Tausug-English Dictionary: Kabtangan Iban Maana

16

Grammar Notes

1. Ptoits of Speech

1.1 Nouns

Nouns arc of three types: (1) simple, (2) derived, and (3) complex. (1) Simple nouns are
afiBxed or afiGxable roots which are only inflected for diminutive aspect e.g^ batu "stone," kura'
"horse," bay-bay "smaU house." (2) Derived nouns consist of a root and a derivative a£G]i, e.g.,
ka-datimg (nominalizer - to arrive) "arrival". (3) Complex nouns are nominaiized transforms c^
verhs and as such have verbal inflection, cg^^piyt^-bunu'-an "place where a battle was fought"

1.2 Relators

Relators signal the grammatical relationships between verbs and their associated nominal
phrases, eg., sin "non-topic actor," in "topic," ha "oblique."

JWrtf (sin) tau (in) sapV (ha)

buy (non-topic act.) man (topic) cow (oblique)

bagay fuya.
friend h^

The man bouglit the cow from his friend."

Relators abo signal relationships such as possession, coordination and sutxMrdination.

possession: sin

bay
house

(sin)
(poss.)

tau
man

dayahan
rich

"house of the rich man"

coordination:

iban

i^a*
fish

(iban)
(and)

sibuyas
onions

"fish and onions"

17

subordination: bang

(Bang)

dakula

in

ista*,

bDrnn

ku

(If)

large

topic

fish,

buy

I

"If the fish arc large, FIl buy them."

13 Adverbs

Adverbs are particles which are non-relational and are attributive to the ccmstruaion In which

they occur. They include such functions as:

time: bakas "previously;" kaina "a while ago"

quotation: kunu' "quote"

uncertainty: baha' "pray tell;" kaiu-kalu "perhaps"

surprise: tuwi' "oops"

negation: di' "not"

interrogation: ka "question"

limitation: na "completive;" pa "incompletive;" da "only"

obligation: subay "should"

1.4 Pronouns

Pronouns are words which have components of person, number, and proximity and sut)stitute
for noun phrases. They are either personal or non-personal (demonstrative). They divide into four
classes according to their ftinction on the clause and sentence level. The following charts display
their relationship to the phrase sets (see section 2, Phrase l^pes below, p. 21) of the language.

Phrase Membership

Phrase^

Phrasej

Phrase^

Phrase^

Pron. Qass

<kaw>

<mu>

<kaymu>

<ikaw>

Speaker: sg.

aku

ku/ta

kaku'

aku

pi.

kami

namu'

kamu'

kami

Hearer sg.

kaw

mu

kaymu

ikaw

pi.

kamu

niyu

kaniyu

kamu

Other: sg.

siya

niya

kaniya

siya

pi.

sila

nila

kanila

sila

Speaker-hearer: sg.

kita

ta

katu*

kita

pi.

kitaniyu

taniyu

katu'niyu

kitaniyu

Chart 2a Personal Pronouns of Tausug

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Phrase Membership

Phrase^

Phrascj

Phrase^

Phrase^

Pron, Class

<kaw>

<mu>

<kaymu>

<ikaw>

near or touching

speaker this

m mi

sm mi

ha ini

ini

near to hearer: this

in yan

sin yan

ha yan

yan

away from speaker and

hearer, but within sight:

that

in yaun

sin yaun

ha yaun

yaun

far away from both

(remote) that

in yadtu

sin yadtu

ha yadtu

yadtu

Chart 2b Demonstrative Pronouns of Tausug

The <kaw> class of pronouns functions in the same way as Phrase^. The <mu> set
functions like Phrase2, <kaymu> like Phrase^, and <ikaw> like Phrase..

1.5 Adjectives

Adjectives, like nouns, are affixed or afGxable roots which are inflected only for diminutive
aspect They contrast with nouns, however, in that they occur in attributive slots. Adjectives are of
two types: simple and derived. Simple adjectives are unaffixed roots which are only inflected for
diminutive aspect. Examples are dakula' "large," asibi' "small," dakula'-dahda' "somewhat large,"
pula "red," and baliskat "inverted."

