Linguistic Survey of India

ITouilS, — Men and gods are masculine; women and goddesses are feminine; other
noons are neuter. Feminine noims are neuter in the siogolar. Kurukh in this respect
^Agrees with Telu^u.

There are two numbersi as in other connected languages. There is not, however
any proper plural form of neuter nouns, the singular form being used for both numbers.
If it is necessary to express plurality of neuter noims, some word meaning * many/
*all/ etc., is added ; thus, man^'gufhi^ tree-all, trees. Compare Mu^dari.

The plural of rational nouns is formed by adding an Compare Tamil ar, Kanarase
aru^ Telugu arw, etc. Thus, <il-ar, men ; »i«Mar, women ; iAl-gnfhi'ar,'wir&^\ dada
baggar, father niany^ fathers, and so forth. E^dd^Jsko^ra^ offspring, means 'child*
sprout \ and is neuter.

Case suffixes are added immediately to the base as is also the case in Mundari. In
the case of masculine nouns, however, we have two bases in the singular. The simple
base is used in an indefinite sense. When definiteness should be expressed, a suffix m
is added. Thus, a/, a man ; ahas^ the man. Both bases are then inflected in exactly
the same way. The final as in dhas corresponds to Tamil an.

The usual case suffixes are, accusative n; dative ge; ablative U; genitive gahi;
locative nu.

The dative and the accusative are usually distinguished in the ^me way as in other
connected languages. The two cases are sometimes confounded in the south, in Bamra,
Riuralihol, Sambalpur, and Baigarh. This state of affairs is probably due to Aryan iaflu-
ence. Compare Gondi.

The dative suffix ge must be compared with Kanarese ge^ Telugu hi, ku. It also
occurs in the form he. The final vowel is long. The Kunxkbs have come into their
present home from the Bhojpuri country, and it. is not impiabable that the form of the
dative suffix has been influenced by the Bhojpuri kS.

The accusative suffix is ft, ati, or in. The form n is used after vowels; in after
definite masculine bases ending in a$ and after the plural suffix ar. In other words the
accusative ends in an. In Bamra, Sarangarh, and Bairakhol we also find a fuller

EUBUm. 413

form nu. Compare Kanarese m^nu, Telugu ni and ««. The oooasional use of the aoou-
sative as a dative is due to Aryan influence.

The suffix of the ablative is ti. An n is inserted before H ia words ending in a
Towel, and often also in otber cases. This n is always preceded by the same vowel as in
the accusative. The ablative can therefore practically be formed from the accusative
by adding ti. The n which precedes U in such oases is, however, different from the
sujfix of the accusative and must be compared with the n in ablative suffixes such as
Tamil int^, i^e. Kanarese inda, and so on. The suffix ti itself is apparently connected
with Kui fai. The suffix n is often added to gm, with. Thus, ahti or al-gua-ti, from
a man.

An instrumental is formed by adding tri or tru. This suffix seems to be connected
with Telugu toda, Tamil and Kanarese odti, with. The initial t in the ablative and
instrumental suffixes is, therefore, probably identical with the inflexional increment d,
it in Kanarese, Tamil, etc. Compare Kanarese mara-d'alU, Tamil mara-tt-ilp. in a tree.

The genitive suffix gahi has several other forms. We find ghi, ghS, gi, he, S, hi, and i.
<?M is for instance used in Patna State ; ghe in Bairakhol and Sarangarh; ge in Pal
Lahera and Bamra ; he in Bamra, Kairakhol, Sarangarh, and Baigarh j e in Bairakhol ;
hi in Sarangarh, and * in Raigarh. The corresponding form in Malto is ku The forms
gahi^ ghiy ge^ he, and hi are only varieties of the same suffix. Bishop Caldwell has com-
pared the Teli:^ yohha and the Hindostani ha, hi. It would be more natural to think of
Bhojpuri hat, and it is quite probable that this suffix has influenced Kuru^ gahi. The
parallel f ornas e, hi, and i seem to show that the original suffix only consisted of a vowel.
The initial ^ or A? may be due to the influence of Bhojpuri though its origin is
possibly different. There is in many Dravidian languages a suffix gu, hu. Thus, Tamil
padla-gti, a boat; him-ngu, a root, etc. It is possible that the existence of such a
suffix has materially strengthened the influence of the Bhojpuri suffix.

The locative suffix nH corresponds to Malto no and Telugu nu in inta^nu, in the
Tiouse, etc.

