to astronomers,
is .larger than the earth.
During, 'r/r^^c XT TOVTOV^ rovg xQovovg t There was
about these times.
In, in respect to, as to. *Alri&tvii XT TOVTO, He tells
the truth in this. 'Jlgala XT ii\v yvxyv, Beautiful in
soul.
,
112 SYNTAX. [202.
Me, with, by, by means of ; to.
With, by, by means of. MB nolov &a raSidtvays ; With
whom shall you travel? Tov exoyav ui TO anadi, They
beheaded him with the sword. Mi dvvura tnix^griuaTa,
By strong arguments. To nalovv pe ir t v nrcw, They sell
it by the ell.
To, with words denoting resemblance or equality. "O-
uoioz // (xiii'or, Similar to him. "laog ps TOV?
Equal to the others.
Mud, after. "Eka unu TO '/evua, Come offer dinner.
U, save, except, minus, less, wanting ; than.
Save, &c. with numerals. Elvat, T^sT? TIUQU
It wants a quarter to three (o'clock), literally, It is three
less one quarter.
Than, with comparatives and AAo?. Mf/a^reQcc na^d
irjv 3 Aq>Qixqv, Larger than Africa. *'Aiko naga JOVTO, Other
than this.
It may be used as a conjunction when it signifies than.
n?.si6iQais fly' 7; ueQcxig TTO T lovxdvixa, There are more
days than sausages. IlfQiaaoifQot flv' ol ddw'koldtQai,
nuQa ol Xgiauavol, There are more idolaters than Chris-
tians.
i, around, about, ^rsxorrai 7iel TOV fiaadea, They stand
about the king. El% neyl tov$ xdLovs argaTiiaias, He had
about one thousand soldiers.
Lvy before. On yvQiar} nolv T/? dsxa iov -frtQiaiij, He will
return before the tenth of June.
6g, to ; towards. Ta Zaieds IIQOS tov y'dov TOV, He sent
them to his friend. "Enfas TIQOS TTJV SXVQOV, He was sail-
ing towards Skyros.
ig, without. "AvdQWJioq XWQ}? yvwaiv xal ZQTjfiaia, A man
without sense and money.
VOCATIVE.
2O2. The vocative, with or without the inter-
jection w, forms no part of a proposition ; it is sim-
ply used in addressing. E. g.
77ov eia&f, naidid / Where are you, boys ?
w '.Eitvtffo/a, Hail, Liberty.
203-205.] VOICES. 113
VOICES.
ACTIVE VOICE.
3O3. The active voice comprises nearly all
transitive or active, and intransitive or neuter,
verbs.
PASSIVE VOICE.
O4. The immediate object of the active
becomes nominative in the passive ; and the sub-
ject-nominative of the active becomes accusative
with ano, by, in the passive. E. g.
To xcagdcpL oxaTTTcrea ccno rov ytagyov, The field is dug by the
husbandman ; from the active f O yfWQ/o? axdnTet, TO jfcopa'qpt.
Instead of ano with the accusative, many authors use vno or
o, with the genitive.
^ 2O5. 1. Many verbs in the passive are also
reflexive, that is, they are equivalent to the active
with the accusative of the reflexive pronoun. E. g.
viJiTOficu, equivalent to vlmw *6v SUVTOV pov, I wash myself.
Such verbs are the following : avaxaiovopat to meddle with,
fiia^o^ou to be in haste, yvaU^o^cti, dsyvopai, to toil,
i, Ivovoftai, STOifjux^o^ai, Evglaxofjivu to be, to live, xlslo-
x(jvmofj,ai, xvUopai, XOVO^KXI,
i, 7r^oaxoAAw|Ut, arjxovo^ai to rise,
to crawl, avyxi^ofioii, axlon<xi, raaxl^o^ai to break, burst,
fiai to conduct one's self. Most of these are always reflexive.
2. Any passive verb may become reflexive by
the addition of the pronoun [twos pov, or [iova%os
66. 1.) E. g.
povog rov, He blinded himself.
^ova^o? aov, You torment yourself.
10*
114 SYNTAX. [206-209.
2O 6. Sometimes the plural of the passive is
reciprocal, that is, it is equivalent to the active with
the accusative of the reciprocal pronoun. E. g.
cpdovpeda, equivalent to cpdovpsv aJULijAovg, we kiss one
another.
So ayxuhtt6ne&a, avrccfiorofis&a, dtQvout&a,
DEPONENT VERBS.
^ 2O 7. Deponent verbs are those which are
used only in the passive form with a transitive or
intransitive signification.
Such are plvo^ai become, ds^o^ai receive, Iv&vuovuai remem-
ber, vj()inoj*ai to be ashamed, foufidiovftat to be diligent, i
come, xonaQUfiou curse, [itpyouai blame, unaxfiQi^opat use.
NOTE 1. The perfect participle of deponent verbs is passive in signification;
as, (tiretxuoifffiivos, used.
NOTE 2. Some deponents, as 3i%ofi,eti, are used also passively, which is apt
to create confusion. There are those who always use a circumlocution in this
ease ; for example, for'H (Zetfifafrok tbi%Sn, The queen was received, they say,
v, They received the queen.
TENSES.
3O8. The PRESENT in the indicative ex-
presses an action or being which is going on now.
In the other moods and in the participle it ex-
presses a continued action or being, without refer-
ence to the three grand divisions of time (present,
past, and future). E. g.
l^cegxu, / am writing now ; orav /paqp//?, when you are
writing ; yyacpf, be writing, or continue to write ; youcfuv,
writing.
To anhi xii&at, The house is building, that is, They are
building it.
209-212.] TENSES. 115
2O 9. 1. The present in the indicative may
be used for the aorist indicative, in animated nar-
ration. E. g.
"OQftrias IHXT' OIVTOV, TOV tnvna et? TO aiy&og xotl xov axoTbVa,
He rushed against him, struck him in the breast, and
killed him.
2. It has also the force of an emphatic future.
E.g.
' oUyov tbv ¬aTQSvovv, They will shortly despatch him.
v&iig lov /JAsTiw, / will see him presently.
21O. The IMPERFECT expresses a continued
action going on in past time. E. g.
JIov yaovv OTUV a* eqpwVaa / Where were you when I was
calling you ?
"Oiav fade?) eyv> fygncpa, When you came, I was writing.
211. The imperfect may be used when a
customary past action is spoken of. E. g.
"Oiav dfV i%av dovltia eTnr'jyotivav teal sxfoqnav, When they had
no business on hand, they would go and steal.
* Enriyaivav va [jd&ovv o TI ^noQoiioav y They would go to
learn whatever they could.
212. The AORIST in the indicative and parti-
ciple expresses a finished past action, without refer-
ence to the time required for its completion.
In the other moods, the aorist expresses a fin-
ished action without reference to the time required
for its completion, or to the three grand divisions of
time (present, past, and future). E. g.
TovQxovg TtoU,ovq laxorwoe, *' ti% (^tycxlijv (prjuyv, He killed
many Turks t and enjoyed a great reputation.
"jExavaav TO %taglov oiav Inyyaivav tig trjv IJelonovvqaov, TJiey
burned the village when they were going (or on their way)
to Peloponnesus.
116 SYNTAX. [$213-217.
NOTE. Verbs, of which the signification includes the idea of continuation, have
necessarily, in the aorist, reference to the time required for the completion of the
action or being. Such are Itetr^u to spend one's time, % live, ft'tv* remain,
wait.
213. 1. The aorist in the indicative and par-
ticiple may be used for the perfect. E. g.
To tTefalaaa, I have finished it.
"On Bm, lie has just gone.
3 A*6ui) dh rj)i&, He has not come yet.
2. In the indicative it may be used also for the
pluperfect. E. g.
imv OTL vnriysv ilg in nigata to\> xoapov, He said he had
gone to the ends of the world.
^214. The aorist indicative may be used for
the future to denote the rapidity or certainty of an
action. E. g.
Tov Jtdxo av aovpUant, ivag Fgaixog &'#*?> If you impale
Diakos, one Greek is indeed lost.
The PERFECT expresses an action
which is already completed, or whose effects are
(or are supposed to be) still felt. E. g.
Jsv tov i'xu Idfl, I have not seen him.
To t%etg T(H/*(7//eVov / Have you made it ready 1
Elvai anoxfcpahautvo?, He is (or has been) beheaded.
. The PLUPERFECT expresses an action
which was completed at some past time. E. g.
"Orav rjl&fs, tix<x y^V** J Q* a y^V^ aTa > When you came, I
had written three letters.
3 Axdpa 8ev cT^oe dito^fi rovg Avxovc, xot tq>d-aaav j; ?xov5at?,
No sooner had I driven away the wolves, than the bears
arrived.
217. 1. The FUTURE expresses an action or
event which will take place, without reference to
the time required for its completion. E. g.
218, 219.] MOODS. 117
Oa lov xoyovv avQiov, They will behead him to-morrow.
2. The CONTINUE!) FUTURE expresses a con-
tinued future action. E. g.
Ol av&Q(anoi IVOOM <uat, # TIVEOVV TOV , Men will (con-
tinue to) breathe air, as long as they live.
MOODS.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
31 8. The indicative mood affirms or denies a
thing. E. g.
C 'OA T s&vij noteuovv, All nations are fighting.
Tlnois dsv &a xaTOQ&uaapev, We shall effect nothing.
319. 1. In indirectly quoting the words or
thoughts of a person, the tense employed by him is
used. E. g.
Myn on rj&vQft, He says he knows.
Mag iinav OTI rowyovv, They told us they were eating.
"Efoyeg on tygaytg, You were saying that you had written.
EoTo%dovuovv oti &tt (pvyi], I thought he would go*
Einav OIL &a cpvyovv, They said they should go.
Tov eQWTqoa il xdfAVfi, I asked him how he did.
M' 7r^axa/lcas va jov finw nov ^ vndyw, He prayed me to
tell him whither I should go.
Tov tywirjaa av &a privyg edw, I asked him whether you would
remain here.
Mag tQwiriaav av izwpev, They asked us whether we had. In
such cases av takes the subjunctive.
NOTE. "Ort may be omitted after the imperative; as E/W rov Sb ftpou
, Tell him I am not ready.
2. The past tenses of the indicative are used
after (po/3ovpou piJTtas, to fear, to be afraid. E. g.
at [i^nox; TW exulnaav, You arc afraid they have
destroyed him.
118 SYNTAX. [220-223.
2 SO. The auxiliary #a (or &s vd, #a vd)
before the present, imperfect, and aorist, indicative,
denotes conjecture. E. g.
Kavovials axovovTui, xcinov &a ylvnat, no^ffio?, Guns are
heard, (I think) there is Jighting somewhere.
jfttoa fx Bt xapnoao xoro, &a exioviaav roc fiovvd, It is rather
cold to-day, it seems it has snowed on the mountains.
1. After certain verbs, the indicative pre-
ceded by xat is equivalent to the subjunctive with
vd. E.g.
Ilcag rjpnoQsl xal ntQinaisi to ^tarj^Qi ; How can he walk at
noonday 1
*Anocpdoiaa xt TOV inlrtgova xad-' Tjfitfjav, I resolved to pay
him every day.
Verbs of this class are anocpaalgco, 0t f
ifr, and a few others.
The imperfect or aorist, preceded by
cis, forms a kind of past imperative ; in which case
as usually means suppose, take it for granted. E. g.
*Ag rjTov xat Tovgxog, iL pe TOVTO ; Suppose he was a Turk,
what of that 1
"As fov fjtQffiaactv, Suppose they hanged him.
*Extlvo onov anegaaev, ag ansQaatv, Let that which has hap-
pened be considered as having happened t that is, Let us
forget what has happened.
1. The past tenses of the indicative
may be preceded by vd or TO vd, in which case
they have the force of neuter substantives. E. g.
3 Evdf'xTai va TO exa/ie, It is possible he did it.
Ms TO ra rovg tdeiQuv, Because they whipped them.
4ia TO va rlqx* ov^vd, Because he was in the habit of coming
often.
2. The imperfect preceded by civ, if, may be
put after Ttagd, than. E. g.
224,225.] MOODS. 119
Mug cpofiovvToti ntgioaortgov diet TO pixgov [tag vavnxov, naga
av ei%ot[iv era ntyakov arolov, They fear us more on ac-
count of our small fleet, than they would if we had a large
one.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
324. The subjunctive expresses the action of
the verb in its simplest state ; it neither affirms nor
denies.
Accordingly it implies uncertainty , doubt, possibility, pro-
bability, or inclination.
225. 1. The subjunctive with vd, or TO vd, is
equivalent to a neuter substantive. E. g.
Nominative .
To va (po(3(ops&ct rov &eov elvat, y aqxy 1%$ aocplag, To fear
God is the beginning of wisdom.
Jsv nginu va xaraygovtovrai ol ddvvaroi, The weak should not
be despised.
Elvat ddvvarov va i}vat, TO avto nQuyfjia xat sarov xal XQVOV EI$
rov avxov XCCIQUV, It is impossible that the same thing should
be both warm and cold at the same time.
*Orav ol diddaxaloi, diaqxovovr, ol ^a&r^al TiQenet va auonovv,
When the teachers disagree the pupils must keep silence.
Genitive.
rov va cpwria&iire, Your desire to be enlightened.
(^1 f
Jsv tivai TQOJIO? va VTHXQXOVV dvo TOIOVTOI, It is impossible that
there should be two such persons. (Ibid.)
Eivai xaiQog va Ttrj/alvoijAsv, It is time to go. (Ibid.)
3 Avrl va rovg ntyQway ro diacpoyov, rovg tyays xat rijv pavvav,
Instead of paying the interest, he has cheated them even
out of the capital. ( 192.)
Accusative.
Eivat, paxQuv ano TO va cpo^Tai, He is far from fearing.
( 201.)
o Tt w u TO va fv (, tkov atoidt He eats
120 SYNTAX. [ 225.
whatever he finds, since he has not a delicate stomach.
(Ibid.)
"Oloi roy fuaovv 8ia to va rjvai ydaQyvQO?, All hate him be-
cause he is a miser.
"j&lo oiv Im&vfisi nagu va yvai (Isv&fQog, He desires nothing
else than to be free.
Kakhov ifjmfto^Tijg naya qptAap/upo?, SC. va r t vat xavslg, It is
better to be a beggar than a miser.
IIctQU jU TovQxovg, jj. &r]Qia xa/./ ; 'rf va ov[it, SC. va ^ovftf,
It is better to live with wild beasts than with Turks.
Eivai oJU/wT0o* TIUQU va yivwai, vo//o#'rat, They are fewer
than (or loo few) to become legislators.
"Eyivt nolv &&$$, It took place before you came.
'AdvvaTOV va *%$ xavf?^ /*f/a'Aoi> ylkovg xwQis va fjftj [tfydlovs
fX&Qov$, It is impossible that one should have great friends
without having great enemies.
2. Particularly, the subjunctive with vd after
certain verbs, participles, and adjectives, has the
force of the accusative ; that is, it is equivalent to
the English infinitive after the corresponding verbs.
E.g.
"doziaav va nolfnovv, They began to-Jight.
3 H$ev(jig va yQayyg / Do you know how to write ?
Eins iov va (pi'/fl, Tell him to go.
^vrii&lZovv ra iovwviat, They are accustomed to bathe.
Eivai a$io$ va uuaiai ' o/ouf, He is worthy of being hon-
ored by all.
e lxavo$ va xvfiiQva, Able to govern.
Verbs on which the subjunctive with va may depend, are
, tmxigiouai, ETOJ^UW^W, tiyopai, tj^no^ia, ySfvao) know
how to, &i),w, xciuro)) xaT>la ( u/5ce>'a>, xmanfldw, xct&OQ&ovw, Jieyta
tell, |Ur^>'w, /uflUfc), 7i ay ay ye Mo), na(3axa).u, 3Ta^/^w, ngoxQirai,
ngoout'vw, ar/^w^cw, avfifiovfava), avvrj&l^u), TO/.UCO, vnoazopai,
vnoxQtoria, ^fwarw, and a few others.
Adjectives, aovvavoq, |to?, dvvajog, Innydtioe, JTO//UO?, Ixavog,
os capable of, and a few others.
3. The present subjunctive is put after cocdr vd,
as if. E. g.
J7f0t7iTfI? uaav va yaai ftaalhaaa, You walk as if you were
a queen.
226-228.] MOODS. 121
4. The subjunctive preceded by [AtJTtas or [irfTias
xat, lest, is put after xvird^o see, ngoai^o beware,
fear, be afraid of. E. g.
jUTjTtw? xa* as n&aovr, See that they do not catch you.
iMjnojg xat ai djiaT^a^, Beware lest he deceive thee.
[tr)7i(og nscy, He fears lest he fall.
336. The subjunctive with vd or Sid vd may
be put after any verb or participle to denote a
cause or motive. E. g.
2ov TO !'<5wx va TO cpogyg, I gave it to you to wear.
Mag <5wx xanvov va movps, He gave us tobacco to smoke.
Tov e/Qayje va eh&i] dia va rov ydugy, He wrote to him to*
come, in order tojlay him.
NOTE. The subjunctive after the indeclinable -ra, (see the Irregular wyetivuy
may stand without va : as, Tou s7rav v -ret rev avretftuerri, They told him to go
to meet him. As ra is preceded by va, it may be said that va after it is omit-
ted to avoid repetition.
237. After certain verbs (as (&ina,
, the subjunctive with vd is equivalent to
the indicative with 014. E. g.
"Orav os tdovv va niQinaryg, When they see that you are walk~
ing ; for on TttQinajug.
Einav va. fii xdpovv ar(>air,y6v, They said they would make
me general ; for oit -da ps xw^uow v-iQmriyov.
4fv 7TicFTv(o va fiag acp^aovv, I do not believe they will let us ;
for on &a [tag acprjaovv.
% 338. 1. The first person of the subjunctive,,
preceded by as or vd, is used in exhortations.
E.g.
"Ag igix w * Let me rim.
Na 10 qnxytofiw, Let us eat it.
Here va is somewhat less strong than $$.
NOTE. The subjunctive wiyttivevft-t or fj'a^s, from wyaivu, to go, is com-
monly used without ; or va in exhortations and interrogations; as, Heifti 't
ro yiK\o, Let us go to the seashore; Tlwyetivoufti , Shall ive (or Do you wish
to) go ?
11
122 SYNTAX. [229-232.
2. The first and third persons of the subjunctive
with vd are used when a person asks himself or
another what he is to do. E. g.
Tfa TO y.npw, y ofi; Shall (or Mafa or Must) I do it or not ?
Na nriyalvovv / May they go ?
999. The subjunctive with vd is used in
questions expressing indignation. E. g.
JT avpfiovfavto va atomw?. 3 yu va aiamu / I advise you to
keep silence. Am I to keep silence 1
EfUa ret v fatal] / To insult me?
^ 33O. The subjunctive with vd forms a less
strong imperative. E. g.
Na lov tiny? vot <pvyr], Please to tell him to go.
Avgiov va Qr}%&ovv dtxa xavonatg, Let ten guns be Jired to-
morrow.
INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE CLAUSES.
^ 931. 1. The indicative is used in interroga-
tive clauses when a definite answer is expected.
Kg.
T*V TO a nt ; Who said it 1
tgxeaai ; Whence do you come 1
2. But when no definite answer is expected.
the subjunctive, and also the imperfect and aorist
indicative, with vd, are used after interrogative
words. E. g.
Holov va nQtT07naTtv(j(>) ; Whom shall I believe Jirst ?
Tl va 'njj xurtlg ; What can one say 1
Ti va ex'apvi- ; What do you suppose he was doing ?
\4(><x ye ii va tyiv* / Does anybody know what became of
*him ?
% 939. 1. The indicative is put after relative
words when they refer to definite antecedents.
E. g.
232.] MOODS. 123
TovTog fifoti o av&QWuog ror onolov ti^ia TO &6vog, This is the
man whom the nation honors.
Out aov duaovv oaa ftsksic, They will give you as many as
you want.
"Oiuv rovg i'dfg, 11 rovg tineg ; When you saw them, what did
you say to them 1
ewaov f^ctgs&rj, He fought till he was tired.
2. The aorist of the subjunctive, and the past
tenses of the indicative are used after relative words
when they refer to indefinite antecedents. E. g.
"Apa lov i'dav rov tniaaav, As soon as they saw him they
caught him.
Oa tov oftitfay oiav TOV 18 jj, He will speak to him as soon as
he sees him.
onoiov anaviovaf, He struck whomever he met.
o TV yxovt, He said whatever he heard.
roioiirov agxyyov o onoog va ii^n -iov$
We need such a leader as shall respect the laws.
The following list contains the relative words to which these
two rules apply.
apct, as soon as, with the aorist subjunctive, or with the past
tenses of the indicative.
acpov, after, after that, when, with the aorist subjunctive, or
with the past tenses of the indicative.
onov, as soon as, follows the analogy of '//.
? va, or ecoaov vd, till, until. With the past tenses of the
indicative only ewaov is used, in which case the ante-
cedent may be definite.
as, follows the analogy of onoiog or onus.
o onolog, who, which, with the indicative. When ru is sub-
joined to it, it takes the subjunctive.
onoiog, whoever, whosoever, with the present and past tenses
of the indicative, and with the aorist of the subjunctive.
When it is followed by xt av, it may precede all the
tenses of the subjunctive, and the past tenses of the in-
dicative. It always refers to an indefinite antecedent.
, whoever, whosoever, has all the peculiarities of
its equivalent onoiog.
ov, who, which, that, where, has all the peculiarities of
o onolog.
onov, wherever, where, follows the analogy of onoiog.
124 SYNTAX. [ 233, 234.
onwg, as, in whatever manner, follows the analogy of onoiog.
oaog, or onoaog, as much as, follows the analogy of onoto$.
who, whoever, follows the analogy of o onolog, and
, or onojav, when, whenever, with all the tenses of the
subjunctive, and with the future of the indicative; also
with the past tenses of the indicative, in which case it
may refer to a definite or indefinite antecedent.
uois vex, so that, so as, with the subjunctive.
NOTE 1. Instead of x,<u &v after oVa/aj, o<roii<r^^rart y ovrcv, eyruf, eyas, oiroffos,
and offn;, the purists use only eiv, simply because they cannot parse */.
NOTE 2. It will be observed, that o-reiai, ovoto<rbri<rort, ovov, and their syno-
nymes always refer to indefinite antecedents, and ought never to take the
present indicative. The mass of writers, however, seem to prefer the present
indicative, except when xeti v follows these relatives.
CONDITIONAL PROPOSITIONS.
233. In a sentence containing a condition and conse-
quence or conclusion, the former is called the protasis, and the
latter, the apodosis.
The protasis usually begins with tdv, ar, avlaoj$, or atlaug
xul, if.
^ 234. When the condition is a present or
future action, the protasis contains the subjunctive ;
and the apodosis contains the present, perfect, or
future, of the indicative ; or it may contain the im-
perative. E. g.
3 Euv vnaQxow fiwfioi, VTUXQXOVV xal \>iol, If there are altars,
there are also gods.
Oa tov i/jyvovv, av tov mdaovv, They will roast him, if they
catch him.
'Euv xoipijs ib dtvdgor, nlnifi, If you cut the tree, it will fall.
*Av fi' d/7itt, va vndyrjg (Ig ITJV Mikrjxov, If you love rue, you
must go to Miletus.' ( 230.)
*av Ijjfw, ^ aov duow, I will give you, if I have.
"Av TOV plinr)g t tins TOV vu <pvyr h If you see him, tell him to go.
"ll o tvctq ae Idjj, r/ 77 AA)j, $u xu&fis. Whether the one sees
you, or the other, you will perish.
$$ 235, 236.] MOODS. 125
3 JSntlv(*af?, (pays, If you are hungry, eat. Here, and in the
following example, lav is omitted for emphasis.
Tov I'TTiaaf?, cpvldxwas ^ov, If you have caught him, imprison
him.
^ 335. 1. When both the condition and the
consequence refer to past time, the indicative is
used both in the protasis and in the apodosis.
In this case, the protasis usually contains the imperfect, and
the apodosis contains one of the conditional tenses. E. g.
*Av ibv i'/3Ac7ra, -da TOV ofidovaa, If I had seen him, I should
have spoken to him.
*dv dev tfus&a mcaxol, dsv qdeLap** dovfavei, Were we not
poor, we should not be working.
We observe here, that the conditional imperfect beginning
with da (or # vd, &a vd\ may be used also for the conditional
aorist.
2. When the consequence admits of no doubt
whatever, the imperfect is used in the apodosis.
E.g.
"Av [Aorov tl%a[Av dvo rotoviovg, fvixovaafiev 6'Aoe xd t&vrj, Had
we had but two such men t we should certainly have con-
quered all nations.
*Edv as ETiiavav, as i'xocprav, Had they caught you, they would
assuredly have beheaded you.
"Av ol -&SOI flag snkaTiav &vr)TOvg, Idsav a&avaalag 8tv pag tdi-
dav, Had the gods created us mortal, they would not have
given us the notion of immortality.
NOTE. The protasis may contain the present, and the apodosis the imperfect
or aorist ; and vice versa ; as, "Ay %<rai xaXos uvSguiros, $tv ri'SiAif aSixjfti
xuvivec, If you were a good man, you would not injure anybody.
^ 336. The imperfect and the conditional tenses
may be used without any protasis expressed ; in
which case they form a kind of present or future
indicative. E. g.
vd TOV xov?, I wish you could have heard him.
223.)
11*
126 SYNTAX. [ 237.
3 Aya7iovaa va {i dnovv ri i'xauvuv, I wish they would tell me
what they were doing.
Kapvovv txtivo 10 onolov ijddav y.ctuti ol uugoi. They do what
fools would do.
EiS oUyovq ZQOVOVS y px oo ova tie va xfo5r f aeis nolld, In a few
years you might gain much.
EXPRESSION OF A WISH.
^ 337. 1. If the wish refers to future time, the
subjunctive with vd (or, when emphasis is required,
afjLTtoie vd, or ei'& vd) is used. E. g.
.ZVa fijjs, May you continue to live.
"Aunoie vd tov (VQW^V ysqov, O that we may Jind him in
good health.
"AuTioie vd fir) dvaii'xyar t $, May you never be unfortunate.
2. When the wish refers to present time, the
imperfect indicative with the same particles, or
with as or paxdgi vd, is used. E. g.
IY tya dt'xa (pilov$, O that I had ten friends, (but I have
not.)
"AUTIOTS va fjir,v a' tShna, I wish I had not seen you, (but I
have.)
Ei'9e va yivovpovv Trou/l/, O that I might become a bird.
"As ytrovfiovv xa&Qnir ( $, O that I were a mirror.
dfji va lalg evgiaxa, 1 wish I had found them.
3. If the wish refers to past time, the pluperfect
indicative with vd, dfinoTs vd, or si'&s vd, is used.
The imperfect may be used in this case, if no ambiguity
ensues. E. g.
"Auitovs ru jov; ifyts Idtl, O that you had seen them, (but
you did not.)
Ei&e va TOVS tf%ts araluivovq, O that you might have sent
them.
"AfmoTB va ane&aivs Trglv iov ntdaovv, Would that he had
died before they had caught him, (but he had not died ; so
that they caught him alive.)
238, 239.] MOODS. 127
NOTE 1. Sometimes the verbs depending on the imperfect expressing a wish
are put in the same tense; as, E<&E va, yivovpovv vovlt, -v^Xa va ivrirovf*, va
rev atr'ov, that I were a bird, that I might soar and meet the eagle.
NOTE 2. The imperfect preceded by xa.} &s expresses the desired consequence
of a wish referring to present time ; as, "A/tvon va TOV t^Xfa-u, *a< a? 5r/$<-
m, I wish I could see him, then death would be pleasant to me.
PROHIBITIONS.
238. In prohibitions, the first and second
persons of the subjunctive, and the third of the
imperative, are used after py or ^??V, not.
The first person of the subjunctive is preceded by ag \ir^v, or
va pr). In the third person of the imperative a$ always pre-
cedes pr) or pr)V. E. g.
*Ag [if)v TQi%Ki, Let me not run.
Mr) yQayys, My ygdyrjg, Be not writing, Write not.
Mr) cpofirjaou, Mr) qDo/5fj#7?, Fear not.
Mr) cpnys-ts, Flee not.
Mr\v tQ%sa&f, Come not.
*Ag fir) /%>/7 TioTf TO avvvfcpov, Let the cloud never rain.
Net prjv xoV iSfig, You must not see him.
NOTE 1. Sometimes a? is omitted in the first and third persons. E. g.
Ttvxovs (MMv #zaffxvvovfte, Let us not submit to the Turks.
MM fft p**-y> MM ff y ivvoiei%y, MM ft xdtpry, Let it not concern you, Care
not.
MM o*i xaxa^avM, Do not let it hurt your feelings, Be not displeased.
NOTE 2. Let it not be supposed that it is the second person plural of the
imperative which is used after ^M, simply because it does not generally differ in
form from the corresponding person of the subjunctive. For, in the first place,
there is no reason why one mood should be used in the singular, and another in
the plural. Secondly, the second person of the imperative, when it differs in
form from the second person of the subjunctive, is never used after p.v> or ptjv :
thus the Greeks never say pwv eifAiri, ft,nv livrirt, p,r,v tug'sri, priv i^'tn, p.w
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
^ 239. The imperative is used in commanding,
exhorting, or entreating. E. g.
128 SYNTAX. [240-242.
"Ela edw, Come here.
n Ag vnayr lt Let him go.
Hide yourselves.
24O. The second person singular of the im-
perative may be used instead of the verbal noun in
-i[jLov or -pa with fis, by, by means of. E. g.
Tjo//? TQifiE, TO laTtaffE, By rubbing he broke it, literally, Rub
it, rub it, he broke it ; that is, (JLE 10 TQi^ifiov.
Me TO avails afivas, -ILJIOTS dev xaioQ&oveig, By kindling and
extinguishing, (that is, by opposite acts,) you accomplish
nothing ; that is, ij,s TO avappa xou TO afivaifiov.
ndvTcav, ntae OTJXOV, tpa&a va xufiu/Mxtvu, At length,
by falling and rising, I have learned to ride; that is, t ue
TO niai^ov xat TO '
ADVERB.
Adverbs limit verbs, participles, and
adjectives. Some adverbs of quantity limit also
other adverbs. E. g.
xA, You do right.
a ntQincnwrra/;, Walking slowly.
jdnos, Very skilful.
IIoMa xAa, Very well.
242. Some adverbs of place and time are
used as nouns, and depend upon ano, did, sas, or
&. E.g.
3 Ano nov ; From what place 1 whence ?
*An idta, From here.
Ji 3 HoT, For another time.
"E(ag nore ; How long ?
E(ag e'x&f'g, Until yesterday, or As late as yesterday.
C JI$ Tit'oa, To the opposite side.
NOTE. 'Ara and the adverb following may be written as one word, especially
when the adverb is f|&>, f^r^e;, jusra, xa.ru, i-rdvu, vri^et, ovr'tru ' as, etiri^u,
243 - 246.] ADVERB. 129
343. There are three negative adverbs, Sev,
not, n^v or prj, not, and o%i, no, not.
S44. 1. Aiv expresses a direct and independent nega-
tion, in which case it precedes the indicative. E. g.
Jsv axovw, I do not hear.
Jev TO *j#Af, Pie did not want it.
2. It expresses also a dependent negation, in which case it
takes the subjunctive with lav, uv, I'awg, prJTiws, onoioq, onov,
onus, o'do?, oang, oTar : also it takes the past tenses of the in-
dicative. E. g.
3 Eav 8lv tov SVQW, If I do not Jind him.
"Oiav dfv f^Ti? dovfaid, When you have no business.
*Av 8h I]TOV tdsmys, If he were not a thief.
24L5. 1. Tkfijv or Mr\ expresses a dependent negation,
and takes the subjunctive with va or dia va. E. g.
O&iig vu pyv r]at xaxo?, You wish not to be bad.
"Ecpvys diu vu fii]v nidaovv, He fled, that they might not catch
him.
'SLaav vu HTJV yvai avdyanoi slg TOV xoapov, As if there were
no men in the world.
2. It is used also in prohibitions, and in the expression of a
wish.
For examples, see above ( 237 : 238).
3. Mqv or MJ? is always used before the participle ; as, Mf)
Not seeing ; never zliv fiU
9 46. 1. *'C^, no, without any word joined with it,
answers a question. E. g.
3 Eav TO exa/ieg ; **0^*, Did you do it 1 No.
2. "Oxt, not, is placed before nouns, pronouns, and adverbs.
' O%i yotQice, AA ntiaU$aig, Not Jish, but limpets.
ffaiatv o%i eptva, dUct -tov fiaads'oc, He insulted not me, but
the king.
(or 'AM?) o/i rovg cpttovg TOV, But not his friends.
130 SYNTAX. [247-249.
347. 1. The compound negatives are ovis, ovds, and
/^,'if, t ur t ds, the first two of which have all the properties of div,
and the last two, all the properties of ^. E. g.
OUTS tyd) TOV Ida, OVTS ov, Neither I nor you saw him.
JlfrJTS aii va TO xa/^, ^TjV avioc, Neither you nor he must
do it.
2. The interrogative ^uwg expects the answer ''O^t, No.
avrog povog Hvtxi aocpog ; Is he alone wise; (Certainly
not.) But div siiai atiog povog aocpog ; Is he not alone
wise 1 expects the answer z\W, Yes.
348. Two or more negatives, belonging to the
same proposition, strengthen the negation. E. g.
Ovd' ama dsv tlvou ava/xator, Even these are not necessary.
'E^a r0$/?*>, forbid, hinder, and ufetyaotva, forbid, may be followed
by ^uji, although they imply negation ; as, M' ift.vro'biffi ret prtv TO tlra, He for-
bade me to say it.
% 849. PREPOSITION.
*Anl t with the Genitive. Also with the Subjunctive with va.
In composition, it may mean back, in return.
^Avils, or *Avilg yid, with the Accusative, = *AnL
3 An6, with the Accusative.
I\a, for Jia.
Jid, with the Genitive or Accusative. Also with the In-
dicative and Subjunctive.
JBiV, with the Accusative. It may stand before the adnomi-
nal genitive, olxov or anin being understood ; as, n^yalvot
dg TOU dufot, I go to such*a~o?ie's.
3 Ex, before a vowel 'jE|, with the Genitive. Formerly it was
followed also by the Accusative.
Kara, with the Genitive or Accusative.
In composition it may denote excess, as xaiaTpuyw, to
devour.
Mi, with the Accusative.
Mna, with the Genitive or Accusative.
In composition, again, a second time ; as,
250.] CONJUNCTION. 131
to do again. Sometimes it is separated from the verb by
the proclitic personal pronoun ; as, Ah //era TO xa/^w, 1
icill not do it again.
AMCC-, again, a second time, re-, only in composition ; as,
Savtt/oa'qpeo, to write again, re-write.
e-, before a vowel g- t equivalent to 3 ^ and used only in
composition.
It frequently corresponds to the English prefix un- ; as,
Hexa/ireo, undo, ^exfaidovw, unlock.
with the Genitive or Accusative. Also with the
Subjunctive with vd.
In composition it often means much, too much ; as,
nuQctTQuya), to eat too much. It may be separated from
its verb by the proclitic personal pronouns ; as, Ah THXQU,
/us miQcxei, It does not trouble me much,
l, with the Genitive or Accusative.
y with the Accusative. Also with the Subjunctive.
UQO, with the Genitive.
/7oo'?, with the Accusative.
'TJISQ, with the Genitive.
c Tn6, with the Genitive.
is, with the Accusative. Also with the Subjunctive with
CONJUNCTION.
25O. 1. Kal has six meanings, and, even, yet, that,
for, but.
And, its primary signification. When it is repeated in
the same or in two consecutive propositions, the first means
both, and the second and ; 3 E^i^,aaav xal ainbv xcu ret naidid
TOV, They have hanged both him and his children.
Even. Kal anb tovg Tovgxovg av SQXOVVTUV ', I'TT^STTS va TO
8tX&K>Htv, Even if it should have come from the Turks, we
ought to have received it. Kal o 3 ' Axdtevg arnbg -ibv ^o/fclfcu,
Even Achilles himself is afraid of him.
Yet. didpohog yldict dev /^E, y.al ivql inovhf, The devil
had no goats, yet he sold cheese. 3 Anoxia dlv TO idctpt, xal
ridvvr) TO el'notfie, The child is not yet born, yet we have
named it John.
That. Myovv x' fyovv qp/Aov?, They say that they have
friends. Ats xat iivat '? tyv ^QX^t You might say that they
132 SYNTAX. [251.
are just beginning. Tl v.axbv I'xrc^s x/ rov tnriQav TO xfya-
h; What evil had he done, that they took his head off?
Tl tna&sg xat div opdf'is ; \Vhat has happened to you that
you do not talk 1 Tov i'doi x' enfant, I saw that he was
going.
For. ipjjo' avyb, x evvioc ffyfOTt, Roast an egg, for we
are nine, a proverbial expression said of miserly hosts.
But, only at the beginning of a sentence. A 5 ix&vog ort
tcpvye, But he has just gone away.
2. In certain instances, the indicative preceded by xal is
equivalent to the subjunctive with rd ( 221).
3. This conjunction means than, when it corresponds to
'At?, no sooner. E. g.
Moli$ yl&s xat TOV fxaaotfitv, No sooner had he come than we
lost him.
4. Kal followed by av may be put after relative words for
the sake of emphasis. See above ( 232. 2).
5. It is commonly omitted between words of opposite mean-
ing. E. g.
Tgf'xovv aTiavo) xano, They run up and down.
KlaUi. fjii^a vi'xia, She weeps night and day.
Krvna &Qpa d($id, Strike right and left.
Bine tovia xtlva, He said this and that.
nias or/xov fymtfa va xcf/Sa/UUxfrw, By falling and rising I
have learned to ride.
251. 1. When % is repeated in the same or in two con-
secutive propositions, the first means either, and the second or.
E. g-
w &u nriyaivw, % tov, Either I or you will go.
avibg TO i'cpayi, r, y ydta, Either he or the cat has eaten it.
2. This conjunction is commonly omitted between two car-
dinal numbers. E. g.
juov TTS'VT' Sty Qoidtx, Bring me Jive or six pomegranates.
as TOV dvb TQUS Tuxgddfg, Give him two or three paras.
3. When r, stands at the beginning of an interrogative
clause, it may be rendered Is it ? Can it be ? E. g.
252-254.] INTERJECTION. 133
Tl ?]/l# eSu ; 77 ra '8fjs rrj 8vaTV%ia fiov ; What have you
come here for 1 Is it that you may see my misery 1
252. Of the remaining conjunctions the most common
are the following :
a/xaAa, or a/xeda xal, although.
aA/Ui, but.
UQU, therefore.
8f, and, but, usually preceded by ^eV.
lav, or V, if, whether.
loinov, therefore.
fidv t indeed, on the one hand. See ds.
, lest.
or fiokovoji, although.
, nevertheless, notwithstanding.
ra, that, in order that.
oinaf, but.
on, that, because.
Tilr^v, butj weaker than opus or A/t.
war?, so that.
253. Of these two particles, ^ and 8a, the first is.
interrogative, and the second denotes endearment. E. g.
l^po tl va tytvf , What has become of him ?
"Ela da, Do come, Prithee come.
INTERJECTION.
254. Interjections are particles used in ex-
clamations, and express some emotion. E. g.
oMpovov, woe, alas.
a%, ah, alas.
svyt, well done, bravo.
o*E, woe, alas.
&, oh.
w, O, with the vocative.
12
PART IV.
VERSIFICATION.
FEET.
255. Every verse is divided into portions called feet.
The following are the feet used in Romaic Verse :
Pyrrhic, two unaccented syllables ; .......... --
Spondee, two accented ; .................... _/. jL
Trochee, an accented and an unaccented ; ..... j_
Dactyle, an accented and two unaccented ; _/_.
Iambus, an unaccented and an accented ; ..... _ j_
Anap&st, two unaccented and an accented ; . . . _/_
Tribrach, three unaccented ; ...............
It is hardly necessary to remark, in this place, that the
rhythm of the Romaic verse is regulated by accent arid not by
quantity.
256. The metrical accent (or ictus) of the pyrrhic and
tribrach is determined by the nature of the verse in which they
occur.
Thus, in trochaic verse, the ictus is on the first syllable ; in
iambic verse, the pyrrhic lakes it on the last, and the tribrach,
on the middle.
257. The casura of a verse is a pause, so introduced as
to aid the recital, and to render the verse more melodious. It
divides the verse into two parts; and, in most kinds of verse,
its place is fixed.
258. With respect to rhyme, the vowel-sound of the last
syllables with the consonant or consonants following (if there
be any) should correspond exactly. E. g.
aiifio? : liUov, XITQOV : (iiy^og, TIIXQOI; : xorAoV, xxoV
259. The most common kinds of verse are the trochaic
and the iambic.
TROCHAIC VERSE.
26O. The fundamental foot of the trochaic verse is the
trochee (JL ).
261-265.] IAMBIC VERSE. 135
The pyrrhic, tribrach, or dactyle, may be used for the trochee.
The first foot may be an iambus. The last foot is always a
trochee.
A supernumerary syllable (technically called an anacrusis)
may stand at the beginning of the verse.
36 1. There are two kinds of trochaic dimeters, of which
the first consists of four feet, and the second, of three feet and
the first syllable of the fourth.
3 E- xeto TO i- (7
oyU? ^ \vnri fiyalvei,
Kal axQa aia&dvovTott
'Eav, <jp/Afi (jLovaixe,
(PwvwxAa [J.ov fia&gaxs.
2G3. There are two kinds of trochaic tetrameters, of
which the first consists of eight feet, and the second, of seven
feet and the first syllable of the eighth.
The caesura regularly comes after the fourth foot.
Eig IQV TQSXOVTOI ctlwva i/xoA iivuq
Kal xov ictTQov va xcxfty, xt nuvrov va
IAMBIC VERSE.
^ 3O3. The fundamental foot of the iambic verse is the
iambus ( __ L).
The pyrrhic, tribrach, or the anapaest, may be used for the
iambus.
The trochee or the spondee may stand in the odd places
(1,3,5,7).
The last foot is an iambus, and sometimes a pyrrhic.
2G4. The iambic manometer consists of two feet, and is
commonly used in connexion with other short iambic verses.
Kail rov xsaxov.
. There are two kinds of iambic verses of three
feet ; that which consists of three whole feet, and that which
has two feet and the first syllable of the third.
'ETUX- | vo) ft? J rrjv yij.
Twv a- | GTQMV % \ avy^.
Kai lov vlov trig.
136 VERSIFICATION. [266-269.
Frequently two verses of the latter kind are united into one ;
and then the compound verse is of the dullest sort, and well
adapted to Turkish indolence. E. g.
Exit pia fiBQa \\ nov rgayovdovaa.
266. There are two kinds of iambic dimeters, of which
the first consists of four feet, and the second of three feet and
the first syllable of the fourth.
Klv* a- J rjdoi'd- \ xi ftov \ ytaJio,
Kiva | xa* nd- \ re V TO J xio,
Tr t v a- j xgtfir) \ nov fv- \ gftg
JV nag \ va [is \ rr t v iv- j gr f $.
& Jfytlt
267'. The iambic trimeter consists of Jive* feet and the
first syllable of the sixth.
Its caesura is to be determined by the sense.
3 AxrL- I vet T' ov- | garov \ XVIQI- \ Twpd- J nj t
3 Anov, J //c xri \ qp<on | oov 117 | psya- \ irj,
wg '$
Tov ovgui'o aToM&is ? f*i(* x t
" O ye, who teach the ingenuous youth of nations,
I pray ye, flog them upon all occasions."
This is undoubtedly the most dignified and least appreciated
measure in the language.
The iambic verse of seven feet consists of two
parts, of which the first has three feet and an unaccented
syllable, and the second three feet.
KaJiTJifgu ping wgag \\ tttvdigi] o>7>,
Hagu aaguvTct XOQVUV \\ axJiafiid xal
269. There are two kinds of iambic tetrameters, the
first of which consists of jsiffht feet f amL-the second of seven
feet and the first syllable of the eighth.
The caesura regularly comes at the end of the fourth foot. -
*Xy, cpifauTe fiov Ajifev, || pe nolov aioua <fifg6r.
TOVQXOVS Tio^ovg taxoriaaf, \\ x' c/^e fifya^rj (pr/fir],
Oci '%$ xal '5 lov nagudeiao \\ otiuria TTJ [ivypi].
" I will tear the rainbow from the sky, and tie both ends
together."
CHRESTOMATHY.
12
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS.
1. *Eav o Tjyepojv #% va Uyy ndvTOTS ngojTog trjv yvm^v TOU,
pivn xwQig avpfiovlovg.
2. 'H do<jp/ xd&6Tai elg vyrjlbv Tonov ' o dgofiog Tyg ofitog dsv
iivat TOOOV dvaxolog oaov xoivwg TOV q>avidovTcu * oaov nQO%<aQug t
toaov tvxolwxeQOV TOV tvgloxsig.
3. 3 av inatvri xavslg tov kavtov TOV, dev &a rov Ttiaisvaovv '
lav xTij/o^^Tt povog TOV &a niaTSvaovv nsQiaaorsQa.
4. Alt*, va XQIVJ] rig attov av r^vai aocpog, avayxrj avtog va vjvai
aocpwTarog.
5. Ol nfaioxtgoi, av&Q<onoi TiQoxglvovv va anaTwvTai xat nfia(j.a-
dta fiiav xiva aQtaryv idtav TOJV, naga va
6. "Oaov Tig ilvai Tlfiiog, TOOOV nkeov dvoxofavsTat va
ati-ovg ailfiovg.
7. Elg Tovg nalaiovg Alyvmlovg r^aav smaTaTai dioQiapivoi ra
nagaTTjQwaiv slg olag Tag oixlag av oi noKiTai eQyd&VTai, xat il
fQydovTai' OTUV 8e svgiaxav Tiva oxvrjgov, y xaTayivopsvov fig
tgyot avoMpdri, TOV Inaldevav avaxij^a, cog WV&QWTIOV oaTig e%8i axo-
Tibv va {ftdyj] TI)V xakrjv (wa&av T%g nohTtlag.
8. "Orav xaia nQWTyv (pogav t\ a^umj^ Ids TOV Movia, oJilyov
l'Aeii//c y' ano&dvr) ano TOV (pofiov Trjg. TTJV devTtgav cpogav
&V) Htv, aU' o%i xa&wg Tyv TIQWTIJV. "OTUV TOV ids TTJV
tnyye va avvofidyoy p UVTOV.
9. *Acpov % aAwTiov t%aae TTJV ovgdv Ti]g, eav^jSov^evs ialg
aJ(.(anovdsg va xoyovv xal avTal Talg edixaig TWV.
10. 'H AWTT^| xal o xgoxddtdog ((pdovtixovaav negl
( XQOxodsdog fhsysv OTI ol lufinQol ngoyovoL TOV tajd&yaav yv-
xal $ Aw7Hj| TOV anoxgl&r] ' " 'Ano TO df'g^a aov
OTI yvfjivd&aai dnb TOV nalaibv xaigov."
140 CHRESTOMATHY.
11. Kanoiog tixt ntTtivovg tig 10 aniii TOV, tig Tovg onoiovg
fJiQoa&tat tva ntodixa. 'Extivoi TOV tToifinrovaav, xal avro? tlvnttTO
xat t&agQOVOE on TOV xaraTotjjfOvy wg oaAoqcvAov. * Oiav opwg /m'
oJiiyov Tovg Ids xal avTovg vd Taifinovv o IVa? TOV a/Uov, tnagriyoQrj&rj.
12. Evag laTQog laTgtvtv iva UQQOJOTOV. ' O otQQfaaiog ant&are,
xaj o larQog I'lf/t ' " Toviog o avfrgunog Stv anedatvt, eav a
ano x^aat, xcu f/icia^c^/^TO TO ylvoTTjQi."
13. "Evag axvAoc txotfuno tig ^r^v ai-A^v, xot o Jlvxo? e
C O axvlog tov tTiagaxdhae va rov acpyag ra
o P.t'xoc intio&ri xal draxtogrjat. Mrca
xa* fVQTfXS tov axvlov xoiuwutroi 1 ug TO 3wjua, xat TOV
rr t v avv&Tjxrjv TW>'. O oxvlog 6 t ucag TOV tins va pyv tov
n\iov va 7ia%vvri oiav lov [ma'idy xrw tig jr t v avlrjv.
14. f O yddagog tdovfavt TOV xynovoov' xal Intidrj ETOOJ/B o\lyov
x 1 txoma^s no\v, enaoaxdltat TOV Ala va lov TiulyaT] tig xdviva
atfiov av&ivTT]V. 'O Ztvg tndxovas ir t v n^oaevx^v TOV, xal o ydda-
Qog InatJirl&rj tig TOV xfoa ( u. Kal tnttdf] o devTtqog av&svTi]g TOV
r t Tov x fl Q* f Q? T v KQWTOV, tnagaxaJiovas ndliv TOV Ala va TOV
ivcy xdriva a'yUov XU^TIQOV ' xal n(a1iT)&i) tig TOV fivQaodtyyv.
Kal (Mieiuav tig TL txaTU'/lrtTO o viog av&tvrrig TOV, dvaoitrdl-ag
tint. " ^AJiifiovov tig t t utva ' KaMiiov va r t (4ow ^u TOV? HQMTOvg
juou av&ivTag' xa$<ag /JAcTrw, TovTog &' dgydarj xal TO diofia /uov."
15. c O TVCfloTiovTixog tint plav ^ ( af'oav * tf Mavva, avxapivtav
/5A7ito." "EntiTa ndhv ' " Ai$u.vi pov tfivoiat." "EntiTa ' " Bt-
loviov xTvnov axovw." TO'TS r\ /UTJTTJO TOV, " Ka&wg {tUnn, nai-
f" Jitytt, " div tiaai (tow Ticplog, aLla xat xwybg xal X^QtS
16. Lint piav (poodv TO aJUr^>o/foo/i tig TOV naTtoa TOV. " nd-
TtQ, tav xul [ityalrjTtoog xal ^Aij^oowTfoo? aaat a^o TOV? axt'Aov?,
xat txti? xat xtQUTa davpaaTa noog vntodaniaiv diaTl TOV?
qpo/JtTaat TOOOV " / K* txilvog ytliav tintv ' ""Oka UVTU, vie fiov,
iivai aAj^tva'* f/to ouwc oTav axoraw axviov yd^yia^a, ndguvra
vd TO favqw ao^w va T^W."
17. e H^Awva 7ra^axaAovae TOV ajTov va T^V fid&t] vd Tina, x'
^? tltys OTI dtv tlvai T^g (pvatwg Tyg. 'Extlvrj opag 3tv
inavt vd TOV frojdi?, Iwaov fiaof&tig TTJV tnygt pi TU vvxia TOV xal
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS. 141
TrjV eayxuotv vyir^d, xal tntna TTJV acpyas xal tntas fig rag ntTgag
xal syivs xopftaTia.
18. 'O xoloibg Idwv nsQiaTEgdg xaAwg Tgtcpofitvag fig V ntgi-
OTsgtova, dangladi] xal avaxaTOJ&yxs fi avTag. Extlvai vopl^ovaat
OTI ilvai nsgiOTtgd dsv TOV snstga^av. Ensidf] opwg filav rj
xaTct ka&og exgtuSe, JOTS tov edt(a$<xv. Enivrgicpn \omov fig
xoloiovg ' cxA/L' extlvoi, py yvwgl&VTfg toy 1$ ahlag TOV
TOV, dsv TOV ede'x&qaav.
19. Ol Jitt/ol TioXepovvifg fis rovg asioitg InagctKa.'kovv rocg aA
xccg va yevovv avpfiaxol TWV. Exfivai, ds anoxQl&rjoav ' "
i@or)&ova(X(AfV, aV dsv ySfvyafiev iL fiv&f, xat (is nolovg 7roA|USt
20. To, TiQo'iovca Tr}g '^IfpQixyg, ruv 'ivdiwv xal tr^g 3 j4(AfQtxi]g
7iavTa%ov, xal fivat no^viifia, dion fig ama
vhxal noioxrjTfg. Ol 'AcpQixavol ofio)g, ol 'ivdol, xal ol
rijg AfifQixyg xaia^QOVovviai, SIOTI tig TOV av&QConov fyifliui nai-
Ssla, Iniai^fjir}, ri&og xal fvye'vfia.
21. y ara&r] xatgbg oiav o noUirjg TW*' 'A&rjvwv, ngocpfQiav on
tlvai A&rjvalog, erifiaio, f^orj&elTO tig rag xqsias TOV ' aAAa TWOK
dlv TifiaTai a'AAo naqa TO fish TWV A&r)r<uv.
22. C O 3 AQtaTtidf)g xal o OtpiaTox^g yaav tx&QOi, xal avTtcpt-
QOVTO TiavTOTf. " OTUV opfog l'3av ir\v naTQida tig xlvdvvov, ll> Ag
aqcTjacDjUsy," flntv o OtfttVTOxtilg, " TrjV t%&Qav flag tda tig Tag
nvlag Trjg naTQtdog, xal oiav eTnaTQt'ifjWfitv ano TT}V dovktvaiv TOV
xoivov, av ^sJiyg, Ti]V ava).a^dvo{itv ndhv."
23. Boaxog Tig i'xaas tva [ioaxdgi, xal %TQS%S tdw x* extl va TO
Kal tTisidr) dev TO tvpiaxt, tTa^s (Qiyiov tig TOV <4la, av TOV
TOV xhtTtTyv. *Enr)yiv en SIT a tig eva ddaog, xal IJVQS tva faov-
onov sTgwye TO poaxdgi. TOTS eTgopa^s, xal l'T|e lavgov
slg TOV 4la, av povov TOV ylvroSaij dno TO, vv%ia TOV xUnTOV.
24. E?%s Tig plav ogvi&a y onola TOV fyevvovas XQ VO <* avyd.
Evoftias AOITTOV OTL avTrj tivat ysuaTi) xgvadcpt, ' Trjv i'v<pal;s, xal TI\V
tvgrjxtv opolav pe Tag aMag b'gvi&ag.
25. Elg TOV \vxov TOV \ai^.ov eaTa&ri xoxaXov, x' txtlvog vno-
ax&r) piadov tig TOV yt'gavov, av TO t^ydli] [*s TIJV pVTyv TOV. 'jExsl-
vog TO sftyafa xal S'^TSL TT\V 7i\rigK>^iriv TOV. 'AM,' o hvxog ythdaag,
" 2s y^aVft," tlntv, " OT* dno Ivxov (JTopa s^yahg ytgov xiydh."
142
CHRESTOMATHY.
26. Ot fiuTgaxot Inagaxalovaav TOV 4 la vd Tovg Sway ftaadf'a '
x' fxfivog fitenav Trjv avor t aiav Ttav Tovg fggr]$f fva xovTaovgov.
Ol /5aToa;fo axovaavTfg TT ( V Tagax^v tq>vyav fig ra fid&T} Ti\g \l-
pvr}g ' aA/l' fTtttdri o fiaailtvg tjjifvfv dxlvrjTog, TOV fxaTa<pg6vfaav,
xal fTraoaxa/loi/aav ndhv TOV Jla va Tovg ara'Ai? xavf'va aMov xa-
lyrfQOV. 'O Zevg &V(tta&elg xotr' avicijv TOUC tarsias IVa vsootfidov,
TO onolov Tovg exarctTiLvs ^(aviavovq.
27. To faovidgi xat o yddagog f'yivav avvigo<poi, x' (3yr t xav fig
TO xvvyyt*. " Oiav tnriyuv fig i'va enrjlaiov onov fi'glaxovTo dygio-
yldia, o yddagog 6jU/?ijx8 peaa, xat [if ratg x/.wram/c TOV xat yxaQt-
ofnaTU ra ldl(ax vf > x< o tewv OTfxoutvog fig TO e^/^aa^ua ra tniavs.
Acpov emaoav oaa ij&fKav, o ydoagog fgwrqae TO Itovrdoi av TOV
ngfaf r\ uvdgla TOV ' x' fXflvo aTtoxgl&r}' " .K* ty<a o i'diog &f va
l'%ava TOC xara'ar/^a pov av dev a 1 yl-fVQa OTL ftaai yddagog."
28. Ot ve(oifooi"EMiivfg xat aUa f&vr} vnr t xoa TWV TOVQXUV,
ojiov fivat e7iiTr t dfia va xdpvovv TTJV noaynaTfta, doxt(j,dovv uvyiaig
fvoxlrjaaig dno Tovg Tovgxovg onov fyovv ra xovpdgxia ' xat div
tivai andvio va Idfi Ttvdg ivav ywgoTOvgxo vd
29. 'O xooa$ dgna&v tva y.ouuuu xgt'ag xat fTTfTa&v fig tva
dsvdgov. Tov I'dfv TJ xvgu Magw xat em&vftrjaf TO xgeag. * EaTa-
&rj \oinov vnoxaTta TOV otvdgov xat TOV enaivovat. " Ti pfydlov
xat wgalov xat xvvrjyfTtxov irovki I Eiaai a$iog vd yivyg fiaadfvg
TWV TITIJVUV, av fl%fg xat qxovyv. nJirjv xolua tva. TfToio novKt vd
ijvat aqowvov." "Apa axuvaf TOVTOvg Toiig enalvovg 6 xooa xat
fvfrvg avoi$f TO aTopa TOV xat t'xoa>s pe oAjjv TOV TTJV dvvapiv.
