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THE ROYAL NAVY

A HISTORY

J?ROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PRESENT

From the Earliest Times to the I

Wm. Laird i

•/ Kin/ft Collifft, I
Hon. Membfr oj

Sir Clements Markham, K.(
Captain A.

Mr. H.
Theodore Roo

Thii •
Hundreds of Foil Page and

A History
From the Earliest Times to the Present

Wm. Laird Clowes

Fellow ofKinf>s College, London; Gold Medallist U.S. Naval Institute •
Hon. Member of tke Royal United Service toOtSE*

Assisted by

Sir Clements Markham, K.C.B., P.R.G.S.
Captain A. T. Mahan, U.S.N.

Mr. H. W. Wilson
Col. Theodore Roosevelt, Governor of New York

Thirty Photogravures

and

Hundreds of Full Page and other
Illustrations

Maps, Charts

etc.

In -Six Volumes
VOL. V.

LONDON

SAMPSON Low, MARSTON AND COMPANV

LIMITED

&t. Sttitftan's Souse, Jfrtter Sane, IE.C.
1900

LONDON :
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,

8TAMFOUD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.

70
C55

)/.£

INTKODUCTION TO VOLUME V.

THE present volume contains the record of the whole of the great
naval struggle with the empire of the first Napoleon, from the
beginning of the renewed war in 1803, when, indeed, Napoleon
had not yet assumed the imperial dignity, up to the summer of
1815, when the peace of Europe was secured by the deportation
of the wonderful Corsican to St. Helena. I had hoped also to
include in the volume the history of the war between Great Britain
and the United States of America, 1812-1815 ; but, owing to the
considerable length to which it necessarily extends, I have found
myself unable to do so without swelling this section of the book
to extravagant proportions. Governor Eoosevelt's account of the
American "War, therefore, will occupy the first place in the next
and final volume of the work. Nor do I much regret that I am
not now able to include it, seeing that the contents of the present
volume are already, so far as they go, complete in themselves, and
that, although the two were waged simultaneously, our wars with
France and with America in the early years of the nineteenth
century had little or no connection one with the other, and were
of fundamentally different origin and character.

I am personally responsible for the whole of the instalment of
the History now given to the reader. It was originally arranged
that my friend, Mr. H. W. Wilson, should contribute the record
of the minor operations of the war of 1803-15 ; and he actually
wrote so much of it as brought the story up to nearly the close of
the year 1810 ; but he was unable to revise what he had written,
or to complete the account ; and that task, in consequence, remained
for me. I much regret that pressure of other engagements should
have thus deprived me of his co-operation.

The central episode of the present volume is, of course, the-ever

vi INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME V.

memorable campaign of Trafalgar, with, as subsidiary, but very
closely related incidents, the blockade of Brest, the watching of
Toulon, the victories of Calder and Strachan, and the assembly
and proceedings of the Invasion Flotilla. After Trafalgar, although
other actions were fought in almost every quarter of the field of
hostilities, the naval part of the war languished. The nature of its
conclusion could be plainly foreseen by all ; and not even the later
adherence of Eussia and Denmark to the cause of the Emperor
was then capable of materially influencing the result. Trafalgar
determined the sea war in our favour ; and the issue of the land
war, although that issue was delayed for ten years, was, I believe,
never for a moment in doubt after the day when Great Britain had
so convincingly vindicated her claim to be considered mistress of
the seas.

In view, therefore, of the enormous importance, both to Great
Britain and to the world at large, of the victory of October 21st, 1805,
I desire to call special attention to some of the peculiar circum-
stances which gave us that victory. In the interests alike of our
island security and of our imperial development, it is imperative
that we should be under no misapprehensions on such a subject.
It is certainly not desirable that we should hastily assume, as I
fear too many of us do, that Trafalgar is a success which we can
at any moment duplicate, should need arise. It is assuredly not
reasonable that we should merely look upon it, as many of us do,
as a not very surprising demonstration of the superiority of British
foresight, strategy, seamanship, tactics, physique, and bravery.
Yet I do not hesitate to say that most of us habitually mis-
interpret our great naval victories, and the victory of Trafalgar in
particular ; and that, so long as we continue to misinterpret them,
our naval position is a false and dangerous one.

Let us not, for example, continue to cherish the incorrect belief
that Englishmen are, or were, braver than Frenchmen or Spaniards ;
and that we owe our naval successes to that cause. The truth is
that no bravery could have exceeded the bravery of the Frenchmen
and Spaniards who fought at Trafalgar. Many of their ships, ere
they surrendered, had lost nearly half their complements ; and the
nature and amount of the punishment which our enemies sustained,
before submitting, would do credit to the most gallant and deter-
mined fighters who ever existed. We, of a surety, showed no finer
devotion. Again, we have no right to claim that the foresight and

INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME V. VU

strategy of the Admiralty were sounder than the foresight and
strategy of Napoleon. The Admiralty did not so manage as to
place a fleet of superior force at the disposal of Nelson for the
critical battle. Napoleon, on the contrary, although his difficulties
were fully as serious as ours were, did manage to place at the
disposal of "Villeneuve a force numerically superior to the force of
Nelson. Nor is that all. If Napoleon's plans and directions had
been loyally and intelligently carried out by his lieutenants, the
Franco-Spanish force on October 21st would have been very much
more numerically superior than it was to our own. As I have
said elsewhere : —

"If Napoleon had succeeded in carrying out the naval combinations which he
ordered, and if his admirals had invariably obeyed him, it is probable that the allies
might have found themselves in such overwhelming force, on the occasion of the
decisive battle, that not even Nelson could have saved Britain from defeat. One of
Napoleon's schemes for the invasion of England contemplated the concentration at the
mouth of the Channel of fifty sail of the line ; another scheme contemplated the con-
centration there of at least fifty-six sail, and, in certain contingencies, of about seventy-
one. If either of these schemes had been carried out with precision, or if, in March,
1805, Ganteaume had dared to leave Brest with twenty-one sail of the line, and had
fallen upon Cornwallis, who had then with him only about sixteen ; or if Salcedo,
instead of remaining inactive at Cartagena, had joined Villeneuve when the latter was
off the port on April 6th, 1805 ; or if, after his return from the West Indies and his
action with Calder, Villeneuve had not put in to Vigo and Perrol, thence proceeding to
Cadiz, instead of to Brest and the Channel, as Napoleon had directed — then the victory
of Trafalgar might have been humanly impossible, and the plans of invasion might
have been carried forward. If Villeneuve had been active and energetic, he might have
put to sea from Ferrol on August 2nd with twenty-nine sail, and caught Calder outside
with only nine. Cornwallis, usually a most accomplished strategist, made the mistake,
at the very crisis of the campaign, of separating the Channel Fleet, and of leaving
himself, with only seventeen sail, between Villeneuve's twenty-seven or twenty-eight
ships on the one hand, and Ganteaume's twenty-one on the other. Even on the
very eve of the battle, Villeneuve might have left Cadiz, and crushed or driven off
Collingwood before the arrival of Nelson." *

Neither, then, to superior foresight and strategy, nor to superior
bravery, do we, I think, owe the surprising result of Trafalgar-
Do we owe it to tactics ? I suspect not ; for Nelson's tactics came
as no surprise to the enemy, Villeneuve himself having divined
beforehand with fair accuracy what was to be his opponent's method
of attack, and having, apparently, made plans to meet it. More-
over, after the battle had been once fairly joined, tactics played
very little part in it. Each captain, on the British side at least,
was left to fight as he deemed best, subject only to the general

1 ' The Navy and the Empire.'

viii INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME V.

rules which had been laid down for him by the Commander-in-
Chief. As for the question of physique, it is notorious that when,
in the war of 1803-15, it came to hand-to-hand fighting, a French-
man was generally no bad match for an Englishman.

And yet, in spite of all, Trafalgar ranks as a British victory, and
as the greatest and most pregnant success that has ever been won
upon the seas. In addition, it ranks as a striking exception to the
law that, in fleet actions, victory usually inclines to the side of
the " bigger battalions."

But, some may say, surely that law, if there be a law of the
sort, does not apply with much consistency to the experiences of
the British Navy. On that point, also, strange misconceptions
prevail. Most of our great victories have been gained by superiority
of numbers. With superiority of numbers we gained the battles
of the Kentish Knock, of Portland, of Lowestoft, of Barfleur, of
Vigo Bay, of Cape Passaro, of Finisterre (Hawke's), of Lagos,
of Quiberon Bay, of Cape St. Vincent (Rodney's), of Martinique, of
Lorient, of Camperdown, of November 3rd, 1805 (Strachan's), and
of San Domingo, as well as many other actions ; and in engage-
ments to which we have been parties, and in which victory has not
inclined to the side of the bigger battalions, we have been almost as
often the vanquished as the victors. We cannot, for instance, be
said to have beaten the Dutch in any one of the three very hard-
fought battles of 1673 ; l yet on each occasion we had on our side
the superiority of force. And, as late as 1801, the French, with
inferior forces, caused us to miscarry in Algeciras Bay. It is true
that, with numerically inferior forces, we beat the Dutch, off
Scheveningen, in 1653, and in the mouth of the Thames in 1666 ;
but, from that time forward, there seems not to have been any case
of our defeating a superior enemy in a fleet action until 1794.
Even on " The Glorious First of June," the forces 011 each side
were so nearly equal that the difference between the two lines of
battle was a matter of about thirty guns only in an action in which
upwards of four thousand guns were engaged.

Then came the day of Nelson. With numerically inferior
forces we were victorious at St. Vincent (1797), at the Nile, and at

1 In these actions, De Ruijter's genius and influence served the Netherlands just as
Nelson's genius and influence served Great Britain in 1805. Moreover, there was the
same kind of jealousy and friction between the English and their French allies in
1673 as there was between the French and their Spanish allies at the time of
Trafalgar.

INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME V. IX

Trafalgar. What had previously been a very exceptional issue
for an action, became almost the rule when Nelson was a partici-
pator. It can have been no mere accidental coincidence ; and I
think that we are bound to accept as a fact that, especially after
his reputation had been well established, Nelson's presence with
a British fleet was worth half-a-dozen battleships. It was also
worth something more. I need not here try to point out exactly
why Nelson was of such remarkable value to his country. Most
people will be content to take it that he was a genius, with extra-
ordinary power of influencing and inspiring those under him ;
that he had a marvellous and contagious devotion both to his
country and to his splendid profession ; and that he was withal
the most brilliant sea-warrior in all history. Therein lies the
solution of part of the problem of Trafalgar. Nelson was the
British leader. But because we found a Nelson in the hour of
our need at the beginning of the nineteenth century, we are not
entitled to hope that Nelsons will always be ready to our hand
when miracles are called for at sea. There is but one Nelson in
history. It may well chance that there will never be another ;
and, in the meanwhile, we remain face to face with the general
law — to which, save under Nelson, there have been so few excep-
tions, and those as often against us as in our favour — that in fleet
actions victory inclines to the bigger battalions. The lesson, there-
fore, is that Great Britain, instead of relying upon any supposed
superiority of her sons, and instead of trusting to find a Nelson
when he is needed, should take care always to have the bigger
battalions on her side. With the bigger battalions, and with
officers and men as good as those of any other nations, she may
count on holding her own.

At Trafalgar, I repeat, Nelson was the great controlling factor.
But I cannot believe that Nelson's presence in command is alone
enough to account for the extraordinary issue of the battle of
Trafalgar. We must go further to discover the whole of the
explanation of what occurred. We must take into account the
general excellence of the gunnery of Nelson's fleet ; and the fact
that, on the British side, all engaged were animated by common
aspirations and allegiance, whereas our foes were of two nation-
alities, temporarily brought together by political schemers, yet
destined to be bitterly and genuinely hostile to one another within
a brief three years of the day of the action. When we are in

X INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME V.

the humour for pluming ourselves upon our past glories, we are
apt to forget that, even before October, 1805, public opinion in the
Peninsula had begun to object to the French alliance ; that the
Spanish authorities already betrayed an unwillingness to supply
stores to the vessels of the French fleet ; that Villeneuve, by his
weakness and irresolution, had lost much of the confidence of his
own people ; that the allied chiefs were jealous of one another ;
and that, when the combined fleets quitted Cadiz, the Spaniards
went out protesting that they were not ready. We are apt to
forget also that, at least according to the views of one of the
most competent of modern naval critics, Villeneuve's subordinates
disobeyed him and were false to him during the battle.

I quote the following admirable passages from the well-known
work a of Captain E. Chevalier, of the French Navy :—

" In the engagement of October 21st, 1805, known in history as the battle of
Trafalgar, the English fought us, at every point, with superior forces. During several
hours, twenty-three vessels only, of the thirty-three which formed the combined fleet,
were in action. Would it have been possible, by some skilful combination, or by
suitably given orders, if not to confound the plans of the English Admiral, at least to
mitigate their effects ? It would appear that there was nothing to prevent the ten
leading vessels 2 from taking part in the fight. Such being the case, to whom are we to
attribute the inaction of our van ? At 12.10 P.M., the Royal Sovereign passed through
the line astern of the Santa Ana. A little later, the Bucentaure and the Santisima
Trinidad opened fire on the Victory. At that time it was impossible to be under any
misapprehension concerning the mode of attack adopted by the enemy. At 12.30, just
as the Victory passed under the stern of the Bucentaure, Admiral Villeneuve ordered
every ship which was not engaged to get into action. It must be supposed that Eear-
Admiral Dumanoir Le Pelley did not consider this signal to be addressed to the vessels
which he commanded, seeing that he made no movement in response. By not making
a fresh signal directing the van to get instantly into action, Admiral Villeneuve
appeared to approve the conduct of his lieutenant. The latter, by intimating at one
o'clock that the van had no opponents to engage, demonstrated hi.s unwillingness to take
the initiative in any measure which should have for its object modification of the
formation of the fleet. Instead of acting, he asked for orders. Vice-Admiral Villeneuve
did not give him any, or, rather, he gave him them too late. It was 1.50 when the Bucen-
taure signalled to the van to get into action aud to put about together. By that time
the centre was no longer offering any serious resistance to the enemy. It was, there-
lore, too late. Undoubtedly it is the business of a comminder-in-chief to direct the
movements of his fleet, so long as he can make signals. Admiral Villeneuve, in conse-
quence, may be reasonably held responsible for the inaction of the ten ships ahead of the
Santisima Trinidad. But this is not equivalent to saying that the conduct of Admiral
Dumanoir should meet with approbation. On the contrary, it is well to look more
narrowly into the nature of the responsibility which rested upon him. What, in fact,
are we to make of the behaviour of a commander of the van who, when the fate of the
action was in the balance, waited so long for orders which he knew to be urgently

1 ' Histoire de la Marine Frac9aise sous le Consulat et 1'Empire,' 223.

2 I.e., the nine ships originally ahead of the Santisima Trinidad and the Intre-
lf.—W. L. C.

INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME V. XI

needed, since he himself asked for them? Moreover, ought he not to have recollected
that Villeneiive, in his instructions dated December 20th, 1804, had said, ' Any captain
who is not in action will not be in his station ; and the signal that recalls him to his
duty will be a stain upon his character ' ? He certainly knew that the van was not in
its station, seeing that he signalled that it had no enemy to engage. Rear-Admiral
Dumanoir, consequently, committed a serious error in not, on his own responsibility,
leading the division which he commanded to the assistance of the liucentaure, as soon
as that vessel had been surrounded. The calm alone, he declared in one of his dis-
patches, prevented the van from putting about earlier than it did. Up to the moment,
so he wrote in a second dispatch, when the Admiral signalled to the van to put about
together, the calm had rendered such an evolution impossible. It seems difficult to
admit that explanation. The fourteen vessels which followed the Royal Sovereign,
and the ten in the wake of the Victory, found enough wind to bring them up to the
scene of action. The twelfth ship of the northern column, the Africa, which had
become separated from the English fleet during the night, was able to pass to wind-
ward of the entire van, and to join the vessels which were engaging the Santisima
Trinidad. How is it that, while the English found the thing possible, we did not find
it so?

" It would appear that fatality clung to the movements of our van. When, after
having been too long inactive, it did turn towards the scene of the fighting, it split up.
As a compact force, it might have done something ; as a divided one, it actually invited
the blows of the foe. If Rear-Admiral Dumanoir had been followed by the whole of
the van, there is room for belief that he might have fallen upon the ships which sur-
rounded the Bucentaure and the Santisima Trinidad. Ten vessels which had been
scarcely engaged appearing at the centre of action would not, probably, have changed
the issue of the day, but certainly they would have inflicted serious losses on the
enemy. We lost the San Agustin, the Neptuno, and the Intrepide, over an attempt in
that direction. It will be recollected that those three ships were captured separately.
The two last covered themselves with glory ; but it is to be regretted that gallant
officers like Captains V aides and Infernet did not understand the necessity for the
vessels of the van to remain together. And such a result could be secured only by
following Rear-Admiral Dumanoir. As for the Ileros, Rayo, and San Francisco d'Asis,
their conduct was the more blameworthy in that they did not fight. They made for
the rear, avoiding such vessels as they met with. ' I had good right,' wrote the com-
mander of the van, ' to complain in my dispatch of having been followed in the Formid-
able by three ships only. The Intrepide, while putting about in answer to the signal,
fell on board the Mont Blanc, and tore out that ship's fore-mast. She then, together
with four other ships, kept away, running with the wind on the quarter to join the
allied vessels to leeward ; but, as she sailed very badly, it was not long ere she was over-
hauled by the enemy ; and it was then that she made that splendid defence of which
Captain Infernet is entitled to feel proud. As for the Neptuno, Captain Valdes, she
was leader of the fleet, and was to windward. After having put about, she remained
to windward, kept away, came to the wind again, and manoeuvred with the greatest
lack of decision. At length, but very late in the day, she made up her mind to follow
me. I was well past the Admiral when she fell into my wake. Up to that moment
she had kept her luff, having never drawn as close to the enemy as we did.' With
only four ships, Dumanoir, as we have seen, did not dare to bear up towards the foe.

" The attitude of the commander of the van was severely condemned in Paris.
Upon returning to France, Rear-Admiral Dumanoir, seeing himself in disgrace, asked
for an inquiry. Some years elapsed ere that satisfaction was accorded him. However,
on September 13th, 1809, nearly four years, that is to say, after the battle of Trafalgar,
the government did agree to submit the examination of his behaviour to a court
of inquiry. This court, composed of Vice- Admirals Bougainville, who was a Senator,
Kosily, and Thevenard, and M. de Fleurieu, also a Senator and a retired captain in the

xil INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME V.

navy, was directed to answer the four questions following : ' Did Bear- Admiral
Dumanoir act in accordance with the signals, and with the dictates of duty and
honour 'I Did Hear- Admiral Dumanoir do his best to relieve the centre of the fleet,
and especially the flagship of the commander-in-chief ? Did Rear-Admiral Dumanoir
attack the enemy, systematically, and did he get so closely into action as to take as
intimate a share in the action as he could take ? Did Rear- Admiral Dumanoir quit the
scene of action when he was in a condition to fight ? ' The court of inquiry unani-
mously decided : 1. That Rear-Adminil Dumanoir had acted in accordance with the
signals, and with the dictates of duty and honour ; 2. That he had done what the
wind and the circumstances had allowed him towards succouring the commander-in-
chief ; 3. That he had fought, at as close quarters as was possible, such vessels as he
had fallen in with as far as the centre of the line ; 4. In short, that he had personally
quitted the scene of action only when thereto obliged by the damage of all sorts which
his ship had sustained, and particularly by the impossibility of manoeuvring to which
she was reduced by the condition of her masts. Two very important questions seem to
have been overlooked by the Minister. Ought Rear- Admiral Dumanoir, ere proceeding
to the assistance of the centre, to have waited for the signal which was made by
Admiral Villeueuve at 1.50 P.M. ? If, on the other hand, it was his duty, as soon as
the Bucentaure was surrounded — that is, at one o'clock — to lead the van into action,
was lie in a position to declare that it had been then impossible for him to manoeuvre?
These were the two points upon which it would have been desirable to learn the opinion
of the court, not by implication, but with preciseness.

" We do not find any documents which show clearly the nature of the command
exercised by Admiral Gravina when the combined fleet left Cadiz. In his corres-
pondence with the Minister, before putting to sea, Admiral Villeneuve does not mention
the squadron of observation. This makes its appearance for the first time in the
dispatch written after the battle of October 21st. There is room for supposing that
Admiral Gravina had the supreme command of the reserve squadron. As a matter of
fact, we find that this squadron was kept on the right of the fleet on the 20th. It
retained that position during the evening of the same day, although the combined fleet,
at Admiral Villeneuve's orders, had formed line of battle on the starboard tack.
Finally, on the 21st, at eight in theimorning, it took station at the head of the line, but
only after having received an order to that effect from Admiral Gravina. Admiral
Decres, after all the dispatches relating to the battle had reached him, wrote : ' The
squadron of observation, commanded by Admiral Gravina, instead of making its way
to the points where events called for its presence, placed itself in the rear, and rendered
none of those contingent services for which it had been specially designed. It made no
movement, allowed itself to be attacked, and fled in detail.' How could the Minister
have employed language such as this if he had not been convinced that Vice-Admiral
Gravina exercised an independent command over the squadron of observation ? More-
over, the court of inquiry which met in 1809 to examine into the conduct of Rear-
Admiral Dumanoir, blamed the behaviour of Vice-Admiral Gravina. ' When,' said the
court of inquiry, ' the combined fleet went about together, the squadron of Gravina was
naturally to windward, and it would have maintained that position if, without any
signal from Admiral Villeneuve to the squadron of observation, it had not ranged itself
in the line in response to a signal made by M. Gravina.' Elsewhere it declared that
' the squadron of Gravina, which was a squadron of observation, ought to have kept its
station to the windward of the line, where it would have covered the centre, instead of
moving to the rear to prolong the line, without having been signalled to do so.' The
court of inquiry would not have had any opinion to express upon that point if it had
not been established that Admiral Graviua had the immediate and personal direction of
the squadron of observation. On this hypothesis, it is hard to understand why the
squadron did not remain to windward of the fleet. Why, too, having placed himself in
the rear, did .not Vice-Admiral Gravina, when he saw the evolution of the English.

INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME V. . Xlll

method of attack, lead back the squadron of observation to windward of the line of
battle? Certainly the signal, made to the rear at 11.30, to keep its luff, so as to be in
a jxisition to cover the centre of the fleet, shows what was Villeneuve's opinion. The
chief-of-staff, Commander de Prigny, says in his report : ' At 11.30, the breeze being
light, a signal was made to the squadron of observation (Grraviua), which was then in
the rear, and which was bearing away to take station in the wake of the fleet, to keep
its luff in order to proceed to reinforce the centre of the line against the attack of the
«nemy, who was bearing down on it in two columns, as is set forth in Admiral Ville-
neuve's dispatch.' It is evident that just blame may be given to Admiral Grravina for
his behaviour on October 21st."

Although, in short, we won Trafalgar with inferior forces, we
happened to have exceptional circumstances in our favour — circum-
stances which are very unlikely to favour us in an equal degree
on any future occasion. Only if we take steps to make ourselves
numerically superior to our enemies, and, at the same time, see
to it that our ships, our guns, and above all, our officers and
men, are as good as theirs, shall we have any reasonable right to
count upon being able to retain the dominion of the seas.

In the preparation of materials for the present volume I have
been so fortunate as to be assisted by most of those who have aided
me in my work on those volumes which have preceded it. As before,
I beg to tender them my best thanks. Acknowledgment is also due
for the kind voluntary help afforded me by numerous friends, and even
by unknown correspondents, who have written from all parts of the
world, and especially from America. For their courtesy in procuring
information on doubtful points, for lending subjects for the illustra-
tions, or for answering inquiries which, I fear, may have caused
them considerable trouble, I am particularly indebted to the late
Lord Vernon, Mrs. Nelson Ward, Professor Johan Fogh, of the
University of Copenhagen, the Eev. A. G. Kealy, B.N., Captain
Prince Louis of Battenberg, B.N., Lady Hoste, Mrs. Crawford,
Mr. E. B. Marston, Mr. F. G. 0. Brace, Mr. F. Broad Bissell,
and, above all, to the First Lord of the Admiralty and other
Admiralty officials, to all of whom I am most grateful. Owing to
my continuous ill-health, and to my enforced long absences from
England in consequence, the co-operation of those more fortunately
placed has been unusually valuable, and my demands upon the
good offices of such people have been correspondingly numerous ;
yet the kindness of my friends has generally exceeded both my
requests and my expectations.

W. L. C.

DAVOS AM PLATZ, July, 1900.

ERRATUM.
P. 160. For Galloway, read Gallaway.

CONTENTS.

VOLUME V.

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

I'AUE

CIVIL HISTORY OP THE ROYAL NAVY, 1803-1815 .... 1

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER XXXVIII. :

LIST OF FLAG-OFFICERS PROMOTED, 1803-1815 ... 39

CHAPTER XXXIX.

MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ROYAL NAVY, 1803-1815 :

MAJOR OPERATIONS ........ 44

CHAPTER XL.

MILITARY HISTORY OF THE ROYAL NAVY, 1803-1815 :

MINOR OPERATIONS . . . . . . . .311

APPENDIX TO CHAPTERS XXXIX., XL., AND XLI. :

(a) LIST OF H.M. SHIPS TAKEN, LOST, ETC., 1803-1815 . . 549

(6) FRENCH LOSSES, 1803-1815 555

(d) DUTCH LOSSES, 1803-1810 564

(e) DANISH LOSSES, 1807-1813 565

(/) RUSSIAN LOSSES, 1808-1809 566

(g) TURKISH LOSSES, 1807-1808 567

(h) UNITED STATES' LOSSES, 1812-1815 567

INDEX 569

LIST OF ILLUSTKATIONS.

VOLUME V.
PHOTOGRAVURE PLATES.

PAGE

RT. HON. CUTHBERT, BARON COLLINGWOOD, VICE-ADMIRAL . Frontispiece

SIR EDWARD CODRINGTON, G.C.B., G.O.M.G., ADMIRAL . Facing 148
RT. HON. THOMAS COCHRANE, LORD COCHRANE, EARL OP

DUNDONALD, G.C.B., ADMIRAL ..... „ 264
RT. HON. SIR EDWARD PELLEW, VISCOUNT EXMOUTH, G.C.B.,

ADMIRAL ........ „ 308

CAPTAIN SIR WILLIAM HOSTE, BART., K.C.B. ,, 472

FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS.

MAP OF THE COAST LINE OF THE NETHERLANDS AND OF

FRANCE ......... Facing 60

COMPARISON OF THE ORDINARY LONG AND SHORT 24-PRS. WITH

THE CONGREVE AND THE SHORT BLOMEFIELD 24-PRS. . . 6]

SIR ROBERT CALDER'S ACTION, JULY 22ND, 1805 . . Facing 116

TRAFALGAR, OCTOBER 21sT, 1805 : THE ATTACK . . „ 136

VICE-ADMIRAL VISCOUNT NELSON, K.B. .... ,, 144
POSITION OF THE "TKMERAIRE" AT ABOUT 3 P.M., OCTOBER

21sT, 1805 ,,146

THE " DEFENCE " AND " SAN ILDEFONSO " ON THE MORNING

OF OCTOBER 22ND . .....,, 162

CHART OF THE Rio DK LA PLATA . . . . „ 204

DUCKWORTH FORCING THE DARDANELLES, FEBRUARY 19TH,

1807 224

xviii ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

THE CAPTURE OF CURACOA, 1807 . . - Facing 238

BASQUE AND Aix ROADS, 1809 ,,260

CHART ILLUSTRATING THE WALCHEREN EXPEDITION . . „ 274

CAPTURE OF BANDA NEIRA, AUGUST 9iH, 1810 . „ 292

CAPTURE OF THE " GUERRIERE," JULY 19TH, 1806 . . „ 386
CAPTURE OF THE " NIKMEN " BY H.M.S. " AMETHYST,"

APRIL GTH, 1809 . „ 434

THE ACTION OFF LISSA, MARCH 13TH, 1811 „ 480

CAPTURE OF THE " RIVOLI," FEBRUARY 22ND, 1812 . . „ 502

ILLUSTEATIONS IN THE TEXT.

CONGREVE MOUNTING FOR 12-PR. CARRONADE ..... 1

BRIG'S 12-PR. CARRONADE, 1812-15 ...... 14

H.M.S. "VICTORY," APRIL ISra, 1803; BY J. CONSTABLE, R.A. . 25
NAVAL HALFPENNY TOKEN OF 1812, COMMEMORATIVE OF NELSON . 46
SIR JOHN BARROW, BART., SECRETARY OF THE ADMIRALTY, 1804-

1845 47

ADMIRAL SIR RICHARD HUSSEY BICKEUTON, BART. ... 52

VICE-ADMIRAL SIR SAMUEL HOOD (2), BART., K.B. . . .55

CAPTAIN JOHN WESLEY WRIGHT ....... 64

ADMIRAL SIR JOHN GORE (1), BART. ...... 87

VICE-ADMIRAL THE HON. SIR COURTENAY BOYLE .... 90

ADMIRAL SIR ALAN GARDNER, LORD GARDNER .... 100

VICE-ADMIRAL SIR JAMES RICHARD DACRES (1) . . . . 105

ADMIRAL SIR ROBERT CALDER, BART. ...... 113

VICE-ADMIRAL ALAN HYDE, 2ND LORD GARDNER . . , .115
SCENE OF THE BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR . . . . . .133

THE HEAD OF COLLINGWOOD'S COLUMN GETTING INTO ACTION . .137
H.M.S. "VICTORY" .... . 138

THE HEAD OF NELSON'S COLUMN GETTING INTO ACTION . . .140
CAPTAIN GEORGE DUFF, OF THE "MARS" . . 151

CAPTAIN JOHN COOKE (1), OF THE " BELLEROPHON " . 153

COMMEMORATIVE MEDAL OF THE VICTORY OFF TRAFALGAR . .156
COMMEMORATIVE MEDAL OF THE DEATH OF NELSON 164

HORATIA .......

ILL USTRA T10NS. XIX

PAGE

ADMIRAL WILLIAM, EARL or NORTHESK, K.B. .... 167

SIR RICHARD STRACHAN'S ACTION: 12.55 P.M. .... 172

SIR RICHARD STRACHAN'S ACTION : ABOUT 3.35 P.M. . . . 173

ADMIRAL SIR JOHN THOMAS DUCKWORTH, BART., K.B. . . .188

ADMIRAL SIR PULTENEY MALCOLM, G.C.B. . . . . .190

REAR-ADMIRAL SIR HOME RIGGS POPHAM, K.C.B., F.R.S. . . 200

ADMIRAL HUGH DOWNMAN ........ 203

JAMES, LORD GAMBIER, ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET . . . 212

STRAIT OF THE DARDANELLES ....... 223

REAR-ADMIRAL SIR CHARLES BRISBANE, KT., K.C.B. . . . 236

ADMIRAL SIR RICHARD GOODWIN KEATS, K.B. . . . 273

COMMEMORATIVE MEDAL OF THE SURRENDER OF NAPOLEON . . 308
BOAT CARRONADE, ca. 1820 . . . . . . .314

SIR NATHANIEL DANCE, KT., H.E.I.Co.'s SERVICE. . . . 335

MEDAL COMMEMORATING THE SETTLEMENT OF BOMBAY, AND DANCE'S

ACTION WITH M. DE LINOIS ...... 338

CAPTAIN RICHARD BUDD VINCENT ...... 353

CAPTAIN SIR JAMES LUCAS YEO, K.C.B. . . . .361

CAPTAIN AUSTIN BISSELL ........ 394

CAPTAIN GEORGE NICHOLAS HARDINGE ...... 408

VICE-ADMIRAL SIR EDWARD BRACE, K.C.B. ..... 417

CAPTAIN JOHN STEWART . . ...... 422

REAR-ADMIRAL SIR MICHAEL SEYMOUR (1), BART., K.C.B. . . 434

CAPTAIN JOHN SHORTLAND . ..... 447

CAPTAIN HENRY WHITBY . ..... 479

H.M.S. "YORK," PRISON SHIP IN PORTSMOUTH HARBOUR, 1828 . 484

H.M.S. "PRINCE," 110 . ... 489

CAPTAIN JAMES NEWMAN NEWMAN ..... 497

A BRITISH FRIGATE UNDER ALL SAIL ...... 528

H.M. BRIG " WOLF " SIGNALLING FOR A PILOT .... 533

A 24-PR. CARRONADE, ca. 1820 ....... 540

A LONG 24-PR., ca. 1820 . ... 541

IRON CARRIAGE FOR A 24-PR., ca. 1820 ..... 548

NAVAL HISTORY

CHAPTEE XXXVIII.