In the vocative the suffix o, ay, or ayb is added. Thus, e urbayd, ana urbayo, O
master. The vocative singtilar of feminine nouns ends in ai, and the interjection ana is
changed to anai. Thus, anai mukhai, O woman. When women talk to women the
prefix ana becomes an in the singular, and ang in the plural. Thus, an Mkai, O daughter ;
one Mk(^iff^thiar-d,'0 daughters.

AdjectiyeS- — ^ Adjectives do not differ in form from nouns. Thus, mechd, height, and
Mgh. Nouns denoting qualities and verbal nouns are freely used as adjectives. Thus,
pannd, iron ; panna tarri, iron sword ; onnd, eating ; onnd did, eatable things. In
other cases adjectives are fomaHl from nouns by adding antji, being in, or the Aryan
loan-word lehh^d, like. Thus, ulhantd nalaMt, daily work ; Meto lehVd hiehri, a
blood-like, i.e., reddish, garment. Compare also Eelative participles, below. Leha is
>used in the same way in Mundari.

Adjectives are not inflected unless they are used as nouns, in which case they take
the usual case suffixes.

Comparison is effected by putting the compared noun in the ablative. Thus^ urha$
jSkha^'ti hohd todda^^ the-master the-servant-from gr^t is ; a« i^rmar^ti hokatalyM,
•he all-from great is.

414 D111TIDIA.N FAMILY.

UnnxeralSt — The first numerals are : —

1. ort^ masculine and feminine ; ortost definite masculine ; otfd and ov^ta, neuter.

2. «>6, definite irhaTi masculine and feminine; ev^d^ neuter.

3. nubi definite wwJar, masculine and feminine ; mund^ neuter.

4. naibf definite naibar, masculine and feminine ; ndMkt neuter.

The numerals for ' five ' and following are borrowed from Aryan dialects.

Orts o^d, one, must be compared with Tamil oru, onru ; Telugu ohadu, o^du. The
Korava dialect of Tamil has ort^ otidi Just as Eurukh.

The final b in «>i, two ; nub, three ; nmb, four, must be compared with «? in the
corresponding Tamil forms. Thus, irbar, two, is identical with Tamil irmar. Kanarese
has ibbarn which seems to be derived from a form such as irbar. The neuter form e^d
seems to correspond to Telugu and vulgar Tamil refj^dlu. Compare also Tamil ira^du,
Eanarese eradu*

Nubar, three, corresponds to Tamil muvar, Kanarese muvaru. The initial n is
probably due to the desire to dififerentiate the original labial m from the following b.
The neuter miind is most closely connected with Tamil mUnru, mundru, mundu.

Naibar, four, corresponds to Tamil ndlvar, Kanarese ndlmru. The corresponding
neuter ndMk tnost closely agrees with Kanarese ndlku, Telugu ndlugu.

It will be seen that the numerals are more closely connected with the corresponding
forms in Tamil and Kanarese than with those in Telugu.

The words gotd and ofd or otang^ piece, are often added to numerals ; thus, end-gbtd
and e^d-otd, two pieces.

Ordinals are formed by adding antd, ntd, or td; thus, e^dtd, second ; muhdtd, third;
ndJskid, fourth. * First' is mundtd ; compare Tamil mudah Telugu modata, first.

PronOimS.—The personal pronoun of the first person is en, plural em and nam.
Compare Old Telugu enu, I ; emu, nemth we ; Old Tamil pdn and ndn,^ I ; ydm, nam, we :
Old Kanarese an, ydn, I ; dm, we. The forui em excludes, and ndm includes, th§ j^erson
addressed. In this respect Kurukh agrees with Tamil, Telugu, etc., aa against Kwarese.

N%n, thou ; mm, you ; tan, self ; tdm, selves, have the same forms as in Old Kanart^^i.

The possessive pronouns are enhai, my ; emhai^ our ; ninhai, thy ; nimha% your ;
tanhai, plural famhai, own. Before nouns denoting relationship, however, abbreviated
forms are used, and such words are very seldom used without such a prefixed possessive.
The abbreviated forms are identical with the base which appears before the locative suffix
nu. The final consonant is, however, assimilated to the following sound in various ways,
and an e is changed to i when the following syllable contains an i or y. Thus, embaa,
my, or our, father; inpo, my mother; tandas, his son; nSk tambas, whose father,
etc. A similar set of pronouns is used as prefixes in High Tamil, viz., em and nam,
our; urn, your; and <«w, tlieir. Compare Introduction (p. 293).