ToTf y aAwTTOv fTgf^s xat agnate TO xgf'ag onov I'nfof dno TO aro-
, xat TOV fins' ""OAa ra *#/?, xogaxd //ov, vovg U.OVQV aov
30. Otlrjaag o ' Eg^g vd (Jid^ji fig nolav vno'kr^iv TOV f%ovv ol
av&gwnoi, f t unaftogcp(o&r] xal fnrjyiv fig evog ayalfiaTonotov ig-
yaaTr t giov. 'EgtaTrjaf noaov natJifiTai TO ayal>u.a TOV Jtog' " 31lav
dgaxurjv," finfv o TfxviTqg ' "jEnfiTa fgaiTTjaf nfgl TOV dydkuaTog
Trjg"Hgag, xal extlvog TOV flniv OTI d$lfi negiaaoTfgov. "idtv tnti-
TU xal TO fdixov TOV ayaJipa, xal vou^Loag o'rt, fTtfidrj fivat
v xal trpogog TOV xf'gdovg, ol uv&gwnot TOV
i<av
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS. 143
xal mgl TOVTOV, xal i'fja&fv OTI
fig TOV oaTig ayogaay Tovg attovg 8vo.
31 . Asyovv OTI o Av.ta.itov ecpayw&rj ano Tovg axvkovg TOV.
TO o/utof flvai ifjtvdog, dioTi o axvkog a/ana TOV av&tvTqv TOV
aaoTfgov ano xd&s JUo r^fgov ^wov ' xal TO a'AAo, ot
axvloi slvai T^^QOL ngos olovg Tovg av&Qunovg. Ttveg nahv Uyovv
OTI r) *ld()Tffiig TIQWTOV TOP ffiotTa^oQqxoatv elg skacpov, xal t'ntiTa TOV
ol axvloi. E^era of^og fis (paivncu OTI r) ^QTf^ig dev
va xapvy o TL ^s'Ast * tVuiTa Sev aiij^svet OTL oiv&gmnog
il va (AtTapal.&fi tig ikoupov, y elayog dg UV&QWTIOV. C H >Lj-
eivat TOVTTJ. O AxTuitav IJTOV Agxddiog TO yivog, xal wV qpt-
loxvvqyog iTQtcps nottovg axvlovg, xal fxvvrjyovaev Big TCC fiovvd,
v Tag vno&taeig TOV ' xal ToiovTOTgontag exuTaaxoQTiios TO
TOV. Kal a<pov dsv TOV efieivs n^iov TtnoTe, tfayav ol
noi' " Tov xuxofioiQov TOV 'AxTaiwva ol axvkoi TOV TOV tcpayav
xal ano TOVTO inldodri o (j,v&og.
32 . JJf gl TWV Inntov TOV Ogaxog ^tiofi^dovq Uyovv OTL
av&Qfanovg ' nya/pa ydolov, eneidrj TO <aov TOVTO ayana
xa* ^o^ia'pt xal oxt> dv&Qwmva xgiuTct. To dJuj&sg ilvai OTL Tovwg
o av&Qtonog f$6dtvasv olyv TOV TJJV negtovalav slg ayogav xal rpo-
q>f)v tnnwv, xal ol cplloi TOV ovopaaav Toiig tnnovg av&QUTioydyovg.
33. Oelovv ol noivjTal OTI y Niofii) tysTapdJi&i) ^eoaa elg U&ov.
Onoiog optag niaTsvet, OTI av&Qwnoi, fAfTafidJiJiovTai, slg Jil&ovg, r\
ll&oi fig dv&Q(onovg, tivai, fitagog- 'H dJuj&'fjg laTogia tivai amrj.
*A(fOV dne&avav ola T naidla Ti]g, saTrjas U&ivov ayalpd Tyg end-
vto elg TOV Ta(fov TWV.
34. C Kaivsvg, xa&wg Uyovv, r)TOv aTQUTog. "OaTig op(ag vopl-
si OTL virdgxtL uTQatTog av&ganog, sivai. dvorjTog. To dhtj&Eg etvai
TOVTO. *O Kaivsvg VJTOV Osaoalbg, avdytiog xal TOV nokt(j.ov f'finfi-
qog. HOTS' TOV tig xct^lav fid%rjv dh tnlrjyto&i]. "OTUV ofAwg enols-
fiovas p.s Tovg KtvTavgovg did Tovg Actnl&aq, ol KfVTavgoi TOV
sniaaav xal TOV e&ayav <avTavdv.
35. At'ytTai OTI ol KKVTUVQOL yaav -fryQia fyovTa awpa 'innov xat
av&Qwnov. "Onoiog niaTfvti OTI vnrjQ^s TIOTB TOIOVTOV
, TtioTfVfi nguy^a advvaToV dioTi t\ <pvaig xal ij Tgocpr) TWV
TOVTWV dsv fivai r\ avTT), xal dion div eivai dvvaTOV vd ntgdorj
UTITIOV ano OTopa xal \aifjiov dvdgwnov.
144 CHRESTOMATHY.
36. C ^ivyxtvg, fa'yovv ol pv&ohoyoi, ffilfntv tig rd
rr t g yyg. Totavra nuQctpv^ia outag div notTiti vd niartvuviat.
C H db]$fia iivai rovi*). 'O sivyxtvg TTOWTO? *'<" ' fifraUtvtj
Xgvabv xat uoyvoov xat a'Ua jUCTaUa. "Orav fxartftaivev ft? TO /ue-
TaUaov frratovs Ai^yov^ potty rov rovg onolovg ixyive txti xaiw,
xai aiirog tfiya^t TOV ^-aixov xat rov aldyyov. "Eltyav lomov oaot
rov ySivgav OTL o u4vyxti'f /5/LeTrct xat T xaiwrara rr^q yr^q.
37. Aiyovv nvig on, orav o AEQ$rj? infyvovasv anb rrjv EvQWinjv
fig rrjv 'Aalotv pi IVa <&otvixixov nlolovj eyivs ayodga avfpioa)ii)
wars TO TiAotov Ixivdvvtvs va nviyfj. *O fiaaifavg eowT^os TOV nloi-
uv i'ptivtv &nlg atarrjQtag, x' fxitvog rov anoxQi&i] on av
y va ykvrwar) anb rbv -nagbvra xltdvvov, ngenei va Qi<p&ovv o 1
rov tig ryv &d\aaaav. 3 JEowrrjas lombv b Atgfyg rovg
av ent^rpovv rrjv awrijQiav rov fiaodlwg Twr, x' (XHVOL
ndgavra I'xitvav Ta? xf^aia? fig arjjuflov vTiaxoijg xat inrjdrjaav fig
rrjv SdKaaauv ' xai TOtofTOTOoTrw? 8iv fnvlyrj TO TiAotoi'. Acpov de
Ifiyrjxav slg rrjv lijoav, o A^Q^g torf<pdv<oaf rbv ftoivixa TiAo/a^ov
fie ^ovaovv arf<pavov, diori iylvrwat rbv fiaadea, xai tnfira rbv
f, dion i'yivsv alrtog va %a$ovv roaoi
FROM CORAY.
1. ^Orav TW qxanapt'va B&VTJ ^uAwatv agx^ v va ^dvvwvrai elg rd
d, attrj laws -frfgaTTfta div pivfi nliov dt avid nagd vd Ini-
(7TOE(/'(oai xat ndhv fig rrjv aq%a.ivLV avrutv ^aQ^agbrrira.
2. C J1 tMifiyig ruv pfyalfav l^airtapdiojv tig rovg ovyyoaqifig
?ro/Uax( a^o da&ivtiav rov vobg, f</V fivai ndvror'
ryg xoivr^g dgsr^g rov xataov fig rbv bnolov yqdcpovaiv '
bllyov cpofifirai vd near] oarig div i'pa&s vd TTC'TCTW* v^/tjia.
3. Ol Ao'/tot avdpsg rov t&vovg *fivat (pvaixd ol rofio&s'rai ryg
yXwaaij?, rf]v bnolav ).a),u rb e&vog' aAA' eiVat vopo&irat drjpoxgari-
xov ngdyparog. Elg aviovg dvrjxfi r\ dioq&waig rfjg ykwaoyg, AA'
^ y).<uoaa tivai xT^a o^ou TOI; t&rovc, xai xrr t pa itqbv.
FROM CORAY.
4. Otav t] qptyloffOGpm awwav TTJV y\waaav eig Triv cpavTaalav Trig
, /*/ > '* Jf . ' "^^T^iTTff ^o iS v'^*
anaidfvaiag, exovveTUL, x^gig va TO esevgy TO peyu TTJ? onkov, xai
itagadldeTai exovalwg fig x&Q a $ tX&.v> ooTig dev &ehfi figadvvei, vd
Tqv <7<jp|j;. HOTS 77 C AA dev eixfv Id el TOOOV Tihy&
VMV (pdoooqxav, oaov tig tip ^OjUcV7jv naQcwprjv ir^g
ttJUUi 7iOT s&vog dev diaaTQscpst TTJJ> yAwaaav TOV x w Q^S
tVTauTw xat irjv naidsiav TOV. C H cuovvia^ia xr^g ykuaarjg avvodevei
ndvxoie xr)V uavvTct&av T<UV Ivvoiwv.
5. Al Tiotgoiplcti tivai y qpJoaoqD/a TOV xoivov Aaov, $ Tovldxi-
arov al ctnb rag onolag xaTSV&vvsTai xt xv/Sc^vTt fig noM.dg tov
ngu&ig yvu^at. '0 xoivbg labg, xal dia ifjv anaiSwalav, xat dia
lag fiavavaovg ti^vag, elg rag onolag f\ nevla ibv avayxd&i v
A?^T/, [ty'is dvvafiiv |U?jT xttigbv t%si vd TrAe'xry fiaxQOvg
afiovg did vd avaxahvyy ITJV og&OTrjia ryg jr^a^fwj. O it
vet id (jpa)Tia/uVa dnb T /5o/?oa E&VTJ, dev dvai toaov TUV ntnai
dsvpevwv TO nti]&og elg rd ngwTa y y ohyoTqg fig id dfvjepa, oaor
flvai al OQ&al q al xaxai d6ai TOV anaidevTOV haov. c '0oov xal av
aoq>ia&y TO E&vog, (lyre dvvaibv fivai, /U7?V fig TTJV nohTixrjv xoivw-
vlav ovfjKpeQti, vd rjvai o'Aa TOV T //e'A^ aocpd. L^oxct fig xbv \abv
vd do$dy og&d, dv xal dev r^vai tig xajdaTaaiv vd dwoy koyov diail
6. Ol VOfAOl TOTS [JLOVOV ttf^VOVO"f, TOT6 [tOVOV yiVOVTttl T(OV did
onolovg VojU0^6T^tjay a^r^ivr) oxenr] xat awTrjQiu, OTUV al y>v-
%al TToofcTOt/uofa^wfft did Tyg naidixrjg avargo^g fig TO oe'fiag xal
TrjV qpvAxj)v TWV vofiwv.
7. "EXOVOIV al qptAoaoqptxat ukq&fiai TOV xlvdvvov TOVTOV, OTIOTUV
OTiflg&iVTai X M Q*S (pgoviftov axs'yiv xt TtQocpvhaxrjV fig dxodg da&s
vftg ' yevvwai dqhadr) TO ainb unoTekfafia, TO ondlov jj&flav
fig TOV da&fvf) OTopaxov T laxvgd pQMpaTa. "OTav e$
diakv&wai Tr$g TroAtTtx^ xoivtavlag ol dsapol, TO adixovpevov fiegog
TUV nohTwv, dt avib TOVTO, dioTi ddixovvTai, vo^il^ovv OTI i%ovaiv
oAa T dlxaia. dsv Trooas^ovat n^iov fig oaag xaxlag inga^av ^'
TigaTTOvv aiiTol, a/JL' aaxokovvTai fig oaa ndaxovai nagd
8. Kaxbg av&Qtonog dev yiv&xai xdve'vag fig plav
x T nu&r) dev flvai xx' agxdg n^v [.tixool
13
146 CHRESTOMATHY.
FROM KOUMAS.
OF KLEPHTS.
1. Ol KktTiTai riaav dmov yivovg, 3 A).{3avol Mwuni&avoi, xal
XgiOTiavol, o'lTivfg j/j f^LayovTo p txfirovg, % ilf^dTovv xugiaTa.
2. "OTUV fjaav o^iydgt&fia in ajicpi] TWV, t(f.uQ(jnav fig ptxga ^w^/a
xat TU dirjgna^av, ivr t dgivav fig dgopovg, xal mdvovTfg dtafidrag
Tovgxovg r t XQiaitavovg rovg tavgvav fig wnousga xugla, EXOTTCCCV
ra avTia TWV, TU taiftoav fig tovg avyytviig wav, not acpov f>la^a-
vav Qayogotv, oarfv vj&elav, rovg un&vctv.
3. 'Oiav fTiliTj&vvorro ra <m'qp7j, T xaxov^^ara rav r^aav drj-
^xatav /utx^ov? aygovg, dtrj^na^av xw'/ua? xa*
4. c Oiav nagrigxsio TO xaAoxa/^tov xt ol K
fig tijV 'Alfiavlav, % ixgvmovto fig ia ogi], TOTE f(palvfTo dvvafiic
TOVQXIXTJ dia vu Tovg TifjiKtQ^ar]. L4JUI' VT' ai/Tc5v fituwQfi tovg
TiQOudtxrjpevovg. Ms cpOQiia naaactiiov ft^MfffCV^ o Ta&dQxrjg
Tovgxog, fQfwav -ilvtg r t aav ol xltmod6%oi. " 'Olovg lovg fvxara-
ajotTovg fVQiaxe jgoopbig TWV KlfTrtwv ' ps TOV cpofiov TOV nuaadlov
rovg fyvfivovf, xat OVTW? fig rovg ni(o%ovs ^fw^tT? TO XT Trjg
cfdgpaxov fylvfio oh&QiwifQOv naga ri]V af$<o<niav
5. /7o>U.ot oosivot rQcuxol, xdioixoi TOV OJiVnnov t Tr}g
TOV UyMov, rrjg Ofay? >* A>lwv fiovvar, cpvhctTTOVTfg ano rovg
ps T o^/La rag nargLdag Ttav, ygxiaav ngo TroUov va r\-
uno rovg riav^onegovg ofioyfvflg TUV pia&ov T^S (pvlaxjjg Ttav.
3 Eotv dfv TOV ildnpavav, fptfiovvTo xal avrol TO nagddfiypa TUV
xal fkyaTSvav. OVTOI fivat ol nfQiadoftfvoi K^lmai Tr t g
, TWV onoiwv y yivsaig fivai no\).u ncduic't. Hoilg nagd
opfvot TO xfomixov ocplxiov, xavzatvtat noKkol OTI TO
ytvog TOJV dev in),r t gtaat ^aoaTatov fig Tovg Tovgxovg.
6. J/M va ffov&fQto&aJaiv ol xguTOiivTfg dno Tyv (pgovrlda TOV
va xTTp^a)fft Tovg 'Alfiarovg xal Tovg "E^vag Tovrovg Ktenras,
xal Toiig tdidav nia&ov fi^aiov, did vd cpvkatTuai Tug
FROM KOUMAS. 147
dno Tf)V forjlaalav KlsnTwv uM.wv. 3 EdioQla&r}aav koinov
(j,fgl8fg rivsg T?$ Xwgag fig fovg ngtoTOOTaTag TWV aTicpwv TOVTUV.
Ka&slg Ta&agxog ntQiygx** ps TO idy^a, TOV tr\v ISixyv TOV (Atgldaj
xal engoasxs (if) (pavfj K\imr\g, pr) dojaij Tig i^Kt^Lov slg Kkemrjv*
7. Ol rgaixol KksnTat, dcpov f^t^xav fig Tavrrjv TrjV vnovgylav,
fig TO evcprjfioTSQOV TOC ovofnotTu twv. Okoi opov uvofAci-
Q^aTw^ol ' o a^xisTtTTj?, x an IT civ i o g ' ol VTIOTMXTI-
xol TOV, naM.rixctQict' xat o inrcca7iiaTt]g TOV, nQMToncthXr}-
x a Q o v, o onolog [itTa TOV &dvonov TOV xannavlov txAs'/ETO vno
TWV naMyxotglav diddoxog TOV, av aTte'&vqaxev ctTsxvog, jj av o vlog
TOV dev sfysv ajtofj.1] rjhxiav vu xaniTCtvsvfl. Al [ifgldtg T%g iniXQU-
Tflag TWV (ovo[MxovTO xantTavaT a xt n Q w x T a. Ka&slg xam-
Taviog dsv sxctTadsx^o v otMcxfy TO notTgonctQcidoTov TOV xaniTctTd-
TOV ' xai okoi ol nQOtaTMTfg TWV aTKpwv TOVTWV easfiovTO apoifiotlwg
TCI dlxaict TWV avvadf^g)oijv TWV xaniTavlwv.
8. noUdxig ri ' O&mfictvixrj xvpegvyaig r)&elrjae vot shv&SQW&TJ
ano Tovg AQfiaTtahovg TOVTOvg, TWV onolwv rj vnaQ&g cpalvsTai THX-
j, xal xat xaigovg xa&atQeaaaa Tovg al-MOTsgovg
dvvafuv va Tovg dcpavlay. *AM elg Toiamag nsQ
tv&vg ol 3 AQ(jiaT(alol eylvovTO ndhv KUnTcu, xal exapvav
exdlxyaiv, oxt fiovov xara TKIV TOVQXOJV, aU.a xal xara TWV
avwv. Elg Tag ngog Tovg TovQXOvg avfinJioxdg TWV sdei&v
xig rjgcaia^ov nagopoiov TOV TWV nahaiwv vpvovnevwv ygwwv. JElg
Tag ntdtddag dsv ydvvavTO vd dv&tt-wai xaia TOV Inmxov TWV TOVQ-
xwv, aH' fig Tonovg ogsivoTegovg dsv I'axvs TITIOTS XUT* avTwv y
TWV lx^Q^ v TWV - MSTU ^axQovg aywvag xal aQgyTovg
TWV vnrjxowv sava<pihovovTO ndhv ps Trjv xv^s^vriaiv, xal
Ta ngdyfiaTa dnoxa&laTavTO ndfov tag ngoTsgov.
9. llalaid ngwTaTa TOVTWV TUV xantTavlwv ecpr)plo&r)oav TO TOV
M7iovxo{3dJia, f ooTig vpvstTai ozt ^us TQiaxoaia naMyxaQia
jUTjas dudsxa ^dia'fla? 'Alfiavuv slg xa "Aygacpa ' TO TOV
TOV onolov o dnoyovog Hand EvOvftiog, fifJiST^aag xal avaxevdaag
tnavdaTuaiv XT TOV 3 A^ Uaod, snQodo&rj xal vnscpsgsv odvvijQo-
TUTOV -frdvaTOV ' o Tadgag, TOV onolov o vlog Nlxog Tadgag nsvTS
KTI) enofoftrj&r) slg /uarijv dno TOV UVTOV 3 Ati] naadv ' o slg TO
xaniTavsvaug Mnaadsxqg, Taaog, xal
148 CHRESTOMATHY.
10. Ol oivdgtg ovjoi, -uav onolwv tnyre&T) nagd noUwv dtxaltog
y dvdgla, Ticegd TotvTyv 8tv iyvwgi^av attov ygmopov. Bagfiagoi,
andv&gmnoi, tapol, oiav fiers^dUovro el? KXimag, dev ecptidovio
ovis yvvalxag ovis naidla, tyvpvovav x hptlg, ttal agxtSQelg iivag
o Nittog Tadgocg, polovori, acpov rovg tyvpvovav, TOV? Icpi-
* f^TfTOVV TT]V SV^V T(OV.
11. C O Kovpas tyvmgias nQoawTuxwg tov Nixov xot tov liana,
Ev&vpiov. Otlyaag va evdvplar] tov nqwTov or* opotd&i tov
e'a, ^'xouas jug aygiov TOVOV ' " Ti *Axi\\ia. If'ytig xat Totai/ra
eaxorwas nottovg TO iov<pexi tov L
FROM KOKKINAKES.
3 Agxov8 a$, xal '/w a ij (p.
Agxovdag. 'Hk&a vu vug xdfia IVa ngo
. Elg ipiva ;
JJfi. AQX. C H svysvla aag dsv ila&s av&gunog r^g
la a. *H(jiovv TIOIS.
UST. Agx. 2ag dgtofi aviog o igonog TOV ^r t
la a. Mdhaxct, ITISI$T} fx rtaoug pov yhxiag tig amov duett
va
10
/w a. *Eyw ; f/(a dev !#&> ilnoxtg did va QUftoxtvdvvevoto.
. A g x. *'E 3d, jovldxioTov rijv tariv aag dsv
Ja> a. TV/a avTT) ftovr) ps lutivs Trie ov.
II s T. A g x. Avirj pi cp&dvu Ipsra. Ey<a dguaTovw tva xa- 15
/5* /ue T i$oda pov, y ivyfvla aag ylvia&t xagctpoxvgrjg, xal
pvns jU avio IVa ict^ldi tig rip
lot a. Elg TTJV A(fgix^v , Kotl fy.ii
FROM CHOURMOUZES. 149
ZTer. AQX. Elvai ula t7iix(Q$i]<; xfydooxonla, 77 ngayftdjsia
TWV axhdfiwv
I (a a. ^Av OIT g i% IUOVT ag.} Ms ra awaxa aag TO hsytxe ,
UST. AQX. 'A^IIS nwg / dev BX M axonov va aag novhrjaw Ida)
5 7r(oa Aoyta. 'Eyw ygovil^w diet oAa. *An td<a cpOQTOvoptv 10
XttQufii aldegov, QOMI, jovysxia, pnaQovu, jwa^a^axta, xalaevioug
faxdvcug, naviu 'ivdixa, xt T e^g. Exsl -freltTS n^^ovsi dta
IVa vyiy ysQov axhdfiov negl ta r^taxoata nsvyvTci ygoaia TO
xoarog, dia ^tlav yvvauxa o%t nsQiaaoxfQOV ano diaxoaia oydwvict
10 OXTW, fneidr) fiovov fig xrjv EvQ(am]V cpeQOfiev ypflg at'fiag slg rag
yvvalxctg. *Av opag o axldfiog y f\ aidafia tyy TiTiOTtg fAaTiw^cr,
nginfL va ytctTt^aa&ovv ano tr\v n^v. Aoyov X tt Q lv > d l( * * vct
novTaodovirjV dsxot ygoata Tra^axaTW, dia IVa {Skapfisvov tig TCC
Ttoddgia, nevijvia. Ugog rovroig TIQSTIEI o aivSgag va txfl f^dxQog
15 itaasQa noddgia xal rsaasQa ddxivha, y yvvalxa 0(iwg povov Ta-
atga noddgia. IttensTS noaov ngaxrixog slfiai iy<a 3 g
Toelg TTQaypdrstaig ;
Ita a. Oavfjict.
UST. AQX. UiaifvasTs pe, pe avryv TTJV HQaypdTSiav
20 Qovpev va xegdyawpev noMat. Ol Mavgoi navTaxov dev y
va loyttQid^ovv, pyTS va yqdcpovv, xal rinnogti va tovg
nvag onwg
FROM CHOURMOUZES.
, Javllyg, xal
Tvx<>8i(oxTr)g. Elni va // kioifAaoovv TO aango aloyov,
25 A a v i X rj g. K' ixilvo novtl y gnxn TOV '
Tvx- *Ag BTOifidaovv hoinov TO yctgo.
dav. 2yneQov inyyttv va TO TTOT/OTOI/V, x' msas to
TOV ' jUoVov aV &&(* k'va ya'idovQi dcpevTixo, tlvai XTW OTTOV
13*
150 CHRESTOMATHY.
iU ' avro dtv TOV telnet T/TTOTE ' ndyei xdvels p* avio
d&dvaia.
- Tov xaxo aov ibv xatoo &a xaflaMixevaw iyw ya'idovgi.
dav. 'Ogiafiog aag. (&evyei.)
Tvx- (Mov 0$') Tldvawxia! fiiarj woa dev 'e'xei xdvels a- 5
vdnavaiv ' t^v vvxia XOQOV, TTJV rj^sQa dovleid ' va Idovfis c5?
note &u /Saor!/7 xctvelg. A^opa dsv txod.o&TTvrjact, xal &a ige-
X<o 's TOV? dgofjiovs. (Kfvna 10 xovdovvi.)
d a v. Tl ngoaid&ie ;
Tvx- 'ETolpaas ra Sovgia&ta. 10
AO.V. Eivai IVot^ua.
Tv%. Avio TO aanovvi dsv pVQi&i, xoda. N 3 ayogdar t q t/ar-
QOV ano txtlva onov novlovv '? TO f&QavTas&xo /^a^a^t, rvh-
' '$ id ^a^Taxta.
Jav. K* fxelvvt i'zovv x^t/?a. OUQQW ntag T dlvovv rgelg 15
ocxfjidg TO eva.
Tv%. "As e'xovv xal dsxa ' riioiag olxovoftlag div ^e'iw. <f>^e
v T nodjfAona /ue T' darjfisrta anigovvia.
Jav. Eivai TotjU.
Tv%. *os // xal va xoAwTatow. 20
Jar. Evdvg. ('Avaxa gel.)
- (Mo v Off.) jEyw /UT TO (payl i'xei o &v&gwnoq -
oMyi}V avdnavaiv, did vd ylvrj T\ xtavevaig fjie riav%lav,
ty<a &d TOC^W /ue'aa els toi>s yhovs, xal di dfioifirjv e^w tip dxa-
qiaTiav ' nJirjv vnopovy ' y (pdav&gwnla //ov dnaiTel vd x'u co 25
TOV XOVCpO.
Attv. (Efifiaivei /us TO ngoytv^ia.) OO/OTC.
. "As (pdyw oMyov. d^f'os /UE eva finoxdh
. 3 d(a eivai, oglaie ' TI^V UVQIOV oa t u7idna 6ev
Tvx> ^fvTO TO f'xsts ovairjfia, d<pov t&Miioj TO ngdypa TO'T 30
vd fie MS on 3ev eivai. Ilrj/aivs hoiTiov eneira tig TO
^ixo payal xal TIUQS dudexa ftnorlhais aa^ndvia.
Jav. "Evas^EUrjv % uno TO I'diov xal TO dlvei
av &&TS dno ex el vd Traow.
Tvx- Maho"ia, dno TO I'diov' iL dvorjios onov float, xavpevc! 35
aTio TO Idtov xal cpdrjvoTfQov yivtiai ; TOGO ngdypa dev r t pno-
FROM CHOURMOUZES. 151
gslg vd aToxoto&yg; "Entnu, anb TO <PgavTGtxo [iayal nalgvovv
xat anb TO notkdu xat anb olovg Tovg fiivlaTgovg. 3 Anb Ixu "koinbv
va ndgyg, xat TSTOiaig olxovoplaig 8sv fis XQSUX&VTCU. Akv
cp&dvtt, ol xonot bnov Toa/5w piga vvxia, povov &a niva xat
5 xoaat dxapvo. - IIov dvcci TO axvAt ; Awv Atwv. ("QX S -
rat o axvAo?.) Uov yaovv, notQakvfisvs ; div rfavgetg OTI
fivtti 17 (agct TOV (payrjTov ; IVa (pays xahd, diOTi CIVQIOV ^ nafie
} g TO xvvyyi. (ZijxovsTCti.) Jwas ps T nodrjpaToi pov, TO
QOVXO [iov, xat TO anadl fiov.
10 Jav. 'OaloTS.
' Kal TTJV o(i7tQsM.a pov ' xa^ pt'ga &a a' ra Ae'/w;
. (TOV dldet TVJV o//7r^6XX.) e OQIOTE.
*Av |U fyTTjay ttavelg, flnsg TOV va sjL&ij slg ir^v \iln.
. Kal dsv avol/eis an' sSw TTJV ofinQ^a Gag;
15 TvX' TIoAu avor}Tog tiaai, xavpeve ! Kal rmnogw va ifiyw
anb TijV noQTa [is avoixTyv o^nQs^a ;
/lav. 3 Akr]&ia, dsv TO aTOxda&r}xa. AcpsvTixo, yiaTl dsv
nalgveTS xal TTJV VVXTU TTJV ofings^a aag ; AEVQSTS ncag xat TO
ysyyagi neiQaei ' eyw Iv&vpovpai pla yoga aggwaTrjas tvag 'g
20 TO xvgio i"0^> hott l^aae TOV yddago TOV xat TOV syvgsvs T^V
VVXTU fits TO cpfyydgi.
TvX' AVTO xala TO Isg ' y IdfAyig TOV cpfyyagiov fftdnTSi, '
xat Twoa m'thara bnov tivai xat o xoftrfTyg neigd&i negiaaoTS-
gov. 418s fiB \oinbv TIJV ofingsMa (JLOV OTUV efiyaivo) TTJV VVXT&.
25 4av. A^&eta, acptVTixo, dsv ps beg il ngaypa flvai yvTo
bnov leve xoprjTr], xat xvTTa^ovv xd&s figddv o'Aot 'g TOV ovgavo ;
Tvx- JBivai s'va a'oroo ^u TTJV ovgd.
Jav. .Kat SiotTi va prjv e%ovv xat T a'AAa ov^>a /
Tvx* diOTi elvai xolofid.
30 dav. "Oaa lombv tyovv ovgd Ta Uyovv XO^TTJ ,-
Tvx> MahaTa, xat slvai xahrjTfga va Ta bvopa^av ovgaTa.
Aav. Tov yddagov, aqprnxo', TOV naTega fiov dsv -&d TOV
fo'yco nid XsXio, povov xop-^TOcgov, yiaTi xt ai/Tog l^t ovgd
35
Kangsbrjg. davllr), nov tlvai b xvgiog
152 CHRESTOMATHY.
4av. Tuga on
Kan. Kal
J a. v. Elg Tyv piav /us sine vd &&rj onoiog &d TOV ^'077.
Kan. Aoinov slns'g TOV on ^&a, xat sneidr] div TOV f/voa,
snstja.
z/av. Kal ngoapsvsis oU/ov, fxelvog iwga TWQU &a e/l^.
Jldvia OTUV <pBV/fl teyti on &a si-fry fitra dvo WQas, n\r\v TTOT
div falnsi ntgiaaoitgov ano fAtai]. 2Va TO axvkl, !'grrat xat o
Tv%. Ka/lw? TOV XVQIOV Kangslr] ' slaat, nol\r\ w^a sdw; 10
Kan. Twga on yji&a.
.} 3 A(pavla&rixa nahv aypsgov '$ TOV ^'
Kan. (Ka\)sTai.) Twovrt arjfifgov slvai noWy xdyig.
dsv aa? i'da ano x&*?> x * qlfra va aag naQaxaliaca va o^id^ans 15
TOV cpllov aag xvglov Mnagovldr) va ps fittly si? xapplav vnygs-
oiav. Eivai igslg fjtfjvsg d<pov rjl&a ano TO Tgiscni xat axo/nij
div ripnogw va i t ufi(o slg xduulav -frs'aiv. Ms flnav va // xdij.ow
ao-rvvopov slg TO Navnliov, nlr t v dsv ps sxapav. "Hl&apKV tnet-
ta s8(a, xat sinav va ps ttdftovv ndhv darvvopov, nlrjv axofitj 20
T/TTOTS dsv syive. div T^SVQO) diari avrol ol av-frgiunoi, fis xaTa-
Mav&dvo) on efialav aiAov" evw av sfijSaiva iyw va
TI dovlsialg onov r t &s).s vd xa ( o). Idov si%a xat TOV
STOIIJLOV irjg amvvoulag' nagaTrjg^afrs TOV. (Toy
sva ^a^T/.) 25
Tv%. (To -frstapsl xat TO sniaTQsys i.) Jidfiaae TO
sav, dion Ipsva ftoovv T' avTm pov dno TOV jjltov.
Kan. (To nalgvet xat
THS
I. ^A\un wxTtoay, xdvtlg vd [tyv rjftnogf} vd tfiyy dno TO
TOU. 30
Tvx> *E xaA, f'xstg axonov vd pag xltiaijg dno reoot g stg Ta
anlnd uag ;
FROM CHOURMOUZES. 153
Kan. *0%i da! dev flvat o loyog did irjv svyfvlav aag.
II. Zaguvxa OXTW av&gwnoi, vd diogia&ovv vd
ig id xaqpema xal %evodoxtia, did va axovovv il 'kiyovv ol av-
t, xat xd&s figdov va fldonoiovv lov daivvopov xat TO
onov ^xovaav. ^vyxcogsiTai, elg tovq
aarvvoftovg va t'xovv endvw rovg /St/5A/a, ttal va
ovovv o 11 axovovv, dia va py &%vovv T/TTOTC.
III. "Orav fiUnovv dvo y rgsig va avvo^iiJiovv, ij x* Va povov,
10 va nhvjaid&vv xat va ^iav&dvovoi il \iyovv.
IV. 2vy%(*)()ti-iai ngog tomoig fig iovg fivaTixovg aotvvofjLOvg
va (fv'kaxovovv xat va i^ogl^ovv onoiov VTIOTIJEV&OVV oil \%si axo-
novg jtWQVpfiievovg.
V. Ol nvanxol darvvopoi TTgenei va n\r\aidovv iir\v vvxia fig
15 rag olxlag TWV Tiokntav dia va axovovv rl \iyovv al olxoyt'veiai,
xat TToAAa ngcal va uSonoiovv tov aawvofiov o 11 yxovaav xat o
11 I'dav.
VI. JVa (piTiodia&ovv ia av^noaia xat at ovvavaargocpai*
VII. Na diarax&waiv ol nv^vfiaiixol, a pa ^o^oloyr^aovv xa-
20 viva, va 7iagqr\aid^ovv iyygdywg fig ir\v dawvoftlav lyv e|o/ioAo'-
yrjaiv. Na diaiax&wai xat ot yovflg va a-rsttovv fig lovg nvtv-
fiarixovg T naidid xwv, apa yfvvr)&(uai, did va
xat avid.
VIII. Avo dno iovg fivanxovg doivvo^ovg vd
25 iat slg iovg ydfiovg xat fig ir\v fidmiaiv, did vd axovovv xat
vd nagairigovv il Xeyovv xal il xdfivovv ol yovflg xat ot vsovv^-
cpoi, xal il oxrjfjtaTa xdpvfi 10 Pgiyog oiav <&d TO fiamlaovv.
IX. !47ra/ooevsTat xt fig iovg ydpovg xat fig ir\v fidmiaiv vd
f*T)V ivQlaxfiat, aUog xdvflg, flpr) povov ol yovug, 6 dvddo%og, o
30 IfQfvg xal dvo [tvanxol aaivvo^ioi.
X. Jig iyg sfidopddog, xaid nspnTTjv xal xvgtaxrjv, vd vno-
XQfovtaviai avdgfg xal yvvalxfg, vsot xal yigovifg, nitaxol xal
nlovoioi vd fie&ovv tnl nagovala iwv ILVGIIXWV daiwofimv, dioii,
/u' aviov lov TQOTIOV pav&dvsi, fvxohwg y aaivvopla id fivanxa
35 Twy nohiuv.
XI. "AV xdvflg TifQinaiy axsmixog t dfisatog vd cpvlaxovsiai,
154 CHRESTOMATHY.
t
xal 7io ( uVo? va 4$OQisiai, xadwg xal oaTig xlalfi, yda,
dti T] ayvQi&i.
XII. Net diOQia&f] dwQta sxaTov dgaxpal fig TOV oaTtg ngodw-
a$ TOV <plkov TOV, diaxoatat fig TOV oang ngoduay TOV avyytfrj
TOV, xal TQtaxooLai fig xov oarig n^oduar] tov naxiQa jov. 5
XIII. IVa xakaa&ovv oKa, T q^o>Lsta, xal va (povgxia&ovv 6'ylot
ot diddaxaJioi.
XIV. "0<JTig svQet, xal avayivwaxr] va dldy cpogov 3vo TaAapa
TOV fii)va, xal oang &VQSI va ygdtpr) va dldrj liaaaga.
XV. "Ctta ra ygdfiftaia TWV nolnuv va avolyuviai ano TOV 10
Tv%. Aviog o ogyavtafiog fivai -fravfia ' xal av tfaovv
vog fig TTJV naTQida p,ov, jj&fJia maTfvafi OTI avTs'/QaifJtg TOV
Idixov pag.
Kan. "H&fla va diuTa^o) xl a'Ma, opag aav dsv p ediogiaav 15
aoTWopov TOC na^aiTijaa x' iyu. "Ag T xafiovv ol
aoTWOfiOL onov tfialav.
FROM GEKONOMOS.
TOV voaoxo pslov, xal c JEijVTa@eJi6vr)g.
Ti -frt'lovv TOVTOI* ndhv ol
ayioydvTaig ,
Ka\r] ?; ug'^a aag, ugxovTu.
a.) Kaxy aag piga xal yvxQri* ( c ^i,/ce.)
Aoff aag Tansivog' TI fivai OQiapog aag ;
ETIITQ. To adfJicpaTov avvdo[tsv dia TO annah, xal av OQI&-
TS xal % fvysvla aag >
E$r)VT. To adflcpaTOV , xal Toaoi addqtol dsv fia&s Ixavol va 25
TjafT' fva anndh*; "H (nov avvd&T' Ixu o).ovg Tovg nagaKv-
TOV xoapov, xal Twga JVafe^feqrtWrt TOV? dv&Qwnovg fig
TE'TOIOV dvaTVxiapsvov xaigov ;
. 'Hfifig dlv (3idopfv xavcVa* ^
FROM (EKONOMOS. 155
Na /wg ovpna&yasis' ri efayfioavvr) tyu xat avtf) id
irjg. Eatlg enygsie xaid &vgt nlovaiovg, niwxovg, fifyd-
lovg, (iixgovg, vd avvdsie oaa pnogsasis ytd vet [is&waiv ol ani-
lahwTcu. > OfjiOQ<fo ngdfia! Eldis aigafiolvd q>dre i<av ysgwvs
5 TO @iog ! K* vaiega iL xHAers 'g epsvot / Akv nctyalvsTS '? iovg
; Kovraol, orga^dl 'g tor 'Ayiavtwvi).
. c> Evag an amovg tia&s xat ^ tvy evict actg.
. Eyw otQXoviag / Avd^sfici rovg xt oaot TO fe'yovvs xi
oaot TO marevyovv. *Eytn TO gsvga, qxxfieUTfjg av&gwTtog, nwg
10 &Qtq)(0 T GTilxi /uov. AVQ naidict, xat rgslg dovJioi, x' e/w, |
il ^e'Aofyfi va, cpavs; Ei'xoai ygoaot dsv pe (p&dvovv T^V
Ki ^u/u cpogtfiaTa ; Ki a^pe doatpo 'g IT]V xtogav /
K J vaisga nag xat ^6^ xdfivofis xat xavsva y>v%ix6 ;
Enng. "A&og cffua&og Gag.
15 JEgyvT. " ! dsv [tag acovovv avia, iwga d&ovv aanga xat
ol InhgonoL IQV annahov. Tl fiidfiol.0 I TOVTOI ol 2pVQViol
oAot ndvs va yivovv inngonoi yia vet yvpvovovvs IQV xoa^uo.
IJgox&eg, oV (l%a dtwt-Ei vovg snitQonovg TWV futt^rjaiwv, vd aov
xal ol initgonoi lov a^oJisiov. Ka\s 5t/?oAov yviol, dsv [tag
20 cp&avovvs t alia fiagiu B^oda T%g nohTelag fiag, [iovo &ilop, xat
a^oActa' ; Kal ii avepo ta -&i\o^B id a/oAsm ,- *H vd pd&ovvs
id naidtd flag vd ye'vovvs nolvloydfteg xat axafidiaig ;
aot o &tog ! sva naidl l^w, xa'AAto TO' '^>la atga^o naga
juaTta/ueVo. To /is/A?jToo /9t/5Ato 'nov 3s vd dtafiday xartlg as
25 TovToy IQV xo'a^uo Tyat Ta naifg^id tov xat TO xaiaaTt^axt TOV,
vd ygdcpr) id I'|o5a' TOV. Ma XQSida&rjxeg xdvsva yoa^^ua va
atslJiyg slas xdvdvuve ^BydKov, dwae nivxB nagddeg eva yadotgo-
loyiuriarov, xat xa^us ir\v dovheiav aov. Amr\ rj 2^.vgvri ano ta
xotva xaAa v^g nay si vd povhfor}.
30 Enixt>. Kal xwglg xoivd xaAa, xat pdhara voaoxopuov xat
nola X^Q n > aQX OVTOC > ^vvarat vd avaTa&y ;
Tovtflaig govcplatg ! Ta a^oAem fidhara
BhentTS tovg Xlovg ' oao ^Byalovovvs Ta
TWV, Toao nixQalvows id xaAouTraxta TWJ>. "E%ovve xalovg da-
35 axaAov?, xt a^Tot yrj^d^ovvs 'g lalg fvnsialg ' wg xat V TTJV 'ly-
ylusgav nriyavs, tta&<og axov/w. Ol Kvdtavidraig, xvira xwra
156 CHRESTOMATHT.
TO axolfio, &e v dcpyaow raig thatig TWV y fyga&ovv, xat nd-
yovv vd ysvovv oioi Ti^a/^onsvTudfg. T<aga x' oi S^vgviol pag
div xviT(xovvs T^V ytagttv TW, uovov avot&tv piydlo o^oAeto yid
vet AoXaa'tovrat ia naidid iov, va nayaivovvt 'g TTJV (ligayxiav,
v /tie xuTieAa. Atnvaho&rjxuve ! JCaia /iou TO 5
6 xayoviijs 6 TivsvpaTixog ftov ' " *A(pov cpavr)-
o xo'auo^."
Kul dia TO amidJn,
va eJLfJ.
PROVERBS.
1. Kodij t>'t ^ vuqpij /i, /uoVov
2. jKaLUov lya? cpgovipos f^^ooj, Tra^a IVag ^01/0^65
3. Ot TroA/Lot xaoa^oxvoaloi nvlyovv TO xo.5i.
4. e O dtdpokog yldia div fi^e, xat
5. t? xo//a/iVov an/rt a^oirt
6. '^o/ov o^ov aou %a(jlovv t tig T 5ovTia ^UTJV TO
7. Xce^ ytviris fyfi xat Toy /ua'oifoa' TOU.
8. "OTTOIOS xa/] /ze TO ^corov, q>vadsi xat TO x^vov.
9. /Ztray o^ou 5ey TOW'/^, T* a' cVvota^st aV
10. c !va? TotAo? ^^yci TT^V -iiiQav 'g TO nyyddi, x' exaiov 9:00-
11. W 0^ou axor^ TioAAa xoa'o*a, fiao~ca xat
12. ^uo yddagoi tfidkovav tig &vr)v axvQuva.
13. MtTqa dsxa, xat XO'<JDT /utW.
14. 0of'^/ /U'xov TOV ^fi^wya >'a as qpa/0 TO xaloxaigt.
15. "Orav AaXovy ot xoootxot, opt5/ot;y TO arjdovia.
16. Ovr o q/TW/o?, OVTE o Ao/o? TOV.
17. O TI ^ ^ ^ota J TOV yovy TIJ?, TO 'films 'g TO o
18. Oao flaat Ttayza cpalvov, xa* xo^u/uaTt
19. To a'Ao/oy to n^ym^ivov oiav I8r t rr t v ailav
20. 1 Avxog '
FROM CHRISTOPOULOS. 157
21. *!fi)ua#a yvfivog, x' evTgenofictt, evdvpsvog-
22. Mrj kvnaaai TOV xa/JaAAa^v nag xQSfiovTai, ta noddyia TOV.
23. Tov %WQiaTijv TOV lupovaav, x' exelvog &ctg()ovae nwg TOV
24. "Onov nsivaet,, xopfiaTia OVSIQSVSTOU.
25. Ilov nag xaxr) Tv%r] ; '^"TOI/ notoTtzviTi] TO anht.
26. Hug nav, Kogowa, TO, naidia aov / "Oaov nav Toaov
27. ftralysi o Quapiriq, xai degvovv TOV pd
28. "Emaae TO %&t, unb TrjV ovgav.
29. Q&n va Pyahy ti (pldi ano T^V "iQvnav ps TOV TQiJiov TO
FROM CHRISTOPOULOS.
I.
xat
Tov xoapov
o vovg, TO aw// a fiov,
5 To OTy&og xat TO aTOfia pov
ytaTQtvsi xal
JEav &ov?,
OvQOivia xi ueQ
Kgantig xt
10 Kal etag 'g 10. ctiwviu
Tyg yris pag
Ta {$&*] aov
To pUppct aov TO
Ano TOV xoffjuo
15 2Tiyny axtdov av
xoapog oKog afiv
Kail xotTctVTci xat
AT7j(jpeta xa*
14
158 CHRESTOMATHY,
00V,
'H dvvapi) ntydl.r) aov,
aov y do$a !
^V aiowa?
Kal &avpaaTT) aov ngovoiav
Kal -t ap#T aov TO.
II.
Akv -^c'Zw ya elnlaot,
Akv ^e'Aw y
TO ftfM.OV $ TT)V
To a^/uc^a ngoxQiv
To ctVQio T' <jptVa>
To i' VGtfQct &u
Kal ii /us a
Ilors dev TO
HOTS 5iv T' avafiavta,
Hail lov vovv pov x* vm >
Kal
"A? ytvy o T*
dsv pe
fiia o ovqavos,
/ua? a?
Kl o r t )iiog as
Kl ag pelvy
3 y<*> ^JTW TO
Kal TOVTT] ^uo'v' TIJV w^a, 20
'Onoao
Tov "EQW
Kal
va
III.
Mia /ic'' an
FROM CHRISTOPOULOS. 159
To dcihvo yvQVovaa,
.Kl uQya ctQya narovaa.
Ettel TiQog sva
Ms omavTaei o
Ms Uysi ' " Tl anovddeig ;
t
Tt "
10
Ms xonovg xa/ pe novovs,
Kctl [Ao
OVT' ?v
15 Akv J-fvga) V
K' tyw vet
""A! cptis pov," fis
" O ddaxodoc aov cpTctlyei,
Onov dsv e%ei rgonov
20 Kai %uvtig roaov xonov.
av rov
3 y(o as ra
Elg pia anyinr] ancxvta.
25 ZIJT' ofjuag, nglv a
Mia&ov, va as
jTAvxa 7/Avxa 'g roe
Ha va ysvovfis cplkoi."
" "Av" liyw, " agxETog aov
30 *Hv rovTog o fiio&og aov,
JVa, ddaxcde,
Kctl oao &stetg
Aomov
Ms nitxvfi,
35 KgaTtl TTJV TrA^ QWfirjv TOV,
Ms ttd(j.vsi noirjTrjV TOV.
160 CHRESTOMATHY.
IV.
av,
<&covaxld
.ZVf^o nivoviag, ykvxd
Kt\a'iotig TO unaxaxd '
K } tyw nivovrag xgaal
Ms ii]v xovna TTJ zgvaq
V TCC dsvdga -i a
w TO TdQUQU '
"Ek' a$ nlvovpe ftal
C O xa&tras oao g, 10
K(tl tov xoofto rov xcdo
"A? ydovpB aav T^fAo.
Tvylaig vd *%ovv T TroAAw
Ka\ pfyd).a tov xcdd
Kal T nUov ^avfiocard 15
2, TO nioio fitxs
V.
IV
K' iyu vu /5>lf TTCO ndvra
To xd'M.og aov x' iaivct.
"As yevovpovv xrivdxt
Siya oiyu v' ao^w
JVa oxl(o T paMid aov
JVa a' ra
Kal oXog va xivr t aw 10
J -2* T (rcij&r) oov vd neaw
rlvxd vd T (fvorjaot.
"A? rjftovv, relog, vnvog
JVa iQxta^ai TO figddv
IVa 3cVw Ta ylvxd aov 15
Mardxia '$ TO
FROM CHRISTOPOULOS. 161
VI.
C O
*2 roc nd&i] fj,ov dsv
Kal dffyvsi, xotl
JImg TtnoTS dev a<pdMisi '
Talg (ployaig tov dpovsi,
ffiaxu
3 Allov
tovg T
10 Xwglg txviog va ^s'A?/,
Art TOV axonov xovg fiyaivovv,
K* ffieva fie ha%alvovv.
nwg T
K J elg aMovg TU iaux
15 Kal notte x d
'Ogpovv ev&vg 'g
K' ty<a TOV
Kai teyw nwg
lllrjv oaa xi av /ue Jl
20 Exfirog nuvxa
VII.
Elg [MX '
Elg ddai) dyoatgd,
Tov t^e TOV xavptvov
Ms uldega ax^QU.
nofiTtgoard TOV,
TCI pdaavd TOV,
Kal TQSXW piaaTtxog,
1 To xfyi fiov TOV divca,
Kl ctgxlto xal TOV kv
14
162 CHRESTOMATHY.
'noil TOV
Kal TOV xaTa(pi).ovaa
Ms novov xttt xavpoy, 15
Avslniara
A 1 tv&vg ixti
*H Xdgri pe
An xa /ita).).ia p aQnd&t,
"Av&ddrj," fis cpwvd&i, 20
" /Zeof rax
Kl aviov TOV
Kal nuyxaxov xal
Na At'd?;? jUfAfzot? " ;
Xai TOT' ev&vg dqxl& l > 25
Ta xegia pov yvgl&i,
2 TO dfvdgo us xovvTa '
Kal Tf'Ao? ^vf^wfisvij
Tov a&hov /us dsvsi
*2 Tor ^owTa xovra. 30
Kal TO*O ol xui'ut'rot
2<piXia x' 01 dvo
Ms tikvoov
fidaava
iov
VIII.
Elg fiowo tyw xt o
Kl o -&(6g KaiQog o yt
*H Ayani] p dnoaiovas
l$ TOV dgopov jov
Kal o "Eqwiag nfgvovat
Biaaitxd ^ie TOV Kaigov.
" 2idaov" lty<a, "'^Eowra pov,
Kal pyv TO#eT 5 OjUTi^oaTa, 10
'H xalrj avvi6(piaad (jtov
FROM ALEXANDER SOUTSOS. 163
dsv
TOTS fiUnu xat xavv&vv
Kal ol dvo Tovg Ta
15 Kal T' anlovovv, xat d(>xlovv
Kal nnovv TIGTOVV yegd.
" cP/Aot," Mya, " nov
Toai] fila diarl ;
H Ayanri pag, XVTT
20 "Jlgav wp' advvaiel.
TOT* o "Egomag yvgi&t
Kal /us \iyti 10 nagov '
" cZ>/X', o "Egrng avvT)&l&i>
Kal nna pe TOV Kaigov."
"
FROM ALEXANDER SOUTSOS.
C 'ladwys Kanodlajgtag anoJioyov^svog In'
1.
vaiot tov \&vovg, osfiaaTov xgnyQiov juov
Not aag dtoata ^X^oe loyov ruv vo^l^v nqu^wv J
C H 'EM.ag, xaQUi deia, fiUntre, dev tdovJL(a&r).
"Av v\ 2df*og, ar y Kgrjir) } g Tovg fy&QOvg pag
*Av T (pQovgta dsv nfjga iijg Evginov, rrjg 'A&y
Kal av snaia TO ngaypa dexanwTf ouaTovg [iyvag,
Eixa koyovg avwTtgovg '
At avlal ey w TO E&vog - | evbg, Uov pegovg
OfwgovrTsg Ei%a xl Ha va aag
3 [inodiovv va JiaXrjarjg al
2.
'Av xaTW>$wa va xavata TOV nolvTifiov aag OToJiov,
Jkfe TTV filav, us TOV dokov,
f ^ 9 f* w ^
Kal av txvatt TO alpa Ttav'EMyvwv tig TOV Jlogov
164 CHRESTOMATHY.
MS TO jUta#ft)TO ( UO70l rtOV nujTfOV jUOV
*Av jue ffxTjTiToov &Vov xgdrovg dilyaa va oag natdtvaw,
xrL
3.
arvig * ^t TO ^vrtayfia nt&alvu '
Av jU tflcTS ToeTc /oovov? T* uo^oce TOU * TT
Kl CTT' TOV? opxov? juov y Af/
vet xfjvqxxvolyw xai >' xvvrjyw tov tvj
VOL na-tw ryv rvxra, xa* nolliaq, nglv tovg xo/> w,
a 'foo/^w, ya vA/ xa TO yi^ta TOW? ya^ww,
TO yivog' naQivqtg ol adslcpol
Xat ToT? TBaafgfg moral fiov,
'Onov iQf'zovv novgvo pqadv pi T ra'Aofoa V
tovg TTOWTOV? T^? c /Ul3o? o xa&eva$
Jl/7roTaO7j Ta<; x6gai$, T naidia rov
va ovv p tltr), (jte ^ua^cJ ( uT TOV dlaxov
5.
va dtfj o nluaryg tig i&v onJidyxvtov ftov TO fid&og
H aydnij ryg TtargLoog, va TO /iovo^o' pov nd&og.
,7jV XaiSTQ^n TO OpCUTff, 7lA>jV 8ie'(p&ftQU TO
fig nti)&og xaraaxonwv xQVoog acp&ovog
7j^>.7j j vu. ofivow xal (juydkovg xal t uix(jovc,
Ei%a koyovg xri.
6.
dntdsi^a TTWC f juat WU^UTTTOC, <5fy a
d aag iy<a ti^ai, fjtrjv ijT7)Tt 2vnay^L oc'AAo.
s /ue, aov '? TO "Agyog, agpoa/wo-tv Teif/ay,
fit, 'odv 'g TO ^/oj, eVw
Kal Oftvvo) 'g rov Btdoov TTJV O)TJV nug, av
x
FROM MICHAEL PERDICARES. 165
FROM MICHAEL PERDICARES.
Tyv 8s avyyv exetVijv ^
Kal /*' yl&av oV o* qo/Aot cxstv* ol dya&ol.
'O Ttefjuov (JL ijJi&e JiQWTog TioAv nolv Trow/,
77oAi^iooqpO, nolvrhag, nokvTQonog act.
AvTog fig oka ti^tr ev nvtvpa cpvaix6v t
Kal ^av(ia ivykwiTiav xal nagaaTaTixov.
Eanovdaa' eniaT^ag, xal y\(aaaag ?| snid,
Kal f*s ia gafifiaia TWV a%tdov x' fig ia
r v. av f^s xoayv psyav TT^OXOTITJV,
10 *Acpov dsv tlxev ^o?, dsv sl%ev Ivrgon^v ;
Hv xt ci&Qiiajtog TfAe/w?, 8et> do$as ^eoV,
e O xoapog wg do!-dei, Ai 5 OI/T xV sv ov *
4io xt cog f]}inogovoK dsv aq>ivs xaxov *
Tov aAAov v anaiyay TO
15 'fida x' fxel 3 nov ard&i] 11%' scpsaiv
Kara xaigovg v y aA/la^jy TO ytvog, ir\v
IIov enayytthT* "Ayykog, nov Uytt* '
Hov rdMiog psyag /w>', xal nov aotpog rgslo
c Jlg xexgvfifievog nglyxiy xal
20 3 7ti]ys x' elg Blaxluv x J
Kal roaov VTKXQI&I], tfidysvae
Tov exapav ol ndvisg igavag vnodoxdg.
' O nglyxiy ofiwg TOTS div ffys JUCTOIJTM,
Kl tag ngiyxiifj TTO cpllovg davela&r) aoxT.
25 Kaigov TOT' vo' o /7jU7ro, o
va dwaovv ps xsgdog rwv noJiv '
tf>doxeQdflg Big SXQOV, fig SXQOV yet^coAo/.
Kl wg nglyxma T dldovv TOV T^i^ova xaJid
30 Ms aacpakflg eknldag va Idfiaat no\\n '
LiAi' o[i<g alcpvidlag o nglyxiy anna,
Kl avtl va TOV? Pga/fevcr] rovg tcpuys xl aura.
JElf TOVTO wye, T^e^uwv, Toi>g TO 'nai
166 CHRESTOMATHY.
*Ti sig TtTtajovg IVTIOVVTO vd duaovv o/Soio'v '
TotovToq rjv o Tfo'juwv, xal r^v l&aytvrjg
Bv^avuoq, fie olxov, xt 7ro xalovg yoveig.