Derived adjectives consist of the adjectival prefix ma- plus a root, e.g., ma-dayaw (phoneti-
cally marayaw) "good," ma-taud "many," ma-bahu' "odorous," and ma-bagunbun "dusty."

1.6 Interjections

Interjections are exclamatory in nature. They consist of one or more words and usually occur
at the first of the sentence periphery, e.g., d\ "oh," andu' kaiiul "sympathy," ay kaw naal "hey,"
and abd\ "wow."

1.7 Verbs

1,7J Inflection

Verbs contrast with the other parts of speech in that they are obligatorily inflected for
time-aspect, focus, and mode. Categories of time-asj)ect are: begun (b) or not begun (nb).
Categories of focus are: originator (Of), object (Obf), accessoiy (Af), and referent (Rf) (see section
3, Focus, below, pp. 22-23). Categories of mode are: purposive, abilitative ("able to^appen to,")

ly

and imperative. The following is a paradigm of these obligatory afOxes with the verb duhal '"to hand
over," and, for object focus, kaun "to eat," since duhal does not occur with object focus.

. - A>fnri*»

Focus ]

Purposive

Abilitative

Imperative

1 Aspect
1 nb
Of 1

1 ^

dumuhal/
magduhal

dimuhal/
nagduhal

makaduhal
nakaduhal

duhal kaw/kamu

Obf 1 nb

1 b

kaunun
kiyaun

makaun
nakaun

kauna

Af 1 nb

1 b

hiduhal
diyuhal

hikaduhal
kiyaruhal

duhal^

Rf 1 nb

duhalan
diyuhalan

karuhalan
kiyaruhalan

duhali

Chart 3 Obligatory Verba! Affixes of Tausug

Verbs are also optionally inflected for causative voice and for manner-aspect. The above
chart with the causative affix added is as follows:

- VfnHf*

Focus

Purposive

Abilitative

Imperative

Of

Aspect
nb

magparuhal

makaparuhal

pagparuhal
kaw/kamu

b

nagparuhal

nakaparuhat

Obf

nb

pakaunun

mapakaun

pakauna

b

piyakaun

napakaun

Af

nb

hiparuhal

hikaparuhal

paruhalan

b

piyaruhal

kiyaparuhal

Rf

nb

paruhalan

kaparuhalan

paruhali

b

piyaruhalan

kiyaparuhalan

Chart 4 Causative and Obligatory Verbal Affixes of Tausug

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Categories of manner-aspect are:

Simple (mag'/nag-)y used with Originator focus onty.

Functiliar (-um-l-im-jj with Originator focus only. Note in the chart of obligatory
affixes above that either Simple or Puncttliar is obligatoiy in Originator focus,
Purposive mode. Functiliar manner-aspect does not co-occur with any other
affixes except Progressive and Diminutive.

Progressive, normally used with begun aspect, not with not-begun aspect. Formed by
reduplicating the initial consonant and vowel of the stem, e.g., nagduruhaJ siya
"be/she is/was in the process of handing over** and Idyakaun niya "he/she is/was
in the process of eating (it)."

Diminutive, formed by reduplicating the entire stem, e.g., kinuam-kaun sila "they
snacked" and langug-lcmgugun ta "let's tease (them) a little."

Reciprocal, formed by reduplicating the entire stem, prefixing the first stem with
mag-, and both infixing and suffbdng the second stem with i , e.g., magduhai-
(Syuhali sila "they will hand things to each other."