CIVIL HISTOKY OF THE ROYAL NAVY, 1803-1815.

Importance of the period — Deterioration of the Navy after Trafalgar — Wholesome
teachings of the American War — Sequence of administrative officers — Corruption
— The Commission of Inquiry — St. Vincent's excessive zeal — Ill-judged economies
— Impeachment of Melville — The Commission of Revision — Malpractices in con-
nection with prize-money — Naval expenditure — Seamen and Royal Marines voted
— Increased numbers of officers — Material strength of the Navy — The French
" establishment " for ships of war — Confusion in measurement — Improvements in
naval architecture — Solid bows — Diagonal timbering — Circular sterns — Teak built
ships — Iron knees — Cut-down 74's — Cut-down 60's — -Ill-considered new models — •
Some typical ships of the period — New types of guns — Lighting and buoying the
coasts — Chronometers — Logs — Lifeboats — Increased complements — Bad crews —
Causes of the deterioration of the personnel — Life on the lower deck — Good and
bad officers — Ill-treatment of newly joined men — Routine of a line-of-battle ship —
Introduction of rum and cocoa — Bullying midshipmen — A French female prisoner
— External painting of ships — Immorality on shipboard — Defrauding the revenue
— Punishments — Flogging round the fleet — Flogging at the gangway — Running
the gauntlet — Starting — Gagging — Abuse of punishment — The death penalty —
Prolonged commissions and deferred payment of wages — -Increase of pay-
Admirals of the Red — The Royal Naval Asylum — Extension of the Order of the
Bath — Unsatisfactory regulations connected with it — Foreign spies in British
ships — Sub-Lieutenants — • N aval uniform — The pig-tail — The Royal Marine
Artillery — The Woolwich Division of Marines — The Berlin Decrees and their
consequences — The effect of the war on British trade.

rilHE twelve eventful years which wit-
nessed the battle of Trafalgar, the
~i war of 1812, and the fall of Napoleon,
T r form the most interesting and important
period that is open to the student of the
MOUNTING FOB 12-pR. history of the British Navy. Firstly, it
was a period of extraordinary triumphs.

[From Ch. Dupin.]

It saw the exhaustion, by the steady

force of sea-power, of the greatest military organisation that
the world has ever known ; and it exhibited the influence of
VOL. v. B

CONGBEVE

CAKHOXADE.

2 CIVIL HISTORY OF THE ROYAL NAVY, 1803-1815.

sea-power under two distinct aspects. At Trafalgar, amid the
roar of guns and with the terrible impressiveness that belongs to
the critical moments of the world's story, the flower of the navies
of France and Spain was destroyed. After Trafalgar, more quietly
yet not less surely, what remained of the colonies, the commerce,
the wealth and the resources of Great Britain's allied foes was
slowly taken from them, until they were rendered so weak by the
steady denial to them of any use of the sea, that even the small
army of Great Britain was able to take a decisive share in the
annihilation of the military horde which, for years, had terrorised
Europe.

Secondly, it was a period of great reforms. St. Vincent had
already reformed naval discipline, and had given his country a
maritime fighting force such as she had never previously possessed.
The beginning of the period saw him endeavouring to effect equally
radical reforms in the administration of the service ; and, although
he failed for the moment, and fell from office, his honesty and
energy bore fruit quickly in the impeachment of Lord Melville
and the consequent exposure of the manifold abuses of the Navy
Board, and, at a later date, in the reorganisation by Sir James
Graham of the entire administrative system.

Thirdly, it was a period of peculiar danger In the war of the
French Eevolution, from 1793 to 1802, Great Britain, it ought to
be candidly admitted, had been seldom called upon to meet foes
who were quite worthy of her steel. The French had lost most
of their best officers, and were, to a large extent, led by new
men who had neither experience nor ability for command. The
Spaniards were untaught, ill-disciplined and devoid of seaman-
ship. And although, in the earlier years of the war with the
Empire, from 1803 to 1815, both French and Spaniards were more
formidable opponents than they had been in the previous period,
the British Navy, thanks largely to St. Vincent, had made still
more marked advances in efficiency, and remained as superior as
ever to its enemies. The experiences of Trafalgar, indeed, bred,
it must be feared, in British minds more self-satisfaction and more
self-confidence than the event, splendid and unrivalled though it was,
altogether justified, and the experiences of the six or seven years
after Trafalgar served only to confirm the old-fashioned risky creed
that a Briton was as good as any two other men, and certainly
better than any two Frenchmen or any three Spaniards. There can

DANGERS OF SUCCESS. 3

be little doubt that, thus in a degree despising the enemy, the British
naval administration became less careful than in the past, the
British naval officer grew less attentive, and the British seaman
deteriorated. Nor was contempt of the enemy the only cause of
the falling-off. The decline was not very marked, nor, as regards
officers and men, was it at all universal. But there are many indica-
tions that a distinct decline had fairly set in long before the year
1812. Then there came into the field a new foe. He was young,
he was inexperienced, he was poor. Britain realised all those facts,
and prepared to treat him as if he also might be safely despised.
She forgot, however, that her new enemy was of her own blood ;
and she did not then know that the old blood in the new land had
lost none of its old virtue, and, like all the blood of the stock, would
be stimulated rather than weakened by the prospect of a really
serious struggle. And so there came the American War, with its
early defeats and its various disappointments. It brought the lesson
which Great Britain needed after her unexampled course of success.
The combat was glorious for the United States, although, in spite,
of the American victories, the campaign was, upon the whole,
favourable to the mother country. It was salutary for Great
Britain, although it cost her some shame and vast expense ; for it
left her, when at length a general peace blessed the world, with
truer notions than she would have otherwise entertained of the
conditions upon which, if she wished to preserve it, she must be
prepared to defend her dominion of the sea. The history, therefore,
both civil and military, of the Navy during the years 1803-1815
deserves, and must receive, somewhat fuller consideration than that
of the service during any previous era.

The succession of the principal administrative officers, in con-
tinuation of the lists given in earlier chapters, was as follows : —

FIRST LORD OF THE ADMIRALTY.

John, Earl St. Vincent, K.B., Admiral.
May 15, 1804. Henry, Viscount Melville.
May 2, 1805. Charles, Lord Barham, Admiral.
Feb. 10, 1806. Rt. Hon. Charles Grey, M.P. (Earl Grey, 1807).
Sept. 29, 1806. Rt. Hon. Thomas Grenville, M.P.
Apr. 6, 1807. Henry, Lord Mulgrave.
May 4, 1810. Rt. Hon. Charles Yorke, M.P.
Mar. 25, 1812. Robert, Viscount Melville (till 1827).

B 2

CIVIL HISTOST OF TEE SOTAL NAVY, 1803-1815.

SECRETARIES OF THE ADMIRALTY.

First Secretary.

Evan Nepean (Bart., 1804).
Jan. 21, 1804. William Marsden.
June 24, 1807. Hon. H. W. W. Pole.
Oct. 8, 1809. John Wilson Croker, M.P.
(later, Et, Hon.), till
1830.

Second Secretary.

William Marsden.
Jan. 21, 1804. Benjamin Tucker.
May 22, 1804. John Barrow.
Feb. 10, 1806. Benjamin Tucker.
Apr. 9, 1807. John Barrow (Bart., 1835).

TREASURER OF THE NAVY.

Rt. Hon. Charles Bragge.
June 3, 1803. Rt. Hon. George Tierney.
May 29, 1804. Rt. Hon. George Canning.
Feb. 22, 1806. Rt. Hon. Richard Brinsley

Sheridan, M.P.

Apr. 15, 1807. Rt. Hon. George Rose,
M.P.

CONTROLLER OF THE NAVY.

Sir Andrew Snape Ham-

ond (1), Bart., Capt.,

R.N.

Feb. 19, 1806. Henry Nicholls, Capt., R.N.
June 7, 1806. Sir Thomas Boulden

Thompson, Bart., Capt.,

R.N. (Rear-Adm., 1809;

Vice-Adm., 1814), till

1816.

DEPUTY CONTROLLER OF THE NAVY.

Henry Duncan (1), Capt.,

R.N.
June 7, 1806. Sir Robert Barlow, Kt,

Capt, R.N.

Nov. 18, 1808. Sir Francis John Hart-
well, Bart., Capt., R.N.
July 30, 1814. William Shield, Capt.,
R.N.

SURVEYORS OF THE NAVY.

Sir William Rule (till

1813).
June 7, 1806. Sir Henry Peake, Kt.

(till 1H22).

May 26, 1813. Joseph Tucker (till 1831).
May 26, 1813. Sir Robert Seppings, Kt.

(till 1832).

COMMISSIONERS WITHOUT SPECIAL

FUNCTIONS.

Aug. 8, 1803. Osborne Markham.
Feb. 11, 18n4. Hon. Henry Legge.
May 22, 1805. Hon. Edward Bouverie.

May 22, 1805. John Deas Thomson.

June 7, 1806. Thomas Hamilton.

Sept. 22, 1808. Isaac Sehomberg, Capt.,
R.N.

Nov. 18, 1808. Robert Gambler Middle-
ton, Capt., R.N.

May 26, 1813. Hon. Edward Stewart.

Aug. 11, 1813. William Shield, Capt.,
R.N.

Apr. 27, 1814. Percy Fraser, Capt., R.N..

CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF

VICTUALLING.

(In Jan. 1800). John Marsh.
Mar. 1809. John Clarke Searle, Capt.,
R.N.

COMMISSIONERS AT H.M. DOCKYARDS, ETC.
Chatham.

Charles Hope (1), Capt.,

R.N.

Nov. 18, 1808. Sir Robert Barlow, Kt.,
Capt., R.N. (K.C.B.,
1820).

Portsmouth.

Sir Charles Saxton, Bart.,

Capt., R.N.

July 22, 1806. Hon. George Grey (1),
Capt., R.N. (Bart,
1814 ; K.C.B., 1820).

Plymouth.

Robert Fanshawe (1),
Capt., R.N. (till 1815).

Sheerness.

Isaac Coffin, Capt., li.N.

(Rear-Adm. and Bart.,

1804).
Apr. 24, 1804. Hon. George Grey (1),

Capt., R.N.
Feb. 24, 1807. William Brown (1), Capt.,

R.N.(Rear-Adm.,1811).

THE CIVIL DEPARTMENTS.

Aug. 9, 1811. William Granville Lobb,

Capt., R.N.
July 30, 1814. Hon. Courtenay Boyle

Capt., R.N. (till 1822).

May

Gibraltar, etc.
Sir Alexander John Ball,

Bart, Capt., R.N.
5, 1803. William Albany Otway,

Capt., R.N.

July 10, 1805. Robert Gambier Middle-
ton, Capt., R.N.
Nov. 18, 1808. William Granville Lobb,

Capt., R.N.

Sept. 9, 1811. Percy Fraser, Capt., R.N.
Dec. 4, 1813. Isaac Wolley, Capt., R.N.
(till Jan. 9th, 1818).

Malta.

Dec. 18, 1805. William Brown (1), Capt.,

R.N.
July 22, 1806. William Granville Lobb,

Capt., R.N.

May 25, 1808. Percy Fraser, Capt., R.N.

Sept. 9, 1811. Joseph Larcom, Capt.,

K.N.

Halifax, Nova Scotia.

John Nicholson Inglefield,

Capt., R.N.

Sept. 9, 1811. Hon. Philip Wodehouse,
Capt., R.N. (till Aug.
12th, 1819).

CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMISSIONERS FOR
THE TRANSPORT SERVICE.

Sir Rupert George, Kt.,
Capt., R.N. (Bart.,
1809).

This Board was discontinued, March 26,
1817, and its business was placed in
charge of the Navy Board.

HYDROGRAPHER.

Alexander Dalrymple.
May 28, 1808. Thomas Kurd, Capt., R.N.
(till 1823).

Before the beginning of the war with revolutionary France, in
1793, the ties between the civil departments of the Navy and the
Board of Admiralty had become strained ; and, as a result, the
Admiralty, by an Order in Council of January 12th, 1792, had been
directed to institute an inquiry into the working of each department.
But although it had been quickly seen that corruption and mal-
practice were rampant, little progress had been made with the
investigations, ere the breaking out of hostilities rendered further
scrutiny for the time difficult if not impossible. The machine, bad
though it was, could not in such days of stress be effectively mended
without risk of bringing it to a temporary standstill. Things,
therefore, were allowed to go on as before ; but the unsatisfactory
condition of affairs was never lost sight of by the party of reform ; l
and in 1801, Lord St. Vincent, who, in 1797, had written,2 " You
may rest assured the civil branch of the Navy is rotten to the very
core," assumed the office of First Lord, with both the design and
the authority to do his best towards the cleansing of the Augean
stables. Yet even St. Vincent, keen as he was in the cause of
honesty and efficiency, could not begin his work at once. " Nothing
but a radical sweep in the dockyards," he wrote at the time of

1 In 1798, for example, the Finance Committee represented that an inquiry was
urgent.

* St. Vincent to Spencer, Aug. 27th, 1797.

6 CIVIL HISTORY Of TUB EOYAL NAVY, 1803-1815.

his entry upon his duties, " can cure the enormous evils and
corruptions in them, and this cannot be attempted till we have
peace."

Peace came at length, and then, in pursuance of an Act of 43
Geo. III., Eoyal Commissioners were appointed in 1803 " for
inquiring into irregularities, frauds, and abuses practised in the
naval departments, and in the business of prize agency." Between
1803 and 1806, inclusive, they presented no fewer than fourteen
reports upon various branches and aspects of the subject submitted
to them ; and these, says Admiral Sir B. Vesey Hamilton l-

" exposed a mass of iniquity and corruption almost incredible. They discovered a
lack of controlling power in the Navy Board that laid open the way to vast peculation
and fraud. Accounts, both of cash and stores, remained uncleared for years, and it was
reported to Parliament that, at the end of 1805, the outstanding imprests amounted to
upwards of eleven millions sterling."

St. Vincent's determination to effect reform, and his unyielding
advocacy of a purer system, were not easily forgiven him by his
political and sen-ice enemies. Still less were they forgiven him by
the large army of people who had profited under the old system,
and many of whom he had caused to suffer for their dishonesty.
Inspired, it must be feared, more by the baffled peculators than by
any sincere conviction, Pitt attempted in March, 1804, 2 to fix upon
the great seaman himself the responsibility for the abominable state
of things ijhat had been found to exist. The charge could not be
made good. St. Vincent was not, of course, responsible. Yet, in
his anxiety to benefit his country and the service which he loved,
he had undoubtedly on several occasions gone to unwise lengths ;
and his stern inflexibility raised up for him so many enemies that,
when the Addington Ministry fell, he went from office followed by a
storm of virulent abuse such as has rarely been showered upon an
upright man. He had failed, it would seem, to adequately grasp
the fact that the roots of corruption extended to high places as well
as to low ones. He had made the mistake of supposing that all
men of rank and high office were as honest as himself ; and, directly
or indirectly, it was these men who thwarted him, and who would,
had they been able, have ruined him.

After Earl St. Vincent's well-meant, but ill-thought-out attempts
to lessen the terrible corruption which prevailed throughout the

1 'Naval Administration,' p. 15. 2 Ho. of Comms., Mar. 15th.

ADMIRALTY MALADMINISTRATION. 7

service, economy, in certain directions, began to be carried to
pernicious lengths.

" Economy in medicines was particularly enforced. Blue ointment and pills, being
requisite only for complaints that might be avoided, were issued in minimum quantity ;
BO that, for the cure of seamen so disordered, the Captain or Surgeon had to purchase
those essential medicines, which were the more imperatively necessary in consequence
of an order that no such complaint should be received in the hospitals. Even a more
barbarous order than this was enforced : that in consequence of the expense of lint
for washing wounds, sponges should be substituted, which, from becoming infected by
application to tainted sores, cost the lives of some and the limbs of many. I was my-
self on a survey at the hospital of Plymouth Dock (now called Devonport) when, I
think, seven persons appeared among the objects to be surveyed, who had lost limbs
from this cause."1

The reports, however, produced in many ways a salutary effect.
A First Lord, Henry, Lord Melville, who, at an earlier stage of his
career, had twice held the office of Treasurer of the Navy in days
when corruption was at its worst, was impeached before the House
of Lords in April, 1806 ; and although, after a trial lasting for
fifteen days, he secured an acquittal, the evidence showed very
conclusively that he was morally responsible for many malpractices
which had been causes of scandal, and that he had repeatedly acted
in opposition to laws and regulations which he had himself been
instrumental in making.2 The Navy Board, moreover, was formally
reproved 3 by the Admiralty ; and Commissioners for revising and
digesting the civil affairs of his Majesty's Navy were appointed, and,
between 1806 and 1809 inclusive, produced thirteen reports, many
of the recommendations embodied in which became the subject of
various Orders in Council issued in 1809. During the period under
review, however, the full radical reform did not come, and the
sweeping measures advocated by St. Vincent were not adopted.
Here and there evils were purged, and improvements were made;
but the ancient machinery, with its clumsiness, its wastefulness,
and much of its foulness, remained until Sir James Graham became
First Lord of the Admiralty in 1830, and set about the work of
something like complete reconstruction. St. Vincent's part in the
work must not, however, be forgotten. It is, in fact, to the man
who first gave real discipline to the fleet that we owe the beneficial
Act of 2 Will. IV., c. 40.

1 Dundonald, ' Observats. on Nav. Affairs,' 18.

2 ' Reports ... in relation to the Proceedings upon the Impeachment . . . ' 1806.

8 ' Letter and Minute of Censure from the Lords of the Admiralty to the Navy
Board,' 1805.

8 CIVIL HISTORY OF THE E07AL NAVY, 1803-1815.

Corruption was nowhere more glaring than in connection with
the Admiralty Courts and the award of prize-money. Captain
William Stanhope Badcock recounts that he was so unfortunate
as to lose every penny of the prize-money to which he became
entitled during the French war, owing to bankruptcy, in different
parts of the world, of four agents to whom he had entrusted his
prize affairs.

" These honest people," he says, " have an easy way of getting rid of money com-
mitted to their charge. A ship brings captured vessels into harbour. On board comes
Mr. A., B., C., or D., with a smirking face and soft tongue, making low bows, hoping he
may have the honour — being an accredited agent under a bond for £20,000 — to transact
the affairs of H.M. ship. Officers generally being strangers in the port, and having
orders frequently to proceed to sea again in forty-eight hours after completing water
and provisions, have no time to look after, or make inquiries about, stability of prize-
agents, and therefore trust the concerns to the first that comes. . . . The prizes in the
meanwhile are sold by the agent. Now what does he generally do with the money ?
Why, speculates with it on his own account. ... If he fails, the prize-agent breaks,
and off he starts, paying perhaps not a shilling in the pound." '

Of course, there remained the bond for £20,000 ; but out
of that there would have to be paid huge law costs ; and the
balance, divided among, perhaps, the five or six thousand officers
and men in a fleet of moderate size, would be scarcely worth
having.

As for the extraordinary corruption prevailing in the Admiralty
Courts abroad, the extortionate nature of their fees, and the manner
in which prize-money was swallowed up by them, even when there
was no bankruptcy on the part of the prize-agents, one has but to
read Chapter XXXI. of Dundonald's ' Autobiography of a Seaman.'
At Malta, Dundonald found that one Jackson, who held the office of
Marshal of the Court, did his Marshal's work by deputy, in order
that he might also hold the office of Proctor, and might, as Proctor,
charge for attending upon himself as Marshal. This person also
made various illegal perquisites ; and, until Dundonald exposed them,
the local malpractices were facilitated by the fact that the table of
Court fees, instead of being hung up, as directed by the Act, in the
Court itself, were watered behind the door of the Judge's private
water-closet.

The expenditure upon the Navy, and the number of seamen
and Royal Marines voted during each of the years 1803-1815
were : —

1 Lovell, ' Personal Narr.,' p. 82.

NAVAL EXPENDITURE.

EXPENDITURE ON THE NAVY, 1803-1815,

as voted by Parliament ; with the authorised number of Seamen and
Royal Marines for each year.

Year.

"Extra."

" Ordinary."

No. of Seamen ' Total Naval
and Marines. 1 Supplies Granted.

(2 mos.

50,000 1

1803

901,140

1,488,238

4 mos.

60,000 }

10,211,378

( 7 mos.

100,000 )

1804

948,520

1,345,670

100,000

12,350,606

1805

1,553,690

1,394,940

120,000

15,035,630

1806

1,980,830

1,435,353

120,000

18,864,341

1807

2,134,903

1,557,934

/ 1 mo.

\ 12 mos.

120,000 1
130,000 1

17,400,337

1808

2,351,188

1,142,959

130,000

18,087,547

1809

2,296,030

1,408,437

130,000

19,578,467

1810

1,841,107

1,511,075

145,000

18,975,120

1811

2,046,200

1,578,113

145,000

19,822,000

1812

1,696,621

1,447,125

145,000

19,305,759

1813

2,822,031

1,700,135

140,000

20,096,709

1814

2,086,274

1,730,840

{7 mos.
6 mos.

117,400 )
90,000 (

19,312,070

1815

2,116,710

2,278,929

I 3 mos.
\ 10 mos.

70,000 \
90,000 /

19,032,7001

1 Including £2,000,000 towards paying off the Navy Debt.

The number of Eoyal Marines fluctuated as follows during the
period. In 1803 it rose from 12,000 to 22,400; in 1804 it was
22,000; in 1805, 30,000; in 1806, 29,000; in 1807 it rose from
29,000 to 31,400; in 1808 it was 31,400; in 1809, 31,400 ; in 1810,
31,400 ; in 1811, 31,400 ; in 1812, 31,400 ; in 1813, 31,400 ; in 1814
it was reduced from 31,400 to 16,000; and in 1815, after having
stood at 15,000 for the first three lunar months of the year, it rose
again to 20,000 for the last ten months.

In view of the subsequent block of promotion caused by the
enormous entries of officers during the war, and of the difficulties
which were experienced in providing for those officers for whom

1803

1804

1805

1806

1807

1808

1809

1810

1811 1812| 1813

1814

1815

Admirals 1 . 45

52 ! 48

65 62 64

Vice- Admirals 1 36

32 36

Rear- Admirals 1 51

50 63

Captains . .

668

6<3 639

617

693

700

689

725

753

777

802

798

824

Cummauders .

413

409 422

416

502

501

543

608

558

566

602

628

762

Lieutenants .
Masters . .

2480
629

2457

541

2472

556

2437

541

2728
429

2912

549

3036
491

3114
601

3071 3163 3268
544 667 629

3286
674

3211

666

The names, and dates of commissions, etc., of these, will be found in the Appendices.

CIVIL HISTORY OF THE EOYAL NAVY, 1803-1815.

there were no hopes of employment after the general peace of 1815,
it is useful to show, as is shown in the foregoing table, the increase
in the active list of Flag-officers, Captains, Commanders, Lieutenants,
and Masters in the period under consideration.

The active sea-going material of the Navy, exclusive of harbour
vessels and inefficient or non-fighting ships, underwent almost as
notable an increase as the number of officers, and may be thus
tabulated : —

THE ACTIVE LIST OF THE SHIPS OF THE ROYAL NAVY, 1803-1815.1

Clats.

ISO.'!

1801

1805

1806

1807

1808 1809

1810 1811 1812

1813 1814

1815

First-rates . .

666

6 7^7

Second-rates . .

14 15

15 11 12

12 10

Third-rates . .

95 98 102

109 109

107

105

103 1 103 j 10)

Total of the line

111

115

116

120

123 126 127

124

124 120

124

118

109*

Fourth-rates . .

13 13

10 10 8

6 6

3 10

Fifth-rates . .

102

106 i 114 125 133 141 144

146

139 137

123

134

126

Sixth-rates . . 22

22 25 26

32 23

19 29

Sloops. . . .

91 121

131

172

191 251

246

225

209

214 212

185

Bombs. . . .

10 10

2 l 1

Brigs, cutters, etc.

127

160

173

163 160

144 138

127

121

126

Grand tut il . .

388

423

534

590 657 673 723

699

657

623

610

637

554

The total tonnage of the vessels enumerated above was, in 1803,
356,400 ; in 1805, the year of Trafalgar, 407,814 ; in 1807, 465,647 ;
in 1809, 501,596 ; in 1811, 479,986 ; in 1813, 460,396 ; and in 1815,
446,720.

It may be mentioned here, although, perhaps, it is not of very
great importance, that most of the French-built men-of-war which
were captured by Great Britain between 1793 and 1815 had been
constructed according to an "establishment" prescribed by an
ordinance of 1786. English writers on the naval architecture of
the period have, almost without exception, committed the error of
assuming the French foot, or pied du roi, to have been equal to the
English foot of 12 inches, whereas it was, in fact, 6*57 per cent,
longer. In translating, therefore, these writers, omitting to allow
for the difference, have ascribed to French vessels dimensions and

1 Chiefly from the Appendices in James. These, however, have been checked by
reference to Steel, and the official lists, and to the ' Naval Chronicle.'

DIMENSIONS OF FRENCH SHIPS.

tonnage which, according to the accepted formulae, are inconsistent
one with the other. In short, the dimensions given are usually
not great enough to account for the alleged tonnage. The same
writers have also, in some instances, committed the further error of
giving the dimensions of the frames only, instead of the outside
measurements ; and thus the discrepancy has been magnified. It
may be useful, therefore, to give, reduced to British feet and inches,
the dimensions for the principal classes of ships as fixed by the
French establishment of 1786,— an establishment which, with but
little modification, remained in vogue in France until fifteen or
twenty years after the fall of the First Empire. These were as
follows : —

—

120-

guu'
ship.

110.
gun
ship.

80-gun2
ship.

74-guu3
ship.

64-guu
ship.

«*- (»)
(18-pr.) tl2-pr.)

20-gim3
corvette.

"Aviso"

Ft. ins.
85 2
25 0

Length : Lower deck . .
Extreme outside breadth .

Ft. ins.
208 10

55 1

Ft. ins.
197 1 <
54 6

Ft. ins.
191 10 |
to \
196 1 )
52 4

Ft. ins.
181 2
48 9

Ft. ins.
166 3
45 0

Ft. ins.
153 6

40 0

Fl. ins.
144 10
37 10

Ft. ins.
119 4
31 0

Draught, forward .

24 2

23 6

21 2

20 0

16 2i

14 7

12 6

10 8

Draught, aft ....

26 8

26 3

24 0

22 11

21 0

17 OJ

16 4

14 2

12 3

Height of lowest ports)
above water-line. . ./

5 8

5 4

5 10

5 4

6 4t

6 41

••

Tons. Load displacement

5246

4910

3825

3248

2300

14V9

1162

546

266

1 E.g., Commerce de Marseille. 2 -E.g., Canopust ex Franklin. 3 E.g., Tigre, Pompe'e.

« E.g., Renommie, Loire. * E.g., Babet, Danae, Bonne Citoyenne.

It has not been deemed necessary, for the purposes of this work,
to systematically examine into the absolute correctness or otherwise
of the dimensions of French prizes as set forth in such works as
those of Charnock, Fincham, and James, or in the dispatches of the
captors ; nor, indeed, are the facts requisite for the making of such an
examination always forthcoming. What has been written will,
however, indicate to those who are specially interested in the
question the most probable source of any small discrepancies
and inconsistencies which may be observed in the published
statistics. Further information should be sought for in the
works of French authors, especially in those of the late Admiral
Paris.1

One of the greatest improvements in naval architecture during
the period under review was the general substitution of the round

See also ' U.S. Mag.,' Dec. 1886.

12 CIVIL HISTORY OF THE ROYAL NAVY, 1803-1815.

solid bow for the old-fashioned beak-head. The improvement
originated as follows. Mr. Eobert Seppings,1 the well-known
naval architect, when master-builder at Chatham, received in-
structions to reduce the Namur from a 90 to a 74-gun ship. It
having occurred to him that by not removing the solid bow on the
second deck in order to build up instead of it the flimsy fabric called
the beak-head, he would not only leave additional strength to that
part of the ship's frame, but would also afford some protection to
the crew against raking fire from ahead, he suffered the Namur s
circular bow to remain. The advantages of the innovation struck
everyone who saw the vessel when she was finished as a 74 in 1804 ;
and it was subsequently ordered that all new ships built for the
Navy should be constructed with round bows. Mr. Seppings also
introduced two other improvements of scarcely inferior importance.
One was the use of diagonal instead of rectangular timbering. The
system was first tried in 1800 upon the Glenmore, 32 ; and in 1805
it was applied at Chatham to the Kent, 74, in order to give additional
strength to that ship. It was afterwards applied, in a partial degree,
to the Warspite, 74, and then, completely, to the Tremendous, 74,2 the
principle being carried out even in the building of the decks. The
Tremendous was found to be so thorough a success that the diagonal
system quickly became generally employed in the repairing as well
as in the building of ships for the Navy. The Howe,3 launched on
March 28th, 1815, was the first vessel laid down and built in accord-
ance with the new practice. Seppings's third great improvement
was the substitution of rounded, or " circular," for square sterns in
ships. These gave greatly increased strength, enlarged the stern
battery, diminished the risk of being pooped, and did away with the
projecting quarter-galleries which had been found greatly to obstruct
a ship's progress when she was sailing on a wind.4 By an order of
June 13th, 1817, it was directed that all new ships, down to fifth-
rates inclusive, were to be built with rounded sterns, and that old
vessels brought forward for extensive repairs were to have rounded
sterns built into them if the timbers of the old square sterns proved
to be defective. An improvement not due to Mr. Seppings was the
occasional adoption of teak for the construction of the hulls of

1 Later Sir Eobert Seppings, one of the Surveyors of the Navy.

2 When she was rebuilt.

8 Of 2619 tons, and 120 guns. She was built at Chatham.

* For a full account of these improvements, see Mr. J. Knowles's appendix on the
subject in ' Elements of Naval Architecture.'

NEW CLASSES OF SHIPS. 13

H.M. ships. The country had already benefited by the services
of teak-built Indiamen which had been presented to, or bought
into, the Navy ; but the first ship built of teak for the Navy was
the Salsette,1 36, which was launched at Bombay in 1805.

The introduction of iron instead of wooden knees in the con-
struction of men-of-war, deserves notice as a very considerable
improvement. It was due to Mr. T. Eoberts, master shipwright,
of Pembroke Yard, and was generally adopted from about the
year 1808.

The numerous successes of American cruisers, and the proved
effectiveness of the American 44-gun frigates during the early part
of the war of 1812-15, led to much feverish activity and to several
ill-considered innovations in the British dockyards. Three of the
smaller 74's2 were cut down fore and aft to the clamps of the
quarter-deck and forecastle, and were armed and manned as
follows : —

Main-deck ... 28 long 32-prs. \
Upper deck ... 28 carr. 42-prs. j 495 men and boys.

2 long 12-prs. J

58 guns.

At about the same time two vessels of a new class,3 styled
" frigates with spar-decks," but being in reality two-deckers, were
built of pitch-pine, with very light scantling, and were thus armed
and manned : —

Main, or " upper " deck . 30 long 24-prs. -j
Upper, or " spar " deck . 26 carr. 42-prs. 1 480 men and boys.

4 long 24-prs. J

60 gun?.

Another 60-gun " frigate " was produced by cutting down the
Akbar, a teak-built Indiaman,4 which in still later days became the
44-gun frigate ComicalUs.6 But these "frigates," being all two-
deckers, might without shame have been avoided by the American

1 Called, for a short time, the Pitt.

2 Goliath, Majestic, and Saturn.

3 Leander, 1572 tons, from designs by Sir William Rule : Newcastle, 155(5, from
designs by M. L. C. Barrallier, who was then Rule's assistant, and who was later chief
constructor at Toulon. The Java, originally designed as a 52-gun frigate, was altered,
while on the stocks, to a 60 of the Leander class.

4 Purchased in 1801.

6 Used for some years as a troopship.

CIVIL HISTORY OF THE ROYAL NAVY, 1803-1815.