/Zi^v JUST' avrov dui'awg /TbAvxapTio? fv&vg
'O JVcW IlaTo&v p* 7ji#' xt avro? TroUa
/* ai/ro? e<noJuaj*ivo<; fis TCQOXOJITJV noHiTjv,
dfivog xal ii$ TO yQaytiv, diivbg x* ti^ TO ytaielv. 40
^ro xat TW*' JlaTt'ptav dtv &iiei va Idfj
2v//^dfifjiaTa t v axovay rov qp
K* fva Ttjua, anovdd&i fie OQS$IV noM.r t v,
Tov fityav /ZAovra^ov TOf, xat xa^' v
K.' el? oia tty' ayxlvov$, u$ oJnx TOV xaid?,
Xt a wo TO jus'/a nvfvfta rofii&Tou
/ue oAov TOUTO 3o|a^ IVa ^
aQZyv twv o/lwv, jj q-vaiv %
AM. o%i 7i<ag va aTexrj tag itpogog
Av TQtoyrjc, T] av nlvt^g, % av x-trjvofiaifjg ' 50
4io xal TTJV oxdv TOV afiavl&i naa' av/r t ,
Kl av Tv%r) IttTovgyla, x* txelvrjv
Kal T' aJJia xara rd$iv xaAcu? ra
A'at T/, xat TTOJ^, xat TTOTC, ovds T
l4JLi s Twj v' daTtaa&wfitv xal va iinjj xa&ti; 55
" Tl xdnvtig; " Kal " JImg tlaai ; " MaT&atog qp^av'
ev&vg '
los o Mvgal&v ' rjv ndtfitog xl avTog,
nlaTvg fityd).o$ acpgiyuv xal dvvaTog.
Ano TO BovxogiaTi ^ TVZIJ TJ xaxi]
Not ndy* fig Tyv naiQida TOV iyfQfv txu. 60
Kal ju' rjQxno av^vaxiq did nolnixov
*Jlg qr//.oc, ai'fi7ioUir t g xal nalaiov xaxov.
Aviog, TTJV ytwrjalv TOV (ag tye woTaTjjjy,
Jsv Sla/5e wAa'w? xd^tftlav TIQOXOTUJV '
Kal aTOfjia Tro/LvAoyoy, dnvkwTov xaxov.
3 Eavv&iTe xal xanug fig wpog TO xoivdv,
Kal xur'r* TO daqgovae, TO vou& TQUVOV.
KLEPHTIC AND OTHER SONGS. 167
av cpdoao<plav, 1} xat
70 'Eanovda&v o cpikog, r) xaV
*E<palvft' ovitag if gag, els okovg tgo(jLfgog t
Kl o 8id@ol.og va (pQtfy o nhiov (popfyog,
Totoviog, xa#tof yxov dno anovdyv ugyog,
SvvkyQCtysv aaTelcag x' rjv davfia QTixovqy
75 Kal dfy&g va favgr) didfoxTOV rivet,
"H JTaWtx^y % aM.i]V t TO nvtvpa y' axova,
An* IVa xat an' a'AAov, w$ (pvasi
'O dtdfiolos cpwTia&ri Bv&i>$ e|
K J snyQe iwv a&ewv rag do^otg
80 K 1 ijv Bokvsog, rjv Bofoaig, r\v MiQafiog
Ki wg xygvypa peyctkov avrog avacpavdov
Tag xyQwifv fig oKovg t nott.d*ig xa^' odov,
Hug oaa sin* o xoupog xaAa 7/rc xaxa
Kaxa, tag niQiaxdofig, elv* oAa (fvaixd.
85 l&ev&tQog fig o'Aa, (pdoaoyog fict&vg,
'jSJifieTiog, Bofaalgog, av r^xov x ana&yg.
Jh tiv 3 TT' alrj&tlaf xt amo &a/9o/UxoV,
Ka&f'vag y' anogyari fig tovio TO
Uwj ecp&aafv o xoaftog va rjv 1
90 Elg rag paTaiag 8oag, avtag
Kal fiksnEig o%i (JLOVOV aoyovg
3 A\ku ttai ayQafi^idfO
Na ^t'Awat va dflovv nwg &VQOVV IVce T,
Kal id^a /joArai^/^ovy, t-vkoaocpovv xt amol.
KLEPHTIC AND OTHER SONGS.
I. THE LAY OF MILIONES.
Tgla novldxia xd&owiav 'g T^ gdxr] 'g TO
To Va TriQati jov * AQjivgo, T' aAAo XWTW TO Bakio,
To iglio TO xaP.//'rfoo [tVQiohoydst xal
168 CHRESTOMATHY.
" KvgiB fiov, T'L vd yivijxs o XgrjtfTog o Mihovyg /
Ovds 'g *o -BwAzo (jDaVjjxe, ovds *g 1*1*' Kgva Bgvar}." 5
" Mag flnav, nicju nsgaos x snfjys ngog TIJV "Agra,
axldfio ibv XUTTJ paQ ps dvo 'Ayddsg.
T* UKOvat, ^UQIOL 1011 xaxoqpuvq *
Tov Mavgo^diri Exgal-e xat xor MOV^IUQ KkiiaovQa.
f Eotlg, av -fre'lnt yxofil, uv #&! ngiaioiTa, 10
To XQTJOTO va axoicJaere tov xaniiav
Tovio nQoaid o fiaaihag xal toitde
IlaQaoxeVT) $r t utQov, (TIOTS va /z' eye cpt$si /)
Ki o 2ov)>tindvrig oTak&yxs va nayy va TOV evQj] '
2 TOV AQUVQO TOV i<p&ao~ t xt (ag (pilot, qptJlj^jjxay, 15
c Okovvxilg fTiivavs oao va lij/upwai? '
Kal otav UqpeJ* 17 <*vy*l> nigaaav 'g xd At^c'^ta,
K* 6 2bvlfifi<rn$ q>wva& TOV xajiadv Mthovrj.
' XpyoTO, as &&' o fiaaiJitdg, at &&o\)v x' ol dyddeg.'
' Ooo v o Xgrjatog ^wviavec, Tovgxovg div nyoaxvvust ; ' 20
3fe T fovcjpBxia tiQt&v o tvag ngog TOV ukkov,
U tdwxav *g Trj (ftoTid, xal niaav fig TOV TO'TIO."
II. THE LAY OF GYPHTAKES.
ol xdfinoi ytd vtgd t xt T ftovvd ytd %i6via,
Kal ra ytgdxia yia novXid, x' ol Tovyxoi yia xi<pdha.
*Aga TO Tt vd ylvijxt T\ \idvva TOV JV<JDTX^,
JIov florae ta dvo Tiatdta, TOV adegcpd Trjg, TQIU /
Kal Tiaga 7ria/?co'^^x xt ntgnaTti xal xAate*.
Afijte 'g Tovg xdpnovg cpalvsTai [tyre 'g za
Mag siTtav niga nigaat, niga } g TO.
K.' txti Tovcptxta tnxpTav xal dJiifif
MVJTE 'g Tovg ydpovg tmopTav fir^TS J g T nuvrjyvgia,
Movov TOV rvyTr) Afle/5waav 'g TO yova xal 'g TO %igi ' 10
^"o devdgo eggaylvTqxe, adv xvnaglaai
V'T]).Tj <p<ovov)ia i^A adv naJU^xagt' onov
" IIov 'aai, xald fiov adtgys xal noMa
rvgiae nlata, nags /i, nags pov TO xtydh,
Na /u^v TO ndg' i\ nayavta xal o Piovaovcp Agdnijs, 15
Kal ftov TO nay V *a Pidwiva T 14>1^ Jlaad TOV axvlov."
KLEPHTIC AND OTHER SONGS. 169
III. THE LAY OF PLIASKAS.
1 o nhdaxag, xtlitTai, 'g -irjv tgrj^rj TTJJ
Ms Ta noddgia 'g to vtgo nd\B vtgo yvQevei '
Ms TCC novha avvivxatvs xal ps TU %thd6via.
Tu%(x, Tiovhd, -da yiaiQtv&w ; Taga, novhd, &a ytdvia /
Uliaaxa jti', V df-kyg yiotT^ffia va. yiavovv y
'$ rov "Ehipno, '$ IQV fyogcpov lov
t 'xti 8sv aQQUiatovv, xi
JSxel V ol xkscpiaig ol nolkot, T liaatgu 7iQ(aidia t
Exsl fiotQu^ovv TO. cpkovgia xal TCI xaTiiTavuia.
10 Tov Nlxov necpr' r\ UoTotpiot, rov Xgyai' 17 !
*0 Tohog xannavfif'S qpc'ro '$ TT
Kai TO jUtx^o ^^o7iovAo nygs ii\v
K.I o Jlhtaaxag o xotxopoiyog, o xaxo{ioi(ji(X(j(t8vog t
' 2 iov TovQvafio xuiefiaii'S exu ra asgyiarlay,
15 Kal ol fy&Qol xaioriL TOV TOV nijgav TO xscpdh.
IV. DEATH AND SOULS.
Tl tlvai (javga TO. fiovra xal OTSXOVV
T
Kl ovd* avffiog TOL nofoftdsi, xl ovde figoxi] xa Segrsi,
Movs <5ttt/StV o XagovTag (AS Tovg an^&a^tvovg '
5 2igvti Tovg viovg ano^niQoaTa, Tovg yegoi'Tug
Ta TQVcptga naidonov'ktt 'g Tr\ ott' a
Jluyaxodovv ol ysQOVTfg, x' ol vtoi
XCXQS fjiov, xovftp' tig XMQIO xony' elg xgva
Na movv ol ysgovTfg vfQO, x J ot viol va
10 Kal Ta fjuxga naidonovka va pdaovv
Kl ovd' tig %(OQio xovfvo) 'yw, xl ovde fig xgva
* y fidvraig yia rego, yrcagi^ovv ra naidid Tovg,
T' dvdyoyvra xal xwyiapo div fyovv.
15
170 CHRESTOMATHY.
V. OLYMPUS AND KISABHOS.
e O "Elvpnog xt o KiaaSog TO, dvo fiovvd
To noio rd ffiy rrj /S^o^J?, TO noto va QI'J?
'O Kiaafiog w vfl @QXT}> ** "Elv
Fugled TOT' o Klaafiog xi At/ft Toi; 'Elv
Mrj jue pcdovTji;, "Elvftns, figs xfa(pT07iaTr)[Avs,
3 Eyw '/ui wag Kiaa^og 5 T^ ^idgaaa |xova/ueVo
Me %algnai 17 Xovtaot, x' ot ^dctQaarjvol ayddtg.
TOT' o ^E^v^noq xal liyti TOV Kiadfiov,
Uov os naTU rj Koviaoia x' ol siuQaayvol ayddfs^ 10
K* eyu '/it o FtgolvfiTios 'g TOV xoa^uo Zaxovapsvog.
> < ^w aaoavTa dvo xogyalg, el^FTa 5u6 figvaovkouc,
IJaaa ftgvarj xal cpldfiTiovgo, TKXVTOV xAadt xat
Xat '? T^V J^'J/ITJ |uoy T^V xogcpr) dsTog ty'
Kal fig T yr^fia TOU xoaifl xfcpdli ardgto/nsvov. 15
Kecpdh fiov, TV exapeg x' fiaat y.oiuitTioptt'O ;
&ayt, irovU, TO, VIUTU pov, (pays xal TTJV avdgid ftov,
Net xdfATjg 71TJZT] TO CpTfQO XCU Ttt^ttfll] TO VV%1.
^ 2 TO udoVQO, 'g TO AtQOptOO, ttOflttTwhog ttfTCt^lJV,
*2, rot Xdata xal } g Tov^EkvpTio dwdfxa XQovovg xAe'qDT^? * 20
C |^VT' dyddsg axoTcoaa x' txaya T xwytd Tovg.
Ki ooovg 'g TOV TOTTO aqpTjaa xa* Tov^xof^ xt
Eivai TroAio?, TTot'^axi pov, xal ^nor t uo dsv
n\,r\v TJQ&S x' ^ dyad a ftov 'g TO Tiohffio va ntaio.
VI. CONSTANTINE AND ARETE.
Mdwa // TOU? evvid aov yvioi'g xal //f T^ pia aov
*2 TO, axoTiitd T^V r t Jiovyfg, 'g TO (fsyyog TTJV snlsxig,
TrjV fafpixToxogdtha^fg t$w 'g TO
'Onov aov OTS&a Troolo'ta anal TTJ
KLEPHTIC AND OTHER SONGS. 171
Kfaarot VTyg.
5 z7w(j' Ti)V, fidvva, dwa' TI^VS TTJV 'AQSTJJ 'g TO, J-svct,
IVa '#w x' e/(a nagyyogia 'g ITJ OTgaTU 'nov dia{3aiv(o.
Maw a.
float, KwoTavTy, p aoxyp' dntXoyrj&rjg *
iQlxa yrj ;>, noios ^ fiov irjv
To &so rqg fid&L ty/vrri xal rovg uyiovg
10 "Av ivxy nglxa yr) xatfja, va net v^g trjv
K! Q%tT:at XQOVOQ dioecprog xat ol ivvia, ne&ava *
'2 TOV KuxjTavTlvov TO dacpTio avtana T {.iu).hu, trig.
Ma vva.
2rpov, KaaTavTLvdxiiiiov, xyv 'Ager^ fiov
To &eo fiov (Sdteg eyyvirj xal "tovg
15 "Av
JPCat fisaa *g TCI //eaavuxra ndyei va Tr^g TrjV cpe
L Ti]V xal XTtvl&vvrav t'|w 'g TO
Fia I'Aa, AgsTovha fiag, xvydva [tag as
AgBTr).
'AMpov', adegcpdxi (JLOV, xal T/ Vat TOVT S r)
*Av r]v' gaga y g TO aniTt [tag, va /5'Aw T x
Kl av nglxa, ddegydxt, (tov, va eg&' (og xa&wg ei
KuGTavirig.
nglxa fifjds x a Q a > & a ? xa&wg eiaai.
J 2 Ti) GigaTa OTIOV didfiatvav, V ^n OTgaTa 'nov nyyatvot,
Axovv novKia xal xtkadovv, uxovv novha xal Mvs*
IZovkid.
25 Fia 'deg xoTre'Aa opogcpr) va at'gv'
"Axove, KwaiavTaxr] pov, xal T novha tl Ae
KwaTavTrjg.
vai xl ag xdadovv, novldxia 'vat xl ag AeVs.
3 AQ*Tr\.
a', ddfcpdxi pov, xal hfiavialg
172 CHRESTOMATHY.
.
3 J?X*e Pgadvg snyyafit xarw '$ tov 'Aqyidvvrj,
K' t&vpiaai pa$ o nandg pe to nokv Lfidvi. 30
"Avoids, pdvra /u', avoids, teal vd jyv 3 Agnq aov.
Avoids, pdvra /u', avoids, teal vd
Ma vva.
aigag didfiaive, x< av r t <j' ui
Agitovka (JLOV fainti ftaxgia V
ids, pdvva p, avoids, x' iyta '|U J o KwaTavxys oov '
To &fo aov /?A tyyvTT) xt Toi$ ayioia; IKXQIVQOVS, 35
Av ivj(ri Trglxa yr) %aQa vd not uov TTJV
Kt oao v' dvottC ir^v nogxa TIJS, e&fiys r\
FROM SALOMOS.
TO LIBERTY.
ano ir\v
Tov una&ioi' T^V
2s yvo)()l(o dnb TTJV o
Jlov pe @ia /usrot
2. ^471' xa xoxaAa ^yaJi^sy
Ttav c EM.i,vtov T if yd
Kal aav TTQUTU d
Xatgs, M
3. x7 juc'aa
X' fro aro'/xa d
" >r A ndh," vd aov
4. * Agyi vd 'k
Xi ^zay o'Aa
id '<ma 7]
Kul jd n/.dxui'i r t uxhafiid.
FROM SALOMOS. 173
5. dvaTVrg ! naQfiyoQict
aov fytrt va, Atj
Kcu diyycovTcig toe ret xkctig.
6. Kail xoT)t, KCU uy.uoitoti
Eva. txivnas T' AAo S
Ano T)}V un
7. K' A?, "^ / Tio're jS/dvca
To xttpdh cino rg eQfual? ; "
Kcu aTioxylvovTo anonvivw
Kkcufjuig, ahvactts, cptavalq.
8. TOTS earjxovtg TO ^e
/Cat fig TO ^oi^o' aou taT^' odfia,
llkijdog ai^ta
9. Ms T
on yixivfg tcgvcpc
vyq elg rot, &vu
10. Mov&xn iov d(}6fj.o enrjysg,
Jtv tlr' ivxokuig i] &voctig,
3 av y XQtict ralg
11. * AM.og aov t'xA</ ti ra
oov
Kal at yikaat
12. AM.oi, o'ifis 'g ir\v ovfiupoQci aov I
Onov fyixlyovTo nohv,
v()S ret fiyttS ia naidici aov,
13. <Pevyti onion TO nodu^i,
Kal oAo/A>j/ooo naxtl
H rr}v Tizryix, r t TO ^oora
JIov rfjv do^a aov
15*
174 CHRESTOMATHY.
14. TaTtfiroTotit] aov ytQ
II Tota#Ai
2av m(0%ov 'nov
K* tit'tti /?f*oo TOV 17 0)17.
15. I\W * K/U iw'
aov
// TT)V Vixr/ T t TtjV
16. * An T xoxX
Twv ' Ei.lrivhiv T
Kal oav TIQWTOI a
17. Moliq Ids ii]v OQ^ aov
' ovguroc, 'nov yiit T?
EiS TTJV yr t ir t v prjTQixrjV aov,
^jErpfqp* uvdia xai XKQTIOV
18. 3 EyutlrjTfva ' tcotl f%> ' Or\
Kainx&ovia fjila /?OTJ,
Kal rov f Pr,ya aov anoy.Qi&v]
19. " Oloi 01 Toiiot aov a' fXQU^ocv,
XaiQ(Tan'T(i<; ac
Xt T aTOjUKt
c '0aa aia&dvfini rj
20. *jE(f>tarn$ar wg '5 T' aurt
Tov 3 forlov x< T vyaia,
Kal eatjxwrravs rot
21.
To y.a&iru
K.' fig TO fiBTtano
"i^ft IfJtVTQCt
NOTES.
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS.
139 If 2. 9-ily va ^.iyri, wishes to say. vojuros, first, as an adverb.
146. fi ffeQta,, wisdom, not the wisdom. 152. 2. a $/>e/u.os
rt)f, the way to her, not her way. r'offov $v<rx4\os offov, so difficult as.
rev refers to "bgofti);. ^avra^avra/, supply they or peojde.
etrav x-t>e%cogt7t rto-ev ilxoXun^ov, the farther you advance, the easier.
3. <rav itnvro'v rev, himself. $lv Sa rov vriffrtuffovv, they will not be-
lieve him. 165. 4. xet<rnyo(>nrui ptovat rov, equivalent to xxrwyogy
rov IO.UTOV rev, censures himself. 205. 2. vri^ifo-oTt^et, more than
he says.
4, 5. $< vet xg'vy ns aXXv, in order that one may ascertain whether a
person. 134 : 226. et.va.yxn . . . . va vv*i, it is necessary that he
himself should be. 133 : 225. 1. el iF\uo>rioi a.^^u-rei, the
greater part of mankind. va a-raTvwvra/, depends on vrgoxgivouy.
225. 2. S/a fticiv .... fiiav TM, for some favorite notion of theirs.
lettpja. vet, %yruffi, than to seek. 225. 1.
6, 7. otrov Tit itva.1, the more one is. rofev, the more. rttif
aXXawj KTifttut, others of dishonesty, or that others are dishonest. 197.
^la^io-fAtvoi, from 2<0g/. av at vo\7<ra.t Ifyoi^uvreu, whether the
citizens worked. ivgia-xetv, imperf. from tv^'urnu. 232. 2.
oxvr^ov, being idle. eiv&otvvav, in apposition with rov. orris t%ti
ffxovov vat, @\K\l>y, who intended to injure. 225. 1.
8, 9. xetrot >r(>euTnv Qo^ctv, for the first time. 7s, saw, from /3A?r<w.
oXiyov 'i^ti^t >' a?roSav>j, she came near dying. 132. 2.
u-TfO rev $fiov <rr>s, of fear. liptfiqSv, from ^o/Saw^a/. i<rr t yt, from
#nyu,ivta. va ffwofAi* fay, to talk. 226. ft etvrev, with him ;
ft,* for pi. t%a,ffi, lost, from x&vu. IffVftfiouXtvt, repeatedly ad-
vised. va, xo-^ouv .... vet'.s tiixetis ruv, that they too should cut off
theirs; ibixetig refers to ai^a/j, and <ruv to aA^rt/3j.
10, 11. \Qi\ov<ixovffuv, were disputing, not simply disputed; from ifuXo-
nixv. i<TTa.n<rKv, had been, from tJ^ui. ^ 219. 1. yv^vot,^iffen
.... x.iov, you began to exercise in the ancient times, or you have been
[ 40 exercising this long time. irgoirSifi, from r^as-S^Ta/. txi7va/, that
is, 01 <riTt/vw. IrfiftvovffKv, imperf. from TO-I/U.VTU, to peck. on rtv
176 NOTES.
xarecri%ouv, that they persecuted him. 219. 1. revs 7$s / w- 140
revs vet rffifvrovv, equivalent to Tbiv on xa.} etvrol irffip-rovo-etv. 163 t
134 : 227. tvj rev ot\Xov, equivalent to the Greek iMfaovs, one
anotlicr, irot(>nyoriti, from vra^nyo^o v/ut,en.
12, 13. tvas tetroes, a physician. letr^tvi, was attending in his
medical' capacity. 2f ao-i&am, would not have died. 235. 2.
tat* et*-i~%i, if he had abstained ; from i-r't^u. e \vxes, a wolf.
trotyl, from r^i^a. va rev Qoiyr), to eat him. 226.
IfaaxtaXiffi, from >ra.^a.xa.\S>. <*, from oiQivv. yra%vvy t aor.
subj. from iret%vvu. xoftftoiri, a little. irtie-S-n, from -rtiB-u.
ptrct xcti^sv, some time after. IgamJjASi, from ^etvetf^ef^cci. ivojt-
xi, aor. from iv^ie-xu. IvSvpirt, aor. from i*9-vp.i%a. va. pnv rt
rgiffft.it*ri . . . . a trec^vvri not to wait till he became fat.
aor. subj. from /uirctfixiw.
14, 15. o ^ivri^es aitSivrvs rov, his second master. rev
than the Jirst. vet, rov ivtf, to find for him. 190. xXX/a
iiftatn .... avSirretf , it were better for me to be with my former masters.
223. 1 : 180. N. 2. S' fyyiv^ will tan; &' for So. x),
even. ftiect vuioctv, one day ; accusative of time. >.ifteivi /u.ov
iftvgirt, I have perceived the smell of frankincense. 1 90 : 1 94. 1 .
16, 17. ft'iav tpogav, once upon a time. ire, than. xui xioaret,
also horns. *{ at , for. x*>s va. ro nl^et, without knowing it.
vet Ty fttiSri vet, firei, to teach her to fly. ^rt 2iv tivttt TJJ; ^w-
rt*f rns, that it was not natural for her to fly. /3gf&(/$, being tired
o^her; from ftet^iovftai or fietgvvaft.oii . itr^i, from vetiove*. rnt 141
<pnft xefii-ritri, he let her fall, literally, he let her, and she fell : a<p
from a.<f>'t\u, t<rtrt from <r/rr*. tyivi xtftptana, was broken to pieces.
18, 19- itrvr^HrSr), whitened himself i from afv^u. uvctxotruS-rixt
fjt etvrcist mingled with them. t<rtfrgi<pti t for f<nV<rc^i, he returned.
va, yivovv, to become, from yivtftou. oeis ffionB-avffet/Aiv, we would
help you.
20 - 23. l Hypoi rns 'A/u.tixr,s, the American Indians. %*>ri7rett
agrees with <$!/, and is understood after the other nominatives. 127.
2. ifro&ii xetifot, there was a time, or the time was. r/ iTww,
that he was, not that he is. avrt^ovre, opjtosed each other ; from
urriQiifoftoii, with the Greek augment. as atpjfvfttv, let us leave.
228. 1. eivx^etfiftcivefttv has the force of the future. 209. 2.
<r).iv adds nothing to the sense. vet re i v^ ?, to find it. $}>
r tSftffxt, he could not Jind it. t^a^t, from rei^v. a TOV Ji/|ji,
if he would show him- nv^t, aor. from IVOHTXU. oirov, which.
24 26. rev, for him. 1 9O. i-ystvovo-t, from yivva, to lay.
211. ivfixtv, from tv^ifxu. irrdSn, was stuck. t/3yA,
that is, yi^avog. rt <$<ivii, it is enough for you. y* revs Mr? 142
MISCELLANEOUS EXTRACTS. 177
142 *"*> i give them a king ; Jury, from tfiu. tj>p*>%t, aor. from pv%vv.
<pw)/av, from Qsvya. xxvivx eix>.ov xxXjngov, some better one.
xxr 1 xvruv, at them.
27. \fiynxoiv, aor. from ifiyetiw. ipfivxi, from ipfrxuu.
tnxo-xv, divided 'i-ftx-trxv, eh-p-heah-san ; the regular form would be
i-rixa-xv. 5. N. 1, second paragraph. v rev ><rt avS^/a rev,
whether his (the ass's) valor pleased him (the lion) ; the first rev refers to
AVT/. x \yu o ftiaf, even I inyself. 66. 2. 3t v ';v
rx xetrxffri^x pav, should have been frightened to death; 9-t vx '#,
imperfect conditional from %xvu. 25. 1 : 235. I.
28. 01 vturt(>oi"}Lx\wis, the modern Greeks. vvvxex rut Tovgxav,
subject to the Turks; that is, Wallachians, Armenians, and Jews.
etreu refers to t^ttj. ixirviotix ... . TJV ^xyftdrsiei, skilled in trading,
which cannot be said of the Turks in general. a xeue,efti%ii/>i%ireii t
abuse. This is nothing uncommon. When this extract was written (say
40 years ago), a Turk had a right to abuse any Greek whatever in Turkey.
29. t'va x.ofx.f&tt.'ri xgietf, a piece of meat. 143. tfiru^tv, from
yftru. fi xv^a, Mdgv, Master Renard. ?rXv x^lfta, .... ei<fu-
>v, but what a pity that such a bird should be dumb. elpa cixautrt, no
sooner had he heard. x<ti tlS-i/s, than. (ii oXet rou ret 'Suvara,
with all his might. oA.a ret. t%ns, XO^KXO. pav, you have every thing, my
dear Master Crow.
30. 31. ffurvfft #offav .... Aiaj , he asked for how much Jupiter's statue
1 43 could be sold. 1 99. xapfpa, as a present. tit TV orris, to
him who should. 158. raits ciXXaus $>> that is, Jupiter and Juno.
itpttyuSn, from r^uyu. xet.} ro- ei\\o, moreover, further, in Greek
ceAXoi; re. l^/vat in apposition with ftt. 162. ra yivts, by
birth. ro t%tiv rev, his property. 76. N. rav xxxaftaigav rev
'Axrxiuvet, unhappy Actceon. 154. 1. rev iQayxv, devoured him.
164. 2. \ff*.xff*i, from a-Xdrra.
32-35. Qgaxos, Thracian, adjectively. tr^uyxv, usually ate,
211. vrfiyiAx, refers to the preceding sentence. S-sXewv, say,
assert. 'iarwi, from ervva. ITX.VU tif, upon. off rig, who-
ever. tTva/, supply he. rev veXiftov tfAfiigos, skilled in war.
185. vrorl rev, never in his life. $<, in behalf of.
Xtytrxi, it is said. 132.3. virvfet, existed, aor. from vvx^u,
which always takes the Greek augment. S$y iJvxi ft xvrti, is not the same*
iriguo-y, aor. sub. from T^VA*. r^oQii 'i-r'rov, food for a horse.
144 36, 37. Sty Tg'fru vx yrifrtveavrxi, must not be believed. /**/ rev,
with him. 189. tXiyxi, would say. otroi rev tifyvgetv, as many
as knew him. xxrurxrx, sc. pi. p\ ix Qomxixo* irXouv, in
a Phoenician vessel. ixiv^vvtvt vx -rviyy, was in danger of foundering.
v, for the more regular piifS-uffi, from fivrru. tx\iyxv, aor.
J78 NOTES.
from xX/y. - tymv *t*rtos .... Higtriti, lie was the cause of the lost of 144
so many Persians. 180 : 225.
CORAY.
1-6. fiaXueiv K%W, the same as i^itruft, begin. - $/' O.VTK, for
them, that is, tSvn. - trctgu, than. - xeti rX/v, again. - fofiiireu
ri-fj, for ^/5i?T/ fjL^Tiu; ri<rj, fears lest he fall. - $tv ?/*$, ACTS nof
learned. - ixlvvtreu, puts off, followed by c-rXsv. - SiXt< fcgabvvii, 145
fut. act. from fyulvvu. It may be observed here that Coray began to use
publicly the barbarous infinitives in m and ?, in the year 1810. - tt%ii
i$i7, pluperf. from >).'tTu. - ail <re .... yyup.m. Here we have a
specimen of pedantic twisting; the article is separated from its substantive
by ten intervening words. Pretended Coraists are particularly fond of the
figure of ginglymus. - *-iv<tibiu(*iv*iv, for xatiivftiiuv, from *a.i$ivu. 81.
N. 3. - era* xoti civ QuTiffS-ii TO Sf, how much soever a nation may
be enlightened. - ruv S/a raw? ttrotovs, a Coraistic arrangement for
Ixf/vwy Oia, TOVS oiroiovg.
7, 8. TO ttvTo, the same, from I O.UTOS. - vSiketv XK/UH, aor. con-
ditional from x/*v. 236. - V OLVTO TOVTO, for this very reason.
- a$i*ouvrai, sc. avroi, referring to /u.ioo;. - tit oftt, for tig Ixi7t
r*. - liv iT< X.O.T ? rXri, at Jirst are nothing but.
KOUMAS.
1-4. ot KXecrra/ .... yivous, there were two kinds of JZTephts. 183. 146
- 'Aa./3ava) Mwa^ciS-antf), xeti X^<rr/a5/, Mohammedan Albanians, and
Christian Albanians. The Christian Albanians often pass for Greeks ; but
they are no more Greeks than the Hindoos are. - firms, that is, ot
Xf/<rrav< 'Ax/Savs/. - Ifttfyavra, a villanous word for iffft-'iyivro or \fti-
yvvoiTt. This author writes the Romaic tongue like a foreigner who is not
well acquainted with it. - Ixtivevs, that is, TOVS MvaptSitvov; 'Alfiavovs. -
- i<puftuv t imperf. from \<^o^u. Koumas, in compound words, gene-
rally uses the Greek augment. -- wa<r<rX. In Turkey, especially in
some parts of European Turkey, impalement was a favorite mode of punish-
ing Greek robbers.
5 9. rets vetrgtiets T*>, their respective native places; vecrfoet, in
Romaic, most commonly means one's native place. - <r^o weXAst/, early.
- turoi iTv*/ .... T?J 'ExXaSa?, these are the celebrated Klephts of
Greece. - */>, supply 2/$i; ,?. - lutlt^'oftivoi, supply el KXt-
rra/. - ol xgetTevvns, the government, that is, the Turks. - T> 147
i3ixr,v rtv ftiofia, his district ; governed by
KOKKI1NAKES. 179
147 from uvriffrttiva. a,vi,a*ffi, aor. subj. from uvri^a. ro reu
Mrwxa/3Xa, the vrgtuTunv of JSoukobhalas . TLu-ra T&v&v/uies, com-
monly called HitretSufAios (pronounced HavraSvfAvioi). 'Axjj yar,
All pasha. The Turks put the noun denoting an office after the proper
name ; except trouXrav when prefixed to a man's name, as trouXroiv SE*/^.
148 10, 11. revs 10/Aowv rjy ^r^6, kissed their hand. Respect is shown to
a clergyman, or to any person, by kissing his (or her) hand, and then touch.
ing it with the forehead. TV iv%w ruv, their blessing ; which consists
most commonly in the expression i%t rtjv tu%v followed by tev Qtav,
reu XgrTau, or rJJf IIavay/f . o Kovpits, undoubtedly the author of this
piece. ri 'A%i**.ia, &c. Tsaras, not being deeply versed in Homer,
no doubt thought that Koumas meant to insult him.
KOKKINAKES.
(Translated from the German.)
1-13. fl.3-a y . . . . *o$\nfi,K, I have come to make a proposal to
you. titrS* takes the number of ;. 125. N. 1. TOU *jy, of
life ; the infinitive *ifv, from <w, has the force of a substantive and depends
on rgoro;. tg%ifS-t has the force of the future. Ifi^n^ierB-ovfAiVf
for the more regular foj^ug/fdwgM)', from ivn%ugiofKi. &v *%*>
.... f^axivlvviiuru, I have nothing to risk. Sa, but pray.
fi^,o>civ^vvivtTt t will you not risk.
149 1-13. 7y/, there is. {rgay^ari/a ruv fxXafiuv, the slave-trade;
in apposition with xifiofKowia. ft\ ra ffuff-ra. ffus TO Xiytri ; do yow
say it in earnest! The plural here is used for the singular. 125. N. 2.
\1u Tija, here ; is not necessary to the sense. *' &,
here, literally from here; K-TO is used, because the departure of the vessel
is a prominent idea in the mind of the speaker. vyi ysgov, healthy.,
sound. TO xoffros, in apposition with y^offiu. iwn&j, since, be-
cause, has reference to o%i vrt^trirort^ov .... oxru. 2i*a ^<r/,
supply a-Xjjjavi or Stit,
CHOURMOUZES.
23 28. tl-rl va, pi Iroiftxirovv, tell them to prepare for me. *"
txtTvo .... fd^rt rou, but its back aches. 162. N. Vy yot'i^ovot
oLQtvnxa, a JLrst-rate jacknss. evrou ctyofHttu. %uXa, belonging to the
man of whom I have bought a load of wood.
150 1 - 10 - .... Tifers, it wants nothing, literally, nothing is wanting
to it. 162. N. vraiytt xatvtis .... aJ&ay<r, one might make a
180 NOTES.
superb appearance on Us back, literally, one goes riding on it immortally. 150
fit *** rev .... yeiiloui t you will go to thunder before I ride on a
jackass. cj^j trets, a* you please. trot/tun m IOVPI^U, prepare
the shaving apj>aratus.
15 26. #' txiivot t%ouv a*//S, but they are dear. rpug ^fat^uetg
r tv, three drachmas a-piece. 199. fi^t p.t . . . . xeXTn'<r<w,
fcring we Me breakfast also. a* faiyw inu.vm.un*> for oXtyti; a*ur&v-
rtttf, of a little rest. tig rtvs rfx/vj, in the hot sun. va xipu ret
ttettQt, to play the deaf, that is, to pay no attention to what they say.
27 36. igiffTt, please, sir, here is the breakfast. tvet /u.roxei^.t
rttftreiytet, a bottle of champagne. 143. a.u-6 r t%us fvffrnpa, it u
your system ; KVTC refers to the expression aQov TiKuua-vi . . . . l\v itvau.
X/j, for ktyrif, from \'iyu. 84. 1. BEV ma/, Mere is no Tnortf
of it, or it is out or Jinished. T )^/, e///ie srvT/ie quality of cham-
pagne. av SiXjTi .... iragu, if you wish me to buy at that store ;
here is used before Ii7 because -x-a^u denotes bringing from.
ftet^ifrct, itiro TO Tbtov, ironically. ri atotjrfs orav titrcu, what a fool
you are. 175. N. T foot . . . . yiitran ; can it be of the
same kind and cfieaper ?
2-13. a.96 TO xaXar/, the king's household. a-ra oXawj TOUS ft-ml- 151
fTfovf, the stewards of all the ambassadors. pS/, a barbarism for
^9av&y, are enough. ftigx tv%Ta, day and night. 250. 5.
pivot Sa rivet, I must needs drink. Af&y, Ai^n, a dog's name.
>, pyi xa>., take this, eaf //. Bet rapt, from T>/y. 84. 1 .
ofjffTi, here they are, sir. *$i fillet Sa r* TO. \iytt \ must I tett
you these things every day 9 o-' for rtv. Tychodioktes is rather angry.
ilrlsy for tlri, from xiyu. tit T*IV uia, at one o'clock. 1 50. 2.
14- 33. xeti }>\v iio'iyiTi, why dont you open- eiXnB-net .... rr*-
%eie-9-ttxet, sure enough ; I did not think of it. fit T Qiyyd^i, by
moonlight. *VTO xaXa TO Xtj, you are right there. XjS-na, by
the way. Xi, for Xtyouvt, Xiyeuv, from Xtyu. ^tetTi vet p.i)t
f%vv .... ofyot -, why do not the other stars aho have tails ? Here, if the
indicative (/*< St i%ovv) were used, a definite answer would be expected.
245. tioTt iJveti xXa/3, because they are tailless ; a truly philo-
sophical answer. ftevav, but. yietri for titrt, because. *i
ttvroi, he too ; pronounced XIUVTO; by synizesis.
1 9. r*f TI tfiyyixi, he has Just gone out. 9-' i^-yrio-vt vet irt- 152
rr^i-v/'jj ; will it be long before he returns ? or will he return soon 9
> ?xj?, sc. ixtTvas implied in orotos. orattg Sa rev , whoever
should want to see him. xeti -TftffftiviTi, do wait, or will you please to
wait. ru(>a. Tugei, very soon. vet T rxu/Ci, liere is his dog.
x,*} i ftttf, he himself also.
10-27. xce,}.uf, welcome, I am glad to see you ; supply
QEKONOMOS. 1Q1
152 or ffiapiv. tifai araXXw .... ibu ; have you been here long?
A&a, I have just come; compare ru^a. on ifiyvxs, above.
... xx-^if, really it is very hot to-day. KVO %3is, since
yesterday. va fti xupovv, for on &a pi xdpOvv, that they would make
me. 227. va l/SXt-reTi, for 3a 1/3/uVsri, you would see. 100.
N. 4. jj'SsAi va xapu, for the more common tjStXt xeifiu. 100. N. 2.
a/ro T^V rfx/ov, in consequence of the heat of the sun. ogyavtirftot
TIJ s atrrvvofAiuf, the police-regulations of Bavarian Athens burlesqued.
It should be recollected that the play o Tv%edtaxryif, from which this is
an extract, appeared in the year 1835.
29-31. etfAct vvxTUffy, as soon as it is dark. xavf/; . . . . va ejSy??,
no one shall go out. a^ro v*g/j, early in the evening. 242.
153 1-31. o%i lot! Oh no. o'ray fiXtx-ovv, that is, el <r*Wa exru
police men. 3)j rJJf if&apetiof .... xugiaxriv, twice a week, Thursdays
and Sundays.
154 8-16. offrif fyv^u xxi avotyivurxtt, whoever is able to read, or knows
how to read. 221. 3-atJ^a, admirable. */ ay ijirevr ....
xarffia. ftou, and if you had been in my native country, that is, Bavaria, as
Tychodioktes represents the new masters of Greece. ol
used ironically.
CEKONOMOS.
20 - 28. xaXw fift'^et fftt;, &%ovr<e, good morning to you, sir. xaxn
fas .... "^vxtft go to thunder; other irritable persons use the ex-
pression Tjy xotxrt ffttg xett Tjy ^v^^ o-ay. rt i/va< ogicrftos ffuf, what
is your command, or what do you wish. TO a^txparay, that is, fifttTf ol
i-rirgovei <rov vaffoxoptteu. pov, untranslatable. 191. its ri-
TOIOV .... xuigov, in these hard times, as merchants say.
155 1-7. va /* ffvp-KKSyxriTi, I beg your pardon, or begging your pardon.
TO. (jt.lr{>K rtis, its proper limits. o^o^o trgapte, pretty thing this /
133. IXan ffrgetfioi .... TO /3/ij, a proverbial expression.
*' uffrt^a, ....'{ IfAivx, and then what do you want of me, or what did
you come here for. xovreroi ffTgafioi .... 'A^/avT^vj}, the lame and
the blind go to Saint Anthony's church to be cured, a proverbial expres-
sion. Instead of '; TOV 'Ay;avTwv>j, others use f rov ' A*ivccvrtXsyft.ova,
to Saint Panteleemon's. 'Ivetg ar' etlrous, one of them, that is, rovt
&t%nrat t the rich.
8-14. avaSs^a rovg, cursed be they. 200. &tXevvi va <f>dvt,
for dtXat/y va ^ayat/v. *' vffTi^a, .... -^v^ixo ; and then do you
suppose that we do not spend something for charitable purposes 9 Charity
or alms is called -^v^ixo'v (from -^w^w), because it benefits the soul of the
16
182 NOTES.
giver. K?teg i f*.i<r$js ret s , sc. tiveu, you will be rewarded in Para- 155
dise.
17-28. a-avi, for a-aya/voi/vi, vayu'uovv. t-rir^ai, for t-rlr^o-rot.
V tt%et 1nu%u, I had just driven aivay, or no sooner had I driven
away. a <rov, behold ; rov is untranslatable. xXt in such expres-
sions loses its primitive signification. /3^, for /2*i, from fotgug.
$ vat o Stcf, glory be to t/iee, God, an ejaculation of frequent
occurrence in the service of the Greek church. In the mouths of the
ignorant it is equivalent to Se|* <ru $tu, thank God. xaXA/a T '3{Aa
.... yott.fifia.riff /em, I would rather see him blind than learned; ra "9-sXa,
by crasis, for TO r,3-tXa. TO ft,tya.\riri^a /3//3A./a, the biggest book. The
Greeks, like all other half-civilized nations, believe that the wisdom con-
tained in a book is determined by its size. Vow 3 vac, . . . . *av{)$,
which one ought to read, literally, which one sftall read. ft, for tig, in.
xxnyavt fnyoi\av, some great man, or grandee. vrivrt sra^aSff,
t five paras. When this piece was written, five paras were equivalent to
something less than two cents.
35, 36. us xxi *y, even as far as. f^yetn, for fVJjyax, from <r-
ytt't+u. *UTT XVTTX, by paying constant attention to. 240.
6, 7. o xcf^auJ(.ns 6 rnuftarixos fteu, my good confessor. cttyov [56
^avr'xav . . . . o xoffief. Learning was considered a sort of impiety by
many good people a few years before the Greek revolution, because the
learned, especially the half-learned, were, with very few exceptions, infidels,
atheists, libertines, &c.
PROVERBS.
2-4. xaXX/av .... ^/Aj, a prudent enemy is better than a foolish
friend ; supply r^ay^a before the neuter xaXX/y. e i vroX\i ....
xa'j3<> to many cooks spoil the broth. o $<a/3Af .... \vou\n, the
devil had no goats, yet he sold cheese. Cheese made of goats'" rnilk is
very common in most parts of Greece.
5- 10. tig xoif4.etfftivov .... uvet<pitfs, speak not of ropes in the house
of a man who has been hanged. ciXoyav .... /SXiTjjf, you must not
look a gift-horse in the mouth. xaSt ^ivrtis .... fteigruget rev, the
witness of a liar is another liar. o'-reio; .... xgvor, a burnt child shuns
the fire. T/T .... xetitrai, 178. 2. x* ixotrov Qgoviftot 2iv
T| Iftyu^ovv, but one hundred wise men cannot take it out.
11-18. cirav axolf .... XK\K$I, when you hear that such a place
abounds with cherries, take a small basket with you (for you will not find
many) ; uxel; for ixovus. p.'iv^ct Bi* .... xoif-n, measure (the
cloth) ten times before you cut once. eurt . . . . o ^.'oyas -rav, 133,
last example. oetg .... <r*o:>teiru, appear always what you are, or
even less than what you are.
CHRISTOPOULOS. 183
157 21-26. tfAttS-et .... ivtivpivef, I have learned to live naked, and now
I am ashamed to appear dressed. -- (w Xvreiffeti .... re5a/ <rov, pity
not the rider because his feet are hanging. - ovrov vrtiveia . . . . ovttgtvtreu,
177. - <rov <rf . . . . re fviri, whit/ier art thou going, bad Fortune?
To the house of the universal genius (to be his companion) ; VKS for W-
ys/f, from fa.yu. - Teat <ry .... fAxv^tuv, How are your children*
Master Crow? The older they grow the blacker they become ; -rav for
flrayai/v, from
CHRISTOPOULOS.
I. For the measure of this song, see 266. - xaravrS, */
1 Oo inevitably becomes. rat. x,ot.K\n <rov, sc. fla<. - lsyaXj <rov ft
great is thy glory.
II. For the measure, see 266 : 265. - re
what will happen in this life. -- re fvpifK, to-day, used substantively.
157. - re T* t/Vri^a S ylj, <Ae question, "what will come to pass?"
r\ for ri, drops the / because it is followed by another accented I.
159 III. For the measure, see 266. - a^ya a^ya, very sloivly. 147.
- t/j f&ix .... aTav, for KTTXVM iff pux o<riy[jt,ri, in an instant. -^
^T', for fyru. -- agxtros <rov, satisfactory to you.
160 IV. For the measure, see 261. -- <rtyX/f w '^t;y .... xaXa,
ifs many a?u/ ^reaf coniforts are nothing; literally, may its many and great
good things go to ruin.
V. For the measure, see 266. - j yivevpovv, Oh that I were !
- va 9 ra, for vet, trou ra., by a most violent elision.
161 VI. For the measure, see 266. - fteva^et revs, of llieir own
accord. 66.
162 VIII. For the measure, see 261. -- fi 'Aya-rw ptov, my beloved.
- ffrtiirov, aor. imperat. pass, from ffrtxopteu. -- y*g in earnest.
- fvvtid-ifyi x,eu KITS., is accustomed to Jly. 221.
SOUTSOS.
163 F or the measure of this extract, see 262: 261. Observe that
Soutsos is fond of long verses and short ideas, lor' 19-y/xJJj ffuvtXiv<rtai,
before the national assembly.
1. !rj, for l-rtj^a, from ra.'io^u. - Jfra/! .... fttjvats, I have been
negotiating fifteen whole months, like a true diplomatist, without accom-
plishing any thing. - ul auXeti, the courts of Europe. -- ri ro X.KU.H; \
what can you do ? that is, you can do nothing. -- at ffvft/jta.^iecl 3wa-
piis, the Holy Alliance.
184 NOTES.
2. rrX. The American reader will be reminded of the blowing up of 163
the frigate Hellas. %'wou xgdreus, foreign power ; Russia is meant.
3. r' rovs tgxovf ftov X(/T, perjuring myself, literally, being want" 164
ing to my oaths. xvwyv rtv ruT, to persecute the press. Capo-
distrias, like a true Russian nobleman, considered the liberty of the press a
political nightmare. ra, vu-^tec. reut X,v**t t bastinado them to death
(almost), to beat after the Turkish fashion.
4. f*.rvi{, supply iiveit. Tov^o pgotiv, morning and evening.
250. 5. rouf Tg&rovs, the Jirst men. fjnt^u^ttra. rev ^trxev,
contributions collected at church.
5. xarirgt^a ra, (pur*. This implies that Capodistrias was not in favor
of enlightening the nation ; no true Russian is.
6. B<, Bhiaros, one of the brothers of John Capodistrias.
PERDICARES.
2-4. For the measure of this extract, see 268. The reader will 165
not fail to observe that the measure is not suited to the subject, p* x,
came to my house, literally, came to me. -ro\.v rXti */, very early
in the morning. waXwrXas, that has endured much ; a Homeric
word, suggested by Txtput. a-aXi/T^a-ray, suggested by rXvrX*? :
here, Txtftwv suggests irtXi/TXa; $7f 'O^ufftvt, which would naturally
bring along $ <rflX/T<ry, es ^cX ra/.Xa, rX*y^S^j. it/, always.
It may be observed here, that this author most unnecessarily uses Greek
words. His style, however, could not be called strictly macaronic.
6-9. 3-etvptet tvyXttrTtai, wonderful eloquence. ?| tirra, six or
seven. 251. 2. /u\ ra ^a^ara rw, with their letters or literature.
To know a y\u<roa.v fjLi ret yaa.ufjm.Ta. rns, means, not only to be able to
speak it, but also to read and write it. o-Xfjy T/ *< a, but what iff
} K* to be pronounced */, can.
1315. Stv ei$in xnxov, he would leave no evil undone. riv aXX
.... r.Sixov, to cheat his neighbour he considered meritorious or moral.
il* *' txit ViJ rra^w, wherever he had been.
19. xixau 'ftfti* <s rgt'yxnj', a prince in disguise.
25. TLdju.*t, whose first name was 'Apfyoffiat, was a distinguished
maker of ffri%ot xttxi*ixol, crab-verses, that is, verses which read equally
well (?) both ways, (as fvru^a eL^et {,) and are, of course,
destitute of sense.
27. 1*rtn t to lend.
SO. <roXX, much interest.
32, 33. rtvf tQayt xi ttlra, he cheated them, even out of the capital.
revs re 'trou%tf xXey, you served them right.
PERDICARES. 185
166 37. NV Xlarjwv, the bishop of New Patree. 153. xi etlrcf
wXXa /3aSvj, he too a very deep philosopher.
41. $10, therefore, refers to /SaSv?, \ffro\iffpivos, Suva's: that is, he
despises the writings of the Fathers because he is too much of a philosopher.
45, 46. ti; o&ec rev xu^eg, Jtrst-rate in every thing. x} KTO rt
fjLiya. .... TjXe';, on account of his great genius he is considered crazy.
The ignorant of Greece have an impression, that a man of great genius or
learning must of necessity be in some degree insane.
51 - 53. TV oxeiv rov, his oka of wine; say, his pint. KJ v rv%y
\nrov^yix, and if he is required to read mass. A Greek Bishop, priest, or
deacon, is forbidden to taste any kind of food or drink in the morning if he
is to read mass. But Polycarpus, being a philosopher, was of course above
the canons of the church. xxXeHg, coolly, philosophically.
55-58. aXX* 'ius v' uffveurS-topiv, but before we had time to salute one
another. o Mvgetiuv, the archbishop of the Myrians, that is, of Myra,
a city in Lycia. Tldr/xio; xi uvros, he too was a Patmian ; the
speaker is supposed to be a native of Patmos. tpafivs trXarvf, an
ostentatious fellow.
60 - 62. furfia, our native place, that is, Patmos. lxt~, there,
where the speaker was. <raXa<ov xetxov, an old nuisance or bore.
67, 68. tig uQos T XOHOV, in the common style, that is, m Romaic,
which is called fi xoivv yXutrffit, in contradistinction to n 'EA.Xjy/x>7, the
Greek, that is, the ancient Greek. xiin TO Sappoufft, he thought it
(his composition) was something great.
167 71. tya/vsr', he would have been. 235.2.
73, 74. Toiavras, such being his character. xa$&>; .... u^yof, as
he had no studies to occupy his mind with. S-et.up.et fri%iu i yos t a
capital poet.
82, 83. xS-' tb'ov, for xa.ru., in the streets. <*$, that, on.
86. civ T<jy xi, for av xcci %rev, although he was.
93. irus fyugouv eva rl, that they know a thing or two.
KLEPHTIC AND OTHER SONGS.
Leake, in speaking of the iambic tetrameter catalectic ( 269), in which
most of the popular songs are composed, makes the following remark;
"The measure of the old English ballads originated in all probability
among the Greeks, and their adherence to it, while it has been confined
among us [English] to the lower class of poetical composition, marks the
stationary and unimproving condition of their literature in comparison with
our own " ; which seems to imply, that short verses are a sign of civiliza-
tion. This measure, it should be remembered, is as old at least as the Old
Comedy.
16*
186 NOTES.
I. TO 'v, for ro tva. rr^uti, from rrou. xa.ro. re BX<r, 167
towards B/ialtos. vi v y'wxt, u>/mf AQS become of, 231. 2. 16S
VM; i7ir, &c. forms the answer to the preceding question. ffx.Xa.fta,
as a prisoner. MV#T* Kxtirev^ee, Muhtar Clisuras ; the first is the
proper name, and the second denotes the native place of Muhtar. -^ay*/,
office. * ft fJ%i <pi%n ! that it had never dawned ! 237. 3 ; p
stands for p.*. era y Inptfurri, until morning. oft V, for wVw
?*. This line forms the answer of Miliones. (funa l^uxxv . . .
its rev rove, they fired at the some time, and both fill on the spot.
II. re vi a <yhnj what has become of. ret $vo ra.i^ia., her two
sons. r^'iat, making three, or three in all ; takes the gender of */$/.
- Qamra.1, that is, o TvQreixns. Tv/frt), from the nominative
Tvtp-rv:, the diminutive of which is TuQroixr,{. r> traXXfixeif' e-rou
Vv, like a hero that he was; '<r for T, from tif&ai. TOV 'feti, for
TOW tiffeti. veiy for *ra'yJ carry. 84. 1. r' 'AxiJ ....
rxvXav, to AH Pasha, the dog. 190.
III. S y/avw, shall I recover my health. ITx/aWa / > . . . . ,*<<- 16
ra.ia.rtt, the answer of the birds ; p for ^aw. rov N/*w Ti^T' jfe^ <o
Me /of o/" Altos ; this N/*$ was surnamed Ttrd^etf ; he is called also N<-
190: 194. ol ixfyh th e Turks. rev flr^o T
/, as was to be expected.
IV. T< 7xa< fAttu^a, ra. fiouvci t why are the mountains black. xan^ t
for xo'vivfft, from xenvu. 27. 2. One might ask here, " If uv and iu
were pronounced a/3 or p, and /S or t$, by the ancient Greeks, why did
they not write xct$i;, arras, fia.fftXi-^'U, trn, for xavtri;, auras,
tun ? " Further he might ask, " If oin*.tvu was pronounced
what makes its penult long ? " The only satisfactory answer to these
questions is, that these diphthongs were not pronounced a/3, ot$, t/3, t<f>, by
the ancient Greeks. <riouv, for x'tvo-t, from <r'tvta. fteiraw, aor.
subj. from p.a%ova. ra, vttibiai ravf, their children ; revs is feminine.
64. N. 4. ya-<'i/v<r*/, equivalent to yvea^owrn ei*.*.faovs.
%*>tffp.o $ev s%ovv, cannot be separated.
V. In this song, Olympus talks like a Greek mountaineer, and Kisabhos 170
like a servile payer of ^a.^a.rai. re x-oie, which of the two. 156. 2.
o Kio-afios pf,%vti .... ro %ion. It should be remembered that Olym-
pus is much higher than Kisabhos. -rac-a figvo-n .... KXi^r>j?,
every sjmng has its standard, and every bough its Klepht ; that is, I am
full of Klephts. xE^aX/ pau .... xppetriffpivo ; said by the eagle to
the head. ?'?' *ov*.i, &c., the answer of the head. Teu^xevg
xi'A^etnTais, attracted by the relative ttovs. 178. 2.
VI. p\ rov; two, rev yviev;, who hadst nine sons ; literally, with thy
nine sons. 's ra rxorttvoi .... ipiyyit^eixi, show the mother's assi-
duity; Qtyyos, the light of the sun; <piyyzeixi, the dear moonlight.
SALOMOS. 197
170 eVav, equivalent to tig TJV oVo/v, to whom, referring to
171 ffov, superfluous. 164. 1. &uo-' rjvf, for ^uri THV.
ffr^eira, Vaw diafiecivu, in my travels. ft ciff%nf& ', for ^t
TJV l<pi7, for rjv 0s?. 19. N. TJjf /3a2X makes for her
(his mother) ; /3s/, from /3a&;, /SaXXw. TOW; ay*au? /Aagrvgovs, the
holy martyrs ; uytaug, by synizesis for ay'ious ', (AK^TV^OVS, for ftagrvgas,
from the nominative pagrvg/xs. 34. 1. a <ra TK TJV itpigy, to go
(to Babylon) and bring her back to her (mother). 226. N. a-E^ava,
for awtSavav, from asrsSamy. xa< a/ ivy/a, every one of the nine.
149. 4. emo-*a, imperf. from uvetffvru. TO &io pov /SaXej, for
ray 3-tev pou sfia,*.sf. 81. N. 1. f&iffa. 'f rot f*.t<ruvvx<ra, in the
heart of the night. figiffxii TJJV xxi Krtvigouvrav, he found her combing
herself. 250. 2. <ytas, i'Xa, come now, just come. ri 'vat rour* fi
agK, it is too late now to start. va f>a.\u TOS ^w* ftou, let me (or
/ must) put on my dress embroidered with gold. 228. us xa.$us
ttftat, as / am ; us is pleonastic. o-rov ^/3a/vav, which they were
travelling. uxovv, for otxoueuv, from axovu, or rather ixovyu. 84.
yta. 'Tts, just see. xovriXa. opo^n, ace. after 'Its. va 'gv'
uTr-B-afAtvov, dragging a corpse. The superstitious believe that birds and
some kinds of dogs have the power of seeing ghosts, demons, and diseases.
QofiovfAKi o-' .... ftv^us, I fear, my dear brother, something has
befallen thee, for thou smellest of frankincense. Arete begins to believe
she is walking with her brother's ghost. i%<rl jS^a3if, last evening ;
172 the evening of his death. xeiru 'g rev ' Anyiuvv, to Saint John's
church, where the funeral rites were performed. vec rnv ' K^irn <rou,
here is your Arete. v fiff 1 aigns, /a/3w, if thou art o spirit of the
air, go thy way. xauftivv 'Agtrou>.a, [ttv . . . *g <ret %'tvet, my poor
dear Arete lives far away in a strange land. K \yu 'p', for xett \yu
itfteti, for I am. xi offo v' avo/|', for xai o'ffov vx uvoi%y, and before she
could open. !f/3ysv fi ^u^n <rt)s, she expired.
SALOMOS.
Salomos makes little use of elision, crasis, and synizesis; which neces-
sarily introduces the tribrach, dactyle, and anacrusis into his verse, and
consequently prevents that tiresome monotony, which seems to captivate the
majority of Romaic versifiers. His poetry, therefore, can be appreciated
by those only who are good Greek (that is, ancient Greek) or Italian
scholars.
