Aleut Grammar — 357
REFERENCES
Bergsland, Knut. 1955. A Grammatical Outline of the Eskimo Language of West
Greenland, Oslo: University of Oslo. Mimeo. (Microfiche, from: Inter-
Dokumentation, Zug, Switzerland).
— . 1959. Aleut Dialects ofAtka andAttu. Transactions of the American Philosophi-
cal Society, n.s. 49(3). Philadelphia.
— . 1 979. Postwar Vicissitudes of the Aleut Language. In Eskimo Languages Their
Present-Day Conditions, edited by Bjame Basse and Kirsten Jensen. Arkona,
Aarhus: Department of Greenlandic, University of Aarhus.
— . 1986. Comparative Eskimo- Aleut Phonology and Lexicon. Journal de la Societe
Finno-ougrienne 80:63-137. Helsinki.
— . 1989. Comparative Aspects of Aleut Syntax. Journal de la Societe Finno-
ougrienne 82:7-80. Helsinki.
— . 1994. Aleut Dictionary / Unangam Tunudgusii, Fairbanks: Alaska Native Lan-
guage Center.
— . 1994b. Aleut tenses and aspects. In Tense, Aspect and Action Empirical and
Theoretical Contributions to Language Typology, edited by Carl Bache, Hans
Basb0ll, Carl-Erik Lindberg. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
— . 1997. Ancient Aleut Personal Names / Kadaangim Asangin /Asangis, Materials
from the Billings Expedition 1 790-1792, Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language
Center.
— . 1997b. How Did the Aleut Language Become Different From the Eskimo Lan-
guages? In Languages of the North Pacific Rim Vol. 2: 1 - 17, edited by Osahito
Miyaoka and Minoru Oshima. Kyoto: Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto
University.
Bergsland, Knut and Moses Dirks. \9S\.Atkan Aleut School Grammar Anchorage:
National Bilingual Materials Development Center, Rural Education, Uni-
versity of Alaska.
Berreman, Gerald D. 1955. Inquiry into Community Integration in an Aleutian Vil-
lage. American Anthropologist 57(l):49-59.
Black, Lydia. 1980. The Journals oflakov Netsvetov: the Atkha Years, 1828-1844,
Materials for the Study of Alaska History, No. 16. Kingston, Ontario: The
Limestone Press.
Egede, Poul. 1744. Evangelium / Okausek tussamesok „. Kiobenhavnime.
— . 1750. Dictionarium Gronlandico-Danico-Latinum, Copenhagen: G.R Kisel.
Fortescue, Michael. 1984. West Greenlandic, Croom Helm Descriptive Granmiars.
London; Sydney; Dover, New Hampshire: Croom Helm.
— . 1985. The Degree of Interrelatedness between Inuit Dialects as Reflected by
Percentages of Shared Affixes. International Journal of American Linguis-
tics 5l(2):lSS-22l,
358 — Aleut Grammar
Fortescue, Michael, Steven Jacobson, and Lawrence Kaplan. 1994. Comparative
Eskimo Dictionary With Aleut Cognates. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language
Center.
Geoghegan, Richard Henry. 1944. The Aleut Language, Washington, D.C.: United
States Department of the Interior.
Golovko,EvgeniyV. 1988.MaterialydlyaizucheniyayazykamednovskikhAleutov.
1. Lingvisticheskiye Issledovaniya, Leningrad.
Golovko, Evgeniy V., Nikolai B. Vakhtin, and A. S. Asinovskiy. 1987.
Etnolingvisticheskaya situatsiya na o. Beringa RatsionaVnoye
prirodopol'zovaniye na Komandorskikh ostrovakh. 166-174. Izdatel'stvo
Moskovskogo universiteta.
Golovko, Evgeni V. and Nikolai B. Vakhtin. 1990. Aleut in Contact: The CIA Enigma.
Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 22:97-125. Copenhagen.
Hallamaa, Panu. 1995. The Unangan and the Sugtestun Languages in the 1990's. A
preliminary report. Helsinki.
J = Unangam Ungiikangin kayuxTunusangin/Unangam Uniikangis ama Tunuzangis
/Aleut Tales and Narratives, collected 1909-1910 by Waldemar Jochelson.
Edited by Knut Bergsland and Moses L. Dirks. Fairbanks: Alaska Native
Language Center, 1990.
Jacobson, Steven A. 1984. Yup Hk Eskimo Dictionary, Fairbanks: Alaska Native Lan-
guage Center.
— . 1988. Classroom Grammar of Siberian /St. Lawrence Island Yupik Eskimo.
Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
— . 1995. A Practical Grammar of the Central Alaskan Yup'ik Eskimo Language.
Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
Jochelson, Waldemar. 1912. Zametki o foneticheskikh i struktumykh osnovakh
aleutskago yazyka. Bulletin de VAcademie Imperiale des Sciences de St.-
Petersbourg 6:1031-1046.
— . 1919. Aleutskiy yazyk v osveshchenii granunatiki Veniamioova Bulletin de
VAcademie Imperiale des Sciences de St. -Petersbourg 13:133-154,
287-315.
Jones, Dorothy M. 191 6. Aleuts in Transition A Comparison ofTwo Villages. Seattle
and London: University of Washington Press.
Khlebnikov, K.T. 1979. Russkaya Amerika. Edited by R.G. L\apunova and S.G.
