Notes on Yogad

2„ Morphology

The morphemes of Yogad may be divided into several
classes s (l) Word bases Include the majority of morphemes, and all
appear to potentially take any affix, actual combinations being
perhaps governed by lexical compatabilitleSo (2) Affixes are
divisible into three syntactic sub-classes. (3) Ligatures and
conjunctions, Ik) Pronouns are divided into four syntactic sub-
classes, and include forms translated as English demonstratives,
(5) Adverbs „ (6) Exclamations «

Three classes of affixes may be distinguished*, the MAG
class, the AN class, and the KA class. An affixed stem may occur
in most positions where a simple stem may occur. However, as the
first unit of a YU construction, a stem with a KA class affix has
not been observed, nor has a stem with an AN class affix unless It
be expanded with an attributive NU expression. The real meaning
of an affixed stem (as distinct from its free translation) is
Independent of its position in the utterance.

The MAG class of affixes in general singnifies the actor
or principal participant in the action or state denoted by the
word base affixed. These affixes are mostly in pairs, those with
initial a indicating a present or future action, and those with n
a past action, ' ,_

YOGAD IJOTES 79

/ma-/, /na-/ a state; /mag-/ 1 /nag-/ action leading to a state;
/maka-/, /naka-/ ability or tendency to act; /maklg-/, /naklg-/
group action with somebody; /mamml-/, /oamml-/ number of times;
/meka-/ ordinal numeral:; /-um-/, /-Inum-/; /oang-/, /nang-/;
/magi-/, /nagl-/; /mangi-/, /nangl-/; /me-/, /ne-/; etc.

The AN class of affixes In general signifies something
or someone other than the actor or principal participant In the
action or state denoted by the word base affixed. These affixes
are also in pairs, the first listed indicating a present or future
action, and the second a past action.

/-an/, /-In^/ goal of action; /klg- . . . -an/ , /Itlnlg-/ group action,
the one acted with; /I-/, /ni-/ accessory to the action; /ma-,,,
-an/, /na-,..-an/; /pa-... -an/, /pina-/; /Ika-/, /nlka-/; etc.

The KA class of affixes in general signifies some time-
less aspect or associate of the action or state denoted by the
word base affixed.

/ag-,o.-an/ instrument of action; /pag-.,,-an/ place for perform-
ing action; /lea-/ abstract property related to the meaning of the
word base; /ka-,,,-an/ superlative degree; etc.

3. Syntax •

The TU coi^structlpn con0tltates a clause — the minimal
sentence construction. It <^onslsts of two units linked together
by any one of the equating ligatures: /yu/ Impersonal, /danu/
impersonal plural, /si/ personal names and kin, /da/ personal
plural. Either of the units may be a simple word base, an affixed
form, or an endocentric construction. If the first unit is
personal, it also is preceded by a personal ligature, /si/ or /da/.
The second unit tends to represent the continuing topic of discus-
sion, whereas the first unit tends to be a semantic element newly
introduced into the discussion, to be contrasted and emphasised,

Ayam yu atu. (animal YU dog) 'The dog is an animal.'
Dana yu sapatusku. (old YU shoes-NU/I) 'My shoes are old.'
Nalimat si Pedro, (drowned/one YU Pedro) 'Pedro drowned,'
Ikaradammu yu patenu atawam. ( cause/of /sadness-NU/you YU death-HU
wlfe-NU/you) 'The death of your wife grieves you,'
3i Bantay yaw. (YU Bantay YU/this) 'This Is Bantay.'
Da Pilar annl Nena yu kissilongngu. (YU Pilar and Henia YU ones/

who/play /with-NU/you) 'Pilar and Nena are your playmates,'
Makongit yu lalakl, (noisy/one YU boy) 'The boy is noisy.'
Lalakl yu makongit. (boy YU noisy/one) 'It's the boy who is

noisy. •

YOOAD NOTES
80

The first unit of a YU construction may be a pronoun of
aTrAM iilfls The second unit plus the ligature YU may he re-
placed hy a pronoun of the ^jj^"- ^^^^ Class