44's ; and, if one of them had taken an American 44, she would have
gained no great glory by the exploit. Of regular frigates, five were
built from the draught, slightly modified, of the Endymion. Of
these, the Forth, Liffey, and Severn, were of fir, and the Glasgow
and Liverpool, of pitch-pine. They carried :—

Main-deck ... 28 long 24-prs.
Quarter-deck and forecastle 20 carr. 32-prs.

2 long 9-prs.

50 guns.

350 men and boys.

BRIG'S 12-PR. CARRONADE OF THE TIME OF THE AMERICAN WAE OF 1812-1815.
(From a drawing by E. W. Cooke, R.A.)

Numerous other frigates, chiefly of the old 18-pounder classes,
were also hastily and cheaply built of red and yellow pine, some of
them being given medium 24's instead of long 18's. It was deemed
necessary, moreover, for the purpose of meeting the Americans, to
build not only special frigates but special sloops as well. The
Americans had in the Peacock, Wasp, and Frolic vessels of about 540
British tons, carrying one hundred and seventy-five men and boys, and
mounting twenty carronade 32-pounders and two long 18-pounders,

DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL SHIPS.

though rated merely as 18-gun sloops. To oppose this class, as many
as eighteen vessels, to be hurriedly built of fir, were foolishly ordered,
a reduced and modified Bonne Citoyenne1 being taken as the model.
These craft measured only 115 feet 6 inches on the main-deck, with
a beam of 29 feet 8 inches, and were of but 455 tons. When they
had been supplied with twenty carronade 32-pounders, and two
long 9-pounders, it was found that the batteries were hopelessly
overcrowded ; and the 9-pounders had to be returned to the shore.
The sloops then went to sea with their twenty carronades and a
complement of only one hundred and thirty-five men and boys.
It soon appeared that they had been so wretchedly designed that
the tillers could not be worked while the stern carronades were
pointing through their ports. Short-sightedness and hurry inspired
the Admiralty at that critical period ; and scarcely a ship that was
built or altered for the particular purpose of fighting the cruisers of
the United States ever fulfilled the expectations of those who had
been responsible for her.

Models of many of the most typical vessels which were added
to the Navy during the period under review are to be seen at
Greenwich. Among them are whole or half-block models of the
following ships : —

Name.

Length of
Gun-deck.

Beam.

Depth in
Hold.

Tons.

Men.

Guns.

"When and where Built, or how
Acquired, etc.

Ft. In.

Caledonia . .

205 0

54 6

23 2

2,616

875

120

(Launched 1808, at Devouport. De-
\ signed by Sir "\V. Rule.

Hercules ,

176 1

48 4i

21 0

1,750

590

(Launched 1815, at Chatham. De-
1 signed by Surveyor's f)ept.

Bulwark . . . 181 10

49 3

20 7

1,940

590

/Launched 1807, at Portsmouth. De-
\ signed by Sir \\ . Kule.

Java ....

m nt

44 1

14 3

1,458

480

(Lann. hed 1815, at Uevonport. De-
\ signed by Surveyor's Pept.

President.

113 3

44 4

13 11

1.533

Taken 1815, from ihe Americans.

Chesapeake . . 151 0

40 11

13 9 1,135

315

Taken 1813, from the Americans.

Lively. ... 154 1

39 6

13 6 11,076

284

/Launched 1804, at Woolwich. De-
i signed by Sir W. Rule.

Euryalus. . . 145 2

38 2t

13 3 946

264

(Launched 1803, by A. lams, Bucklers-
( hard. Des gneil by Sir \V. Kule.

lAcedtmonian . 150 4

40 0{

12 9i 1,073

/Launched 1812, at Portsmouth. Built
\ after the French Hebe, taken in 1782.

Barbados . . . 1400

36 1

16 0

800

1*95

(Ex-M-aw. Twken from the French,
1 1804.

Eden .... 108 6

Andromeda . . 129 7

30 8
36 6;

9 0
11 0

451
812

150
195

28
24

(Launched 1804, by Courtney, Chester,
i Designed by Sir W. Knle.
jEK-IIanniial. Taken 1812, from the
I Americans.

Florida ... 119 5{

32 0

14 2 539

135

iEx-J"r«!ic. Taken 1814, from the
I Americans.

Epervier ... 95 1

28 6

8 91

315

121

Taken 1803, from the French.

Cadmus . 90 3

24 6

11 0

237

(Launched 1808, by IHKirnan, Dept-
l ford. Designed by H. Peake.

1 Bonne Citoyenne, 120 ft. 1 in. long on main-deck ; 30 ft. 11 in. broad ; 511 tons ;
135 men. American Frolic, 119 ft. 6 in. long on main-deck ; 32 ft. broad ; 540 tons ;
22 guns; 175 men. It will be seen, therefore, that, even before the reduction, the
Bonne Citoytnne class was inferior to the Frolic.

16 CIVIL H1STOHY OF THE ROYAL NAVY, 1803-1815.

More than once, during the French wars, the inconvenience of
having in a single ship guns of three or four different calibres, with,
of course, different-sized and non-interchangeable carriages, shot,
sponges, utensils, etc., was felt ; and more than once proposals were
made to remedy it. But nothing practical was done until certain
inventors, notably Congreve, Texier de Norbec, Bourde, Blomefield,
Thevenard, and Gover, thought of applying to naval ordnance further
modifications of those principles which had resulted, several years
earlier, in the production of the carronade. It was then realised that
although a ship could not properly carry upon her upper or middle
deck the same weight of guns as upon her lower deck, it might be
desirable to make the difference of weight dependent not, as had
been the case up to that time, upon differences of calibre, but upon
differences in the length and weight of guns of the same calibre.
The long gun already existed ; so did the carronade. When the
several inventors who have been named appeared with various
medium guns which were found to be more or less excellent
weapons, the solution of the problem became easy. In the period
now under consideration only medium 24-pounders1 seem to have
found their way into favour; and, naturally, any extensive re-
armament of the Navy was rendered difficult, especially in war-
time, by considerations of cost and of the capacities of the foundries.
Yet, at the end of 1806, several British two-deckers were, in
deference to the trend of service opinion on the subject, re-armed
throughout with guns of one calibre, namely, long 24-pounders,
medium (Gover) 24-pounders, and 24-pounder carronades; so that,
as James says, " the ships, being old and weak, had much less
weight to carry, with only a slight diminution in their broadside
force." : The lengths and weights, with carriages, of the three guns
were : —

Length

Weight

Thus the differences between the old and new armaments and
broadside weights of the re-armed 74's were as follows :—

1 Of the Gover, Congreve, and Blomefield types. The first and third differed little
from each other in appearance ; the second had a muzzle like that of a carronade.

2 James (1837), iv. 279.

Long 24-pr.
ft in.

Medium 24-pr.
ft. in.

24-pr. carr.
ft. in.

9 6

6 6

3 8

cwt. qrs.
58 3

cwt. qre.

39 0

cwt. qrs.
19 0

INCREASED COMPLEMENTS OF SHIPS. 17

Weight of guns Broadside weight
HI 1. 1 carriages. of metal

OH r-rm..- • ^;r:t;r:::.r isicwt. 928 n».

Guns.

Lower deck .

. 28 long 32-prs.

Main-deck

. 28 long 18-prs.

Quarter-deck .

6 long 12-prs.

and F'castle .

. 12 carr. 32-prs.

Lower deck

. 28 long 24-prs.

Main-deck

. 28 Gover 24-prs.

Quarter-deck .

4 Gover 24-prs.

and P'castle .

14 carr. 24-prs.

•__ j.'j.i*4u v*vvi». . . KV imv • v* «•« -i—— f~tor\ M

New n j i A n 1°' cw't- °88 IDS.

Quarter-deck . . 4 Gover 24-prs.

and F'castle . . 14 carr. 24-prs.

But, although the innovation was satisfactory, little further
progress was made in the same direction until after the peace.

During the period under review continuous progress was made
in the lighting and buoying of the coasts. The Bell Eock lighthouse,
now the oldest rock lighthouse tower in Great Britain, was begun
in 1807 and completed in 1811 ; and the lighting of the Goodwin
Sands, begun in 1795 by the mooring of the North Sand Head
lightship, a model of which is still preserved at Trinity House, was
improved in 1809, when the Gull lightship was first put in position.
It may be mentioned here that the South Sand Head lightship
dates only from 1832, and the East Goodwin lightship from as late
as 1874. .

Some of the greatest improvements in the chronometer are due
to Earnshaw, who was born in 1749, and died in 1814. He in-
vented the spring detent escapement, and the compensation balance,
both of which are still used. Massey's mechanical log, the first of
its kind, and the ancestor of the modern " Cherub," was invented
in 1808. It was not, however, much employed. Of far greater
practical value was Greathead's lifeboat, which dates from 1789,
and which, in 1802, received the patronage of Trinity House, and
a substantial reward from Parliament. From that time it rapidly
grew in favour.

The earliesHessons of the war with the United States in 1812-15
taught, or seemed to teach, that the complements of British frigates
were, upon the whole, too small. The established complements,
therefore, which, since 1804, had been increased, reduced, and again
slightly increased, were, by an order of January, 1813, fixed as
follows : the 24-pounder 40-gun frigate, 350 ; the large 38-gun
frigate, 320 ; the 18-pounder 36-gun frigate, 284 ; the 18-pounder
32-gun frigate, 270 ; and the 18-gun quarter-decked ship-rigged sloop,
135 men and boys. But naval opinion appeared to incline to the
belief that the increase might, with advantage, have been carried
VOL. v. c

18 CIVIL HISTORY OF TEE ROYAL NAVY, 1803-1815.

even further, and that the complements included far too great a
proportion of boys. A more dangerous mistake committed by the
administration during the war was that of sending to sea against the
Americans quantity rather than quality of ships and men. Many of
the ships commissioned were old or weak ; many of the complements
were raw or otherwise unsatisfactory. Had only the best ships of
their respective classes, and only the pick of the seamen, been
despatched to American waters, where Great Britain had to meet
the most capable naval foe she had ever encountered, the results of
some of the earlier actions of the war might, perhaps, have been
different. The inferior ships and men would still have been good
enough to hold in check the demoralised and exhausted cruisers of
France. To say this is not to excuse British defeats nor to mini-
mise American successes. The prime element of all naval strategy
and tactics is the putting of superior force where it can be most
effectively employed. The Americans did not underrate their enemy,
and, both in the council-room and afloat, did all they could to beat
him. The British began by underrating their enemy, and by
dreaming of dealing with him as they had so often dealt with an
ill-disciplined Frenchman or an incompetent Spaniard. It is
therefore childish to cry out, as many a British writer has cried
out, that British ships were often beaten simply and solely because
they were in one way or another overmatched. That is not the
reason. The reason is that Washington, though possessed of fewer
resources, looked further and thought deeper than London did.

Concerning the nature and causes of the deterioration of the
personnel of the Navy between the time of Trafalgar and the
outbreak of the war with the United States, there are many hints
to be found in the pages of Lord Dundonald's ' Observations on
Naval Affairs ' (1847). Take, for example, the following from
among the numerous resolutions which were brought forward by
his lordship in the House of Commons on July 5th, 1813 : —

" That it is an indisputable fact that long and unlimited confinement to a ship, as
well as to any other particular spot, and especially when accompanied with the diet
necessarily that of ships of war, and a deprivation of the usual recreations of man,
seldom fails to produce a rapid decay of the physical powers, the natural parent, in
such cases, of despondency of mind.

" That the duration of the term of service in His Majesty's Navy is absolutely
without any limitation ; and that there is no mode provided for by law for the fair
and impartial discharge of men therefrom ; and that, according to the present practice,
decay, disease, incurable wounds, or death can alone procure the release of any seaman
of whatever age or whatever length of service.

NEGLECT OF GUNNERY. 19

" That seamen who have become wholly unfit for active service are, in place of
being discharged and rewarded according to their merits and their sufferings, transferred
to ships on harbour duty,1 where they are placed under officers wholly unacquainted
with their character and former conduct, who have no other means to estimate them
but on the scale of their remaining activity and bodily strength ; where there is no
distinction made between the former petty officers and the common seamen, between
youth and age ; and where those worn-out and wounded seamen who have spent the
best part of their lives, or have lost their health, in the service of their country, have
to perform a duty more laborious than that of the convict felons in the dockyards,
and with this remarkable distinction, that the labours of the latter have a known
termination.

" That though the seamen thus transferred and thus employed have all been
invalided, they are permitted to re-enter ships of war on actual service ; and that
such is the nature of the harbour duty that many, in order to escape from it, do
so re-enter, there being no limitation as to the number of times of their being invalided,
or that of their re-entering.

" That to obtain a discharge from the Navy by purchase, the sum of £80 sterling
is required by the Admiralty, which, together with other expenses, amounts to twenty
times the original bounty, and is equal to all that a seaman can save, with the most
rigid economy, during the average period in which he is capable of service ; that this
sum is demanded alike from men of all ages, and of all lengths of servitude, from those
pensioned for wounds, and also from those invalided for harbour duty ; thus converting
the funds of Greenwich and the reward of former services into a means of recruiting
the Navy." 2

Dundonald also attributes some part of the deterioration of
naval efficiency to the undue prominence which, about the year
1806, began to be assigned to what is still vulgarly called in the
service " spit and polish." Too much importance was attached to
the "brightening of brass heads, of bitts, and capstan hoops," and
too little to the condition of the ship as a pure fighting machine.3

"It will, perhaps, hardly be credited hereafter that there was at that time no
regular system of exercise [in gunnery] established by authority in the British Navy,
but that each ship had its own particular plan and method, varying, of course,
according to the experience and degree of information possessed by the Captain, as
well as to the degree of importance which he attached to the subject." *

It had not begun to be realised, save by a few, that gunnery
was the great determining factor in naval warfare, and that good
gunnery could be secured only by constant practice. British
seamen had seldom, indeed, had opportunities of learning what
good gunnery was.

" Even in the later periods of Napoleon's reign, when he had certainly effected
considerable improvements in his marine, the state of practical gunnery was still so

1 This practice was established in 1803.

2 'Observations on Naval Affairs,' 130, 131.

3 Ibid., p. 6.

* ' Remarks on the Conduct of the Naval Administration of Great Britain since
1815.' By a Flag Officer. 3rd ed., 1847, p. 52.

c 2

20 CIVIL HISTORY OF TEE ROYAL NAVY, 1803-1815.

wretched that we have seen ships fully officered, superbly equipped, and strongly
manned, playing batteries of twenty or thirty heavy guns against our vessels, crowded
with men, without more effect than might easily have been produced by one or two
well-directed pieces ; and we have seen some cases in which heavy frigates have used
powerful batteries against our vessels for a considerable time without producing any
effect at all."1

For an account of life on the lower deck of a British man-of-war
at the time of Trafalgar there is perhaps no better authority than
a rare little book2 which, although it appears not to have been
published until 1836, was written by a man who had served as
a seaman in the Revenge from May, 1805, until the end of
1811, during which period that ship was commanded by Captain
Eobert Moorsom, the Hon. Charles Elphinstone Fleeming, Sir
John Gore (2), the Hon. Charles Paget, M.P., Aelxander Eobert
Kerr, and others.

The writer was no captious and unreasonable grumbler. Sum-
marising his conclusions as to the naval service in his day, he says :
" There is, indeed, no profession that can vie with it ; and a British
seaman has a right to be proud, for he is incomparable when placed
alongside those of any other nation." Yet his revelations, the truth
of which is entirely borne out by other evidence which might be
cited, show that, especially with what was the normal type of
Captain in command, the line-of-battle ship of the early years of
the century was often a hell upon earth. There were, of course,
many officers who knew how to make themselves beloved as well as
respected by their ship's companies ; but, says Jack —

" out of a fleet of nine sail of the line I was with, there were only two Captains thus
distinguished. They kept order on board without resorting to the frequent and un-
necessary call upon the Boatswain and his cat, adopted by the other seven ; and what
was the consequence ? Those two ships beat us in reefing and furling ; for they were
not in fear and dread, well knowing they would not be punished without a real and
just cause. Those men would have stormed a battery, or have engaged an enemy at
sea, with more vigour and effect than the other seven ; for the crews of those seven felt
themselves so degraded at being wantonly and unmanly beaten about, that their spirits
were partly broken."

The writer joined the Navy voluntarily ; yet his early treatment
half inclined him to regret the step which he had taken.

1 'Remarks on the Conduct of the Naval Administration of Great Britain since
1815,' p. 55.

8 ' Nautical Economy ; or Forecastle Recollections of Events during the last War.
Dedicated to the brave Tars of Old England by a Sailor, politely called by the Officers
of the Navy Jack Nasty-Face.' Published by William Robinson, 9 Staining Lane.
N.D. pp. xvi. + 124, 8vo. Internal evidence shows the author's ship to have been
the Revenge, though he does not mention her by name.

A SHIP'S ROUTINE. 21

" After having," he says, " been examined by the doctor, and reported sea-worthy, I
was ordered down to the hold, where I remained all night (9th May, 1805) with my
companions in wretchedness, and the rats running over us in numbers. When released,
we were ordered into the Admiral's tender, which was to convey us to the Nore. Here
we were called over by name, nearly two hundred, including a number of the ' Lord
Mayor's Men,' a term given to those who enter to relieve themselves from public
disgrace, and who are sent on board by any of the City magistrates for a street frolic or
night charge. These poor fellows have a sad time of it, as they are the derision of the
old and more experienced and hardened sailors, who generally cut the tails from their
coats, and otherwise abuse and ridicule them. Upon getting on board this vessel, we
were ordered down in the hold, and the gratings put over us ; as well as a guard of
Marines placed round the hatchway, with their muskets loaded and fixed bayonets, as
though we had been culprits of the first degree, or capital convicts. In this place we
spent the day and following night huddled together ; for there was not room to sit or stand
separate ; indeed, we were in a pitiable plight, for numbers of them were sea-sick, some
retching, others were smoking, whilst many were so overcome by the stench, that they
fainted for want of air. As soon as the officer on deck understood that the men below
were overcome with foul air, he ordered the hatches to be taken off, when daylight
broke in upon us ; and a wretched appearance we cut, for scarcely any of us were free
from filth and vermin."

At the Nore the men were sent to the receiving ships, where
they were supplied with slops, the cost of which was subsequently
stopped out of their pay, and whence they were presently distributed
among those sea-going vessels whose complements were deficient.
Jack complains that in the receiving ships the transient visitors were
systematically plundered by the regular crews ; but he seems to have
been quickly drafted to the Revenge, and to have then sailed in her
to join the Channel Fleet. He gives the following account of the
routine on board : —

" Our crew were divided into two watches, starboard and larboard. When one was
on deck the other was below : for instance, the starboard watch would come on at eight
o'clock at night, which is called eight bells ; at half-past is called one bell, and so on ;
every half-hour is a bell, as the hour-glass is turned, and the messenger sent to strike
the bell, which is generally affixed near the fore-hatchway.1 It now becomes the duty
of the officer on deck to see that the log-line is run out, to ascertain how many knots
the ship goes an hour, which is entered in the log-book, with any other occurrence
which may take place during the watch. At twelve o'clock, or eight bells in the first
watch, the Boatswain's Mate calls out lustily, ' Larboard watch, a-hoy.' This is called
the middle watch, and when on deck, the other watch go below to their hammocks, till
eight bells, which is four o'clock in the morning. They then come on deck again, pull
off their shoes and stockings, turn up their trowsers to above their knees, and commence
' holy-stoning ' the deck, as it is termed (for Jack is sometimes a little impious in the
way of his sayings). Here the men suffer from being obliged to kneel down on the
wetted deck, and a gravelly sort of sand strewed over it. To perform this work they
kneel with their bare knees, rubbing the deck with a stone and the sand, the grit of
which is often very injurious. In this manner the watch continues till about four bells,
or six o'clock ; they then begin to wash and swab the decks till seven bells, and at

It is now generally near the quarter-deck hatchway.

22 CIVIL HISTORY OF THE ROYAL NAVY, 1803-1815.

eight bells the Boatswain's Mate pipes to breakfast. This meal usually consists of
burgoo, made of coarse oatmeal and water ; others will have Scotch coffee, which is
burnt bread boiled in some water, and sweetened with sugar. This is generally cooked
in a hook-pot in the galley, where there is a range. Nearly all the crew have one of
these pots, a spoon, and a knife ; for these things are indispensable ; there are also basins,
plates, etc., which are kept in each mess, which generally consists of eight persons,
whose berth is between two of the guns on the lower deck, where there is a board
placed, which swings with the rolling of the ship, and answers for a table. ... At
half-past eight o'clock, or one bell in the forenoon watch, the larboard watch goes on
deck, and the starboard remains below. Here again the ' holy-stones,' or ' hand-bibles,'
as they are called by the crew, are used, and sometimes iron scrapers. After the lower
deck has been wetted with swabs, these scrapers are used to take the rough dirt off.
Whilst this is going on, the cooks from each mess are employed in cleaning the utensils
and preparing for dinner ; at the same time the watch are working the ship, and doing
what is wanting to be done on deck.

" About eleven o'clock, or six bells, when any of the men are in irons, or on the
black lint, the boatswain or mate are ordered to call all hands ; the culprits are then
brought forward by the Master-at-Arms, who is a warrant-officer, and acts the part of
Jack Ketch when required ; he likewise has the prisoners in his custody, until they are
put in irons, under any charge. All hands being now mustered, the Captain orders the
man to strip ; he is then seized to a grating by the wrists and knees ; his crime is then
mentioned, and the prisoner may plead ; but, in nineteen cases out of twenty, he is
flogged for the most trifling offence or neglect, such as not hearing the watch called at
night, not doing anything properly on deck or aloft which he might happen to be sent to
do, when, perhaps, he has been doing the best he could, and, at the same time, ignorant
of having done wrong, until he is pounced on, and put in irons. So much for legal
process. After punishment, the Boatswain's Mate pipes to dinner, it being eight bells,
or twelve o'clock ; and this is the pleasantest part of the day, as at one bell the piper is
called to play ' Nancy Dawson,' or some other lively tune, a well-known signal that the
grog ' is ready to be served out. It is the duty of the cook from each mess to fetch and
serve it out to his messmates, of which every man and boy is allowed a pint, that is,
one gill of rum and three of water, to which is added lemon acid, sweetened with sugar.
Here I must remark that the cook comes in for the perquisites of office, by reserving to
himself an extra portion of grog, which is called the over-plus, and generally comes to
the double of a man's allowance. Thus the cook can take upon himself to be the man
of consequence, for he has the opportunity of inviting a friend to partake of a glass, or
of paying any little debt he may have contracted. It may not be known to everyone that
it is grog which pays debts, and not money, in a man-of-war. Notwithstanding the
cook's apparently pre-eminent situation, yet, on some occasions, he is subject to censure
or punishment by his messmates, for not attending to the dinner properly, or suffering
the utensils of his department to be in a dirty condition. Justice, in these cases, is
awarded by packing a jury of cooks from the different messes, for it falls to the lot of
each man in a mess to act as cook in his turn. The mode or precept by which this
jury is summoned is by hoisting a mess swab or beating a tin dish between decks
forward. ... At two bells in the afternoon, or one o'clock, the starboard watch goes on

1 "Will it be believed that, until the peace of 1802, French merchants had a
contract for supplying the British Navy with French brandy, while our West Indian
merchants knew not what to do with their rum and cocoa ! At last John Bull awoke
from his dream, and it struck him that soldiers and sailors liked rum just as well as
brandy, and that, by giving them cocoa for breakfast, it would not only assist the West
Indian merchants, but give general satisfaction throughout the fleet." — Lovell, ' Personal
Narrative,' p. 21.

CLEARING FOR ACTION. 23

deck, and remains working the ship, pointing the ropes, or doing any duty that may be
required, until the eight bells strike, when the Boatswain's Mate pipes to supper. This
consists of half a pint of wine, or a pint of grog, to each man, with biscuit, and cheese
or butter. At the one bell, or half-past four, which is called one bell in ' the first dog-
watch,' the larboard watch comes on duty, and remains until six o'clock, when that is
relieved by the starboard watch, which is called the 'second dog-watch,' which lasts till
eight o'clock. To explain this, it must be observed that these four hours, from four to
eight o'clock, are divided into two watches, with a view of making the other watches
come regular and alternate. ... By this regular system of duty, I became inured to
the roughness and hardships of a sailor's life. I had made up my mind to be obedient,
however irksome to my feelings, and, our ship being on the Channel Station, I soon
began to pick up a knowledge of seamanship."

The Revenge presently joined the blockading squadron before
Cadiz, witnessed Nelson's arrival to take command, and shared
in the battle of Trafalgar. Of the moments before going into
action, Jack says :—

" During this time each ship was making the usual preparations, such as breaking
away the Captain's and officers' cabins, and sending all the lumber below ; the doctors,
parson,1 purser, and loblolly men were also busy, getting the medicine chests and
bandages out, and sails prepared for the wounded to be placed on, that they might be
dressed in rotation, as they were taken down to the after cockpit."

Jack goes on to describe the incidents of the engagement so far
as he observed them. When everything was over, all hands were
called to splice the main-brace ; and then general efforts were made
to get the crippled ship into serviceable condition again as soon as
possible. Two incidents of the fight, as noted by the writer, are
sufficiently suggestive or curious to deserve mention here.

" We had a Midshipman on board our ship of a wickedly mischievous disposition,
whose sole delight was to insult the feelings of the seamen, and furnish pretexts to get
these punished. His conduct made every man's life miserable that happened to be
under his orders. He was a youth not more than twelve or thirteen years of age ; 2 but
I have often seen him get on the carriage of a gun, call a man to him, and kick him
about the thighs and body, and with his fist would beat him about the head ; and these,

1 Naval Chaplains, until after the close of the long wars, were still very often dis-
credits to their cloth. " Our o!d parson was a ' rum ' subject. After trying all other
mess places he got old Pipes, the Boatswain, to take him into his. They agreed very
well for a little while ; but, one unfortunate day, the evil genius of poor old Fritz
prevailed, for Pipes, coming down rather unexpectedly to his cabin in the fore cock-
pit to get a glass of grog, having got wet when the hands were turned up reefing
topsails, found the parson helping himself rather too freely out of his liquor-case.
This was a crime Mr. Boatswain could not put up with. A breach immediately
ensued, and an instant dismissal from his berth took place, with the exclamation of,
' The parson is such a black ; I cannot allow him to mess with me any longer.' After
this occurrence the Captain interfered, and he again messed in his proper place with the
officers in the ward-room." — Lovell, ' Personal Narrative,' p. 38.

2 His name might be given here, but is withheld in deference to his family.

24 CIVIL HISTORY OF THE ROYAL NAVY, 1803-1815.

although prime seamen, at the same time dared not murmur. It was ordained, how-
ever, by Providence, that his reign of terror and severity should not last ; for, during the
engagement, he was killed on the quarter-deck by a grape shot, his body greatly
mutilated, his entrails being driven and scattered against the larboard side ; nor were
there any lamentations for his fate."

The other incident is of a more agreeable character. From a
burning French ship a number of people were rescued.

" Among those," says Jack, " who were thus preserved from a watery grave * was
a young Frenchwoman, who was brought on board our ship in a state of complete
nakedness. Although it was in the heat of the battle, yet she received every assistance
which at that time was in our power ; and her distress of mind was soothed as well as
we could, until the officers got to their chests, from whence they supplied her with
needles and thread, to convert sheets into chemises, and curtains from their cots to
make somewhat of a gown, and other garments, so that by degrees she was made as
comfortable as circumstances would admit ; for we all tried who would be most kind '
to her."

She was a married woman who had been unable to bring herself
to quit her husband when the latter had been ordered to sea ; and,
having disguised herself as a man, she had entered herself on board
her husband's ship, and done duty at his side during the engage-
ment until he had fallen. In her consequent grief she betrayed
the secret of her sex. Upon her ship catching fire, she was " lowered
into the ocean by a rope from the taffrail, the lead of which was
melting at the time, and, whilst letting her down, some of it dropped,
and burnt the back of her neck." Upon the arrival of the Revenge
at Gibraltar, the woman, overflowing with gratitude, was put into
a cartel for conveyance to a Spanish port.

Up to the beginning of the nineteenth century, ships of the
Royal Navy were usually painted with blue upper works, bright
yellow sides, and broad black strakes at the waterline ; and the
interior surfaces were generally red. Nelson, influenced by various
considerations, put the ships of his fleets into a new uniform. He
caused the hulls to be painted black, with a yellow strake along
each tier of ports, but with black port-lids. This method of painting,
known as double yellow, or chequer-painting, distinguished all, or
very nearly all, the British ships which fought at Trafalgar, and
was soon afterwards adopted as the regular uniform for British
men-of-war, white being eventually, however, substituted for yellow
as the colour of the strakes. The fact of being a chequer-sided
ship, or "one of Nelson's chequer-players," brought no small glory

1 She had been picked up by a boat belonging to the Pickle.

PAINTING OF SHIPS.

to the Revenge, when, having refitted at Gibraltar, she returned to
Portsmouth ; and " Jack " records that enormous dissatisfaction was
caused among the crew by one of the first acts of the Captain l who
there superseded Captain Moorsom. The new commander painted
out the chequers, and substituted for them a single stripe or strake.
A little later, upon Captain Sir John Gore (2)2 hoisting his pennant
in her, the Revenge was again, " Nelsonified," to the great joy of
her ship's company.

•

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H.M.S. " VICTORY," 100, QUITTING CHATHAM DOCKYAED, APRIL 18TH, 1803.

(From a pencil sketch made on the spot by John Constable, B.A., and kindly lent for reproduction by
Mr. C. Constable. The sketch represents the ship as she was at Trafalgar.)

About the external painting of foreign men-of-war at the time
of Trafalgar, Captain William Stanhope Lovell,3 who took part in

1 Hon. Charles Elphinstone Fleeming, " whose name was a terror to every ship's
company he commanded, and was cursed from stem to stern in the British Navy."
' Naut. Econ.'

2 Who had served repeatedly with Nelson, and was a very good officer.

3 This officer, whose original name was W. S. Badcock, was born in 1788, became
a Commander in 1812, and was posted in 1815. He retired as a Captain in 1846, and
died, a retired Vice-Admiral, in 1859.

26 CIVIL HISTORY OF THE ROYAL NAVY, 1803-1815.

the action in the Neptune, gives some interesting particulars.
Speaking of the ships of the allies, he says :—

" Some of them were painted like ourselves — with double yellow sides ; some with
a single red or yellow streak; others all black; and the noble Santisima, Trinidad,
witli four distinct lines of red, with a white ribbon between them. . . . The Santa
Ana . . , was painted all black. ... It was remarked by (Nelson) that the enemy
had the iron hoops round their masts painted black. Orders were issued by signal to
whitewash those of his fleet, that, in the event of all the ensigns being shot away, his
ships might be distinguished by their white masts and hoops." '

Several references have already been made to the morality of
the Navy, and especially of the lower-deck ; but it is necessary to
return to the subject, in order that the conditions of service life on
ship-board during the most glorious period of British history may
be properly understood. Speaking of his next return to Spithead,
" Jack " writes : —

" After having moored our ship, swarms of boats came round us : some were what
are generally termed bomb-boats,2 but are really nothing but floating chandler's shops ;
and a great many of them were freighted with cargoes of ladies, a sight that was truly
gratifying, and a great treat; for our crew, consisting of six hundred and upwards,
nearly all young men, had seen but one woman on board for eighteen months ; and that
was the daughter of one of the Spanish chiefs, who made no stay on board, but went on
shore again immediately. So soon as these boats were allowed to come alongside, the
seamen flocked down pretty quick, one after the other, and brought their choice up, so
that, in the course of the afternoon, we had about four hundred and fifty on board. Of
all the human race, these poor young creatures are the most pitiable : the ill-usage and
degradation they are driven to submit to are indescribable ; but from habit they become
callous, indifferent as to delicacy of speech and behaviour, and so totally lost to all
sense of shame that they seem to retain no quality which properly belongs to woman
but the shape and name. ... On the arrival of any man-of-war in port, these girls
flock down to the shore, where boats are always ready ; and here may be witnessed a
scene somewhat similar to the trafficking for slaves in the West Indies. As they
approach a boat, old Charon, with painter in hand, before they step on board, surveys
them from stem to stern with the eyes of a bargaining Jew ; and carefully culls out the
best looking, and the most dashingly dressed ; and, in making up his complement for a
load, it often happens that he refuses to take some of them, observing (very politely),
and usually with some vulgar oath, to one that she is ' too old ' ; to another that she is

' too ugly ' ; and that he shall not be able ' to sell them ' ; and he'll be d d if he has

any notion of having his trouble for nothing. The only apology that can be made
for the savage conduct of these unfeeling brutes is, that they run a chance of not being
permitted to carry a cargo alongside, unless it makes a good show-off; for it has been
often known that, on approaching a ship, the officer in command has so far forgot
himself as to order the waterman to push off — that he should not bring such a cargo of

d d ugly devils on board, and that he would not allow any of his men to have

them. . . . Here the waterman is a loser, for he takes them conditionally : that is, if
they are made choice of, or what he calls ' sold,' he receives three shillings each ; and if

1 ' Personal Narr. of Events from 1799 to 1815,' 2nd ed., 1819, p. 46.