1. a-ra TV xo-^ti, by the edge. fti )3/, rapidly.
2. /SyaX^tv*?, sprung out of. <rv vrgura, as of yore ; that is, in
the times of the ancient Greeks. avtiguuftivnt vigorous.
188 NOTES.
3. ixi7 piffK, that is, ii$ ra. **Xa ruv 'ExXqy**. ', for t<<ryf, 172
from xiyta.
4. olgyit *x9-j, xw /o?ig m coming. (xs/y /*f5 the day of
thy deliverance. r '<r*<, by crasis for vac, laata^i.
5. Xej, for \iyyf. xX<V, for xXaiyys, from x,\a.iyu t xXxiu. 173
6. 7. axafWfw, that is, n 'EXfySi/ : the person changes in the 6th
stropha. iXtif, for tXeysj, from Xty 84. TIT', for rryi,
8. ^/iV' *g fa x^oivftotTa, d-sX, turbid with tears. /; <r pov%o vev t
upon thy garment.
9, 10. il g TO. Zfvtt, in foreign countries. ceXXa, other than thine.
f4eva%ti .... U-avteXSi; fiovct%v, thou dejyartedst alone, and returnedst
alone. Sty m* iZxoXai; .... xafjTX, because nobody would help
thee ; doors do no* o;>e?i easi/y MJ/ICTI A"5?ed knocks at them.
11. a.vtio-a.a'r,* xctuutot., no respite ; supply ftuxi. aXXflf ffov ira%t
.... $oix.rti. This refers to the promises of Catharine the Second,
empress of Russia.
12, 13. IK fitfts, for va iv^ris. 27. 3. ofitu y back, to Greece.
T^a, ^^Tf<, some spot famous in Grecian history.
15. y/, a# i/'s is so. TU^X, now. This piece was written about the 174
year 1824, when the Greek revolution was at its height.
18. 'Pijya, Regas, a native of Bhelestinos, in Thessaly. He was one
of the earliest planners of the Greek revolution. <roXiftonK%r)i n
fuw, martial voice. This no doubt refers to the war-songs of Regas,
which, like all other war-songs, are now highly insipid.
20. vg 's * iffr'tgia, their voices reached the stars. rov 'lav/au xal
TO, tniriK, the seven Ionian islands, subject to (technically, under the pro-
tection of) Great Britain.
21. yfetftfiito, engraved ; y^a^evj!*, agreeing with Ixiw&i^o, would be
more natural. ^ivrfa. tXtj/St^a, false liberty. Salomes, it should be
remembered, is a native of Zante, one of the Ionian islands, and, of course,
no very great admirer of British liberty.
VOCABULARY
VOCABULARY.
ABBREVIATIONS AND EXPLANATIONS.
Arab.
Jtal.
Lai.
Turk.
Unc.
*
Arabic.
Italian.
Latin.
Turkish.
Of uncertain etymology.
Provincial or Local.
The articles roC, TOV, in the exptessions With TOU, With TOI/, respectively represent
the Genitive and Accusative.
, or a, interj. ah, denoting pity, sor-
row, or complaint.
-, privative. 121.
/or Eand O, 27. 1.
a/JaS-aj (|3$af), >j, ov, shallow.
a/Ja-TTtfj (/3a*Tw), >?, ov, not dyed : not
tempered, as metallic instruments.
a/27f (/Sa^oj), ?, imponderable,
weightless.
a/3a<TTa*<roj (/3<rT&y), ?, a, unsup-
ported : insupportable.
K&KTOS (fixiva), 0y, impassable : inac-
cessible.
?, a, o, abbot : father, a title given
to monks, in which case the j is
dropped ; as, 'O *AjS/3 Ila^/Ja;,
Father Pambo.
XUxa), f , j, leech.
S/J<9j), , ov, uncertain :
not sure.
a/3s/3a/oTjj, *jra?, , uncertainty.
os (/3f/3/oW), >j, av, not as-
sured : not confirmed.
v 3/a), v, ov, unforced, un-
restrained.
j3A./3j), is, and
n, ov, harmless : uninjured,
unhurt.
'^et-TTos, n, ov, uninjured, unhurt,
(fio&u), n, ov, unassisted :
helpless.
e^etffTos u, n, ov, not boiled.
a/3^XTaj (ft^ea), ?, ov, not wet, dry.
/ ' =
v w ,. . ov, not sucked :
not suckled.
ay3a?ro//a, AS, *1, beneficence,
a yotS-o-roios , , ov, beneficent.
ci'yttB-Qs, vt, ov, good, Ket,Xos.
rtfos, ft, goodness,
or
.yz\ftet, aroj, TO, statue.
'.ya^fturoveMs, ov, o, statuary, maker
of statues.
us, f>, celibacy.
192
ayqv
ayetftos (yapos), ov, unmarried.
ayavaxTjjavf, ius, , indignation.
ayetvaxT&i, i~s, ffa, to be indignant :
to complain, rarely.
ayatvov, ev, TO, = aS-jja.
aya.vn, m, fi, love : charity : peace,
not iro*.if*,e;.
ot, , ev, beloved.
>, ifftx,, to reconcile.
a.ya.<xu, a.;, *?*, 3^v, x/tivog, to love :
to be in love with : to h'ke.
ayeis (Turk.}, a, o, aga, the governor
of a Greek village ; lie is always a
Mohammedan.
iyytt^'nt, a.;, , impressment.
ayya^tvu, tvo-at,, to impress, to compel
to enter into public service.
ayytTev, ou, TO, vessel, vase.
iyyiXmos, 4, ov, angelical.
eiyyi\os, ov, o, angel.
ayy't^u, = iyyi&.
uyyto-ftot, = 'iyyifffta..
iet, a.;, r,, England.
os, v, ov, English.
g, ov, o, Englishman.
;, fi, cow.
, n, o, =
yX>j), tov
eiyi^n, m, ft, flock, herd.
), n, ov, not filled.
s, is, ignoble, mean, low, vulgar.
uyiwnros (ytwu), >j, o t unborn : un-
begotten, uncreated.
*a.yioa.s, = afoa
, ov, o, saint.
ires, fi, sanctitj'.
lav, TO, = axKvSst.
a.yx.a.'ka. (y, xaXa), or ayxaXa xeti,
conj. though, although.
a.yxy.Z.ni'^v (a.yx.ot.i.'^ofjt.ai), aura., a<rSn>
M/dHt to embrace.
iyxtia, (a*/;), ay, *, splinter, sliver,
shiver.
atyKtffT^i (ayxto-Tgov), tov, TO, fish-hook.
uyzvga, a.;, f), anchor.
ayxuvxpi, iav, TO, corner, eiyxuvotf.
eiyxuvx; (ayxuvj, et, o, elbow ' corner.
oos), a;, r,fftt, to slip,
slide, glide.
, n, ev, tongueless :
speechless.
uyvtivTicc. (IvitvTiov), adv. opposite, over,
against.
u,yvu(>ifTos (yvu^i^u), tt, ov, unknown :
not recognised : not acquainted with.
ciyvtvfTo;, n, ov, unknown.
ayogoi, a;, , purchase, buying, emp-
tion : market.
uyoooi^u, ao-a, a<rSjy, uff pivot, to buy,
purchase.
Kyo^oia-To's, n, ov, bought : purchasable.
a.yeot {oiyovpoi), tov, TO, male child:
lad.
eLyovaos, t), ov, = eiwgo;.
has not dined.
ayivffreg, , ov, and
aytvros, v, ov, that has not eaten.
ayiu^ynro; (ytu^ya), n, ay, not tilled.
ayiet, a-t-, fit rt female saint.
, ov, o, young man :
brave man.
et.ypjift.it.tt.Tos (ygdftpci), n, ov, illiterate.
eiypoiTTos (y^atyu), j, ov, and
that ay<zQo;, n, ov, not written : blank, as
jyajyer.
&yi>io$), ivo-ot, i&nv, tvpivof,
to render wild, enrage, irritate.
tvo-a, to be wild : to be en-
raged, irritated.
(eiyio;), ttcat, a<rSjy, ao-pivos, I otyoiovtu, cara, euftivo;, = ay^ivu.
to sanctify : to consecrate. ayota-riTttvos (xtTnvoi), ov, o, whoop
, a<ra., to become a saint. or hoopoo, a bird,
as, ov, o, sanctification : holy eiyoios, , ev, wild, savage, ferocious,
water. j aypoTns, ires, f>, wildness : savage-
'loytvrns (Zyios, ylvvti}, n, a, sacri- j ness : ferocity,
legist, nearly obsolete in this sense : iyooixu (eiy^otxoi), as
religious hypocrite. vog, to understand,
, a, ov, holy : sacred : Holiness, i to hear,
as a title of respect given to bishops, a.yos, ev, o, field.
as, o ILyto', 'Rfio-ov, his Holiness oty^vrviar, at, r>, wakefulness, watch-
the metropolitan of Ephesus. fulness, vigilance : vigil, in a church.
ayowrvos, n, ov, sleepless, wakeful :
watchful, vigilant.
ayufcvafTos (yvpvd^iu), n, ev, not ex-
ercised, not drilled : not practised,
unskilled.
ayu^Tns, ou, o, mountebank, charlatan,
quack.
ay%ivoix, as, fi, ingenuity.
afy%ivot>s> ouv, ingenious.
etyuv, uvos, o, contest, struggle.
a-yuvlgopai, ifSw, to contend, strug-
gle.
etoa.ftas, avTos t o, diamond.
aoKf^oio-Tos (^xpdgu), n, ov, unconquer-
ed, unsubdued : unconquerable, in-
domitable.
OOIIK, as, vi, permission, leave : leisure.
pi T*IV odiidv yets, with your per-
mission.
d$tiuea (aotiet), aural, = gi/xetiga.
ara, v.ffSnv, aff&ivos, = tuxui-
aotios, at, ov, = fjx.ce.iav;.
abtivvos, n, ov, supperless.
ddtXtpdxt, TO, dear brother.
, ov, TO, =
r], vs, *i, sister.
TO, = ec^ipof.
of, ri, ov, brotherly, fraternal.
> ou, o, brother.
arwf, tiros, >l, brotherhood, fra-
ternity.
,= ^J7. 32. N.
abiros ($ivw), v, ov, untied, unbound.
oi'SnXo;, n, ov, uncertain.
"A/^j, ou, o, Hades.
d$idxo<ros (^letxofTuj, ov, incessant.
ddidxpros (dtaxgivu), y, ov, impolite,
boorish.
fo-u, n, ov, r-
reconcilable, implacable.
abietvrgo'ria, us, ri, = dvKiff%vvTitt.
(tvrgivopai), n, ov, = dval-
oia, ett, ft, indifference.
d'Steipogo;, ov, indifferent.
d^iuQogus, adv. indifferently.
atiixx, adv. =eto*ixus.
dSixiet, as, ij, injustice, wrong.
17
adav
y, ev, unjust.
dixu, t7;, ntroi, S?jy, x/uivof, to act
unjustly? to wrong, injure.
Otxus, adv. unjustly.
liofioviu}, , ev, not mend-
ed, not corrected : incorrigible.
gdffffoftai), aga, and
a|, to seize, snatch.
ia, as, *i, feebleness, weakness :
inabilit.
n, ov, = Kouvaros.
(a^varaj), lira, ifff&ijos, to
debilitate, weaken, enfeeble.
et^uvKTi^u, iffa., to be feeble.
abvvKrov, ou, TO, impossibility.
a^t/varaj, ft, ov, weak, feeble : lean, as
flesh : unable, impotent : inipossi-
'ble.
itvat TUV aouvdruv vd, it is abso-
lutely impossible.
ubvvatTu, (.7s, neu., to be unable, inca-
pable : to be or grow weak.
abvffuxviTos, ov, inexorable.
Kota, to sing, used chiefly in the phrase
ofotTKi Xo-yos, it is said, there is a
report.
aii, adv. not Romaic, = vdvrort.
atodxtis, tit o, and
aigdxi, TO, light breeze.
ajj^), leu, TO, breeze.
, tira, iffSw, iffftivos> to air,"fan :
to ventilate.
aipof, a, ov, aerial.
KITO'S, ou, o, eagle.
ay^ji, is, insipid, disagreeable.
anlitt, as, ft, insipidity, disagreeable-
ness.
u^ftvaxi, TO, dear nightingale.
aviottvi, tou, TO, = avibuv.
arduv, evos, rt, nightingale.
^, i/>os, o, air : wind.
(is TOV aiga, in vain, foolishly.
0-f xat,Ta\Uftfiavu tls TOV ai^a, I
don't understand half of what you
Say J
cins (eiyios'), n, o, saint, chiefly in com-
position, as 'Atio-yiavvtis, Saint John.
*3aA>j (/SaX!, vis, f>, = ffrdxrri.
a&atvao-ia, as, vi, immortality.
adv. immortally.
iffx, irSviv, iffftives, to im-
1C4
mortalize.
dSdtara;, , 0, immortal.
aSarras (S0tTT), j, 0, unburied.
dStia, as, , atheism.
a'Ssaj, aw, 0, atheist.
dS'igas (9-!j), a, o, awn, beard of an
ear of corn : edge, as of a cutting
instrument.
'ASnia, y, rj, and
'ASJJya;, uv, a/, Athens.
'AS*vet7os, ov, , an Athenian.
Sx/0?, , 0y, miserable, wretched.
d&XioTfts, i}ro;, ft, misery, wretched-
ness.
.eVf t'j, TO, = dvSo'yxXov.
onrxiia}, , 0y, irreligious.
3-0*r (dSeaeu), we-*, aS^y, vptivos, to
declare innocent : to acquit.
y, innocent.
d$eoTvs, WTO?, , innocence.
I/307, infer?. oh ! o/" wonder ; chiefly
used by women.
etiSiaas, a, o, = /$?.
a/3-ij/if, , x, ethereal.
;$, t'tfj, 0, ether.
a.1 px, O.TOS, <ro, blood.
'XP**-**i$*, if at, if Bnt t ifftiittt to
capture, make prisoner of war.
/^/a>.&T0f, t/, 0, captive, prisoner of
war.
iav, tot t 0, age: eternity : centur}'.
aiaiit;, a., ev, eternal.
atuviartis, nres, ri, eternity.
etluvius, adv. eternally.
x*^0t*!r/<x, as, tt, impurity.
ax3^r0y, , or, impure.
ux.ax.ts, a, 0>, good, innocent.
axa&a, tis, , thorn.
c*a>0y;0-r0f (0t0y/^0y), , 0y, not regu-
lated, irregular.
, n, 0, fruitless.
to stain with blood.
w&), ej, , bloodshed.
opos, y, feeding on blood, blood-
thirsty.
y^*, r0j, r0, riddle.
7j, w, , ^Enos, a ci/j/.
?*/, from nouns in as or nf, 34. 2.
i, twj, , heresy : sect.
xtx, ', e>, heretical.
Ko;, ov, 0, heretic.
n*, to feel, perceive.
, T0j, T0, feeling, sensation.
, sense : perception.
s, , 0'*, felt : perceptible.
is, . , obscene.
f, , cause.
t| aJ-r/ce; TOW, on account of, be-
cause of.
7, tu, TO, = the preceding.
ulna;, , 0, that causes : the cause,
used only in the predicate, in this
acceptation. IFith vcv.
*tyv/$<0j, a, , sudden, unexpected.
. suddenly, unexpectedly.
*f, , captivity.
dxara/.).r.>.iat, as, fi, inconsistency,
incongruity, irregularity.
dxardrav/rra, adv, incessantly : con-
tinually.
dxarax-avff<ros, n t > incessant : con-
tinual.
dxTafvaff'ia t as, fi, unsteadiness, com-
motion.
dxardo-rares, 0>, unsteady.
dx.ioa.ii;, a, 0y, entire, whole.
dxirneria, as, *, immobility.
, n, 0y, immovable,
if;, fi, hearing.
dxaris, from hearsay.
, n, oy, following.
dxaX.av&v, i7s, tiff a, to follow.
dxoXovSw;, adv. consequently.
dxefta, and
dxopr, (dxfAriv), adv. yet, as yet : still :
not yet. 171. '
*0y/ (dxavfi), tav, ro, whetstone.
<tx0y/, iffa, iVSijy, iffftitts, and
dxavu, as, r,ffa, j9->jy, r,fti*o;, to whet,
sharpen.
dxavyu, = dxavu.
dxeuftfi'i^tt, ira, tff&nv, iffftivos, and
\ dxauftfia (Lot. accumbo), y, r,tra,
lepivas, to lean upon or against,
place upon,
i dxavu, avra, avff&tjv, ovffftiraf, to hear.
eixcot, as, ft, extremity.
dxaae-'ia, as, i>, intemperance.
cixsarita,, as, n, incontinence.
ax^ta, as, f), = ax^a.
dxp&d, adv. dearly.
as, fi, exactness, accuracy,
195
precision : dearth, dearness.
r:;, is, exact, accurate, precise.
o;, ri, ov, dear : close, penurious,
parsimonious.
a-xgifieHs, adv. exactly, accurately :
dearly.
cixpTof, n, ov, indiscreet.
uxgoxo-is, &*>s, ft, hearing : lecture.
axgoyta-Xid (eixgat, alytaXoi), ?, *!,
seashore, sea-coast.
axgov, ev, TO, commonly in the plural,
va. eixget, extremities, border.
eixgeas, adv. extremely.
U.X&>TVIOV, ov, TO, promontory, cape.
dxTtvx, as, fi, and
UXTIS, 7vos, fi, ray : radius.
axuoo;, ov, null, void, invalid.
ciXx;, O.TOS, TO, salt.
'AXtktrovct, etg, v>, Alasona, a town.
aXuTi, tov, TO = oiXat.
aXaT/<w, wet, itrSnv, ifftivos, to salt,
sprinkle with salt.
lav, TO, fawn.
'AX/5av/, as, r,, Albania.
*Ax/3*vj, 6v, o, an Albanian.
lira, iff&vv to-ftivos, to grind.
a, and
and
ei-Jsa. ti<pviv, itpulves, to anoint:
to soil.
, lov, TO, plough.
itu, TO, = eiXivgav.
ov, TO, flour, meal.
, us, fi, truth.
IK XjSiiaj, or T X>jS-/a, in
truth, truly.
AjS-s/, by the way, a propos.
a, tug-it, to be true, to tell the
truth.
S>fe, It, and
os, ri, ov, true.
, adv. truly.
?, , o, Ali.
aX/ (7f/. guai a lui), inter), alas !
aX/jCtavav (aX/, oi'/at), IW/tfr/. alas ! woe !
With tis ro'y.
dXXa, conj, but.
, >5f, , change.
, to
change : to change dress.
, aj, v, barter, exchange : suit
of clothes.
xotftvu XX|<a, to barter.
iu', (aXXaj), adv. otherwise.
dxxr t xjv, ov;, us, > one another.
68.
V, ovf, o, foreigner.
, n, ov, speaking a differ-
ent language.
XasSvw's (i'^vf) **> belonging to a
different nation.
XXr, j, , other, another.
XKI TO aXXa, moreover.
Xiy" <2>^ T' XXav, he talks
incoherently.
aXXflf .... xeei ctXXo;, one ....
another, or some .... others ; as
u.XXof SiXit xga.tr}, xxi ciXXe;
vtgov, one wants wine, another wants
water ; aXXo/ ixgifteitrSuffeiv, xeu
aXXa/ ixetXevxuSno-uv, some were
hanged, others were impaled ; a,XXcc
Xiyu, xa.} ciXXtt xtxpvu, he says one
thing, and does another.
dXXov (aXXaf), adv. elsewhere, in or at
another place : to another place.
dr' XXu, from another place.
aXXsy .... xett ciXXou, in one
place .... in another, or to one place
.... to another ; as, XXu s<X tyu,
xi *XXat/ at/Tos, I am in one place,
and he in another ; dXXov TOV to-Tti-
Xav, xa} dXXeu ivrvyt, they sent him
to one place, and he went to another.
dXXoQvXos (f*4)i >> ov, belonging to
a different nation.
aXpvoo;, d, ov, salt.
oiXeyov, ov, TO, = 'fvifof. 38. N.
, w, ov, irrational : unreasonable.
'f'A^X a f> *>i horsehair.
etXvo-ens, fi/, chains, aXwy/^/f.
(uXutris}, as, v, chain.
{eiXvffO{\ taint, &>$vv t
to chain.
/V, ov, o, Alpheus, n river.
(aXav), tov, TO, threshingfloor.
u, tffot, iffS-xv, itrftivos, to thresh.
, mot, fi, and
196
ala-rov, tug, ft, fox.
upa, adv. as soon as. 230. 2.
d/tdStia, y, , ignorance.
d/ua.$ns, is, and
aftotSes, n, , ignorant.
dftdXaKros (ftaldfffv), t], et, inexora-
ble, inflexible.
afjta%a, tjs, ft, and
lav, <r, vehicle, carriage, cart,
car, wagon.
dvu, to sin. 106.
u/u.dgT*ifta, aros, TO, sin '. crime,
o,f*.a.f><r'ia,, us, r\, sin.
es, , , sinful.
ov, o, sinner.
, conj. = loir.
d.t- t jtrivative. 121.
0.10,, prep. 201.
am/Sa/vor, to ascend, to go or come up.
106.
a/SXX (/?XX), to defer.
esa/3a>.5, *s, fi, delay, deferring.
a.va.yivurx.u, to read. 106.
a.vu.yKU.'tu, itffot, dff^rti, affftivos, to
compel, force.
flsva^xaTaj, , >, necessary.
tt.ia.yKa.tuf, adv. necessarily.
ti; t ri, necessity : need.
{) r., reading, perusal.
/*/3Xt/'f, i7a, v, blunt : obtuse.
apfieet, >;, o, pulpit.
f*l, KftfTt, gO. 106.
dft&uo-res (fi&voi), >?, tt, not intoxi-
cated, sober,
du'tXno., af, ft, negligence.
eiftsXjf, is, negligent : careless.
cip.i\u, t~s, tret, ^>j, *fi.ivot, to neglect.
S.fi.ifA'rTos, u, , blameless, faultless.
'Afitomctvos, av, e, an American.
'Aftieixj, j, ^, America.
aftiffos, , immediate.
eiffiffu;, adv. immediately.
elfttTOfiTaf, n, , immeasurable : count-
less.
dfiiftxra;, r,, ov, inimitable.
etftu'i, and
uf.ft (, pri), conj. but : if not, ob-
solete in this sense.
f, ev, *f, and
vs, f>, sand.
ta^rts, i;, sandy.
etf*oipx7o;, at,, ov, mutual, reciprocal.
tt.fjL6i>a.'ius, adv. mutually, reciprocally.
KfAoifii), ris, fi, recompense, compensa-
tion, remuneration.
etftavi (a.x.u.u'i^, tou, re, anvil.
eiftovv, = eftntt.
K/u.TiXi (ftri\c;\ lev, r, vineyard.
ift-ran (, -rri), inlerj. = tJS-&.
fiTU$u (a<ra;Siw), ura, and
Kftrtuxret, *%et, to push.
a^^/SaXX* (/3*XA<v), to doubt.
eit*$i(:>9\'nt, as, it, doubt
s, t), 6i, doubtful.
i*.t, adv. doubtfully.
, ov, o, godfather.
uros, ra, curse. With <rei,
200.
avaS^ar/^w, if it, 'urSni, irptvos, to
curse : to anathematize.
tcvouffB-tiffiet, as, fi, insensibility * stu-
^ pidity.
dvaiffSnTos, tt, ov, insensible : stupid.
KYKip^uvria, as, fit impudence.
dvatf^wros, *i, ov, impudent.
dvair-^vvrus, adv. impudently.
dva.*a.Kv (*X), to recall.
diax.aXv'rru (xaXwrr*), to discover.
dia.Ka.76vu (ave*, Ka.ru}, ura, u$r,v,
uftivos, to mix up, mingle : stir up.
Pass. dvaKa.<roioftMi, also to meddle
with, fottouwl by its rot, or pi rot.
dtaXapfrdvu (Xa/it/ay*), to recover,
to take back : to recover, as from
sickness.
dvxXttTos (Xa;), tj, at, unsalted : in-
sipid.
dva\oy'i, AS, r,, analogy : proportion.
dtdliyos, ov, analogous : proportionate.
dva\vTtxos, , it, analytical.
dvxpivu (pivtu), to await.
dtdftira (dtdftiros} , adv. = ptira%v.
dvafjtirtt^v (p,ira%u), adv. between:
among. With rov, or i/j TO.
dvav$0t, as, *>, cowardice.
atavfyof, 01, cowardly.
dvaveyiovptai (av, vou), tifai, to per-
ceive, see.
dtatrlppnros, t, incontrovertible, in-
disputable.
, a, tt, unworthy.
197
WJ'O/Z
dvdira.uffii, tus, *>, rest, repose.
dva-rx-vu (travtu), to cause to rest. to raise or place upon.
Pass, dvavxvopai, to rest : to die. ! dvifiotivu, = dvxfiaiviv.
dvdwivo-is, tut, it, respite.
dvetTviu (TVJ'/W), to breathe, respire.
dvuTrvori, ijs, fi, breath, respiration.
g) to kin-
die.
&o'tS-ftnros, t], ov, innumerable, count-
less, numberless.
st *>, ov, unsuitable, unfit.
TO'V.
ia, as, , anarchy.
aya.tra.iven (dvaffS-f/,etiva), avtx, = dvct-
xviu.
dva.ffa.ffrt, tis, n, = dvdvrvivffts,
dvaratrftes, ov, o, = dvu.Tvo'h.
dveLffxovftvrovu (dvd, xopfio;^, $#, a-
Sv, upivo;, to roll up, s f/je sleeves. ]
-u (f'ra.u), aj, ao-a, to pull up or j
out.
(tnuMf) t * raise, 5 from
the dead : to resuscitate. Pass.
KnxfTxivo/Acti, to rise, as from the
dead. 106.
asn-sva!^ (^Tifa^w), to sigh.
a-rsXXa/, /Aa, to rise, s a celestial
body.
arsX^, 5{, , rising, as of a celestial
body : east.
aroX/xflj, n, o'n, eastern, oriental.
u.Toityta (rpjityeu}, to bring up as n
cAiVc/ : to educate.
a.7^ta.^u (ava, rffc)i '> my
hair stands on end.
ri, >js, > breeding, education.
. openly.
, to mention.
; t t*>s, rt, departure.
, to depart.
/a, a;, j, valor, bravery,
ctvda;r0ay, f, TO, slave.
v^5, a, a, = eivrio.
etwgiiovea (dibouof)) tttffec, uQ'/jv, U(*,ivos,
to become brave ; chiefly in pp.
dvl)(>ii&>fi.fvas, strong, brave, valorous.
$/<, ce,g, w, valor, bravery, courage.
dvbeia.;, dvrog, o, Statue.
dvb(>'oyuvov (*(>, yvvw), ov t TO, hus-
band and wife.
17*
, ov, TO, anecdote.
, w, OK, unpublished, as a book.
, a, ov, illiberal.
, adv. unexpectedly.
vt\wiirros, n, ev, unhoped for : unex-
pected.
iffa, iffSnv, itrpivo;, to fan : to
ventilate.
ipo^dXy (avisos, Z,a.\n}, vis, W, gale,
tempest, hurricane, storm.
.jU.oi, ov, o, wind.
ft avsp.o -, what the deuse?
i^ao-T^cjS/Aoj (0-Ta/3<A.o.<), ov, i, whirl-
wind.
, j, ov, inexhaustible.
iet, a;, t>, independence.
grvros, *i, ov, independent.
T7T*;j, adv. independently.
t, to belong to. With sis TO*.
TO dvr,xov, due, that which is owed.
xas, ri, ov, not of age.
as, ov, sunless.
, n, ov, ferocious.
o;, o, man : husband.
fif)i ov, o, ascent, up hill.
os, d, ev, blooming, flower}'.
iov, TO, = vSaj.
vSiu, tffct, iffftivo;, = dv$u.
vi>yct\ov (av&os, ydXtt),ov, TO, cream.
vSos, ovs, TO, flower, blossom.
, axes, o, coal.
vos, n, ov, human.
os, ov, o, human being, man.
dvSpu-rt>Ti>is, nTof, t), humanity.
-roQdyos, ov, a, cannibal.
?$, jjffos, to bloom : to flourish.
os, y, ov, invincible.
dv'iffus (, iVft/j), or dviffus **/, COW/.
if by chance, or simply if.
dvoy/ria, ;, ri, folly, foolishness.
dvoYiTog, n, ov, foolish : fool.
Hvoiyfjia,, aTos, TO, opening.
voyea,
,*, %f, fi, rebuilding.
oiyftivos, to open,
dvotxTOg, i\, ov, open.
avoi%n, ns, , and
avoids, IMS, , the spring of the year.
dvop'ia., as, n, iniquity.
dvofAos, v, ov, lawless.
avoo 193
dvefr'ia, us, fi, insipidity.
avetrros, j, ev, insipid.
dveve-ies (eie-ist), K, ev, tasteless, insipid,
against, oppose, resist. With <riv,
or sis ret.
, in the jdural, to
trashy. oppose one another.
dvrdfta (i ru oifta), adv. = ftttl^l. avrt^ie-res, ev, antichrist'ian.
dvrap.ev6 (dvrd/u.a'), ura, uv\v, upivo;, 'Avri^iirres, ev, e, Antichrist, who,
to meet. Pass. dvTap.evop,ai, to according to popular notim, is
meet each other, in the plural. Satan incarnate.
dvrdftvo-is, teas, , meeting, interview. drgdx).a ( v ^^'s)> Ui > *> purslain,
dvrxroxi<ris, res, *, correspondence. a plant,
dvrdga (?/nc.), as, , a rainy black dvroieis ^Av^^ias\a,o, = ^txiftfl^ies.
cloud moving rapidly, nimbus : avro-a (unc.), as, fi, the calf of the
storm, tempest : confusion, agita- leg.
tion, disorder, tumult. avroas, avbeas.
dv rivet (Ital. antenna), as, ft, sail-yard, dvrgixtes (*TJ), et, ev, man's.
Kvrigov, = IvTiodv. dvvl^ia, as, fi, drought.
dvuTetvogos (yiravo^tvuj, n, ev, unmar-
ried.
; (^*)i "ft '*, to resound, re- dvvtri^Xnres, ev, insurmountable, in-
echo. superable-
dvri, prep. 192 : 225. 1. dvwr'opovos (v<re/u.ivtj), n, ev, impatient.
dvrt, tav, ro, beam i?i a loom. dvvretpo^es (vretpige*) , y, ev, insupport-
dvri(->a.o-i\tia, as, , regency, vicarious able, intolerable.
government. vu, adv. = \wdvu, up.
eu, re, transcript, eopy.
to copy.
aw xdru, topsy turvy : up and
down.
avrixitfiivov, ev, re, object. dvurares, tj, ev, uppermost, highest,
dvnx>.ii%i (yT/xX/;), tev, re, false key. supreme. 57.
dvnxetrru (x'e-rru), to interrupt. dvuri^es, a, ev, superior, higher. Ibid.
tttTHtfv, or dvrixgv, adv. opposite, dvt*$i\r]s, is, unprofitable,
over against. With rev, or il; rev. 'A?id, as, fi, = Naf.
189. dliix-attves, ev, praiseworthy, laudable,
dvrmrvra (xrvrv), to strike back, to commendable.
reflect. / (<;), tea, to be worth, to be
dvnX'fyu (\'fyu), to contradict valued at. With rev of the price.
;, v, e, opponent, adversary. /, us, , axe.
(rX/jS), and die\eyos, , ev, fine, excellent : impor-
inraXaiu (craXa<), to struggle tant
against. dfyorio-res, n, ev, credible.
"r/V, adv. on the opposite side. '!/?, , ev, worthy. With rev.
With rov, or tis rev. d\torns, vires, *, worthiness, worth.
trix{of6,ires, ev, e, representative, in d^iafta, ares, re, axiom.
legislative affairs . a%v, evof, e, axle-tree, axis.
irix-o%Sis (*(> X,$is)> adv. four days aexves, n, ev, indefatigable,
ago. de'aares, ev, invisible.
or dvrts yid, prep. 2O1 : defte-res, ev, e, aorist.
225. 1. dfayeoivu, ivra, ii/B-r,*, luu'ivc:, to pro-
iTiirxeipru, = dvruto-rru. hibit, forbid. With va p.*. 248. N.
irte-raivu (ffratvt^), to place against, d<ra.yo^iiirai, it is prohibited,
oppose. impersonally.
(, i&;, h, resistance. dfaB-avari^u, iva, tf^vjv, tffptivost to
to stand immortalize.
, &;, passionless.
, adv- dispassionately, calmly,
coolly.
*/, prep. = airo.
ai^iixrix, ag) ri, ignorance.
ai^ivros, n, ov, uneducated : unpun-
ished.
aiTu (/ri), its, riira, to require.
av, = waX
wva, yv5>?v,
s, n, ov, inhuman, cruel.
ei'Tuvov, = OLVO.VU.
u^avri^u (a^ra, avT
tu, or vipift'ivu.
aTaWj7-/j, teas, , reply, answer.
KTTetvru, ;, ), S?v, to meet.
-;ryw, nrfy. = ivreita, up.
os, aw, o, completion.
, aj, , dirtiness.
(<rdo-rgx) t *>, v, dirty, filthy.
ct>rn, )?f, , deception : fraud.
CCTKTOS (W, araj), pron. = araj.
a^rarfci, j??, >}, jjS-^v, vptivo;, to de-
ceive, cheat.
s t n, ov, incessant.
u.7rtii>i>s* ovy inexperienced.
ot, ov, infinite : boundless.
ofji.Ki (ci<ft).<r'tca) , iff&tiv, ttrfti-
vos, to despair.
rtXriffiet, etf, n, despair.
rtfA-r^os (I^T^aj), adv. from before.
With raw, or a.iro riv.
TI^U (i'^w), arfy. from without. With
dvro rev.
(s%*i), etrt7%a t to abstain from :
to be distant or far from. With acre
eu, o,
affii (a?r/ay), /aw, ro t pear.
a-T^/a, Sj, , pear-tree.
uviB-a-vo;, m t ov, improbable.
a<riff<rtt>Tos
to answer.
wai), ;, av, incredible.
iu, etf, ft, unbelief : incredulity :
199 amox
infidelity.
, n, ev, unbelieving : infidel.
(TXa'j), ufftt, uStiv, uftivof, to
extend, stretch : to unfold, expand,
spread.
arXaV*??, jjraj, ft, simplicity.
j, , awy, simple, plain.
irep. 201.
(jSaXXw), to reject.
afl-a/3XT<w (/3Xr<w), t^a, to look to-
wards : to have reference to, relate
to. With tis TO'V.
dfo-yovos, aw, a, descendant.
ei'ro^nxTix.es, ri, ov, proving, convincing.
dro$ti%is, tug, V, proof, demonstration :
show.
d*e$ti%v*> @tix;vu), to demonstrate,
prove, show.
, to attribute, ascribe.
oSiova (Seoj), , aiS-jjy, aptvef, to
deify.
oSlrw (Ssrw), to lay, put.
aB-iuffis, IMS, ft, deification.
> 7> a, and
?, aw, o, apothecary.
f, , store.
(Srititu), to die. 106.
'Ta.f^xi, Greek, = afTaxara-
ffraivu.
ci<ffox.dfjtvu (icciftvu), to be tired of, to
be exhausted.
a.nu (trraivw), to re-establish,
restore.
oKeivu (xa<r), arfw. from below :
under, below. With dro rax.
oxKpxXt^M, itra, /VS-y/c, ifffAivos, to
behead, decapitate.
oxtQeikiffis, tus, , decapitation.
ax<pX<o-TK, ow, a, headsman.
axX/w (*Xs/), to exclude : to shut
up : to blockade.
oxoipi^a (x.otp.i%u), to put one to
sleep.
ox.oifJLUff.en (xoift.vp.ai), eiffeti, to fall
asleep.
c, (x^s'atj), as, , carnival.
vu, and
uu (dvoxgiei), tufa, to eat the
last supper before Lent.
7JOX
200
, n, o*, improper, indecent
, *, o, and
(Lat. aprilis), ov, , April.
, , >, unedu
iS-w, to answer, reply.
F, teas, A, answer, reply.
araxTi<r/f (-XT*), ivs, f), acquisi- d<r^i\is
tion. i atT^oxaqri
ufax.ru (jtrde/jLut), us, jfl-, to acquire: ! cated.
to obtain. droev'Saz.r.ras, , 01, unexpected.
!TflXa!At/iy (X^/Sy), to enjoy : de- i% d*i>a<ioax.r,rev, unexpectedly.
rive advantage. df^ofil'iec, us, f>, heedlessness, careless-
is, ms, fi, enjoyment. ness, inadvertency.
, = d*aXu/4,fidw. droctruTo:, ot, impersonal.
itffttt, r,$r,v, to defend wX*rf, ay, gateles?: unruly,
one's self in a speech or book : to agu, an untranslatable interrogative
apologize. particle.
;, v, ay, absolute.
flf^i'. absolutely.
(XJ), to set free, to acquit.
a%et (HTIC.), j, ft, row, a series of
things : file, line.
atftt,
remains.
d<rtft'i*u (ft
), TO., remnant, ; in a row.
vtu), to remain : to be left.
i^j), on, out of the way,
sequestered.
(ft'i<ra,\ adv. from within.
a era ray.
to put
, to anchor,
(MC.),
cast anchor, moor.
a/ay, ', cv, thin, thinly scattered,
rare, not dense.
xif (^-rd^xis xevxetnd^nif, fiddle-
Sticks I nonsense I
* " f * s P'der : cobweb.
r, tt(Zs, o, Arab.
, adv. = di
. from above:
above. With dtra <rov. ' Agfixvirirru, us, , an Albanian wo-
uTaxioa, (wtjat), adv. from the other man.
side : beyond. IVith u<r rot. dyd, adv. slowly : late.
drevriffu (o-riffu\ adv. from behind : doydl^u ^i^yd^oftui), neat, drSr.*,
behind. With dvri rot. urftivas, to tan.
dfaffiT'ru (fivru), to cast out, reject, doyx^nov, u, TO, and
ufapu, i7s nffu, to wonder at, to be sur- uoyet'^nos (ipyetXi7or), ov, o, loom,
prised, to be at a loss. doyiu, us, fi, indolence, inactivity :
f tus, n, abandoning : dis- holiday,
couragement. ugytru (a^ay), us, fi, and
roff<T'uu (rruivu), dvefTctfa, dwo- dgya-rooia. {doyos, -ro^es}, us, w, delay.
yrotfjiivis, and deysfa^u, its, *)<ru, to delay, dpyu.
rarrca, us, to grow tired, x.av%dZ,cp,eu : dgyos, , ay, inactive : unoccupied : in-
to be tired, in the aorist. dolent, lazy. With d-ro TO.
reri^iffta, UTOS, TO, result : effect. "A^yas, ovs, TO, Argos, a town.
roTekpu, = ToX/^u. doyvfita*, ev, TO, usually T d^yvfia, ssss
l-rov, jrron. = fou. %gjftaTU.
tret, te$r,v, itrftivas, to de- uoyv^as, ev, o, silver,
cide, determine. d^yv^s, , , and
s, n, decision, determina- d^yv^vs, u, etJy, made of silver, silvery,
tion. doyu, tis, fiffUf to delay, stay too long,
ra%<ru, = dfexru. loiter.
(I'v/'t), adv. this evening. doi&, and
;, is, and doiffxa, to please. 106.
ctgsa
201
otan).
vorite.
ov, pleasing, pleasant : fa- a.o<ru, as, = a
, virtue.
fl, ?f, fi, Arete.
a, as, rt, dear ' A^STJ?.
av, TO, joint : article.
(/?), j, w, gimblet, borer.
os, aw, a', number.
t7s, j0-, >jS^v, jj/tteyaf, to num-
her.
1 ' A/tifTttivis, ov, o, Aristides.
d(>iffTii>is, d, ov, left, not right.
dgio-ToxgaTia, as, w, aristocracy.
'AgxaSix, as, n, Arcadia.
'A/>xa%it>s, ov, o, an Arcadian.
dex<7, it is enough, sufficient, imper-
sonal.
x<Td, adv. sufficiently, enough.
es, j, ov, sufficient, IKUVOS, enough.
(agxTos), as, vi, bear.
voa.;, a, o, Arkoudas.
(Ital. arma), O.TOS, TO, = aVXav.
ovu (aefta), eoffet, unv, eaftivos,
to arm, aarX/ : to fit out, as a
ship.
1 ' AgpaTiaXos (ag/xa"), ov, o, one of the
Armatoli, who were a body of armed
Greeks, employed by the Turks to
, incalculable, innumerable,
improperly used.
dppeaffTia, as, fi, = affSivii*.
ap puff-res, *!> ov, = icrSivr,;.
dppafTu, tis t riffot, to be sick : to fall
sick.
a^fftvtxos, v>, ov, male : masculine.
'Agra, a;, v>, Arta, a town.
"AgTipis, tbos, fi, Artemis, Diana.
ug%a7es, a, v, ancient : original :
primeval.
afxdgtos, ov, o, novice.
, >jj, vi, beginning.
XUT' ag%ds, at first.
as, ov, o, leader, chief.
;, tens, o, high priest : bishop.
, iff*, iffpivos, to begin.
.'tirrvs, ov, o, chief robber.
os, ov, o, chief engineer.
ieu, iffa, iffftivos, and
azxt-rtxTevixv, vs, ri, architecture.
a%ofiai t little used, = a%ia.
a^ovTas, a, o,=H^uv.
as, fi, lady : rich woman.
as, , a nobleman's
daughter.
ovrofovXev, ov, re, a nobleman's
defend the mountainous portions of\ a^uv, ovros, o, nobleman, lord : rich
most parts of Greece. Their chief- man.
tain was called xavirdvos, and the as (aQ'.s, uQirifti), let. 106 : 222.
district which they defended, xct-nra- \ a<rfii<rTys (aV/Sso-raj), n, o, lime : plas-
vdrov or rp^uTdrov. When they \ ter.
quarrelled with the Turks, they aavSsa-raVsT^a, as, v\, limestone.
turned robbers, technically called uo-ifiua, as, it, impiety.
KXs^T/j, Klephts. See extract ao-t&vls, is, impious.
from Koumas. uffvpivios, a, ov, = a^yvo^ovs .
u.iyu (dpi^yea), s|, e^Sjjy, syfttvos, x.<rrt[t.i (Am^Mf)i iov, TO, =a^ i yv^os.
to milk. i ettrSivua, us, fi, sickness, disease : weak-
ay, TO, fishing-line. ness.
t, ov, o, Armyros, a town*
u, TO, lamb.
tTo-ett, r&qv, to deny.
agorgov, ov, TO, plough.
K^cty^, tjs, ft, seizure : rapine.
Kg-rei^u, a|, a'^S^v, ctyftivos, to seize,
snatch : to plunder, to take away by
force.
v, ov, rapacious.
s, tS) sick.
ia, as, fi, Asia.
ip (Turk.), iov, ro, =
teas, fi, practice.
<r$nv, to salute.
, us, t), pitilessness, un-
merci fulness.
os, n, ov, pitiless, unmerciful,
merciless.
adv. unmercifully.
202 a(f f>o
af, it, whiteness. al-yari^u, and av-yxru, ifu, ie
iffU, iffSt)
to whiten.
(unc.), u, ov, white.
ririx*;, *, ov, whitish.
lyn), ev, i, the morning
star, lucifer.
vyj, j, fi, morning : brightness.
do-raxes, ev, o, lobster. ttlyoi (u'oi), ev, re, egg.
do-rdoi (iffuripav), tov, re, lining of a avyavtrros (Lot. augustus), ou, e, Au-
garment. gust.
de-rd^t, tov, ro, = frd%t. ai/Sotitjs, n, e, a forward, bold, or ira-
d<rri7os, a, ov, witty. pudent person.
de-rtiuf, adv. wittily. j avSivrn;, ev, o, master, lord : father,
drr'sgi, lav, re, and local : sir.
dfrvto, toes, o, star. uuStvria, as, , authority.
dfTo^ae-ros (ffro^d^cfjLai), t}, gv, indis- avSivnxas, ri, ov, pertaining to a mas-
creet. ter : suitable for a master : mas-
dffrgx-rv, vis, , lightning. terly : capital, first-rate.
dffrp f a.Tofto\ov (do-r(>a<rri, /3AA.d), ov, avA*i, tjs, it, court-yard : court, as of a
re, = do-r^ofiKixt, xtgavvos* king.
do-r^dvru, a^a, to lighten : to shine. ctii>,i:, ev, o, fife, flute.
ao-rgov, ev, ro, = do-rri^. etvZetivot, and
do-r^<ri\'ixt (-rtXixw; ), tov, ro, = xt- av%dvu, to increase, grow. 1O6.
uv^nffis, i**s, r), increase : augment.
re, = dir~r,o. j otvpto, and
eti, it, police. ' avgtov, adv. to-morrow.
do-rvv'oftos, ev, o, head of the police : avirrtifd, adv. severely,
police officer. j etvrws. 64. N. 2.
drvpipuvas, v, ov, dissonant, at variance. ! etvri (els, ur'os), tav, ro, ear.
a7!/vT*|/o:, vis, it, disorder, derange- av-rax^xraoixos, , ov, imperial.
ment. avraxodrvg, oga;, o, emperor, autocrat.
.s, is, safe, secure. avrovofe.es, ov, independent, politically,
adv. improperly. a.lro;, n, o, he, she, it : self, very :
(do-%v)fi.iHv), n, ov, ugly : un- j this : same. 64 : 163.
seemly, improper. avrov, adv. there, near Ike ]>erson ad-
do-%o).evfAai, itffatt, V&M, vpivos, to be dressed : then.
occupied, engaged in. With its rev. avrevvev. 64. N. 2.
urtxvas, n, ov, childless. i *d$, followed by the oblique cases of
drtXvis, is, imperfect. the article, = dr, dire,
anptos, n, ev, dishonest: dishonorable. dp/tXo;, = e>upxi>;.
drue;, ov, o, steam. d$tcviv, trot, irB-riv, tfftivss, to destroy.
arotros, ti, ov, absurd : unbecoming, Pass, dQavigeftai, to perish.
improper. dfivrtis, = etvSivrtts.
dros (avro's], , o, self. 66. dfivrtxev, ov, ro, master, used by ser-
-drov, from nouns in a. 42. N. 5. i vants.
argo/Aos, vt, tv, intrepid. dQivrtxos, = avStvrtxos.
ar/sura;, n, ov, invulnerable. dQivyetres, r>, ev, and
dre-dXt (Ital. acciajo), tov, ro, = rft- aQtvxros, n, ev, inevitable : unavoidable.
^ixt. dtptvxrus, adv. inevitably : unavoida-
r), *s, it, weasel. bly : undoubtedly, peremptorily.
vis, is, unlucky. a$f,, tis, *, touch, the sense of touch.
;/', a;, it, ill luck, misfortune. dQfiftif&ives, n, ev, abstract.
j/osf, unluckily, unfortun- a^a^ros, vt, ov, incorruptible,
ately. amoves, tv, abundant.
acptv
203
, to leave, let : to per-
mit. 1O6.
KQlOVI, 10V, TO, = OTIOV.
atpofios, vi t ov, fearless.
aQoffiovw (dtyoffiou), tufa, u$w, a/twos,
to devote.
a<f>ofiuffis, tug, fi) devotion, as to a
person.
d<pov (oi<p' y), adv. when, after.
232. 2.
dtftovyx^d^ofteti (dxgoeHfAeti), KfSnv, to
hearken, listen.
d$/>iu (dtygos), tffu, to foam.
'A./pffixetve;, , ay, African.
Africa.
aj, aw, a', foam, froth.
s, v, ov, voiceless, dumb : mute.
, interj. ah ! oh !
at^vaoV., ?, *, flaccidness : weak-
ness, feebleness : badness.
), t, ay, flaccid : weak,
feeble: bad.
as, ingratitude.
, ay, ungrateful.
toiu t TO, eel.
j, w, a Ariwrf of shell-
fish.
et%vos
a, a, nn
iw?, a', Achilles.
?)' "* > mist > fo g-
, = rftos.
, to steam, intransitive.
'o;), ov, a, =
(Turk.), ,9v, TO, stable.
,-, n, ov, useless : obsolete.
atva, a;, fi, barn.
s\ for avff. 27. 2.
i-^id (a-^wj), adv. with energy, force :
loud.
\>s (aTTu, to kindle), tid, v, acrid,
sharp, pungent : quick-tempered,
irritable, irascible : loud, os voice.
lsv%os, n, ov, inanimate.
ov, immature, unripe, as fruit.
B.
ft dropped before ft, 22. W. 3. for v,
27. 3. for p, 27. 4.
uv, /yaj, '^, Babylon.
>jf , , = //ie preceding.
TO,
, adv. and
flrfw. deeply.
adv. by degrees.
, ov, o, degree.
ovf, TO, depth : profundity.
a';, ft, ay, rather deep.
;, ov, o, =
wx, v\9-vv, to deepen.
tya, to go deep, penetrate into.
r, J, deep : profound.
lvu, used only in composition. For
its inflection, see Greek Grammars.
AXw, to put, place: to put on : to
make, appoint. 1O6.
Xffiftov, O.TOS, TO, putting : pftsition,
posture.
, ov, o, Bhaltos, a place.
lov, TO, cotton.
, ov, mechanical, not liberal, as
arts.
tize.
Snv, if/Aitos, to bap-
tut, rt, baptizing : baptism.
. ttTos, TO, baptism.
to dye :
to temper, as metallic instruments.
, ov, of barba-
rous formation.
, v, ay, barbarous.
, ov, o, a barbarian.
aT)jj, VTO;, fi, barbarity.
/3^yj), as, fi, large hammer.
/, TO, little cask.
(Ital. barile), lov, TO, cask,
barrel.
giTos (Pxgu), >7, ay, tiresome.
o^iovftttt (fix/iieu), /tffui, '&nv, t/u-ivog,
to be tired : to be weary or lazy :
to feel reluctant. 106.
(Ital. barca), a;, , boat.
i'TO'et, Kg, YI, little ftei^xa.
s, ovf, TO, weight : load, burden :
trouble.
204
*), ray, TO", dying.
/y/xj, = iv-ytvixes-
/53Ux, y, *, leech.
to assure : to confirm.
, a, sure, certain.
ft* -rees fiei^eg, I hope you won't /S0sy, a, a', =
be offended. /5<x^*, = &KTTU
wet, t/vSv, vftivos, to make Boi-^iftev
heavy, to burden : to oppress, dis- /Sy2X
tress : to vex, trouble. Pass. /S*v- fiyalvu,
, equivalent to frctoitvpeu. , fcya-vu, -.
wet, to gravitate. ' fiyivixeg.
/Sajvy, ?, /, heavy : weighty.
xeiftvv <rbv fratovv, to try to appear /3/Sawa, a</y. certainly, surely,
dignified.
fiotourr,;, tirog, fi, heaviness : weight :
gravity.
fietffetvi&>, le-et, ieSnv, to-ptiveg, to tor- /3sAa, a|a, to bleat. An onoma-
ment, torture. topey,
(ycte-etvav (/SoVaray), ev, Ta, torment, tor- /StXaayea, aray, ra, bleating.
ture. /3Xay< (/siXawi), <aw, -ra, needle.
fsotffiKict;, a., o, = /saeavXfwy. /S*Xa/a, ay, , prick with a needle:
patffiXt'iet, y, fi, kingdom, reign. needleful.
/3aa-/X<9, ev, re, realm, empire, king- /SfXay/a^w, ao-a, to thread a needle.
dom. /jXy, ayy, re, arrow, dart.
Bx0-/X/y, ev, i, Basil. j &ijfut, etreg, re, pace, Step.
vs, te;, i, king. jSn^ay (/37^), , a, cough.
j/<r, to reign : to rule over. /Sj^w, |a, to cough.
rev. frio., ay, fi, force, violence
, , tvftives, = ^vu, to set. ry, rapidly.
', = Bao-/X./ay. ytti /3/*, forcibly : in hurry, in
a, a, = /3avX ty, >o,ffi>,iu;. haste, rapidity.
, i, ov, royal. jUiX/y *i /KIT /3/aty, or ^KETC;
, t/, a, basil, a pZan^. /S/ay, with great difficulty, with diffi-
jy, , queen. culty.
fitting, iui, ti, basis, foundation. A'*?** **> aa-S*j, ao-ptiva;, to force,
(xtffxot'ivu, a.v, ayd^jy, etftiveg, to fasci- compel : to hasten, hurrj r : to com-
nate, bewitch, charm, by the eye. mit a rape, ravish. Pass. /S/a-
fiaffx&fta, etreg, re, fascination, be- p.ai, to be in haste or hurrv.
witch ment, charming. /3//ay, a, >, violent, impetuous.
pxiffrd&s, ev, e, porter, carrier of loads. Bue^ay, ev, e, Bhiaros.
(uto-rd^a, a|a, ei%$r>v, evypfves, to hold, pietmxoi, adv. hastily, rapidly.
hold up : to hold on : to uphold. i fitete-rtxeg, r>, ev, hasty : being in haste.
(totffru, ay, = jSaa-ra^w. Pass. /3- ' /3//3x/a^jxj, jy, , library.
ffTupeu, to refrain, hold one's self: /3</iX/, ev, re, book,
to get hold of, hang on, with ivo /3/yXa (Lat. vigilia), ay, j, watch, a
TO. ;j/ce where a guard is kept,
fitter*, Si, *|<z, to endure, hold out, j fillet (Ital. vite), ay, n, screw.
last, keep. \ filing (Turk.), *, i, vizer.
/Saray, ev, fi, bramble : the raspberry j /2/, ev, re, = &eg, ra.
bush. ! /5/aX/ (Ital. violino), tav, ri, violin.
/Sar^a^ay, ev, e, frog. i /3/ay, evg, ra, property.
fioiro-ivov (/SaT/>), aw, ra, brambleberry ? : /S/ay, ai/, a, life, biographicatty : proper-
With
haste, bur*
raspberry.
^ii/y, iwy, c, dyer.
5y, , dye : dye-stuff.
ty, wealth.
(aifixreg (in^issextilis), ev, e, bissex-
tile : unlucky, as a year.
faro 205
(Lot. vitis), as, >j, switch, rod,
ov^Kovu (fiou^xx), uffet,
foul,
twig, fiigya. and
afiigos, a, ov, hurtful, injurious, per- ftau\u, a; or s7s, txrat, tiftivosi to sink,
nicious. /3fvov (fievtes), ov, TO, mountain.
tts, fi. hurt, harm, injury.
/AawT<*off, 7, ax, = /3X/3^f.
/SXa-TTw, a-v^a, <p$jy, apftbos, to hurt,
harm, injure.
/SXao-ra/va;, rmrf
/3Aao-Tv<w, to bud, sprout, shoot forth.
106.
j, ow, a, young shoot.
, ov, blasphemous.
j, w, e, Bhlachabhas.
/a, y, w, Wallachia, a country.
BXa^a^w^a, T, Bhlachochoria.
A i //ca, tTaf, TO, look : countenance.
v, to be-
make foul : ;>/;. fiougxufAivot,
foul, dismal, gloomy.
j, a, e, butter-seller.
, ov, TO, butter.
jjo-a, to tinkle, 05 Me ears.
, iviru., itSnv, ivp,tvos, to reward,
remunerate.
;, , = itr-r
/a^i/, , to be late.
0jMurf{<4 it grows late;
s, it is late.
/, or fi^otbv (/S^yj), TO, in the
, to see, behold : to take care of, j evening : this evening, after a verb.
guard. 1OG'.
i<pov, ot/, TO, eyelid.
199.
, uffa., affStjv, uffftlvos, to boil, to
Vobt (j373;flv\ tov, TO, one of the bo- cook.
vine species : ox. figagu, atra, to boil, be boiling.
/So^voj, 97, ov, pertaining to an ox. | figaxi (/3^ax;), /?, TO, breeches : trow-
xfsaj /So^/vov, beef. sers.
/3o, its, , loud noise, shout. [ figa%vos (&%*y%os}, 17, ox, hoarse.
t, as, ft, help, assistance, succor, i fiou%*s, ov, o, rock.
l os, ov, o, helper. i /3^$, = ft-r^'t.
tia-a, jbjv, tiftivos, to help, i jS^poj, ovs, TO, infant, babe,
assist, succor. | figs%a>, t%a, d%i)v, iy/*.iva;, to wet,
/3oA (/3oA, or perhaps Ital. volta), >j, j moisten. Pass, fyixopai, to get
= ^o^a. wet.
/3oA/ (/SoAoj, /3oX/j), /ow, TO, bullet, shot, ft^i^ea, t%, to rain, r
:, w, o', Volney. /5^/^a, osj, >j, rye.
/, /o-os, to adopt the opinions $/'&;, = vfieigu.
of Voltaire : to be an infidel. ftanrta, = vfyi<ria.
x/^, and figtfxu, and
tTgos, av, o, Voltaire. ft^i^vu, = tvgiffxia.
fiogiag, <x, o, the north wind : Boreas. /Sjovr*?, >Jj, f>, thunder.
fifties, , o, northern. /S^ovT&J, ay, *<;*, to thunder : to sound.
jSoo-xw, Us, ft, pasture : pasture-ground.
ftofxa-rov^a, j, ?, shepherdess.
fiorxos, ov, a, shepherd, goatherd, herds-
man.
fiofxu, or fioffxv, as. to pasture, graze, j
106.
