The Languages of the Eastern Family of the East New Guinea Highland Stock

Contents

PART ONE: AWA

I. Introduction Howard mckaughan 3

II. The Dialects of Awa richard loving 6

III. Awa Phonemes, Tonemes, and Tonally Differentiated
Allomorphs richard loving 10

1. Introduction 10

2. Segmental Phonemes 10

3. Tonemes 13

4. Tonally Differentiated Allomorphs in Noun Phrases 14

IV. A Preliminary Survey of Awa Noun

Suffixes richard and aretta loving 19

1. Introduction 19

2. Structural Categories Marked by Noun Suffixes 20

3 . Morphophonemics 24

4. Distribution of Suffixes 27

5. Special Features 29

xix

xx Contents

V. Possessive Prefixes Occurring with Inalienable

Awa Nouns Howard mckaughan and aretta loving 31

1. Introduction 31

2. Prefixes with Single Allomorphs 32

3. Prefixes with Multiple Allomorphs 32

4. Summary 34

VI. Awa Verbs, I: The Internal Structure of Independent

Verbs richard loving and Howard mckaughan 36

1. Introduction 36

2. Morphophonemics 37

3. Tense-Subject Compounds and Portmanteaus 39

4. Nonsubject Person Morphemes 44

5. Aspectlike Morphemes 47

6. Modelike Morphemes 50

7. Summary of Independent Verb Structure 55

VII. Awa Verbs, II: The Internal Structure of Dependent

Verbs aretta loving and Howard mckaughan 56

1. Introduction 56

2. Dependent Medial Verbs 57

3. Dependent Final Verbs 63

VIII. An Outline of Awa Grammatical

Structures richard loving 65

1 . Introduction 65

2. Clause Structures 65

3. Sentence Structures 71

4. Phrase Structures 76

5. Word Structures 83

IX. Awa Texts Compiled by howard mckaughan 88

1. Introduction 88

2. The Bat and the Python 89

3. Addendum to Python Story 95

4. Older Brother Steals Wife of Younger 100

5. Two Boys Get Married 101

Contents xxi

6. Two Brothers Separate 104

7. Two Brothers and and Old Woman 109

8. Contact with the Spirit World 1 12

9. Why the Possum Has Part of His Toe Missing 1 17

10. Origin of Lice 124

11. 'Home Life 1 133

12. The Founding of Mobuta 135

13. The Killing of Echega 142

14. Python Story: Ilakia 145

1 5. How to Escape from the Spirits 1 54

1 6. Fooling the Spirits 1 62

17. Origin of Reeds for Arrows 166

18. A 'Singsing' about Hanging 173

PART TWO: AUYANA-USARUFA

X. Introduction Howard mckaughan 179

XI. Notes on Auyana Phonology and

Morphology Howard mckaughan and doreen marks 181

1. Introduction 181

2. Phonology 181

3. Noun Morphophonemics 183

4. Noun Affixes 185

5. Verb Morphology 187

XII. Usarufa Tone and Segmental Phonemes darlene bee

and KATHLEEN BARKER GLASGOW 190

1. Introduction 190

2. Interpretation of Phonemes 191

3. Description of Tone 192

4. Description of Segmental Phonemes 196

XIII. Usarufa Distinctive Features and

Phonemes darlene bee 204

1. Introduction 204

2. Phonemes 206

xxii Contents

3. Distinctive Features 210

4. Distribution of Phonemes 217

5 . M orphophonemics 2 1 8

6. Appendix I: Articulatory Description of Phone'mes and

Their Allophones 221

7. Appendix II: Environmental Contrasts 223

XIV. Usarufa: A Descriptive Grammar darlene bee 225

1. Introduction 229

2. Stem Formation 23 1

3. Affix Inventory 250

4. Word Structure 263

5. Phrase Structure 278

6. Tagmeme Inventory 295

7. Clause Structure 301

8. Sentence Structure 307

9. Morphophonemics 315
10. Abbreviations 321

XV. Auyana Texts Compiled by Howard mckaughan 324

1. Introduction 324

2. The Bat and the Python 325

3 . Two Brothers Obtain Wives 333

4. Origin of Reeds for Wrapping Arrow Tips 337

5. Origin of Reeds for Arrows 344

6. The Origin of Eels 349

