The Zhang-Zhung Language: A Grammar and Dictionary of the Unexplored Language of the Tibetan Bonpos

CONTENTS

The Zhang-zhung language 7

The Tibetan classification of the Zhang zhung languages 9

The Dictionary. Author, title, sources and linguistic peculiarities 10

The orthography of the Zhang-zhung language 12

Prefixes 12

Subscribed characters 12

The phonetic range of the characters employed 12

Finals 13

The Zhang-zhung vocabulary in relation to Indian languages and Classical

Tibetan 13

Nouns and nominal-verbal compounds 13

Compounds with identical initial syllable, rko, ka, tha 14

Compounds with identical final syllable, thunltun, lo, loci, ri, shin, tan . . , 14

ti 15

ra 15

to, no, ro, sho, so 16

tse, tsa, tsu 16

se, swe, ze 17

Singular and plural 17

nam 17

tha-tsanltshan; ka, ku, kun, ga, gu, gun 17

Pronouns, te, tie, da 17

Numerals 18

The sentence 19

Syntactic particles 20

"Genitive", kyi, gi, gyi, 'i, yi; ci ti, ni pi, bi, tsi, ye, ri, si 20

"Locative", na, za 20

"Dative", la, lu, le 20

"Ablative", nas, las 20

"Terminative-locative", gu, cu, da, du, tu, tur, 'u, sur 21

Conjunctive and demonstrative particles, tang/dang; ni; kyang/gyang 21

Closing particle of sentence, o 21

The verbal particles 22

pa, ba 22

ho, ha, he 22

ta 22

ya, (ye) 23

ci, zhi 23

ti, te 23

Prefix ti, ta, to 23

Copula and negation, gyin; mod; ma-min, min, men; min, man, ma, med;

ma, mi 24

Classification of the Zhang-zhung language 24

Zhang-zhung Tibetan English vocabulary 27

ACTA JUTLANDICA - XL:1
Publications of the University of Aarhus

SKRIFTER FRA AARHUS UNIVERSITET

1968

HUMANISTISK SERIE 47
(Humanities Series)

THE ZHANG-ZHUNG
LANGUAGE

A Grammar and Dictionary of the Unexplored
Language of the Tibetan Bonpos

By

ERIK HAARH

THE ZHANG-ZHUNG
LANGUAGE

PRINTED IN DENMARK BY AARHUUS STI FTS BOGTRYKKERIE A/S 593.68

UNIVERSITETSFORLAGET I AARHUS

EINAR MUNKSGAARD - K0BENHAVN

1968