Habituative (Frequentative). The following is a chart of the obligatory affixes with
Habituative added. Note that there is no habituative form focusing the object in
Abilitative Mode:

Mode

Focus j

Purposive

Abilitative

Imperative

1 Aspect
; nb
Of '

1 b

magduhai
nagduhal

makapagduha!
nakapagduhal

pagduhal
kaw/kamu

Obf j nb
1 b

pagkaunun
piyagkaun

pagkauna

Af ' nb

[ b

hipagduhai
piyagduhal

hikapagduhal
kiyapagduhal

pagduhalan

Rf 1 nb

> b

pagduhalan
piyagduhalan

kapagduhalan
kiyapagduhalan

pagduhali

ChaH 5 Habituative and Obligatory Verbal Affixes of Tausug

1.7,2 Stem Classes

Verb steins are classed according to the case relationships inherent in the verb stem and each
class of verb stem has its own distinctive class meaning and pattern of afBxation. About half the
verb stems in this dictionary have tentative stem class identifications marked. Others are not marked
since the analysis is not yet complete. For a full discussion of stem classes, see section 6, Verb Stem
Classes, pp. 28-38.

2. Phrase l^pes

2.1 There are four phrase sets in Tausug, called phrase^ phrase2, phrase^, and phrase^.
Each phrase set includes substantive phrases and pronouns. Substantive phrases are personal or
non-personal. They may be further subdivided into simple and coordinate.

2.2 Substantive phrases are relator-axis phrases and differ from one another in the different
relators and their different functions on the clause and sentence level. A formula for the simple

phrase is as follows:

+ relator + axis

in any substantive with its modifiers

The formula for the coordinate phrase is as follows:

+ relator + head expression + connector

in any substantive iban

with modifiers

+ head e3q>resston

phrasej/any
substantive with
modifiers

2.3 The members of the class of connectors marked iban in the formula above are: h^
"connector of personal nouns," iban "and," atawa "or." The members of the daas of relators
marked in are on the chart below.

Fhrasci

Phrasej

Phrascj

Phrase^

Personal substantive
phrase relator

»g-

hi

hi

kan/kanda

hi

pi.

hinda

hinda

kaynda

hinda

Non-personal substantive
phrase relator

in

sin

ha (location);
pa (directba)

Chart 6 Tausug RekUors Marked in

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3. Focus

3.1 The term focus in Tausug refers to the special relationship between the topic noun
phrase (phrase^) of a clause (marked by in, /u, or hinda) and the clause predicate whereby that
particular noun phrase is highlighted or focused. This relationship is indicated by verbal inflection.
It has relevance not only at the clause and sentence level but seems to function at the paragraph
level as well and perhaps at the discourse level; e.g., in the sentence,

Kiyaun sin iru' in ista '.

*The fish was eaten by the dog.",

the relator in marks ista' ''fish'* as being in topic focus relationship to the predicate kiyaun ''eaten."
The non-topic agent relationship of phrasej sin iru' "by the dog" is marked by the relator sin,

3.2 Four focus constructions are differentiated: Originator (Of), Object (Obf), Referent
(Rf) and Accessory (Af). The range of affixation in each instance is determined by the class
membership of the verb stem with which the affix occurs.

3.2.1 Originator focus affixes {mag-, -urn-, and others) indicate that the grammatical
originator of the clause is the topic or item being focused in the clause. In the example

Naglawag siya iban.

Of=b=search topic=orig=he obj=companion

"He searched for a companion.",

the originator focus affix occurring with the verb "search" indicates that the originator he is the
focused item or topic.

3.2.2 Object focus affixes (-un and others) indicate that the grammatical object of the clause
is the item being focused.

Lawagun sin sundalu in iban

Obf=nb=search orig-mkr orig=soldier topic obj=companion

niya.
poss=:he

The soldier will look for his companion."

The grammatical object "his companion" is the focused item or topic.

3.2.3 Referent affixes (-an and others) indicate that the grammatical referent of the clause
is being focused.

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Lawagan ta kaw manuk.

Rf=nb=search orig=pron=I ref=you=sg obj^chtcken

"Fll look for a chicken for you."

The grammatical referent ''you" is the focused item or topic.

3.2.4 Similarly, accessory focus affixes {hi- and others) indicate that the grammatical aocessocy
is the focused item or topic.

Hipangiawag mu in palitaan.