With regard to the demonstrative pronouns, Kurukh agrees with Telugu in using
the same form for the feminine and neuter sinsular. As, he, and dd, she, it, are also
apparently most closely connected with Telugu mdu, he ; adi, she, it. Compare Tamil
avan, he ; adu, it ; Kanarese ampu, he ; aduAt Abrd, those things, on the other hand,
corresponds to Kanarese amigalu, Tamil aveigaL

Ne, who ? is only used for mageuline and feminine nouns, but is itself neuter. Thus,
ne barcha, who came ? Md, which ? is used as an adjective ; thus, ekd dla$ barcha$, what

ma i came? U-ha is probably a compound, consisting of the interrogative adjective e and
aii Interrogative particle kd.

Endr, what ? e»rfm, what ? of what kind ?

The interrogative pronouns are made indefinite by adding the indefinite particle im,
Thus, ek'am, anyone ; indrHm^ anything, etc.

Verbs. — Nouns and adjective, including participles, are often used as verbs. Thus,
whan, I am master ; urbai, thou art master ; Id puddo, this will be too short ; nln kohai,
thou art great ; hechhd^ bound ; heohkdchdf it was bound.

The usual verbal noun ends in nd and is regularly inflected. Thus, esnd, the break-
ing, to break. It has already been remarked that such verbal nouns can be used as
adjectives ; thus, onnd did, eatable things ; mufijrnd njjnd^ perishable life. An adjec-
tival participle used in connexion with the word blrl, time, takes the suffix o ; thus, ono
birt, eating time. This 6 is probably identical with the suffix u which forms nouns of
agency and relative participles of the present tense ; thus, is^m^ the breaker ; trU dlas^ a
seeing man, a man who sees. The suffix of the past relative participle is kd ; thus, Bdnohh
nii kundr-ka M^ddas, the boy who was born at Eanohi. This form is also commonly tised
Afi a noun ; thus, dnkd^ * said ' and * word.'

Other nouns and participles are formed directly from the base. Thus, M^pd or
^dpd-ge^ in order to tend ; esnu, esnum, esnutl, and esnuHm^ in the act of breaking,
breaking.

The conjunctive participle ends in ar, and the particles ki and dard may be added.
Thus, es'dr, es'dr kit aiid es'dr dard, having broken. Usually, however, the ordinaiy
tenses are used instead. Thus, es^on ka^on, I will-break will-go, I will break and go ; en,
eskan H (or dard) barchkan^ having broken I came. A is used instead of hi in Pal
Xiahera and neighbourhood. See below.

There are three simple tenses, the present, the past, and the future.

The suffix of the present tense is da^ third person plural na^ Compare the Kanarese
present participle ending in uta. When the subject is of the feminine or neuter gender,
the d-suffix is only used in the second person and in the first person plural when the
person addressed is included.

The tisual suffix of the past tense is a ch ; compare Telugu €hi, si ; Gondi ohi, si /
and 8a in the Korava dialect of Tamil. Transitive verbs, however, commonly drop the ch ;
compare the suffix i of the conjunctive participle in Kanarese and Telugu. After n the
suffix ch becomes J. By adding kd to the base of the past tense weget the paat participle.
The k of this suffix precedes the personal terminations in the first and second persona
masculine, and the second person feminine and neuter. Examples are, ba^and^ to speak ;
dachas, he said : pttnd, to kill ; pitkan, I killed ; pityaB, he killed : esnd, to*break | eikan^
1 broke ; ^t*a«, he broke : nannd, to do j nanjkan, I did, etc.

The characteristic of the future is o; compare the »«and t^suffix of Tamil and
Kanarese. Thus, et'ow, I shall break.

The persont differ for gender. The only exception is the future where there is only
a difference in the third person singular. The singular nenter is also used for the plural
neuter. The first and third persons feminine are only used in the conversation of women
amonsc themselves. In oouTersation with men the masculine forms are used instead.

416 BaATIBXAK FAMIJLY.

The peAonal terminations are as follows ; —
Fint person. Singular n ; plural m.

Second penon. Singular oi, fern, and neut. i ; plural ar^ fern, ah neuter u
Third, permn. Singular at, fem. and neut. 2, pist a ; plural ar, fem, al, neut

2i and a. The neuter termination is dialeotically d or t See

below.

The texmiuation of the first person plural when the person addressed is included
Uat

It will be seen that the personal terminations are mainly identical with those used in
Eanarese and connected languages.

The imperatire ends in d ; thus, ea^d^ break. The feminine singular and the neuter
imperatiTe ends in ai ; thus, e«*a», break. The plural imperatiTe in the talk of women
to women ends in e ; thus, nim et'e, break ye.