2 More commonly " bumboats." From " bum," the buttocks, on account of their
clumsiness (Donald) ; or, perhaps, from " boom," such boats being allowed to lie at the
booms of anchored ships.

WOMEN ON SHIP-BOARD. 27

not, then no pay : he has his labour for his pains : at least, these were the terms at
Portsmouth and Plymouth in war-time. ... A boat usually carries about ten of these
poor creatures at a time, and will often bring off three cargoes of these ladies in a day ;
so that, if he is fortunate in his ' sales,' as he calls them, he will make nearly five
pounds by his three trips. ... It may seem strange to many persons that seamen
before the mast should be allowed to have these ladies on board, while the officers must
not, on pain of being tried by a court-martial for disobedience of orders, the Admiralty
having made a regulation to that effect. The reason of this is, that the seamen are not
.allowed to go ashore, but the officers are." '

On occasions such as that described, drunkenness as well as
immorality ruled upon the lower-deck ; and, for many years after-
wards the same kind of pandemonium was frequently suffered to
prevail in ships lying at Spithead and in Plymouth Sound. As
late as 1834, on board the Pique, 36, Captain the Hon. Henry John
Kous,a an unfortunate woman, one of a number who had been
brought off to the ship by boatmen from Portsmouth, went aloft
when drunk, and, falling from a yard to the deck, was killed.3 Nor
did the vicious practice of suffering a certain number of men —
generally petty officers — to carry their wives to sea with them
cease until after the expiration of the period now under review.
Lord St. Vincent discouraged it ; Nelson and Collingwood stead-
fastly opposed it ; but weak or indifferent Captains still permitted it.
Officers also often took their wives with them to sea ; 4 and Captains
did so sometimes, until well after the middle of the nineteenth
century, and, indeed, after an order expressly forbidding it had
been issued. "Jack's" reminiscences throw no light upon this
question ; but they suggest that many of the naval officers of his
time, especially after the failure of the expedition to Walcheren,
were deeply implicated in defrauding the revenue.

"On board the different ships," says "Jack," "there were numerous packages
which had been shipped at Flushing : and no doubt but they were intended to be
•smuggled into England, from-the secret manner and the different stratagems used in the
getting of them afterwards on shore. The bread-room of our ship was crowded with
them, directed for different officers holding high rank both in army and navy : and may

1 ' Naut. Econ.,' 56. See also ' Statement of Certain Immoral Practices prevailing
in His Majesty's Navy,' 1822.

2 Died an Admiral (ret.), June 19, 1877. He was the well-known racing man.

3 Letter from Mr. James Francis Ballard Wainwright, Midshipman, H.M.S. Pique :
in Auth.'s Coll. Mr. Wainwright died a Rear-Admiral, in April, 1872.

4 See ' The Post-Captain,' and the novels of Marryat, Mr. Scott, Chamier, etc.
Vice-Adm. George Losack was married on board his ship the Jupiter, 50, on the Cape
Station. Marshall, ' Roy. Nav. Bioir.,' i. 380. And Admiral John Ayscough, who died
.as lately as 1864, was born on board H.M.S. Swan, which his father commanded, while
•she was actually in action with an enemy's vessel. O'Byrne, ' Nav. Biog. Diet.,' 30.

28 ' CIVIL HISTORY OF TEE ROYAL NAVY, 1803-1815.

have been intended as presents, or for their own use ; but they did not pay the duty.
These packages consisted of sets of Hamburg china and table services, down for beds,
spirits, and various other articles of foreign produce. Not being able to land all these
goods at once without detection, we contrived it at different intervals, safely thus got
rid of some of them by different conveyances ; and then we became ' Channel gropers *
again ; and, whilst on this duty, we landed the balance of our secret cargo at Weymouth
and Plymouth, as we were frequently running into those ports. Whilst on the Cher-
bourg blockading station, it often occurred that we were in chase of vessels, supposing
them to be smugglers, and, at the same time, we were meditating how to get rid of the
bulk of our bread-room stowage, which did not intend to pay any duty."

Upon the subject of punishment " Jack " says much that is of
interest.

" The extent to which cruelty was carried on under the name of discipline, on board
many ships during the late war, is not generally known; nor will a British public
believe that any body of men would submit to such marks of degradation as they were
compelled to undergo. It was partially known at Somerset House1 by the different
ships' logs ; but the real crime, if any, was not, it is believed, therein set down ; for there
it all came under the head of ' disobedience,' or under a peculiar article of war which
runs as follows : ' All crimes not capital shall be punished according to the customs and
manners used at sea.' This article shelters the Captains in the Navy in resorting to
almost any mode of punishment they may think proper. . . . Whilst lying at Spithead,
in the year 1809 or 1810, four impressed seamen attempted to make their escape from
a frigate then lying there : one of their shipmates, a Dutchman to whom they had
entrusted the secret, betrayed their intention, and informed the commanding officer of
their designs. They were tried by a court-martial, and sentenced to receive three
hundred2 lashes each, through the fleet. On the first day after the trial that the
weather was moderate enough to permit, the signal was made for a boat from each
ship, with a guard of Marines, to attend the punishment. The'man is placed in a
launch, i.e., the largest ship's boat, under the care of the Master-at-Arms and a doctor.
There is a capstan bar rigged fore and aft, to which this poor fellow is lashed by his
wrists ; and for fear of hurting him — humane creatures — there is a- stocking put over
each, to prevent him from tearing the flesh off in his agonies. When all is ready, the
prisoner is stript and seized to the capstan bar. Punishment commences by the
officer, after reading the sentence of the court-martial, ordering the Boatswain's Mates to-
do their duty. The cat-o'-nine tails is applied to the bare back, and at about every six
lashes a fresh Boatswain's Mate is ordered to relieve the executioner of this duty, until
the prisoner has received, perhaps, twenty-five lashes. He is then cast loose, and,
allowed to sit down with a blanket rolled round him, is conveyed to the next ship,
escorted by this vast number of armed boats, accompanied by that doleful music, ' The
Rogue's March.' In this manner he is conveyed from ship to ship, receiving alongside
of each a similar number of stripes with the cat, until the sentence is completed. It
often, nay generally, happens that nature is unable to sustain it, and the poor fellow
faints and sinks under it, although every kind method is made use of to enable him to
bear it, by pouring wine down his throat. The doctor will then feel his pulse, and
often pronounces that the man is unable to bear more. He is then taken, most usually
insensible, to what is termed the ' sick bay ' ; and, if he recovers, he is told he will have

1 Where were the offices of the Civil Departments of the Navy.

a As many as 500 lashes were sometimes awarded. The Boatswains' Mates were-
drilled to flog effectively, by being made to practise on a cask, under the super-
intendence of the Boatswain.

PUNISHMENTS. 29

to receive the remainder of his punishment. When there are many ships in the fleet at
the time of the court-martial, this ceremony, if the prisoner can sustain it, will last
nearly half the day.

" On the blanket being taken from his back, and he supported or lifted to be lashed
to the capstan bar after he has been alongside of several ships, his back resembles so
much putrified liver, and every stroke of the cat brings away the congealed blood; and
the Boatswain's Mates are looked at with the eye of a hawk to see they do their duty,
and clear the cat's tails after every stroke, the blood at the time streaming through their
fingers : and in this manner are men in the Navy punished for different offences, more
particularly impressed men who attempt to make their escape."

It could at least be said on behalf of such a terrible punishment
as flogging round the fleet that it was never inflicted save in pur-
suance of the sentence of a court-martial, and that individual
tyranny or caprice was powerless to order it. But other punish-
ments, almost equally savage, could be, and commonly were, dealt
out to the men at the irresponsible will of a superior ; and it is
notorious that very often no record of them was ever set down,
although a report of all punishments was directed to be made.

" Jack " describes several of these punishments. The most
common was flogging at the gangway or on the quarter-deck.

" The Captain orders this punishment for anything that himself or any of his officers
may consider a crime. The prisoner is made to strip to the waist ; he is then seized by
his wrists and knees to a grating or ladder ; the Boatswain's Mate is then ordered to cut
him with the cat-o'-nine tails ; and after six or twelve lashes are given another Boat-
swain's Mate is called to continue the exercise : and so they go on, until the Captain
gives the word to stop. From one to five dozen lashes are given, according to the
Captain's whim ; but the general number is three dozen ; and this number the Captain
has power to give every day, if he has any bad feeling for an individual; and a tyrant
of a Captain will frequently tell the Boatswain's Mate to lay it on harder, or that he
should be flogged next himself. This punishment is ... inflicted without trial by
•court-martial, at the discretion of the Captain. It is not so in the army."

Of "running the gauntlet," a punishment inflicted for petty
theft, " Jack " says :—

" The criminal is placed with his naked back in a large tub, wherein a seat has
been fixed ; this tub is secured on a grating, and is drawn round the deck by the boys,
the Master-at-Arms, with his drawn sword, pointing to the prisoner's breast. The
cavalcade starts from the break of the quarter-deck, after the Boatswain has given the
prisoner a dozen lashes, and the ship's crew are ranged round the deck in two rows, so
that the prisoner passes between them, and each man is provided with a three yarn
nettle ; that is, three rope yarns tightly laid together and knotted. With this each
man must cut him, or be thought implicated in the theft. Six Boatswain's Mates give
him half-a-dozen each as he passes round the decks, so that he receives four dozen
lashes from the Boatswain and his Mates with a cat-o'-nine tails, and six hundred cuts
with the three yarn nettle from the crew of a line of battleship, that being the average
number of men before the mast in war time. This punishment is inflicted by the
Captain's orders, without the formal inquiry by a court-martial."

30 CIVIL HISTORY OF TEL ROYAL NAVY, 1803-1815.

Another punishment, known as " starting," seems to have been
more generally abused than any.

" This may be carried," says " Jack," " to a great extent of torture, as every Boat-
swain's Mate carries a rope's end in his pocket : it is part of their equipment ; and,
when ordered to start the men by any of the officers, they must not be found wanting
of that appendage. The man is ordered to pull off his jacket, and sometimes his waist-
coat, if he has one on at the time: the I'oatswain's Mate then commences beating him,,
and continues to do so until he is ordered to stop, or unless his arm is tired, and then
another Boatswain's Mate is called to go on with the ceremony. Some of those men's
backs have often been so bad from the effects of the ' starting system,' that they have
not been able to bear their jackets on for several days ; and as this punishment is
inflicted without tying the man up, he will naturally endeavour to ward off or escape
as many of the blows as possible, and in doing so he frequently gets a serious cut in the
face or head. This punishment is so common that no minute is made of it even in.
the logbook ; and but few men in war time can escape the above mode of punish-
ment, particularly in those ships whose Captains give that power to their inferior
officers."

The punishment of " gagging " was —

" inflicted at the time of the offence being committed, which is generally for a seaman's-
daring to make a reply to his superior. The man is placed in a sitting position, with
both his legs in irons, and his hands secured behind him ; his mouth is then forced-
open, and an iron bolt put across, well secured behind his head. A sentinel is placed
over him with his drawn bayonet, and in this situation he remains until the Captain
may think proper to release him, or until he is nearly exhausted.

" To go through all the different modes of punishment resorted to in the British,
Navy would," continues " Jack," " be impossible, as almost every Captain, when,
appointed to a fresh ship, adopts new customs, with different ways to punish : and I
have heard the Captain say, when a man has been brought to the gangway to be flogged,,
and he has ( leaded hard, by honestly stating that he did not know he was doing wrong,
as it had been the customary order of the former Captain : and what was the reply of
this furious and unreasonable officer ? It was this : ' It was not my order, and 1 will
flog every man of you, but I will break you in to my ways ' ; and he nearly kept his
word, for within a short period of this time upwards of three hundred men had been,
flogged or started, and this too whilst we were blockading an enemy's port. It is-
generally supposed that no man could be punished without having been guilty of some
serious offence ; but that is not always the case, for nineteen out of twenty men that are
punished suffer without being conscious that they have violated any law ; and in many
instances they are the most expert and able seamen. For instance, the fore, main, and
mi/en-top men are selected from the crew as the most sprightly and attentive to their
duty ; and yet those men are more frequently punished, and are always in dread when,
aloft lest they should be found fault with for not being quick enough, for punishment is
sure to follow, and, sure enough, their conjectures are generally too true ; for they are not
only flogged, but their grog is stopped, or compelled to drink six or eight water grog
for a certain length of time. How many of those valuable seamen perished during the
late war. When aloft, and trembling from fear, how many have actually fell from the
yards and lost their lives, either on the decks or overboard ; and how many hundreds
have run away, and, by disguising themselves, got over to America, leaving behind,
perhaps, two or three years' hard-eamed pay and prize-money. In this manner,,
together with those killed in battle, our ship was three times manned in a little less
than seven years; for our complement of men was upwards of six hundred, and we had

LENGTH OF COMMISSIONS. 31

on our ship's books, within that period, twenty-one hundred. Many of these men had
purser's names, that is fictitious ones, to avoid detection in case they saw an opportunity
to run away."

Under the Articles of War, death remained the punishment for
such offences as refusal of obedience on the ground that wages
remained unpaid, uttering mutinous words, sleeping on watch,
striking a superior officer, and neglect in steering a ship : but death,
of course, could only be legally inflicted in pursuance of the sentence
of a court-martial. Death was, nevertheless, not infrequently caused
by the brutalities of tyrannical officers. The minutes of courts-
martial reveal, comparatively speaking, a considerable number of
examples in point. As for the legal sentence, it was inflicted freely.
" Jack " mentions that while at Lisbon in 1811 he witnessed the
hanging of two Marines who had been found guilty of having thrown
overboard an officer who had upon various occasions treated them
with cruelty.

Inordinately long commissions, and the established practice of
paying the seamen nothing until the ships themselves were paid off,
were among other legitimate grievances of the lower deck until long
after the conclusion of the French wars. Speaking in his place in
Parliament in 1811, Lord Dundonald, then Lord Cochrane, said
that—

" an increase of pay to the seamen in the Navy would be of little advantage to them,
so long as the present system continued. He had in his hands a list of ships of war
in the East Indies. The Centurion had been there eleven years. The Rattlesnake,
fourteen years, came home the otLer day with only one man of the first crew. The
Fox, frigate, under the command of his brother, had been there fifteen years ; the
Sceptre eight years ; the Albatross twelve, etc. Not one farthing of pay had been
given all that period to all those men. He had made a calculation on the Fox,
frigate, and, supposing only one hundred of the men returned, there would be due
to the crew £25,000, not including the officers. What became of these sums all the
while ? The interest ought to be accounted for to Government or to the seamen them-
selves. The Wilhelmina had been ten years, the Russell seven years, the Drake six
years. . . . The seamen, from the want of their pay, had no means of getting many
necessaries of the utmost consequence to their health and comfort." '

On April 25th, 1806, on the motion of Mr. Grey, afterwards
Lord Howick, an increase of pay was granted to the officers and
men of the Navy. Ordinary seamen were given an addition of &d.
a week ; able seamen, an addition of Is. a week ; petty officers, an
addition of from 5s. to 9s. Qd. a month ; and Masters' Mates and
some other warrant officers, an addition of 6s. a month. The pay of

1 Dundonald, ' Autobiog. of a Seaman,' ii. 182.

32 CIVIL HISTORY OF TEE EOYAL NAVY, 1803-1815.

Masters and Surgeons was not increased ; but Chaplains were made
eligible to hold the additional appointment of Schoolmaster, which
would better their pay by £20 a year. The daily pay of the com-
missioned officers was increased by the following sums : Admiral
of the Fleet, 10s. ; Admiral, 7s. ; Vice- Admiral, 5s. ; Bear- Admiral,
3s. 6d. ; Captain, 4s. ; and Lieutenant, Is. The various additions
involved an increase of £288,366 in the estimates. At the same
time something was done for the pensioners. The funds of the
Chest at Chatham, which, in conjunction with those of Greenwich
Hospital, had borne the cost of providing for the aged, infirm, and
wounded, were admitted to be inadequate ; and it was decided to
increase them by a grant of one shilling in the pound from all
prize-money. This was designed to admit of the gradual increment
in certain cases of the allowance to out-pensioners from £7 a year
to Is. a day (£18 5s. a year).

On November 9th, 1805, it was announced that " His Majesty
having been pleased to order the rank of Admirals of the Eed to be
restored to His Majesty's Navy," certain flag-officers were that day
promoted accordingly. It is not known who was responsible for the
terms of the notice ; but it should be pointed out that they are
historically incorrect. The rank of Admiral of the Eed had never
previously existed in England. Up to the middle of the eighteenth
century, when there was but one flag-officer of each rank and
colour — nine flag-officers in all — the senior of them was called, not
Admiral of the Eed, but Admiral of the Fleet ; and until 1805 the
Admiral of the Fleet, for the time being, was, in effect, the Admiral
of the Eed. The innovation really created an entirely new rank
between that of Admiral of the Fleet and that of Admiral of the
White. An impression seems to have prevailed that at some
remote date the rank had existed, and had been abolished in
consequence of a holder of it having been captured by the enemy ;
but there is no foundation for this belief.

In 1809 the Eoyal Naval Asylum, which had been for some
years in existence under the management of the Patriotic Fund,
of Lloyd's, and which, in 1829, was merged in Greenwich Hospital
School, was provided with a regular and fixed establishment, in
pursuance of recommendations made by the Commissioners of the
Asylum in accordance with directions conveyed to them by a royal
warrant of July 25th, 1805. The number of children to be ad-
mitted was limited to one thousand, being seven hundred boys and

THE ORDER OF THE BATH. 33

three hundred girls, legitimate sons and daughters of warrant and
petty officers and seamen of the Eoyal Navy, and non-commissioned
officers and men of the Eoyal Marines ; and the officers were to
consist of a Governor, who was to be of post-rank at least, a
Lieutenant and Secretary, who was to be a Commander or Lieu-
tenant, E.N., a clerk, an auditor, a chaplain, a steward, a surgeon,
a quarter-master of instruction, sergeant-assistants, a drummer, a
matron, and assistant-matron and schoolmistress, one reading
mistress, one knitting mistress and sempstress, a nurse to each
ward, infirmary nurses, a cook, a laundress, and a sergeant-porter.
All officers, as far as possible, were to be persons who had served
in the Navy or Eoyal Marines, or, if women, widows or other
relatives of persons who had so served.

The conclusion, or, rather, what was believed to be the con-
clusion, of the long wars with France, was celebrated, on January 2nd,
1815, by an extension of the Order of the Bath —

" to the end that those officers who have had the opportunity of distinguishing them-
selves by eminent services during the late war may share in the honours of the said
Order, and that their names may be delivered down to remote posterity, accompanied
by the marks of distinction which they have so nobly earned."

The Order had previously consisted of one class only, that of
Knights of the Bath ; and it may be said without exaggeration
that no similar distinction had ever, upon the whole, been more
deservedly bestowed or more highly valued than that of K.B.1 It
was the hall-mark of military competency and success. Under the
new rules, the Order was to consist of three classes, i.e., Knights
Grand Crosses (G.C.B.), limited to seventy-two, of whom twelve
might be persons eminent in civil or diplomatic life ; Knights
Commanders (K.C.B.), limited to one hundred and eighty, exclusive
of ten foreigners holding British commissions ; and Companions of
the Bath (C.B.). The old K.B.'s were to become G.C.B.'s; and
the remaining two classes were to be altogether new. The qualifi-
cations for a Companion were thus somewhat unsatisfactorily
defined : —

" No officer shall be nominated a Companion of the said most honourable Order,
unless he shall have received, or shall hereafter receive, a medal or other badge of
honour, or shall have been especially mentioned by name in dispatches, published in
the London Gazette, as having distinguished himself by his valour aud conduct in

1 For this reason, officers who, prior to 1815, had the rank of K.B., are described
throughout this history as K.B.'s, although in 1815 they became, of course, G.C.B.'s.

VOL. V. D

34 CIVIL HISTORY OF THE ROYAL NAVY, 1803-1815.

action against his Majesty's enemies, since the commencement of the war in 1803, or
shall hereafter be named in dispatches, published in the London Gazette, as having
distinguished himself."

For, as James points out, it might, as indeed it sometimes did
happen, that dispatches, received by the Admiralty and recording
the distinguished behaviour of an officer in action, were never,
owing to neglect or other reasons, published in the London Gazette
at all. Again, as far as the Navy was concerned, the enlarged
Order could be conferred on no officers below the rank of Post-
Captain. So that, to take one case by way of example, had Com-
mander William Manners, who, in 1814, fought one of the most
gallant actions on record with an American man-of-war of immensely
superior force, survived and returned to England, he would have
been precluded by two equally ridiculous considerations from
receiving a C.B. Firstly, the account of his most splendid action
did not figure in the London Gazette ; l secondly, Manners was but
a Commander. That Manners's ship was taken by the enemy
would, it must be feared, have supplied the authorities with an
additional reason for withholding any reward ; for when, many
years later, it was tardily decided to issue medals to all who had
been engaged in certain actions of the long war, the list of actions
selected was restricted to actions which had resulted successfully.
The medal was not granted to men who had stood up to the last
against overwhelming forces, and whose defeat had been as glorious
as any victory.

In the history of the time there are fewer references than might
be expected to the utilisation of spies ; yet foreigners did obtain
entrance to the British service ; and it may be that, on the other
hand, Englishmen occasionally managed to get a temporary footing
on board ships belonging to the enemy. Captain William Stanhope
Badcock, when acting-Lieutenant of the Melpomene, in 1806, had
the misfortune to be taken prisoner by the French off Leghorn.
With him and his boat's crew was a supposed Eussian midshipman,
who, for some time previously, had been serving in the frigate.
Says Badcock :—

" The young Russian . . . afterwards turned out to be a Frenchman, sent into our
service by Bonaparte, through Russian influence, with some of their own youngsters,

1 Nor does any account, strange to say, find a place in Brenton's History, though
Brenton, being himself a naval officer, should have found special pride in chronicling
so magnificent an addition to the glorious records of the service.

UNIFORM. 35

and passed off on our Government as a Russian. All that I can say is that he was a
clever, smart lad. I met him in Paris in 1818 (lieutenant de vaissiau), when he
laughed at the trick that had been played, and told me several more Russian midship-
men in our service were young Frenchmen. This was done by some of the Emperor
Alexander's official servants, when it was the policy of Russia, after the fatal battle of
Austerlitz, in December, 1805, to endeavour to please Napoleon." *

In December, 1804, it was announced that " a new class of
officers, to be called Sub-Lieutenants, are to be appointed, selected
from Midshipmen who have served their time. They are to receive
half-pay." 2 The innovation, due to the initiative of Earl St. Vincent,
did not, however, take root in the Navy, and the new rank quickly
languished and disappeared, not to be revived until half a century
later.

The uniform of executive officers remained until 1812 as it had
been settled in 1795 ; but on January 22nd, 1805, a uniform was
established for medical officers ; and on June 29th, 1807, uniforms
were also established for Masters and for Pursers. In 1812 the
white facings of the period anterior to 1795 were temporarily
re-introduced ; and an alteration was made in the uniform button,
which Mates and Midshipmen, as well as their superiors, were
directed to wear. The new button bore a crown above the anchor
on it. Commanders as well as Captains were at the same time
allowed to wear two epaulettes, those of the Commanders being
plain, those of Captains of less than three years' standing bearing
a silver anchor, and those of Captains of three years' standing and
upwards having a silver crown above a silver anchor. The Lieu-
tenants were given a single epaulette, to be worn on the right
shoulder. There was no further change until 1825.

Still there was no uniform for seamen, although there was a
customary dress, consisting of white trousers, a blue jacket, and a
tarpaulin hat. These clothes could be drawn, with others, from the
purser's stores. In most ships, however, any decent clothes were
allowed to be worn. Straw hats became common from about 1802 ;
petticoats, which had been common at sea since the days of Elizabeth,
were occasionally worn until 1820, and perhaps later. They were of
either tarpaulin or canvas, and reached to the knee. Purser's slops
were, of course, of a recognised pattern ; and Captains had power
to make any man who was ragged draw them, provided that the
value did not exceed two months' pay. Some Captains, however,
elected to supply part of their ship's companies — especially their
1 ' Personal Narrative,' p. 71. 2 Nav. Chron., 1804, ii. 510.

D 2

36 CIVIL HISTORY OF THE ROYAL NAVY, 1803-1815.

own boat's crews — with a uniform of their own designing, made
at their own cost ; and, when they did so, the dresses were some-
times both expensive and excentric. The pigtail remained on the
lower-deck for some time after it had disappeared from the quarter-
deck, where, as early as 1805, it had begun to be the exception
rather than the rule, particularly among young officers. The men,
as has, indeed, always been their habit, were excessively fond of
making decorative additions to their new clothes, if they were
permitted to do so ; and pipings of silk or canvas in the seams of
jackets, braid trimmings, rows of bright buttons, and gaudy hat
ribbons, with or without a name or motto on them, were much in
favour at, and in the ten years subsequent to, the time of Trafalgar.
Lower-deck dandies also wore black neckties, and white socks or
stockings, and had their trousers cut particularly tight round the
hips and particularly loose round the ankles.

The month of August, 1804, saw the establishment of the Eoyal
Marine Artillery. Three companies of artillery, one for each of the
then existing divisions, were ordered to be formed for service afloat,
the officers and men to receive additional pay. But the officers of
the new corps were not then separated from the general Marine
list, nor were they promoted except in turn with the others. More-
over, on attaining the rank of Major, they lost their appointments
in the artillery.

By an Admiralty Warrant of August 15th, 1805, a fourth division
of Eoyal Marines was established. The older divisions had their
headquarters at Chatham, Portsmouth, and Plymouth respectively.
The new division had its seat at Woolwich. During Lord Mul-
grave's administration additional second Colonels-Commandant were
appointed to each of these, every division thenceforward having
two ; and forage allowance for one horse was granted to Lieutenant-
Colonels, Majors, and Adjutants.

On November 21st, 1806, provoked by Great Britain's well-
proved superiority at sea, and by the single-minded manner in
which she used her sea-power for the confusion of his plans,
Napoleon issued the famous Berlin Decrees, which, like the decrees
which he subsequently issued from Milan and from the Tuileries,
were intended to destroy Britain by destroying her commerce. The
important articles of the Berlin Decrees were as follows :—

1. The British Islands are declared to be in a state of blockade.

2. All commerce and all correspondence with the British Isles are prohibited.

TEE BEELIN DEGREES. 37

3. The letters or packets which are addressed to England or to Englishmen, or
which are written in the English language, shall not be forwarded by the posts, and
shall be seized.

4. Every individual who is an English subject, no matter what his condition, who
may be found in the countries occupied by our troops, or those of our allies, shall be
made prisoner of war.

5. Every warehouse, every commodity, every article of property, no matter of what
sort, belonging to an English subject, shall be declared good prize.

6. The trade in English commodities is prohibited ; and every article which belongs
to England, or is the produce of her manufactures and colonies, is declared good prize.

7. One half of the proceeds of the confiscation of the articles, property, and goods,
declared good prize by the preceding articles, will be employed to indemnify the
merchants for the losses which they suffer by the seizure of trading vessels by English
cruisers.

8. No ship which comes direct from England or the English colonies, or has been
there after the publication of the present decree, shall be admitted into any harbour.

9. Every ship which trades with a false declaration in contravention of the above
principles, shall be seized, and the ship and cargo confiscated as if they were English
property.

As the influence of Napoleon increased upon the Continent, so
did the boycott, which was thus established, spread ; but it is upon
the whole astonishing how little harm was directly done to Great
Britain by the decrees. British goods, thanks to the activity of
smugglers, still found their way to France and to all parts of
Europe, in spite of Napoleon ; and, while the Continent had to pay
very heavily for them, the British producers and manufacturers
managed to retain many of their markets. But, as a reply to the
Emperor's decrees, Great Britain was obliged, by various Orders
in Council, to prohibit all trade by neutrals with France, unless the
vessels carrying on such trade should first enter a British port and
there pay a stipulated duty on her cargo. And the effect of the
Decrees on the one hand, and of the Orders on the other, was to
so greatly injure and irritate neutrals, as to be in a very large
measure responsible for the outbreak, in 1812, of war between
Great Britain, the most powerful of the maritime belligerents, and
the United States, the most interested of the neutral nations. Over
and over again it was prophesied in Parliament and elsewhere that,
by annoying America, the Orders would hurt Great Britain more
than they hurt France ; but the British Government stood firm and
enforced the retaliatory measures even after the United States, in
1809, passed an Act prohibiting all intercourse either with France
or with Great Britain, pending revocation, modification, or non-
enforcement of the objectionable edicts. It is true that, in 1809,
a treaty for reviving amity and commerce between the United

38 CIVIL HISTORY OF THE ROYAL NAVY, 1803-1815.

States and Great Britain was actually signed ; but the proceedings
of Mr. Erskine, who, as British Minister at Washington, had signed
it, were disavowed by the Government in London ; and the tension
was allowed steadily to increase, until, at the beginning of 1812,
it became abundantly evident that if the situation were suffered
to grow any worse, war must promptly result. Early in the session
of that year a motion was made for the repeal of the obnoxious
Orders in Council, and it was purposed to address the Regent,
praying him to suspend or annul them ; but, on the strength of
Lord Castlereagh's intimation that a conciliatory proposition was
about to be made to America, the motion was withdrawn. Accord-
ingly, there appeared in the Gazette a declaration revoking the
Orders in Council, so far as they applied to United States' vessels,
but adding that if, after the notification of the revocation to the
government at Washington, the Americans did not also revoke
their interdicts against British commerce, the British revocation
should be null and void. Unhappily the concession was made too
late. Ere America knew of it, the two countries were already
actually at war.

In spite of the stress of continuous hostilities, trade prospered
enormously between 1803 and 1815. In 1803, British trade was
represented by the following figures l : —

Imports. Exports.

Great Britain . . . £21,646,968 £22,252,101

Ireland 5,275,650 4,629,086

In 1815 the figures were 2 : —

Great Britain . . . £35,987,582 £44,053,455

Ireland 7,245,043 6,558,103

There was thus, during the war, an increase in the imports of
£16,310,007, and in the exports of £23,730,371.

1 ' Commons' Journals,' lix., App. 584 and 608.

2 76., Ixxi., App. 801 ; Ixx., App. 709.

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CHAPTEE XXXIX.

MAJOE OPEEATIONS OF THE EOYAL NAVY, 1803-1815.