/Sowxo'Aoj, ov, S, cowherd.
Bovxot0-T/, iov, TO, Bucharest, a cl
in Wallaclda.
18
_
5Jj, w, rain.
j; , n, spring o/" water.
as, fi t a little or delightful
wi^rf, = fay ti-
TOJ, TO, and
res, TO, bellowing, roaring,
howling.
, ares, TO,
o*.
206
yia
j, a, ev, Byzantine.
/3t/|* (/tt^**), to suck. 106.
/3t/S/2>, r, <VS*j, to-ftivif, to sink.
Pass. 0M$4Mf| to sink, intransi-
tive.
-^vi, ov, o, tanner.
r.
y inserted before , 21. N.
before p and %, 2-2. N. 2. for
ft, 27. 5.
yoi$ (), bow vow, of a dog.
', if a, to bark like a dag.
to., otTof, TO, barking.
j, n, she-ass.
learned jackass, a title of disrespect ;
given to the literati,
yailaoo; (ytiba;, a kind of Jish called
also aj), ov, o, jackass.
yx^avax, etf, ft, = yx^xoot.
' up, tov, TO, ass, the species.
= yaSovgat,
yetiletoe;, or yii'Szoos, =
* yettfjt.ee, = eCtp.a..
ya.Ka., axro;, ro, milk.
yetXd^ies (yaXarv)}), , fl, blue.
yetXetvos (yaXnvaj), ij, >, blue, as eyes
or cherries.
ya.\r,vivu> (yaX.ijv>j), tufct, to become
serene, calm, still.
rXA;*8?, ?, , French.
FaXXe;, ev, e, Frenchman.
yapfyoi, ov, , bridegroom : son-in-
law : brother-in-law, a sister's hus-
band.
yoip;, ev, o, marriage : wedding, nup-
tials.
yei(>yotXi%u, io*a, irB-nv, iffftsra;, to tickle.
yoira. (Itul. gatta), ;, ft, she-cat.
ybipa (U$!*), to flay, skin. 1O6-
y$v*ea (l*^/<w), to undress : strip
naked. Pass, ytvrofteti, to put off
one's clothes, to undress one's self.
ysix, = vyiiot.
ysirtvets, et, o, = yi'tfui.
a, etg, , female neighbour-
iruv, ovt>- ; , o, neighbour.
X'iKt (Turk. ?), lov, T, vest, waist
coat.
a, ev, laughable, ridiculous :
ludicrous.
, ;, aret, ciffSvi, ao-pitts, to laugh:
to laugh at, ridicule, with r : to
cheat, with TO*.
s, o, laughter.
yiftx, = yiZff.it.
-ros (yifiu), n, o, full. Jfith T>,
or vT9 ray.
iftt, /Vaj, iff$*, to fill, with
<rer, or <r re>, sometimes with pti
ret : to load, charge, as a gun.
ystxar,;, n, a, = let.yova.oits-
yiviiar, ev, re, commonly ret yituet,
beard.
yiviffH, wj, i), origin.
yitiKos, *, , general.
ytvixv?, adv. generally.
yit*oc.7os, a, et, generous : brave.
adv. generously : bravely.
, etroe, TO, offspring : grain.
, tu;, fi, birth.
a, ev, TO, originality, original
genus.
yivvu, etg, tiffet, Sr, fjuita;, to beget :
to bring forth : to lay, as an egg.
y'iveff.a.1, = y'mouxi.
yiva;, ov;, TO, kind : race, ?$vj, na-
tion : family : gender.
yiooi (yto'oi), adv. soundly : in earnest.
ytgiixt, lev, TO, =l'iettl^,
y't^es, ev, o, crane.
ev, 9, old Olympus. 120.
N. 2.
yioavrtts, a, o, = yifvv.
ov, o, = yigvr.
os (vyittgos), , ot, = vyivis.
uv, OVTOS, o, old man : an elder.
aTes, TO, dinner.
t^a, iffet, to dine.
yivoftxi, iv$ts>, to taste.
vp (yiQvoi), tev, re, bridge.
, ev, e, geometer, geometri-
cian.
7?, ?s< *, earth : land : ground.
*y', con/. == n, or.
yr,ca.^u (yueaiffxu), ufftt, to grow old :
to be old, in the aorist.
ytd, prep. = J/. 1 7. N. 3.
yid (Ital. gia), adv. just.
207
yvvct
yittlvu (Juyitt'tvu), tyietvot, to get well,
recover,
yietXos, = ctiytetlef.
Yieiwva, ru, t = 'Iu
i, adv. = ^letTi
ytiot, (", aiyos), a?, fl, she-goat.
yfii, lav, re, goat.
, to become '. to be : to be made.
106.
yiftx, yivftit.
Yusuf, that is, Joseph.
oi, adv. = lyx.vcodiKX.iii.
oigbiotxos, = lyxatgdiecxog.
u.^u, tret or <|, to bray like an ass.
Koio-fAct, a>ros, TO, braying.
> t and
, ov, o, gull.
^v.
iu), adv. quickly :
, n, v, quick, swift, fast.
a, (yXiffrg&i), Kf, fi t = a
O' fiXo
y\vx, adv. sweetly.
yXvxos (yl-vxvs), rt, v, sweet : fresh,
not salt, as water.
ylvxavTffiJcos, , ov, sweetish.
yXvxvTvs, wros, fi, sweetness.
yXvo"Trioi (xXvffTvip) , iov, T$, clyster.
, uffoi, wuivas, to de-
liver from, save from. With a.-ro
vov.
\uffffct t vis, ft, tongue : language.
Xuffirixas, v, ov, of language, per-
taining to language.
viB-u (vSt>), tffa,, iffS-nv, tffftivas> to
spin.
vvffuf, a, v, genuine.
pn, $, fi, opinion : mind, under-
standing, intelligence, sense : maxim
iiret, <V3, ifffjctvas, to know
to understand, have a knowledge of
to be skilled in, with &-TO T'OV : to
recognise.
(yvugiptoi), {, ft, acquaint-
.
os, 6, impostor.
(ftal. galleotta?), a?, fi, schoon-
yovoc, (yovv), OITOS, ri, knee.
mTiea, iffot, oruttos, to kneel : to
make one kneel.
yoviTs, iuv, 01, parents.
os, ou, o, parent.
yes, vi, ov, yXriyooot .
yavSi (Jybvi), iov, TO, mortar.
yavgavvi (Lat. grunnio), tov t TO, =
ypouot, us, ft, old woman.
17, ov,
cs, ov, o, = C/ EAX!V.
, CLTOS, TO, letter : epistle :
learning, literature, in the plural.
, TO, billet, note.
iuf, o, secretary.
, ;, fi, grammar.
os, r,, ov, learned.
i, ??, fi, letter, epistle, yoja.fAfjt.ai. :
Scripture.
>ct, a$Sw or aQnv, etftfiivos,
to write.
yp^oi^ifAov, etTos, <ro, writing : hand-
writing.
y^Kj a? , fi, = y^ttltt.
yojxn (Turk."), iou, TO, piaster, a Turk-
ish coin.
yvot\'i (vx\of\ lev, TO, glass.
yuioxet;, a, o, dear yvio;.
yuiof, = vlof.
yi'iovoi (yuiei), TO, dear son.
euroi, a,o-nv, OHT/U.IVOS, to exer-
cise, drill. Pass, yuftva^oftat, to
exercise one's self, or simply to ex-
ercise.
yvftvoio'iKO'giis, ov, o, gymnssiarch.
yvpveiffiov, ov, TO, exercise, drilling :
gymnasium.
yvfjtv'ovu (yvpv'ou), uffcc, uSnv, uftive;,
to strip naked.
yvftvas, 17, ev, naked.
if, r t , nakedness.
ixet, us, fi, = yvvy.
tixtTffx, us, fi, little or dear yv-
yvgt
208
yvgtvyv, and | JnX/, KS, fi, cowardice.
yvfivu, iue, t i&*y, ivpivos, = *jT7. | SE/A/VO'V, 0w, TO, afternoon : the after-
/o-os, iffSt]*, to-pt'svos, to j noon luncheon.
turn, turn about, carry about : to I JXo;, r t , ov, timid, cowardly,
return, ino-T^. j $t<Aa;, at/, o'. coward.
/O-JK, to return, ina-r^ i$<* : to eVva, />r<w. 73 : 155. S.
go or turn around, with rot. > o*/o, , o, deeply versed in. W&A
it; Toy.
$?!/*, toy;, , demonstration.
2fJVyoi>, eu, TO, supper.
6V, 0, = Xl/xA0f . $IITHV, l7{, t)ffCt, to SUp.
f'*f, , o', Ghyphtakes, fAe dimin- \iKr&.ip.o*'ut, j, , superstition.
utive of liKriba.'ift.ea'ii, o, superstitious.
n, e', Ghyphtes.
yt/i/', i/roy, 0, vulture.
yv-^ts, eu, o, gypsum.
yui'ia., as, ft, angle, corner.
to lean on one side, bend :
stoop. 106.
A.
to show,
ten.
*ia, nineteen.
;, sixteen.
rT, seventeen.
trv, eighteen.
Sxfl6TvTa^/0{, ft, fifteen.
(5J?), prithee, come now, a parti- ^otee-rivri, fifteen.
lie of endearment. tariff ira^s, *, fourteen,
etavaj, , o, = follou'ing. 34. 1. ^xorraf, r, a, tenth.
uuv t evos, 0, devil. ! $x*T;>, ict, thirteen.
^t0>, v, rt, tear. j tmtft^is (Lot. december), ov, o, De-
.ojtu, vo-et, to weep, shed tears. cember.
.<rv\ibt, iev, TO, ring for the finger. $' (oi3f), adv. not. ( 243 - 248.)
Tt/Xo, ot/, TO, finger : inch. Jiv^ay, oi/, T0, tree : oak.
, TO, =.the jrreceding.
, trot, i&r,v, luitos, to bind,
fasten, tie.
tof, a, v, right, not left.
iurts, tus, r,, kind reception, recep-
tion.
w (TwrAr), iv, TO, pass, road:
0y, ov, 0, finger : iuch : dactyle.
i, as, fi, heifer,
j, /w, TO, steer.
$etftaffxt>*ov, ov, TO, plum.
yO), /a-x, tifS-nv, it r piief, to land. ,
Pwss. Jjmt/^a^aw, to borrow.
xof, , , borrowed, on trust.
>t/ov, ov, TO, loan.
the guard defending a pass.
P.O., etres, TO, skin, hide.
, to whip, flog, beat :
to bastinado. 1O6.
A/Xi;, v, o, Daniel.
5, 0', beating.
fA., 0, Teacher Gabriel. oW^caV, ov, 0, bond.
12O N. 2. $t/Ti, $, , Monday.
a0 > xX.a<raya^'/<tfT^;, >j, o, Teacher
Panaghiotes. 12O. N. 2.
ot'0-0?, ot/j, TO, thicket, forest, wood.
0-i/f, ?, w, thick, dense, close, rv-
, to repeat.
?a;, a, v, second.
mi, f%Sr,, tyftivos, to receive.
iif, ad i'. that is.
7s, Ufa, r3->;, to make
i (JwX0;), <ot/, TO, brand, firebrand. known, notify.
9, m, rt, bay, a tree-
i, conj. and : but. 252.
OtiXTU, = ^/
la., as, {), harangue, speech.
, av, 0, democrat.
i'a, a;, , democracy.
dr]f.io
209
die
infjt,ax,pa,<rtKos, ?, av, democratic.
^vptofHvu, tufa., i/S7v, ti>ju.ivos, to pub-
lish.
fcqKMTMf, a, ov, public.
'. ;ire/>. 192: 201.
et.irp.vos, = dvu,yivcitfx.u.
(/Sa/vw), to p'iss : pass through.
106.
2<j3fl6rjj, aw, , traveller, passenger.
^ia.$oXix'o$, , 0v, diabolical, devilish.
^itt$i>Xiffffu, uf, ft, she-devil.
$/a/8oA.eVewXv, aw, Ta, young devil.
J;'/3Xj, at/, o, devil.
T/ S/at/JaXa ; what the devil ?
J/aS^s^as* ($i%opxi), to succeed.
J/atS/Sw ($<$), to spread, as a report.
5/oW/?, fj, , diffusion.
j, aw, a, successor.
j, ?, , will, testament.
ffis, tai, fi, division.
iTia;, ov, o, dividend.
T>7;, aw, a', divisor.
;ao<), $?$, >7ir, sd')jy, xftivc;, to
divide : to partition.
oiaiTXf ?];, fi, diet.
A<**$jey/j>., a', Deacon Daniel. 120.
N. 2.
^iKKivo; t av, a, deacon.
^letxovra (xa<TTa>), interrupt.
^idx,a;, ov, a, = 2/*avaf.
Ajaxa;, at/, o, Diakos, a captain.
!MMUM, a/, a, two hundred.
^/ax'/e-/oa-Te5, ?, ev, two hundredth.
'Sixxtiva (xg'ivu), to distinguish from,
determine ' discern. Wi//* <r ran.
jj, w, a, = 'Icixwfios-
iyu (X'tyu), to select, pick, choose.
;, >j, ov, select, choice, picked.
?, aw, , dialect : language,
<pt<w C<p ? w), to differ. With rev,
or KTO rev.
(<pSs/^), to corrupt.
y, , difference.
v*oj, , av, and
, a, different : various. With
rev, or d<ro rav.
/ {Turk.}, tea, ra, divan.
eucrf,s, aw, a, preacher.
j, t, ev, didactic.
/xsf, ;, av, pertaining to a Ji-
, aw, a, teacher, instructer.
aa-**/, to teach, instruct. With rov
Ta'v, or ray v.
u/jtos, ev, twin.
(2^^f), to give : to sell. J^A
ray Ta'y, or / ray.
Wf, aw, a, interpreter.
wvw (tw3wyy), to direct.
o-ts, teuf, , narration, relation.
(Ta-ut, ifS^y, to narrate, re-
late.
Siyyuvretf, participle = linyovptvos, fit
ay, from the preceding.
dixetiov, aw, TO, right.
Sixaiost ,, ay, just.
^ixatoffvvri, ns, , justice.
$<xao-T<4v, aw, ra, tribunal.
j $iXOf t = t$l*0f.
\ lixrttru^ia. (Lot. dictator), as, w, dic-
tature, dictatorship.
S/xrway, aw, ra, net.
: S/yo,, = W.
$<a, cow;. = a'Sjy, therefore.
(a/xiw), t?f, a-, r'S?jv, to govern,
manage.
, aw?, a, Diomede.
'os (ojyatvay), av, a, organiza-
tion.
ff, w, a.
.^ (a^cra^w), to sack, plunder.
$ciu (ffxibd^u), afu, cttrSyv
itos, to scatter about.
S/aa-Tj/eta, araj, TO, distance : space.
, to pervert.
, , correction.
a, corrector.
to
vaj, to order : to instruct.
trnou (rtiga), to preserve.
<ri ($i* T/), nrf. why : because, for,
^ar/.
18*
appoint, commission.
A<aj, from Zivs.
^i-rXovea (5<TXa&), &/,
to double, fold.
;, , oi/v, double.
w. twice. JFt/A raw.
, mid
<W 210
), iev, re, saddle-bags.
, ev, o, disk : a flat circular me-
tallic plate tixed in churches, say a
contribution box.
reg, r,, at, double, two.
otcta, a.;, r,, dissension.
ri, iev, re, = ^ixruev.
eu, o, and
etres, e, dragon.
T;, T, play, drama.
nf, , drachma, a coin.
iov, re, and
v, oy, T, sickle.
ev, o, way, road.
f , n^as, = T^AT.
j, , v, end
, ei, o>, dewy : cool, refreshing.
fresh.
s, tv, , dew.
,-, ft, thirst.
a;, a.o-0,, atrpitt;, to thirst, be
thirsty : to thirst for. With rev, or
^iet ret. j aoatri^u, iffet, ie~Sr,t, iffftino;, to cool, re-
Mr, a very fashionable form, = ftu,
from /SXe-rw.
a, uxr,v, Aty/tive;, to drive %C*etft,eti, i^vvfty, ibv*r,r,v, Greek, =
away or out : to beat off. tip-re^u.
v%*u, = $iuxu. 3i'&ftv, *is, ft, and
yptt, tires, TO, tenet, dogma. 2v>a/u<;, tu;, , strength, power, force.
xipu^u, ttffit, do~Bn*, affftives, to try, ovvetftere*, tvffec, <^S>)v, &ptirtf, to
examine, prove : to endure, suffer, strengthen,
undergo. JWVTO'J, rt, , possible : strong.
tis, , trial, examination, proof. lvo t two. 149. 3.
, v, er, distinguished, of merit, Ive-etate-ru, tis, vrtt, r'Sr;>, vpivos, to
approved.
Xtoo;, ei, on, crafty, deceitful.
Ufa., a>B-r,i, etf&ivas, to bait.
r, ot;, ', craft, cunning, wile, de- body : the west.
displease.
vrt, tit, it, and
IMS, *:, setting, as of a celestial
ceit.
, t/Sv, to find it difficult :
to be reluctant.
xaXiB, a,;, , difficulty.
-x0X0;. , a>, difficult.
-TJ/^>}f, is, unfortunate, wretched.
rv%i*, *$, , misfortune, calamity.
Tv%ii, tig, nfoi, irftiies, to be unfor-
, ttra;, rt, bait.
obevs), lev, TO, tooth.
"ft . glory : opinion.
1*1* rei e Si'es, glory be to God,
thank God.
artt, o-ffS-r,*, etffft&res, to glori-
fy : to believe, to believe in, to tunate, to meet with adversity,
think. With <ro. Svo-woVa, ;, , stench.
, western.
t/o-, to set, as a celestial body.
twelve.
, rj, and
Jy, , the number twelve.
/, ay, , servitude : work, busi- Zulixoiras, *, o, twelfth,
ness : affair. lufm, etrs, r, terrace, flat roof.
, tut, in, service, serving. \ ^ueiei, ;, , and
tve-o., ivSr,v, iv/uifvo;, to work, 5^o, ev, TO, present, gift,
labor : to serve : to belabor.
ofet, ev, i, one of the body-guard :
satellite.
^), ara?, TO, = ^fj, tax.
wX, it;, , maid-servant.
Xcv (devXou), verct,
subjugate.
w, , servant
to
E.
t jn-efixed to words, 1 9. N. annexed
to words, 23. N. 1,2. for I and
211
O, 27. 6.
-t, Jeminines in, 35.
i, interj. eh !
lav, cow/, if : although, suppose, grant.
iu.v xx'i, although.
iasuTetJ, v, self. 67.
s^jSaXXw), to put out or off,
take out. 106.
(ixfiot'iva), to go or come out.
106.
s^oy, ^, week.
, seventy.
/ttof, >j, av, seventh.
aet7os, ov, o, Jew.
i&> *%*, ix,$w t typivosi to touch.
m.'rix.os, 4, ev, touching : biting,
, araj, ra, touch.
tyyovn, y, ^, granddaughter.
tyytvos, ev, o, grandson.
iyyi/xTvs, ov, a, and
iyyvrris, *, o, one who gives bail or se-
curity : guarantee.
lyxtt^ixxoi, adv. cordially, heartily.
iyx^ia.xas (lyxa^/ay), , ev, cordial,
hearty.
tyi<f>etXes, eu, a, brain.
as, fi, temperance.
, Kffot, eirSnv, afffciveg, to
praise, laud.
xupiov, ou, TO, praise, encomium.
[W9IK.
ug, ri, = Ei'^/<raf.
t " tffSnv, ifffJtivest to hand
over, to hand.
iy, I. 64.
l^ixo's (7S/aj), , a, own. 69.
idixa;, ou, o, = ffuyytvri;.
ibu (%i), adv. here.
iS-nxas, vi t ov, national : heathen.
i&tifffAss, ou, o, nationality.
i'Svaj, OL>S, TO, nation.
J'Sas, ovs, TO, custom, habit.
tut, vi, news, intelligence :
*', *. tweftyV
twenty. \L /%.
tixuv, ovof, vi, image : picture, likeness,
portrait.
t&U/yt<, etf, vi, sincerity.
ti>.ixgws, is, sincere.
iHfAoti, to be : to belong to, with rev.
106.
tigviftivos, vi, ov, said : aforesaid, above-
mentioned.
tig'Sivy, *>s, v>, peace.
ttgrtvo-roiu, t7s, *jo-, to pacify.
<?, prep. 2O1.
ilau.yu (eiyu), a^a, cc%Snv, etyfttvos, to
introduce,
i /, prep. = its.
ilo-obos, ev, fi, entrance.
?T, cory. whether, or.
l, prep. 1 92.
lixarres, n, ev, = xa&i, every.
xetS' Ixeiffrnv, daily, every day.
ixarov, hundred.
is, ties, V, century.
, adv. hundred times.
> >5f fi, one hundred.
os, n, ev, hundredth.
, to edit.
tus, vi, vengeance : revenge.
;, vi, edition.
ix^vvu, viret, i>S-r,v, Vftivos, = y^uvu.
Ixs7, adv. there.
ixi7 6irov, as, while, when, \VM.
Ixt'tSiv, adv. thence, from that place.
ixi7vos, v, o, that : he, she, it. 72 :
172.
* ix.net, el, o, = the preceding.
fxxXno-'ia, etf, fi, church.
os, n, ov, ecclesiastical.
a/), to select, choose: to
elect.
*.n-4<is, teas, vi, eclipse.
ovffiws adv. willingly, voluntarily.
uu (jpnyvvu), n%, ciyqv, to break
knowledge.
oreiu f i7s,
v, riftivos, to in-
form. With <ro T.
a,-, auj, T, species.
t, m/er;'. O that !
ovat, a,f, fi, = ttxuv.
av (o-TfV/j), aw, TO, nicne.
out.
Xa>, t7s, tffet, i3v, to-ftivos,
to perform, do : to fulfil,
UW?, adv. without : except : besides.
With rov.
?A, UTI, come. 106.
Ua/, a.s, it, olive : mole, on the skin.
212
&), ou, TO, olive oil
eu, e, pne.
.ux, ttras, ra, defect, fault.
/, /aw, TB, deer.
;, at/, , stag : i) i^ct<t>o;, hind.
T^at (rfT), <, , pumice
iXet<f>oo's, , y, light, not heavy.
'Ex/s<r/aj, aw, , Helvetius.
rgaff&ei, adv. before, in the presence
of: in comparison with. With rtu t
or ti; ret.
adv. before.
cuse : to convict.
fiftae-vtn, rt, fi, alms : charity.
, ev;, ra, mercy, pity : alms,
vvv), charity.
eti, fi, liberty.
foetv, ufftz, fciS^v, up'ites, to free,
liberate, deliver.
iv&iges, et, et, free : unmarried.
5, ev, o, liberator.
;, fi, coming, arrival.
\Xivrtoo;, et, at, -
to pity,
, n, et, animated.
-.trie*, tidv- against, opposite, con-
trary to. With rev, or il; ret.
tvxyTiaveftau, toSnv, to oppose.
to ac- j ttectries, , at, opposite, opposed to,
contrary. With rev, or ils ret.
If- ittttrtets, on the contrary.
>ay ro itettriat, on the contrary,
parejitheticnlly.
'.;, piet, ivet, one : a, an. 58 :
>rf, , elephant.
<^, t?;, )-ae,
have merc on.
149.
/ /*<;, at once.
$*, eleven.
ivStxa-ra;, >, a, eleventh.
l5/SiT/j, ado. inwardly, internally,
mentally.
fJa|y, n, et, glorious, illustrious.
X/a, c, , = a.
'ExXaj, Say, , Greece.
"EAX, >jyaf, , a Greek, Grecian.
*f, , o, Greek, Grecian.
f, </j, , deficiency, want.
/&, i0-, to hope.
r/y, /Jj, , hope.
;, aw, , ="OXw,a'rf.
aD, 67. N. 2.
u (Qairu), to enter, to go or
come in.
ttros, -ra, entrance, itirobos.
v, mediate.
in passing,
ras, TO, garment,
vyu (Syvw), vo-m, v&r>t, uftive;, to
clothe, dress. Pass, ivtvtefteii, to
put on, clothe one's self with ; with
Tet.
beivu (tbotinu}, to lie in wait.
*ppuva (Setffvtei), in*, vt&m, to en-
courage.
cw<n, ae-et, ar$it t af/tittf, to
render enthusiastic.
i^u, tret, to remind.
i, t7e-xi or ete-eu, j^, to re-
member, recollect.
n, , =
, = tftfietivu.
tfjt,<ra.oa&ef ($ croc5),
incidt-ntally.
ffivrtiots, , skilled in.
>j, to thrust in, fix in or on : to set
in the ground.
To%iei>, wot, ir&nr, iffftivs;, to hinder,
impede, prevent : to forbid.
eu, re, commerce.
, ev, i, merchant.
, and
triers, adv. = Karen.
twetref, r., et, ninth.
iyvsa, nine.
, n, et, ninetieth.
tyyv>?yr, ninety.
i, = ittiet*
ia, us, , idea, thought : meaning,
sense, signification : care.
ttteiet fev, care not.
(ittent), it concerns,
With rat.
Iteixiet, eu, re, house-rent.
itetes, = tevtes.
itetu, u<ret, iwSny, ufAives, to unite.
itere* (it aV*v), adv. as long as : while,
at the time when.
213
ivo%*.tiffti, jj, ft, and
ivo%\n<ris, tevs, ft, vexation.
f, 3-jv, Mf&ivogy to trouble,
ivof, to destroy utterly.
, leaf, ti, confession.
tls TO I???, henceforth, for the fu-
ture : xeci ret t%ns, and so forth.
<;, t*>s, v, habit.
ffnoa^u, vex, plague. ' i%io-ev, adv. equally.
rctvru (Iv rctvru), adv. at the same \\voivu (o'^oj), IVTU, ivSyv, ivpivos, to
time. spend.
iof, a, ov, sepulchral, funeral. t|5ov, TO, generally ret t%o$ct, expenses.
\vrt\v;, if, complete, perfect.
IvnXuf, adv. completely, perfectly.
IVTV, OV, TO, gUt.
i*To'j, adv. within. With rov.
ivroffStet, uv, ret, intestines, bowels, w/tttvoj, to confess, to hear the confes-
entrails. sion of a sinner, as a priest- Pass,
ivrgivrepxi, to be ashamed of : to be s^fAo^oyeuftai, to confess, acknowl-
bashf'ul. With rov. edge one's sins to a confessor.
ivTgo7ct*.os, v, ov, bashful, modest, /, as, , exile, banishment.
diffident. l%ogi/u (a^/^w), to-tc, la-Sw, to-ftivof, to
Ivr^ovK, JJj, v>, bashfulness : shame. exile, banish.
IvrgoTTici^u, ao-a, 'o-S>jv, eto-ftivog, to t%ovffict, aj, fi, power, authority.
shame, disgrace : to dishonor. *% 9 X** %s> country, not town or city,
ivu (Jy <J), adv. while. xetr \\x,^ by way of excellence,
ivugis (Iv, uget), adv. early in the even- \ par excellence.
ng.
!, prep. = ix.
*', six.
l%etyof>ol (ayo^a), ;, , ransom.
s, ius, vt t exception.
, crfy. excellently, finely.
f, , v, excellent, fine, choice.
u (a'tgiu), e/V, if a, iSj, vpivof, to
except.
axo^a/, a/, a, six hundred.
axoffio<r<T6s, , ov, six hundredth.
avXovu (a-rXtfvw), unfold : stretch :
spread, propagate.
oi^rufjt.eii (ecgrciu), xffai, ri$r,v,
to depend upon. With u-ro rev.
, adv. suddenly.
rom i&ya.ivu.
ru, affa. or |, a-S>jv,
to examine.
retffi;, tea;, fi t examination.
, tjros, fi, Excellenc)', a title
most commonly given to physicians.
wigct>, iff et, io-Sqv, iffftivaf, = i^ufvu.
ifves, , ev, awake.
rvu (t/Vva?), f, <ra, vpivof, to
awake, wake.
>, adv. out : outside, without. With
<rav, or otvro <ro.
a.v' t%ea, by heart.
j tegrugu, ctfftt, atrS-w, Kffftivas, to cele-
brate a church -feast.
?, , church-feast.
\
profess.
to
, = |, six.
ymris, teat, , explanation, exposition.
y^iTris, ov, o, commentator.
to explain, expound. Pass. IZwyca-
fteti, also to express one's self.
i%xo<rros, -n, ov, sixtieth.
i5jvT, sixty.
t%nst u do. used only in the expressions,
, ceres, TO, profession.
I-TKIVOS, ov, o, praise.
Ivroitva (ethic*), f7f, iffot, i&xv, iptvos,
to praise. Pass, lva.ivoup.tti, also to
pride one's self upon, with tis TO'V.
1-ira.xovta (ot*oveii), to hear, as a prayer.
l<rava\a / u,a.vu (Xa^Wiw), to repeat.
cryX'v^/f, ii/s, , repetition.
iwoiviiffrotffis, tut, ft, insurrection.
ivavu, adv. up : above. With TOW, or
(/; Toy.
"E^a^Toj, ov, o Nasw-raxTOf .
!*/$>?, conj. since, because, inasmuch
as.
t'Tttret, adv. then, thereupon, directly
after, afterwards : moreover.
214
In', ;>r<7>. upon, little used. With raw,
or ray.
T)
of.
ia rev, in the presence
, to plot
fi t iau, TO, ond
^a, at>, ra, shop.
, at/, a, workman, laborer.
at/, TC, work, deed.
tos<V<a>, at;, ra, ruins.
is, is, lucrative.
diction.
;, n, government, juris-
I rix.ga.ru (*), t7s, wrat, to prevail.
against, to have a plan against. i ioiwu, as, mrx, to examine, inquire.
i$iT<*af, *, ay, susceptible of. With iavp'iet, as, fi, wilderness, desert : dese-
rt'' lation : loneliness, solitude.
iet, as, n, desire, wish. !*/*$, n, ay, desert, wild, uninhabited :
iS-i/fAu (St^ttaf), i7y, , to desire, unhappy, ill-fated, in poetry.
wish. ig*fits, ou, fi, desert.
ioipuv, av, ra, kid.
iopr^tvu, tvret, st/Sjjy, tw/cttyaf, to ex-
plain, interpret : to instruct, teach,
direct. With r ra>.
c E*5f, ai/, a, Hermes, Mercury.
io%f*.ai, to come. 1O6.
ta%eft,; (j(o%af<ti), at/, a, arrival.
ieu{, urc;, a, and
terras, , a, love, the passion of love :
* Cupid.
P<r7i, if, prone to. With tis T. \^uru, a;, no-a, >jS>}y, np.ii>!, to ques-
, T, adverb. tion, ask.
-is, masculine in, 35.
but, 64.
rtjas, *f, , evening.
rig*?, adv. in the evening, as #9*?
ra <rrff, last evening.
, at, a, western.
a-w, thou. 64.
retinas, adv. recently, lately.
<r&>r(4xa;, r,, av, interior ' internal.
rtno-ias, a, a, annual, yearly.
to sanction, ratify.
as, r,, diligence, industry'
ti (^U&.), titrtti,
to take care of : to be diligent.
With ra,.
?, , perseverance
t>, ', bishop.
w, o, superintendent.
f, a v, intimate.
lr<o-T5S<9;, bosom friend.
if, , science ; knowledge.
Mfi i, v, scientific.
(-Tf/^fti) t to base.
i, j, , epistle, letter.
TjEfw), to return.
, , return.
(!/ raw at/7-flD), arfy. on
purpose, expressly.
i a, a, skilful, expert, adroit,
dexterous : suitable, proper.
sa, 0,9-0,, irr,*, eurp-'ivas, to pre-
pare, make ready.
ffio, ets, i preparation.
, n, a, ready : prompt.
(tTi <ri wX/o-Ty), adv. ] iraj, ai/f, ra, year,
o/j/y in /Ae expression *>t ixwr\.i7-
rrav, for the most part,
f, at/, a, trustee.
(*ff) ; '^' and
i7;, na-, to undertake, to at-
tempt.
i***;, adv. next, after that.
seven.
**-/'-/, /, , seven hundred.
(%/u.iffv), seven and a half.
, i/*y*a-Sjy, to work, labor.
ay, re, instrument, tool.
irn (/fa/, eziam?), ady. =: evrwf.
tvetyyiXiav, v, T^, gospel : evangelis-
tar.
, , , senstve.
f/i/er/. well done ! bravo !
tv*/tvuet, ?, , nobleness : gentlemanly
conduct.
, tf, noble.
s, at/j, a, gentleman : nobleman.
yMiot, as, ri, nobility, French no-
blesse, 05 a fi'4/e of resect.
as, , av, gentlemanly : noble,
215
as, ft, eloquence.
oS) n, ov, eloquent.
, ev, o, benefactor.
, adv. cheaply.
ia, aj, fi, plenty : cheapness.
s (tvSnvts}, ft, ev, cheap.
itio;, 0v, a, Euthymios.
vi, adv. immediately, directly.
tv&vs e-rev, or iv&vs xaSvs, as
soon as. 232. 2.
j, f>, opportunity : occasion.
vaj, to empty, evacuate.
tvxaipps, , uv, empty.
tvxaigv, i?;, ^<r, to be at leisure.
lixaratfraTaf, n, ev, being in good cir-
cumstances, having a considerable
amount of property.
ivxoKa, adv. easily : readily.
ia, a.;, it, ease, facility.
v, ev, easy.
, wet, vvS-qv, to facilitate.
s, adv. easily, with facility.
x, as, fi, veneration, reverence.
f, is, religiously reverent.
Xoyioc, a;, , blessing : bliss : small
pox :
, t7; t yiret, f,r,v, vftsvos, to bless.
ia., as, *, beauty.
;, n, ev, beautiful, uocua;.
t ifet, <V3>jy, ifffAivas, to cas-
trate.
y^f, w, a, eunuch.
7, inter;, denoting surprise, used by
women.
;, cus, *i, invention.
or/, ft, Euripos, or Negro-
ponte.
tv^ifxu, to find : to hit. Pass. ii>gi-
o-xoftui, also, to be, to be present :
to live, reside. 106.
Evgwo-fl, ns, fi, Europe.
tvrifiiia, as, fi, piety.
tiffins, is, pious.
ivffir^u'yxviet, as, fi, mercy, merciful-
ness.
tua-vrXa'y^vos, v, ov, merciful.
tvra%ta, as, fi, good order.
tt?, f, worthless, vile.
ys, is, fortunate.
titrv%ia, us, , good fort>me.
tJ>, >j<ra, lo-pives, to be fortu-
nate, to succeed.
av, well sounding : auspicious.
vtff, j, , Euphrosyne, one of
the Graces.
ixpvts, is, intelligent, ingenious.
v^et^iffrSj t?t, n<ra, *j$7ii>, tipivss, to
thank. Pass. tv%etgirTovfteu, to be
contented or satisfied with, followed
by tis TOV.
"%*ii *is, ft, written prayer : blessing.
v^eftai, to pray : to bless. 106.
vubiet, as, ft, fragrance.
Qiffis, teas, fit = i<nSi/jK/.
RITIS (ivi, '/ires ?) adv. this year.
p/rflroj, , on horseback, riding.
(ogftu), to rush upon, attack.
ev, o, overseer, inspector, super-
visor, superintendent.
d v - yesterday.
as, f>, enmity.
s, n, female enemy.
, ,-, fi, txfy*.
ov, 0, enemy.
t%is, iosj ft, viper,
i^-ri, and
1%*) adv. = !#/?.
'i%a, to have : to consider, deem : to
cost. 106.
$EV T 'i%u rofftv x&Xet fit ttvrev,
I am not on very good terms with
him.
TO t%uv, property.
i-^, for iv<r, 27. 2.
t-^l, and
i-v^s'j (o^f), adv. last evening.
ic*s, adv. till, until : as far as : how
far, how long.
tetSt prep. 201.
'iuf va, and
luffou (teas aw), or tuffou v, till, until.
232. 2.
for $ or <r, 27. 7.
Xn, >, , violent agitation : tem-
pest : giddiness.
*$/ (Sa^xay), /w, TO, deer.
^a^evw (ffctfioiu, rcti^ta ?), *, uSnv,
uftivas, to shrivel : to wrinkle.
216
to warm.
i0-T, >},-, , warmth : heat.
0f, , , warm.
iu, re. pair.
to be
Zst/y, A/y, A/, Jupiter
nXi/o>, tva-a, it/S->;y, t
envious of. Wi/A rex.
jA0y, 0v, , zeal.
tX0Tir;, *, a, jealousy.
gvXorvTo;, v, v, jealous.
/*/, ;, , injury : damage : mis-
chief.
ve-et, *$nv, Hftiies, to injure :
to damage.
i, *Tf, r0, question
conj. or, either. 251.
iy, flyaj, 0', prince.
os, ev, 0, prior of a convent.
, adv. that is, namely.
, rj, pleasure : lust.
to yoke, j foute*, vva, vy$jy, to please, delight.
Pass. ribiH/oftai, to delight in, take
pleasure in, with its vet.
tar/tier, 0v, re, spearmint.
IKOS, ', 0y, moral.
0f, 0vj, re, commonly ret Sj, mor-
als, moral character.
, rj, age, as of a person.
, 0v, <?, sun.
< j-A/s/, the heat of the sun.
tiftiTt. 64.
as, ft, day.
squeeze, press.
, n
frr,ft;, tut, fi, question : search after, fiftigovu, urz, ^3-ny, wft,iva; t to tame :
rw, ?j, >}.*, 'Sy, fif*i*os, to seek, ! to render sociable : to appease,
to be in search of : to ask, demand. ^5^0?, n, 0y, tame, not wild : mild,
y\ivu, = %n\ii/u. gentle : domestic, as an animal.
r,uTaou, to be able, can. 106.
: r,v, = T0y, was, from itpcti.
I rZiuou, (igsvtf/0-**), to know. 106.
j "Hca, a;, it, Hera, Juno.
affa, uff&r,*, afff&ivos, to ( ran (juooi), as, it) darnel, lolium temer-
weigh. lentum.
vy0'?, 0v, 0', yoke. figuixos, , 0y, heroic.
^/Sf, 0v, , beer. fiouif/^es, 0w 0' heroism.
tuuevtv, *ra, &Svv, vftiiof, to knead.
%, ntra, to live. 106.
y ^j, y ^TI, pray, prithee.
)0i, ev, 0, painter.
, , life.
BJ, , 0y, lively, vivacious.
, leu, re, girdle, belt.
yj, fiSi j girdle, belt : zone.
wrativtu, tvira, to bring to life, re-
vive ' to come to life.
), }, 0y, living, alive.
r,ou;, uos, o, hero.
-us for -us, 37. N. 2. for H, 42.
N. 3.
firv%iei, etf, , quiet : rest.
%rv%o;, n, 0y, quiet.
>7T, co/i;. = n, or, either.
^*f " a ' soun( l : noise, clamor.
0.
v, T0, animal : beast
f, , y, vital.
j,-, tf, brutal.
H.
- for -f f or ., 42. N. 2.
*, *?e 0.
r, = */, from 0.
106.
, , sea.
0f, j, 0y, of the sea, marine.
to dim, obscure, sully, darken.
<tftvs (Mftfai), , , dim, obscure,
dark.
flt^rapjyyw (Sap-res, fiyyu), to
shine dimly, to shed a dim light.
v<zr/xy, v, T0, = <xa.vu\r n vranovxXet.
to put to
217
death.
9-dvxro;, ov, o, death.
Sy, *is, ft, = the preceding.
Sax-Ten, to bury.
9-xppos, ovt, TO, confidence.
Setvfta, ares, re, wonder : miracle.
Sxuftcc^/v, xa-x, Ktrd-w, aaytlvoj, to
wonder : to admire.
SavfAao-fAost ov, , wondering : admira-
tion.
Sotv/toto-Tos, n, y, wonderful : admir- !
able.^ f
fr \a.3>Tu), iov, TO, = T0a?.
$i ($i\u), the same as &a : it is al- ;
ways followed by ya, thus, S v.
Sja, as, ft, goddess.
S-i-r0y, ov, TO, theatre.
3-/, x;, ;, aunt.
Sa^/ (9-rey), /at/, Ta, sulphur, brim-
stone.
3-t7os, K, ov, divine.
Sj7af, ov, o, uncle.
SsXij^a, Taj, TO, will : desire, wish.
S-eXw, to will : to wish, desire, want : '
to maintain, affirm. 106.
3-tXw KOU $lv S-iKu, whether I will
or not.
StfttXiov, ov, TO, foundation : basis.
&if&iffTax% 55;, xKiovg) o t Xhemistocles.
B'iot, ov, o, god.
3-ioffifitiK, ots, , piety.
>?j, is, pious.
, nro;, it, deity : divinity.
E/, j, , cure, remedy.
/, io-3-tjv, iffftivosi to mow,
reap.
aw, TO, = Sff^Mf.
rj, aw, a', reaper : June, tovvios.
ITU (T/S/t) to P ut P lace A*?.
iei, as, r, theory.
i7g, wet, J5$jv, rlfthtf, to see,
behold, #XtT : to consider, view.
x6j/, <aw, , = </<e following.
x*i, ns, f case : sheath, scabbard.
Xwj), KS, n, noose.
*.uxt (n\v*'o;}, tov, TO, buckle, clasp.
Xt/xayA/, uo"ct, iS>jv, uutvi;, to buckle,
clasp : to button.
>.y*aj, j, a'y, female : feminine.
/0y, i/, TO, wild beast.
^J, sj, ferocious.
if, aw, a, treasure.
a, ac/w. gloomily, dismally.
sj, a, y, gloomy, dismal, mel-
ancholy.
i-^at, /ipSjjy, ippivos, to oppress.
, ;, , = the following.
, twj, , affliction, distress.
aj, , ay, turbid.
os, ov, a', tumult, uproar.
, axaj, a, a Thracian.
i t a,;, fi, and
, vis, fi, fever.
j, ov, warm, ^io-Tog.
o;, ov, a, hot water.
, ires, ft, heat.
, adv. warmly,
y?, T, the mowing season.
io-if, ios, , position, situation.
iffffn\iet, ?, , Thessaly.
iffffctXes, cv, o, a Thessalian.
w, av, positive.
19
S-^vaj, aw, a, lamentation.
S-gqfxiia, us, vi, religion.
fytiffxivTixos, -h, ov, religious.
dgvrjtMTMMyj orfy. religiously : with
reference to religion.
3-govi, iov, TO, cliair : throne.
8-povos, ov, o, throne.
3-^o^jj, = -Ta<p}.
SwyT/^e, f, , = the following.
vyet>ros, fi, daughter.
43. 4.
piiil^u, aa-as, KtrS-qv, etffftivos, to fumi-
gate with incense.
CLTO;, TO, incense.
ov, ov, TO, and
iov, TO, censer.
iMMf, ufftt., uSw, uftivos, to enrage,
to make angry.
/xovu, uo-a, to become or be angry.
ev, o, anger.
, , door.
w^/, /ay, Ta, door, used in certain ex-
pressions ; as, xu-ra. Svp, indiscrimi-
nately.
00*<gva (Swjat, ^i^y), to knock at a
door.
ot, ov, o, door keeper, porter.
218
as, fi, sacrifice.
, ara, <rS>j, KfftiiK, to sacri-
fice.
to see.
I.
i for E, 27. 8.
'laxupes, v, , James.
lavavei^es (Lot. jaouartus), ev, o, Jan-
uary.
laroiia, as, fi, cure.
leirfltvuet, acres, TO, = /Ae preceding.
latroivu, tva-a, ^Sr, lUftiras, to treat
medically, attend 05 a physician ' to
cure.
iarixr>, tis, r>, the art of medicine.
iaroixet, ev, re, medicine.
os, ttv, i, physician.
ia, its, > idea, notion.
ixes, ij, ej, =
its, a, n, peculiar, with reo : self :
same, with ftl rot. 66. 2 : 75.
idtfut, are;, re, idiom.
.y, infer;, lo ! behoW \ With the
nominative.
oiU) uret, wfilyt;, to sweat.
&;, iJros, o, and
ets, a, , sweat.
iet>, re, and
, u*s, i, hawk.
iiftvf, tvt, i, priest.
hoe;, a, e, sacred.
hooffvXix, at, fi, sacrilege.
hlio-vt.es, ev, , sacrilegist.
t^ayinisi is, indigenous, native.
iK.ai9Toir,<rif (Ixetvtf, <), tttfi n.
atonement : satisfaction.
ixaves, r, , able, capable : enough,
sufficient.
Jx*?> , , benignant : cheerful.
tfuiftns (Turk.), r, e, imam.
-/, nouns in, 36. N. 1.
'!$/*, a?, ^, <77f</
'lyj/a/, <, */, India, Hindoostan.
'1*^9?, , e, Hindoo.
,^/ori, 27. 12.
*I/4, /, Ttf, sc. -iXyf, the Ionian
sea.
a. Julius), v, ', July.
(Ixi/. junius), w, , June.
, to ride.
iwrixe*, ev, re, cavalry.
1*<ros, ev, i, horse.
I^<j, /$?, , rainbow.
IffteH^e*, (tries), , aff/u.i*of, to straight-
en : to direct, o an arrow.
trio; (*ros\ , , straight, not crooked '.
even : equal.
IfKtt (Ital. esca), at, ii, tinder.
ife^imau.ii, it, ot, equivalent.
?<rfly, m, TO, bass, in music.
"ffof, r, , equal. 7rifA /us Ta'.
ifferr;, r.ros, n, equality.
'I<riX, o, Israel.
Itrroe'ta.. as, 11, history.
iffrosixe;, r,, , historical.
es , hrstorian.
os, , c', strong,
wa, to be strong, valid.
*<r,-, orft?. perhaps. rri<A fAe indica-
th-e, or ii'ifh the aorist subjunctive :
when followed by , it may take
the present subjunctive also.
'IraXes, ev, e, an Italian.
'Itttbms, eo, o, John.
'Ivecvy/ixe, ui, r, Yannina, a city.
'lufftQ, o, Joseph.
K.
* /"" X* rf?*' ff * 27 - 9 -
(Pers.), tev, re, caftan.
(Ital. cavallo,
as, ii. riding, "srwiwy
trrafia : horsemanship, /
*/SXXa, on horseback, adver-
bially, after verbs of motion ; as,
>S= xa^SaXXo, he came on horse-
back.
*/3fltXX{??, 9i, e, rider, i<fnTret.
a, , a
i, re, crab-
(Turk:}, , , cadi,
i (Turk.), lev, re, =
adv. purely : with purity.
xa.Sx.ifu (*/*>), />, *, i
to depose : to put down.
xaSxeigv, iva, /V^n, /^/c*>f, to clean,
clear, cleanse, purify : to pick, as
beans.
$, , , pure, clean, clear.
Xtt&Ct
219
, vras, , purity, cleanliness,
clearness.
s, tus, fi, purification.
o (*9-' atvTo), adv. real, true,
luz/A the article before it.
xdS-s (xa9-/j), every, each, indeclina-
ble. 75.
x9* T<, every thing.
xaSs/5 (xa-ra, iJV), xctSift'iet, xxQiv,
every one, each, txafrof. 75.
xad'SxXa (x.a.S-9/xai], a;, y, chair.
xctS-ivas, xaStftiet, xotSlvet, = xasSe/f.
xdS-nfteu, = xeiSoftxi. For its in-
flection, see Greek Gram. 118.
>7, ?;, , weekday, not iogrv.
iffu,, <V3-jv, iffftivas, to seat,
o, adv. = us, as.
, at/, f>, descent.
StXov, adv- in general, universally :
entirely, <ravTsA&/j : at all : not at
all, but only in answer to a question.
S-opeit (*S^a<), to sit: to reside,
dwell, stay. 106.
conj. as, inasmuch as.
(xKrovrgov) , at/, a, and
s, v, o, mirror, looking-glass.
j, adv. as, just as. 232. 2.
*/, conj. 250.
, z'/i </je expression xeu el,
149. 3, 4.
xa/ w&A </<e indicative, 221.
*a a, o/ier relatives, 232. 2.
xa.t'yu, xetiu.
xtt'txi (Turk.), tev, <rt, = v}.o7ov.
Ketmvs, ius, a, Caeneus.
xxivoroftia, us, , innovation.
xemoTopu, (7s, vsrtt, nnv, r.pivas, to
innovate.
xKivoufy*;, a defective genitive, used
only in the phrase a.*ro xa.ivtvg'yrj;,
anew.
xaivav^yios (xxivovgyos'), *, v, = vsaj,
new.
xui^ot, tv, a, time : season : opportu-
nity : weather.
xttiu, to burn : to pinch with cold.
106.
XKX'IK, as, n, malice, malignity, wick-
tp abuse, treat ill.
xapaigiei^a, atra, uffftivas, to render
miserable. The participle xa.xofjt.ei'
xaxos, y, ev, bad : wicked. 57.
TOW KKHOV, in vain, uselessly.
xeix.cvi>>yvi(jt.et, etros, re, crime.
xuxatpiViTtxt (tpuivoftai), IxtzxaQeivii, to
displease, impersonal. With the
accusative of the personal pronoun ;
ax, p.\ xKxo<pivs<rai, I am sorry ;
rav IxetxoQoivn, he was displeased.
KccXx, adv. well.
', a,, av, = xeifcririt-
xA.ai"
edness, vice.
KO.X.O fjt.tr a.
, tou, Tfl, caldron.
wr:. tev, re,
, lev, TO, inkstand.
xa.\a.(ju, tev, TO, reed.
, for XA fiftigx, good morn-
ing. With the genitive of the per-
sonal pronoun.
X>j-TE^a, for xtt\vi tfri^tt, good
evening. With the genitive of the
personal pronoun.
XvTtga, adv. better.
X*;<ri0;, a, ov, better, comparative
ofxaXos.
u (a>.iT^ej), ivffot,, it/d-^y,
, to better, meliorate.
ivffet, to grow or get
better.
, adv. = xuMtov, better.
xei\\iev, neuter comparative of xet\es,
used only in the nominative singu-
lar, and always in the predicate of
a proposition of which the subject is
any other word than a nominative ;
as, xaXX/av VITOV tot ti%ts, it were
better if you had.
ay, u, ay, best, superlative of
os, monk.
xot\oxa,'ipi, lev, and
awake.
(xaugos), ov, TO, summer.
(%VTTVU), to be thoroughly
xnr/o
220
xr/oi
xX0;, rs, ev, good : handsome : ' xavfaor (Ital. cappello), v, ro, hat
thorough, complete. 57.
T/fff vocative *.a.\i, in exclama-
tions, is indeclinable, and has the
firceofj.
xxlevvoixi (TWA:.), itv, TO, a kind of
cap.
, v, et, rather xetle;.
xdlre-a. (Ilal. calza), ett, ft, stocking,
xet*'te-Ti (Ital. capestro), iv, rt, hal-
ter, as for a horse : bridle,
t
XUVITU.V, o, captain, indeclinable, and
alivays followed by a proper name ;
as, 6 xetvrtrav A/a^a>T^;, Captain
Diamantes, rev xetvriTat*
cotton stocking. has no plural.
i~;, iffa., if$r t v, iffftives, to invite, xttvtra.va.rov \
xv, of Captain Karaiskakes. It
AU;, adv. well.
,Xuffwivii, it begins to clear off;
ixxXvfvnuffi, it has cleared off, it is
good weather.
tXaffiivi), xi, ft, goodness.
and
(Ital. camera) aj, , chamber.
., as, fit camel.
tov, TO, = the preceding.
xu.fi.fAia., see x*.vt'ts.
, to make, 0r/* : to do : to
pretend to be, to play ; as,
, ev, re, the dis-
pher. 106.
to play the philoso-
xa.ftovcf4.cct (xdftvuj, *
pretend.
how do you do ?
to feign,
Ka.ft.vra.iat. (Ital. cauipana), f, , =
trict defended by a leader of '
TU\OI, which see.
xa.-riru.vivu, iviree., to be a leader of
' A.pfio.ruXei. See xu.Tira.voi.
xetftreittas, and
xtt.vnru.vos (Ital. capitano), v, c, plu-
ral also xa.-nra.ia.1ot, captain *. the
leader of a body of 'j
chieftain.
xavvia, tret, itr^nv, iffftives, to smoke,
fumigate.
TO. xdvvte-et, to decamp, scamper
off, to vanish like a chimney ghost
xetwet, ev, , smoke: tobacco.
rivet xavvcv, to smoke one's pipe.
Kctvttiffreias, et, e, Capodistria.
xxvetxvov, 71. N. 2.
xeivoiof (xeiv, voTes), et, ev, certain, a
certain, a certain one, some one,
(Ital. campo), tv, o, plain, ' somebody. 71.
viStdg. xiivert (xeiv, veri), ado. sometimes.
xotpToires, and xapveres (xeiv, vivas), xvev (xeiv, veil}, adv. somewhere, at
, ev, some. 75. some place.
xdfiu, = xa.ft.vu. l\.a.v0iXy;, ti, e, Kapreles.
xd.ff.ufia. (xdpve*), ares, re, doing, xeiveu; (xav, vus], adv. somehow,
deed. xagdfit (xdeecfio;), lev, ro, ship.
(xar^a/S/f), y, , crawfish.
, 0,
xeiv, adv. at least, rev^ei^iffrsv : even.
xavetxiuu (unc.), fir, tvuinig, to
coax.
ixig (xeiv, i'i; j,
tet., xuvit, and
plur.
s, n, o, Karaiskakes, the
xctvivus, xd.ff.fji, I ee, xdvivot, any, one, any diminutive of
one, r\s ' no one, none, but only in ]\.ocoa.'ie-xos, ev, e, Karai'skos.
answer to a question. 71. xd^evvev (Ilal. carbone), ev, r, coal,
xotvvdfit (xdvva.fot;'), iov, re, hemp. vSfa|.
xetvevt, teu, re, cannon.
xetvovtd, is, ft, the report of a cannon.
xavovigu, tret, ifr,v, ipftivos, to regu-
late.
xatvtvtfffto;, ev, o, regulating.
xdva, = xdftve*.
xetvttv, eves, e, rule : law : canon.
a.fAov, ev, re, watercress.
ta, &t, ft, heart
ii;, r,, et, hearty, cordial.
fitsxlivrr.; (x\ivrt>t), r>, e, Stealer
of hearts.
f'tvet (Ital. carena), ,-, , keel, ret-
221
iri (Turk. ?), iov, TO, = xov-
vowri'bt.
(Ital. carrucola, girella), iov,
TO, pulley, rgo%i*.ict.
oTt;, ov, a, fruit : produce.
(Turk.) iov t <ro, watermelon.
tTs, r><rtt, = <rgafffi,iv6J.
v, TO, the English walnut
i, iov, ro, nail, peg, ijAaj.
'iTo-u, as, 55, pin.
ov&j, uffcc, u9-r,v, uitivo;, to nail.
irigivos, ov, made of tin.
irfrtij, ov, o, tin.
ov (Lot. castrum), ov, TO, =
xctTK, preji. 192.- 201.
xo.Tot.j-xx.ivu (/3/v), to descend, to go
or come down. With o.-ro TOV.
106.
(/3XX), to overcome,
on the floor.
put down
TttfiiXotict.
layer, in husbandry.
civu (/3av<w), = xara/SaXXw.
vs (yri), adv. on the ground :
, to be occupied
with, to be engaged in. With tts rov.
xetTKyaftai (a.yu)j to be descended
from, to be descendant of: to pro-
ceed from. With O.VTO rev.
xtt.retyvgp.ives (yvgvu), v, ov, bent,
intent on. With tls TOV.
xetTaSixefAeii (bixopat), to condescend,
deign : to submit to.
, uffct, citrS-riv,
a.fff*ivo{, to condemn. With TOV its
TOV.
xuTadixn, n;, ft, condemnation : pun-
ishment.
xetrd^iKos, ov, o, criminal, culprit.
xecTxxet^i^u (*S/^w), tree, if/u-ivos, to
settle, as liquids.
xKTaxXufffAos, ou, o, deluge.
xaTuXetftfifivu (Xa,/3aviw), to under-
stand.
xotTdXv-^'is, tus, fi, comprehension.
xTaXXjX/a, ng, ft, propriety, con-
sistence.
XKTKVTM, .;, nffoe., to come to, arrive
at. With va and the sulyunctwe.
xxra.Ttx.vu (avr<ivu\ adv. upon, against,
right against. With TOV, or ttf TOV.
xatTtwrivu (vrtveu), to swallow.
KKTCfvl-rTu (flr/Vr), to fall com-
pletely.
XKTKVOOI (ffoSt), adv. = XKT09fi.
xTefro>>.ift,u (iraXs^ftJ), to defeat.
xce.ra.Kovu (vrovu), = xT/3X>..
, to enumerate.
, ov, o, spy, scout.
, to scatter in
all directions, to disperse complete-
ly : to squander.
, y, = the preceding.
, tut) fi, condition, situation,
state.
xetTa<rTi%axi, TO, a little xa.TeiffTi%v.
(frizes), ov, TO, book of
accounts, ledger.