A polite imperatiTe is formed by adding ke to the base ; thus, e«*ifc^, please break.

Other tenses are formed by means of auxiliaries.'

A present definite is formed by adding I to the infinitive in a and conjugating like an
ordinary present. Thus, e$*d^l-dan, I am breaking* Another present definite and an
imperfect are formed from the infinitive ending in a by adding the Bihari verb Idgab,
inflected as a Kurukh verb.

It has already been mentioned that adjectives and participles can be conjugated as
ordinary verbs. Thus, tbe past participle eakd, broken, is inflected as follows : —
Sing. 1. e$kan^ t. Ukin. Flur. 1. e$kamt f. iakim.

2. e$hii, f. & n. i%ku 2. e#Aar, f. eshai^ n. Ukh

3. eakm^ t & n. iakh 3. eBkar^ t e$kah u. i$kh

By adding the present and past tenses of verbs meaning * to be * to such forms we
obtain a perfect and a pluperfect. Thus, da eakaa be^edm^ he has broken ; $n eakan
ra'chkaUf I had broken. Tbe literal meaning of such forms is ^ he is a man who has
broken,* * I was a man who has broken,* respectively.

Kurukh possesses a passive voice, formed by adding r to the base. Thus, earnd, to
be broken. The passive verb is regularly conjugated. Thus, eardan, I am broken ;
ear'kan^ I was broken ; ear'on, I shall be broken.

Causative verbs are formed by adding td^ana^ to the base. Td^a becomes to in the
future, and often td in the past. Thus, eatd'adun^ I cause to hveak ; eatd^Mhkan or
^atdchkan^ I caused to break; eato^on^ I shall cause to break.

Other causatives are formed by adding d or bd'and to the base j thus, onnd^ to eat ;
ondndi to feed : aikhrnd, to learn ; aikhdhd^ana^ to teach,

Kurukh has no proper negative verb. Mal^ maVd, or malld, not, is simply prefixed
to the ordinary tenses. Thus, maVd eakan^ I did not break ; mal chick* aa^ he did not give.
In the imperative ambd^ fem. ambai, ambe, is prefixed. Another negative particle is-
argdi arglt not yet.

There are, besides, three negative verbs which are regularly Inflected. They are
maloofi, malyan^ ot malkan^ 1 Bm. noil, balndi not to know; and j^olwa, not to be able.

The prohibitive ambd is sometimai also inflected ; thus, da ambdaa bardaa^nekk% he
shall not eome.

In a simiiar way argd^ not yet, may be conjugated, in which case the verb itself is
put in the infinitiTe ending in a. Thusi d$ argas bard, he has not yet come.

It is hoped that when the preceding remarks are borne in mind the reader will be
able to easily understand the forms occurring in the specimens. For further detaila
Mr. Hahn's grammar, mentioned under Authorities, should be consulted.

The grammatioal sketch which follows represents the KuruJ^h spoken in Banchi,
Palamau, and Siugbhum, and probably also in Manbhum, from which district no
materials hare been forwarded. The dialect spoken in Hazaribagh is apparently also
identical. Several lists of Standard Woifds and Phrases have been forwarded from that
latter district, but all were so much mixed with Aryan words and forms that it would have
been useless to print them. The best one was stated to represent the langu^e of the
Korwas, who in Hazaribagh are Kurukhs by clan. It agrees well with the grammatical
sketch printed above.

Of the three specimens printed below, the two first have come from Eanchi, and the
Eev. Eerd, Hahn, the well-known author of the Kurukb Grammar, has been good
enough to prepare them. The third specimen has been forwarded from Singbhum.
A list of Standard Words and Phrases, hailing from Palamau, will be found on pp. 64?
and ff., below.

418

EirB.irgl SKELETON QBAMMAK.

I.^ITO'D'B'S. — M, A VDAn ; dlas, the man i mukkSt a woman ; alldf a (

Singalar,

Plural.

Singnlat.

Plural.

Singnlar.

Plural.

Kmn.

41/.

&Im.

Slar,

rnukH.

mmkiar.

aim.

allS^^h

Aioo.

^an.

SUiin.

SiaHn,

mukhan.

mukkarin.

man.

aUS-0UlMn*

Daft.

aiifg.

§lm^h

mar-gg.

mukka-sS.

mukkar'ffS,

m^h

aila'gufki-0i.