Causes of the renewal of the war — Commanders-in-Chief, 1803 — Naval strength of
France — Expedition to Pondicherry — Cornwallis begins his blockade of Brest —
The Home station — The Invasion Flotilla— Owen off Blanc Nez — Mundy off
Le Havre — Owen off Dieppe and St. Valery-en-Caux — Operations off Granville—
Jackson and Honyman off Calais — Nelson appointed to the Mediterranean —
Observation of Toulon — Agincourt Sound — Reduction of St. Lucia, Tobago,
Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice- — Loring at Cape Francois — French evacuation
of Hayti — The East Indies — Cruise of Linois — Cornwallis oft' Brest in 1804 — The
Invasion Flotilla — British coast defences — Williams off Gravelines — Capture of
Wesley Wright — Action with Ver Huell — Oliver at Le Havre — Skirmish off
Staples — Owen off Vimereux — The " catamaran " — Abortive attack on shipping at
Boulogne — Henniker at Gris Nez — Loss of the Conflict — The catamaran dis-
credited— The Mediterranean in 1804 — The Amazon off Toulon — Bragadoccio of
Latouche-Treville— Origin of the Trafalgar campaign — Projects of French naval
concentration — Death of Latouche-Treville — Difficulties of blockade — Appoint-
ment of Villeneuve — Revised French projects — Spain joins France— Nelson's lack
of frigates — Seizure of the Surinam — Bligh's ill success at Curacoa — Surrender of
•Surinam — Capture and recapture of Goree — Franco-Spanish convention of 1805 —
Strength of the opposed navies — Cochrane off Ferrol — Orde off Cadiz — Orde's
jealousy of Nelson — The Admiralty's neglect of Nelson — Beginning of the
Trafalgar campaign — Escape of Villeneuve from Toulon — Nelson searches to the
eastward — Villeneuve's cruise — He returns to Toulon — Missiessy escapes from
Rochefort — His instructions — Nelson resumes the observation of Toulon — French
projects again modified — Situation of the rival forces in March, 1805- — Napoleon's
instructions to avoid a fleet action — Villeneuve again escapes from Toulon — Causes
of Nelson's delay in following to the westward — Flight of Orde from off Cadiz —
Nelson in chase of the French — Disposition of the British Navy — The Brest fleet
overawed by Gardner — Villeneuve at Martinique — Nelson follows to the West
Indies — He sacrifices to the safety of a convoy — His plan of action — Nelson at
Barbados — He has news of Villeneuve — The French reduce the Diamond Rock —
Ganteaume fails to meet Villeneuve — Villeneuve returns to Europe with Nelson at
his heels — Nelson learns that the enemy has sought shelter in port, and hauls
down his flag — British dispositions during Nelson's absence — Prompt action of
Lord Barham — Calder reinforced off Ferrol — Calder's action with the allies under
Villeneuve — Villeneuve enters Corunna — Cornwallis's strategical mistake — Ville-
neuve's remissness — He enters Vigo Bay — He proceeds to Ferrol — He seeks in
vain for Allemand from Kochefort — The allies enter Cadiz — Fury of Napoleon —
Villeneuve's supersession determined on — Cornwallis drives Ganteaume back to
Brest — Collingwood reinforced off Cadiz — Napoleon abandons his plans of invading
England — He decides to send his fleet to the Mediterranean — Nelson resumes
command — Villeneuve's eagerness to escape supersession by distinguishing
himself — Nelson's anxieties — His plan of action — He has to weaken his force — •
The allies leave Cadiz for the Mediterranean — The battle of Trafalgar — Nelson's

1803-15.] SUMMARY OF EVENTS. 45

glorious death — Other officers killed and wounded — Results of the action — Colling-
wood omits to anchor the fleet — Fate of the prizes — Nelson's funeral — His
character — Honours to his relatives — Honours to the victors — Fate of Villeneuve
— Strachan defeats Duraanoir Le Pelley — Effects of the Trafalgar campaign —
Concentration of the Invasion Flotilla — Honyman off Boulogne — Adam off Fecamp
— Loss of the Plumper and Teazer — Ver Huell's voyage southward — Bromley and
Hamelin off St. Valery — Constitution of the Invasion Flotilla in 1805 — Cruise of
Missiessy — His proceedings in the West Indies — He relieves San Domingo and
returns to France — Sortie of Leissegues and Willaumez from Brest — Warren and
Strachan pursue — Brisbane warns Duckworth — Duckworth's excessive caution
and its results — Duckworth defeats Leissegues off San Domingo — Exploits of
Willaumez — Insubordination of Jerome Bonaparte — Return of Willaumez —
Cornwallis strikes his flag — Collingwood off Cadiz — -Escape of the French frigates,
from Cadiz — Austria and Prussia treat with France — French action against
Naples — Sidney Smith at Gaeta and Capri — British invasion of Calabria — Hoste
at Cotrone — Popbam takes the Cape of Good Hope — Capture of the Volontaire —
Popham's expedition to the River Plate — Capture and recapture of Buenos Aires — •
Capture of Maldonado — Trial of Popham — British aid to the Northern Powers in
1807 — Chetham at Danzig — The French navy at the peace of Tilsit — Demand for
the Danish fleet — Gambier's expedition to the Baltic — Capture of the Frederiks-
coarn — Bombardment and capture of Copenhagen — Russell takes Helgoland — •
French intrigues with Turkey — Louis sent to the Dardanelles — The British
ambassador leaves Constantinople — Duckworth reinforces Louis and takes com-
mand— Loss of the Ajax — Passage of the Dardanelles — Sidney Smith destroys a
Turkish squadron — Duckworth's lack of decision — Useless negotiations — Retreat
of the fleet from Constantinople — Huge Turkish shot- — Duckworth refuses to
re-enter the strait — Expedition to Egypt — Surrender of Alexandria — Russian
action against Turkey — Portugal unwillingly joins France — Sidney Smith
blockades the Tagus — Dom Joao abandons Portugal for Brazil — Sidney Smith
blockades Seniavine hi the Tagus — Madeira taken — Stirling supersedes Popham in
the Plate — Montevideo taken — Operations against Buenos Aires — Withdrawal of
the expedition — Punishment of Whitelocke — Brisbane captures Curacoa — Den-
mark loses St. Thomas and St. Croix — Expedition to Java — French naval activity
in 1808 — Escape of Allemand from Rochefort — He enters Toulon — Ganteaume
leaves Toulon for the eastward — Collingwood suffers him to return to Toulon —
Final evacuation of Calabria — Collingwood and the Spanish patriots — Surrender of
the French squadron at Cadiz — Spain and Portugal act with Great Britain —
Wellesley to the Peninsula — Surrender of the Russian squadron in the Tagus —
Expedition to the Baltic — Surrender and burning of the Sewolod — Operations at
Nyborg — Capture of Marie Galante — Capture of Desirade — Repulse at St. Martin
• — 'Willaumez leaves Brest — Stopford and Jurien — Willaumez blockaded in Aix
Road — Gambier assumes the blockade — Preparation of fireships — Cochrane sum-
moned— Allemand supersedes Willaumez — Cochrane attacks Allemand's squadron
— Destruction of French ships — Mismanagement of the affair — Trial of Gambier —
Treatment of the French captains — Reduction of Anholt — The French in the
Schelde — Expedition_to the Schelde — Operations in Walcheren — Siege of Flushing
— British mismanagement — Passage of the forts — Fall of Flushing — Collapse of
the expedition — Baudin relieves Barcelona — Baudin's second sortie — Hallowell in
Rosas Bay — Successes in the Ionian Islands — Capture of Senegal, Martinique,
and Cayenne — Gallantry of Yeo — Death of Collingwood — Capture of Sta. Maura — •
Allemand supersedes Ganteaume at Toulon — Skirmishes off the port — Capture of
Guadeloupe, St. Martin, St. Eustatius and Saba — Reduction of Amboyna —
Capture of Banda — Mauritius taken — Inactivity of the great French fleets —
Pellew and Emeriau off Toulon — Reduction of Java — Naval impotence of France

MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1803.

NAVAL HALFPENNY TOKEN OF 1812, COMMEMORA-
TIVE OF KELSON.

(From an original lent by H.S.H. Captain Prince Louis of
Bnt/enbery, G.C.B., H.N.)

— Russia deserts Napoleon — Allemand cruises from Lorient — Pellew off Toulon —
Murat deserts Napoleon — Pellew and Cosmao-Kerjulien— Hoste captures Cattaro
—Other operations in the Adriatic — Passage of the Adour— Penrose in the Gironde
—First restoration of Louis XVIII.— Napoleon taken to Elba— Events of the
Hundred Days — Napoleon deported to St. Helena— Capture of the Melpomene —
Operations in the West Indies— Conditions of the Peace of Paris— Great Britain's
Sains— The Navy's share in the results secured for Europe and civilisation.

TT has been said that,
under the provi-
sions of the Treaty of
Amiens, the islands of
Malta, Gozo, and Com-
ino were to be returned
to the Order of St. John
of Jerusalem, whichhad
held them previous to
the war of 1793-1802,
and that the troops of
Great Britain were to

evacuate the islands within three months of the exchange of
ratifications. It has also been said that the republic of the Ionian
Islands was acknowledged, and that Egypt and the other territories
of the Sultan were restored to the status quo ante bellum. It had
been arranged by the treaty that the independence of Malta should
be guaranteed by Great Britain, France, Austria, Russia, and Spain ;
but when, moved thereto by French influences, Russia put herself
forward as the special protector of the island ; when, moreover,
it became evident that Napoleon still had designs against the Ionian
Republic and Egypt ; * and when warlike preparations on a large
scale began in all the ports of France, Great Britain very wisely
objected to evacuate the Maltese islands. The immediate result
was that Napoleon very rudely informed Lord Whitworth, the
British Ambassador in Paris, of his intention to regard as a casus
belli a refusal to deliver up Malta. The interview in which he
conveyed this intimation was a public one ; and the First Consul's
manner was so insulting that the Ambassador might well have
quitted Paris instantly ; but he remained, and eventually presented
Napoleon with an ultimatum proposing that Great Britain should
retain Malta for ten years. France's reply was that the island must
be ceded to Russia ; and with that reply Lord Whitworth left Paris.

1 Sehastiani's report.

1803.]

DECLARATION OF WAR.

When he reached London, it was felt that, in view of the attitude
of the First Consul, further negotiation was useless, and that prompt
action was most desirable. On May 16th, 1803, therefore, Great
Britain authorised the issue of letters of marque and general
reprisals,1 and on May 18th she formally declared war against

SIR JOHN BARROW, BART.

Secretary of the Admiralty, 1804-1845.
(From the picture by Jackson, painted in 1824.)

France. It is now clear that the declaration must have somewhat
surprised Napoleon, who had expected that he would succeed in
postponing the outbreak of hostilities until the autumn.2 Such
is, very briefly, an outline of the causes which led to what was
practically a renewal of the old war.

The British officers holding command of the chief stations
•during the year 1803 were : —

1 Vessels of the Batavian Republic, then in effect a part of Prance, were at the
same time ordered to be detained.

2 Instruct, au Gen. Decaen, Feb. 1803 ; in Dumas, ' Precis des Even. Milit.,' xi. 189.

MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1803.

Portsmouth .... Admiral Mark Milbanke.

Admiral Lord Gardner, from Mar. 16th.
Plymouth .... Admiral Sir Thomas Pasley.

Admiral Lord Keith, from Mar. llth.1

Admiral George Montagu, from May 26th.

Admiral Sir John Co\poys,from June 8th.

Channel Admiral the Hon. Wm. Cornwallis.

Mediterranean . . . K.-Adm. Sir Richard Hussey Bickerton.

V.-Adm. Lord Nelson, from May IGth.

Downs Admiral Lord Keith.

North America . . . V.-Adm. Sir Andrew Mitchell (1).
East Indies .... V.-Adm. Peter Rainier (1).
Jamaica .... R.-Adm. Sir John Thomas Duckworth.
Leeward Islands . . Commod. Sir Samuel Hood (2).

That war was inevitable had been plainly foreseen in England for
many months ; and the King, addressing Parliament on March 8th,
did not scruple to use language which indicated that he was
prepared to face it. France, likewise, realised early, in the year that
Great Britain would not purchase peace at the price of concessions ;
though so speedy an outbreak was hardly expected. In March orders
were given for the equipment at Flushing of an " escadre du Nord,"
for the construction in all the ports of the lower Schelde, Weser, and
Elbe of great numbers of gun-vessels and flat-bottomed boats, and
for the accumulation of vast quantities of naval stores. The total
French line-of-battle force which, immediately after the issue of these
orders, was ready, or in process of being made ready for sea, was : —

At sea.

Ready for sea.

Nearly ready.

BniMiug or
ordered.

Total.

101

Brest

Lorient ....

Rochefort

St. Malo ....

Flushing, etc.

Ostend ....

Nantes ....

Bordeaux.

Toulon ....

Marseilles

Genoa

68s

1 Vit., nine at, or coining from, San Domingo, and one proceeding to the East Indies with Decaen, the Marenyo.

2 These ten ships (74's) were to form the "escadre dn Nord."

3 James makes the total 66 only, bnt he omits two vessels building at Toulon.

In addition, about seven ships of the line of the Batavian Navy
were serviceable.

1 Declined the post and went to the Downs.

1803.] BLOCKADE OF BREST. 49

In March, also, General Decaen, supplied with full instructions
to guide him in the event of an outbreak of war, sailed from Brest
for India with the Marengo, 74, the frigates Atalante, Semillante,
and Belle-Poule, and the transports Marie Framboise and Cote d'Or,
conveying about 1350 troops ostensibly destined to take possession
of Pondicherry, which was, to be returned to France under the
third article of the Treaty of Amiens.

As early as the evening of May 17th, Admiral the Hon. William
Cornwallis left Cawsand Bay with ten sail of the line and some
frigates, and with his flag in the Dreadnought, 98, l to cruise off
Ushant and to watch Brest. Smaller squadrons were sent a little
later to cruise, one to the southward of Brest, one in the Irish
Channel, and one in the North Sea, while about twenty additional
ships of the line were being brought forward at Portsmouth and
Devonport for commission at the earliest possible moment. Corn-
wallis watched, or blockaded Brest, without experiencing much
relief from the monotony of the service, until December 25th, when
a very violent south-west gale obliged him to return to his ports.
In the meantime, of the nine French sail of the line which had been
at San Domingo, two had already reached Eochefort, five had taken
refuge in Ferrol, and one, the Aigle, 74, had put into Cadiz. All
these vessels were presently watched by adequate British forces.
There was thus no opportunity in 1803 for any meeting of great
fleets in the Atlantic. Indeed, the only active operations of im-
portance on the western coasts of the Continent were such as were
provoked by the collection in various ports from Ostend to G-ranville
of gunboats and other craft suited for forming the nucleus of an
invasion flotilla. British cruisers were stationed before all these
ports, and not only did the enemy seldom venture out for exercise
or other purposes without being attacked, but also he was frequently
annoyed when still lying at his moorings in supposed safety. Some
of these affairs deserve to be recorded.

In the morning of June 14th, the Immortalite, 36, Captain
Edward William Campbell Eich Owen, Cruiser, 18, Commander
John Hancock (1), and Jalouse, 18, Commander Christopher
Strachey, chased on shore under batteries near Cape Blanc Nez the
French gun-vessels Inabordable, 4, and Commode, 4. When the tide
permitted, the Cruiser and Jalouse stood in, and, anchoring with
springs on their cables, engaged and silenced the batteries, after
1 He shifted it on July 9th to the Ville de Paris, 112.

VOL. V. E

50 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1803.

which the boats of the squadron boarded and brought off both
vessels, losing only one person wounded.1

On August 1st, having prevented a French armed lugger, the
Favori, 4, from entering Le Havre, and forced her to haul close
to the beach near the mouth of the Touque, Captain George
Mundy, of the Hydra, 38, sent his boats under Lieutenant Francis
M'Mahon Tracy and Midshipmen John Barclay and George French,,
to cut her out or destroy her. As they approached she was
abandoned by her people, who, however, joined some troops and
took station behind the sandbanks to cover her with their muskets.
But in spite of their fire, the Favori was carried off, the British
losing no more than one man killed.2

On September 14th, at 8 A.M., the Immortalite, 36, Captain
Edward William Campbell Eich Owen, Perseus, bomb, Commander
John Melhuish, and Explosion, bomb, Commander Robert Paul,
ventured to bombard the Dieppe batteries and seventeen vessels,
chiefly building, that lay in the port. They continued the fire
until about 11.30 A.M., setting fire to the town in three places ; and
then, proceeding to St. Valery-en-Caux, where six other vessels
were constructing, and off which place they arrived at 3 P.M., threw
shells into the place for an hour. It is doubtful whether very
much damage was done, but Captain Owen's loss was slight — one
missing and five wounded.3

In the evening of September 13th, the Cerberus, 32, Bear-Admiral
Sir James Saumarez, Captain William Selby, with the sloops
Chancell, Commander Philip Dumaresq, and Kite, Commander
Philip Pipon (1), the Eling, 14, schooner, Lieutenant William
Archbold, and the Carteret, cutter, anchored quite close in front
of the town of Granville, to await the hourly-expected arrival of
the bombs Sulphur, Commander Donald M'Leod, and Terror,
Commander George Nicholas Hardinge, with the co-operation of
which it was intended to endeavour to destroy some of the numerous
gunboats lying within the pier, and to damage the port. The Terror
appeared towards midnight ; but, as she grounded in the darkness
at low water, she was not able to get into her assigned station until
2 A.M. on the 14th. She then shelled the gun-vessels and batteries
for upwards of three hours, but was recalled towards daybreak,.

1 Owen to Montagu, June 14th.

2 Mundy to Saumarez, Aug. 1st.

3 Owen to Keith, Sept. 14th.

1803.] ACTIONS WITH THE INVASION FLOTILLA. 51

and reanchored out of gunshot, with a loss of two men slightly
wounded. Soon afterwards, the Sulphur joined ; but little could
be done that evening, as the tide prevented even the small craft
from getting sufficiently close. On the morning of the 15th, how-
ever, all the ships were able to station themselves to good advantage ;
and from 5 A.M. to 10.30 A.M. they maintained a hot fire, though
it is not certain that they produced very much effect. They were
then obliged, by the state of the tide, to withdraw ; and although
they had been opposed by twenty-two gun-vessels, besides the
batteries on shore, they suffered no loss and very little damage.
After weighing, however, the Cerberus grounded on a shoal. Nine
gunboats, thereupon, hauled out and began to annoy her ; but they
were at length compelled to retire ; and at the end of three hours
the Cerberus was refloated.1

On the night of September 27th a division of small craft, under
Commander Samuel Jackson, of the Autumn, 16, bombarded Calais
for several hours, apparently inflicting some damage, but receiving
none. The British vessels were then driven off by a north-easterly
gale ;2 and on the following day, taking advantage of their absence,
numerous French gunboats left Calais for Boulogne, and made the
passage in safety although they were chased and fired at by the
Leda, 36, Captain Robert Honyman. On September 29th, twenty-
five other gunboats attempted to follow the first detachment. The
Leda drove two ashore, where they were bilged ; but the rest
reached their destination, making, with those already there, a
flotilla of fifty-five sail.3 On October 31st, while working in
towards the shore near Etaples, Captain Honyman, who had
with him the sloops Lark and Harpy, saw a gun-brig and six
schooners and sloops coming out of port and making for Boulogne.
He ordered the Lark and Harpy to chase ; but ere they could
get up with the enemy, the hired cutter Admiral Mitchell, 12,
Lieutenant Alexander Shippard, being already off Boulogne, in-
tervened to such good effect that, although she had to contend
with a land battery at Le Portel as well as with the vessels,
she succeeded, after an engagement of two hours and a half, in
driving ashore the gun-brig and one of the sloops. The Admiral
Mitchell was a good deal cut about aloft, had a carronade dis-

1 Saumarez to Nepean, Sept. 15th.

2 Jackson to Montagu, Sept. 28th.
s Honyman to Keith, Sept. 29th.

E 2

MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1803.

mounted, and had several shot in her hull ; but she had only five
men wounded.1

At the time of the renewal of the war there were in the Mediter-
ranean ten British sail of the line under Bear-Admiral Sir Eichard
Hussey Bickerton, Bart. (W.). That force, though sufficient, per-
haps, for the observation of Toulon, where but eight or ten ships
were ready for sea,2 might, it was felt, soon become unequal to the
task of controlling waters, nearly all the coasts of which were either

ADMIRAL SIB RICHARD HUSSEY BICKERTON, BART.
(.From Ridley's engraving after T. Maynard's drawing of a picture painted in Malta, ca. 1803.)

under the dominion of, or more or less obedient to Napoleon. It
was not easy at once to send from England any large reinforcements
up the Strait ; but it was possible to dispatch thither an officer whose

1 Honyman to Keith, Oct. 31st : Shippard to Honyman, Oct. 31st.

2 Afloat were the Formidable, 80, Indomptable, 80, Atlas, 74, Berwick, 74, In-
trepide, 74, Mont Blanc, 74, and Scipion, 74. In dock were the Annibal, 74, and
Swiftsure, 74 ; and on the stocks were the Bucentaure, 80, Neptune, 80, Boree, 74,
Pluton, 74, and Phaeton, 74. The fleet was commanded by Vice-Admiral Rene
Madeleine de Latouche-Treville.

1803.] NflLSON IN THE MEDITERRANEAN. 53

mere presence, it was well known, would be equivalent to the
addition of one or two ships of the line to the fleet. Vice-
Admiral Lord Nelson, therefore, was offered and accepted the chief
command in the Mediterranean. On May 18th he hoisted his flag
in the Victory, 100, at Portsmouth, and at 5 P.M. on the 20th he
left Spithead 1 accompanied by the Amphion, 32, Captain Thomas
Masterman Hardy. His orders were to repair to Admiral the Hon.
William Cornwallis, off Brest, and, if that officer required assistance,
to leave the Victory with him and to proceed in the Amphion. On
the 22nd and 23rd Nelson sought in vain for Cornwallis on and near
the rendezvous off Ushant, for the British fleet had been blown from
its station. Unwilling to delay further, the Vice-Admiral shifted his
flag to the Amphion, and at 8 P.M. on the 23rd made sail in her with
a fair wind, leaving the Victory, Captain Samuel Sutton, to follow in
case her services should not be needed in the Channel. Within two
days of the departure of the Amphion, Sutton fell in with Cornwallis,
who permitted him to continue his voyage ; and on May 28th, in
lat. 45° 40' N., long. 6° 10' W., the Victory was so fortunate as to
capture the Embuscade, 32, 2 homeward bound from Cape Fra^ois
to Eochefort.3 She reached Gibraltar on June 12th, sailed again on
the 15th, anchored at Valetta on July 9th, quitted the port on the
llth, and rejoined Nelson off Cape Sicie at 4 P.M. on July 30th.

In the meantime, the Vice-Admiral, in the Amphion, reached
Gibraltar on June 3rd, sailed again early on June 4th, and anchored
on June 15th at Valetta. Thence, on the 17th he proceeded to
Naples, where he anchored on the 25th, expecting to find Bickerton.
The Bear-Admiral, however, had sailed on the 4th for Toulon,
whither the Amphion followed him, and where he found him on
July 8th, with eight ships of the line. Nelson, confident that Corn-
wallis would not detain the Victory, kept his flag flying in the frigate
until the evening of July 30th, when he shifted it to the three-
decker, taking with him Hardy, whose place in the Amphion was
transferred to Captain Sutton. The force then immediately with
the Commander-in-Chief consisted of the following ships, five

1 " Such was the anxiety of Lord Nelson to embark that yesterday, to everyone
who spoke to him of his sailing, he said, ' I cannot before to-morrow, and that's an
age.' This morning, about ten o'clock, his Lordship went off in a heavy shower of
rain, and sailed with a northerly wind." Portsmouth report, May 20th, in Nav. Chron.,
June, 1803.

* The ex-British frigate Ambuscade. She was only partially gunned and manned.

3 Sutton to Nepean, June 12th.

• MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1803.

other sail of the line being at the time detached on various
services :—

SHIPS.

GUKK.

COMMANDED*.

!Vice-Adm. Lord Nelson, K.B.

Victory

100

Capt. George Murray (3), Capt. of the

Fleet.

Capt. Thomas Masterman Hardy.

Gibraltar

Capt. George Frederick Ryves (1).

Belleisle

Capt. John Whitby.

Donegal

Capt. Sir Eichard John Strachan, Bar!

Renown

Capt. John Chambers White.

Monmouth

Capt. George Hart.

Active .

1 38

Captain Richard Hussey Moubray.

Phoebe .

Capt. Hon. Thomas Bladen Capell.

Amphion

Capt. Samuel Sutton.

In the early part of August the fleet before Toulon was joined by
the Canopus, 80, Bear-Admiral George Campbell, Captain John
Conn, and Triumph, 74, Captain Sir Eobert Barlow, from England,
and by the Kent, 74, Bear-Admiral Sir Bichard Hussey Bickerton,
Bart., Captain Edward O'Bryen (1), and Superb, 74, Captain Bichard
Goodwin Keats, from elsewhere on the station ; but Nelson kept only
six ships of the line, besides frigates, with him, detaching the rest.
Latouche-Treville, nevertheless, made no effort to leave port, nor
did any Spanish fleet from Barcelona or elsewhere endeavour, as
Nelson at one time thought it would, to join the French in Toulon.

In 1802, Captain George Frederick Byves (1), then of the
Agimcourt, 64, had found and surveyed a well-sheltered and other-
wise very admirable anchorage among the Maddalena Islands, off
the north coast of Sardinia. It is formed by an indented bay1 on the
larger island, and is protected on the north by Maddalena, Spargi,
Caprera, and St. Stefano. Its capabilities having been made
known to the Commander-in-Chief, and, the fleet being in want of
water, Nelson, on October 24th, quitted his station off Cape Sicie,
and made for the anchorage, which he ultimately named Agincourt
Sound. He left the frigates Seahorse and Narcissus to watch the
enemy's port ; and they remained cruising before it, and quite un-
disturbed, until the Vice-Admiral returned on November 23rd.2 On
the following day he was joined by the Excellent, 74, Captain Frank
Sotheron, from England. The work of blockade, owing to the
persistence of heavy N.W. and N.E. gales, and the bad state of

1 The Gulf of Arsachena.

2 He had left Agincourt Sound on Nov. 9th, but was delayed by bad weather.

1803.]

CAPTURE OF ST. LUCIA.

many of the ships, was rendered extremely trying ; but Nelson found
some relief by stationing himself off Cape St. Sebastian instead of off
Cape Sicie — a change which he made upon receiving intelligence
which induced him to suppose that no interference was to be appre-
hended from the side of Spain. In the second week of December,
however, he was obliged to take shelter in Palma Bay, whence on
December 21st he went again to Agincourt Sound. There he
remained until after the close of the year, trusting to Captain Eoss

| "

^ -r • T

S-t ^ ^

;^^ ^ \ j

-^-- ^ S-' x

r • . • •» -

VICE-ADMIBAL SIB SAMUEL HOOD (2), BAET , K.B.
(From a drawing by W. Evans, after a picture by Sir Wm. Bcechcii, R.A.)

Donnelly, who, in the Narcissus, with one or two other frigates in
company, continued off Toulon, to send him timely news of any
important movement on the part of the French.,

The outbreak of war saw, as usual, almost immediate extension
of the over-sea possessions of Great Britain. On June 21st, 1803,
Commodore Samuel Hood (2), in the Centaur, 74, Captain Bendall
Eobert Littlehales, with the Courageux, 74, Captain Benjamin

56 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1803

Hallowell, and several smaller vessels, carrying troops under Lieut. -
General Grinfield, anchored in Choc Bay, St. Lucia, at 11 A.M.
Before 5 P.M. the troops were disembarked under the direction of
Captain Hallowell ; half an hour later the French outposts were
driven in and the town of Castries was taken ; and at 4 A.M. on the
22nd the fortress of Morne Fortunee, which had refused overnight
to surrender, was stormed and carried, with a loss to the assailants
of twenty killed and one hundred and ten wounded.1 St. Lucia
having been thus easily reduced, the Centaur, with some small craft
and troops, sailed on June 25th for Tobago, and on the 31st arrived
off the island. The troops were instantly put ashore without loss,
and by 4.30 A.M. on the following day General Berthier, the com-
mandant, capitulated.2 Between that time and the end of September
the Dutch colonies of Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice were also
captured. No lives were lost in acquiring them, and at Demerara
the Batavian corvette Hippomenes, 14, was taken.3

On the Jamaica station British co-operation at sea soon enabled
the negroes of San Domingo to oust the French from all those parts
of the island which had previously been French, except Cape
Francois, where General Eochambeau commanded, and Mole St.
Nicolas, which was held by General Noailles. Cape Fra^ois,
besides being invested by the blacks, was closely blockaded by a
small squadron under Commodore John Loring ;* and on Novem-
ber 17th, Eochambeau offered to evacuate the place on certain
conditions. As, however, these were not accepted by Loring, the
French general made terms with Dessalines, the negro commander.
The agreement was that the French should evacuate the Cape and
its dependencies, and, within ten days from November 20th, should
be allowed to retire to France on board the ships then in port.
Eochambeau accordingly embarked, but Loring gave him no loop-
hole of escape ; and on November 30th, when the specified limit of
time had expired, and the French were still in harbour, the blacks
began preparations for sinking their vessels with red-hot shot.
Loring thereupon sent in Captain John Bligh (2), of the Theseus,

1 Hood to Nepean, June 22nd.

' Hood's disp. of July 1st.

8 Disp. of Sept. 27th, enclosing disp. of Capt. Loftus Otway Bland, of Heureux, of
Sept. 26th. In these operations the ships engaged were Centaur, Courageux, Argo,
Ulysses, Chichester, Hornet, Heureux, Emerald, Osprey, Venus, Port Mahon, Cyane,
Brilliant, and Netley. Hood was made a K.B. for his services.

4 Loring to Duckworth, June 9th.

1803.] CAPTURE OF THE SUBVEILLANTE AND CLOB1NDE. 57

and Captain Barre, under a flag of truce ; and, in virtue of an
arrangement then come to, Dessalines agreed to suffer the French to
put to sea, and the French consented, after discharging a broadside,
pro forma, in reply to a shot fired across the bows of each, to haul
down their colours, and surrendered to the British. In pursuance
of this convention, the Surveillante, 40, and several smaller craft, left
harbour, struck, and were duly taken possession of. As, however,
the Clorinde, 40, came out, she grounded on the rocks l under Fort
St. Joseph, beat off her rudder, and, after a few minutes, looked as
if she must infallibly perish with all on board, including General
Lapoype and several women and children — in all, about nine
hundred souls. Moreover, the negroes betrayed every intention of
opening fire on her. So utterly hopeless, indeed, appeared her
situation that most of the officers in the British boats which had
been assisting the exit of the French vessels, never thought of
returning to attempt to save her. But Lieutenant Nisbet Josiah
Willoughby (act.), one of the most gallant officers who ever served
under the British flag, happened to be in command of a launch
belonging to the Hercule, 74,2 and, upon his own responsibility, put
back to try to preserve the unhappy French from the fate which
threatened them. Having taken precautions to prevent his launch
from being swamped by the excited people who thronged the frigate's
side, he boarded the Clorinde and persuaded her officers to waive
the formality of waiting for a shot to be fired across their bows, and
of returning a broadside, ere they surrendered. Willoughby then
hoisted the British flag on the frigate, and, proceeding on shore to
General Dessalines, made that officer understand that the Clorinde
was thenceforward a British man-of-war, and that although the
French, being still at the mouth of the port, might not have strictly
complied with the terms of the agreement, they must not be fired
upon, seeing that they were prisoners under British protection.
Obtaining assistance, both from the shore and from the squadron,
Willoughby then began to attempt to get the frigate off the rocks ;
and, thanks to his energy and ability,3 as well as to a fall in the
wind, he ultimately succeeded. Both of the Clorinde, which was
added to the navy as a 38-gun ship, and of Willoughby, there will
be other occasions to speak.*

1 Loring to Duckworth, Nov. 30th.

2 Flag of Adm. Sir J. T. Duckworth.

3 Disp. of R. Adm. J. T. Duckworth. Gazette, 1804, 164, 166.

4 Loring to Duckworth, Dec. 2nd : Duckworth to Nepean, Dec. 18th.

58 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1803.