TO, xuToiffTioi ftou, to be
xot.Ttx.qn\ej
excessively.
frightened out of one's wits.
TXfT^atpti, r,s, fi, subversion.
TUT^i^u (-Tgl^u), to persecute.
TctT^'iftta (T&U), to pass, spend,
consume, as time.
oi^ia), to terrify.
to kiss greedily or
ns, fj, and
, *i, contempt.
vu (^avftj), iTs, tiro, or urn,
vnv or e9->jy, vpivos or iftivos, to
despise.
xetTet^ei^u Oeff), if*, 'urSnv, ifftti-
vos, to attempt.
xxTa^S-o'vios, a, ov, subterraneous : in-
fernal.
xetTae%vioi (ot%vos\ af, fi, fog, mist.
xetT&xgiiffis, tug, ft, abuse.
xaTSjSa/vw, = xtt.Ta.fitt.ivu,
svaj, to bring down : to lower.
OV (jtUTifietivea), ov, TO, = ft"
XOtTlTKVea, = Xtt.Ttt.Ttt.VU,
xaTifyov (igyov), ov, TO, galley.
KT^/v>?, j, , Katerine, a town.
xetTivS-vvw (tuSvva), wet, vvSyv, to
direct.
xT9iyo/>ioi, as, *i, accusation.
xa,Triyof>u, tis, tiro,, Sjv, tiftives, to
accuse, blame, censure.
xemj
222
xiex., = xvtoi.
xteatptvs, ies, e, potter.
xteap.fii, iv, re, brick : tile.
xigdiri, iev, ri, cherry.
xioarev, ev, re, horn.
t, as, fi, sadness, dejection. j xivrgev, ev, re, centre.
>as (xaref, 0if), ev, e, descent, xivru, as, r,va, ijS?v, r,u.(vis, to prick '
declivity, downhill. to embroider.
xan (*, c<), indeclinable, some,
something. 71.
xareixe;, ev, e, inhabitant.
xnreixu (oixi*), i7s, *ffa, rtt
to inhabit, dwell.
xarevri (narefriv), adv. behind : close xteare-a, = xvoirva.
at one's heels. With rev, or are xiaawos, ov, e, thunderbolt.
xiooaivu, and
xipl'^u, to gain : to get the better of,
in the phrase e ayeuecQa; ixifii%i
riv uifte<p<i, the unripe-fruit-eater
got the better of the ripe-fruit-eater.
106.
xifies, ev;, re, gain, lucre, profit.
[fxe-ru), as, fi, speculation,
xotrofiovu (cfSew), ura, aB*ir, taft'tics,
to accomplish, effect : to succeed,
not to fail.
xarev, = xartt.
(Ital. catrame), iev, re, =
ixi (Turk.), iev t re, = ti
xetrffiavla (Lat. cucullis, cucullus),
as, ft, hood of a cloak.
xa.ru, adv. down : below.
xarurares, n, , lowest, deepest.
57.
urioos, a, ev, lower. Ibid.
(XM), as, ri, intense heat :
burning sensation.
xa.fft.ee., are;, re, heat.
xctvftivs (xavuj, r ly ev, poor, unhappy,
used in certain eijtressions denoting
compassion ; as, e xa.v[*.'iios ! poor
fellow ! or poor me !
, I'M!, fi, heat.
n commerce.
}, lev, re, wax : small wax-
candle.
xi(>vv, to pour out liquor for anybody,
to treat with liquor. 106.
v, ev, re, chapter : capital.
xi$a\r,, r t :, fi, head.
, ro, = the preceding.
(<rrj), ev, re, headache.
(Turk.} ti, e, =
xau%u/u.i, etreei, f&r,v, to boast, brag.
xetven, = xoiitt.
xet<pi*i~ev, ev, re, coffee-house.
xaQitii, , e, = the preceding.
xafjs (Turk.), i, o t coffee : a cup of
coffee.
xa'^a,, as, fi, and
(xa-^et), n, e,
(xt7fjt,ai), to lie, to be 'in an
inclined posture.
xAa2o, i7t, nva, and
xiXui'tw, tis, nra, to sing, as a bird.
xito$a%ia, etf, f>, vanity, vainglory.
x{5,-, r, ev, vain, vainglorious.
xttes, ri, ev, empty, luxates
devoid.
Kivravoet, ev, e, Centaur.
xivrei, lev, re, goad : sting : spur
'i (*iyx,j>t)t Mf ra, millet
xyxfti (**/;), ice/, re, gall-nut.
xrirest eu, e, garden.
x*!#ovoes, ev, e, gardener.
xnt, = xtfi.
xr.fvyfta, arts, TO, proclamation : doc-
trine.
xr.ov^, vxos, o, herald.
xrevrru, v?a, v%$vv, vyplvof, to pro-
claim.
*/, con;, used only before the sounds
a, e, ev, = xet't. 26. N. 2.
vy (Hebr. x/3tg), lev, re, = rti-
(Turk.), iev, ro, carpet.
tve-tt, to be in danger.
, ev, e, danger.
xivr,(jia, arot, re, movement.
xi*r,ffis, lus, fi, motion.
xivu, i7s, r,ffa, r.Sr,*, r,ui*o;, to move.
xipw, = xtevu.
Kifapos, v, o, Kisabhos, or Ossa, a
mountain.
223
, lav TO, pumice, ix-
f ^
XITPOV, ev, TO, citron.
ov, o, branch : bough.
/w, to weep. 106.
, UTOS, <ro, and
uiJftx, UTOS, T0, weeping, wailing,
lamentation.
a-^a, a?, H,
f/;a, us, ^,
/aw, TO, key.
xX/50v<, j, ;, lock.
xX/o'yy, &'0-a, <ySv, uftivos, to lock.
KXt/0-ovja, a?, >j, Klisoura, a town.
?, a, o, Klisouras.
'iw, tiffKy tiff&nv, Hepivos, to shut,
close.
j, w, , thief : robber : pirate.
os, , y, pertaining to a xXe-
or harborer of
, ev, o, receiver
as, to steal.
, , 0, = xXtTT
f, >j, o, Klepht.
j, 0v, occu-
pied by the Klephts, being in the
hands of the Klephts.
at, T, a young Kxi-
, a raj, rs, vine.
is), us, fi, vine-
branch.
;, eUf o, heir.
>, /~f, <r, to inherit : to be
the heir of, with. TOV.
, /3->jv, iftivog, to incline, bend :
to decline.
xX/y&> TW xtQa,\w t to make a
bow.
X/vo/, /v, intransitive^ to incline to-
wards. JFitVi r^f, or /f r0v.
X/0-<;, {&>;, ft, inclination : declension.
/>, *?, jJS^x, vftlvo;, to shake,
a /ra.
iriK (/la/, calcio), Sy, n> kick,
*X0r0*, ;, *j9*, >5S>!v, vpivas, to kick.
xXw/Saf), /jJ, <r, cage.
uffu, ufSqv, uffft'ivos, to twist.
uvoi (x\uv), ov, 0, small branch.
uffot, a.;, v, sitting hen, hen with a
brood, the old hen. It is an ano-
matopey.
, and
xa/X/a, as, ft, belly.
xo7Xog, >j, 0, concave.
xoiftigu, iff, iffftivo;, to set to sleep.
Koiftuftat, a.ffa.1, S>jv, to sleep.
xoivog) , cy, common.
xaiwvia, a.g, y, communion : society.
XOIVMVIXOS) Yl t OV, SOCial.
xotvus, adv. commonly.
xoxctXov (unc.j, ov, TO, bare.
xoxxivct^oc, a;, ft, redness.
xoxxwi^a, lo-x, io-Sw, ie-ftivof, to red-
den.
x,axxivi&, lo-ee, to look red.
xoxxivvXee, ay, v, intense redness.
xoxxivag, y, ov, red.
*eXa (MWC.), etf, r,, sheet of paper.
xsXa^w, uffu, a.ff$yv, ctrftivos, to damn
in Hades.
xoXetxtiet, ttf, fi, flattery.
xo'Xal-, axes, o, flatterer.
xoXa0v?, tuf, ft, hell.
xet-eiTo-i^eo {Ital. colazione), wet, =
yrpoy t uft.it T'I^IU.
x0XX, us, fi, glue.
xaXXw, a?, , J53-JJV, t>^y;, to glue
together : to attach, stick.
X0XX&/, as, *i<roi, to stick, intransitive.
x0Xv&/, j, = l/te preceding.
x0X0/3o>, , ov, tailless, having no tail.
xaXoios, ev, 0, jackdaw.
xXoxt'9< (*0Xox^vS>j), /aw, T0, pump-
kin.
, ov, o, bosom : gulf.
??, tiffu, to swim.
uvo. (Ital. colonna, xoXo/va;), a;, ^,
pillar, column.
'/iroi^os, ov, o, big comet.
, ov, o, comet.
UTOS, TO, piece, part.
i, iou, TO, piece : piece of bread.
xoju.ft.aTi, a little, some, adver-
bially.
opp?), iov, TO, gum.
XO ( U7T 224 XOV71
(xeptras, Xs'yw), itv, TO, I of bread.
string of beads : rosary, used by XOOITO-I, iov, TO, = xeoo-fiov.
devotees. xco/ui (xaojU,o;), iov t TO, = fftaf&OL, the
*,/,, knot. human body.
u.7Taa-%ei9i (ff%ani), iev, TO, rosary, xogviat%TOf (xoviogTOi), ev, o, =
consisting of a row of knots, and dust.
used chiefly by monks,
ft^et, ri, e*, elegant.
Qrt, >is, n summit, top.
y, = the preceding.
iv), itv, T*, top
;, w, elegance.
xovdxt (Turk.), inv, TO, lodging, XKT- of a mountain.
xevtvli (xsvSvXaf), iov, TO, pen, quill : ! xoirxiteis, a., o, sieve-maker.
graft, iftftXi. I xoffxivo9, ev, TO, sieve for coarse sub-
xov$v}*op,ei%eit0e9 (f.a%ati), ov, TO, '< Stances.
penknife. xerxivov, cvs, fi, the wife of a xefxi9af.
xevivu (Turk.), tvo-a, tuptves, to lodge, xogava (Ital. corona), f, ri, == -
Key/>j?, >}> a, jrfur. K.OVIKOSI, == Tovo- <pvof.
xes. xetr/u.txos, ov, e, = X/'x;.
Koviaoioi, a.;, fi, the Turkish nation, the xoc-pe;, ov, i, world.
Turks, tl Tevoxei. xotrpelpSaoas (^S-t/^w), ay, world-de-
xeyt&os'retTfiju.tvas (<rrw), n, ay, occu- stroying.
pied by the Turks. xeo-Tt%&>, to-tt, to cost.
xevibct (xatis), f, , nit. xoo-Tes (Ital. COSto), TO, cost.
xetiegTOf, ev, o, dust, xeevia^TOf. XOTU (xeTtu), a;, nrat, = ToXftu.
XOVTK (xotTo;), adv. = ffipa.. xavfrtiXu (xe/SaXas), t~s, vret, tS-ti9,
XOVTXXI (K.OVTOS), iov, TO, the butt end : nfttves, to carry or transport burdens,
of a musket or pistol. as a jwrter.
XOVTXI (xorros), lev, TO, spear, pike. , xov$avn (xeSbvv), iev t TO, small belL
XOVTIVU (XOVTOS), tvret, to shorten : xavxxi (xexxas), iov, TO, kernel, grain :
to approach. bean, vicia faba, in French, haricot.
xsvrflXayJff (xoiTog) Xyoj), adv. in xovxxes (xox*v%), ev, e, cuckoo.
short, briefly. xovxXovw (Lot. cuculis), , uShiv,
es, ri, 09, short. 57. uft'ivos, to cover up.
i, = xovovXi. xtvxov\i (Lat. cucullus), iau, TO, CO-
(unc.), iev, Ta, flock, herd. coon.
lea, ta-et, irS-919, ifftlro:, to pound : xovxavtoigoi (xutog), ?, , the CODC of
to beat. the stone-pine.
"TtXa (unc-) f> lass. j xov\\s (xv^Xos), v, ov, lame, crippled.
i!/5, us, fi, dear xo-ri\a. ' xst/AXai/^a (xXX/^), as , cake.
teret, to labor. "K.<ii>fia.f, a., o, Koumas.
xo-rietfi, xe-rieiyTi, please come. xovpioxi (Ital. commercio), tov, T, =
res, ov, o, labor : trouble. TtXvitw.
trno'o;, a, ev, sharp, as a knifeJ xavviet (Lat. cunae), as, , cradle :
'TTW, a-^a, 6$9i9 or asrtjy, a/tt/'yaj, to ' swing,
cut. i xotnovvri iv, Te, = xuvu^.
'octxets, ot or ev, o, and ! xmvevirfii (unc.) t tev, TO, cauliflower,
0<z5, axe;, o, crow.
xegoio-io*, ov, TO, girl. X.OVVTU (xavros), .f, ttex, to push.
xeob'tXo, (Ital. Cordelia), a;, , lace : xovru (x/vw), 7j, *, r,Sn*, ttftives, to
shoe, local. rock : to swing : to move, xivea.
xon, fis, r,, girl. j xtiMret (Lat. cupa), ay, , cup.
* xaotoi (Lat. corium), as, fl, crust, as ' xavri (x*m), iev, TO, oar.
V.OVQ
225
(xoeag}, cttra, eiffSnv, Uffftivog,
to fatigue, tire.
V^iliea (xOUgiVg}, IVffO,, IV^^V, lUfAlVOg,
to shear.
= xoovfoc,\u.
oiXi (xvrog ?), iov, TO, spoon.
xoyra^ici, a;, fi, spoonful.
xtv>rt).ov (xvrog ?) ev, ro, = ftiruvrov.
xevri (xt/T/f), lev, TO, a small box.
xovnxug, and
xovrufag (xvrog}, a, o, the back part
of the head.
xaurffobonryi; (xovrffog, ^ovri), t), a, one
with broken teeth.
xovro-og (*oVr), , on, = j^uXog.
xovrffovgtv (*oyro-o'j), y, re, stump.
* xovQct (*o<p/v/), tav, ro, small basket.
xovtptog (xovQoi), et, ev, empty, as a
nut.
xov<po%vKici (xovQo;, ^'Xav), aj, fi, elder,
sambucus, n tree. +
xavtyos, = KuQo;.
xaQtvi (xo'^/voj), /ow, TO, basket.
XOlfTU, = XOX-TU.
xo^Xias, as, , screw, /3/^a.
xo-^as (MWC.), as, Si, hook or eye :
hooks and eyes, in the plural.
xo-^/n, us, , and
xa^ig (xov-rui), tug, *i, edge of a cut-
ting instrument.
xao>, |, to call.
xKf*.vri (x^eiftfiri), tov, re, cabbage.
xgecviov, ev, TO, skull.
eixi, TO, dear xpurt.
utfi'), a, o, vintner, wine
merchant.
i (x^oiffis\ tw, TO, wine.
, t*>s, ft, constitution of the hu-
man body : crasis.
X^CCTOS, ot/j, TO, power, government.
xoa.ru, i7g, uret, S>?, jj^Uoj, to hold.
el xgetTeuvrtf, the government.
xetvyv t rig, fi, vociferation.
xtuf, uro;, TO, flesh : meat.
etri (x^/3Toj), iw, TO, bed, couch.
XgtftVU, = XOlf&U
, to be hanging, to
hang, intransitive. With re rev.
J, UO-K, UffS-VV, -
to hang, suspend. With rev
XgtftU
axo rev.
vpvi^u, iffct, /o-S-jy, iffftsvos, to pre-
cipitate : demolish, as a house.
vptvos, eu, o, precipice.
jT}7, vis, fi, Crete, an island.
x^/a;), tov, re, ram.
(f*S*)t 'ou, ro, barley.
. (x^ixe;), K;, v, ring.
are;, TO, sin, crime,
pity, thing to be regretted.
igeftut (xgi/tx), to sin, a
roivu : perf. part. xgiftctTifffA
condemned, xKTct%ixK<rp.i.voS'
tvcu, wet, iSw, iftivt;, to judge.
;, > judgment.
ev, ro, tribunal.
;, ev, e, judge.
xgtrixss, v, ev, critical.
xptrixo;, ev, o, critic.
*o*oo~*Xof, ev, o, crocodile.
xgoxog, ev, o, saffron : yolk.
(x0(jt,(jt.vav), tav, ro, onion.
oros, ev, e, loud noise, report.
avra,\u (X^OTX/^W), 7j, >jo-a,
knock at a door. With rev.
to
cc, ~BVff, Cold Spring, a place.
xgvfiu, =
x^vov, ev, ro, and
of, ov; t ro, cold.
xp f vof, a, ev,
x^vvru, vj/a, vipSnv or
to hide, conceal.
xgvtpx, adv. secretly, privately : clan-
destinely.
x^vQetvoiyu (ivo'tyta), to open secretly.
xg'j<p!u$, adv. secretly.
xguga, <w|a, to caw : to croak.
xrtvdxi, ro, little xrivi.
xrivi, iev, re, comb.
xrivi^tu, to-oi, tirSnv, itr/uivof, to comb.
ttros, re, property, possessions.
tivofiara (xT^vaj, /3a/vw), i7f, tiffet, to
commit bestiality.
/*', Ufa,, iirS-wv, irpivos, to build.
tug, fi, creation.
et, arog, TO, blow : knock : beat,
pulsation, beating.
xrvrtei, eig, fi, = the preceding.
xrv-rag, ov, o, noise, sound.
XTVITM, ug, rivet, riBijv, vftivog, to strike :
to knock at : to attack.
xvfii^vnfig, tug, f), government.
y.v 't
226
fl, = a
, i dear
vTrvay, ev, o, =
r tt ev, deaf.
A.
X /or y or ? , 27. 10.
>> ov, 0, guide : governor. Kaxrravrax*?,-, , dear
I;, r,ra, f&w, npives, to gov-
ern, manage : to steer : to support,
as a poor person.
iStum, ay, TO, quince.
/dfcwa, a;, , quince-tree.
/tut, a>y, at, Kydoniae, a city.
;, D, e, a native of Kydoniae.
xvx^eg, ov, i, circle.
xv\iu, tra, i<r$w, urftiva;, to roll. XaJy,
xvXw, as, = the preceding. >.*&;, fit;, ft, a little silver spoon, used
xvpa, ares, TO, wave. in administering the sacrament.
xvvnyiTtxos, ij, ay, qualified for hunting.
xwrtyi, iav, TS, chase, hunting.
xvvwyvs, tv, o, hunter. Xa/J^a, raj, TO, wounding, srX>jy-
xwr,ya, t7; or a;, r,ra, $>jy, r,u,i*a;, to pa.
hunt, chase : to pursue : to perse- }.*(->upaTia, as, fi, = w-Xwyn.
cute - layagige*, iff a, iffSnv, ifftis, to clarify.
xwraoitrffi (xvW/0v0y), tov, TO, cy- Xayxali (unc.\ itv, re, vallev.
press. Xa^aj, 0y, 0', hare.
xvg (xvaies\ Master, Mister, inde- Xaymnxov (Xayo'j), ov, TO, hound.
clinable.
xvod, a;, , = xv^let. 32. N.
* x.uoa.*u. (xvoiet), as, , mother.
;, , mistress. 112.
($XSay), tea, TO, oil.
ay, ov, TO, oil-jug, cruet.
v, etra, &>$v*, upiva;, to oil.
TO, son of Lazos.
') tu >> T ' mistake,
o'nt, at, fi, mistress : miss : lady : j error,
madam.
oizxr., r,;, r,, Sunday.
* / "
j/t^<a, as, *i, domination.
a,, , chief : proper, i gram-
mar.
, ov, i, master : Mr. : lord : sir.
, t), o, and
* xvoiTre;, ov, o, Mr., xvoicj.
xvoius, adv. properly.
, >, convex.
ayfttves, to look, see, /Sxisrw : to
mind : to take care, beware.
XVTTU, ?, used chiefly in the t/?i/>era-
tive, XUTTU, see.
y fl> -, 6, /argff bell.
s, fi, town, village.
, (, fi, comedy.
, w, o, comedian.
xu*a;, ev, o, cone.
KwvyravTr**?, 0t/, ', Constantine.
;, a, 0, anrf
utf/, ares, i, musqueto.
;, , , Cos, an island,
, to be mistaken.
xa.70. XaS0;, by mistake.
and
Za&vffi (X0jS^ej), iow, re, vetch.
XaTxe;, 0i, o, layman.
Xft/^a;, D, o, throat.
X00;, ay, 0, pit : ditch.
X*raf (X*T/^?), 0tj, , vehement
desire.
Xa*r0j/< (Xa*T0j), /<r0!, to palpi-
tate, quiver : to desire eagerly.
^axTuoifTof, , a'v, palpitating, quiver-
ing.
XXT/^W, lira, iffSw, tffftirof, to kick.
XaxTitrpa, aTe;, T, kick.
XaX^a, T0y, T, singing, musical
note.
, et/, T, musical instrument
XaX*l, (?;, xra, r9->;y, *)yuty0;, to speak,
0/fuXa : to play as on a string instru-
ment, with Ty, 05 XaXt7T0 /5/X<, he
plays on the violin : to sing, as a
bird, xAaa.
vw, to take. 106.
227
XufAviet (Lot. lamina), a;, fi, barrel of
a gun.
\a.(ttu (IXasi/yw), to row.
Z.aptvra'ba, as, fi, and
Xaft&ds, ti^os, f>, beeswax -candle.
tfc
Xapvixof (Ital. lambicco), at/, a', alem-
bic.
os, a, e'v, bright, brilliant, splen-
did : illustrious.
f&T^eTris, VTOS, fi, brightness, bril-
liancy, splendor.
L/VX, VV&91V, VfffttVOf, tO
brighten, polish.
s/^avav, aw, ra, corpse.
\E-; (><Vw), j, e, unleavened, not
raised, crs bread.
sxv>j, ;, ^, basin.
tXex/ (Turk.), lov, TO, stork, ?rXa^-
?a f .
^ov^, j, , lemonade.
juovi (Ital. limone), iov, TO, lemon.
fyxov, ov, TO, dictionary, vocabulary,
lexicon.
/f, tus, fi, word, lexicographically.
avroiffi, <ev, TO, = Xi&v.
ovTa^o-^v^et, adv. like a lion, as to
courage.
ovTetgoi]/v%4t (XeovTaj/, "^v^^f), YI> ov,
lion-souled.
?, tug, ft, brightness, brilliancy, ; Xtr< (Xir/f), <aw, TO, scale, asofajish.
splendor : light, as of a celestial >, XT/ (Xicn'y), ay. , blade, as of a
body.
Xaaj, ov, o, people.
Ar/9-jj, ov, o, Lapith.
a, n;, ft, Larissa, a city.
nvis, v, ov, Larissian.
, vyyos, o, windpipe.
(wc.), us, , mud.
u, ivffa, tvftlvos, to adore.
a^/), ua^nv, etfftivos, to
act like a thirsty deer : to snort.
^aj, , ev, = tXa^joj.
^a/vw (Xot<y%eivu), to happen, be-
fall : to hit, with TOV. 1O6.
v, ev, TO, potherb : cabbage,
), tu, o, lot,
Xs/3jT; (2W^.), n, a, bravo, daring
rascal : dandy : brave man, wasXXjj-
x<ti, its usual signification.
fi, tape-worm.
to say, speak, tell : to relate :
to call, na'me. 106.
XjjjXate'/a, as, i>, devastation.
Xf)iXa<r&>, t7s , 3-jv, npivos, to de-
vastate, plunder.
, to be wanting to
ray : to be off, to be absent, to go
away from, with <ro TOV.
veytec, as, h, mass, eucharist.
pivo;, to
u, ts,
read mass.
to winnow.
cutting instrument.
}.fr/>o;, ov, o, leper.
Xj^rTaf , , av, thin, 05 applied to flat
things : minute.
Xi'ja (wnc.), ;, , dirt.
uffot, uStiv, ct/ftivos, to dirty.
kind of sail.
, white-poplar : a
, OVTOS, o, lion.
ov, f) Lemnos, an island-
us, ft, = the preceding.
(Xjja-^wv), i7s, ffot t to forget.
tvffx, to rob.
, aw, a, robber.
Lfl?. ilia), TO., = lvToo-9-ia.
, re, meadow.
X</3av/ (x/)3acyaf), y, ra, frankincense.
X//3ay<, j, , the frankincense-tree :
the odor of frankincense, in the plu-
ral.
lev, <ra, = xro^a..
, to-*, to pitch quoits.
, >j, ay, made of stone.
X/3-ay, aw, a', = v'iTgot.
X/Xo:x<, /at/, TO, lilac.
XI/M (x^a'j)* -, canine appetite.
, , a', =
(unc.\ uv, TCI, the head-quar-
ters of Klephts.
-, to dwell in the A/^i
223
pays
tvoi, o, harbor, haven.
,-, , lake, pool : pond.
(Lat. libido), /VSy, =
f T/St/jttft/, oo'iyi}fj,u.t.
Xivdci, it>v, <rc, flax.
Xm; (Xma?), , ay, line'n : flaxen.
).ioi (unc.\ iov, TO, carbuncle, cocks-
comb.
ciei, tov, TO, spade.
a.;, = Xt/vay, Xww.
itya, K(rB-r,v, afff&ivof, to
calculate, compute.
Jjf, aw, , calculation, compu-
tation : account.
tjs (x'oyo;),plur. Xay^avy, sort, kind,
a defective genitive ; as <r/ XayJ;
av9^&/<ra? iJtixi ,- what sort of a man
is he ? roXX*jy Xay/wv ^seyjjra,
many kinds of dishes (food).
The egression rt \o>y; means
also how? in what manner? <ru;.
\oyiot, rat, = Xoyot, words. 4O.
Xa7<*, ,-, , logic.
loytxev, ov, T, intellect, understanding,
reason.
Xeyixof, n, ov, rational.
}.cy>i3i, ov, o, learned man.
s;, ou, o, thought, imagination.
Xoyoyotii^ajf ov, o, prose-writer.
\'oyo?, ov, o, word : speech, oration,
sermon, discourse : account : report :
reason : ratio.
rov Xoytv, 6.5.
%,'oyav %>iotv, for example, for in-
stance.
\oyoroifivi (Xcyej, T^//3), ?;, , debate,
discussion.
i) i lance, spear.
-ey, adv. then, therefore : well, now.
Xo/roj, , ov, rest, remaining.
xtti TO, \aiTo,, and so forth.
XaXa/yot (\o\oi), etvet
-e?, w, y, oblique.
as (**vy%), * o, hiccup.
and
Xct/^u, = Xovu.
Xovx,a.vtKov (i/>ic.), ov, TO, sausage.
XovXec,; (Turk,^), a, a, bowl of a to-
bacco-pipe.
, little or dear
, lilium ?) isw, T, = y-
/^, /e-a, to blossom, to be full
of blossoms.
vZiyyaf, = >.c%vyyas.
o< (Lot. lorum), tau, ro, thong,
/,aj : strap.
ovgas, ov, o, Louros, a place.
ovTgev, ov, TO, bath.
the head.
, ovfftivof, to wash
;, aw, o, captain of a Xa^ey.
", a, company o/" soldiers.
i^u, tret, tff$n*t t<rp'ivs, to bend,
a* a */;'c&.
Auyxswj, lug, 6, Lynceus.
Xvyv'c; (Xwy/ya;), ft, 01, slender, flexi-
ble : lean, meagre.
Xt/yw, uf t =
Xvxe;, aw, a, wolf.
XtJvw, = Xw.
Xt/ayw (\vu) t utra, uuivos, to dissolve :
to melt : to thaw.
XwVj, us, ft, grief, affliction : compas-
sion, pity, mercy.
Xt/T, iT}, nfec, >s3-y, n/u,ivos, to grieve.
Pois. XwrasJ^a*, i7ra.i or a.<ra.i, to
pity, with tot : to regret, to be
sorry : to be unwilling, with, ii and
the subjunctive.
Xvo-o-et, as, fi, rabidness, rage : hydro-
phobia.
v, ro, and
, aw, o, lamp.
7f (Xw^yaj, "ffrnpi), n, o, a
stand for a lamp.
Xww, i/a-ac, vni, vpws, to loose, untie,
unbind : to solve.
M.
ft for B, 27. 11.
fA, by. With T'OV.
pa. (Ital. ma), con;. == XX, <rX'y,
OfitVf.
i (Ital. magazzino), *w, T, =
, a, a,
tufa,
f, to cook.
pays
(laytifos, ou, o, cook.
229
[KXQfJ,
pt.tt.yiv &, tvo-x, it&fly, tu/u.ivo;, to en-
chant, charm : to captivate.
u;, , witch, female magi-
= ftec-
(Turk.\ tou 1 TO, chafing-
dish.
ftayos, ou, o, magician, wizzard.
(Lot. mala ? Ital. mascel-
la?), ou, TO, cleek, */.
v, r.^ivos, to pluck,
KS, <ra,
s a fowl.
, to
gather, collect : to pick up.
< (oftaSi}, adv. together : together
with. With TOV, or fit TOY.
ttyvu, = pursue*. 1O<3.
oi, re, collection, gather-
ing : contribution.
n;, n, o, = fiizio;.
y, vfftivo;, to soft-
ftet%.Kxos, vi, ov, soft.
ittaXax^Kw, wot
en, mollify.
ftdXeiftei (Arab, amalgam), araj, TO,
= %ouffos, gold.
ft*JoefUtriMt, at, ov, = xgvirou;.
, adv. certainly : moreover :
, KTOS, TO, lesson.
is, tug, ft, learning.
>7j, ou, o, learner, scholar : dis-
ciple.
, j, fi, feminine o
ftiftu), oust fl, = n'S-ix0?.
(Ital. atnmainare), io-a, itr&uv,
, to strike sail.
'ios (Lnt. maius), ev, o, May.
iffrgo; (Ital. maestrale), ov, o, north-
west wind.
(fAtt*oigio;\ inter). =
especially, little used in this accep-
tation.
^aXXaj), it>v, TO, wool : hair :
the hair of the human head, but only
in the plural.
,ttXX/va?, n, ov, woollen.
[AO.XOVU (Lnt. mnlus ?) uo-ot, unv,
ujLtivo;, to scold, scold at : to quarrel
with, ffTtt<ritict>, with /u.1 TOV.
f/u.f/,r, (ftaftftn, (jtoitoC), us, w, mid-
wife.
f&Kv0<t%.o;, ou, o, bar, bolt, as for a
door.
t*.tivb(>tt., u;, fi, pen, fold,yr animals*
UVM, to learn: to teach. 10G.
ftctvix, u;, v, madness : rage, fury.
p.avtgtv, lo-et, ifffi'svos, to become en-
raged.
ffotvtxi (Ital. manica, manico), tou, TO,
sleeve : handle of a knife.
f^dviTet, a;, fi, = ftetv'iu.
[tetviToifit (ufiotvirtisjf tov, TO, mush-
room.
;, , ov, happy, blessed. 32. N.
txugiaTv;, nres, , happiness, blessed- j * puvvioi, us, h, and
ness. ! * f&avvau, ov;, fi, grandmother.
txugovi (Ital. maccheroni), tov, TO, p,civTi\t (Ital. mantile), iou, TO, hand-
macaroni, kerchief.
= /uaxouvto. I U%I}.KOI (Lat. maxilla), ieu, TO,
dv. far : far from. With TOV, vrQao-xiQaXov.
or uvro TOV. ju.agetyyo'{ (Ital. marangone), ov, o,
a. (fto-xgu;}, adv. = the preced- i carpenter : shipwright, vuuvnyof.
ing. fteigct&ov, ou, TO, fennel.
petxgoS-fv, adv. from afar, from a dis- /uotgxivu, uvu, a-i/Snv, etftftivof, to wither,
tance. parch.
(Aoixgo;, a, ov, long. I fttttfrnprd^t (ftu^yoi^tTYii), tov, ro,
vs~), t'Jit TO, length or \ pearl,
height. ftagjuxgivies, et, ov, and
txguvu, uvet, vv&nv, vo-ftivof, to length- ^ag^a^voj, , ov, made of marble,
en. i pxc/uaevv, ou, TO, marble.
20
uaoo
230
fat (/e*ai'0tJX/0), lov, TO, lettuce.
, n, o, and
, 6V, a, March.
etf, a or eu, o, = ftaaru;.
iet, etg, n, testimony-
ttf or els, t><ret, wSij
to bear witness : to testify : to suf-
fer martyrdom.
s , o, witness : martyr : sec-
ond in a duel.
eti, , Mary.
w, *t, fi, = the preceding.
(M/), us, fit Mary, nearly
obsolete in this acceptation : Renard,
fox, only in fables.
tecis (Ilal. maschera), , o, buf-
foon : coxcomb.
i, us, f>, and
iyos, Ji scourge.
is, t, o, and
(Lot. magister), tj, o, =
-/.TV. 34. 1.
*'Xj, ns, ii, armpit.
els, ne-ec, jJS'tin, r,ui*r>;, to chew,
masticate.
tiv, i7s, tie-*, to labor in vain. as the human akin,
a, at, vain. J p,t*.ei*i (jtciXaen), tw, -re, ink.
petrdxi, TO, little or dear ftxTt.
ftttTM, used in the phrase tls
in vain.
MTSifly, w, , Matthew.
ftdTi, = oftpd-t.
d, ett, fi, glance of the eye.
(/ttar/), eeret, dar,i, etffftint;,
to take aim : to fascinate, fretrxwv.
>j, o, cut-throat.
ue-x, el&nv, eaftivof, to Stab.
TwrAr.), a, o, quarter of a
town, ward.
"is, i battle.
tO fight.
, from lye*.
(fttrd), prep. 2O1.
ynKtiov, ou, TO, grandeur : greatness.
to enlarge : to in-
crease : to grow large.
, ts t magnificent.
, , ev, great, large. 52 :
57.
ystK'a-^v^f, , o, magnanimous.
^aj, ftiyei, Greek, = fjttydXos.
aujpov (ptTd, etSfiav), adv. the day
after to-morrow : next year.
?f, , drunkenness.
;, ev, fi, method.
t, ev, o, drunkard.
wet, virft.it o;, to be or get
drunk.
ii, eti, = the preceding.
. , o>, brown,
. (llal. mazza), etf, fi, =
v.
(ftetveaf) , a;, n, blackness.
'Zi, tw, re, black spot.
u, to-i*., <VS?, iffAivaf, to black-
en : to grow black : to become black,
turn black, in the norist.
, j, , Mavromates.
, black.
*9f, ev, o, Negro.
*;, 17, 'v, blackish, brown.
, etj, fi, intense blackness.
t.ti, TO, little
, ev, TO, knife.
!t, *S, r>, Stab.
it concerns, it is a care to. With
the accusative of the person ; as,
3fy pi f4.i\ii, I don't care.
: (*.i\iTr>, jf, fi, close application, study:
meditation.
ftsXtru, ,:, r.ffa., r,3r,v, fiplvos, to med.
itate : to devise, plan : to intend,
mean.
^i, icv, TO, and
tTas, TO, honey.
, tij, n, bee.
ovros, TO, future, futurity.
, ovo-et, ov, future.
vTOf, o, the future tense.
;, ov{, TO, member : melody.
S-r,*, to blame.
pii, conj. inifeed : now : on the one
hand.
'as = if&ivat, from lyca.
fti*u, to remain. 106.
u.i eX0y TOVTO, = ft
fttfei, = ifitoet.
af t fi, == ftigos. ^
j irei, iffSw, iffAivos, to divide.
i, eet, a, some. 71.
/?, fiog, w, portion.
}, ov, TO, share.
(fi'tfos}, adv. within, in '. into :
inside. With tit TOV.
, and
fe.ltravv%ra, ret, = f/ttnvvx-Tiav.
(Ato-ri (piffos), ns, , middle, midst.
vo's, w, av, southern.
iov, TO, mid-day, noon.
i/rov, ou, TO, means.
fovvxTiov, ov, TO, midnight.
ifos, ft, ov, middle.
ta., prep. 192 : 201.
TafiaX\u (|3XXw), to transform,
change.
TK^i-ycu (/SXsVa;), to see again.
-ra/3aX7, 5f, n, change.
ra$viig& (Sdm/), to lend again.
Pass. piTKiictvtigopKi, to borrow
again.
rK\Xi7av, ov, TO, a mine.
ru*.*.iv*>, turet, to dig for metals.
With TO'V.
TaXXov, y, TO, metal.
231 pda
T/>ti(*.os (ftiT^a), ov, o, counting,
numbering.
is, 17, ov, measured, counted.
TO. I*.ITO*TU., money, cash.
, ov, moderate : middling,
mediocre,
rgov, ov, TO, measure.
or as, rjo-a, r>riv, np'svo:, to
measure : to count.
Tufov, ev, TO, forehead : front.
/, prep, until. With TOV.
, adv. not : lest. 243 : 245.
S, adv. neither, nor.
ovs, TO, length, ftuxgos : lati-
tude.
.U), as, fi, apple-tree.
Xtyyt (p-wi'yQ), iov, T&, temple of
the head.
, ov, TO, apple.
(x.yv, adv. = (Art.
(AW, nvas, o, month.
interrogative, = fty-rus.
VKS, a, o, = ptyv, month.
vvw, Ufa, v$riv, vf&ivog, to announce,
notify.
, to transform.
, tats, fi, transformation,
metamorphosis : the Transfiguration
of Christ.
rixvoiit, us, , repentance : genuflex-
ion, i yovu\iffiet.
ruvoiovM, utra, and
?j, nffu, Yiftivof, to
change one's mind : to repent.
rei^i, lav, TO, silk.
r<t%v, adv. between : among. With
TOU or tis rev.
5<), rt, v, silken.
of, ou, o, change of
form.
vos, to translate.
f, , translation.
to use.
(Turk.}, ieu, TO, breastwork,
parapet.
, , participle.
t<wvu, KS, = the preceding,
ftfaus, adv. lest ' an interrogative par-
ticle. With the indicative, 219.
With the subjunctive, 225. 4.
ju?/, iov, TO, thigh.
/<KTf, ac/w. neither, nor.
tga, as, ft, and
purges, f>, mother. 43. 4.
o;, '/i, y, maternal.
u, as, f>, stepmother.
pty%avixos, ;, ov, mechanic, mechani-
cal.
ftt]%eevi>ces, ow, o, engineer,
fila, from fvas, tlf.
(Ataivai, ava, avS-n*, affftiveg, to defile,
contaminate.
ftia.gos, a, ov, polluted, defiled, nasty.
fAiyvvea, to mix, mingle. 106.
tixpuivu, = ftixgvvu.
ts, a, ov, small, little.
es, YI, ov, dear little.
vvu, wa, vvSnv, to lessen, dimin-
ish.
/, iov, TO, mile.
/X/ev7f, n, o, Miliones, a famous
Klepht.
232
uncut
tus, *i, imitation.
ruc'ej, ij, ev, imitative. }VUh rev. I JAM*, adv. only : but.
<ftcti, t7ff(ti, r,Syv, npivo;, to imi- ftovo-reiri (ftevoi, troire;), lev, re, foot-
path.
ts (Ital. ministro), ev, , =
/>:/;.
f, ev, o, Mirabeau.
os, ev, o, hire, wages, pay : re-
ward.
tiffSvres, , it, hired.
tTfes, ev;, <ro, hatred.
es (%ft.iffv;), r,, ev, half.
ee^ (ftifo;, Qiyy*.^), tv, T,
half moon : crescent.
fo^tfres, (ft'ffu, Xojirrcs), , ev,
Christ-hating.
its, r,ffx, r,$t)v, r,fiiYo$, to hate.
fttifX&l, = ^SV4/.
f*.*r,f*.effuvev, ev, TO, commemoration.
po*s, , ov, alone: self. 66.
pores, , , single.
, vis, fi, form.
fto7/>et, us, fi, destiny, fate.
{fietoeiu), KVU., eiffB-tiv
to distribute.
X&roivrci (fit o'^a. <rau<roe), and
p.eff%ox<i0i (f*.off%o*.u.autv), tov, Tt, nut-
meg.
poffx.es, = ff%f.
p.off%ei(>i t lev, <re, calf.
fio<r%s, ou, a, musk.
v (Itdl. mugghio, Qvffu), to
bellow, roar, as the wind.
(Ital. mugghiare), if it, to
bellow, roar.
a. t are?, re, bellowing, roar,
roaring.
v'Sia.^u (ct(u.uci^j, etffct, a.fftiies, to
be benumbed : to set on edge, as
the tee fi.
oi (Ilal. mulo), iev, re, mule,
ftftietes.
(Ital. mummia), ;, fi, mum-
my.
), iv, re, lead : bullet, to soil.
tv, ro,
lead-pencil.
Xti, adv. scarcely, hardly, no sooner.
, and
on (ff.1 a'X or/), con;', although,
notwithstanding.
\ conj. how-
n t , most
i (Ital. mormorare), /, to
murmur, ^.<Sw/.
r,;, i\, muse.
(Turk.) rt, o, a Turkish
officer.
, , fi, music.
ot, r', v, musical.
,-, ?, e, musician.
ever : yet, notwithstanding all this, i ftovfreim (jAvfretl), tev, re, mustaches.
Xi/w, vttt, vv&x*, vf/u.ive;, to con- poutrres (Ital. mosto), ev, e, must, new
taminate, defile, stain.
y\ = p'ove, ftovev.
veixp$as (peres,
or very dear.
ttt>tt%tci (/*,**%<>;'), ?, , solitude.
*f, , monarchy.
xi, TO, little or dear little
ptavetffTwoi, ev, Tt, monastery, convent.
fte*st%d, adv. = fjt,'ivay.
ftttet^ef, ri, e*, and
uo\i, adv.
(Ital. moneta), f, fi, = >-
(Ital. musino\ tv, r,
(Turk.), 5, '. mufti.
v%).K {Lot. mucidus), ?, , mould,
must! ness.
vxouoa,ns (Turk.), ti, i, a Turkish
officer.
f^;ra, e, Muhtar.
ev, re, =
p*ttx.a.x.a., croak, the sound made by a
frog.
(Turk.), , e, retail-grocer.
233
(Ilal. palle), as, *, ball, ff(f>a.7~
u (Iv, /SaXXw), uo-et, uS-nv, a/al-
tos, to patch, mend, as clothes, shoes,
aras,*To, patch : patching,
mending.
y, j> o, Baronides.
(Ilal, barbiere), n, I, =
vrt (Turk.}, ttv, TO, gunpowder.
-5*jj, ?, o t Basdhekes.
(Turk.}, n, <?, bey.
, and
(Hal. boccale), lav, TO, bottle.
;, v, o, B tsares.
f, a, o, Boukobhalas.
xp (Turk ), interj. halloo-boy ! harky
fellow ! sirrah ! boy !
(Ital. bottiglia), ?, ft, bottle.
ov, on, TO, and
O; (pviXcs), ev, <5, marrow : brain,
iyxitf>et)(.os . 40.
t;^/ dyf), /aw, ra, muscle, a shellfish.
vSoKayos, ev, o, mythographer, fabler.
jJS-flj, aw J, fable.
wet, xf, fi, find
wya, ay, w, fly.
ii}.<)i, on, o, mill.
vXuvtis (fjtu\oi), ei, o, miller.
6%ec, aj, fi, snot.
yry, ev, o, a Myrian, a native of
Myra.
vgicixis, adv. ten thousand times : an
infinite number of times.
v^oii, otios, vi, myriad.
i^cu, trot, /<rSjv, iffft'tvo;, to smell,
smell of, to inhale an odor, oytp^ui-
Pass,
t, to scent,
to perceive by the organs of smell ;
ig*>, UTK, intransitive, to smell, emit
an odor : to have the smell of. With
TOV or KTO T'OV of the odor. It may
be followed by the genitive of the
person perceiving the smell ; as,
xgectri rv tpvgiffi, he has perceived
the smell of wine.
v^oi, MI, a, innumerable, numerous.
'20*
f*.v(>ioXoyu, = fj.vool.eyu.
lev, ro, ant.
ta?), a.;, V,
(ftv^ftrtyxt^ t affa, to
swarm, throng.
, a;, v, ant-
<ru,
hill.
funeral dirge.
tle.
fttiffbti, us, , myrtle.
fi<rx t to Sing fjLVool.oyiot.
vpffivivos), a, ev, of myr-
j, KS, vi, smell, odor,
ev, TO, mystery.
rrt*if, -h, ev, secret.
ngos (^JTJJ), , ov, pointed, as an
instrument.
(puns), *is, v>, nose : bill, beak :
point : nib of a pen.
; o, Mohammed.
etvos, ov, o, a Mohammedan.
or j, jja-a, to talk non-
sense, to babble, to talk foolishly.
/sis, ee, ov, foolish.
, ev, e, fool.
N.
v dropped before B-, 22. N. 1.
dropped at the end of words, 24.
vei (7va), cory. that, in order that : so
that : O that : if.
va, interj. lo ! behold ! there ! lieu,
With the nominative or accusative.
vei, vein, take. 106.
vct'i, adv. ves.
N/vw, af, i), = ATvaj.
vtx.7ffxi (va.i%'t}, fashionable, = vat.
votvei, a word used in lullabies.
N'i-af, ev, fi, Naxos, an island.
, ov, o, narcissus.
, ov, o, admiral.
Toj, ev, o, Naupactos, or Le-
panto, a city.
ov, e, shipwright, shipbuilder.
sv, TO, Nauplion, or Napoli,
234
a city.
JO.UTIX.O;, it, ov, naval.
ftett'itrxes, ov, e, young man.
{?, . r, early, tender, as youth.
9txes, , c'v, dead.
jixouffipa;, n, tt, deathlike.
tit;, a, ov, new, young.
<ra E, nev/s.
if, w, , young man, youth.
aj, w, youth.
*j, , = N/f.
(Lot. aurantium), v, TO,
sour orange, a &/zd of orange.
T, water.
, ov, TO, water-snake.
ivoo*, ou, TO, sinew, tendon : nerve.
9ivu, ivtrei, to nod.
KpiA, ns, ft, and
fifes, ov;, TO, cloud.
*i<poe>, ev, <r, kidney.
tiurr't, adv. recently, lately, newly.
rtfta, OCTOS, TO, yarn.
*7T^y, ev, TO, infant.
Njf)/j, /5f, , Nereid.
ttiffiU7t}s> ou, o, islander.
ttjro{, en, ft, island.
*r,<rTivu, tvret) to fast.
WT, rec, = tiirtjs.
ifayv, and
tiu, = vi-r^u'.
rixv, >?> fl, victory.
, u, , Nikos, Nick.
, iru, to think : to consider.
f n, ei, lawful.
et, ars, TO, coin.
ov, i, legislator.
its, nfot, r,Br,y, tifiivog, to
make laws, legislate.
refits, ev, o, law.
, j, y, fresh, as ^gg*,
cheese, fyc.
eiceftiiot, ov, TO, hospital.
, ttSri*, to relish.
-Tt/u-ai, n, t9, pleasant, agreeable to
the taste.
, , the south wind, vires '
humidity.
v'oro;, ev, o, the south wind.
nines (Ital. nonno), tv, <re, = x5-
X*.
*ovf, tees or !/, o, mind, understand-
ing. 43. 4.
ye*J, t~s, nffet, r'3-^v, nftivof, to mean :
to understand.
! (Turk.}, t6v, TO, mosque.
(Turk.), lev, TO, a movable
cupboard.
9VXTO., g, fl, = !/
ng, ft, and
do;, r,, bat.
VVXTO,), uiri, it is dark, night
is coming on.
yvft$yj, us, ft, bride : daughter-in-law :
to conquer. sister-in-law, a brother's wife :
r, ft, Niobe. nymph.
9ios, *> o, = ties. 9Vft<pios, ev, i, bridegroom.
9iTTv, r^x, tyS-mt ipfttvos, to wash, vvffTei^u, ot^o., to feel sleepy.
as the hands and face. tv$m, = tv/ttyn.
TO, washing. ; vvQiTra (tv^ti), f, r., weasel.
TO, nail : claw, talon :
/*, Tf,
aJ, *f, , = 'las.
, .. (*-C,
(Lot. november), ev, o, No- hoof.
veniber. x,vv* TO, tv^ttt nve;, to bastinado
, etres, TO, meaning, signification, or beat one shockingly, till the nails
fall of his toes.
$os, ev, i, bastard. VV%T*, = iWa.
\xi, = itoixtor. w/ttes, = f4.es.
iKoxvooi (eixos, xvgia\ Us, fl, house-
wife, materfamilias .
inoxv^Hs, n, , master of a family,
paterfamilias.
ITOI, or teptoiToi (oofAct), 01, persons,
individuals.
***,
5.
etffuuof, to card, as
235
oydw
wool.
%,u,x.ovfp.iv3( (!-, a*awV), n, av, famous,
renowned, well known.
ay- (ge-, ava), prep, used only in
composition. 249.
; (/SAjVw), to see again.
again.
. to come
, to fall again.
, &', it is dawning,
it is day, impersonal.
ja, a?, , dry land, land.
ff/a, aya, av9jy, etfAftivaf, to dry.
a'j, a, a'y, dry.
/'$/), aw, Ta, cruet for vinegar.
\ /aw, Ta, vinegar.
6y, tj, and
(|/yj), aj, , sorrel,
.ey (^/yf, ^aXa), v, ra, butter-
(*&$*>}, to pull again. milk.
|ay^/X/ay&; (tp/X/ova;), to reconcile. /va'f (o1f), 7, av, sour.
L aj, 97, av, auburn : having auburn |/<pf, awj,
hair.
;ya/'y (avoiyu), to descry, discover.
:vrXow (i%a. i rXou , a?et, aw, et/ttt-
"ay, to unfold : to stretch, extend,
spread.
or %etgyou, (ig tj7w), adv. = \ ^wX/a, a;, w, stripe, stroke with the
, a, o, a kind of jack-knife.
/ (|w^ej), /aw, T, razor.
t^u, iffet, t<rS-/]v, tffftivtfy and
tffn, iffSnv, tffftivat, =
t /; WTaw.
- prep. 249.
to unhang.
v (5^), T, and
swTs/a (isvj), ay, n, strange land,
foreign country.
tve$o%i7ov, ov, TO, hotel, inn, tavern.
t'vuy, , ov, foreign, strange.
/ytff, aw, a', foreigner.
i<rtfyvu (<Ti%ivu), to dismount.
u (oroeTKj, iffu, to start, de-
part. _
ga/3a3&/ (T^a, fva^/as), f, , to
escort.
w, a', Xerxes.
, aw, TO, Xeromeron, a ;>/ace.
* to tear -
, to unload.
(Lot. accipiter), /aw, r,
and
ytgext
i, adv. apart, besides. With
a-ro rev.
os (%*>iZ*>)t > ov, separate.
os, aw, a, expiring, dying.
^w^') ?f> "*> to expire,
die.
Xov^ (nXay), &<ra, ^9->?v, M^ivaf, to
rip.
ivts, to whip,
whip.
XaxT<ra (^t/Xay, *aTT), ay, , WOod-
cock. // ?rtf/y possibly be a corrup-
tion of ffKoXoweLxet from 0-xaXeVa.
Aay, aw, Ta, wood : stick of wood :
whipping, flogging.
v^uyta |wXay, to get a whipping.
Aao-fl^ay, aw, , in burlesque, = <$t\c-
ffoos.
in burlesque, = <pi*.oiro<pu.
<** b$w, rpivos, to
shave.
ij, w, a, shaver, barber.
-T^/' (|wa-Tf/j), /aw, Ta, currycomb.
, wa-a, wa-S>jy, vffftivi;, to scrape :
scratch.
O.
-a, woe. i, 36. N. 2.
a /or e, '27. 12.
, , T, the. 62.
/ssAaj, aw, a, spit.
*/}Xr, aw, a, obolus.
'O^Mf, aw, a.
ayJs^xayTa, eighty.
ty^annatrros, v, ov, eightieth.
oydayvret, = oy^ortnovret.
, , , eighth.
oyta
i, adv. fashionable, = o%i.
236
to con-
6yoios, , a,
ftwyu, i7g, wet
duct, lead, guide.
Joy, 0w, , way, road.
o$/v!*;, , 0, painfuL
$, rttfo. whence.
eit, conj. whence : then, therefore.
'QSapettiKos, ij, on, Ottoman, Tougxi-
xog.
'QSvftavef, ov, a, Osmanlee, TavAaf.
tixnetM, ear*, *$, *ftitof, to render
familiar. Pass. cixiiotopxi, to as-
sociate with.
etxix, as, fi, = oixos.
eixoyivit* (a/xaytujj), at, , family.
elxaboftu, i7s, %ffx, nSwfj vptvos, to
build.
}xo9/*ia, as, , economy.
eixovouv, (7;, ^a, r'Srv, tjftttes, to
manage. Pass. oixi*a/*6tJp.xi, to get
along.
T0;, 0v, o, house.
tlxro'os, OL, of, pitiable.
otfti (o'/Jtoi t Itol. oirne), interj. alas,
woe
0*m, n; t 11, CEta, a mountain.
ixei (Turk.'}, ay, , oka or eke, a
measure and iveight. 32. N.
* (uc.) $, , bung o/*a cas/r.
txwoei, a, s>, idle, indolent, lazy.
xra.xatnai, 0.1, a,, eight hundred.
very rapid.
a'Xea6 (aXac, tj),
continually.
incessantly,
oXex.Xr.ges, n, 01, entire, whole.
adv. all night.
a'Xoj, tf, ev, whole : all.
oXartXat (eXerfXiif), adv. = ratvTjXiw,-.
ou, o, Olympus.
aJaf), adv. = pet^i.
xXes, vi, e'v, smooth, even, level :
regular.
etrot, T, talk, talking.
g, n, talk, conversation.
Xoi, it;, r.ffct, r,Sr,v, r,f*iio;, to talk :
to converse with, with pi ra.
ftei-Tt, tav, TO, eye.
vvoi, to swear, swear by. With rev,
or /} T'. 106.
ey'ivf, vs, , fellow-countryman.
ttdl^u, afa, to resemble, look like.
With ret, or pi Tar.
a, y, similar, like. With rev,
or ftl TOV.
oftti&i;, adv. likewise.
1/u.otco, uvet, =
opov, adv. =
brella.
(Ilal. ombrella), f, , um-
ap<petXo's, tv, i, navel.
, conj but. however.
ay, ti, ev, eight hundredth. j 0V, a"Wiy, TO, being.
.Tit-root (oxTx-rov;'), nv, TO, polypus. e*
TU, eight.
.T*$otes (Lat. October), ov, o, Octo-
ber.
.xxsots, rt, or, = oXoxXnoe;.
t, x, n, destructive, ruinous.
!, ev, 9, destruction, ruin, per-
dition
!j), adv. all day.
v, few in number.
X/>a, adv. a little.
;, r,, ot, little, few.
-' oXiyot, soon : shortly after. OTIO, v, -ra, opium
vu (oX/yaa-rae), ivirx, to ci- onrSti, find
mini.sh, dt-crease : to abate. Ivio-u, adv. back, backwards : behind.
ITOICLM, 74. N. 2.
i/S, to dream. With rir.
, at/, a, interpreter of dreams.
ij>6*, ev, TO, dream.
fto., ro;, TO, name : noun.
^^w, euro., oiffSni, ctfftiva;, to name,
call.
ecf (TrAr.), a, a, ^ xufttoec.
v, veibs in, 83. N. 6.
7o., us, fi, the acute accent
oi, us, 11, beech.
s> *7<x., v, acute, sharp.
f, jTf, , fewness, paucity.
aj, , 0v, 74 : 75 : 232. 2.
237
OTl
orates, et, ov, whoever, whosoever.
74 : 232. 2.
orataffM-rori, whoever, whosoever,
whatsoever : he who. 74 :
232. L\
o-roffov, adv. = orov.
ovoros, = 'o'ffos.
oKoretv, adv. and
oTOTt, or oxen, adv. whenever.
otrov, adv, where : wherever, whereso-
ever. 232. 2.
o-rovy adv. where : whither : when,
oTctv: that, art : so that, that, urn'-
since.
Where ; tls TOV roirov ojrov lytv-
>jSxi, in the place where he was
born.
Whither ; <xriya.m IxtT ovov a\
ff-ri*.vea, go whither I send you.
When j -TOV xxipav ovrov ixnoetv at
i, in the time
when the Turks took Mesolonggi ;
'i%u ruoK i'ixoffi %0ovovs oirov Ssv TOV
75, it is now twenty years since I
have seen him, literally, I have now
twenty years during which I have
not seen him.
That ; etv uvro or^ol^trKt o-rov
xetSivets S-i\ti va xaiptvy rev avS-iv-
rtiv, from this it proceeds that every
one wishes to play the master.
So that, so as ; TOV 'fin get y rotrov
Cfou SHV rtftfeos.! vet cra.\ivyr t euro TOV
TflTav TOW, they beat Iiim so much,
that he could not stir from his place.
pron. == o ozroTos, orris. 74 :
232. 2.
ovru(>ix,ev t ev, ro, tree-fruit.
otrus, adv. as, in whatever manner.
232. 2.
ogetffis, tus, f,, sight, vision.
OOKTO';, tj, av, visible.
o^'ya.vifffAos, av, o, regulation.
og-yetvov, ou, ro, instrument.
ff, fi, wrath.
i, us, fi, fathom.