Abl

Si4i,

mat'U^

Slar-tt

mukkanti.

m«kkar-tU

allS-th allantt

aiia-iufkii^ytt.

<3ta.

m-sM.

Mloi'gahi,

Sia^^^M.

mukkS'^aU,

mukkar'gahi.

alia'ffM.

am-guthi^mjii.

Lo«.

m^ma.

SltwnS,

Slmr-nS.

mukkS-nu,

mukkar'nU*

•m-m.

aUS'gmtki'm^,

ii^TBoarotms.

L

W«k aioliiiive.

We, Inclurim

Thou.

You.

mr.

%lm.

KoiB*

fs.

Sm.

nfit.

«i».

ninu

i$n.

*«%.

Aeo.

«IM»«

mmmmn.

ni^gan.

niman*

Ungan.

iaimti^.

Bat

^^•^5)

««i(fl).

naftgS{-gi).

ni^gSi^g),

nimSl'gg),

tangS-gg.

tamSi'gg}.

43tm.

Mm.

€mkMU

na'khai, namkai.

ni^hai.

nimkai.

tanhai.

tamhah

IlOO.

«flHi«.

•m^mS*

nam-nSf nn^nS.

niA'ttU.

nim-nS.

ia^'nS,

tam^ni.

Tflir.

H«.

She, It

Haso. and fem.

Neut

Z^om*

§§.

Sd.

ar.

ahrd.

In the lame way are infleekd
ft, thit, f«m. Id, plur. Ir,
ihrS: Hum, that there (far

Mo.

MH».

Sdin.

drin.

abfan.

off), ftm. hUd, plnr. hdr,
kubra. The forme (f,that|
{, this; H, that there, are

Dat.

St^gi.

4di*gS.

Sr^t

ahrd-gg.

ttied as adjectirei before
iingnlar noane. Befot«
plaral nouns the aeattr

4a

«#(«!)-«.

adi{nyn, <srf-ff.

ifK<ii)-«.

ahranH.

plural is used as an
adjectiTe.

^en.

St-gahi.

Mdi-gahl

dr-gmhi.

ahrd-gaki.

Loc.

St-ni.

adii^-ms.

ar-nM,

ahfd'ni.

Who?

What?

Any o&«.

Anything.

Xon.
Aoo*

ngkam.

emdr, midrd.
§»iran.

gk*dm, ngk*dm.
ngk'dnim.

endr^ tndr'adim.
4mdr*dnim.

Mkdd, what? which P isin-
ileeted as endrd. The same
is the ease with gbaggi, Htw
5Miiy, how mnchP gtdd,
how m»>ij ones p ^^e.

Dat.

ntid'gg.

9ndr{d)'9g.

nMk'dm'git lakd'gem.

Bitdr'am-gg,

endrHm^gg.

▲hi.

iaki0m')ii.

endr{M)'th

ngk'a»H.

0ndr*am4i*

den.

ngkkai.

9ndr{d)'gaU,

ngkka$'4im.

0ndr'dm'gM,

9»drHm'gahi,

Loo.

ngk-nS.

9ndfig\'nM,

ngkHm, ngkkai'num.

endrdmiti.

*Ng is Qsed for misoaUne anl feminine nonni* bat is i^jself ii9«tor. Ttio ^enittre is «l£ before nonns den<}ting relationship.

4.19

III-VEBBS —

A.~-Fimte Verb,— ^#titf, to break.

Verbal nouns.-- J^«9t#, the breaking ; 0$% «t'<S-^l, to break.

BelatiTO partloiple.-^ T»U, a brisker ; 99ha, broken.

Advorbiftl pai*Uoipie.--J?Mi» «#««», ef&phatie «9nmm, $$%UHm, breaking ; 0$*a Mane, on breaking.

OonJimotlTe partioiple.-^*^*'!!!-) *$'4r ki^ baTing broken.

PreMBi.

Fhet.

Future.

Imperative.

^

Sing. 1.
2.
3.

eada*, t ie'i.

#/«, 1. M*a».

TbenemterTerb baa the eamt-
form aa the feminine-
aingnlari thni» •{«• t«H
Ton broke inftr* <•% they

Plnr.

1 fiel.

ttdam^ t w*f».

**kam, f . M'afii.

t9*9mn

1 Inel.

09dat.

«#£<!<.

M*8<.

8.

etdart f . etdaU

Mlrof*» {. «f l;a«.

et'oj*.

m'«, I. et'l.

8.

etnart 1. ettnai.

$9*ari f . ##'ai*

w'3r.