From Cape Fra^ois, Commodore Loring went to St. Nicolas
Mole ; but General Noailles, upon being summoned, declined to
consider the terms which were offered to him. For reasons which
are not quite clear, he was not fully blockaded, almost the whole of
the British squadron, with the prizes and prisoners, going on to
Jamaica.1 On the night following their departure, the French
general and his garrison left the port in six small vessels, and in
due time he, in a brig, arrived safely in Cuba.2 Thus the French
portion of San Domingo was finally handed over to the negro
population. Part of the French garrison had previously escaped
to the Spanish end of the island, and, under Generals Kerverseau
and Ferrand, occupied the towns of San Domingo and Santiago ;
but those officers were never able to restore any semblance of French
authority in Hayti ; and one of the most important colonial expedi-
tions upon which France ever embarked, resulted only, in spite of
the care and expense which had been lavished on it, in the
miserable sacrifice of twenty general officers and upwards of forty
thousand men.3

The squadron4 which conveyed General Decaen, as French
governor-general, to India, was under the command of Bear-
Admiral Linois, who had his flag in the Marengo, 74. It quitted
Brest on March 6th, 1803, and, although it became separated on the
way out, it re-assembled5 in the road of Pondicherry on July llth.
The British authorities in the town had already been called upon to
surrender the settlement in accordance with the Treaty of Amiens,
but, owing to lack of orders, to informality in the application, or,
perhaps, to a conviction that a renewal of war was imminent, they
had declined to hand over their charge. In the meantime, also, a
superior British force,6 under Vice-Admiral Peter Eainier (1), had
anchored on July 5th, partly in the road of Cuddalore, only about
twenty miles from Pondicherry, and partly before Pondicherry itself ;
and, upon the arrival of Linois, Eainier concentrated his squadron
and anchored the whole of it midway between Cuddalore and

1 Duckworth to Nepean, Dec. 18th, where lack of provisions is alleged.

2 The remaining five vessels were picked up by the Pique, which alone remained
off St. Nicolas Mole.

3 ' Viet, et Conq.,' xiv. 330. * See p. 49, antea.

6 With the exception of the transports, which arrived, the Marie Franfoise on the
12th, and the Cote if Or on the 13th.

6 One 74, two 64,'s, one 50, one 44 en flute, three frigates and a sloop. Another
sloop joined a few days later.

1803.] EVENTS IN THE EAST INDIES. 59

Pondicherry. Each party fully believed that war, if it had not
already broken out, would begin almost immediately ; and when, on
the evening of July 12th, the French Bear-Admiral was joined by
the brig Belief, which had left Brest ten days later than the
Marengo, and which probably apprised him of the tenour of King
George's message to Parliament on March 8th,1 Linois must have
felt confident that the two countries were actually, by that time,
again active enemies. The dispatches sent to him by the brig
directed him to proceed at once to the Isle of France, there to make
his ships ready, pending the receipt of orders to commence hostilities.
Unfortunately he had already invited Vice-Admiral Bainier to
breakfast with him on the morning of the 13th. Apprehensive lest
the British Commander-in-Chief might know even more than he,
and might detain the French squadron if it showed any disposition
to move, Linois waived ceremony, and in the night silently slipped
his cables, leaving some of his boats behind him. In the morning
Eainier discovered that his host had flown ; and, suspecting, for the
moment, that news of the re-opening of the war had been received,
he instantly detached the main part of his command to Madras.
From the 13th to the 24th he himself remained at Pondicherry,
while some of his cruisers carefully watched the two or three French
vessels which appeared in the neighbourhood. On July 24th he
too made for Madras ; but not until September 3rd did the order for
reprisals of May 16th reach him, and not until September 13th did
he know of the formal beginning of hostilities. He does not appear
to have then acted with much energy ; for although Linois, who had
reached the Isle of France on August 16th, and who had received
later, by the Serceau, 20, news of the declaration of war, put to sea
on October 8th, the British Vice-Admiral did not keep touch with
the enemy, and seems to have been quite ignorant as to where he
was or what he was aiming at. In point of fact, Linois, after
having detached the Atalante to annoy the Portuguese at Muscat,
proceeded to reinforce the garrisons of Beunion and Batavia. In
the course of his cruise he took or destroyed a number of British
merchantmen, and burnt some valuable warehouses at Sellabar. He
reached Batavia in the second week of December, having sighted no
British man-of-war since leaving the Isle of France.

The year 1804 witnessed great increase in the preparations
which were being made in France for the invasion of Great
1 This message reached Madras about July 5th.

60 MA JOB OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1804.

Britain. Numerous new ships were laid down in the larger
ports ; and on the banks of almost every stream that communicated
with the Atlantic the construction of gun-vessels, fiat-bottomed
boats, and prames was actively pressed forward.

It has been mentioned that Admiral the Hon. William Cornwallis
had been driven, on December 25th, 1803, from his station off Brest.
The weather moderating, he regained it, with thirteen ships of the
line, on January 12th, 1804, and was presently joined by several
other vessels. The blockade was thenceforward steadily main-
tained, although, by the end of April, the French had in the road
seventeen sail of the line, including two three-deckers, ready for
sea. Napoleon seems to have been greatly dissatisfied with the
passive attitude of this considerable force, and, on May 1st, issued
a set of directions which were intended not only to improve its
efficiency, but also to make it a training school for a large number
of French soldiers in the work usually done by marines. A few
days later, the ships in the road were joined by two more sail of
the line from the inner harbour, making nineteen in all ; yet for
more than two months longer the fleet made no effort to put to sea.
On July 25th, with an E.N.E. wind and a dense fog to help them>
five sail of the line and some frigates weighed and stood for the
Passage du Eaz ; but, as soon as the weather cleared, they were
observed by the British look-out vessels, and were promptly chased
by the inshore squadron, then under Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas
Graves (3), whereupon they hauled to the wind and worked back
again. Thenceforward they remained quiet during the rest of the
year, although it is now known that only unforeseen circumstances
prevented the whole force, crowded with troops, from endeavouring
to quit port in November, with the object of effecting a descent
upon Ireland or Scotland.1 In the meantime the effective Brest
fleet had been brought up to twenty-three sail of the line ; and
Vice-Admiral Truguet, who had commanded it, but whose re-
publican principles had not suffered him to acquiesce in Napoleon's
assumption of the imperial dignity on May 14th, had been degraded,
and superseded by Vice-Admiral Honore Ganteaume.

1 After disembarking about 35,000 men in Ireland or Scotland, Ganteaume was to
have picked up off the Texel the ten ships of the " escadre du Nord," and a number of
transports, and to have made for Boulogne, there to meet twenty sail of the line coming
from Eochefort under Villeneuve. The combined force of fifty ships of the line was
then to have covered the grand invasion of England. Napoleon's Instructs, to Vice-
Adm. Decres.

[To face pane SO.

62 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1804.

The great invasion flotilla, upon the movements of which almost
the entire navy of France may be said to have been waiting,
numbered, when it reached its maximum force, no fewer than
2293 vessels, including 954 transports, upwards of 700 schooner,
brig, or lugger-rigged gun-vessels, chiefly armed either with three
long 24-pounders and one 8-inch mortar, or with one long
24-pounder and a field-gun ; a number of ship-rigged prames each
carrying twelve long 24-pounders, and having accommodation for
fifty horses, and about 400 schuyt-rigged " peniches." l Divisions
of these craft were assembled at Ostend, Dunquerque, Calais,
Ambleteuse, Vimereux, Boulogne, and Etaples, Boulogne being
the general headquarters of the whole and of the coinmander-in-
chief, Vice-Admiral Eustache Bruix, who, being in ill-health, was
given as his assistant Bear-Admiral Jean Baimond Lacrosse.2 For
the purpose of accommodating and protecting the flotilla, many of
the ports named were either enlarged, or practically created, and
all were strongly defended by means of batteries. They were,
moreover, as they still are, naturally difficult of access to vessels
dependent only on sail power ; for they are faced by sandbanks and
washed by cross- tides.

On the British side of the Channel, corresponding preparations
were made, although it does not appear to have been the general
impression among the most distinguished naval officers 3 of the day
that, in the conditions which existed, any invasion was possible or
would be seriously attempted. Admiral Lord Keith, commanding
in the Downs, had under his orders cruisers which were instructed
to harass the French flotilla upon every occasion that offered ;
light flying squadrons watched various points on the French coast ;
numerous small gunboats were assembled at the Nore and at other
points between the Thames and Portsmouth ; old men-of-war were
armed with heavy carronades, and turned into floating batteries for
harbour defence ; a large army, of militia and volunteers as well as
of regulars, was kept on foot ; and, at very many points on the
coast, martello towers, most of which still remain, were erected,

1 " Peniche est 1'orthographe auriculaire fra^aise du mot pinasse, prononc^ par
les Anglais. . . . C'etait . . . un navire & rames et & voiles du genre des fregates de
la Me"diterranee." Jal, ' Arch. Nav.,' I., 453. Did M. Jal know English ?

2 The officer who had commanded the Droits de VHomme on the occasion of
her loss.

3 See Nelson's ' Disps.,' iv. 452 ; Pellew's speech, ' Parl. Debs.,' 15th March, 1804 ;
and Corr. of St. Vincent, 1804, passim.

1804.] CAPTURE OF THE VENCEJO. 63

gunned, and manned. As in the previous year, there were naturally
frequent conflicts between British vessels and the French small
craft belonging to the command of Bruix ; and many of these
deserve some mention here.

On the morning of February 20th, the hired cutter Active (2), 6,
Lieutenant John Williams, being off Gravelines, sighted, close
under the shore, sixteen sail of gunboats and transports which
were apparently on their way from Ostend to Boulogne. Although
the little British craft had a crew of only about thirty men and
boys all told, she pluckily gave chase, and from 10.30 -A.M. to 11 A.M.
maintained a running fight with the flotilla. At the end of that
time a transport, the Jeune Isabelle, struck ; and, while she was
being taken possession of, the remaining vessels ran under the shore
batteries, whither they could not be followed.1

At daylight on May 8th, the Vencejo,2 18, Commander John
Wesley Wright, found herself becalmed near the mouth of the
Morbihan, and driven by the ebb close to the Teigneuse rock,
off which, for safety, she had to drop anchor. The Vencejo
was a quarterdecked and forecastled brig, mounting eighteen
18-pounder carronades, but pierced for twenty guns, and carrying
fifty-one men and twenty-four boys. Although more formidable
in appearance than in reality, she was of only 277 tons, and was
scarcely a fair match for a couple of French gun-brigs. While,
nevertheless, she was endeavouring, after she had weighed and
warped into the channel, to sweep clear of the coast, she was
approached from the mouth of the river by six brigs, each of
three guns ; six luggers, each of two guns ; and five luggers, each
of two guns ; the total force arrayed against her being seventeen
vessels, thirty-five guns (i.e., six long 24-pounders, twenty-four
long 18-pounders, and five 36-pounder carronades), and between
700 and 800 men, under Lieutenant Laurent Tourneur. The
enemy rowed down within range, and at 8.30 A.M. they began to
fire. By 9.30 A.M. they had so decreased their distance that
Commander Wright swept his brig broadside on to them. For
nearly two hours he engaged them within about a cable's length ;
but, having his rigging cut to pieces, his hull badly mauled, three
of his guns disabled, two men killed, and twelve, including himself,
wounded, and most of his armament temporarily put out of action
by the fall of the booms, he at length ordered the colours to be
1 Williams to Keith, Feb. 20th. 2 Wrongly called Vincejo.

64 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1804.

struck.1 Wright, carried prisoner to Paris, died in the Temple,
on October 28th, 1805, in circumstances which strongly suggested
foul play. Napoleon denied having used any violence whatsoever
to the brave officer ; but the true facts of the affair, some of which
will be found very fully set forth in the Naval Chronicle? are to this
day involved in mystery. Wright, before his capture, had, in his
ill-manned little craft, maintained his station almost continuously
for three months, without a pilot, in the enemy's waters, and in
presence of a largely superior force ; had repeatedly chased into
port more powerful vessels of the enemy ; and had on one occasion

CAPTAIN JOBS WESLEY WRIGHT, R.N.
(.From T, Blood's engraving, after the portrait by Gaetano Calleja.)

hauled his brig ashore on a French island only four miles from the
mainland in order to repair her. It is satisfactory to be able to add
that, before his untimely death, this active and gallant man heard
of his advancement to post-rank.

Of the various light flying squadrons stationed off the enemy's
coast, one, which especially watched Flushing, Hellevoetsluis, and
Ostend, was under the orders of Commodore Sir William Sidney

1 Wright to Marsden, May 14th. 2 Vol. xxxv.

1804.] ATTACK ON VER HUELL'S FLOTILLA. 65

Smith, in the Antelope, 50. On May 15th, the inshore part of this
squadron consisted of the Cruiser, 18, Commander John Hancock (1),
and Battler, 16, Commander Francis Mason. Another British
force, which was cruising off Calais, could be communicated with
by means of a line of four gun-brigs, which, under Lieutenant
Patrick Manderston, of the Minx, was stationed between the two
bodies. On the evening of the day in question, twenty-three gun-
vessels were seen to haul out of Ostend harbour, and to anchor to the
westward of the lighthouse. This induced Commander Hancock
to make a signal to recall the four gun-brigs, which, he felt, would
be of great help to him in case he should succeed in bringing the
enemy to action, and to dispatch the hired armed cutter Stag,
Lieutenant William Patfull, to Sir William Sidney Smith, who
then lay in Schoneveld, with news of what was going forward.
As darkness came on, Hancock got under way with his two sloops,
and re-anchored within long range of the pier batteries, in order,
if possible, to prevent the escape of the enemy. On the morning of
the 16th, it was perceived that the four gun-brigs had either not
seen or not understood the signal of recall, and the signal was again
made. At 9.30 A.M. the Battler, which lay somewhat to the
eastward of the Cruiser, signalled, first five sail, and then a fleet,
to the E.S.E. As subsequently appeared, the strangers were a
Franco-Batavian flotilla which, under Bear-Admiral Carel Hendrik
Ver Huell,1 had quitted the Inner Wieling early that morning in
order to enter Ostend ; and they consisted of the two ship-rigged
12-gun prames, Ville d'Anvers and Ville d'Aix, nineteen schooners,
and thirty-eight schuyts, mounting together upwards of one hundred
long guns, besides carronades and mortars, and having on board
about four thousand troops of the army of invasion. At 10 A.M.,
the Cruiser and Battler, taking the earliest possible advantage of the
tide, weighed and began to work towards the enemy. An hour later,
the wind shifted to S.W., and, becoming favourable to the sloops,
induced Ver Huell to bear up and put back towards Flushing.
Sir William Sidney Smith, apprised of the movements of the foe,
weighed from Schoneveld between 10 and 11 A.M. in the Antelope, 50,
with the Penelope, 36, Captain William Eobert Broughton, and the
Aimable, 32, Captain William Bolton (1) ; and at about noon he
sighted the two sloops. But Hancock and Mason, instead of waiting
for him, pressed on ; and at 1.30 P.M. the Cruiser overhauled, fired

1 Later Minister of Marine, Marshal, and Graaf van Sevenaer.
VOL. V. 1'

66 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1804.

at, and obliged to strike one of the rearmost schuyts. Ordering the
Rattler to take possession, she stood on after one of the prames.
In the meantime the wind had slightly shifted ; and Ver Huell,
perhaps a little ashamed of the part which he had been playing,
took advantage of it to stand back towards Ostend with the whole
of his force, except eight schuyts, which continued to make for the
Inner Wieling. At 1.45 P.M. the Ville d'Anvers was able to fire a
shot which passed over the Cruiser. A little later, a considerable
shift of wind caused both sloops to fall off their course, and to find
themselves nearly abreast of the leading prame, and upon the lee
beam of the flotilla. Thereupon the Ville d'Anvers and several
schooners and schuyts opened a heavy fire upon the sloops, which
presently fought their way into the midst of the enemy, in spite
of a storm of projectiles from the Blankenberghe batteries. In
a short time Hancock and Mason had driven ashore the Ville
d'Anvers, bearing Ver Huell's flag, and four of the schooners.

It was not until afterwards that any part of Sir William Sidney
Smith's force was able to take part. At 3.45 P.M. the Aimable
opened upon some schuyts which were close under Blankenberghe ;
and at about 4.30 P.M. the Antelope and Penelope also got inta
action, and began to drive other schooners and schuyts ashore.
So the action went on until about 7.45 P.M., when Smith signalled
to cease firing, his ships having hardly any water under them.
The remnants of Ver Huell's flotilla, covered by the gun-vessels
which had hauled out of harbour on the previous evening, and
which were under Bear-Admiral Charles Magon, got into Ostend.
In this gallant action the Cruiser lost 1 killed and 4 wounded ; the
Rattler, 2 killed and 5 wounded ; and the Aimable, 7 killed (in-
cluding a Master's Mate, and a Midshipman), and 14 wounded
(including Lieutenant William Mather).1 The enemy admitted
a loss of 18 killed and 60 wounded. In the early morning of
May 17th the four gun-brigs, having joined, were sent in to
endeavour to destroy or bring off the grounded Ville d'Anvers ;
but she was so well covered by guns drawn up on the beach, and
by guns and mortars on the sandhills behind it, that, although they

1 Smith's disp. {Gazette, 1804, 640) has been taken as implying that the Antelope
and consorts had an earlier and larger share in the affair than is attributed to them in
the text ; but the logs of the Antelope and Aimable conclusively show that the action
was fought as described above, and Ver Huell's report bears out the logs. (' Leven van
Ver Huell,' i. 216 et seq.)

1804.] OWEN OFF BOULOGNE. 67

fortunately suffered no loss, they were obliged to haul off.1 On the
19th, assisted by the Galgo, 16, Commander Michael Dod, and the
Inspector, 16, Commander Edward James Mitchell, the gun-brigs
made another ineffectual effort. Ultimately the Ville d'Anvers and
five out of eight grounded schooners and schuyts were re-floated and
taken into the basin. Ver Huell was considered by the emperor to
have behaved very well, and was made an officer of the Legion of
Honour ; but neither Hancock nor Mason received any immediate
recognition,2 although they both had certainly behaved with far
greater distinction.

At that time Le Havre was an important assembling depot for
such vessels of the invasion flotilla as had been fitted out in the
Seine and its tributaries, ere they could be sent on to Boulogne.
On July 23rd, and again on August 1st, Captain Eobert Dudley
Oliver, in the Melpombne, 38, with some sloops, bombs, and small
craft, bombarded and fired the town ; but it does not appear that
the French preparations were materially hindered thereby. On the
British side there was no loss.3

The British blockading divisions, though often driven off or
otherwise inconvenienced by bad weather, were occasionally able
to profit by it. On July 19th, for example, a strong N.N.E. wind
and heavy sea imperilled the safety of the French flotilla in Boulogne
road, and, in the evening, induced some of the leewardmost vessels
to weigh and work to windward, and others to run for Etaples.
In the road were left forty- five brigs and forty-three luggers.
About twenty-four miles to the westward lay the ImmortaliU, 36,
Captain Edward William Campbell Eich Owen, Leda, 38, Captain
Eobert Honyman, and several small craft. Owen ordered the
Harpy, 18, Commander Edmund Heywood, and the brigs Blood-
hound, Lieutenant Henry Eichardson (2), and Archer, Lieutenant
John Price (3), to run in and open fire upon such vessels as were
attempting to stand off from the land. They were presently joined
by the Autumn, 16, Commander Samuel Jackson ; and for several
hours the enemy was annoyed in a desultory way. By daylight on
the 20th, only nineteen brigs and eight luggers remained in the
road, and, the weather continuing bad, these soon began to slip, and

1 Smith to Keith, May 17th.

2 John Hancock (1) was posted Jan. 22nd, 1806, and died a Eear-Adm. in 1839.
Francis Mason was also posted Jan. 22nd, 1806, and died a Vice-Adm. and K.C.B.
in 1853.

3 Gazette, 1804, 898, 938 ; Oliver to Keith, July 24th, Aug. 2nd.

F 2

68 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1804.

to run for Etaples or St. Valery-sur-Somme. The Autumn and her
consorts were then too far to leeward to interrupt them ; but, as
soon as the tide served, the Immortalite and Leda stood in close to
the town. How far the British fire had contributed to the result
is not known ; but it could be seen from the frigates that a brig,
a lugger, and several large boats were stranded westward of the
harbour, that three other brigs and a lugger were total wrecks on
the rocks near Le Portel, and that a brig and two luggers, anchored
close to the rocks, had signals of distress flying, and were in manifest
danger. Upwards of four hundred Frenchmen are known to have
perished on the occasion. Napoleon, who was present, " se montra
encore plus afflige que furieux." ''

In August, 1804, a considerable British squadron, composed of
nearly twenty vessels, cruised off Boulogne under Bear-Admiral
Thomas Louis, in the Leopard, 50. Its main body usually lay
about ten miles to the north-west, while a division, under Captain
E. W. C. E. Owen, kept just out of shell-range of the shore
batteries. On August 25th, a division of gunboats, under Captain
Julien Le Hay, forming part of the one hundred and forty-six
vessels of the class then in the road, weighed, and, with a N.E.
wind, began working out towards Pointe Bombe, off which lay
the British gun-brig Bruiser, Lieutenant Thomas Smithies. The
Bruiser opened fire upon them, and the firing attracted the Im-
mortalite, which, at 2.30 P.M., began to engage both the gun-vessels
and the batteries. She soon found, however, that she was too close
inshore, and eventually withdrew to a distance of about three miles.
Early on the following morning the brigs Bloodhound, Lieutenant
Henry Eichardson (2), and Archer, Lieutenant John Price (3), got
into distant action with some luggers which were rounding Cape
Gris-Nez very near the shore ; and later in the day another division
of gunboats, under Captain Etienne Pevrieu, together with some
mortar vessels which had come from the Elbe, weighed and joined
Captain Le Eay, who was manoeuvring between Ambleteuse and
Vimereux. The united force then numbered sixty brigs and more
than half as many luggers. It would appear that Bruix had ordered
it out of the road in hopes of inducing some of the British cruisers
either to run aground while in chase, or to venture into positions
where they could be crushed by the batteries. Be that as it
may, at 4 P.M. the Immortalite, with the Harpy, 18, Commander

1 Gazette, 1804, 891. Owen to Louis, July 20th. ' Viet, et Conq.,' xvi. 138.

1804.] THE CATAMARAN. 69

Edmund Hey wood. Adder, gun-brig, Lieutenant George Wood,
and hired armed cutter Constitution, Lieutenant James Samuel
Aked Dennis (1), eventually joined by the Bruiser, Lieutenant
Thomas Smithies, approached the flotilla, and began to engage
it at 4.15P.M., tacking and standing close in after the enemy;
whereupon the batteries opened heavily, and most of the craft
remaining in the roads weighed and proceeded to the assistance
of their friends. At about 5 P.M. the Constitution was sunk by
a 13-inch shell which, falling on her deck, passed through her
bottom. Her people were, however, all saved by the boats of
the squadron. A big shell also fell in the Harpy, but lodged in a
beam and failed to burst. The Immortalite was twice struck in the
hull ; but the whole British casualties seem to have been only one
killed and four wounded. It was seen, however, that the batteries
effectually protected the enemy, and, after having compelled one
or two gunboats to beach themselves in order to avoid sinking,
Captain Owen drew off. Desultory firing was renewed on the
27th and 28th, but no damage of importance was effected on
either side.1

The difficulty experienced in approaching the invasion flotilla, or
in persuading any considerable portion of it to venture beyond the
range of the French batteries, led to the adoption and employment
in the autumn of the year 1804 of a species of torpedo known as a
"catamaran." It was composed of a lead-lined chest, measuring
about 21 feet long by 3 feet 3 inches broad, and having flat top and
bottom, and wedge-shaped ends. Within were about forty barrels
of powder and various inflammables, some clockwork machinery,
and enough ballast to bring the deck of the contrivance to a level
with the surface of the water. The outside of the whole was
caulked, covered with canvas, and well tarred. The complete
machine weighed about two tons. Upon the withdrawal of a peg,
the clockwork, after running for a given time, which might be
from six to ten minutes, would fire a pistol and explode the
charge. The catamaran, which was supplied with a buoyed
grappling iron, designed to hook the machine on to an enemy's
cable, had to be towed to its destination ; and this was the weak
point in the contrivance, seeing that provision was made for towing
it directly astern only, and not broad on the quarter or even a little

1 Marshall, ii., 128-130 ; Nav. Chron., xii., 247.

70 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1804.

abaft the beam of tbe towing vessel, as was possible in the case of
certain more modern torpedoes.1

Catamarans were first tried in October, 1804, when the presence
of about one hundred and fifty French craft, moored in double line
outside Boulogne Pier, seemed to promise a favourable opportunity
for testing their effect. It was determined to send a number of
fireships and catamarans against them. In the course of the
morning of October 1st, Admiral Lord Keith, in the Monarch, 74,
with three 64's, two 50's, and a number of frigates, sloops, bombs,
brigs, and cutters, anchored about five miles from the flotilla.
Later in the day, the flagship, three frigates, and some smaller
vessels weighed and re-anchored just beyond gunshot of the
enemy, who, under Rear-Admiral Lacrosse, in the prame Ville de
Mayence, expected, and was fully prepared for an attack, his boats
rowing guard, and his shore batteries being all alert. On the fol-
lowing day, at about 9.15 P.M., the fireships Amity, Devonshire,
Peggy, and Providence, towed by armed launches, set out to attack,
with a strong tide and fine breeze in their favour. The French
opened fire as they approached, and sent forward some gunboats
between which and the British launches some fighting ensued.
Presently, however, having made ready and cast off their vessels,
the launches withdrew, leaving the fireships to drift. The French
in vain endeavoured to sink them. At 10.15 P.M. the Providence blew
up between two of the enemy's gunboats, but did no harm beyond
wounding a couple of men. At 10.35 P.M. the Peggy exploded after
having passed through the French line. She wounded three persons.
The Devonshire did not burst until about 1 A.M. on October 3rd.
Like the Providence, she wounded two men only. As for the Amity,
she blew up innocuously. At the same time four or five catamarans
were employed, the last exploding at about 3.30 A.M. Only one seems
to have done any damage, and that owing to a purely accidental
circumstance. Some French soldiers and seamen, while chasing
British boats in a " peniche " (No. 267), ran foul of one of the infernal
machines, and was shattered to pieces, losing her commander and
thirteen men. The attack, although it cost no British lives, must be
regarded as a complete failure, seeing that the expenditure of four fire-
ships and four or five catamarans caused a loss to the enemy of no
more than fourteen killed and seven wounded, and did no material

1 E.g., the Harvey. The catamaran of 1804 recalls the " machine " of 1694 (see
Vol. II., p. 476), and had about as brief a vogue in the Navy.

1804.] HANCOCK OFF OSTEND. 71

damage worth mentioning, beyond the destruction of a single
"peniche."1 Nevertheless, from both sides of the Channel came
loud complaints that, by resorting to such methods of warfare, Great
Britain had returned to barbarism. The use of the catamaran was
no more barbarous than the use of the weapons then ordinarily
recognised ; but it was a premature and ill-considered step. The
machine had not been properly experimented with. As soon as
it was seen that Great Britain had begun to employ a device which,
it was possible, might prove more dangerous on the second than on
the first occasion, the French effectually protected their flotilla
from similar attempts by partially surrounding it with a very
elaborately constructed arrangement of booms and chain cables.

On October 8th, the look-outs in Jersey having detected a number
of French lugger-rigged gun-vessels going northward, close under
the Normandy coast, the Albacore, 18, Commander the Hon. Major
Jacob Henniker, slipped and went in search of the enemy. Towards
evening, she obliged five of the gun-vessels to anchor under a battery
to the southward of Gros-Nez. Henniker lay off until 10 A.M. on
the 9th, when, having a weather tide to help him, he stood in under
a heavy fire, anchored with springs on his cables near the gun-vessels
and only just outside the edge of the surf, and cannonaded the
enemy until all five luggers drove ashore with the waves breaking
over them. The Albacore was not able, unfortunately, to remain to
complete their destruction, for she dragged her anchor, and was
obliged to slip and haul off. She was somewhat cut about, but none
of her men were hit.2

At 4 P.M. on October 23rd, a division of two prames and eighteen
armed schuyts left Ostend for the westward, and was chased by the
Cruiser, 18, Commander John Hancock (1), the gun-brigs Blazer,
Lieutenant John Hinton, Conflict, Lieutenant Charles Cutts Ormsby,
Tigress, Lieutenant Edward Nathaniel Greensword, and Escort,
Lieutenant Joseph Gulstone Garland, and the hired armed cutters
Admiral Mitchell, Lieutenant Richard Williams (la), and Griffin,
Lieutenant James Dillon. At 5.18 P.M. the headmost prame was
brought to action, and at 6.35 P.M. her fire was silenced ; but as the
tide was falling, darkness was increasing, the vessels were in very
shoal water, and the sands and currents were unfamiliar, the Cruiser

1 Keith to Marsden, Oct. 3rd ; Nav. Chron., xii., 329-331 : Chevalier, 117.

2 Saumarez to Marsden, Oct. 13th ; Henniker to Saumarez, Oct. 17th ; d'Auvergne
to Saumarez, Oct. 10th.

72 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1804.

hauled off and anchored. The Conflict, however, had grounded,
and, when he found that he could not get her off, Lieutenant
Onnsby, with his people, abandoned her, and pulled for the Cruiser.
An attempt to bring her off was afterwards made by the Admiral
Mitchell and Griffin, which were reinforced for the purpose ; but by
that time the Conflict, high and dry, was in possession of the enemy,
who were supported by field pieces and howitzers on shore ; and the
British had to retire with a loss of three wounded, including Acting-
Lieutenant Abraham Garland, of the Cruiser.1

On December 8th, an attempt was made, under the direction of
Captain Sir Home Eiggs Popham, of the Antelope, 50, to destroy
Fort Eouge, a pile-built battery at the mouth of Calais harbour, by
means of the fire-vessel Susannah and a couple of catamarans. The
Susannah exploded, but did little harm ; one of the catamarans
drifted clear of the fort, the other failed to blow up ; and on neither
side was there any loss. From that time forward the catamaran fell
into discredit. In its brief career, indeed, it never accomplished
anything of importance, although considerable sums of money must
have been spent upon it from first to last. Its use, however, marks
an interesting step in the gradual evolution of the torpedo.2

In the Mediterranean, Lord Nelson, with the bulk of his fleet,
remained at anchor in Agincourt Sound until after the beginning of
the year 1804 ; but on January 4th, at which date Captain Eoss
Donnelly, of the Narcissus, still commanded the watching squadron
off Toulon, the Vice-Admiral put to sea, leaving the Amazon, 38,
Captain William Parker (2), with some small craft, as an assistance
to the Sardinians, in case an invasion of their island should be
attempted from Corsica. On the 9th, the Superb, 74, Captain
Eichard Goodwin Keats, was detached to Algier to settle some
difficulties with the Dey ; on the 17th, to lend weight to his
emissary's representations, Nelson showed himself off the African
coast ; on the 18th, the Superb rejoined ; and on the 27th, the fleet
re-anchored in Agincourt Sound, which the Commander-in-Chief
deemed to be the best place wherein to await news from Toulon.
On February 1st, the fleet put to sea again, and cruised near the
French coast until the 8th, when it anchored off Caprera. It
cruised once more from February 19th to March 25th, being joined
on the 15th by the Royal Sovereign, 100, Captain Pulteney Malcolm,
from England ; and on April 3rd, Nelson weighed yet again, and,
1 Hancock to Keith, Oct. 24th ; Chevalier, 123. 2 Popham to Keith, Dec. 10th.

1801.] AFFAIRS OFF TOULON. 73

passing between Elba and Cape Corso, stationed himself, on April
9th, off Capes Sicie and Cepet, to the southward of Toulon. In the
course of that afternoon the Cape Cepet batteries fired at the
Amazon, while she was engaged in taking possession of a prize
brig under the shore ; and three French frigates, ultimately followed
by four more ships, left Toulon as if to cut her off ; but, upon the
Donegal, 74, Captain Sir Richard John Strachan, and the Active,
38, Captain Richard Hussey Moubray, proceeding in support, the
French tacked and retired. On May 10th, the fleet was joined by
the Leviathan, 74, Captain Henry William Bayntun, and by three
bombs ; and on the 19th, it re-anchored in Agincourt Sound. On
the 14th, the Gibraltar, 80, Captain George Frederick Ryves (1),
rejoined from Naples ; and on the 19th, the fleet returned to its
station off Toulon, where, in the interim, the Bucentaure, 80, had
been launched, and had received the flag of Vice-Admiral Latouche-
Treville. She lay ready for sea with seven other ships of the line,
and in the inner harbour were several more ships which were very
nearly ready.

