ЯЗЫКИ НАРОДОВ СССР (Languages of the USSR)

\», caxajuracKwe thjihkh — «opHbip», aiiypcKiie rmiffRH — «T03ynr» —
r&, MecTHHe pyccKne — «opoieHbT». CaMoaaaBaHiie opoKOB — «yjibTa» —

«ynjifaT^» — nocjiy5KHJio (&. HlMH^Ty ocHOBaHHeit jjm oTO>KecTB:iennH opo~

kob c yjib^aMH.

(DOHETHKA

§ 2. B opoKCKOM H3HK6 15 r ji a c h m x (JoHeM, u:* hmx ceMb neRonrnx:
a, 3, u 9 u, o, #, y h BOceMb AOJirax: a, #, e, 5,, it, o, y y y.
KjraccH$HKan;HH rjiacHbix:

HeoryOneHHwe

OryG^eHHhie

nepeflHHft pjm

CpeflHHfl pha

3anHHfl pHfl

RepxHMH nopfrQM
Cpe#HHH noftteM

Hhhchmh noA'teM

a a

y V
y y

6

O^Ha H3 oco6eHHOCTeii CHCTeMbi rjiacHbix — paajiwqwe b no/^eMe b npe-
#ejiax KancAoro pn#a. OT^reTJiHBO, Ha ijeJiyio CTynenb noAiaeMa, pa3JiH-
^aiOTCH rjiacHbie cpe#Hero pa#a a h b h rjiacHbie 3a#Hero ptf#a o h y.
TjiacHbie y h t/, u m il Tpy#Ho paaJiH^HMH Ha onyx, w b TeKCTe sto pa3~
nvmviQ ne Bcer^a OTMe^iaeTCH. Run u, 3ByKa 6ojiee HH3Koro noA?»eMa,
bo3mo)Khh BapwaHTH ot u #o e (cimda — cenda- 'npHXOAHTb'). Fjiac-
hhh e — nepeAHero pH#a, cpe^nero noAteMa, y3KHii #H$ToaroHAHbii 3ByK,
He HMeeT napHoro no no^'beMy, a TaioKe napHoro He/jojiroro. B 6jih3kom
opoKCKOMy HaHancKOM H3HKe Ronvouy e cooTBeTCTByeT flH^TOHr ua
(jaeea — MuaeU ^cepflije', cecuyu — cuach *rayM', c 3ByK'). B pH#e cjiy^aeB

172

AOJiroe e noHBiiaeTCH b peayjibxaTe CTHHceHHH innpoKoro riracHoro n /

§ 3. GorjiaoHHX <|0HeM 18, aa hhx 12 cmhihhx: re, 6, m, d, **> j,
k, g, jw, w, w', #, 4 mejiesbix epe/jHHHHx: e t c, a:, ;', 6oKOBan s h #po-

HcanjaH P«

KjiaccH^HKar^HH corjiacHwx:

PyCHHe

HepejiHe-

H3bIHHhie

CpenHe-

H3braHbie

3ajme-

CMHMHLie •

fjiyxHe

n

m

H

K

3BOHKH0

6

d

3

z

mejieaue <

FjiyxMe

c

X

3BOHKU6

8

J

(7)

ConanTH

HocoBue

M

H

B'

*t

BoKOBiie

A

,Upo>KamHe

P

q — ry6Ho-ry6HOH mejieBOH 3bohkhh corjiacHWH, HanoMHHaeT Hecnoro-
boh y w ^acTO 3aMemaeTcfl nocjie#HHM (ayudae-atyHdai) ^xothhhhh inajiam');
m — nepeflHefl3bPraiafi cmhhhhh rjiyxofi corjiacHHH, nepe# u, li, e KaK 6u
pacn^enjineTCE Ha m h h (urm- c BH#eTb\ umtmleuu — umueuu 'oh bh^ht');
h — a$$pHi^HpoBaHHHH cpe^EenBbmnun cmhhhhh rjiyxofi corjiacHMH, nepe# w,
tt, e cjihuihtch KaK cMHr^eHHWH m! {nujiauau — m f UAaua& 'iojkhhh BeTep');
c — nepeAHeH3BPiHbiH meJieBoii rjiyxoa, npon3HOCHTCH HecnojibKO MHr^e
(menejiHsee), ^eu pyccKoe c, nepe# $ n y nienejiHBOCTb h MarKocrb yen-
jiHBaiOTCH (caned -*- c f dKc l 3 'KpoBb'); x — 3a#HeH3M*iHHH mejieBoii rjiyxofi
corjiacHHH, BbiCTynaeT b BapnaHTax: x **~ z — y — h (y$HBX$M6u f H ymeji\
TfdHdeauu ~ ydudyduu c ohh ynuiH\ ydHdhany c mh ynuin'); g — cpe#HeH3fcni-

HblS 3BOHKHH CMbl^HblH, CJIHMI1TCH KaK CMHHieHHOe & C O x ieHb CJia6HM
fipH3HaKOM a(j)<|>pHKaTHBHOCTH (gaxa ' #eHbrH*).