Af = nb = search or ig ^you = sg topic acs = lamp

"Use the lamp for searching."

Here the grammatical accessory "lamp" is the focused item or topic.

For an explanation of the semantic relationships of focus affixes see Section 6, Verb Stem
Classes, below, pp. 28-38.

3.3 The relationship of the four grammatical constructions to phrase sets 1, 2, and 3 that
expound them is illustrated in the following chart involving a change of state verb. It is important
to remember that the constructions permitted and the relationship of the phrase sets to those
constructions depend on the stem class membership of the verb involved.

Predicate

Originator Object

Accessory

Referent

mag-CH 1 Phrase^

CH 1-un Phrase,

hi-CH 1
CH 1-an

Phrase2
Phrase,

Phrase2
Phrasej
Phrasej
Phrase,

PhrasCj
Phrase2
PhrasCj
Phrase,

Phrase^
Phrasej
Phrase^
Phrase,

ChaH 7 Relationship of Tausug Focus Constructions to Phrase Sets

3.4 Phrase set 4 (ph^) functions as an emphatic, filling the predicate slot of a non-verbal
lassificational clause:

Ikaw in bagay ku,

predicate=you=(ph^ topic friend=(phj) poss=my=(ph2)

"You are my friend."

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4. CUuse Types

Below in chart form are presented the main types of Tausug clauses:

1.

Non-Vertial

1.1

Existential

+

Predicate
awn

+

Complement
phrase^

12

Descriptive

+

Predicate

+

Topic
phrase^

U
1.3.1

Nominal
Locative

+

Predicate
phrasej

+

Topic
phrase^

1.3.2

Classificational

+

Predicate
phrase^

+

Topic
phrase j^

133

Interrogative

+

Predicate
mayUi'

+

Topic
phrase^

2.

Verbal

2.1

Stative (Non-agentive)

+

Predicate

ma- Verb stem

+

Topic
phrase^

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Active (Agentive)

+

Predicate
Verb stem
(focus inflected)

+

Topic
phrase 1

Ouut 8 Tausug Clause Types

5. Morphophonemics

In word formation, when a final nasal consonant of an affix is followed by certain consonants,
the phonetic form of the word changes.

5.1. The affixes mang-, nang-, and pang-

The rules for these affixes are as follows, with examples (parentheses signify an c^tional
element, C means m, n, or p, and V vowel).

1. Cong' -^ \ \ " Cam-

deleted:

{:}

The final nasal assimilates to t^g pQi^t of articulation of the following stop and the stop

mang- + bunu' ► mamunu' "to fight, kill"

nang- + patay » namatay "killed"

pang- + buwad ► pamuwad "clothes to be dried"

2. Cong' +

Can-

The final nasal assimilates to the point of articulation of the following cc»isoDant and that
consonaiit is deleted:

mang- + sanda ' ► mananda ' "to pawn"

nang- + tahi' * nanahi' "sewed"

pang- + tangis ► panangis "always crying"

3. Cong- + k ► Cang-

The k, the first phbneme of the stem, is deleted:

mang- + kustaw ► mangustaw "to embeole"

nang- + kahuy * nangakuy "gathered firewood"

pang- + kugut ► pangugui "prone to extort"

We use the term CV reduplication (CV rdp.) to mean the reduplication of the first ooosonant
and the first vowel of the stem. When CV rdp. occurs with mang- or nang- (it does not apply to
pang-% the above rules apply first. After they have applied, there is a new stem (call it stcm^ that
begins with a nasal consonant. CV rdp. applies to stem2. The following is the rule:

4. CV rdp. +

nut

+ stem2

ma 1
na I

+ CV,

Wnij + stemj

Examples are (new stem is boldfaced):

CV rdp. + mamunu' ^ mamumunu* "murderer" (stem^u/iu')

CV rdp. + manahi* ► mananahi* "tailor, seamstress" (stem tahi')

CV rdp. + nangula ► nangungula "is bleaching" (stem kula)

CV rdp. + nanibit ► nantnibit "is clutching" (stem sibit)

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5^ The affix -um-

This affix is infixed after the first consonant of the stem. When the initial consonant is a
bilabial stop, the first syllable of the infixed stem is deleted. The rule for -urn- is as follows:

-um- +

m

Examples:

•um- + panaw
-um- + buka '
-um- + pikit

pumanaw

bu/rmka'

pumikU

manaw "walk"
nuJca ' "crack open"
pilot "stick to"

CV reduplication does not co-occur with -um-.