Simple Plural Simple Plural

T, „ « -tan kami silcan sikaml

First Person ^a" ^^^ sikita sikltam

Inclusive Person kita ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^

^ - vftw danaw Also: vara 'there is'

Beside Speaker yaw ,^^^^^,

Beside Hearer ylna ^nx ^ ,^^^^,

^^^'^^if J^n^r JSn danuyi kassandi -how?-

Far Distance juj-l -'

-„,o Chouse YU/that) 'That is a house.'
Itll^yl ISaAta."^ (wha^^,^ tiing/to/do-NU/we) 'What shall we do7'
BaSgngag sira. (deaf YU/they 'They are deaf.'
Bangiifcafc (how' YU/you) 'How are you?'

ItkHu nSlkklriyou^^ ine/who/hroke) 'You broke it.'

Immediately following the first unit of a YU construct-
ing member of a small class of adverbs may occur: /-da/ 'now,
ion, ^^y.'^^?^^^ °a/ .yet. still'; /oa/ 'also'; /laaun/ 'only';
?ii:maS;^C>In?r/vi?V or /abiit/ <tor a w^le, please'; etc.

LiriS-da^nTrriLe;ro;:p^^^ Wthey) 'They spoke^.

.ts are IJSkfd rore-ef ^a^? Tne^Sf ?ran?r?S^ti;eTi;^t;res
^"^/im^ersiSl /dinu/ impersonal plural, /ni/ personal, /da/
/''''{oS n?S?al The first unit is the head, and the second is
L'?Xti?e to it, denoting the possessor, actor, or sphere of
?Je first! This Construction may substitute for a simple stem
in any position.

Kabbana yu babuy nu talun. (lll.e-mJ/he YU pig •'5,fJ»?*„].,,;««,g.,
in Ua tu lagummu blnalay. (go Wyou TU InBlde-NU^house)^ ;ao^^^_
Atu nl Pepe 81 Bantay. (dog KB Pepe TU Bantay) 'Bantay U Pepe- j
Klnlggablnnu lalaW bagglna. (<'n«/'>P°l^«»/''}J^;''^^S*SpS{*'?i him.'

The seoond unit of a NU oonatructlon plus the llgatwre
NU may be replaced by a pronoun of the HU claBB.

tGOAD> NOTES

First Person
Inclusive Person
Second Person
Third Person

Simple

Pliiral

-ku

-ml

-ta

-tarn

-m, -nu

-maw

-na

-da

Waglku si Nena. (slMlng-NU/I YD Nena) 'Nena Is my sister.'
Wara anakku. (there/Is (YU) offsprlng-NU/l) 'I have a son.'

The TU construction Is an expanded clause consisting of
tvo units linked together "by any one of the ohlique ligatures /tu/
Impersonal, /taku danu/ Impersonal plural, /taku nl/ personal,
/taku da/ personal plural. The first unit Is Itself a clause iof
the YU type) and the second Is dependent upon It, giving further
Information about the action, e.g. goal, Indirect goal, heneflter,
agent. Instrument, place, time, etc. The second unit may be a
simple word base, an affixed form, or an endocentrlc construction.

Macryan si Pilar tu blnalay. (one/who/remains YU Pilar TU house)

^'' 'Pilar stays home,"

Maklssllong taku da Inna annl Pilar, (one/who/plays/wlth (YU/flhe)

TU Mother and Pilar) 'She plays with Mother and Pilar,'

Nacabld tu namltta, (one/who/spoke (YU/he) TU one/who/dld/onoe)

•^ 'He spoke once,

ManKan kltam tu lelaw. (one/who/ eats YU/we TU morning) 'Let's
'^ eat In the morning.

Inlndon nakan tu pesut. (one/glven/to NUAe-YU/I TU peso) 'He

gave me a peso.