%&w t to long for, desire
earnestly. With ro'v.
s, it, 0v, mountainous : living on
the mountains.
y>, appetite.
ci, adv. in an erect posture : cor-
rectly, rightly.
ofias, rt, ev, erect, upright : correct,
- right.
o^SflTjjs, HTOS, fi, correctness.
ofiuS) adv. correctly, tightly.
eg/a, iffct, to command : to be the
master of, with r'ov.
ogio-rt (aor. imperat. for o^<VTi),
please take (or do any thing) : sir,
what do you wish ? os, l\avv^ /
'Qgirrt, John ! Sir.
ogi^av, OVTO;, o, horizon.
ogtov, av, ro, limit.
ogiffftos, ou, o, definition : command.
ogxi^w, if a, iff&r,v, iffftivos, to swear,
cause to take an oath : to conjure.
Pass, ogxi^opeti, to take an oath,
swear.
ogxos, ov, 0, oath.
ws, , rush, impetuosity : rapid
motion.
ogpw, cts, tiffu, to rush. With xetret
roZ, or tlf TOV.
ogvtov, ov, ro, vulture.
Ovi9-a (oovis), as, fi, hen.
fyos, ovs, ro, mountain.
ogrviti, tov, TO, and
ofrvg, wyes, o, quail.
og<puvos, , ov, orphan.
-os for -uv, 42. N. 4.
oft, and
oirev, adv. as, as much as.
oVv va is often used for tas voi,
or ienarou v, until ; and for ivory,
as long as, while.
ores, v, ov, as, as much as. 75 :
232. 2.
ofev ro xotr' tpi, for my part.
(Lot. hospitium), ov, ro, =
oix,os, olxiee.
v, ov, ro, pulse, as beans, lentil.
, vs, *), Ossa, a mountain.
orris, jT/ff, o n, who : whoever, who-
soever, whatever, whatsoever.
74 : 232. 2.
off$(>nffis, tus, fi, smelling.
oVav, adv. when : whenever. 232. 2.
en, conj. that.
on, adv. just, just now. With the
aorist indicative.
o ri, from of rif,
OTIV
238
nnli
JW, 74. N. 1.
*oroiftoi, = iroipcf.
ov for o, I, v, 27. 13.
tvti, conj. = OVTI.
ovbiri(>os, a, ay, neutral : neuter.
evtirigoTtif, tiros, fit neutrality.
ovi'x uet, vet), a.s, , selvedge.
flJX0;, = Xoj.
iv^d, a,;, , tail.
ovgeivies, a, v, heavenly, celestial.
ouoxvei, 6v, o, heaven.
vettyovi (Ital. pavone), tev, ro, peacock,
TO.US.
ayflf), urx, uftivos, to freeze.
, ov, o, ice.
voi (irdyVoi), tov, ro, a kind of
crab : a kind of flagon, usually
made of lead.
>w), r lt ov, tailed, having a disease, iff.
, , ov, passive.
ovs, ro, passion : suffering :
tail. -raiyviSi (rotiyviov), nv, ro, play, sport :
us, ft, essence : substance. musical instrument.
cvsiarrixes, t\, ov, substantive, rai^ujti, ro, little or dear <ra.io't.
ovffiu^fj;, i$, essential : substantial. <${/, us, ft, education, learning :
ovri, adv. neither, nor. punishment, rtu-u^a..
evridoivos, ti, ov, worthless, good for vaibivu, tvret, tv&nv, ivpivos, = ri t u<u-
nothing. p^u.
euros, uurt), rovro, = TOVTOS. fault, tov, ro, boy.
fvrus, adv. thus, so. <rudietx*<rios, u, ov, boyish, childish,
ofsXos, r, benefit, profit, advantage, puerile.
rj, ov, juvenile.
.ov (trai^i), ov, ro, little /$/.
tioov\i, lev, ro, = the preceding.
to play on a musical instrument,
;, o, snake ' serpent. uith rot.
o$vt), lev, ro, eyebrow. vfeti%iftev (<r<r^), ares, ro, playing.
, *;, ft, = i%is. -ra-i^u (i-ru'ieu), to take : to take off:
/), adv. no, not. to buy.
service.
'lit, lev, ro, = ofis*
(Ital. uficiale), ov, o, officer.
ov, ro, office : profession,
os, u, ov, troublesome ' vexatious. <rxreya, uo-a, u$r,\/, waives, to lease.
, ev, o, multitude of men : mob. irdxros, ov, o, lease.
, n, ov, late, as fruit*
S-^i;, iv;, fi, aspect, appearance : coun-
tenance : the right side of a gar-
ment.
n.
jr/or, after ft, 27. 14.
ar, see ' 106.
ira.ya.tta. (Lnt. paganus), ;, ft, troop,
multitude.
, to render old : to
grow old, to be old.
Jia/flf, a, ay, old : ancient.
r/.a/a/, a/s-a, to wrestle.
Xa/W/;, tv;, , the state of being
old.
Afl'. / fccfle< (wnc.) >fly, <re, cable.
Xa/tw, >?, , palm c/Me Aanrf.
tXein (Lot. palatium), <y, T,
palace.
<ra.yis, t, o, ra.T'^a.s.
*,y'n, tlos, ft, trap : snare.
Tu.yKa.Kt;, n, ov, very wicked.
x/, and
<ra'A.*y, ady. again : still : on the other
hand.
7i ah
239
,at <raa, <raXXj, tou, TO,
lad : young man : brave man.
a, oy, = vra.Xa.id;. iruveevs, ov, o, grandfather.
;, a, o, a great TaXX*a0/. fu/>oi, prep. 192 : 201.
adv. too, very. With adjectives
or adverbs.
!06/3aXX (/3XX&), to compare.
a.XXtjxa.ooi>di, tov. TO, dear crXX- With TOV /u.t TOV.
xd/>t. iru(>u$uivsi> (fiu'tvu), to transgress, vio-
raXowx/ (irolff<ru%.os, Ital. palo), lav, TO, j late,
pole, stake. fiagvvu (/3^'y), to overbur-
yoy, to impale, after the Turkish -ffu^uyyiXiot, KS, f>, commission, order,
Jashion. charge.
'.TOS, TO, impaling.
o, o, Pamper.
vuv, KVTO'S, T, the universe.
Tava'3-X/of, , ov, perfectly wretched.
Haveey'iae, us, f>, the All-Holy Virgin.
vruvnyvtJi (ntvriyvfjig) tov, TO, religious
anniversary, celebrated at the church j pie, for instance.
of the saint of the day. \ retgci'&uo-o;, ev, o, paradise.
fetvi (Ital. panno), tov, TO, cloth, of -ra^aJa^af , n, ev, strange, astonishing,
all kinds, except woollen : sail of a < marvellous.
to commission, order, charge.
(Siyu), to derive.
?, j, , derivation.
, are;, TO, example.
Tas %ugiv, for exam-
vessel.
9fet*Toi<ruffi, adv. entirely, in all re-
spects.
*avr;u, adv. = VUVTOU.
vruvTtXeHs, adv. at all.
yretvri^x (Lot. bandiera), ;, , =
evftutu.
vreivTOTt, adv. always : continually.
vrotvTov (*',), adv. everywhere.
JTUVOV, and
JTUVOJ = i-reivett.
xuvuXn (iruveaA.ns)i ns t > plague.
Tral^a-'S/ (Egypt. ?), lov, TO, hard
biscuit, rusk.
e f (Ital. papagallo), ov, o,
i (?rTaf)> ? > priest*s wife.
(Ital. papavero), ay, f>,
(t%u), to have too much.
ev, TO, =
sea-shore, sea-coast.
a, *, maritime.
gj, tou, TO, and
9ov, ov, TO, window.
i (etiru), t7s, tree, Sy, r,ftiv<); t
to leave off, to give up.
n, ev, untimely, unseason-
able.
u (xetKu), to pray, beseech,
(xciree), adv. a little below
or lower : less, as applied to price.
With ot-ro TOV.
/t, %;, , decline.
, r,s, ft, disobedience.
u (\vu), to paralyze.
<frana.jjt.iXu (aXsAo;), to neglect
rotget/u.ixgov t ov, TO, the smallest thing.
TO, tale, storj',
poppy,
vet-rets (W-raj), a, e, = itftus. 120.
N. 2.
rafus, a, o', the pope. 34. N.
Wr/a (onomatopey), as, ft, duck.
vret-rovTin (Turk.), iav, r, shoe.
^raV-Tij, ov, a, and
fictitious narrative.
, v, ov, that breaks the law.
ioi, ei;, , strangeness, oddity,
queerness, whim.
or!-svo?, n, ov, strange, odd, queer,
whimsical.
aarv (ot-rdvu), adv. a little above
or higher : more. With otvo TOV.
s (Turk.), us, o, para, a Turkish
7i</ ? 240
coin '. money, cash, ^or.u.a.ra,. \ vretfr^txeg, v\, ov, clean : cleanly.
vra^ctffxivn, ?, rt, Friday. ' vrdff^a. (Hebr.}, re, passover : the
vra.oa.ffret'itea (ffra.'ivu\ to represent. feast of Easter.
vrtx.oa.ffrtt.fft;, lug, fi, representation. <rot<r^i^et (-TV^A), tret, to endeavour,
:ev, ev, re, the quality of trv, strive.
appearing well in company, the vreiv^u, to suffer.
being an accomplished gentleman. vrarigag, a, 6, =. -rarv]^.
vragctffvou (ffvoiu), to lead astray. -rxrssux (vreiri^ V}/UMV), ret, = KOfivrt-
vretgeirafyg, lug, r,, procession, a train f%eivt, xefAveXeyi.
of persons, fyc. \ Wrr/ua, areg, TO, treading : step.
vntp^ctrriotifftg, itug, r\, observation. vra,rr\^, vraroig, e, father. The voca-
vra.oa.rnou (T), to observe. live relrig, when a title of resjiect,
vra.oa.vTx., adv. instantly, immediately. may stand for the nominative; as,
vra.$a,\ot (vrtiobat\ii), , ev, speckled, o veirio TlacQvevriog, father Paphnu-
spotted. tios. 43. 4.
tretoir.xffi;, ivg, r,, digression : devia- Yla.rp.io;, ev, e, a Patmian.
tion. YIa.riu.ig, ev, fi, Patmos, an island,
vrecoixit, or fa.ojix.il (ixtf), adv. a little
farther. to make the story of a house.
Tag*!, COM;, than, except, -reteei- -rcirog, ev, o, bottom.
vra.cio%oft<u (io%efta.i), to pass away. YYa.r^a.i, uv, at, Patrae, a city.
vra^veiffxtuctt (ivi<rxepeti), to be pres- vretr^cio^;, ev, o, patriarch.
>/a, ag, ri, consolation, solace : tretr^ixeg, *>, ev, paternal.
relief.
t~:, nffa., >i9-j, vpireg, to
console, comfort.
(Ital. parlamento), eu,
rgig, /$$, w, country, native coun-
try : native town or place.
'$T?, ev, transmitted from
ones ancestors.
TO, parliament. vrctryievoet (Engl, ?), Kg, fi, pitcher.
raoeifAix., etg, r>, proverb. vra.ru, lig, nffet, r.&w, ruiveg, to tread,
rotoafttitg, u., ev, similar, very similar. ! trample : to attack, as a town or
rct^vr'nt, ag, ft, presence. house.
IT) vraenuffia, rev, in the presence vrdTufta., areg, re, story of a house.
of. I Travu, avffa., avuivcg, to cause to cease :
retgavffiei^u, uffie, ciffSrv, nffftives, to ' to cease.
present : to exhibit. T*%atlvu, = vret^vvet.
ra.fpnrni2,w, improperly used for vrx- 9-ei%v*, ng, , frost.
tavfftK^v. r-%vi (<purm), lev, re, manger, crib.
rdoripev (<raivtt), areg, TO, taking. vrd%og, evg, TO, fat, fatness.
uv, tvffu, ev, present. <ra%vi*>, wet, vSnv, to fatten : to grow
xa.ro. re vra.ov, at present, for or become fat.
the present. vret%vg, i7, v, fat.
<r;, vraffct, vreiv, all, every, xdi. vra^vmg, nreg, fi, fatness.
The ignorant use <ra,ffct for all the vribiiig, ctbog, fi, plain, level ground.
numbers and enders. 9ilix\evu (Lot. pedica, sri5), and
TO.;, CO/'/. = ftrivrus. qrtoovxXovu, uaa,, u^^v, uftiveg, to
vrctrcig, and fetter, shackle : to trip up.
fetffiaig (Ti/rA-.), , o, pasha. *"ie'v, ev, re, infantry.
vra.ffffa.Xeg, ev, e, pole, stake, vrotXevxi. trivet, rt, ev, on foot.
vrdffrgix. (-r^T6), a-g, fi, cleanliness. vFt^ovga, ag, , infantry, TO vril^iv.
vra.ffrpivu, tvffa, ivSriv, ivpttvog, to vriS-aivu, = stvr&aivu, a,vrevrirxei
clean : to despatch, to put to death, vri'&u, uret, t'trSnv, tiff*ivg, to per-
241
suade.
Tva, St > hunger : famine.
ivu, Kg, cto-tt., to hunger, be hungry.
wuvKfffttYos, t], ov, hungry.
, j, , experience : trial.
to
trouble, vex : to hurt, to be injuri-
ous, /SXaVra/.
ir/Ts;;, ov, a, pirate.
*t7<rf*et, Ttf t TO, obstinacy, wilfulness.
ixus, adv. obstinately.
v, ov, TO, and
$, ovs, TO, and
o, ov, TO, the open sea.
av), ov, o, carpenter :
pelican.
i$K (^ri^ixu), ;, fi, and
oi, tov, TO, chip.
, K;, riffet, JjS-^v, nu'-vi;, to hew.
, vis, TJ, Thursday.
n, ov, fifth.
x, Z;, fi, mother-in-law.
5, ov, o, father-in-law.
trivia, a;, fi, poverty.
-VTxfl'<r/a/, at, K, five hundred.
iftvTanotriooTos, ri, ov, five hundredth.
rVTV/aflV ("TiVTl, >W^a), OV, TO,
plantain, a plant.
, fifty.
'ovi (iri-ruv), iov, TO, muskmelon.
^a, adv. on the other side : over.
With ih rov.
\K,t7 vloa, there on the other side.
&u Tiga., here on this side.
f/3< (-T^/, *&;), iov t TO, frame,
as of a picture : sash.
lf^iKut., a;, /], and
i^oinxs, et, o, and
ifii^ ixos, o, partridge.
&!, prep. 192: 201.
tp^ia^M ($<w), to celebrate in song.
s, *i, o, gardener.
^'/2aXaj), iov, TO, garden.
a (/a/S/v), aya, to prome-
nade, walk about.
as, r>, curiosity : notice.
n, ov, curious, inquisitive.
xi (%g%op,eti), to go around.
'jy/)Ti5f, ov, o, traveller.
i(&u(>i (S-sw^ftJ), iov, TO, margin of a
page.
21
ov, w, period.
os, ov, o, confinement.
as, ft, property.
, ev, o, walk.
u (vat.<rca), to walk.
tu$, '/i, event, case.
, tvo-a, to remain over. With
OV of the person.
ffffo;, 97, ov, much, abundant.
adv. more.
o;, a, ov, more.
, iu;, fi, circumstance : case.
, a.;, t), and
ft, iov, -TO, dove, pigeon.
v, avos, o, dove-cot.
, t7s, riffet, to talk non-
sense.
, and
(<pe<w), to carry about. Pass.
t to go about.
iq>6ovntri$, itus, vi, contempt, disre-
gard.
^iQ^ovu (ipgovea), to despise, treat
with contempt.
$, to pass : to pass away.
106.
TO.}; TriQctfffj.ivu.is, the other day.
vrtgvu TIVOI Kiro ro ffTrxd-i, to put
one to the sword.
ovi, iov, TO, fork.
, ov, o, a Persian.
a's, , ov, Persian.
adv. last year.
(vtTrna), ctros, TO, fall, TTW-
oi (WrasXav), f, fi, limpet.
, eu, TO, horseshoe.
l<r/v| 70, TSTaXa, he is dead,
a comical expression.
ovba. (-nru) u;, ft, butterflv.
fl;, ov, o, cock : cock of a gun.
* , stone.
, n, ov, of stone.
vrtT(>ubrif, tg, Stony.
KiTo-i (irlirxoi), iov, TO = S'-gftet.
<rtr*j, s, to throw away : to fly.
Pass, vrtriovftoii, to fly. 106.
TOV r*raav TO xtfaXi, they
struck off his head.
vKn), ov, o, pine.
ntqpt
24-2
>.>/ (<rXyf), TO, side, vXtvoav, as
of a person.
tu, affcc, to lie down.
, at, ot, oblique.
VifTv, = -rivrru.
9fiyu$i (<ri!yj), lou, TO, a well.
rwyaitu (vvraytf}, to go : to carry to
any place. 106.
vjyatov, ov TO, rue, a plant. trXaa (<rX), *f, n, slab.
15, jf, , source, spring of ivater,
fountain, /Wo-n. lay : to overtake.
, to over-
TO, rudder.
j, >, i$jy, f*iv<>i, to jump,
leap.
(rjyvvpu), %a t nypius, to cur-
dle, coagulate.
xTof, , on, curdled, coagulated.
ow, TO, Pelion, a mountain.
;,
or s-a, j3}y or
, to deceive.
/aw, -re, = c
w, a, creator.
, ra, loaf o/"
, , Platamona,
<, arfi). = rA<, <rAfay. j <rX*Tosyof, ev, o, plane-tree.
vrtatu (w/a^to), ifntra., a,f$rii, atru.i- ?rXT, >j, , shoulder : shoulder-
>oj, to catch, take. blade.
-/Tay (Ital. piatto), ov, TO, plate, dish. crXaroj, eu;, TO, breadth, width ; lati-
tude.
?rXarT, ay a,, a,7r,v, arftsvo;, to form
to forge, fabricate.
frXaTwf. *7, v, broad, wide.
of, a, 01, more, from <roXi/$.
tj;, g^;9y, typ'tvo?, to knit :
to braid, as the hair, with TO* of the
n), ;, j, span.
o;, jj, , probable.
/*'), Tfl, = triOT99.
(*txos) t as, ft, bitterness, /-
x^flTHj : affliction, grief, Ai5<r.
eetivu, avet, avS^y, ctp.p,i*cj, to em-
bitter.
Tixoa.fjtff.iiti, n, at, means also
person, as,
, let me
afflicted.
>?, , o>, bitter.
oj, i, bitterness.
T/'y*, to drink. 1O6.
roy, ov, TO, drink : drinking,
t^; (a-T), tov, TO, pepper.
*, to fall : to fall off, with i-ro
Toy : to fall to one's share, with
rev ' to be heard, as a gun.
us, }, pitch : tar.
*, and
ivo-et, tv&nv, tvpivast to be- vrAijy, conj. but.
lieve.
u:, fi, faith,
roXoe (//a/, pistola), a;, r,, and
roXi, lev, TO, pistol.
oX/, ?, j, the report of a pistol.
os, r,, oy, faithful,
of, ov, i, confident.
rlv o t = or lo ot.
(unc.), J, A, pie.
; e oy), ,-, j, dandriff.
ow, TO, bran.
braid your hair.
i (rw / w<yy), /ow, ro, lungs.
s'oy, orfw. more : any longer : yet.
st/tfo'y, o?, <ro, side, rib.
&, to sail : to float. 10G.
?, *, wound.
ft>, wo-flt, ^Sjy, upivos, to wound.
, or/j, T, abundance, plenty :
multitude.
t/yx, i/y$ny, to multiply, in.
crease.
plenipotentiary : representative.
<r\nooiu, caret, ^y, efti*9{, to pay-
ta, as, f>, information.
to
inform.
pay.
to draw near, approach.
/,- -ray.
at/i'. near. ffTM row, or i/j
243
TlOQTl
, ov, neighbouring.
TLXta.ffx.ats, as, a', Pliaskas.
rX/a, = wXeay.
a-Aa/as^a? (irAaray, *%), aw, fl, cap-
tain o/'a vessel.
*Xo7av, ov, TO, vessel, sail.
?rAflVx (/fa/. fiasca), ?, , flagon,
flask.
rich.
adv. richly.
a,, ov, rich, wealthy.
os, ov, o, Plutarch.
, tret, icr&yv, iffftivos, Jto en-
<rXetJTos, ev, o, riches, wealth. 40.
jrXvvu, vvx, v&riv, vplvos, to wash, as
clothes, dishes, the feet, $c. See
also
,, KTO;, TG, spirit : ghost : ge-
nius.
jTvtvfAKTixos, vi, ev, spiritual.
vevtvfjtKTix.es, ov, o, confessor, a priest.
wia, to blow, as wind : to breathe.
, iyw, lyftivas, to choke : to
drown. Pass, rvi'yef&cti, also to
founder, sink, go to the bottom, as
a ship.
vafi, rig, ft, breath.
, = a.#f.
ob&i, iw, ro, foot.
vroSi, lev, TO, = yrotieigt.
robxi (vti/), us, fi, apron : foot of a
mountain.
vro&iv, adv. whence.
zroiyffis, tut, fi, poetry.
^a/TjTJij, ov, o, poet.
?ra/>}T/*o5, w, o'v, poetic, poetical.
vroixiXos, v, ov, various.
trow/), >jf, i\, penalty, punishment.
vroTot, a., ov, who, which. 70.
vroioms, n-TOi, fi, (juality.
j, ov, f, polemarch.
martial, as sound.
, ov, o, war: battle,
Xtftu, ti$, nffac,, S^jy, nftivos, to
fight : to endeavour, try, strive,
.
= <roX/f.
.f, y, siege: blockade.
<roX/a^x&, t~f, rto-a, f&nv, nftivof, to
besiege.
iraX/j, tag, > city ' Constantinople.
TaX<T/, a.?, vi, constitution : state :
city, raX<j.
^raX/rswa^a/, tuSyv, to treat politely or
with kindness.
raX/T??, ijw, a, citizen.
?raX/T/xy, at;, ra, civility, politeness.
fTaA/T/xaV, ), av, political.
woXirtxus, adv. politically.
, adv. much, very.
(aya-r^), >j, ov, much
beloved.
raXXacx/j, adv. often, many times.
araXXasTXir<a0<<, aertx, eig-^nv, eto-ftivef,
to multiply.
les, ov, o, pole, os of a sphere.
<ro\v, adv. much.
(xai^os^, vi, ot, old, stale.
, ov, a, Pol)'carp.
;, a, o, = TaXyXcyas.
, j, ^, loquacity,
y, ov, a, great talker.
/, i7s, wrx, to talk too much,
/as, aj, w, learning, erudition,
j, tj, learned.
, 7, ay, multiform.
;, ?, numberless, numer-
ous.
Xvy, 5r<?XXj7, ToXv, much, many.
52 : 57.
, >?, ay, very complex.
waXwj, ^n)'> , , a
man of many trades.
Xvrtfjtes, vi, ov, valuable, costly.
XyrXaj, tliat has suffered much ;
not Romaic.
\vr^o<ros, n, ov, versatile : crafty.
Xz/^ay<aj, a, ey, of long duration,
long.
vivrvs (Ital. ponente), v>, o, the west
wind.
es, a, ay, wicked, xaxos ' cunning,
roguish, artful.
VOS, ov, o, pain.
vrmos, ov, o, mouse.
u, {is, tffcx., tptvos, to ache : to feel
pain.
vroftptfov, ov, TO, ferryboat.
Ila^aj, ev, o, Poros, an island.
710QT
iro^Ttt. (Hal. porta), as, , = S^.
*reort>xa.\i (Portugal}, iov, TO, orange.
feoTovXx, as, fi, little -re^Ta.
reffos, v, 0v, how much, how many.
feo-'oTn;, r,ros, fi, quantity.
TLoTa/Ma, a;, f>, Potamia, a place.
roTaftes, ov, TO, river.
zroTaros, , ov, low, vulgar.
TOTI, adv. when.
T9TS, adv. ever : once, formerly :
never, after a question. With ftev,
rov.^c. 171 : 189.
vfoTr,oi, iov, TO, cup, tumbler, glass.
ro-ri^iu, iff a, /VSnv, iffftivif, to give to
drink, to water.
irov, adv. where,
'{row, = orov.
rovyyi (unc.} iov, T, purse : purse,
f five hundred piasters.
, iv;, o, ambassador, minister.
y, , priest's wife, **-
), adv. = fovfoTi.
reiiXu.x.1, TO, little or dear vrovXt. *
(ruXog), iov, TO, Colt, foal.
./ (Lot.) pullus), iov, TO, bird :
chicken.
(*ou, vtTt), adv. anywhere :
nowhere. 171.
rev^eioi, = TSIVKOI.
rov^'ov (ravi), TO, morning : in the
morning.
<fpjiyt*ot, UTO;, TO, thing, article of
trade : affairs, in the plural.
iitt, and
iiei, a;, ri, business : merchan-
disc : trade, traffic : treatise.
ov, o, =
, ri, on, practical.
, i>s, , deed, act : practice.
otto-HOLoa,* as, , greenness.
ooLo-iv't^u, tret, to look green.
otto"!*!);, ti, tv, green,
g&ffirvXo., etf, fi, intense greenness.
cciffav, ov, TO, leek.
5TfT (r^y^.ee.Tu), TK, domestic
animals, &!.
^TT4>, |, a^Sj, ay pives, to do,
act.
^ini, it is proper, one must : it be-
comes, Wit/1 70V.
, to swell. 106.
}-/ta, KTOS, TO, swelling.
-^iyxi-^ (Lot. princeps), i-ros, o,
prince.
r^<*, = Tinea,.
-iv, prep, before. 201 : 225. 1.
/naf,) iov, TO, scarlet-oak.
ivi, iov, TO, saw.
, ura, irSnv, ifftivog, to saw.
generally followed by , =
*-<,;,.
iroo, prep. 1 92.
butu}, to injure before.
(XXaj), used only in the
exjiression r/j ir^aaXXa/f, the other
day, some time ago.
XX (/3AX<w), to show forth :
to propose.
, as, fl, ewe.
, ev, TO, sheep.
Tts, TO, proposal : problem.
Gy.uu.a, etTo;, TO, breakfast.
oyivfjiaTi^ef (yivfAetTi^v), iff a, to
breakfast.
oyovoi, uv, ol, ancestors.
oVibu (J/J), to betray.
o$oTt)s, ov, o, traitor.
ie&ftM (tz%oftai), to proceed,
come from.
os, ev, o, and
u;, UTSS, o, the chief magistrate
of a town : the prior of a convent.
^&i), to prepare
beforehand : to predispose.
ooiToifiotffia, as, ft, preparation.
gcStffis, t*>s> *i, preposition.
goSvpia, as, v, eagerness, readiness :
ardor.
f&vfAos, n, ov, eager, ready : ardent.
^oixa (T<!), at, fi, dowry.
eoixigu, iffoi, iffSr.i, itr/u.ivo;, to give a
dowry : to endow.
esixi'ov, ov, TO, = trooixet-
goTotTo., uy, TU, produce, productions.
otxttftitov, ev, TO, subject of a dis-
course.
o9xey.y.''mo;, see <ro9XO<rTv.
gtxor*, 5f, education, r/Ji/, learn-
ing : improvement.
245
nvqy
, to make progress,
proficiency : to improve.
vgo>co/u,/u,ivos, n, ov, educated,
learned. 57.
<rgoxgivea (xgivu), to prefer. With TOV
oc.ro rev.
9rgoXy4-is, lu *> *>> prejudice.
fftfm&tMi, tvo-x, tvS-wv, tvpivos, to
provide.
rgdwet, ;, , providence.
TO%SVIK (vgofyvos), Us, *i, solicitation
of a woman in marriage, suit.
yrge^tvu, i/V, no-ee., to cause, occasion.
ov, n, progress.
offtt.i), to go before.
trgog, prep. 201.
vrgos TOVTOIS, in addition to this,
moreover.
irgoiroio^u (^to^u), to appoint pre-
viously.
vrgofftvxv, tig, vi, prayer.
vgoffi^eu (ix, ca \ to P a y attention : to
take care, see.
vrgoo-vjxo'vofAon (rvKovafAKi), to rise in
compliment to a person.
vgoffS'tTu (SsTu), to add.
yr^oirx.a.Ku (xtoXu), to invite.
#t>oo : x,t>).\u (xoXX&<), to attach, stick,
adhere.
r^oirxwu, tit or us, no-ei, vftivot, to
worship : to surrender, intransitive.
rOffXctp.j>>(ivu (Xa^/Savw), to take in
addition.
ivu (pivu), to wait for. With
rov.
o<ro%j, w, fi, attention.
off<raiov/u.ati (*oiu), iTffeu, S->jv, to
pretend, feign.
offrK'yr>, r,s, fi, command, order.
veg, to command, order.
ipay/)> iou, TO, meat, any
thing eaten with bread.
adv. pleasantly, agreeably,
charmingly.
(;e*?0i " ov jy ful P leas -
ant, agreeable, smiling.
afftvtx.oi, 7, v, personal.
offuTixus, adv. personally.
o<ruvt>V) ev, TO, face. 38. N.
orlonftot, etros> TO, excellency, merit.
oTi.gov, adv. formerly.
21*
V Vfl6, =
(vrgo,
\ adv. on the
face, on the belly, prone, not ava-
to express, utter : to
pronounce.
otpSetivu, and
^Sav<w), to come or arrive
quickly.
Zs, fi, pronunciation.
*?, >5f, fi, precaution.
'ts, adv. the day before yesterday.
capju (^uoju}^ to advance, proceed.
ts (Wig), adv. the evening before
st.
tvv, us, fi, stern, poop.
i, adv. in the morning.
, fi, ov, early, as fruits.
ov (vrguros}, ev, TO, = xeivt-
TO.VO.TOV.
g&iTiTov, ov, TO, first prize, palm,
superiority.
guTOfAa.'ia, (-rguTos, pai'oi), af, ,
May-day.
ffurev, adv. first, at first.
^eaTO'Tie.XXrix.a.^ov (TXX>jxf^), ov, ro t
a chieftain's first man, say lieutenant.
f^eaTO<JT-nyat.itea (-rnyaivu), to go first.
uTog, t>, ov, first. 57.
et>ToffTu,TVis, ov, o, = agwyof.
izio-Tys (WT/I), ov, o, one who is at
fault : criminal.
utffot, to be at fault.
tl (vTKgfAOS^), IffStlV, tO
sneeze.
sA/a, ttg, vi, elm.
igvet, 0,5, fi, heel.
tgvio-Trigi (-TT^va), lev, TO, spur.
tgev, ov, TO, feather : quill : wing,
TTI/, v-yas, i, wng.
VTTVU, vo-u., to spit.
, tus, ft, fall : case.
/, a;, v, poverty.
%os, vi, ov, poor.
vo'f, vi, ov, dense, thick,
n, ns, vi, gate.
a.^1, iov t TO, and
OS, ov, vi, box-wood.
, vgos, TO, fire.
t, &;, fi, tongs.
ov, o, tower.
246
aorxx
a., as, rt, conflagration.
t;, tiro,,
fire, as a gun.
6*u, uo-a, uSw,
heat.
*, />, j<ra,
r,ui*e;, to
, to warm,
ivof, to sell.
aoY'. how, in what manner : that,
P.
e /or X, 27. 10.
i, iav, <r, rod, stick : whipping,
flogging.
si ov, ft, staff, rod.
si ov, o, lictor.
and
pafitt, = pairTv.
fiya. (pal}, f grape-berry.
payitu (payas), ifa, /VS*j, ifff&ivos, to
crack, break.
pctxr,, r t :, , nm/
^*/ (^rn6.), /, re, brandy.
pu.fiff.it, are;, TO, thread.
pavr'tcu t iffity iffSi)*, ttru'iva;, to be-
sprinkle.
pK-rifffAK, etre;, TO, cuff, box on the
ear, slap.
peitrTv;, ov, o, sewer, tailor.
peiQr,, t};, fi, seam : suture.
ridge of a mountain.
3f7|f pov
clear out.
back,
begone,
backbone.
as, r>, little or dear p*%v.
, ctTos, TO, sawing.
3^flf), iov, <r, chick-pea.
'Pr,y*s, , ', Regas.
p'ifta, = pivpu.
ptrart (/>p<V), iov, TO, radish.
ttri), vs, , resin.
s, TO, stream : current.
p'iu, to flow. 106.
*%*, *X$
to throw, cast : fire, as a gun.
s (f*xi")i ** > shallow, as water.
, n;, ft, root.
, rischio), ov, TO, = rv
, &>, <wS)>r, uptros, to take firm
root.
//>/, ?, T, file, an instrument.
pirru, i^x, '^Sj, iu.ft.ivas, to throw,
cast.
pnJ>oKi*}u*ivv, ivftt, ivSvr, tvftttos, to
risk : to endanger.
pofii (00/$), ?, ra, tare, ervum er-
vilium.
poSdxivo* (unc.\ cv, TO, peach.
pelt (poet, //), iov, TO, pomegranate.
/55o>, ov, TO, rose.
^^y (0?f) 'A , knag.
/, , , stream, current.
potio*, ov, TO, = p'i^.
p'cTa,Xoi, ov, TO, club.
fovoi (p'ovs}, iov, T, sumach, rhus.
povSevvi (pu^tuf), iov, TO, nostril.
'PovQtias, K, , = 'Ax^t/flf.
= polpv.
vxor (ic.), ov, TO, cloth : garment,
clothes : fine woollen cloth.
$u, us, no-tt, r,Sv}>, vftivos, to suck in,
sip, suck up : to absorb.
xttli%ot (piyKu), iffct, to snore.
^i (0w), iov, TO, rice.
vpoiTo;, a, a Roman : a Modern
Greek,
, a Modern
Greek.
f', = ri from au.
, = , ufftiv.
ov, TO, Saturday.
(Ital. saborra), ay, fi, ballast.
(Lot. sagitta), j, ri, arrow,
' shuttle, xtexts.
iov, TO, = ffietyat,
fin.
s, , rhetoric.
;, o, orator.
, tvfot,
.
iov, TO, sack, bag.
247
rotxxovt.a, as, , small bag : purse.
ira\aTx (Ital. insalata), as, , salad.
tra^tuu, ivtra, ivSyv, ivfAivos, to shake,
move, ai'iu).
ffa*.i (ffialov), tov, TO, spittle, saliva,
generally in the plural.
(raA.wiy%, tyyos, ri, trumpet.
a^i (ffdyfta), tov, TO, packsaddle.
apov), tov, TO, sesame.
s, ov, v, Samos, an island.
(Frenc/i), us, i, champagne.
eav, = uffdv.
ffetv'tot, tov, TO, board, plank.
tra-r't^a (<r virtu), iff a, tfffiivos, to rot.
ffdvtos, a, 6v, rotten.
eetvrovvt (fd-ruv), tov, TO, soap : a cake
of soap.
favevvi^tu, lira, iffSnv, to-ftivos, to soap.
church-fast.
ffaodvTa,
s, helix.
, ov, o, snail, ffd~
(2'wrA:.),
to raise : to wake : to cock, as
a musket. Pass, o-nxovopai, to rise :
to awake. 106.
paStviv, tvo-a, to take aim at. With
TOV.
(tryfta), tov, TO, mark : butt,
target, to shoot at.
pn%va il; TO fftifta^i, to shoot at
a mark.
0-nfjt.a.ia,, as, fi, flag, colors, standard.
ffvfj.ot.ivei}, ava, to signify, mean.
o-vipKffta, as, ri, signification, meaning.
fftjfttTov, ov, TO, sign ' point.
fffifttiovu, uo-a, u$yv, uftivos, to mark,
note : to write down.
mptMMWi ?, y, note, annotation.
ova, uffa, uS-nv, upivos, to sweep.
, aTos, TO, broom.
*, as, fi, clearness.
ffatyrivi^u, tffa, iffSriv, iffftivos, to eluci-
date.
o-atpts, ist clear, plain.
ffftxv'i^ia (Ital. svanire), tffa, to-Qwv,
to-f/.tvos, to quafE
fffivvcu (ffftivvvftt), vffa, vffB-nv, wrftivo;,
to extinguish : to be extinguished,
in the aorist active.
* yyaobi (unc.~) tov, TO, skein of raw
silk.
ff'i, from ffv.
ffi, = tts.
TO, respect.
s, ri, ov, august. to loathe, abhor.
to respect, to venerate : to ffuana'tvu, = awxu.
revere. ana-xvi, ns, fi, silence.
tu, ito-a, tiffSwv, ttffftivos, to shake, j ffiuvrn'^os, vi, ov, silent, taciturn,
move.
X (Ital. sella), as, n, saddle.
Xiv;, us, fi, moon.
, ov, TO, celery.
is, tlos, *>, page, as of a book.
, 17, ov, modest.
os, ri, ov, to-day's, present.
, adv. to-day.
as, fi, cuttle-fish.
ffriffaf&ov, ov, TO, sesame.
o-iayuv, ovos, *i, jaw-bone, jaw.
ffiya, adv. slowly, gently, softly :
silently : in an undertone.
ffiyavos (ffiyri\os\ , ov, still, quiet.
its ra o-iyava, at a slow pace.
o-iyu, as, fifa, to be still, keep silence.
fffitgov, and
fffivoov, ov, TO, iron : chains, in the
plural.
ffifta (fftp.es}, adv. near, vrXno-'tov, xov-
Ta. With TOV or tis TOV.
ffiftova (fftfjLo}, uffa, =
fi, tov, TO, mustard*
gi, tov, TO, wheat.
September.
(Lat. September), ov, o,
to
vu, <ps> no-a, to keep silence.
dgcu (ff^a^u), affa, aff^i
burst, intransitive.
(Ital. scala), as, ft, stairs, stair-
case : ladder : wharf : stirrup.
i (Lat. scarnnum), tov, TO, seat.
trxa<f>n t us, H, and
ov, TO, trough, kneading-
trough.
nd
248 amd-
I mov-ret (Hal. scopa), as, fi, broom,
fxiXiTo* (<rxiXiT9s^, ev, TO, skeleton.
ffxi\i, lov, TO, and
txi^os, 6vs, TO, leg.
rxfrd^ia, ava, atr&yv, ufptivos, to
cover : to protect.
rxivn, ,-, fi, roof: protection.
rxT<r/*9f, i), , thoughtful.
fxtve:, ovs, TO, vessel.
rxi-^is, tut, fi t reflection, examination.
run**, ris, fi, tent : scene.
fxtj-rr^ov, ev, TO, sceptre.
exid, as, ft, shadow : shade.
axiabt, lov, TO, straw hat.
rxidZu, a%a, d^nvy ayptvos, to scare,
frighten.
o~x ovoid (ffxvgia), as, fi, rust : dross.
<rxov<fna (Ital. scuffia), as, fi, cap.
s, fi, bitch.
i (ffxv*al) t lov, TO, dog.
os, ev, o, male dog.
ffxviFTu (XV-TTV), v$>a, vp.fx.ivof, to
stoop, bend.
vQTu, = the preceding,
'iffy*), ila, 1%
fxXdf-ta, as, fi, female slave.
ffx\afrid, as, ft, slavery, servitude.
rxXaySsvw, ao-a, unv, vpivos, to en-
slave : to capture, make prisoner.
ffx*.dos, (Ital. schiavo), ov, o, slave.
rx\noos, at,, ov, hard : hard-hearted,
cruel.
rxXnoorrs, VTOS, fl, and
ffx>.no3rr,TA, as, n, hardness : hard-
heartedness.
;, n, ov, hard-hearted, cruel.
uvu, mat, vv$tt>, to harden.
ov, TO, = ff^t\iioi.
v^valos, et, Smyrniot, native of
Smyrna.
, a, = the preceding.
us, fi, Smyrna,
iffftos, ev, o, solecism.
(Lot. sublica, ofiiXos,
as, fi, spit.
, , o, Suleyman.
ffov\Ta*es (Turk.}, ov, o, sultan.
os, ov, o, intention, design.
to move*, to intend.
ov, TO, garlic.
o*, tret, iirSyv, ifftsvof, to scatter,
dissipate : to squander.
ffxeg-rios, a, ov, scattered, irxo(>Tiffp.i*os-
ffxo^lo;, ov, o, scorpion.
rxozTiapa. (fxof&i^at}, *TS, <r, scat-
tering, dispersion : spreading.
ffXOTtX.'Sl, 10V, TO, = ffXOTOf.
rxoTtiviai, us, , = trxoTOf.
ffxoTuvoi, v, ov, dark.
tit TO, ffxeriivei, in the dark.
rxo-rovu, uret, u>$r,v, uftivog, to kill.
rxoTos, ovs, TO, dark, darkness.
fxo7uu.es, ov, o, slaughter, killing.
tov, TO, worm.
, i9v, TO, a kind of
, as, fi
, = ff
(ffvQa), as, fi, wrinkle.
to wrinkle.
0-oQia, as, fi, wisdom.
re<p*, to-a, ffr,i, iffprts, to render
wise : to instruct.
ve/poXeyioTus (ffoQoi), vros, fi, a title of
reject given to the learned.
ffoiftes, ri, ov, wise.
<ro<f>us, adv. wisely.
(ff-rau), *, atru't^a:, to break.
, lev, TO, sword.
TO o-ret&i, to learn fenc-
ing.
ra'^u TO ff*ai, to fence.
aSia, as, fi y blow with the sword :
sword-cut.
avios, a, ov, rare.
avius, adv. rarely, seldom.
iiu = fffa^u.
(unc.), ov, TO, gill ofajtsh.
ivos, to tear, pull to pieces.
noa,, agS-r<v, ap^ftiios, and
ffTlOVU, tO SOW.
ev, TO, and
, a;, fi, cave.
as, fi, =
ov,
GTllV
249
OTQOC
, aj, w, land, not sea.
J, a, ov, firm : solid.
igvet (Ital. cisterna), ag, fi, cistern,
, ov, o, seed.
ov^uZjU, KO-X or a, to study : to
strive, to be trying, endeavour, JT-
*'"'
ovSctr-rr.g, ou, o, student.
ovMi, rig, fi, study.
(unc.}, u%et, &>%&nv, uypivos,
to push.
(Lot. stabulum), ou, o, stable.
et^et, to drop, as water.
s, a., ev, stable, firm.
to erect, to place in an erect
position. 106.
(w?ic.), jj, fi, ashes.
(o-raXay^a), ay, vs,
drop.
ava.fJLa.Tu (^tirrnfAt), $, tjffx, tipivos, to
stop, arrest, stay : to halt.
M, affx, to quarrel.
(Ital. stadera), tov, ro, steel-
rapid. erriXXu, and
ff<jrt&f,<>, ngof, o, spark. o-r'tXvu, uXet, etXwv or aXB-yv,
ffvip^ovvt (Ital. sperone), tov, ro, \ to send.
yrri^vio-rr^t. [ ffrivyp'og, ov, o, sighing, moaning,
ff7Ttra.Xt (Ital. spedale), tov, ro, = I groaning.
ov, ro, narrow pass.
f, , o, one of the inmates o-rtvog, , ev, narrow, straight.
of a ffyfiT.\i. j ffri^yea, Sf, to approve of : to con-
rirt, tov, ro, = otrvrirtov, eJxog, otxtos. ! sent. With -rov.
trvrt.oiyxvoc,, uv, ret, bowels.
fftrXefyfrvi^oftut, iffStjv, to have compas-
sion upon. With TOV.
ffvr\vivet, ug, , spleen.
f-reXoirv (r.ig ?raXXa trn), thank you,
literally, may you live to many
years. ffripu, tig, tiro., Sjv, nftivog, to de-
a, a.$, fi, seed, offspring : race. prive of. With rov rev, or rov rov.
ttytivi, tov, ro, and
itpotvos, ov, o, hoop : crown.
vSi, tov, ro, and
jj&oj, ovg, ro, breast.
//3a*>, |a, KX&W, etrfttvog, to pack
closely.
rig, , moment, instant : period,
in grammar.
ffr7<f>og, ovg, ro, troop, band, body of
soldiers.
ffri%es, ov, o, verse, line.
o-rt^ov^'yog, ov, o, versifier, poet.
ffrix,evp t 'yu, t7g, yw, npivog, to versify,
make verses.
7ov, ov, ro, element.
, , elementarj'.
ffrot^nfAot, etros, ro, wager, bet.
fitt^ca ffToi%vftet, to lay a wager,
to bet.
o-roX-n, >jg, f>, dress, uniform.
yard.
KVQOVU, Cafflt,
to crucify.
uvoo;, ou, o, cross : starfish.
UfAtVOf, tO CTOSS '.
xetftvat TOV ffruvpov [&ov, to cross
one's self, as a Christian.
ffrctQfia, (ffTntfii), as, fi t raisin.
fraQvn (^ra^j?), rig, ft, line or cord,
dipped in a coloring matter, and
used by carpenters.
fra<pu*.i, lou, ro, bunch of grapes.
ffra.%1 (ara.^vi}, lev, ro, ear of corn.
ffriyvof, vi, ov, dry.
ffr'ntu, or ffrix.ofAi, to stand : to stay :
to consist in. 1O6.
ffro^i^u, trot, iffSriv, iffftivoj, to adorn,
attire.
ffroXog, ov, o, fleet.
ffroftet, arog, ro, mouth.
ffrof*.oi%t, tov, ro, and
ffrofAoi^os, ov, o, stomach.
o~ropvti(>i (unc.), tov, ro, quartz.
ffrovrt (ffrvvvi), lav, ro, tow.
ffrovvova (jrrowffty, naffot, u$nv, euftivog,
to stop, as a bottle.
apoti, uirSw, to think, consider.
gufici, adv. crookedly, blindly : on
one side, as the cap.
potfiovu, caffu, eaB-viv, afttvof, to make
crooked : to blind, rutyXow,
OTOtt
250
os, v, ov, crooked : blind,
a (Ital. strada), as, f>, =
arts, TO, array.
of, ov, o, general.
^s, ov, o, soldier.
txri, tjs, ti, the military' art.
o;, j, ex, military.
, t-^a, to turn.
to think, reflect.
XXayto-p'os, y, o, s\'llogism : argu-
ment.
to twist.
os, i, 91, round, spherical.
to strew, spread.
ffrocLfjt.a,, aTot, TO, bed.
o-TvXos, ov, o, pillar, column.
ffTVTTtjeiat., as, w, alum.
ffTvtpeg, r,i on, astringent.
ffTvQu, vj/a., v$$r,*, vw'vos, to squeeze
in order to express a fluid : to cease
from flowing, as a fountain ; but
only in the aorist active.
fTv-^n, ns, fi, and
ffv, = itrv.
fvyytvj;, tv, o, kinsman, relative.
ffvyygetfta, TO;, TI, work, writing,
book, treatise.
ffvyy/>$evs, teas, o, writer, author.
ffvyyoa.ty<u (yoil^u]^ to compose, to
write.
fvyxa.ra.viuu (vivea), to consent.
ffvyx-wu (x/w), to move.
rvfi.pi&nxes, OTOS, TO, incident, event :
accident.
ffvufsavXivu ifiiuXiyuj, ivrot, iv&ni, sy-
[titos, to advise.
, >?, fi, advice.
a, a;, fi, alliance.
os, rt, ov, pertaining to alli-
ance.
ai ffVf*.fta%txa} $vvaf*,tis, the allied
powers.
ffvftp.u%o;, ov, o, ally.
, t7s, tiro., iffttvos, to excuse,
to pardon.
ivtu, ava, arrives, to infer, to
conclude.
.TXoK,ri, ns, , close engagement,
combat.
t-roXiTn;, ov, o, fellow-citizen.
ov, TO, banquet.
, ov, consonous, agreeing.
I* o-vftQeavov, with one accord,
unanimously.
, its, rifa, r.S-xv, natives, to
agree.
ttl&Qos, ov, , one closely united
with another.
vd^tu (*y), a%a, d%$v9, ayuives, to
collect, to gather.
vxSoei^w (a&geigu), oiffa, oiffS**, i-
ts, to compose.
rvy*t<po*,
to disturb.
, adv. at the same time.
<vj, ri, confusion, trouble,
vexauon.
uavetffTfiQo/uai, to associate with, fjl-
lowed by ftl TO*.
), ns, f), social intercourse.
tov, TO, quinsy.
, ev, o, subscriber,
as for the publication of a book.
, , assembly.
ffvyxuu (X**)i tif, no-a.
tos, to permit : to pardon, forgive.
rvxafAivia, as, , mulberry-tree.
ffvxafttvov, ov, TO, mulberry.
ffVXOV, OV, TO, fig.
fvxo<pvTvs, ov, o, calumniator.
T/at, as, ri, calumny.
Tfia, as, fi, female calumniator.
(rvKUTtt %<ra.o), lov, TO, liver
of an animal.
(Xflyf), ^5^,.. ,*u.i, ae .
rt/Taj, rt, on, =
, ?, , custom : habit.
vnSigu (rSffj), tra, ifSnt, urftivos, to
accustom.
ig*, ura, to be accustomed, to be
wont.
, adv. usually.
tv, TO, = vitya;.
tffmfuu (^io-Taftai), to consist of.
With a*o r'n.
tvira, to accompany.
ovvo
251
f, ov, vi, synod.
\u (o^iXu) , to converse with.
v, ov, TO, limit, boundary.
trvvretyftx, CITO;, 70, constitution, ^jo-
liticaUy.
ffvvTotfys, ttbf, , construction, syntax.
fvvToffos, n, ov, short, concise, brief.
ffWTgotptet, etg, f>, company : partner-
ship.
ffvvT^o^ne.a., adv. in partnership.
ffvvTgeQio-ffoi, ay, vi, female partner or
companion.
, ov, o, companion : partner.
, i%a, to whistle.
ares, TO, wire.
, to draw, drag : to pull. 106.
igi (ffut>u), lov, TO, drawer, as of a
bureau.
(ffxivdl^ca), ttffae., u
a,fffjt.ivos, to plot, plan.
irvffTct'ivia (ffTotivca), to recommend : to
exist, in the aorist passive, but
rarely.
ffvffTetffis, tvst fi, formation.
ffuffToiTixov, ev, TO, qualification.
ffvffT*i[*.ot:, (X.TOS, TO, system.
uKis, adv. frequently, often.
of, w, ov, frequent.
exTtvi%u (xrttjg*), to comb often.
%s, ft, slaughter.
|, x%B-tiv, cfyft'tvos, to slaugh-
ter, butcher.
fftyau^a., as, , sphere, globe, ball.
crtfixioioiov, av, TO, little ffQaTgec.
lira, iffSw, tfffti-
fault.
bs, ti, ov, shut.
, aXa, u
fault.
s, to err, to be in
ro;, TO, error, mistake :
, Zs, and
, (fftpri), us, ri, wasp.
(<r<p), aj, , wedge.
ff<pi<yyu, t^K, i%Snv, lypivos, to bind
tightly, squeeze.
oi, adv. tightly.
, octroi, a
-tjv, affptvof, to lace tightly.
os, w, ov, tight.
eQtopjus, a, ov, violent.
cr<pouj"ya/>ei$, a, o, spunge-merchant,
spunge-fisher.
, tov, TO, spunge.
to"f/,ivo$, to seal.
i;, ion;, h, Seal-
a.;, to be full of vigor.
;, ov, o, pulse.
o-q>v(>i, i?v, TO, hammer.
ffifvgi^M, = ffvo't^ca.
ffx&tov, ov, TO, sketch : design, plan.
o~%e$o'v, adv. almost, nearly.
o-%tffit, teas, w, relation.
, uTof, TO, figure ' gesticulation,
gesture.
o-%i%tu, lira., to-S-yv, ler/uwos, to split.
ff%oivi, tov, o, roj)e : string.
o~%oXctffTix.of, ov, o, pedant.
o~%oXi7cv, ov, TO, school.
ff&i^eu, uffoe,, uSviv, wo-ft'ivo;, to save.
ffuSlXK, = atUTtKO., IVTOO-S-IK.
ffa/ta, UTOS, TO, body.
ffuvu {o-u^ca), ciio-oi, uriv, cap'tvo;, to be
enough, sufficient, aoxa, cpS-dta,
with TOV of the person. Pass, au-
vo/u.xi, to end, finish, intransitive.
ffuot, a, ov, safe, untouched.
ffU-TTU, = fflUfU.
vcapo;, ov, o, heap, pile.
, %, ov, exact '. whole.
p.\ TO, truffTa., in earnest, with the
genitive of the personal pronoun ,
as, TO tJvrt pi TO, ffoao-Tci TOV, lie
said it in earnest.
TYip, ripens, o, saviour.
ti, xs, ft, salvation : safety.
ei (tffu),
T.
T for $ after ff, <p, %, 27. 1 5. for 3
after v, 27. 15. for $ before ff,
27. N. 1.
Tctyyos, 97, ov, rancid.
tra, iffSriv, urpivo;, =
KOi, =
otTos, TO, regiment.
252
(rxfo-v), a|, a^w, aypiva;, ' nXivroi7ov, adv. finally, lastly.
to vow : to promise. Xt/Tr,-, , ev, last, final/latest.
T/*/ (tra^a?), /aw, re, match, equal. ! ri\ivTr,, tjg, j, death, decease.
(T/<), aa-a, to match, fit, n^ivru, ,$, no-it, to die, decease.
(Turk.), iev, re, = fv
ev;, re, end.
length, last of all.
finally, at
correspond.
raxrixes, , ev, regular.
TaAa^av, aw, ra, dollar.
7a.fAttTffa.va. (uc.), aj, demijohn.
ra.p'xd.x.t; (/fa/, tabacco), aw, a, snuff. rtXto*i~av, ev, re, custom-house.
retvvZu, and rtvr<nei s (Turk.}, i, a, and
ravvu, uo-o., vo-9-r,v, vo-ftlvos, to stretch : T'IVTO-IOI, lev, TO, kettle.
to expand, spread, as a wing. ri^as t *ref, ro, prodigy, wonder : mon-
vet%ieio%r.s, ev, o, and
s, ov, o, captain of a company.
(rafsi'^a*), lev, ro, voyage.
>v (<r^), O.TOS, TO, vow : prom-
?, , order, arrangement.
uft'cvs;, to hum-
x, forty.
os, r), ov, fortieth,
r, a., and
, a, four. 58.
rirecoTev, ev, re, quarter.
riretoros, H, ov, fourth.
a-, tf
ble, humiliate. nrgetit) (rsr^eis), vs, i, Wednesday.
os, ij, ov, humble. Ttr^a'*/?, adv. four times.
*, = ra.oa.Tu. rirottxeiriat, at a, four hundred,
t, tarara, a sound made, or sup- nr^xxoo-teo-'ros, ri, ov, four-hundredth.
posed to be made, by some wind- rtrgarXovs, 5, ovv, quadruple, four-
instruments. fold.
to dis- j ri^vf}, us, r,, art.
turb. <rUK*, adv. artfully, skilfully.
', , fi, commotion, tumult, rt^vixes, n, ev, artful, skilful :' relating
to art.
n^v'irns, ov, i, artist.
T?, = ro:
iii, lev, ro, frying-pan.
, iftt, iffS-tiv, lo-ftivot, to fry.
particle, equivalent to . rr.yxtirot, a;, , fritter, pancake.
raT, = the preceding. Ttjves, ev, fi, Tenos, an island.
TO-XIO., and Tn^ai^u, a,%a, and
r%v, TO, morning, in the morning, rvgu, S.s or i7s, no~a, = xvrroi%u t
noise.
la-a,-, ov, o, Tasos, a Klepht.
vgos, ov, o, bull.
ov, o, grave, tomb.
adv. forsooth : an interrogative
rii (Ital. te), iev, ro, tea, rffdi. ri, from rig.
n7%os, ovs, re, wall. ; 'T/, = on.
rixvev, ov, ro, child. rty^ts, i$as, r\, tiger.
<rtXtt!>nv, uffct, ur,i, a/altos, to end, rtpf,, r,;, fi, honor : value, price.
finish. TI/^IO;, a., ov, honorable : honest.
rt\tioroit)fis, teas, r,, the rendering per- riftiorris, nros, r,, honor.
feet, perfecting. riftovt (Ital. timone), iev, re, =
<rtA/a;, a., ev, perfect, finished, com- A/a.
plete. riftu, Sis, no-*, *&nv, np'tves, to honor.
riXuoTris, tiros, fi, perfection. nuvoia, ;, ri, punishment.
rtXiias, adv. entirely : at alL vnoi^v, a%*, ei%9v, ayftivef, to shake :
riAit&Fi;, ius, ri, finishing, perfec- to dust, as a garment.
tion.
= ris, indefinite.
253
TQIS
, and
i, and
s, any, anything : nothing, in
answer to a question. 71.
rig, TI, who, which, what.
TIS, TI, any, some, certain : a or an.
70.
v'iT\ts (Lot. titulus), ov, o, title.
TAi>*y, ovos, o, Tlemon.
TO, from o.
TOIOVTOS, ctvTt], OVTOV, such. 75.
s, adv. in this manner.
s, on, o, wall, as of a house.
Tories, ov, a, Tolios, 17^.
;, n, boldness, daring.
us, riff a., to dare.
j, ov, I, volume.
TOVI, pron- always enclitic, = TOV, him.
TOVOS, ov, o, tone, accent.
Tofyvta, tvirot, tvS-viv, ivfAtvos, to shoot,
as an arrow : to shoot with an ar-
row.
Tfl|y, ov, TO, bow.