S3, The affix -vn-

This affix is also infixed after the first consonant of the stem. When that consonant is a
bilabial stop, the -im- metathesizes and then the bilabial stop is deleted. The rules for -im- are as
follows (Vis any vowel):

6a. 'im- +

!:}■

imV

{:}-

(metathesis)

6b.

\ miV

\n

miV (Cj deletion),

Examples where V is a or u (In the orthography, a y is written next to the infix, but it is
not written here nor in the examples under rule 7 below. See ORTHOGRAPHY above, section 6.3,
p. 5):

-un- + patay
•im- + buka '

punatay
pmiatay
bunuka*
bmiuka'

pmiatay (rule 6a)

miatay "died" (6b)

bmiuka ' (6a)

miuka ' "cracked open" (6b)

When V in rules 6a and 6b is i, the i of the infix and the i of the stem coalesce. The following
is the additional rule:

6c. mii

mi (vowel coalescence)

27

Examples where V is i:
'im- + pikit

'im- + bUuk

pipnikii

pnmldt

mUkk

bimUuk

bmiUuk

miiluk

-^pmiikk (rule 6a)

-^miUdt (6b)

-* mndt "stuck" (6c)

-♦ bmiiiiik (6a)

— miiluk (6b)

^miluk "turned" (6c)

When CV reduplication occurs with -im-, the above rules apply first. After they have applied
there is a new stem that begins with m and a new infix, -/-, immediately after the m. CV rdp. then
reduplicates the m and the first vowel of the original stem (Vj). The new infix shifts position to
immediately after the reduplicated m, i.e., still following the first consonant of the word. The
following is the rule (the reduplicated syllable is in bold&ce and parentheses enclose segments that
are not present in every stem. The rule begins with the output of rule 6, p. 26):

7a. miV^C^(C^)iW^){C^ -
7b. mFjmiKjC2(C3)(V2)(C^

Examples where Vj is a or u:

(Stem bimtu!) miunnd

mumiuntui

(Stem bdk) ntidk

mamidk

mKj/mKjC2(C3)(V2)(C^ (CV rdp.)

imr,mKjC2(C3)(V2)(C^
(shift of affix -i-)

mumiuntui (rule 7a)

miumuntul "is bePoming straight" (7b)

mamidk (7a)

miamdk "is meeting" (7b)

The second example illustrates that when the first vowel of a stem is long, only the
corresponding short vowel is reduplicated.

When Vj in rules 7a and 7b is i, the / of the stem and the i of the infix coalesce. The following
is the additional rule:

7c. mumiC2(C3)(V2)(C^
Examples where V^ is i :

(Stem bingkuk) miingkuk

mimiingkuk
miimingkuk

(Stem pikis) miikit

aumiikit
mtiimikit

mimiCjiC^Xy^X^A) (vowel coalescence)

mimiingkuk (rule 7a)

miimingkuk (7b)

numingkuk "is becoming crooked" (7c)

mimiikit (7a)
nuimUdt (7b)
nufnUdt "is sticking" (7c)

Tausug-English Dictionary:
Kabtangan Iban Maana

First edition compiled and edited by

Irene U. Hassan, Nurhadan Halud,
Seymour A. Ashley and Mary L Ashley

Second edition compiled and edited by
Irene U. Hassan, Seymour A. Ashley and Mary L Ashley

Index of second edition compiled by
Malcolm S. Armour

Notre Dame ofJolo College
JolOy Sulu

Summer Institute of Linguistics
Manila^ Philippines

1994