On May 24th there occurred an affair which, at one moment,
seemed inclined to develop into a serious action. The main body
of the British fleet was out of sight in the offing ; and the Canopus,
80, Rear-Admiral George Campbell, Captain John Conn, Donegal,
74, Captain Sir Richard John Strachan, and Amazon, 38, Captain
William Parker (2), with a very slight S.W. breeze, were standing
on the port tack, eastward of Cape Cepet, in order to reconnoitre the
outer road, when, just before noon, a French ship of the line and
frigate were seen under sail close off the entrance to the harbour.
At 12.30 P.M. the British ships tacked in succession, being then
about three miles from the shore. No sooner had they begun to
put about than a number of gunboats swept out from under Cape
Cepet, and began a long-range fire at the Amazon. The Canopus,
tiring a few of her lower-deck guns, stood on to^the S.E. by E.
with a] strengthening breeze which by] that time blew from the
W.N.W. As soon as the heavy guns made themselves heard in
Toulon, two French ships of the line and two frigates, followed
at 2.30 P.M. by two more of the line, slipped and made sail to
assist their consorts outside. The leading French ship, a frigate,
being upon the weather quarter of the Canopus, presently opened
upon that vessel and the Donegal, which, of course, returned the
compliment ; but, having so superior a force in chase, Rear- Admiral

74 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1804.

Campbell did not feel justified in encouraging an attack, and
ordered his division to make sail. The pursuit was relinquished
at 3.30 P.M., and at 9.30 P.M. the detachment rejoined the Com-
rnander-in-Chief . 1

Another brush took place on June 14th. At that time, Lord
Nelson, with the inshore or lee division of five ships of the line,2 lay
off Hyeres, while Bear-Admiral Sir Richard Hussey Bickerton, with
the weather division, also of five sail, cruised about sixty miles to
seaward. In the course of the afternoon of June 13th, it was
signalled to the Commander-in-Chief that two strange ships were
under sail off the east end of Porquerolles, and the Amazon, 38,
Captain William Parker (2), and Phoebe, 36, Captain the Hon.
Thomas Bladen Capell, were ordered in chase. Not till noon on
June 14th were the frigates able to get off the entrance of Grande
Passe. They soon afterwards signalled that the strangers were
frigates ; and, it being known that there were batteries close at
hand, Nelson ordered the Excellent, 74, Captain Frank Sotheron,
to join the chase.. By 5 P.M. the frigates Incorruptible . and Sirene,
with the Furet, 18, were seen at anchor under Porquerolles fort.
At 5.30 P.M., one of the French batteries fired at the Phoebe ; but
the shot fell short. At 5.45 P.M., both frigates, cleared for action,
anchored with springs on their cables just beyond reach of the guns
in the northernmost battery ; but immediately afterwards it was
observed that the whole fleet in the outer road of Toulon was
getting under way ; ^whereupon the Amazon and Phoebe also weighed
and stood to sea. At the same time the Excellent was recalled by
isignal ; and she soon rejoined her division, which, since 4.30 P.M.,
had been making under all sail for Grande Passe, with the wind
.at W.S.W. Soon after 5 P.M., Nelson, perceiving M. Latouche-
Treville, with eight sail of the line and four frigates, coming out
of Toulon, shortened sail, and hauled to the wind in line of battle
on the starboard tack. "In the evening," says Nelson, "he stood
under Cepet again ; and, I believe I may call it, we chased him into
Toulon the morning of the 15th."3 Latouche-Treville, on the other
hand, most unwarrantably declared to his Government : " J'ai
poursuivi jusqu'a la nuit : il courait au sud-est."4 The truth

1 Nav. Chron., xii., 242, etc. : Chevalier, 112.

2 Victory, Canopus, Belleisle, Donegal, and Excellent.
8 Nelson to Acton, June 18th.

4 Disp. of 26 Prairial, an 12 : Chevalier, 113.

1804.] FIRST PLANS OF THE TRAFALGAR CAMPAIGN. 75

is that, having, by displaying his whole force of eight sail of the
line, prevented his two frigates and a corvette from being cut off
by a ship of the line and two frigates, M. Latouche-Treville declined
action with, and retired before Nelson, who had but five sail of the
line. The British Cornmander-in-Chief was extremely angry at this
misrepresentation, and, though he had a high opinion of the French
vice-admiral's professional merit, could not thenceforward conceal
his personal contempt for him. Latouche-Treville's dispatch, which
may well have been read in Paris as a declaration that the whole
of the ten ships of the line forming the blockading fleet had fled
before him, earned him promotion in the Legion of Honour to
the rank of " grand oflicier de 1'Empire," l and an appointment as
Inspector of the Coasts of the Mediterranean.

The letter 2 in which Napoleon conveyed to M. Latouche-Treville
the news that he was to be thus rewarded is very important, since
it contains the first draft of the directions for those movements
which brought about the decisive campaign of Trafalgar.3 Sixteen
hundred picked troops were to be embarked in the line-of-battle
ships, the complements of which were to be made up, if necessary,
by putting corvettes out of commission and by sending press-gangs
to Marseilles. The vice-admiral was further ordered, after en-
deavouring to deceive Nelson as to his destination, to put to sea,
to pass the Strait of Gibraltar, to pick up a French ship lying
in Cadiz, to give Ferrol and its blockading squadron a wide berth,
and to make for Kochefort, off which he was to be joined by six sail
of the line, including the new ship Achille. He would then, it was
calculated, have with him sixteen sail of the line and eleven frigates.
With them, either proceeding direct or doubling Ireland as circum-
stances might dictate, he was to appear off Boulogne. In the
meantime, the French Brest fleet, of twenty-three sail of the line,
full of troops, would divert the attention of Admiral the Hon.
William Cornwallis, and oblige him to keep close to the port,
so as to be in a position to intercept it. Off Boulogne, where it was
hoped he would be sometime in September, Latouche-Treville would
receive additional instructions. Napoleon expected him, subject,
•of course, to the conditions being favourable, to sail from Toulon

1 A style subsequently abolished in favour of Grand Cross.

2 From Malmaison, July 2nd. 'Corr. de Nap.,' ix. 513.

3 I say the " first draft " ; but, in fact, a somewhat different scheme had been pre-
viously elaborated. ' Corr. de Nap.,' viii. 657 ; ix. 168.

76 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1804.

about July 28th.1 Latouche-Treville did not live to carry out these
directions ; for, ere he had an opportunity of escaping from Nelson's
watchful eye, he died, on August 18th,2 on board the Bucentaure,
which still lay in Toulon. Moreover, on August 2nd, finding that
some divisions of the flotilla were not ready, Napoleon had written,
postponing for several weeks the commencement of the strategic
operations upon the issue of which his future depended to an extent
greater than even he, in all probability, suspected.

For several days after July llth, Nelson, troubled by the
unseaworthy condition of many of his ships and by almost
continuous heavy weather, experienced unusual difficulty in keeping
his station ; and on the 19th, having been joined by the Ambuscade,
frigate, and eight transports from England, he wore and stood for
the Gulf of Palma, leaving the observation of Toulon to the Belle-
isle, 74, Captain William Hargood (1), with the frigates Niger and
Fishguard, the bomb Acheron, and a couple of transports. On
August 2nd, when these vessels, which had been driven off by
renewed gales, were still out of sight of the shore, Bear-Admiral
Dumanoir Le Pelley, with five sail of the line and six frigates, quitted
port, to practise fleet tactics, or, more probably, to discover whether
the blockade was still maintained. He cruised off Toulon until the
5th, when Captain Hargood reappeared ; and on the 6th, although
the French division had been promptly reinforced with an additional
80-gun ship from the port, it stood back into harbour. When, on the
8th, Hargood reconnoitred, he found ten sail of the line, six frigates,
and one brig lying in the road. In the meantime Nelson had
proceeded, for watering purposes, to a bay near Porto Torres in
the island of Pulla. He remained there from the 8th to the 10th,
when he weighed and headed for his rendezvous ; but he was delayed
by heavy weather. On August 26th, he saw in Toulon road ten
sail of the line and ten other ship-rigged vessels, and, in the inner
harbour, fitting, a line-of-battle ship and a frigate. His own force
still included ten sail of the line only, for, though he had been
joined by the Conqueror, Spencer, and Tigre, he had detached the
Gibraltar, Kent, and Triumph.

To take the place of Latouche-Treville, three flag-officers were
eligible, Bruix, Eosily, and Villeneuve.3 Bruix already had com-

1 " Let us only," adds this letter, " be masters of the Strait for six hours, and we
shall be masters of the world."

2 Some authorities say on Aug. 20th. 3 Then in command at Rochefort.

1804.] REVISED SCHEME OF INVASION. , 77

raand of the invasion flotilla ; yet, but for the bad state of his
health, he would probably have been transferred to Toulon. The
choice then lay between Rosily and Villeneuve ; and, with some
misgiving, Napoleon selected the latter. The Emperor, it is certain,
did not consider that he had found a competent substitute for
Latouche-Treville ; for he almost immediately altered his plans for
the movements of the Toulon fleet.1 In his instructions to Latouche-
Treville he had given to that fleet the leading part in the pro-
jected strategical combination, and had left to the Brest fleet the
altogether subsidiary duty of keeping Cornwallis's attention fixed
upon it. According to new instructions, contained in a letter'2 of
September 29th to the Minister of Marine, Villeneuve, who was
supposed to have already assumed command, although, in fact, he
did not, in consequence of various delays, hoist his flag in the
Bucentaure until November 16th, was to quit the road of Toulon,
if possible before October 21st — ominous day ! — having previously
received on board about 6500 troops under General Lauriston.

" The fleet, stated to consist of 11 ships of the line and 7 or 8 frigates, was to sail
out of the Mediterranean, call for the Aigle at Cadiz, detach two of its fastest sailers,
along with four frigates and two brigs, having on board 1800 troops, to relieve Senegal,
retake Goree, ravage the British settlements on the coast of Africa, and capture the
island of St. Helena, wanted as a dep6t for the French cruisers and their prizes in that
quarter of the globe ; while, with 10 sail of the line and frigates, and the remainder of
the troops, Villeneuve was to steer for Cayenne. Having there taken on board the
celebrated General Victor Hugues, the French admiral was to proceed off Surinam, and
effect a junction with a squadron of 5 sail of the line and 4 frigates, under Rear-
Admiral Missiessy, M. Villeneuve's successor at Rochefort; who, it was supposed,
would already have fulfilled the first part of his mission. This was, with 3500 men
under General Legrange, to proceed to Martinique and Guadeloupe ; and, after leaving
1000 men at each of those islands, to attempt, with the remaining 1500, the capture of
the island of Dominica, and, if possible, of St. Lucia. Having garrisoned the captured
islands, Rear-Admiral Missiessy was to proceed off Surinam, and await the arrival of
Admiral Villeneuve, who, with his forces now augmented to 15 sail of the line, 7 or 8
frigates, and full 5000 men, was to possess himself of Surinam and the other Dutch
colonies in this quarter. That done, the French admiral was to place under contribu-
tion all the British West India Islands, enter the different roadsteads, and capture or
burn the vessels lying there; leaving in the Antilles, purposely to harass British
commerce, the greater part of his corvettes, of which as many as possible were to quit
Toulon with the expedition. He was next to leave 1200 men with General Ferrand at
the city of San Domingo, raise the blockade of Ferrol, and, taking out the 5 ships in
that port, appear off Rochefort with 20 sail of the line. Here Vice-Adrniral Villeneuve
would receive directions at what point he was to join Vice-Adrniral Ganteaume and his
30 sail of the line,3 in order to fulfil the ultimate object in view, the descent upon
England." *

1 Chevalier, 114. 2 'Corr. de Nap.,' ix. 700.

3 I.e., the Brest fleet of 23 sail, plus 7 Dutch sail to be picked up by it in the Texel.

4 This is the very correct summary given in James, iii. 240, 241.

78 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1804.

As has been said, Villeneuve was expected to sail by October 21st.
Missiessy was supposed to get to sea by November 1st; and
Ganteaume, having heard of the departure of the other fleets, would,
in that case, leave Brest before November 23rd. Ganteaume's duty,
pending the reappearance of Villeneuve and Missiessy, would be to
land in Ireland a corps under General Augereau, reach the neigh-
bourhood of the Strait of Dover either by the Channel or by the
north of Scotland, pick up the Dutch contingent from the Texel,
and perhaps also Marmont's corps then assembled in Holland, and
then act as the weather and the Emperor should dictate, to facilitate
the project of invasion. It is necessary to describe these plans,
although Villeneuve's delay prevented them from being punctually
begun, and although, as will be seen, they were eventually much
modified by various other circumstances, and especially by the
addition, towards the end of 1804, of Spain to the list of the active
allies of France and enemies of Great Britain.

It should be borne in mind that, ever since the Treaty of San
Ildefonso, in 1796, Spain had been bound to furnish to France, upon
demand, fifteen ships of the line as a reinforcement, and a body
of troops. Bonaparte, after the renewal of war in 1803, would have
preferred to accept an equivalent in money for the stipulated aid
in ships and men, and to leave to Spain a nominal neutrality.
When Spain objected that the specified conditions were onerous, the
Emperor bluntly pointed out that his ally must pay the subsidy
or declare war against Great Britain, or have war declared against
her by France.1 In the result, Spain agreed, on October 19th, 1803,
to pay the subsidy. She was thereupon informed that Great Britain
reserved to herself the right to regard the payment as a casus belli,
should she choose at any time to do so ; 2 and she was afterwards
formally warned, first on January 24th, and again on February 18th,
1804, that unless Spanish naval preparations were suspended, war
would ensue. But Spain had ceased to be her own master. Napoleon
used her almost as if she were already his. The preparations in
Spanish ports not only continued but increased ; and at length the
cabinet at Madrid was told that unless satisfactory explanations
were given, the British ambassador would depart. Such was, in
brief, the situation up to the moment when hostilities were suddenly,
and without further warning, begun by orders of the British Govern-

1 ' Corr. de Nap.,' viii. 580 et seq. : Chevalier, 125.

2 ' Parl. Debs.,' 1805, iii. 70.

1804.] SPAIN DECLARES WAR. 79'

ment.1 The particular course of action adopted was, perhaps, not.
quite necessary ; nor was the force employed so great as it should
have been if, as ought to have been the case, it was desired to avoid
needless bloodshed ; but, after all has been said, it must be admitted
that Spain, ere she was struck, had received ample notice, and that
Great Britain had received more than ample provocation. Spain
formally declared war on December 12th, 1804.

Nelson went to his old anchorage in Agincourt Sound on
October 18th for wood, water, and provisions, and, having returned
at the beginning of November to his station before Toulon, there,
on November 14th, received intelligence of the attack upon the
Spanish treasure-frigates on October 5th. The new situation created
by this event obliged him to watch not only the French fleet in
Toulon, but also a Spanish squadron of five or six sail of the line,,
lying in Cartagena ; and for all that duty his command, or at least
that part of it which exigencies allowed him to keep with him,
was hardly sufficient. The Swiftsure joined him on December 25th ;
but on the last day of the year, his fleet, owing to the absence
of the Superb, again consisted only of ten sail of the line, besides
two frigates and a bomb. With it he cruised S.E. of Cape San
Sebastian, while ready for sea in Toulon road were eleven sail
of the line and seven or eight frigates, with troops on board, waiting
an opportunity to begin the eventful cruise which was to terminate
at Trafalgar. Nelson's ships were nearly all much out of repair ;.
they were often, nay, generally, short of stores ; and the command
was most inadequately supplied with frigates and small craft suitable
for service as scouts : but all these deficiencies were counterbalanced
by the fact that the fleet was the best officered and best manned
that had ever served Great Britain ; and thus, in spite of the
immense difficulties in the way, Nelson and his Captains succeeded
in watching, intimidating, and ultimately even beating, enemies
who ought to have been able to crush them.2

It will be recollected that, towards the conclusion of the war
of the French Eevolution, the Dutch colony of Cura§oa had
capitulated, with a readiness little removed from eagerness, to the
British frigate Nereide, Captain Frederick Watkins. The Dutch
population had been actuated on that occasion by a very natural'

1 For particulars of the attack upon the Spanish treasure-ships, see next chapter.

2 ' Nels. Disps.' Vols. v. and vi. are full of complaints of the material inefficiency-
of the fleet.

80 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1804.

desire to free itself from the tyranny of a large and rapacious force
of French Republicans which occupied part of their island. At the
beginning of the new war, when Cura9oa was once more Dutch,
the situation was entirely different. The people, though still not
entirely their own masters, had no causes of discontent so serious
as to outweigh their loyalty. Yet the British officers on the Jamaica
station failed to understand the changed condition of affairs. As
soon as hostilities opened, Lieutenant (actg.) Michael Fitton, in
the schooner Gipsy, 10, was sent from Jamaica to warn any British
vessels that might be at Cura9oa of what had taken place.
Mr. Fitton found in the harbour of St. Anne, the Surinam, 18,
Commander (actg.) Eobert Tucker, and, communicating the news,
advised his brother officer to get under way as soon as possible.
The Gipsij, which sailed immediately, was chased by two armed
vessels of superior force. The Surinam was repairing, and her
Commander did not, apparently, deem it necessary to make any
special effort to leave the port. Instead, he busied himself in taking
plans of the Dutch forts and batteries and in transmitting particulars *
of them, and of the disposition of the inhabitants, to Rear- Admiral
Sir John Thomas Duckworth, the Commander-in-Chief, and to
Commodore Samuel Hood (2). Some of his dispatches falling into
the hands of the Dutch, he and his ship were seized.2 In spite,
however, of this warning, Cura9oa was still officially regarded as
a place which would quickly fall upon a small demonstration being
made against it.

In December, 1803, Captain John Bligh (2), of the Theseus, 74,
being then at Port Royal, Jamaica, received orders to proceed off
the city of San Domingo, which was in French occupation, and, in
conjunction with the Vanguard, 74, Captain James Walker (2),
which was said to be already there, to blockade the port. He was
at the same time verbally informed that he would be later directed
to attack Cura9oa, but that the Commander-in-Chief did not wish
him to risk the safety of the 74's by endeavouring to force the
harbour of St. Anne. On December 19th, therefore, the Theseus
sailed from Port Royal, and in due time arrived off San Domingo ;

1 There is reason to believe that Tucker was much misled as to the force and
temper of the garrison.

a James, iii. 283, gives an incorrect account of this incident. The story here given
is from the proceedings of the court-martial, which acquitted Tucker, who, on the
following March 21st, was promoted to be Commander.

1804.] FUTILE ATTACK ON CURA^OA. 81

but she neither found the Vanguard there, nor was joined by her
subsequently. On January 15th, 1804, however, there arrived the
Hercule, 74, Captain Bichard Bailing Dunn, with orders to Bligh
to take under his command the Hercule and Vanguard, together
with the Blanche, 36, Captain Zachary Mudge, Pique, 36, Captain
Charles Bayne Hodgson Boss, and Gipsy, 10, Lieutenant (actg.)
Michael Fitton, and, proceeding in the Theseus to Cura9oa, to
summon the island, to land men in case of refusal to surrender,
but not " to hazard more than the object is worth."

With the two 74's — for the Vanguard was still missing — the
two frigates, and the schooner, but with hardly any trustworthy
information about the island, and with only two officers, Captain
Boss and Lieutenant Fitton, who had ever sighted it, Bligh
sailed, and, on January 30th, made the outlying island of Bonaire.
Bearing up, he hove to on the following morning six miles to
the eastward of St. Anne ; and Captain Boss, going on board
the Gipsy, at once went in with a summons. At 9.30 A.M. the
Gipsy stood out of harbour, signalling that the terms had been
rejected.

The mouth of the harbour is narrow ; the batteries defending it
mounted nearly one hundred guns ; and within lay the Hatslaar, 36,
and two French privateers. Leaving, therefore, the Blanche and
Pique before the entrance, Bligh, with the rest of his force proceeded
off a small cove which Lieutenant Fitton considered to be a suitable
point for a disembarkation. As the ships withdrew from off the
port they were fired at by Fort Amsterdam, which lies to the S.E.
of the harbour's mouth; and at 11.30 A.M., when they were off
the cove, they were fired at by Fort Piscadero, a work mounting
ten 12-pounders. The fort was, however, soon reduced to compara-
tive silence by the Theseus. In the meantime a landing party of 406
seamen and 199 Boyal Marines had been prepared, under command
of Captains Bichard Balling Bunn (Hercule) and William Bayne
Hodgson Boss (Pique) ; Lieutenants Edward Henry a'Court and
Bichard Henry Muddle (Theseus) ; and John B. Hills, Nisbet Josiah
Willoughby,and William Woolsey1 (Hercule) ; and Lieutenants, B.M.,
Edward Nicolls, William Henry Craig, Earle Harwood, Bertrand
Cahuac, and Samuel Perrot. At 1 P.M. a division of this force

1 This officer took the place of Lieut. William Brathwaite, of the Blanche, who was
incapacitated by his habitual drunkenness. James, iii. 285.

VOL. V. G

82 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1804.

landed, stormed and carried Fort Piscadero, without loss, and then,
losing only four or five in the operation, drove the Dutch from all
the neighbouring positions. Thereupon the rest of the seamen and
Royal Marines disembarked, and the Gipsy anchored in the cove.
On February 1st and 2nd, some guns were landed and dragged with
much difficulty to a spot whence they would command the west side
of St. Anne ; but this battery, which was placed under the orders of
Lieutenant Willoughby, was not made effective until some loss had
been caused by the fire from Fort Eepubliek, from another work,
and from the privateers in port. Other guns were also landed and
mounted elsewhere. On February 4th, and again on the 5th,
skirmishes took place, resulting to the advantage of the British,
but accompanied with regrettable loss. The loss in the batteries was
also heavy and continuous, by sickness and, unhappily, by desertion,1
as well as by the fire of the enemy. On the other hand, the Dutch
received reinforcements. On February 23rd, therefore, Captain
Bligh dispatched the Gipsy to inform Duckworth that he purposed
to re-embark on March 4th, unless some favourable development
should occur in the interim. No sooner had he done so than he
had to allow the Pique, which had damaged her rudder, to bear
up for Jamaica. Indeed, instead of the developments being favour-
able, they were so decidedly of the opposite character, that Bligh
re-embarked his whole remaining force as early as February 25th,
after having destroyed Fort Piscadero, and disabled such guns as it
was found necessary to leave behind. The various operations, apart
from the dysentery which ravaged the force, had involved a loss of
eighteen killed and forty-two wounded, among the former being
Midshipman Joseph Palmer, and, among the latter, three Lieu-
tenants, E.M., Messrs. Harwood, Cahuac, and Perrot. It was
an ill-considered expedition ; yet it would probably have been
successful, but for the failure of the Vanguard to co-operate in it.
That failure must be attributed to the ineffective measures taken
by Sir John Thomas Duckworth to apprise his Captains of what
he expected of them ; for, while Bligh was at Cura9oa, the
Vanguard remained off the island, though not off the port, of
San Domingo.

An expedition against Surinam had more satisfactory results.
On April 25th, after a passage of twenty-two days from Barbados,

1 About one-half the Hercule's Marines were Poles, who had unwisely been allowed
to enter at San Domingo.

1804.]

CAPTURE OF SURINAM.

Commodore Samuel Hood (2) arrived off the Dutch island with the
following force : —

SHIPS.

GUNS.

COMMANDERS.

Centaur ....

/Commod. Samuel Hood (2).
\Capt. Murray Maxwell.

Pandour

44, en flute.

Capt. John Nash.

Serapis .

44, en flute.

Com. Henry Waring.

A lligator . ,

28, en flute.

Com. Charles Richardson.

Jlippomenex

Com Conway Shipley.

Drake .

Com. William Ferris.

Unique, armed schooner

Lieut. George Rowley Brand.

And transports carrying about two thousand troops under Maj.-Genl. Sir Charles Green.

Off the mouth of the Surinam Eiver was found the Emerald, 36,
Captain James O'Bryen ; * and Commander Kenneth M'Kenzie, of
the brig-sloop Guachapin,'* though, owing to baffling winds and
currents his vessel was obliged to remain about one hundred and
fifty miles to leeward, presently joined with all her boats and most
of her men. On the night of April 30th, about seven hundred
men under Brig. -General Maitland, were landed in Warapee Creek
under the direction of Commanders Shipley and M'Kenzie. On
the following days Braam's Point was captured, after a battery on
it had been silenced by the Emerald, Pandour, and Drake ; the
Frederici battery and Leijden redoubt were stormed and carried
by troops under Brig. -General Hughes, assisted by boats and seamen
under Captain Maxwell, and Commanders Ferris and Richardson.
Everything was then' almost ready for attacking Fort Nieuw
Amsterdam, where about eighty guns were mounted ; but on
May 5th, before anything further could be done, the colony
surrendered. With it were surrendered the Dutch men-of-war
Proserpine, 32, Pylades, 18, a 10-gun schooner, and seven gun-
boats, together with several merchantmen which, under Captain
Willem Otto Bloijs van Treslong, had been disposed to block the
river. On neither side had there been any heavy loss. The British
squadron had had but five killed, including Lieutenant James
Edward Smith (Centaur) and Midshipman William Shuldham,

1 Later Lord James O'Bryen, who died Admiral the Marquis of Thomond
in 1855.

2 Guachapin was the Anglicised form of Guet-apens, the name of a French small
craft which had been lately captured and was used as tender to the British flagship
on the station.

G 2

84 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1804.

and eight wounded, including Lieutenants William King (I)1 and
Eobert Henderson1 (Centaur), and George Eowley Brand (Unique) ;
and the army's casualties amounted only to three killed and thirteen
wounded. The prisoners numbered upwards of two thousand ;
and two hundred and eighty-two guns of various sorts were
captured.2

L/ittle else of much importance happened during the year in
America or Asia ; but in Africa, Goree, which had not been restored
to France under the Treaty, was surrendered on January 18th by
its commandant, Colonel Fraser, after a stubborn fight, to a much
superior French force which, under Lieutenant Jean Michel Mahe,
had crossed from Cayenne in the Oncle Thomas, 20, armed ship,
Renommee, 14, Oiseau, 10, Rosalie, 2, Vigie, 2, and a schooner of
unknown name. But the victors held the settlement for a short
time only. On the morning of March 7th, the Inconstant, 36,
Captain Edward Stirling Dickson, accompanied by a storeship and
three transports, arrived off the place, and, seeing French colours
hoisted, sent ashore Lieutenant Charles Pickford, in a cutter, to
ascertain what had happened. Not receiving any news by 10 A.M.,
Captain Dickson manned and armed three boats, and sent them,
under a Midshipman, Mr. Eunciman, to cut out a vessel lying in
the road. The duty was duly performed, although the heavy fire
from the batteries sank a boat and wounded a man. From the
prize the strength of the garrison was discovered. The Inconstant
then stood to the westward to prevent supplies from being received
from Senegal ; and, having been joined by a fourth transport, which
furnished sufficient boats to complete the number needed to con-
tain the troops which were to be disembarked, Captain Dickson
prepared to effect a landing on the 8th. But when the morning
dawned, the British colours were seen to be flying over the French.
The garrison had, in fact, been induced to capitulate overnight to-
Lieutenant Pickford.3

Spain, it has been seen, had declared war against Great Britain
on December 12th, 1804. The declaration was not received in
London until January 7th, 1805 ; but, ere that, France had made
preparations for utilising to the utmost the naval and military forces
of her new ally. On January 4th, a secret convention between
France and Spain was signed in Paris by Vice-Admiral Decres,.

1 Made Commanders, June 21st, 1804. 2 Nav. Chron., xii. 80 ; De Jonge, v. 596.
8 He was deservedly made a Commander on April 27th following.

1805.] SECRET CONVENTION BETWEEN FRANCE AND SPAIN. 85

for the one, and Vice-Admiral Don Federico Gravina for the
other.

After recounting the forces at the disposal, by sea and land, of the French emperor,1
the document goes on to declare that the King of Spain binds himself to commission,
and supply with six months' provisions and four months' water, from 25 to 29 sail of
the line, and to have them ready, with from 4000 to 5000 Spanish troops (to embark
from Cadiz, together with 20,000 French troops), by, at the latest, March 30th, 1805.
Of the sail of the line, Ferrol was to provide 7 or 8 ; Cadiz from 12 to 15 ; and Cartagena,
6. The Ferrol vessels were to act in combination with the 5 French sail of the line
that lay in that port. Spain, as well as France, was to augment her active fleet by
adding to it from time to time all ships of the line and frigates that might be con-
structed or fitted in her ports. Napoleon guaranteed the integrity of the king's
dominions, and promised to do his best to procure the restoration to Spain of Trinidad,
and of the treasure which had been captured in the Spanish frigates in October, 1804.
Neither Power was to make a separate peace ; and ratifications were to be exchanged
within a month. Admiral Gravina, in a note, expressed his doubts as to whether Spain
would be able in reasonable time to collect men and provisions for so large a fleet as she
undertook to supply for the objects of the alliance.2

A reference to the statistical table given on p. 10 will show that,
at the beginning of 1805, Great Britain had, nominally at her
disposal for active service, one hundred and sixteen ships of the
line. Of these, one hundred and five were actually in commission.
Mr. James 3 is of opinion that, for various reasons, not more than
eighty-three of these could be sent to sea, and that Bonaparte well
knew that such was the case. It is probable that James somewhat
understates the really available British force ; but, even if this be so,
it is clear that the Spanish arrangement added vastly to the possi-
bilities of success of the great combinations upon which the Emperor
had embarked. Before the arrangement, he had at his disposal,
excluding the vessels of the Batavian navy, about forty-three ships
of the line ; after its conclusion, he had at least sixty-eight, and

1 The summary is : In the Texel, 30,000 troops, with the necessary transports.

At Calais, Ostend, Dunquerque, Boulogne, and Le Havre,

flotillas to embark 120,000 men and 25,000 horses.
At Eochefort, 6 sail of the line, and 4 frigates, having on board

4000 men.
At Brest, 21 sail of the line, besides frigates and transports,

with 25,000 troops for embarkation.
At Toulon, 1 1 sail of the line, 8 frigates, and transports having

en board 9000 troops.

From the Brest fleet the Ocean and Home other ship appear to be excluded. In the
Rochefort squadron is included the Achille, although she was only just ready for
launching. The five ships of the line lying in Ferrol seem to be overlooked.

2 ' Precis des Evenements,' xi. 215. The treaty was duly ratified on January 18th,
1805.

3 James, iii. 298.

86 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

perhaps seventy, or even more ; and, with the Batavian ships, his
numerical strength would be nearly, if not quite, equal to that of
Great Britain. In making estimates of military or naval force,
one should, however, count brains rather than heads. The British
fleet was homogeneous, enthusiastic for a common cause, full of the
prestige of victory, and very highly disciplined. The allied fleets,
on the contrary, were of three different nationalities, each jealous of
the others, partly republican and partly monarchical, animated by
diverse motives, oppressed by a long history of defeat, and, at least
as regards the Spanish contingent, inexperienced and ill-trained.
In addition, on one side were commanders like Nelson, Collingwood,
Cornwallis, and Saumarez ; on the other, commanders like Bruix,
Villeneuve, Gravina, Ganteaume, and Ver Huell. Mere numerical
equality in ships and men, in such circumstances, goes for very little.
Indeed, where quality is deficient, mere quantity is often, in itself,
a source of weakness.

In order to follow in a clear and consecutive manner the various
movements which, beginning in the first months of the year, led
up to the battle of Trafalgar on October 21st, 1805, it is necessary
to temporarily abandon a plan which has hitherto been consistently
pursued in these pages. It has so far been my ordinary practice,
when dealing with the major operations of the Navy in any given
year, to describe the services of the British fleets, first on one
station, then on another, and so on, until all stations upon which
important events occurred have been glanced at in turn. The far-
reaching character of the greatest of all naval campaigns, that of
1805, and the sudden shiftings of scene, make it impossible to keep
to the usual plan, and, at the same time, to present the drama as it
should be presented. It is purposed, therefore, in relating the
central story of that annus mirabilis, to forget for the moment that
there were then, as there are still, stations with definite limits and
under different' commanders-in-chief. 'While Nelson was at sea on
his final cruise, his personality ousted all other personalities from
the field ; and his restless energy declined to admit any bounds to
its activity. When all the plot of the main drama shall have been
told, and when the last and most brilliant progress of its hero shall
have been followed from Agincourt Sound to Egypt, from Canopus
to Cagliari, from Pulla to Barbados, from the West Indies to
Spithead, and from Merton to the dim cockpit of the Victory, it
will be seen that it is, indeed, genius of the highest type that needs

1805.] DISPOSITION OF THE BRITISH SQUADRONS. 87

half a world in order to have room for action. Then it will be time,
seeing that the old bulkheads will be no longer in the way, to replace
them, and to revert to the accustomed routine of the chronicle.