The second unit of a TU construction plus the ligature
TU may be replaced by a pronoun of the TU class.

Simple Plural
First Person nlkan nlkami
Inclusive Person nlklta nlkltam
Second Person nlka nlkam
Third Person takuna takura
Beside Speaker saw
Beside Hearer slna
Middle Distance tuya
Far Distance tuyl

In ka saw. (coming/one YU/you TU/here) 'Come here,'
YaKlm Blkan yu llbru, (thlng/caused/to/oome-HU/you TU/I YU book)
^ 'Bring me the book,'

Wara yu magayag nlka, (there/Is YU calling/one TU/you) 'Someone
' is calling you,'

The A construction consists of two units linked together
by the apposltlonal ligature /a/, and may substitute for a simple

g2 YOGAD K0TE3

stem in most positions, /a/ identifies the two units as one and
the same entity, though without the highlighting emphasis of a YU
construction. Either unit may he a simple stem or affixed form.
YU and TU class pronouns have been observed as the first \init.

Ammem a mabayag. (not=>NU/y6u A long/time/one) 'Don't be long.'
Itannu yu atu a ngisit. (thing/to/see-NU/you YU dog A black) 'See

the black dog.' With the same meaning: Itannu yu ngisit a atu,
Nani tu tallu a bulan tarappa. (later TU three A month yet)

•There are still three months to go.' (in reply)
Talvantam yu burasi a nipasilongtam. (thing/to/change-NU/we YU

clothes A t hing/f or/play ing-NU/we) 'We change our playolothes.'

Addu yu tolay a dumamarama tu kalasada. (many YU person A walking/

one TU road) 'There are many people walking along the road.'

Makongit yina a tolay. (noisy/one YU/that A person) 'That person

° •' is noisy,'

Maevan sira saw a binalay. (dwelling/one YU/they TU/here A house)
wagya" o-i. 'They live in this house.'

When an A construction would otherwise be the first unit
of a YU or NU construction and a pronoun the second unit, the YU
or NU class pronoun immediately follows the first part of the A
construction, rather than the second,

Bagu yaw a natatomi. (new/one YU/this A tl^Jng/learnt-NU/we)

*^ «^ ^ 'We have Just learnt this.'

Wagiku a babay si Nena. (sibling-NU/I A girl YU Nena) ^'Nej^^^^^,

The inverting particle /ay/ indicates that what precedes
it In utterance-initial position (the second unit of either a YU
or TU construction eIus its ligature) is out of its more ^8^*1
order later in the utterance to gain emphasis, /ay/ precedes what
is otherwise the first unit of a YU construction. YU class pro^
nouns, when thus inverted, are replaced by 3IKAN class pronouns.

Yu atu ay pinalungu anak. (YU dog AY hit/one-NU child) 'The child

hit the dogo' With the same meaning: Pinalungu anak yu atu.
Si yamaku ay mattrabahu. (YU father-NU/I AY working/one) 'My

father works.' With the same meaning: Mattrabahu si yamaku,
Nani tu lelaw ay angekami. (later TU morning AY going/one YU/we)

'We will go tomorrow,' Same meaning: Angekami nani tu lelaw,
Tu kagayan ay mamanwet danu lallaki. (TU river AY fishing/one YU

men) 'The men are fishing at the river,'

With the same meaning: Mamanwet danu lallaki tu kagayan.
Sika ay umarukkup tu kayu, (you AY climbing/one TU tree) 'You

are climbing the tree.' Same meaning: Umarukkup ka tu kayu,
Yina ay si Amma, (YU/that AY YU Father) 'That is Father,'

With the same meaning: Si Amma yina.

OCEANIA LINGUISTIC MONOGRAPHS

No. 3

STUDIES IN PHILIPPINE LINGUISTICS

t-y

Members of the Siurmer Institute of Ling"aistics
(Pacific Branch)

University of Sydney, Australia
1958