7. Origin of Native Salt (Leaf) 352

8. Origin of Languages 358

9. Soft Spot on Head 363

10. The Stone Axe 368

11. Old Folks 374

12. Forest Made Safe 377

13. Victory over Spirit 381

14. Man Enters Heaven 385

XVI. Usarufa Text Compiled by darlene bee 390
I. Two Brothers Get Wives 390

Contents xxiu

PART THREE: GADSUP-AGARABI

XVII. Introduction Howard mckaughan 403

XVIII. Gadsup Phoneme and Toneme Units Chester and

MARJORIE FRANTZ 406

1. Introduction 406

2. Segmental Phonemes 406

3. Suprasegmental Phonemes 410

XIX. Notes on Agarabi Phonology darlene bee, lorna luff,

and JEAN GODDARD 414

1. Introduction 414

2. Interpretation 414

3. Inventory of Phonemes 419

4. Prosodic Features 421

5. Contrastive Sets 421

XX. Grammatical Categories As Indicated by Gadsup Noun

Affixes CHESTER FRANTZ 424

1. Introduction 424

2. Morphophonemics 425

3. Structural Categories 427

4. Distribution 434

XXI. Gadsup Independent Verb Affixes

CHESTER FRANTZ and HOWARD MCKAUGHAN 439

1. Introduction 439

2. Grammatical Categories Indicated by the Affixes 440

3. Distribution of the Affixes 442

4. Stem Morphophonemics: Related to the Affixes 443

5. Allomorphic Variation of Affixes 444

6. Addendum: Dependent Medial Verb Affixes 448

XXII. Agarabi Narratives and Commentary jean goddard 450

1. Introduction 450

2. Travel to the Island: A 457

3. Travel to the Island: B 458

xxiv Contents

4. Travel from the Island 458

5. No Rest-Days 459

6. Possessions 460

7. Sickness 461

8. Bampeya 462

9. A Short Conversation 463

1 0. Fear of Sorcery 463

11. False Alarm 464

12. Love Potion 464

13. Two Brothers 467

XXIII. Gadsup Texts Compiled by Howard mckaughan 469

1 . I ntroduction 469

2. Two Brother Story 470

3. Sister and Brother Story 481

4. The Story about Donta 482

5. The Yam Comes to Gadsup from Markham 485

6. Why Only Men Play Musical Instruments 486

7. Indirect Requests 488

8. Indirect Requests (Repeated) 489

9. The Early Days 492

10. Getting Fire 493

11. A Love Charm 494

12. Girls Trapped in a Cave 496

13. Girls Trapped in a Cave (Retold) 497

14. Invite Your Sister Yourself 500

15. Initiation of the Boys 507

16. Funeral 509

17. Getting Married 511

PART FOUR: TAIRORA-BINUMARIEN-WAFFA

XXIV. Introduction Howard mckaughan 515

XXV. Phonemes of Binumarien

desmond and Jennifer oatridge 517

1. Introduction 517

Contents xxv

2. Contrast 518

3. Variation 519

4. Distribution 520

XXVI. Waffa Phonemes mary stringer and Joyce hotz 523

1. Introduction 523

2. Phonemic Inventory 524

3. Problems of Interpretation 524

4. Description and Distribution of Phonemes 525

5. Illustrative Pairs of Phonemic Contrasts 527

XXVII. Notes on Tairora Noun Morphology alex vincent 530

1. Introduction 530

2. Word Bases 531

3. Noun Classes 532

4. Noun Suffixes 533

5. Possessive Prefixes 545

6. Interrogative Pronouns 545

XXVIII. The Occurrence and Co-occurrence of Waffa Noun Suffixes

MARY STRINGER and JOYCE HOTZ 547

1. Introduction 547

2. Noun Classes 547

3. Nouns as Subject and Object 548

4. Nouns as Location and Direction 552

5. Other Usages of Nouns 554

6. Kinship Term Stem Formation 555

XXIX. Binumarien Noun Affixes desmond and Jennifer

OATRIDGE and ALAN HEALEY 557

1. Introduction 557

2. Suffixation 557

3. Prefixation 560

XXX. Tairora Verb Structure alex vincent 561

1. Introduction 561

2. Verb Constructions 564

xxvi Contents

3. Verb Phrase Structure 580

4. The Verb in Clause Relationships 584

XXXI. Sequences of Clauses in Tairora Howard mckaughan 588

1. Introduction 588