Fedorova. Leningrad.
Kleinschmidt, Sam. 1871. Den Gr0nlandske Ordbog omarbejdet. Copenhagen: L.
Klein.
Krupnik, Igor I. 1987. Komandorskiye ostrova: istoriya osvoyeniya i traditsii
prirodopoFzovaniya. RatsionaVnoye prirodopoVzoHmiye na Komandorskikh
ostrovakh. Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo universiteta-
Lantis, Margaret. 1984. Aleut. In Handbook of North American Indians Vol. 5:161-
184. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
Aleut Grammar — 359
Lyapunova, R.G. 1987. Aleuty Ocherki etnicheskoy istoriL Leningrad.
Marsh, Gordon H. 1956. A Grammatical Analysis of the Substantival Morphology
of Eastern Aleut. Ph.D. dissertation draft. Columbia University, New York.
Menovshchikov, G.A. 1977. Aleutsko-russkiy slovar'. Yazyki i toponimiya. Tomsk.
Miyaoka, Osahito. 1984. On the So-called Half-Transitive Verbs in Eskimo. Etudes
/ Inuit / Studies 8:193-218. Quebec.
— . 1996. Sketch of Central Alaskan Yupik, an Eskimoan Language. Handbook of
North American Indians Vol. 17:325-363. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian
Institution (first draft 1975).
— . 1997. A Chapter of the Alaskan Central Yupik Subordinative Mood. Languages
of the North Pacific Rim Vol. 2:6 1 - 146. Osahito Miyaoka and Minoru Oshima
eds. Kyoto: Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University.
N.M. = Niigugis Maqaxtazaqangis / Atkan Historical Traditions told by Cedor L.
Snigarofif. Edited by Knut Bergsland. Third edition, revised. Fairbanks: Alaska
Native Language Center, 1986.
Oshima, Minoru. 1994. Prosody and Vowel Reduction in Eastern Aleut. Languages
of the North Pacific Rim, Edited by Osahito Miyaoka. Hokkaido University
Publications in Linguistics No. 7:149-158. Sapporo.
Rasmussen, Chr. 1888. Gr0nlandsk Sproglcere. Kj0benhavn
Reed, Irene, Osahito Miyaoka, Steven Jacobson, Paschal Afcan, Michael Krauss.
1977. Yup'ik Eskimo Grammar Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
Sarychev, Gavriil. 1802. Puteshestviyeflota kapitana Sarychevapo Severovostochnoi
chasti Sibiri, Ledovitomu moryu i Vostochnomu okeanu, v prodolzheniye
OS 'mi let, pri Geograficheskoy Astronomicheskoy morskoy Ekspeditsii,
byvsheypodnachaVstvomflota Kapitana Billingsa, s 1785 po 1793 god,
I-II. St. Petersburg.
Sauer, Martin. 1802. An account of a geographical and astronomical expedition to
the northern part of Russia, performed by Commander Joseph Billings in
the years 1785-1794. London.
Taff, Alice. 1994. Pan-Language Preservation Project, Unpublished manuscript.
V = Folkloric texts published by I. Veniaminov 1840, 1846, re-edited by Knut
Bergsland in J 1990:684-713.
Vakhtin, Nikolai B. 1995. Sintaksis yazyka asiatskikh eskimosov, St. Petersburg.
Veniaminov, loann. 1840. Zapiski ob ostrovakh Unalashkinskago otdela, 1-3 St.
Peterburg. English translation: Notes on the Islands of the Unalaska District
by Ivan Veniaminov. Translated by LydiaT. Black and Richard H. Geoghegan.
Edited, with an introduction by Richard A. Pierce. Kingston, Ontario: The
Limestone press, 1984.
— . 1846. OpytgrammatikialeutskoAis'evskago yazyka, St. Petersburg. English trans-
lation: The Aleut Language, Translated by Richard H. Geoghegan. Edited by
Fredericka I. Martin. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior,
1944.
360 — Aleut Grammar — Aleut Compared With Eskimo
— . 1993. Journals of the Priest loann Veniaminov in Alaska, 1823 to 1836. Trans-
lated by Jerome Kisslinger. Introduction and commentary by S.S.
Mousalimas. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press.
Woodbury, Anthony C. 1984. Cev'armiut Qanemciit Qulirait-llu / Eskimo Narra-
tives and Tales from Chevak Alaska. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language
Center,
Aleut Grammar
Unangam Tunuganaan Achixaasix
by
Knut Bergsland
© 1997 Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks;
and Knut Bergsland
Printed in the United States of America
All rights reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data
Bergsland, Knut, 1914-
Aleut grammar = Unangam Tunuganaan Achixaasix / by Knut Bergsland.
p. cm. - (Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers ; no. 10)
Includes bibliographical references,
ISBN 1-55500-064-9 (alk. paper)
1. Aleut language— Granmiar. I. Title. H. Series: Alaska Native Language
Center Research Papers ; no. 10.
PM32,B46 1997
497'. 195~dc21 97-38814
CIP
Alaska Native Language Center
Research Paper Number 10
University of Alaska Fairbanks
1997
First Printing 1997 400 copies
Address correspondence to
Alaska Native Language Center
University of Alaska Fairbanks
RO. Box 757680
Fairbanks, AK 99775-7680