Tretent I>eflnite.~£ff'<i^<lei» or «9*aiaffdmn, I am breakiag.

Imperfeot. — M9*al9^kmm, ff m. et'Sia^jfom, I waa breaking.

Perfect. — ^«ihi» hi*«dan, fem. i*^» df**«, I haw bn^en 1 the prindpal Torb is inflected aa the ordinary paat in the eeeon^
person. The firat person plnral la ukam ht^tdmm, fem. iikim hS'imi the third person la, singular 0§k0u Wedoi, fem. UH Wfs
pinra! ^tkar H'enart fem. ukai bi*9iim*

Plmperfeot.— i^tfibaa m'ekkam, fem. i*kin ra*ek*aj^ I had broken. Other persona aa in the perfect.

Vonnfttion of the past tenae.

Verbal noan.

annSt aj.
hama, eome.
•IjTiiiil, give.
mo»n3f do.

Fiat.

Hase.

Snkan.

Fem.

bareh'^n,
9iiek*am,

Irtegnlar are ka'and, go ; Atf#eii» I went ;.
kirai, he went : laoa^l, to take awiT ;
oekkam, I took away : minM, to plengh I
uiakaut I i^onghed : kJ^ 'Mtd. to meaanre ;
MA<*fkan, I measured : Mo**na, to dig |
MoHkamt I dag ; plhn4t to rain | f099S^
it ^ rained s nMfnS, to paini jiiiAeM, it
pained: oiiatil, to drink { pmdk^m, I diank,.
e(e.

B.— Anxfliary and defeotire verbs.

lam.

lam.

I am not.

fling. L

5rMr«», f . drill.

<<ilia», to/;^a, f. tarin, Jolyfii.

mmlkam, f . maiptm,

fl.

br^dai, f. &rf<^f .

tol</al, lafyai, f . laliU, fal^l.

maiktti, f. maiki.

8.

bredM.tbfh

#ii2#0«, ^«/^M, f . I«r{, ^aljr<f .

maiktHf f. melif.

Plnr.

Inal.

ar«iraM,f.&riM.

Itfl^aai, lol^Ms. f. tsTim, iat^m

maikam.

Iiael.

&re(lii#.

iaddai, imt$(d.

mMoi.

8.

&l'ei2«r.f.^e(faf.

tiddmr, falpmr, f . ioldai, tal$au

maikarj.makttl

?>•

M'ettor, f . bi'onau

tmlmr, ialifmr, t talnai, iai^i.

wuitkmr, f . maikai.

MMdtm and maljfam, I nm not, are inflected as taidmmt taiyan, Eikdant I am ; and ra'adam^ I am» I renudn, are regular.
Sa'anS is infieoted in all tenres.

PassiTe ▼oioe.~Formi4 by adding r to the baae and eonjngai^og thronghonl. Thns, §9rdan, I am broken ; €$r*kan, X was
broken ; tsr*omf I ahall be broken.

Cansal ▼erba.-^I'ormed by adding «4*a. Thna, uUtadcm, I eanse to break ; paat eaiitamhkan er •HUekkmrnt fntnre

Partlelea.-* J^o/, maVSt malla^ nob ; aia&d^ l« amdai, am&l* do not ; argO, argft not yet j Im, i^Im, 4, tmphatio { nit ttni,-
indeftnite s kS^ intermgatlTe, ete.

B7 adding mkk'd to the yraeent i^nse a kind of eoaditional is effeeted. fhns, esdam n^k% I may, I am allovsd to^ bfeak.

3Bi

LINGUISTIC SURVEY OF INDIA

COMPILED AND EDITED BY

G. A. GRIERSON, CLE., Ph.D., DXitt., I.ca (retd.)

© MOTILAL BANARSIDASS

BUNGALOW ROAD, JAWAHAR NAGAR, DELHI-?

NEPALI KHAPRA, VARANASI, (U.P.)

ASHOK RAJ PATH, (opp. patna college) PATNA (bihar)

With kind permission of Govt, of India,

FmsT Edition 1927

reprint 1967

Priee Rs. 1250/- ($ 200) for the complete set*

P RENTED IN INDIA BY SKANTILAL JAIN, AT 8HRI JAINENDRA PRESS,
BUNGALOW ROAD, JAWAHARNAOAR, DELHl-^ AND PUBLISHED BY
SITNDARLAL JAIN, MOTILAL BANARSIDASS, BUNGALOW ROAD,
JAWAHARNAOAR, DELHl-7

MOTILAL BANARSIDASS

DELHI :: VARANASI :: PATNA