§ 4. OcHOBHHe OC06eHHOCTH CO^eTaBHH 3ByKOB B CJIOBe.

FapMOHHH rjiacHHL B cbh3h o npoTHBonocTaBJieHneM rjiacHWx
b 3aBHCwMocTH ot noftTieMa H3HKa ohh pacna^aiOTCH Ha #Be rpynnw:

I rpynna:
II rpynna;

u

a
a

!)

Gjiobo MQHceT wMeTb b cboom cocTaBe rjiacHHe 3ByKH o^hoh H3 rpynn —
nepBoft hjih BTopoH; TOJibKO flOJirufi rjiacBHH e He noAHHHHeTca 3TOMy
npaBHjiy h BCTpe^aeTCH c rnacnuuvi o6ewx rpynn: azdyManne f CTaprawH
6paT% mydyMdum c MJia^inHEt 6paT'.

Ty6Hoe npiiTfljKeHHe. Ha6jiid^aeTCH H3MeH6HHe Hery6HWx rjiac-
Hbix nepeAHero pn^a u f u b ry6HHe 3a,nHero pn^a y n y no# BJinnHneM
ry^Horo rjiacHoro b cy$$HKce: 6b]hu- ^oxoTHTbca', 6d]Hyny f MecTo oxoth'.
Ecjih b ocHOBe npeo6jia^aiOT ry6Hbie rjiacewe, mnpoKHfi Hery6Hon rjiac-
Hbin a hjih $ cy|)(j)HKC0B nepexoflHT b o hjih y: 6o/o e Me^Be^b', 6ojom6o
f Mo:inejiH.\ cy$$. -6a — bhh. na^.

('.MfffieHHe corJiacHHx. FjiacHHe nepe^nero pn^a u % li, e Bcer^a
OKa3HBaiOT najiaTajiH3yion^ee BJMHHHe na npe^niecTByiOE^He corjiacHHe:
H f uyMa f cKa3Ka\ e f Bea p 3apn', M f UAdnm9 *pfl6nHa*.

173

CifljKeHHe rjiacHbix. CoqeTamiH aj\ ati, a/, su, o/\ ou, yj, yu,
yj\ yu b 6ojibniHHCTBe cjiyiacu cTarwBaioTCH b e ujih b u. 9Ta oco6en-
MocTb opoKCKoil (j)OHeTHKH BHocwT 3aTpy#iieHna iipn onpe#ejieHnn rpaHHH
Mop(j)eM (KopHen h cy$(|)HKC0B), Tai< nan BW3WBaoT nsweHeHiie npeAme-
cTByiou^Hx corjiacuHx, cifariaa w MHor#a y#jiHHaa hx: ya^a- '6ohtbch' +
+ cycJHJmKe nacroamero BpeMeHw -/ > ndjuie — npin?acTire; jwaw- + -dy + -u^>
Mdiigu 'y ee6a\

Acchmhjihd(hh corjiacHMx. Ha ejiyqaeii «•»<■<• ii \iwji*miin corjiac-
Hbix npeHC^e scero Ha#o OTMe*raTb perpeccHBHyio ar* n\fnjian,iiK) 3ByKa n
no A^HCTByiom,eMy opraHy:

h + 6^>m + 6]> m6: any(n) 'manna', anyn + -6a ]> unt'/Mtla f nianKy';

M + ^^>^€ + ^f^>jf: //«- "cKasaTb', */?i- + -mu > ///m/m ;> */j»am > y.ww *ro-
Bopa';

« + n^>n + n^>n: anyu + -ny ^> antfnny '^> amjny "muua manna';

H + m^>m + m^>m: anyu + -mau ~j> antfmmau c b manny';

u + c^>m + m'j>m anyn + ~cu^anymmu^ any mmi^anyuu f TBoa manna';

w + « / ^> h ! + u f ^>H f : an$H + -H r u'^>anyH f H f u^>anyH , u r ero manna';

H +Ut> V : HOH- + -yU + -HU *> HOffUHU * npH Ha#JIO)KaU4fiH eMy';

h- + ^^>^ + ^^>^; an^t + -4^ ^> anijjuiy ^> any Ay f 11 m e touui ft ma n ny ' ;

h + k>k + k>k;: anyn + -ku > an$KKU { no marine*.

MacTOTa cJiy«raeB acciiMHJianHii atofi (JxmeMbi ou-MienaeTca TeM, ^to eio
OKan^HBaeTCH ^oBOJibHO 6ojibmoe KOJiH^ecTBO UMeuHbix n rjiarojibunx ochob.

^pyrne aocHMHJiaijwoHBbie H3iieHeHHa corjiacHbix BCTpe i iaiOTca Kan
eAHHHHHbie cjiyqan, Hanpnwep z + m^> y. +m: opoe* 'ripwuocHTb', c npn-

BG3HTb\ OpoZ~ + ~MOpU*^>OpO%MOpU *BpiIHOCfl', * lfpHBo:'.>l".