2. Clauses in Series 591

3. Clauses in Sequential Relation 592

4. Clauses Having the Inclusive Relation 593

5. Clauses Having Simultaneous Actions 593

6. Clauses with Impending Relations 594

7. Clauses in Conditional Sequences 594

8. Clauses Having Contrary to Fact Relations 594

9. Clauses Having the Causal Relation 595

XXXII. Subject Morphemes in the Tairora Verb Complex:

Obura Dialect harland b. kerr 598

1. Introduction 598

2. The Four Patterns of Paradigms 599

3. The First Order Subject Pronominal Suffixes of Paradigms

of Patterns 2, 3, and 4 605

4. The Bound Subject Pronouns of Pattern 2 Paradigms 606

5. The CV Segment of Second -Third Person Plural Bound

Subject Pronouns 609

6. The Bound Subject Pronouns of Pattern 3 612

7. The Bound Subject Pronouns of Pattern 4 Paradigms 616

8. Conclusions 624

XXXIII. Tairora Texts Compiled by alex vincent 625

1. Introduction Howard mckaughan 625

2. Python Story 626

3. Popire and Papire 634

4. Two Brothers 638

5. Escape from Spirits 65 1

6. The Story of Boy, Mother, and Her Dog Husband 657

7. Erendora Woman 665

8. The Axe in the Water 668

9. Konko and Manabo 672

Contents xxvii

10. The Girl and the Bananas 676

11. How a Woman Committed Suicide 681

12. The Parrot Loses One Toe 682

PART FIVE: LINGUISTIC RELATIONSHIPS

XXXIV. Introduction Howard mckaughan 691

XXXV. A Study of Divergence in Four New Guinea

Languages Howard mckaughan 694

1. Introduction 694

2. Lexicostatistical Study 695

3. Phonostatistical Study 700

4. Structural Studies 709

5. General Implications 718

6. Specific Conclusions and Implications 718

7. Appendix 720

XXXVI. Comparative and Historical Problems in East New Guinea
Highland Languages darlene bee 739

1. Introduction 739

2. Reconstructions 745

3. Reflexes 759

4. Index of Reconstructed Phonemes 763

5. Systemization of Phonemes for the Eastern Family 764

XXXVII. The Proto Kainantu Kinship System of the East

New Guinea Highlands harland b. kerr 769

1. Introduction 769

2. The Age and Generation Status Suffixes 772

3. Consanguineal Kinship Terms 775

4. Affinal Kinship Terms 783

5. G-l and G-2 Consanguineal Kinship Terms 792

6. Form and Function in the Kinship System of the Eastern Family 797

References Cited 801

Index 809

The Languages of the Eastern
Family of the East New Guinea
Highland Stock

Edited by HOWARD McKAUGHAN

This book is published with the assistance of a grant from the National Science
Foundation.

Copyright © 1973 by the University of Washington Press
Printed in the United States of America

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording,
or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publisher.

Anthropological Studies

in the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea

James B. Watson, Editor

VOLUMES PUBLISHED:

I. The Languages of the Eastern Family of the East New Guinea Highland
Stock, edited by Howard McKaughan

II. Physical Anthropology of the Eastern Highlands of New Guinea,
by R. A. Littlewood

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:

The Languages of the eastern family of the east
New Guinea highland stock.

(Anthropological studies in the eastern highlands
of New Guinea, v. 1)

Reports of research by the New Guinea Micro-
evolution Project.

Bibliography: p.

1. Papuan languages. 2. Kainantu region —
Languages. I. McKaughan, Howard, 1922-
II. Title. III. Series.

PL660LA35 499M2 72-13131

ISBN 0-295-95 132-X

ed.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON PRESS
SEATTLE AND LONDON