To<rt (Turk.}, iov, TO, = xetvovi.
roves, ov, o, place : country, one's na-
tive place, VTKTOJS.
tis TOV -rav-ov, on the spot.
res, he. 64. N. 3.
Toffov, adi\ so much.
TWOS, it, ov, and
roireuTo;, etvrt], ov-rov, SO much, SO
many.
rort, adv. then.
TowjSXov (TwrA:.), y, TO, = xi/iKpfii.
<rovt (Turk.}, iov, TO, a pasha's tail.
TovXei^tffTov (TO i>.K%iffTev), adv. 1=
*v, at least.
Toifxiat. (Ital. dobla), as, fi, doubloon.
Tougxtvw, tvffet, to become a Turk,
that i*, a Mohammedan : to side
with the Turks.
T0vg<a, f, , Turkey : the Turks.
Tufntcs t *, ov, Turkish.
Tovxos, ov, o, Turk : Mohammedan.
Toi;gva/3aj, ov, o, Turnabhos, a town.
TOVTOS, , o, this. 72.
(Turk}, itv, TO, musket.
pov<p\ctts, nonsense, fiddle-
sticks, fudge.
, (Lot. traho?), %*, i^^,
s, and
ug, to draw, drag, OVPIW ' to
endure, vv
iov, TO, and
ov, o, he-goat.
bt (r^aya/S/a), iov, TO, song :
lay, as, TO Tgetyav^t TOV Mroyxo/3-
X, the la} r of Boukobhalas.
cfyovba, its or S>s, nfct, to sing, as
ballads, sonnets, $c. See also v/.aX-
XJM.
*yy1ia t a?, , tragedy.
ofyu'Sos, ov, o, tragedian.
tx'offtai, = T^nnxoffiai.
v (Ital. tramontane), us, 11,
, M, ov, big, large,
57.
s, , table.
(unc.}, ov, TO, purslain, -
, iet, three. 58.
, adv. foolishly : madly, distract-
edly.
TsAa/y&>, 0.10., a&tjv, etfttvos, to mad-
den, make crazy. Pass. vpKetivo-
P.KI, to become or be TgiXos.
T(>I\OS (unc.}, vt, ov, foolish, fool : mad,
distracted.
, to tremble: to tremble or shud-
der at, with TOV.
to feed, nourish : to support.
ee.Ttt (r(>i%ev}, TO,, running :
trouble.
TO^XW, e|a, to run : to run about.
Tgice, from Tgf7g.
T^IKXOVTU, thirty.
T^iKxoffioi, m, u., three hundred.
TgiotxoffTo;, *i, ov, thirtieth.
rpiavra, = T^IKXOVTU.
TPiKVTcttyvXXivtos, a, ov, made of roses.
Tia,vTfyuX\i<i, a?, ft, rose-bush.
T^/ayra^t/XXay (rgidvTa, QvXXov}, ov t
TOj = f'obov, rose.
T^iftsXi (Ilal. trivella), iov, TO, = TOJU-
TKVt.
Tftfiu, t-^a, tyStiv, ipftivos, to rub, tri-
turate.
, and
(yvgos}, adv. round, around.
With TOV or ils TOV.
, iov, TO, Trieste, a city.
254
of a broken vase.
iftvu (unc.}, as, }Sjv, tifcite;, to
pinch : to peck.
iatet (Ital. pincione), as, , = rar/-
/, /|, to creak.
ixofA-rt (T/J, xofivos), iou, ra, the
nape of the neck.
, n, ev, and
as, *>, 01, three-peaked.
as, , an, and Tfi%)*tt (x.i%\n), as, fi, thrush.
, j, out, triple, threefold. 'j <rraufiei*.t (Ivu, /3XX), uu, o, a large
wdSltos, a, a>, thrice wretched. woollen sack.
ITH, ^;, , Tuesday. Tt/*X< (7fo/. zucca?), /ow, TO, earth-
^Taj, n, a, third. en pot, %vrcc.
t%a (Sf<|), as, i), hair. | Tfou^d-ri (Turk.), too, TO, stocking.
tftd^t* (fpofAos), a|, ypivts or Ttro%a (Turk.), as, fi, fine woollen
affftitos, to frighten, terrify : to be cloth, os brvaddoth.
frightened, terrified. rro^a.vTti^s (Turk.), *, I, plur. -KIU,
9(Atc,pa., $,, = T^iftas. a Turkish officer.
tftaxTJxa, adv. fearfully. I vraQXeiov (*, ^Xa^aj), ou, T, shell, as
os, a, 01, terrible, fearful. of an egg or nut.
i, ou, a, terror. rv^.iya (ru^iffo-ot), /|at, t%S-fi, ryftivas,
, ou, o, manner, mode, way : to roll up.
method, fiiSobes- ri/Xo;, ou, o, orifice in the face of a
cask ; and the stopple of that ori-
tfrett vfevros, to be possible.
<j Toa-rov t-Trov y, in such a
manner as, or so that.
T0!<p<.v;, ius, o, supporter.
, ns, , food, nourishment : feed-
ing, keeping.
ov, o, nurse.
/, ets, , pulley,
i Ui wheel.
r*;, u, o, vintager : September.
, ;, , hole.
TO, gimblet, auger, borer.
<*, ^7, jj^ttiva;, to bore,
perforate, pierce.
f, , , tender, delicate.
*>, >>,-, , luxury.
to eat. 1O6.
* Tr'/s*X* (imc.), T, baggage, lug-
gage.
r, <r, T, 27. 16,
rr for *, T, |,
N. 2.
<rffu.t, lou, <ra, tea.
to break.
T<r'tff, *, a, Tsaras.
ra-iXi-rr,; (Turk.), w, a', gentleman.
Tfft> ixiits;, a, v, made of steel.
Tffi).t*.i (Turk.), lou, TO, steel.
(unc.), us, fi, pocket.
= T, rots, nis. 62. N.
i (unc.), tot/, TO, fragment j time.
Jlce.
Vf&fetvtt, ev, TO, drum.
uvalu, turn, u-r,v, uftiios, to print, as
a book.
VTO;, eu, o, type : press, the business
of printing or publishing.
voetytos, = rug*w
uoctwta., a.{, , tyranny.
vpanvoi, ot>, a, tyrant.
ugawu, ?j, vff, r&nv, tjftivo;, to tor-
ment, torture.
uftf tou, TO, cheese.
g, fi, blindness.
eia, euffu, &>&>)*, upivts, to blind.
TV<$\>rivTtx.of (<raT*xa$), ou, a, mole,
a little animal.
Ti>$Xo;, ti, av, blind.
, to happen. 106.
pit* *%* *' lest, followed by
the subjunctive.
^H, us, fi, fortune.
XO.TO, TU%IH, by chance, acci-
dentally.
%noos, a., or, accidental .- fortuitous.
^o^tux-rrs (TV^YI, ^teaxuj, eu, a, ad-
venturer.
ain (ru r<), adv. indeed, really.
oa, (TV ueei), adv. now.
Tto^et TUB*, very soon.
ts (r*et), rt, >, of the present
255
ts, = revs. 64. N. 4.
T.
/, low, TO, glass.
/,
trp,ivos, to insult.
vfignriu, y, , insult.
wys/a, ay, , health.
vytxivu, v, to be in sound health.
vyws, is, healthy, sound.
tygot, ', of, wet, moist.
s, ay, , Hydra, an island.
vies, ov, o, son.
S*.v, us, fi, matter : materials.
vXix'os, vi, ev, material.
vpvos, ev, o, hymn.
v/u,*u, <V, vo-ee., to celebrate, as in song.
vvi (twy), iov, Tt, ploughshare.
1-Ttot.ya^.vu, ivo-es., tvSnv, tuftivof, to dic-
tate. With rov r'ov.
vxcfyw, = T?jj/a/ya>.
u-raxaw, ?j, , obedience.
vTaxouu (a,*ovu) t to obey.
w?rav^<'a, aj, , marriage.
| vro, prep. 192.
: vvoSiifjtu, ares, TO, boot.
! v<ro$o%y, tjs, fi, reception.
j v*o$sffis, tus, *i, business : affair : hy-
pothesis, supposition.
i ti'roxeiff.itrov {Ital. camicia), ov, TO, shirt.
| 11 roxeira, adv. under. With rov.
tfroKitft.a.1 (x-iipa.?), to be liable or sub-
ject to. With tls rov.
vvrexgivofteu (x^/W), to act like a hypo-
crite, to play the hypocrite.
vvox^Tvts, ov, o, hypocrite.
v'ToXn-^ts, teas, fi, reputation : estima-
tion, repute.
vvoftovri, tjs, *i, patience.
vrovTtvu, or vvox-Ttvopcu, tvB-qy, to
suspect.
\7ri<TT%t$u, intransitive.
tus, fi, promise.
, to promise. 106.
os, , ot, subordinate.
;, to give in marriage. Pass.
to marry, wi^A >.
, teas, ft, existence.
%*>)> to exist.
t ev, a, lieutenant.
prep. 192.
vos, to subjugate, subject. Pass.
vToTetffOf^cti, to submit, yield.
vvovpyiet, Kg, it, = vTriptriK.
^f^w), to bear, endure.
, eaffct, uSnv, uftivos, to ob-
lige.
?, , suspicion.
vffTi
(>et,
rt, ov, last.
adv. afterwards : after, with
TOV.
vas, to protect, defend.
v<7Cif>K<ririffis t tus, fi, protection, de-
fence.
i>-ri(>Kff<rtffrw;, ov, o, defender.
uTigfieeivw (/3/&/), aorist y<rg/Sj, to
surpass : excell.
j, fi, excess.
at, fi, pride.
yos, ti, ov, proud.
iiu (]<r%vu), vffa, to prevail.
a;, , superiority of num-
bers.
rT>.0T/w (-TXtfyT/^iw), to enrich in
a high decree.
rxf, n, av, subject, as to a king.
npffiot, as, , service.
^iTvit, ov, o, waiter, servant.
s, ov, o, sleep.
or
vtyaivu, uvety av^jv,
to weave.
vtfutvrvis , ov, o, weaver.
vfos, evs, TO, style of writing.
y-^nXa, adv. high, on high.
v^vX'os, , , high, tall.
v-^ovu, uffa, u$xv, ufAtvos, to elevate,
raise.
ttyoy, evs, TO, height.
before -, 27. 2. /or v, 27. 3.
for 3, 27. 17. for *, 27- 17.
QotyHt (<py<) *> glutton, great,
eater.
(fmtyyiTov, ev } TO, and
(fU'/l
256
/, iev, re, dish, any kind of food :
meal
yi, <roVoj), tou, ro, ban-
quet, feast.
Qayu, from rovyu.
Qaivepai, avt)v, to appear.
?, tis, n, lentil.
i^ayyas (<paXay), a, e, an instru-
ment used by the Turks and tlieir
imitators in bastinadoing.
tj, fi, whale.
./ (Ital. famiglia), as, n, =
etxey'tvua.
t, ti, o, a man with a Qaftttia.
s, ev, o, fanatic.
Qavtgevu, ucrct, uSr.v, ccu-vs;, to make
known.
Qavtgos, a, ev, apparent, evident.
$etvTaef<tai, eiff&nv, affj&ivos, to imag-
ine.
Qavrao-ia, as, ft, imagination : whim,
notion.
Qavrafftx, ares, TO, apparition.
<papocs, evs, re, TXu.ro;.
<ptt(ibvs (unc.*), nee, v, = fXarvf.
tfix^'tTox, ag, , quiver.
ive-a, tvBtjv, tvfAtves, and
tow, ura, u$r,v, uftives, to poi-
son.
iev, re, poison.
', ev, ro, remedy : poison.
to run avray : to go away, depart.
, fi, fame.
'! /-Sjv, to-fttiof, to repute.
d*u, ao-et, uffft'nost to overtake : to
reach : to arrive : to be sufficient :
to be ripe, in the aorist and pp.
(<f>av<u}j ares, re, arrival.
t'ia, ittc, afini, aftt9os, to cor-
rupt.
<>i>, tv, TO, autumn.
, e'v, envious.
ov5, ev, e, envy.
ovu, i7; t Hffa., 3^j, nftives, to envy.
i, as, fi, corruption : ruin, destruc-
tion.
ii (<p'Sbi ?) i, o, vermicelli.
, iS) truth-loving.
, adv. in a truth loving man-
es, 9i, ev, humane.
, adv. humanely.
, v, ev, avaricious.
, , ev, freedom- loving.
iev, re, and
, ares, re, kiss.
, at, fi, friendship.
of, <n, ev, friendly.
), lav, ro, bean, fase- | $i\ivoioa, as, , female friend,
olus vulgaris. Qilievu, ue-et, uv>v, upives, to recon-
(Lat. februarius), ev o, cile, conciliate. Pass. $i*.io*ap.ai,
February. also to become a friend to, to make
Qtyyagaxi, re, dear Qiyydgi. a new friend.
ap, iev, re, moon, fiXr,vn : moon- $i*.ex<e$fa, is, avaricious, fond of gain.
(piXoxu*r,yas, n, ev, fond of hunting.
- Qi^tiitxu, tts, nra, to dispute.
$i\os, ev, o, friend.
qnleo-oQia, as, ri, philosophy.
, ev, e, philosopher.
\x7es, a, ev, fond of the learned,
patronizing learning.
t7s, nra, tiS-riv, t)/u.ivos, to kiss.
vi (Turk.}, iev, re, firman,
i (French fusee?), iev, re, car-
tridge.
xitivet, = Qnavu.
(frvov), iev, rt, = Qrvapi,
(Lat. flammeolum), ev rt,
light.
t, e<j; t rt, light, $;.
fiyyv, i^et, to shine.
it is day, imjtersonal.
rS-nv, to spare.
aj, , a, parsimonious.
$, w, , cork.
as,
, etreg, re, conduct.
Qtv, inter), alas.
, , gone.
to flee : to flee from, with rev : standard.
257
cpvai
(Ital. fiasca), as, ri> flagon,
flask-.
(<pXi/<), as, fi, vein.
(pXal;), etit fit flame.
, as, n, and
(ipXaaf), lou, ro, bark, as of a
tree ' rind.
i (Itctl. fiorino), iov, ro, gold coin.
as, fi, prating, nonsense.
3se, as, ft, threat, menace.
q>o(->ini>s, a, ay, terrible, fearful.
<pofii%&i, io-a, ifff&ivos, to frighten.
^/3f, aw, a, fear.
<pofiotiftai, tTtreei or affat, &>jy, to fear.
<J>am*/*a?, v, ay, Phoenician.
3>0/y<, /xa?, , a Phoenician.
Qovtut, IMS, o, murderer.
viuu, ivo-a, ivS-r,v,
to kill.
, to murder
a, o,
<f>ovt*ov, ov, <ro t and
<povt:, ev, 0, murder.
0aU6, f), time, used only with nume-
rals ; as, ftiav <p9/>ecv, once ; ^vo
tpeguis, two times. 108. N.
Qoffitt. (<p9Kf ?), as, ft, mare.
QfyiiAa (^^<w), araj, ro, garment.
, a?, fj, suit of clothes.
j, aw, ', tax.
iov, ev, ro, load.
wtra,
etfAtvos, to load,
lade. Jft//t rev rav.
^9^4>, i?j, sa-a, '&nv, tf
to put on.
Europe, os a Frenchman.
2> ((p^Kfffu), , ^^j, it>yftits t
to fence, enclose.
azrn, y;. fi, fence, enclosure, hedge.
pavrffi^ixos, 9), e, = Ya\Xnteg.
fjavrffi^es, ou, o, = TaXXaf.
ao-is, itos> ft, phrase : diction.
us, ?, terror.
<f>oixr, adv. dreadfully, fearfully.
Qgirret, i%ot, to be astonished, amazed
at. With rov.
q>ovvi[*a, ares, ro, sentiment, notion,
principles.
, , av, prudent.
u, irx, to take care of, provide
for. With $ia rev.
<Q(>ovris, ftas, fi, care.
Q^ovu, nra, to think, to be of opinion.
, ov, TO, fort.
<praiyu, = TTO.IU.
Qrivos (<r-rvof), J7> ov, thin,
<prign (fl-r./f), ns> fi> fern.
to make,
s, to wear :
), s, fi, the hollow of the
hand : handful.
tfovvra (wrtc.), as, fi, small branch
with the leaves on : tuft : tassel.
Qovoxec. (Ilal. forca\ aj, fi, gibbet.
(fiov^nl^u, trot, IffSnv, ifff*ivo$, to hang
by the neck, K^.^U.
tptvovos, ov, o, oven.
<pevo-arav (Lat. fossa), ou, ro, = ffrgu-
fytv<TM.x (<puo-xn\ j, , bladder: bubble.
(pouTKivea (jQoviTX.a), wffa, eaQvjv, aftsvos,
to inflate, swell.
ia, us, ft, Western Europe.
os, ov, o, a native of Western
22*
spade.
ay), <y, re, large shovel,
;, , flight.
a5j, a, a, watchman, guard, 0i/.
: portfolio.
j, j, , dungeon, prison, jail :
: watching.
s, to im-
preservation,
prison.
axes, a, watchman, guard.
X|<;, &$, , preservation, keeping.
Xarrw, |at, a^B-tjr, a-yftivas, to
keep : to watch.
, fi, tribe.
(ipt/XXas), f, ft, pamphlet.
ou, ro, leaf.
, n;, ft, = Quo-if.
a, adv. naturally.
os, ft, ov, natural.
iet, a;, ?, physiognomy.
(fVGl
258
destroy : to change, as a coin.
tt.(*.u.\*s (Turk.), n, o, = )S*0-raaj.
etfti^-rr;, 'n, mean, base.
utrat,, 3jy, uft'oa;, to lower.
os, rj, 01, low, not high.
f , tu;, , nature.
<fufii, by nature, naturally.
J, f, nffet, f&w, vftiyos, to blow.
uu, ivo-et, ivSw, tufititos, to plant.
i, v, TO, plant. / ^_ l _ ..,
(QVTOV}, ov, TO, shoot, scion, ^a/u-e, ndv. =
sucker. , %oiftoyi\u (ysXu), to smile.
QvTfovu (tpvTgov), eto-etj to sprout, as a ^etfioitt^ctfov (xt^aa-/), at/, TO, straw-
plcint.
i, ;, r>, nest : lair.
,vu, iufftt, to nestle.
at, = (fuXiei.
tiXictCu, otfot, = <$u).ivu.
k/ya^w, at^a, to bawl, cry, cry aloud :
to call aloud.
;yxX;, a, o, nois}' person.
*is, r>, voice.
us, , dear or little p&/
;, tune;, TO, light.
berry.
mgt ond
*P*'> ty'tr*), , a, =
.as.
ay, o, ruin, destruction,
Xu.ft.ev (xetpa.t), adv. on the ground,
xaTayJJf.
XO.ITO.X.I (Turk.\ iov, TO, ditch, trench,
to
q>u9--r,o,
, o, luminary.
tig, nfft
f
Qurnts;, r,, ov, luminous.
Qvrttt, us, ft, fire.
ivos, to enlight-
x, before r, 27. 9.
(u/ic.), aj, , bit^br a horse.
1ivu (;$/), iwo-a, *w^y, tvpivts, to
caress.
3< (w/jc.), iov t TO, and
itu, TO, caress.
, ;, ij^a, ^n, to salute.
t{v, or %a.ioi/u,ai, to rejoice, to be
lad : to enjoy, with r>. 106.
pebble.
, TO, hail.
/au, TO, a/i
, a, bridle.
9, small stone,
<eXx<a;, a, o'j smith.
Xxe;, w, , copper.
aXx^fta, TJ, copper,
per utensil.
a;, ,
lose. Pass, ^imfum, to perish.
TT (xarrw), *^a, to eat up hast-
ily, devour.
, joy : wedding, yiftts.
%agiis> with pleasure, a
polite expression.
afeixTt, tjfes, o, character.
(Turk.}, iov, TO, head-tax,
paid to the Turkish government by
the subject nations.
, = %*?*
oft irtt, tff^nv, ifff*i*e;, to present,
bestow.
ups, ITOS, fi, grace : favor : one of
the Graces.
;<<n Si'ta., by the grace of God.
KOLfti fiov rr,v ifn a do me the
favor to.
\tyou ^{/,
example.
, CITOS, TO, present, gift.
f/r), n, >, gracious:
graceful, lovely.
a:, a, a, and
(Xj), v, o, Death personi-
fied.
, a>, joyful, agreeable,
to
for instance, for
: cop.
gladden, delight. Pass. x,xoo<roiau-
fioti, to rejoice.
%et{Toixi, TO, a small piece of
r, af/ti*es, to { scrap.
259
%&lTt, tov, TO, paper ' book, /3//3X/ov.
X-/, T, Chasia, some o/* the towns
of Magnesia, in Thessa/y.
X,tiffxu, to gape. 106.
%affftovj>iav/*at (%ctfffAciof*,ai), titrect, to
yawn ; inflected like frartovftat from
<x se.ru.
%utro(tsu (%uvtu, fifAf^at), a$, wet, to
loiter, lose time.
%ecTffiis (Turk.), fi, o, haje, a Moham-
medan who has performed the pil-
grimage to Mecca ; or a Christian
(especially a member of the Greek
church} who has performed the pil-
grimage to Jerusalem. 120. N. 2.
*iX/, tov, -TO, and
g, ovf, TO, lip.
f, ov, o, torrent.
f, o, and
s, , o. winter.
os, , hand.
, <r, $jv, npivos, to
direct, conduct, lead.
oy, ov, TO, manuscript.
;, ov, o, handmill.
g, , ev, worse, from xetxog.
ixi, TO, dear
, iov t TO, and
ovct, cif, fi, and
uv, ovos, w, swallow.
vtt, (^Xy>;), f, , tortoise.
10V, TC, = Wk'
Xt, lav, TO, handle, as of a vase.
WK, as, , goose.
5f, ev, o, gander.
>j^a, ecg, fi, widow.
, ou, o, widower.
y, , thousand.
%i\ioi, at, et, thousand.
%t\io<rTo;, 97, av, thousandth.
%IOVI, tOVy TO, SHOW, %IUV.
ctfo %ioviov xxi VOTOS, after a
snowstorm expect the south wind,
a weather maxim. Compare Herod.
II. 22.
IOVIM, ifftt, itr3"/;v, i
to be snowed upon.
/9f, ev, vi, Scio.
to SHOW '
TVS, n, o, Sciote, a native of Scio.
vog, YI, snow.
T^nrfJtu., cere?, TO, neighing.
Tgu (onomatopey), KS, wet, to
ne 'gh ^^p-if'^ta.
X/a^af), a, ov, tepid, luke-
warm.
s (%Kovv'os, Xa;j), w, ov, pale.
af, a, ov, green, as wood, not dry :
fresh, new, as fruit.
'oos), tov, TO, down.
yft>?), j, ^, cinders.
, ov, o, hog, boar.
5, ??, , bile.
/a (Ai a ^-'')> a ' a to become an-
gry, irritated.
(^av^sf), wet, to grow
fleshy, corpulent.
os, , ev, thick, as to diameter :
coarse, not minute ' corpulent,
fleshy. 57.
'v^oj, ovs, TO, the quality of
c<>, uffct, unv, uftivos, to thrust.
iuw, tvffa., to dance.
o?, ov, o, dance.
^V), to satiate, a*
: to be satiated, satisfied.
106.
%o!>ra,pt, lov, TO, grass : hay.
^rov, ov, TO, herb.
%Tffots (Turk.), a, o', a Turkish doc-
tor, learned man.
ov), tov, TO, = xow-
/a, aj, , need, want : necessity,
to need, want, with
rot : to be necessary to, to be
needed, with TOV of the person, as,
3tv f*.s xgtioi^ovTetf, we do not want
them.
aj, evs, TO, duty : obligation ' debt.
, ov, o, debtor.
tTf or us, to owe : to be
bound to do any thing, with vei and
the subjunctive.
uv, TK, money.
os, vi, ov, pecuniary.
, tviret, to be useful, to be of
use. With TOV.
260
yovv
.oS) tj, av, useful : respectable.
, tug, fi t use.
, ou, , Chrestos.
o;, y, ay, Christian.
va (ysv), uv, T, Christ-
mass.
, Z;, fi, = %z'o*is, year.
, T, years. 40.
, eu, a, time : year, Iros .
tov, T6, =
ovu, tutret, uStjv, uftivof, to gild.
os, aw, o, gld.
O;, ?, ay, n?/
avVj J, /, golden.
nj, <ra, polor.
t uret, irSvv, itrp.ivo;, to color.
.ds, r,, >, onrf
j, , e>, vulgar, low, coarse.
to pour, to
pour out : to cast, found.
aj, , av, cast, os metallic utensils.
xs, fi, earthen pot.
, urag, TO, earth, soil, land.
, fit digestion.
vivu, luffet, tt/'S>, tvfttvos, to di-
gest.
>*!, lev, TO, tunnel.
upa, ;, ft, town.
, *, , joke.
, to joke, oc.arinvoft.eu.
%ta(>ei<pi, tov, TO, field.
, o, peasant :
clown, rustic.
, tiret, !<r$vv, iffftivas, to separate :
to divide into two : to cut, 05 a
garment.
utfav, ou, TO, village.
ti St prep. 201 : 225. 1.
uoifff*o; t ou, , separation.
uirroi, adv. separately, apart : apart
from. With T TC'.
os, ', v, separated, being apart.
i7f, tja-a or ttrot, to contain, hold :
to be contained.
X<J, f, , large scissors : tendril,
ns ./ the vine.
tX.iit, iotj, TO, scissors.
, <VS>}, iffju.iv!>;, to clip.
sfl/), tea, re, snuffers.
t/, TO, little v^ocX/J<.
v/-aX>.ft>, Xa, xS7v, aX^utya;, to sing,
chant, church hymns.
, aTaj, T, singing.
iav, TO, the book of Psalms.
aw, a, singer, one that v^acXAu.
;, w, ot/
ar, aj, , Songstress.
, *, fisherman : seller of fish.
, ivy, to fish, angle.
-^asJ/a*), /at;, re, fish, i%&vf.
(^^), /aw, TO, starling, stare.
n, a, gray, as a horse.
j, ay, lean, asjlesh.
, ^, louse.
vtrSxv, to lie, to utter false-
hoods.
u^orifTof (cr/o-T/j), , y, whose
religion is false.
, t/;, Te, ond
, etTOf, TO, lie, falsehood.
fif, ov, o, and
, >j, a, liar.
, as, , female liar.
; t na-a, f,tiv, v/tivos, to feel,
touch, handle.
({v^w), to roast : to cook.
a'?* , ay, roasted.
<VS?y, lo-fAiios, to consti-
tute, appoint.
$u t KS, nfu, to mind, care for.
j, ?/j, , the smooth breathing.
aj, , ay, fine, not coarse : delicate.
otJ, a, parrot.
/|), , , crumb, not crust :
a triHe, a little, m /Ae accusative.
to purchase.
IfJOCpl
261
tov, -TO, carron.
s, ev, o, death, crs applied to the
lower animals and to Turks.
us, nffu, iffpivos, to die, as ap-
plied to the lower animals. It is
said also of a Turk, it being con-
sidered a sort of blasphemy to say
Twgtcos ars'3-avs.
ou, o, flea.
ri, Jjj, , soul : person.
ix-ov, ou, TO, alms, \\tr,f*,a<rvvr t .
^/v^ixov, to give alms.
it;, tifoc,, to be in the
agonies of death.
ctf, rt, cold, xpjiof.
, ov, cold.
lov, re, bread : office, employ-
ment under government.
^upo^'ms (^*>pi, ^ru\ ev, o, beg-
gar, fyndvos, $ietx.ovictgnf.
tj/ugct, as, w, itch : mange.
$>ui>i>rov(>xos (Taw^xof), ou t o, scurvy
Turk.
a.
-a, for -at, 37. N. 2.
u, intery. O ! with the vocative.
a, interj. Oh !
Hji^Yi, ;, ki ode : canto.
UXIU.V6S, ev, o, ocean.
upas, ou, o, shoulder.
wftof, j, ov, raw : ferocious, cruel,
, nros, ft, cruelty.
ga, us, fi, hour : watch, u
ft'iotv u^etv wgorjrtgK, as soon as
possible.
u^at aoetv, every hour.
uaa.'tog, a, ov, beautiful, lu/jto^a;.
u(>ouorns, tiros, ft, beauty.
aa-tx, otffftivos, to ripen, to
mature : to grow ripe.
tj, ov, ripe, mature.
si wro;, > ripeness, maturity.
a-yu)) a, o, ripe-fruit-eater.
(Sttxvoi), ov, o, the hour
hand.
ugoXoyiov, ov, TO, watch, clock : bre-
viary.
-as, Jeminines in, 39.
&>s, adv. as, like, xaSas ' when, orav :
as far as, ius, with V rev : how far,
how long, 'ius : about, with nume-
rals.
us tols rov, as to, with regard to.
us xui, even, also.
uffdv, adv. as, like, with rev, or with
the nominative : when : as if. 225.
3 : since, because.
uirrt, conj. so that, so as.
urn vu, 232.
/35, as, , benefit, utility.
j, ov, useful, profitable.
, )o-, jj^jjy, y/ft'tv/);, to benefit,
do good,
262
ADDITIONS TO THE VOCABULARY.
a/2aX<roy (/3a>.A), , ov, not put on \ a.fio, i^o;, o, awn, beard of an ear of
yet, new, tis garment. corn, a^zvov.
(^UTOJ), tov, ro, hook, crook, ad-y*; (aT^oy), >?y, j, aT/uoy.
(ayiwrvtotn), ay, , a Al'ttd axa/ctartjy (xaftaToy), j, o, idler,
o/" little broom, usually made of ; axfov, ot/, -TO, extreme.
&m/ branches, used in S]*rinkli7ig tis axoi>, extremely, excessively.
holy-water (iyioiffjuf) ; Italian, as- aXartaev, (aXaV/), aw, TO, salt- box.
persorio. aX/^va (Xjv), ay, r,, lichen,
ayx/va^a (x<vaa), ay, fi, artichoke, X/x, ?y, , salt-work.
cynara scolymus. aX/a-^a;a (tXtX/V^axoy), ay, fi, sage,
* ayxX;a (avTX/a), ay, fi, dipper for a plunt, ^xo-xo^X/a.
dipping fluids. aXXo/4>T/xy (aXXT(y), j, ov, = J/a-
ayxo^aa^w (ay^;? ptei%opieti), t~y, fjo-, ^^oy, different.
to gasp for breath, pant, arS/ua/w : aXt/ipv7-axoy, (aXt/fa>Ty), t/, o, spi-
to be in the agonies of death, ^t/^o- ! der, a^^.
fjnt^u. \ aXw^avrr';, J, o, w^avrjjy.
a^of^oipay (ayo^oay, (ftdyea), a, o, un- aXw^avroTv>! fiXy^avT*?;, crav/), ;y,
ripe- fruit-eater. , = aoa^>j, cobweb.
"Ay^a^a, wv, ra, Agrapha, a place. aXa/va^wy (aXuv<), >j, o, and
), ay, fj, couch-grass, aXamo-Tijy, ?, e', = /ay'X/oy.
dog's grass, triticum repens, 6're^ a/^oSseov (a^^oy), oy, TO, sand-box.
a./u.'raigi (7'urA:.), <oy, TO, granary : the
), <ow, TO, wild ani- | hull of a vessel.
mal. KftroXi (l^/SoX}), <ow, TO, graft : strand
ttygioyiba (y<^a), ay, i, wild she-goat o/ 1 braid,
iypioy'tit (yi^i), iev, re, and ivu.yvuo'rni, ev, i, lay-reader.
iypo'yiZov, ev, ro, wild goat. avoVoSa (av, roi/y), adv. inside out,
iyuyi (ctyuyos), tov, ro, carriage, the wrong side out
act of carrying : carriage, the price avaro^, ns, , the wrong side of a
for carrying. garment, not o^j.
(otyuyi), *i, e, carrier : one a.vae.-ro^tyv^'i^ij (yvai^tj), irx, <VSjj,
who lets beasts of burden to travel- /o-^svoy, to invert, turn upside down,
lers, and accompanies them, say upset.
muleteer. avaa-5y, n, ox, odd, queer, singular.
a^Toy (5fva), n, ov, unwhipt. avao-xfXa (avw, o-xiX*;), adv. supinely,
, tev, re, spindle. on the back, not 9-gev/u.vTot.
aSooy), net, v, hard, as fruit. avi/3Toy (av^S/v;), ;, ov, leavened,
a O> " > raised, as bread, not Xf/^oy.
ave'v/'/, tev, TO, nephew or niece.
263
8ffJ.CC
as, , nece.
uvt^os, ov, ', nephew.
avvQavTris, , o,
awyysav, ov, TO, and
avuyt, lev, TO, upper story.
niu^tot (<px<), ov, TO, lintel.
J, aw, o, hermit, ascetic.
*0 fl2 > sea-urchin.
as, , an
a-v-/vS/av, aw, ra wormwood.
/2a/2a (unc.}> as, fi, grandmother.
/3/2ai/>i (unc.}, *oi;, TO, bud,
fATTOUXI.
dp*>, us, fi, = 0aj3.
fiayivi (wc.) /aw, ra, = /3*iX/.
/3a'y /a (/taJ- balia), ?, , nurse,
fixivi, =
fieiga, <*%, to resound : to make a loud
report, as a gun- It must not be
confounded with. /3aa, to put.
/3aXa (/SaXavay), too, TO, acorn.
j3A.raf (M?IC.) /aw, a', swamp, morass.
wine-cellar.
, /aw, ra, the poise o/" a
steelyard.
t^v'yvu/u.of (jSagwf, yvupri), ?, av,
morose.
ffiXiufAet, etros, TO, setting, $vr/y, 05
o/" a celestial body.
a-*avTS5a (fia.ffxa.ivu), as, fl, amulet,
usually worn about the neck, or on
the head, to keep off the evil eye.
tTCftovgav (/3ara?, pougov), ov, TO, =
pxtrffivov.
pyo. {Ital. verga), as, , switch, rod,
fiiTo-at, twig '. ramrod, as of a musket.
^ffis (Turk.}, i, o, credit, trust, in
commerce; used chiefly in the accu-
sative ; as, O'AO. fiigtffi, all have been
bought on trust.
, a, , =
to become dumb.
os (onomatopey), j, ov, dumb.
/Sa/X (ifli. bulla), ;, , seal, o-<
yis ' speckle.
66 (friTo-et), as, fi, blow with a
Qirra.
, f, ^, moth.
(/SowXa), aa-a, tuSnv, ufttvos, to
seal, o-Qfet-yigu.
ftovTffi (ftal. botte), iov, TO, = /Sa^iX/.
&OVTU (jSt/S-ay), j, >ja- or >j^a, to dive.
fiowTffot, as, fi, brush.
fiv%ayfta (ftitgrnr*), aTeg, TO, sucking,
suckling.
av), as, f), bowl, basin.
iTKvi (Turk.?), lou, TO, silk-braid,
with four sides.
yX/&), tov, TO,
trigger of a gun.
^fAirvis (Ital. garbino), tj, o, the
southwest wind.
and
(Ital. garofano), ov, TO,
pink, a jlower : clove, a kind of
spice, fAoo-itsxd^i.
yctTi, tov, TO, and
yaToirov\ov, ov, TO, kitten.
(Ital. gatto), ov, , male cat.
xxeis (Turk.) , a, collar of a gar-
ment, ri(>ib{octiiv.
covfTo-tei (oi^i^oi), as, n, wild pear-
tree.
os (unc.) ti, ov, brackish.
(unc.} a.;, , a kind of shoe.
yovpivce. (Ital. gomona), j, fi, cable.
yovva (unc.}, as, fi, pelisse, a furred
robe.
yovp^ovvoT^t^a (yov^ovvi, Tgt%a}, as, fl,
bristle.
ygcS-as (y^ovS-os}, ov, o, fist.
yvvaixm^i/.tf>^ (yvvaixa, aoi^.<f>n}, MS, fit
xvif'e's sister.
yvvaixuo&tyos (yvva'uta, aoi%.<pos}, ov,
o, wife's brother.
yv/>oyici\i (yv^os, a/y/ar-Xaj), iov, TO,
oa.Koa.xi (odxftvov), iov, TO, = vxoxitr-
to make dumb. Pass, fiovfiaivopai, \ sheaf.
(bift,u}, iov, TO, bundle : fagot :
diet-/.
264
a, = etxrvg.
Xaj), ady. horizontally, in
. an inclined position, traversely, ob-
liquely, not
ej), ret, twins, iftttftti.
a;), iav, ro, beam, a piece
of timber.
!* (regan), ?, , = 7^;, rainbow.
art;, <ro, income.
(iraw, yja/t^a), araj,
r, superscription of a letter, direc-
tion.
if attain (tfv, vrati), lov, ro, and
easily extinguished : that bursts eas-
ily, as froth.
/3X? (Sj/3X*f ?), u, , poor fellow,
poor devil.
/ (unc.), /w, T, custom
*, habit.
(ffttx^etfov), n;, fi, and
re, sugar.
ter, banister.
, or
, -re, maize, Indian corn.
oy, TO, shoe-
maker's last.
Xa^csT/^w (/fa/, calafatare), <r,
<VSjy, itrfcivost to calk.
Lat. camurus),
>?, a, hunchback.
, sugarcane.
pfl^t/y^asXa*
, re, sugar-plum.
ri& (t
to scald.
(Ital. cassa) ;, , chest, trunk.
(Lat. cassis), as, r, scald-head.
iev;, n, i, scald-headed person.
(xetngyoi), n, , galley-
slave ' rogue, rascal, villain.
xttnip's (Turk.), i, ', velvet.
X.O.TOIX.O.; (xetruxu), <t, a, roost.
u, etffot, to roost.
fet, iSv, ^ia;, to sting.
us, ft, yellowness : paleness,
/^, tret, to make yellow : to be-
come yellow.
r^nest r,, a, yellow : pale.
flcjSn) (Lot. claudo ? clavis ?) f, >,
trap-door.
, aw, , severe kick.
, (tmc.), ay, , crook, used &y
shepherds. Compare Eng. clutch.
i, as, fi, and
ovs t r,, = xluira..
x^wu (xXuret), a.;, ncct, to hatch,
brood.
xouxxovficcytu (XBVX.XOS, fidyiet), as, r, t
owl
ga (Ital. giara), as, fi, jar.
(ivydi), ttffa, dtrS
, and
ova, ta<r*,&iw, upivof, to couple. j Sri, conj. that : for, because.
(^tvyu), a, , and
, ov, o, ploughman.
(^nral), tf, B, a /It/
, , beggar.
* (gurrupi), urct, urSw,
to gird.
os, s, , balance.
vyxia (Lat. uncia), as, fi, ounce.
ta^i, (<r/), /?, re, cover of a book.
vt^ (7/a/. paniere), i9u TB, pannier.
.>rXio(jt,K (x-i^rXufca), ars> re, COVer-
let.
j ov, TO, pastry.
(La/, cancelli), cw, ra, balus-
u.<$'ntt nva *s fn reTtt, to shoot
one dead, literally, to leave him on
the spot.
H. HUNTINGTON, JR.
24 ASYLUM-STREET, HARTFORD,
HAS RECENTLY PUBLISHED THE FOLLOWING
WORKS,
INTRODUCTORY TO THE STUDY OF
THE GREEK LANGUAGE.
I. FIRST LESSONS IN GREEK: By E. A. SOPHO-
CLES, A. M.; pp. 180, 18mo., designed as an introduc-
tion to the study of the Greek, and to precede the use of
the Grammar by the same author.
This little work is designed for beginners in the study of the Greek lan-
guage, and seems precisely adapted to their wants. It contains only the
elements of the language things which learners need to have their atten-
tion first directed to, and which they must learn, in order to lay the foun-
dation of any future progress. Containing only the elements, it does
not distract and discourage the mind of the beginner, by presenting be-
fore it too great a variety and multiplicity of objects an advantage which
intelligent and experienced teachers cannot fail to appreciate.
The author, we understand, is a modern Greek, who has devoted a
great portion of his life to studying the dialect of his forefathers, amid the
very scenes in which they acted, and spoke, and wrote He seems to
have imbibed the very genius of the noble language which he now comes
and offers to teach to the generous youth of oui country. In the hands
of Mr. Sophocles, the ancient Greek assumes a spirit and vivacity which
leads us to think we have been mistaken in calling it a dead language.
It is dead, we believe, only to those who know it not. Congregational-
ist, July 27, 1839.
This little volume, the preface says, is essentially an abridgment of
Sophocles' Greek Grammar, published in the year 1&33, and is intended
to precede that Grammar. It contains such parts of the Grammar as
the student would learn in first going over the Grammar, should he not
use this book, together with such examples of Greek to be rendered into
English, and of English to be rendered into Greek as will illustrate the
rules, and facilitate the student's pi ogress. It is characterized by the
same accuiacy and logical arrangement which is to be found in the
Grammar, and which place these two books fully on a level with the ad-
mirable Latin Lessons and Grammar of Messrs. Andrews and Stoddard.
So similar, indeed, are Mr. Sophocles' books to those of the gentlemen
mentioned, that those who have learned their Latin from the latter, should
not fail to learn their Greek from the former. This is not the place to
enter at large into the subject; but from a careful examination of every
part of the Grammar, (and the lessons and Grammar are one, and must
stand or fall together,) we venture the prediction that the publication of
these books w T ill be found to have marked a new era in tlie progress of
Greek literature in this country. Authors of previous Grammars deserve
all praise ; but it may surely be believed that a native Greek, and a pro-
found scholar, with the aid of modern and more extended views of
philology, might give us a still better Grammar than any that we before
possessed. Ncio Haven Record, July 20, 1839.
II. A GREEK GRAMMAR, FOR THE USE OF
LEARNERS : By E. A. SOPHOCLES, A. M., author of
"First Lessons in Greek." Third edition, pp. 284,
12mo.
The parts seem well suited, in respect to length, to each
other, and there is a decided spirit of unity pervading the work. In the
first place I was struck with the happy manner in which the laws of
euphony are laid down, by which so many seeming anomalies are ex-
plained. In the second part, the tables of anomalies are excellent: and
those of second aorists and second perfects, appear in a Grammar, I
believe, for the first time.
The Syntax, too, is equally happy, and the author's translations of the
examples under the rules, are as good as any I have ever seen. On the
whole, I know of no elementary Grammar which fulfils the demands
which are made by the present state of this science, more completely
than that of Mr. Sophocles. T. D. WOOLSEY, Professor of Greek in
Yale College.
The merits of Mr. Sophocles's Greek Grammar have come to be well
understood ; and it is gradually passing into general use in our schools
and academies. The clearness and condensation, which are its marked
characteristics, will strongly recommend it to instructors. Mr. Sopho-
cles is well known as a gentleman of extraordinary attainments in Greek
literature, and of a clear and logical mind. The fact of his being a native
Greek, added to his familiar acquaintance, from long and laborious study,
with the ancient classics, gives him a great advantage over the authors
of most of our grammars ; an advantage that will be more highly appre-
ciated, the more the modern Greek is studied in connection with its
ancient mother. To such a man, the Greek is far from being a dead
language. In his mind, its words excite the living images of country
and of home, the sentiments belonging to his nationality, the feelings
native to his heart. Many a delicacy of expression, many a refinement
of construction, must be perceptible to him, that escapes the notice of
the learned Hellenists of other nations. And when he composes a
grammar of the ancient language of his country, he does it not from
books alone ; but he writes with the consciousness of " inward Hellen-
ism," and with a confidence and clearness that no other can.
The first edition of this Grammar was noticed in a former number of
this Journal. The second edition contains many improvements upon
that; some important additions; some instances of filling out the forms
more completely than before The rules of the Syntax are worded
with admirable precision ; and the examples to illustrate them are taken
from the best authors. We have no hesitation in saying, that, for thor-
oughness and completeness, for lucid order arid terseness of expression,
this Grammar is unsurpassed by any in the English language ; and we
hope, for the sake of classical learning in the country, that it will come
into extensive use. Second Notice by North American Review, July, 1840.
It is a work of great original research, eminently fraught with learn-
ing, and generally arranged with skill. I shall not fail to commend it to
the use of my pupils: and I do not hesitate to recommend it for general
use. I am particularly pleased with the copiousness and pertinence of
its examples, and its very full enumeration of exceptions. Mr. Sopho-
cles' manner of presenting the second aoristand the second future is far
more satisfactory to me than the usual way. The Syntax is at once sim-
ple and philosophical; and the whole woikis constructed on that happy
medium which makes it an invaluable book of reference for the advanced
scholar, and at the same time a simple and easy introduction for the
beginner. W. S. TYLER, Professor of Greek in Amherst College.
I have examined, with some attention, the Grammar prepared by Mr.
Sophocles. It appears to be a work of great care and research. The
Author has spared no pains to make the work perfect, and, if he has not
reached' entirely the point at which he aimed, he has succeeded in sup-
plying us with a work better adapted to the wants of the community
than any of its predecessors. With the laws of euphony and the tables
of anomalies, and of the second perfect and second aorist, I am well
pleased. The Syntax is full, simple, and well arranged. I consider
the chapter on versification, though brief, valuable. I have no hesitation
in recommending it to general use. ASA DRURY, Professor of Greek in
Watermlh College.
The editor has generally referred, in his Notes, to the Greek Grammar
of Mr. Sophocles, because he is satisfied that it is the Grammar best
adapted to the wants of American Classical Schools. The clearness
and precision of the rules, the excellence of the arrangement, and the
felicitous selection of examples, place that work at the head of the nu-
merous elementary Grammars of the Greek language, that are at present
used in the United States. Mr. Sophocles has that accurate knowledge
of all the niceties of the Greek language, which can hardly be expected
of any other than a native Greek; and without disparagement to the
valuable labors of other able scholars in this department, the preference
is justly to be awarded to him. Extract from Professor Feltan's preface
to the Greek Reader.
SOPHOCLES' GREEK GRAMMAR, A second edition of this Grammar,
in a beautiful style of typography, has appeared from the University
Press at Cambridge. Mass. We have already called the attention of
teachers and students to the work. Its value has become widely known,
and it has been adopted as a text book at Yale and Harvard, and iu many
of our best classical schools. Philaddpiiia North American.
I have no hesitation iu recommending Sophocles' Greek Grammar to
the notice of classical teachers. Indeed, the fact of its having reached
its third edition in so short a time from its first publication, is a proof
that its merits are already appreciated. S. TOTTEN, D. D., President of
Washington College.
III. A GREEK READER FOR THE USE OF
SCHOOLS : containing selections in Prose and Poetry,
with English notes and a Lexicon; adapted particularly
to the Greek Grammar of E. A. Sophocles, A. M., by C.
C. Felton, A. M., Eliot Professor of Greek Literature in
Harvard University, pp. 454, 12mo.
The excellence of any Greek book for beginners must depend, in a
good degree, upon the character of the selections of which it is compos-
ed. They should be taken from easy authors, should be long enough to
interest the pupil, and sufficiently various as to subjects to embrace all
the more common words of the Greek language. In this respect I think
Felton's Greek Reader is superior to any now in use, and may be read
with advantage by students preparing for college. S. TOTTEN, D. D.,
President of Washington College.
This work, from the hands of one of the most distinguished Greek
scholars in the United States, has just issued from the press. .The pub-
lisher had already, within a year or two, offered to the public two of the
very best elementary books on the Greek language which have ever
appeared, either in this or in any other country. We allude to the
Greek Grammar, and First Lessons in Greek, by E. A. Sophocles. In
publishing the present work, he has rendered the cause of Greek learn-
ing another very essential service. It is such a work as might have been
expected from a gentleman of the taste and scholarship which distin-
guish Professor Felton; containing some of the choicest selections from
the choicest portions of Greek literature. The fables of ^Esop will in-
terest the young learner by their pointed wit; the dialogues of Lucian,
by their satire and humor; the selections from Xenophon will engage his
attention by the simplicity and elegance of their style ; Herodotus and
Thucydides will afford him a refreshing draught at the very fountains of
historical knowledge; the odes of Anacreon will amuse him by their
light and playful fancy ; while the extracts from Euripides and Aristop-
hanes will serve to give him a taste of the Grecian drama, and awaken
a desire for a more perfect acquaintance with its peculiar character.
The extracts from the different authors are neither so long, on the one
hand, as to weary the learner with too much of the same thing, nor, on
the other, so short as to fail of interesting, by hurrying him from author
to author, without giving him more than a glimpse of any one in partic-
ular. Professor Felton has not here hashed up JEsop, and Lucian, and
Herodotus, and Xenophon, and Anacreon, and presented them to the
student in the form of mince meat, but he has given enough of each au-
thor to initiate the learner into his peculiar manner and style. Not only
so, but he presents him with something from each of the different de-
partments of Greek literature fable, history, dialogue, oratory, and
poetry in its different forms of the ode, the epic, and the drama.
The notes to each author are prefaced with a brief account of his life,
so much of it as becomes the student to be acquainted with before com-
mencing the study of his works; and instead of being written in the
Latin tongue, as such notes used to be, they are, together with the
Lexicon, written in good plain English.
On the whole, the work cannot fail of being pronounced by good
judges, an admirable introduction to the study of the Greek writers,
adapted to an admirable Greek Grammar, and in the hands of apt teach-
ers and learners, it cannot fail to contribute to the formation of admira-
ble scholars in that most perfect of all the infinitely diver
human speech the Ancient Greek. Congregati ^^
We announced some weeks since, the pubhuioi^|i a. vjrrtjirgu;auer^ v
by Prof. Felton, of Harvard University. The^nbc^a^cliiai-acteristics
of the work we will now endeavor to state, for nii^S
structors who have not had opportunity to examine it.
In making selections from the Greek classics, Prof. F. has confined
himself to few authors, having taken his extracts from the writings of
^Esop, Lucian, Xenophon, Thucydides, Herodotus and Lysias in prose,
and from those of Homer, Anacreon, Sappho, Simonides, Callistratus,
Euripides, Aristophanes and Moschue in poetry. His aim was to maka
6
selections of such length and character that the pupil should become
interested in each. They are certainly made in excellent taste. The
grammatical references are to the admirable grammar of Sophocles.
Prof. Felion's notes are full, and embrace a biographical account of
each of the authors from whose works selections have been made. The
lexicon is perhaps as complete as any appended to such a volume.
On the whole we should regard the book as exceedingly well fitted to
cultivate in the pupil a taste /or the elegancies of the ancient Greek lite-
rature. In this respect we think it superior to any other work of its
class. Philadelphia North American, January 1, 1841.
The work which lies before us, and which has called forth these re-
marks, is a new selection of extracts from the most celebrated Greek
writers, by Professor Felton, entirely different, as regards the passages
selected, from any heretofore known on this side the Atlantic, and va-
rying somewhat, although slightly in its plan from those in general use.
We will premise that the Greek type is excellent, and'although of
rather a small face, singularly* distinct, clear, and legible. The fables
selected from ./Esop are the best and most elegant of his beautiful col-
lection ; nor do we at all think the editor has inserted too many. With
regard to his next author, Lucian, we cannot go quite so far; for al-
though the reasoning is plausible as to the popularity with the young
people of this writer, and the general accuracy of his style, he is not a
favorite of ours, nor ever has been.
With Professor Felton's extracts from Xenophon, that purest and
most entertaining of all ancient writers, we are delighted. He has done
well in not limiting his selections to the Cyropaedia, the least able and
least interesting of all his works ; and he has done well in giving place
to the beautiful episode of Abradates and Panthea, instead of the usually
extracted puerilities about the wondrously loquacious childhood of the
Persian prince. From the Anabasis, also, the very best book of the whole,
in our estimation, has been culled out, the spirited and graphic second,
which, with all the authenticity of the gravest history, blends all the in-
terest of the wildest fiction, commencing with the desperate situation of
the Greeks after the battle of Cynaxa, and the death of Cyrus, and end-
ing with the characters of the five Greek commanders taken oft' by the
base treachery of Tissaphernes, the portraits of Clearchus of Menon
being the masterpieces of that age, the models of all later eras, as speci-
mens of historical portrait painting. From the Hellenics, we have the
stirring tale of Thrasybulus when he sat "sublime on Phyle's brow,"
and how he conquered the oppressive thirty. These three selections give
a verv complete specimen of all the various powers and various beau-
ties of this accomplished general, and statesman, and philosopher, and
author. A portion of the Sicilian expedition has been chosen, and that
we think with judgment, from Thucydides. A single long extract from
Herodotus, and a part of the superb funeral oration of Lysias, complete
the prose selections, which we have no hesitation in pronouncing, as
vastly superior to the collection in Jacob's, or any other Greek reader
we have seen. In the omission of Plutarch, we agree generally with
Mr. Felton. In his preference of the Anabasis and Hellenica to the
mere Cyropsedia we are quite with him. We prefer his passages of
Thucydides to those in common use, the Plague and the Speech pf
Pericles, which are too difficult for any youthful readers ; and we great-
ly applaud his admission of a specimen of Greek oratory to this goodly
array of sages and historians.
It is, however, in his poetical selections that Professor Felton has dif-
fered the most widely from former selectors, and done himself most hon-
or in the difference. He has here shown that he is not a mere book-
worm, a decliner of nouns and conjugator of verbs, but a man of taste
and fancy, of a spirit thoroughly imbued with the spirit of old classic
poetry who, if he has neither " steeped his lips in the fountain of the
horse, not slumbered on the twain-topped Parnassus," has at least bathed
his soul in the rich streams that have flowed thence, and risen from his
bath full of high tastes, and glorious sentiments, and keen appreciations
of all beauty, caught from the godlike contact.
He commences with a selection from the Odyssey Ulysses and Poly-
phemus a beautiful one, it is true ; but why from the Odyssey, Profes-
sor Felton ? Why not from the great glowing Iliad, so singularly set
aside by all compilers of Greek readers ? Then we have some sweet
odes of Anacreon and Sappho's Venus ; then that most lovely lyric of
all ages, the Danae and Perseus of Simonides, the untranslated, untrans-
latable, though hundreds have tried their hands at it; and then the mag-
nificent war-song of Callistratus, " In a myrtle branch my sword v/ill I
bear." After these, we have a long extract from the Hecuba of Euri-
pides, the noblest, in our estimation, of all his lyrics, with the one excep-
tion of that in the Iphigenia at Aulis, which we wish he could have found
room to insert; another from the Orestes of the same author, highly
characteristic of the poet, and of considerable intrinsic value. A portion
of thePlutus of Aristophanes follows.
The notes which follow are chiefly distinguished by a brief preamble
to each extract, giving a slight notice of the writer's life, character, and
style ; and discussing shortly, but with a master's hand, the characteristic
beauties or peculiarities of his composition and manner. Several of
these preambles possess a very high degree of excellence in a literary
point of view; are themselves not only very instructive, but full of feel-
ing and poetry, and evince clearly how much the mind of the editor was
with his subject. New York Review, January, 1841.
IV. GREEK EXERCISES AND KEY, with an Eng-
lish and Greek Vocabulary, adapted to Sophocles' Greek
Grammar, pp. 192, 12mo. By E. A. Sophocles, A. M.
This beautifully printed volume, from the press of Messrs. Folsom,
Wells, and Thurston, Cambridge, has just appeared. It is designed,
we understand, to form one of a series of elementary Greek School
books, of which a Greek Grammar, and First Lessors in Greek by Mr,
Sophocles, and a Greek Reader adapted to Mr. Sophocles' Grammar,
by Professor Felton of Harvard University, had already been published,
These works, in our opinion reflect great credit bath on the authors, the
8
primers, and the publisher. The public, we do uot doubt, on examin-
ing them, will confirm our opinion. They do honor to the country
which produced them, and would not suffer by comparison with similar
works published in any other country.
The design of the present work is' to furnish the learner with a series
of exercises adapted to the Rules of the Author's Greek Grammar.
Grammatical Rules can be perfectly understood and fixed in the memo-
ry only by means of such exercises. Mere translation will never fonn
accomplished scholars in any language. In order to become well ac-
quainted with the structure of a language, we must practice writing it.
This work affords the learner important facilities in his first attempts to
write the Greek. It presents him with a series of exercises grammatic-
ally arranged and a vocabulary in which he can readily find the words
to be employed. A Vocabulary like this, in English, and Greek, we do
not recollect to have seen annexed to any similar work. A part of the
edition, we observe, contains a Key for the use of instructors, which will
doubtless serve greatly to facilitate and lighten their labor. Connecticut
Courant, April, 1841.
NEW SCHOOL BOOK. In another column will be found an advertise-
ment of the excellent school-books introductory to the study of the Greek
language by Messrs. Sophocles and Felton. Of these works we have
already spoken, excepting the " Greek Exercises" by Mr. Sophocles,
which has just been issued from the press. This appears to us to form
a very valuable addition to the list. It differs from other books of Latin
and Greek Exercises, in at least one important respect, viz. that after a
sufficient series of exercises in which the tcords are given, the pupil is left
to select the words, as well as to inflect and arrange them properly. To
furnish the means of doing this, an English-Greek vocabulary is subjoin-
ed to the exercises ; and this part of the volume will be highly valued, as
it supplies a want which has long been felt, and as it has been prepared
by a scholar who, in fitness for such a task, has no superior in our coun-
try. We commend the "Greek Exercises" to the notice of instructors.
Philadelphia North American, April, 1841.
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