Ha6jno#aeTca nepecTaHOBKa corJiacHMx: nn — ?th\ z6 — 6e: unm —
unKd 'nocTep', joe6o ~~ go6zo f Hcejie3Baa nacTb rapnyna'.

y^BoeHne corjiacHbix nacTHHHO MOHceT 6i*Tb oubHCHeno cjiy^aaMH
nojiHofi accHMHJiHijHH (cm. Bbime). CK>#a nee mo/khu oTiiecTii y#BoeHne
corjiacHbix h b tskhx c.ioBax, uaK nymrm *pe6eni>K', rnmmd e Hepna\
danna(n) ? noJior', ecjin cpaBHHTb hx cooTBeTCTBeifHo c iianaHCKHM, yjib*icKHM:
nunrriB, nanma, gaMnfi. HenoTopbie cjiynaH y.iBoeHiifr bo3hhkjih b cHJiy
aHajioniH.

OTMe^eHo nepe^oBaHne c ~~ x: c&nda- ~~ xunda- t ^p^xo ( ^HTb^ cuz6dpd^
xu6zBpa f HcyK~AOJI^OHOCHK^

MOPOOJIOTHH

§ 5, IIo Mop^ojiorH^ecKHM npff3iiai\aM opoucKufi hshk othochtch k cy^)-

4)HKCaJlbBO-aiTJJK>THHaTHBHUM H3HKaM.

OAHaKO B CHJiy CBOHCTBeHHHX OpOKCKOMy H3MK} (^OHeTW^eCKHX OCO-

6eHB0CTeft HMeeT MecTo Tecnoe cjiHBHHe oT^e^biibix rpaMMaTM^ecKwx
9jieMeHTOB b cJiOBe (4>y3HH), HanpMMGp: anpfu) e manKa* — opoK. anyn + ~dy +
-u^anyugu, b HaHaiicKOM coxpaHaeTCfi nojiHan $opMa — anywdyu *b cBoeii
ntanKe'; copu- f ^paTb.cH' + cy^HKc -eynu ^> copynu — npH^iactwe.

3Ha^HTeJibHoe MecTOB rpaMMaTH^ecKOM cTpoe 3aHHMaK>T aHaJiHTK^ecKwe
oSpaaoBaHHH, HanpsiMep o6pa30BaHne oTpfmaTejibHbix <})opM rjiarojia ii ,ip.

§ 6. HiueHa cy mecT b HTe jj b HHe b opokckom H3HKe noApa3Ae-
jiHioTCR ua #Be rpynnbi: 1) HMeiia eymecTBHTenbHwe, o6o3Ha^aioimie
jhoa^h, h 2) imena. cyiu,ecTBHTejibHbie, o6o3Ha^aK)m,He ocTajibHbie npe^-
moth, BKJiKMiaH h >khbothmx. FpaMMaTiFiocKH TaKoe BOApas^ejieHHe no^-
TBep>K^aeTca najiwqHeM n ynoTpeCjicHneM BonpocHTeJibHoro MecTowMeHHH
yyu? c kto?' no oTHomeHHio k nepBoii rpyitne \\ xau? 'kto?', ^ito?' — ko

BTOpOH.

06pa30BaHne J$>op\i qucjia, upmr^maimn w CKJionenwH b Mop^ojiorime-

CKOM OTHOmeHHH O^HOTHniH). OTKJIOHeBHH HM6I0T HCKJIIOnHTeJIbHO (f)()Be-

TH^ecKni xapamep.

174

1 K A P M H fl HAFK CCGP

*

HAyqHblH COBET no KOMnJIEKCHOH 11POBJ1EME
AKOHOMEPHOCTM PA3BMTHA HALJMOHAJIbBBIX H3bIKOB
3 CBH3H C PA3BWTWEM COaHAJIMCTHqECKHX HADlHttf

HHCTHTYT H3BIK03HAHMH

3NKH HAPOAOB

T JJ A B H A fl PEflAKB(Hfl;

aKaAeMMK B, B. BMHOrPAflOB

(rjiaBHUM pe^aKTop),

^JieH-Kopp. AH CGCP B. A. GEPEBPEHHHKOB,

AOKTop (j)MJio;i. uayK H. A. BACKAKOB,

AOKTop (Jhhjioji. Hayn 10. fl. flEIflEPWEB,

AOKTop $hjioji. Hayn n. fl. CKOPHK,

KaHAHAax ({wjiqji. nayn B. 0>. BEJIflEB

(} ri ieHWH ceKpeTapi>)

TttimtrUL

MOHFOAbCKME. TYHrYCO

MAHbM>KyPCKME M

nAAE0A3MATCI<ME 5I3UKM

PEflAKIJHOHHAfl KO^JIETMfl V TOM A:

AOKTop $mjioji. sayu II. fl. CKOPHK

(oTBercTBeHHHH peAaKTop),

qjies-Kopp. AH CGCP B. A. ABPOPHH,

AOKTop cjjhjicwi. nayn T. A. EEPTAPAEB,

AOKTop fymion. nayK r. A. MEHOBIflHKOB,

AOKTop (J)hjioji. nayn 0. II. CYHHK,
K8HA. (Jwjiojj. HayK 0. A. KOHCTAHTHHOBA