The last service of Nelson divides itself naturally into three
separate, yet intimately connected episodes, — the cruise to the
Levant, the chase to the West Indies and back, and the triumphant
end of the whole work off Cape Trafalgar.

ADMIRAL SIR JOHN ORDE (1), BART.
(from Ridley's engraving after the portrait by Romney.)

By the beginning of the year 1805, the adhesion of Spain to
the active enemies of Great Britain had already led to some new
dispositions of the British forces. A squadron of seven sail of the
line, under Bear- Admiral the Hon. Alexander Forester Inglis
Cochrane, with his flag in the Northumberland, 74, watched Ferrol
and Corunna, where lay, ready for sea, five French and seven
Spanish sail of the line, besides three more Spanish ships which
were still fitting. Another squadron, numbering sometimes five

88 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

and sometimes six sail of the line, under Vice- Admiral Sir John
Orde (1), in the Glory, 98, cruised off Cadiz, to watch one French
and seven Spanish sail of the line which lay there ready for sea,
with four other Spanish ships which were being made ready ; and
Orde, in conjunction with Nelson, whose more special duty was to
watch Toulon, had also to keep an eye upon six Spanish sail of
the line which lay ready in Cartagena. Orde, it should be explained,
was, in point of seniority, Nelson's superior officer, his commission
as a Vice-Admiral dating from February 14th, 1799, while Nelson's
dated only from January 1st, 1801. Yet Nelson was Commander-
in-Chief in the Mediterranean, whereas Orde, who had aspired to
that post, and who, being of a petty and jealous nature, had never
forgiven his great junior for having received it, was only " com-
manding a squadron off Cape Finisterre."

Nelson, as has been seen, cruised at the end of 1804 off Cape
St. Sebastian. The immediate strategical objects which he had
before him were, on the one hand, to prevent the junction of the
eleven French ships of the line which lay in Toulon with the
French and Spanish squadrons in Cartagena, Cadiz, and Ferrol,
or with any of them ; and, on the other, to check any sally which
the French at Toulon might attempt in the direction of Malta or
of Egypt. As usual, the material supplied to him by the Admiralty
was, on paper at least, quite inadequate to the work demanded of
it. Many of the ships of the line required radical repairs ; his
force was numerically inferior to that of his opponents ; and he
had scarcely any frigates or small craft wherewith to obtain intelli-
gence, or to communicate with distant points : but, as usual also,
the personnel of his command was in the highest state of efficiency.
Early in January he found it necessary to repair once more to
his favourite anchorage ; and, detaching the Active, 38, Captain
Eichard Hussey Moubray, and the Seahorse, 38, Captain the Hon.
Courtenay Boyle, to watch Toulon, he quitted his station on the
3rd, and, on the llth, entered Agincourt Sound. There, on
January 15th, he was rejoined by the Superb, 74, which had been
engaged on diplomatic duty at Algier ; and there he remained until

1 Nelson's feelings were hurt by Orde's appointment to this command ; for Nelson's
station had previously extended as far as Cape Finisterre, including, of course, Cadiz.
In spite of Orde's reputed enmity for Nelson, he was one of those chosen to support the
pall at Nelson's funeral. He appears to have been an excitable and quarrelsome officer.
He challenged Lord St. Vincent in 1799, and would have fought him, had not the
police interfered.

1805.]

VILLENEUVE'S FIRST SALLY.

January 19th, when, as will he shown presently, he was hurriedly
summoned to sea.

Early in the afternoon of January 17th, Vice-Admiral Villeneuve,
finding the coast apparently clear, and taking advantage of a good
N.N.W. wind, left Toulon with eleven sail of the line, seven frigates,
and two brigs, having on board three thousand five hundred troops
under General Lauriston. By 5 P.M. his last ship was outside
Cape Cepet : by 6.30 P.M. his leading vessels were sighted by the
Active and Seahorse. He seemed to be bound southward ; and the
British frigates managed to keep part of his force in view until
2 A.M. on January 19th, when, still having reason to suppose that
the French had designs to the southward, they crowded sail, and,
by 1.50 P.M. on the same day, were able to signal to Nelson that
the enemy was at sea. Nelson weighed at 4.30 P.M. The force
with him, and the force which had left Toulon with Villeneuve,
were as follows : — •

BRITISH.

FRENCH.

Ships.

dims.

Comuianilers.

Ships.

Guns.

Vice-Adm. Lord Nelson, K.B. (W.)

liuctntaure .

801

Victory .

100

Rear-Adm. George Murray (3) (B.).

Formidable .

802

Capt. Thomas Masterman Hardy.

Neptune .

Rear-Adm. Sir Richard H. Bicker-

1-ndomptable

Royal Sovereign

100

ton, Bt. (R.).

Annibal

Capt. John Stewart.

Mont Blanc

Canopus

John I'onn.

Swiftsure .

Superb .

Richard Goodwin Keats.

Atlas

Spencer .

Hon. Robert Stopford.

Intrepide

.Swiftsure .

Mark Robinson (2).

Scipion .

Selleisle

William Hargood (1).

Her wick.

Conqueror .

Israel Pellew.

Tiyre

Benjamin Hallowell.

Cornelie.

Leviathan

Henry William Bayntun.

11 or tense

Donegal .

Pulteney Malcolm.

Incorruptible

Rhin . . .

Active .

('apt. Richard Hussey Moubray.

Sirene .

Seahorse

„ Hon. Courtenay Boyle.

Themis .

Vranie .

Furet

Naiade . . .

1 Flag of Vire-Adm. P. C. J. B. S. Villeneuve.

2 Flag of llear-Adm. P. K. M. E. Dumanoir Le Felley.

Proceeding in column of line ahead through the narrow passage
between Biche and Sardinia, the British fleet obtained a clear offing
by about 7 P.M., and Nelson then directed the Seahorse to round
the southern end of Sardinia, look into San Pietro, and return

90 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805,

immediately. At 8.30 P.M. he bore away along the island of
Sardinia, and on the following morning he ordered the Spencer
and Leviathan, his two best sailers, to act as a detached division,
the Spencer to keep on the Victory's weather beam. During the
afternoon of that day, January 20th, and during the whole night,
and succeeding day, the fleet encountered very strong S.S.W. and
S.W. gales, and was, for the most part, under storm staysails.
When, at 10 A.M. on the 22nd, the Seahorse rejoined, she reported

VICB-ADM. THE HON. SIR CODKTENAY BOYLE, KT., K.C.H., F.B.S.

From the lithograph by Blood, after a family miniature painted about 1810, when Boyle was
Commissioner of the Transport Hoard.

that on the afternoon of the 21st she had been chased by the-
Cornelie, 40, while standing towards Pulla Bay; but that, owing
to the bad and thick weather, she had been unable to discover
whether any ships lay either in that anchorage or in Cagliari, and
that, for the same reason, she had lost sight of the French frigate.
The Seahorse, this time in company with the Active, was sent back
to Cagliari, but she found nothing there; nor did a message
addressed to the authorities in that port elicit any news of the.

1805.] NELSON'S SEARCH TO THE EASTWARD. 91

enemy.1 Thereupon Nelson despatched the Seahorse to Naples, and
ordered the Active to cruise for three days eastward of the island
of Serpentina, and to communicate with any British ship that
might be looking for the Commander-in-Chief. At noon on
January 25th, Cape Carbonara, Sardinia, bore from the Victory
N.N.E. £ E. three and a half leagues; and on the 26th, the
Phoebe, 36, Captain the Hon. Thomas Bladen Capell, joined, and
reported having discovered at 4 P.M. on the 19th, off the west coast
of Corsica, a disabled French ship of the line, recognised as the
Indomptable, standing in for the land under courses only, with a
strong W.N.W. wind, and having lost her topmasts. The Phoebe
had passed within hail of the Frenchman, which seemed to be
bound for Ajaccio, and had then borne up for Agincourt Sound,
where she had expected to find Nelson. It was because she had
first gone thither that she did not fall in with the fleet until
the 26th.

Failing to gain any useful information, Nelson continued to the
eastward, and, at 3 A.M. on the 29th, rounded Stromboli. He was
anxious and uneasy. The enemy, he himself believed, had made
for Egypt; but, though he continued to detach his three frigates
in all directions as soon as they rejoined him, he could learn nothing.
Nevertheless, he kept his ships night and day ready for action.
Not a bulkhead was up in any of them. On February 4th, the
Canopus sighted the Egyptian coast, and on the 7th the Tigre
was sent into Alexandria; yet still nothing could be heard of the
French. Upon being rejoined by the Tigre on the 8th, Nelson
headed for Malta, and, by the 14th, was within three hundred miles
of it. Not until after that date did he discover, by intelligence from
Naples, what had become of the fleet of Villeneuve.

In the meantime he had explained as follows to the Admiralty
the considerations which had induced him to go to Egypt * : —

" Feeling, as I do, that I am entirely responsible to my King and country for the
whole of my conduct, I find no difficulty at this moment, when I am so unhappy at
not finding the French fleet, nor having obtained the slightest information where they
are, to lay before you the whole of the reasons which induced me to pursue the line of
conduct I have done. I have consulted no man : therefore the whole blame of ignor-
ance in forming my judgment must rest with me. I would allow no man to take from
me an atom of my glory, had I fallen in with the French fleet ; nor do I desire any man
to partake of any of the responsibility. All is mine, right or wrong : therefore I shall
now state my reasons, after seeing that Sardinia, Naples, and Sicily were safe, for

Nelson to Melville, Feb. 14th; Clarke and M'Arthur, ii., 397.

92 MA JOB OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. • [1805.

believing that Egypt was the destination of the French fleet : and, at this moment of
sorrow, I still feel that I have acted right. Firstly ; the wind had blown from north-
east to south-east for fourteen days before they mailed : therefore, they might, without
difficulty, have gone to the westward. Secondly ; they came out with gentle breezes at
north-west and north-north-west. Had they been bound to Naples, the most natural
thing for them to have done would have been for them to run along their own shore to
the eastward, where they would have ports every 20 leagues of coast to take shelter in.
Thirdly ; they bore away in the evening of the 18th with a strong gale at north-west or
north-north-west, steering south, or south by west. It blew so hard that the Seuhor-e
went more than 13 knots an hour to get out of their way. Desirable as Sardinia is for
them, they could get it without risking their fleet, although certainly not so quickly
as by attacking Cagliari. However, I left nothing to chance in that respect, and there-
fore went off Cagliari. Having afterwards gone to Sicily, both to Palermo and Messina,
and thereby given encouragement for a defence, and knowing all was safe at Naples, I
had only the Morea and Egypt to look to, for although I knew one of the French ships
was crippled, yet I considered the character of Bonaparte, and that the orders given by
him on the banks of the Seine would not take into consideration wind or weather.
Nor, indeed, could the accident of even three or four ships alter, in my opinion, a
destination of importance : therefore such an accident did not weigh in my mind ; and I
went first to Morea and then to Egypt. The result of my inquiries at Coron and
Alexandria confirms me in my former opinion ; and therefore, my Lord, if my obstinacy
or ignorance is so gross, I should be the first to recommend your superseding me. But,
on the contrary, if, as 1 flatter myself, it should be found that my ideas of the probable
destination of the French fleet were well founded, in the opinion of his Majesty's
ministers, then 1 shall hope for the consolation of having my conduct approved by his
Majesty ; who will, I am sure, weigh my whole proceedings in the scale of justice."

What, then, had happened to Villeneuve ? While crossing the
Gulf of Lions, on the second day after leaving Toulon, he had fallen
in with a violent gale, which had badly damaged several of his
ships aloft, and which, on January 20th, had driven all save four
of them back to port. The four exceptions were the Indomptable
and the Cornelie, already mentioned, and the Hortense and Incor-
ruptible. The Cornelie found shelter in Genoa, and returned to
Toulon on January 22nd. The Indomptable returned on the 24th.
The Hortense and Incorruptible did not rejoin for about nearly two
months, and were fortunate in not encountering any serious enemy
during that long period.

In the meantime, an effort had been made in another direc-
tion to further the development of Napoleon's general plan, as
set forth in his letter of September 29th, 1804. * Bear-Admiral
Missiessy, in pursuance of more detailed instructions which he
had received in December, succeeded, on January llth, 1805, in
escaping from Eochefort during the temporary absence from the
station of Bear- Admiral Sir Thomas Graves (3). His force consisted
of the Majestueux, 120, Lion, 74, Jemmapes, 74, Magnanime, 74,

1 See p. 77, ante.

1805.] MISSIESSY'S ESCAPE FROM ROCHEFORT. 93

Suffren, 74, Gloire, 40, Armide, 40, Infatigable, 40, Acteon, 16,
Lynx, 16, and three thousand five hundred troops under General
Joseph Lagrange, together with a quantity of stores and a park of
artillery. He was sighted on the morning of the 12th by the
schooner Felix, 12, Lieutenant Eichard Bourne (2), of the blockading
force ; but Bourne was not able, until the 16th, to apprize Graves of
what had happened ; and then Graves was forced by a strong south-
westerly gale to seek shelter in Quiberon Bay. On the 24th, Bear-
Admiral the Hon. Alexander Forester Inglis Cochrane, with six
sail of the squadron which had been watching Ferrol, went in
pursuit, the place of his ships being presently taken by a detach-
ment of equal force drawn from the fleet before Brest. Missiessy,
though detained on the coast by adverse weather until the 25th,
then proceeded undisturbed, his mission being, so far as can be
gathered from the incomplete published correspondence * between
Napoleon and his minister of marine, and from other sources, to
disembark part of his military stores at Martinique and Guadeloupe,
to make himself master of Dominica, and to ravage the weaker
British colonies. If, within thirty-five days of his arrival in the
West Indies, Villeneuve, with the Toulon fleet, should not appear,
Missiessy was to set out for home, calling on his way at the city
of San Domingo, and there leaving with General Ferrand such
troops as he might have remaining on board. The rear-admiral's ex-
ploits will be recounted later. It is only necessary to say here that,
since Villeneuve did not succeed in quitting the Mediterranean as
early as had been hoped, Missiessy was ordered, by the Palinure, 16,
which found him at Martinique, to accelerate his return, and that
he re-anchored in Aix road on May 20th, 1805.

In the evening of February 27th, Nelson, weary and dis-
appointed, anchored in Pulla road, Cagliari. On March 2nd he
weighed, but, the weather being unfavourable, quickly re-anchored.
On March 3rd, however, he weighed again, and, with a N.N.E.
wind, stood to the westward. The wind shifting, however, to the
N.W. and blowing strong, the fleet had to return ; and not until
March 12th was the Commander-in- Chief able to get sight of
the heights of Faron, above Toulon. Late on the 15th, he
resumed his winter station a little to the eastward of Cape San
Sebastian. Thence he detached the Leviathan, 74, to show herself
off Barcelona, in order to induce the belief that he was still on the
1 There is a hiatus from Sept. 29th, 1804, to Ap. 14th, 1805.

94 MA JOB OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

Spanish coast ; l and, working back to the eastward, he was himself
off the west end of San Pietro on March 25th. Two days later he
anchored in the Gulf of Palma, whither he had ordered his store-
ships. On the 26th, he had been joined from England by Eear-
Adrniral Thomas Louis, in the Ambuscade, 32, Captain William
Durban. At Palma Louis shifted his flag to the Canopus, 80,
taking, in place of Captain John Conn, Captain Francis William
Austen (1) 2 as his flag-captain. From March 27th until April 1st,
Nelson lay refitting and provisioning in the Gulf of Palma. He
then removed to Pulla road ; and, on April 3rd, sailed to the west-
ward, with a moderate N.E. breeze.

At Toulon, in the meanwhile, M. Villeneuve laid up the In-
corruptible, which had been badly mauled in the action with the
Arrow,3 and, finding the Annibal unserviceable, turned over her
ship's company to the new ship Pluton, 74. He also turned over
the crew of the Uranie, which he decided to leave behind, to the
Hermione, 40. When, therefore, he again put to sea, it was with
eleven sail of the line, six frigates, and two brigs,4 on board of
which there were still the three thousand five hundred troops under
General Lauriston.

By that time the details of Napoleon's great plan had been
somewhat modified. The project of conquest in the Antilles by
Missiessy had been abandoned ; so also had that of the descent
upon Ireland by Ganteaume and Augereau. The objects still to
be aimed at were, firstly, a great concentration of naval force in the
West Indies, or, at least, in some locality far away from France ;
secondly, the speedy return of the whole of that force to European
waters ; and, finally, the employment of that force to cover and
protect the passage to England of the invasion flotilla. There had
been delays and misunderstandings. It was confidently hoped that,
owing to the forwardness of all the preparations, there would be
no more of these ; and it was therefore ordered that the various
strategic movements which were designed to bring Great Britain to
her knees were to begin in March ; and Spain was specially warned
to be ready to play her part at a moment's notice.

1 The ruse was successful. Until April 1st Villeneuve believed Nelson to be off
Barcelona.

2 Capt. Austen had gone out as a passenger from England.

3 For an account of this, see next chapter.

* Those in the table on p. 89, omitting the Incorruptible, and substituting the
Pluton for the Annibal, and the Hermione for the Uranie.

1805.]

DISTRIBUTION OF THE FORCES.

The general situation, as it existed upon the eve of the com-
mencement of these movements, did not much differ from the
general situation of a few months earlier; but it may, with ad-
vantage, be briefly glanced at ; and, for the sake of clearness, it
may be thus summarised l :—

FRANCO-SPANISH.

BRITISH.

POET, ETC.

READV TOR SERVICE IK MAUCH.

STATION.

READY FOR SERVICE IN
MARCH.

THE TEXEL.
BOULOGNE, ETC.

9 ships of the line.1
80 transports.
25,000 troops.
950 transports.
1300 armed small craft.
130,000 troops.

THE DOWNS.

11 sail of the line
(Keith).

BREST .
ROCHEFORT . .

LORIENT

21 ships of the line (Gan-
teaume).
Transports.
3600 troops (embarked).
2 ships of the line (Magon,
and later Alleinand).
1 ship of the line.

THE CHANNEL .

About 17 sail of
the lice 2 (Corn-
wallis and
others).

FERHOL .

12 sail of the line s (Gran-
dallana and Gourdon).

OFF FERROL

8 ships of the
line (Calder).

CADIZ .

7 sail of the line 4 (Gravina).

OFF CADIZ .

6 ships of the
line (Orde).

CAUTAGENA

TOULON . .

6 sail of the line ' (Salcedo).
11 sail of the line (Ville-
neuve).
3500 troops (embarked).

MEDITERRANEAN

12 ships of the
line 6 (Nelson).

' Took no part In the campaign. 2 Increased, by April 1st, to 21. a Besides 3 not ready for sea.

* Besides 8 or 9 not ready for sea. * Of which 1 was stationed al Naples.

In addition, the allies had 5, and Great Britain had 10 ships of the line in the West
Indies; while Great Britain had about 9 ships of the line in the East Indies; and
2 British ships of the line were on their way from England to join Nelson in the
Mediterranean. In the above summary, no mention is made of frigates.

Napoleon issued his detailed orders2 to Villeneuve and Ganteaume
on March 2nd. Villeneuve was to sail at the earliest possible date
for Cadiz, and to be joined outside the port by the ships there ready.
Thence he was to proceed to Martinique, and to wait forty days for
Ganteaume. If the latter should not then appear, Villeneuve was
to go to San Domingo, land troops, make for Santiago in the Canary

1 The table is mainly based upon ' Nav. Chronicle,' xiii., 365 et seq., and Steel's
lists; corrected by reference to Adins.' Disps., and to James and Brenton.

2 ' Corr. de Nap.,' x., 227, 232, 324, 447, etc. See also si., 50.

96 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

Islands,1 and there cruise for twenty days. " I prefer," wrote the
Emperor, " Martinique to all other places of rendezvous ; yet
Santiago is a better place than off Brest, the raising of the
blockade of which would involve some sort of action." Ganteaume,
who was to command in chief after the anticipated junction, was
to sail at the earliest possible moment, and to proceed to Ferrol,
destroying or driving off the blockading force which cruised there.
He was then to be joined by such French and Spanish ships as were
ready in the port, and to make the best of his way to Martinique,
there to meet Villeneuve, and, perhaps, Missiessy also. In case of
need he was to wait at least thirty days for Villeneuve. The united
force was to steer for the Channel ; and, it was intended, should
appear off Boulogne between June 10th and July 10th. If, by the
non-arrival of Villeneuve, or from any other cause, Ganteaume
should find himself with fewer than twenty-five ships of the line,
he was to go, not necessarily to the Channel, but, if he deemed it
best, to Ferrol, where he would be reinforced. When, on March
23rd, just as the great scheme was on the eve of being attempted,
Ganteaume reported that he was ready, that only fifteen British
ships were in the offing, and that, if he went out against them, he
was certain of victory, Napoleon's answer was : "A naval victory
at this time would produce no results. Keep a single object before
you. Fulfil your commission. Go to sea without fighting."

Both the general orders and the specific instructions indicate
how completely the greatest military leader of modern times mis-
understood the simplest elements of na.vai warfare. He was all for
evasion ; all for making his fleets vanish from the ken of the enemy,
and then drop, as it were, from the sky into the British Channel ; 2
all for forgetting everything but the ulterior object ; all for not
risking a ship. If he had realised that, in order to effect his.
ulterior object, no matter whether it was the invasion of England,
the seizure of Egypt, or the conquest of India, he must first reduce

1 A subsequent order erroneously named the Cape de Verdes as the rendezvous.
Santiago is a town in Tenerife, Canaries : Sao Thiago is an island of the Cape de
Verdes. Hence the confusion. Chevalier, 152. The mistake had the result of
delaying Villeneuve's return to Europe.

2 Spain pursued the same fatuous system in 1898. Cervera vanished, and dropped
into Santiago de Cuba. His strategy only led to his annihilation, and did not cost the
Americans a ship. Had he, on the other hand, sought his enemy at once, and fought
him, he might, at least, have done him some damage. He might even, catching him
unprepared or scattered, have beaten him ; though, looking to the state of the Spanish,
navy, this is very unlikely indeed.

1805.] VILLENEUVE LEAVES THE MEDITERRANEAN. 97

the British fleet to a condition of impotence, his plans might have
ended differently. Who can say that, if Ganteaume had seized his
most favourable opportunity, he might not have gone out and beaten
Cornwallis's inferior force ? Who can say that if Villeneuve, after
leaving Toulon, had picked up the six ships from Cartagena and the
seven from Cadiz, and had then, having frightened Orde away,
turned to give battle to Nelson, he would have failed to crush him
with twenty-four ships to eleven only ? The British naval leaders
of that day were giants ; but they were not almighty ; and it is well
for the Britons of to-day and of to-morrow to -remember that,
although they triumphed in that decisive campaign of 1805, they
owed their victory as much to the errors of the enemy as to the skill
and bravery of themselves.

Nelson's withdrawal to the Gulf of Palma gave Villeneuve his
opportunity. In the evening of March 29th, the entire French fleet
quitted Toulon, and, on clearing Cape Cepet, steered S.S.W., with
a pleasant breeze from the N.E. It had been expected that this
breeze would increase, but instead, it veered on the morning of the
30th to N.N.W. and decreased considerably, so that little progress
was made. In the afternoon of the 31st, Cape Sicie bearing north
about thirty miles, the enemy was descried by the Active, 38,
Captain Richard Hussey Moubray, and Phoebe, 36, Captain the
Hon. Thomas Bladen Capell ; and those frigates kept it in sight
until nightfall, when the Phoebe bore up for Palma, while the Active,
desirous of still watching the foe, stood upon a wind to the S.W.,
but, in the darkness, lost sight of the French. In the course of the
morning of April 1st, Villeneuve learnt from a Ragusan vessel that
five days earlier she had seen the British fleet to the southward of
Sardinia ; whereupon the French vice-admiral, who had previously
supposed Nelson to be off Barcelona, and who had intended in con-
sequence to pass eastward of the Balearic Islands, kept close in with
the Spanish coast, and, on the 6th, appeared off Cartagena. Why
Rear-Admiral Salcedo and his six ships did not join the French has
never yet been satisfactorily explained. Villeneuve reported that
they refused to do so, alleging that they had been ordered on
another service. The Spanish ambassador in Paris declared, on
the other hand, that Villeneuve declined their co-operation.1 French
historians for the most part incline to the belief that they were not
ready.

1 ' Precis des Ev.' xi., 236. Chevalier, 143, says that they had received no orders.

VOL. V. H

98 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

It has been said that Nelson left Pulla Bay on April 3rd, and
steered to the westward. On the morning of the 4th, when he was
a little to the westward of Toro, he saw through a drizzling rain the
Phoebe's distance signal, which announced that the enemy was at
sea. The Commander-in-Chief instantly despatched such cruisers
as he had with him to search for the French ; and, lest Villeneuve
should have preserved the southward course upon which the Phoebe
had last seen him, the British lay to during the night. By the
morning of the 4th they were about midway between Sardinia and
the African coast. They remained in much the same position until
the 7th, when, having received no fresh news, Nelson bore up for
Palermo, with a view to being ready to act in case the French
should have passed eastward of Corsica. For two days more he
admitted the suspicion that the enemy might be bound for Egypt
or the Levant. Then, still having heard nothing, he rid his mind of
that idea ; l and on April 9th, being then off the west end of Sicily,
he stood to the westward. The winds were chiefly W. and N.W. ;
progress was very slow ; and the Commander-in-Chief, daily more
and more convinced that the French had either left the Mediter-
ranean or returned to Toulon, grew feverishly impatient. In the
meanwhile he sent forward some light craft to Gibraltar and Lisbon.
On the 16th, while beating up to round the southern point of Sardinia
in order to get near Toulon, he was cheered by the news, obtained
by the Leviathan from a neutral, that the enemy had been seen on
the 7th off Cape de Gata. He soon afterwards learnt that Villeneuve
had passed Gibraltar on the 8th. Thenceforward his plans were
clear to him. " I have marked out for myself a decided line of
conduct, and I shall follow it well up, although I have now before
me a letter from the Physician of the Fleet, enforcing my return
to England before the hot months. Therefore, notwithstanding I
shall pursue the enemy to the East or West Indies if I know that
to have been their destination, yet, if the Mediterranean Fleet joins
the Channel, I shall request, with that order, permission to go
ashore." : Not until April 30th did Nelson, kept back by adverse
winds, sight Gibraltar. By that time he knew that Villeneuve had

1 For some time afterwards, nevertheless, Napoleon tried his best to encourage or
revive it. A fortnight later, he procured the insertion in a Dutch paper of a paragraph
to the effect that the French had landed six thousand men in Egypt. In the meantime
he knew nothing of Nelson's movements. In fact, he who tried to mislead was himself
misled, for he wrote to Villeueuve that Nelson had gone to Alexandria.

2 Nelson to Melville, Ap. 19ih, 1805.

1805.] V1LLENEUVE CROSSES THE ATLANTIC. 99

picked up reinforcements at Cadiz. The wind continued to blow
strong from the W. or S. ; and, as it would not permit of the
fleet passing the Strait, Nelson took it, on May 4th, to Mazari
Bay, on the African coast, to water, sending the Superb at the same
time to Tetuan for oxen, sheep, fruit and vegetables.

Villeneuve had gained a great start, and was by that time half-
way across the Atlantic. On April 7th, with a fresh and favourable
breeze, he had left Cartagena for the Strait ; at daylight on the 8th
he had sighted Gibraltar ; at noon he had entered the Gut ; and at
4 P.M. he had stood into Cadiz Bay, after frightening away Sir John
Orde, who, apparently oblivious of the fact that his command held
a place in the general strategical scheme, even after its work in
blockading Cadiz had ceased, made the best of his way towards the
Channel. Villeneuve anchored, and, having sent forward the
Hortense to warn his friends, was quickly joined by the French
Aigle, 74, Torche, corvette, and Argus, brig, and by the Spanish
Argonauta, 80, Firme, 74, Terrible, 74, America, 64, Espana, 64,
and a frigate, under Admiral Don Federico Gravina.1 The San
Rafael, 80, which also attempted to join him, grounded in going out,
and was left to follow to the rendezvous at Martinique, as soon as
she should be floated. Very early on April 9th, the combined fleet,
consisting of seventeen sail of the line, seven frigates, and four
smaller vessels, weighed and steered for the westward ; but Ville-
neuve was almost immediately obliged to shorten sail in order to
allow the Spaniards to keep up with him, and ere the evening, the
wind shifted to W. The allies were, indeed, continually troubled
with calms and head breezes for some days, and hindered also by
the indifferent sailing of several vessels ; so that it was not till
May 12th that any of their ships sighted Martinique.

It is now desirable for a moment to glance at the situation of
affairs off the Atlantic coast of France, and, in particular, in and
off Brest.

From the beginning of the year, Admiral the Hon. William
Cornwallis maintained his station as before off Ushant. In the first
week of January he had only eleven sail with him ; in the first week
of February his force was augmented to sixteen, but was almost
immediately reduced again to eleven sail by the detachment of Vice-
Admiral Sir Robert Calder, with five ships, to watch Ferrol. A
few weeks later, Cornwallis, who had most pertinaciously blockaded
1 Gaceta, Ap. 13th. Nap. to Decres ill ' Precis des Ev.,' xi. 229.

H 2

100

MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1805.

Brest for no less a period than twenty-two months, was driven by
the state of his health to return home. He reached Spithead in the
Ville de Paris, 110, on March 20th, and, striking his flag, went
ashore. Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Cotton, in the San Josef, 112,
was left in charge of the seventeen sail of the line off Ushant ; but
on April 3rd, Admiral Lord Gardner, in the Hibernia, 110, assumed
the command. The fleet, which then numbered twenty-one sail

ADMIRAL SIR ALAN GARDNER, LORD GARDNER, MAJOR-GENERAL OF MARINES.
(.From the engraving by Ridley, after a portrait which, in 1782, was in the possession or Mr. Dobree.)

of the line, was driven from off the coast on April llth ; but part
of it regained its station on the 13th ; and on the 14th, Gardner
ordered the Warrior, 74, Captain William Bligh, to look into the
port. In the afternoon that ship rejoined, signalling that the French
were getting under way. Gardner formed a line of battle in order
to be ready to receive them ; but, although, on the 15th, the French
appeared off the Black Rocks, they returned to Brest after a few
hours spent in manoeuvring. Gardner had with him that day as

1805.] NELSON IN CHASE. 101

many as twenty-four sail of the line ; and it seems probable that
such a display of force overawed Ganteaume, who had but twenty-
one. Villeneuve, it will be remembered, had already sailed from
Toulon, and was by that time fairly on his way across the Atlantic ;
so that Ganteaume's retreat was even more unfortunate for Napo-
leon's plans than it was for Gardner's glory. Indeed, the Emperor
was rapidly growing exasperated by Ganteaume's inaction. " The
non-departure of Ganteaume annoys me greatly," he wrote on
April 21st ; and, writing again on the 23rd to inform Decres that
he had sent a messenger to Ganteaume with news that Nelson had
gone to look for Villeneuve in Egypt, he added : " God grant that
my courier shall not find him at Brest." At length Napoleon
ordered that if Ganteaume failed to put to sea before May 20th, he
should remain where he lay.1 In the meantime he caused the
coasts of Bertheaume and Camaret bays to be hastily fortified, so
that Ganteaume might anchor in safety outside instead of inside
the Goulet, and so be better able to slip away at the first oppor-
tunity, either to the West Indies, or, if the long delay should have
rendered that plan useless, to reinforce Villeneuve in Ferrol.

Villeneuve anchored on May 14th in the harbour of Fort Royal
(or as it was then called, Fort de France), Martinique, with seven-
teen sail of the line, seven frigates, five smaller craft, including the
British Cyane, 18, which two of his frigates had picked up on the
previous day, and a storeship. As the fleet passed the Diamond
Hock,2 it had been briskly cannonaded from that natural fortress ;
and when, on the 16th, the San Rafael, 80, which had been left
behind at Cadiz,3 approached the Rock, she also was fired at, though
she presently rejoined Villeneuve without having received any
important damage.

On May 5th, facilitated by a change of wind, Nelson weighed
from Mazari bay, and made sail to the westward, having in his
eagerness to be off, recalled the Superb from Tetuan ere she could
take on board the supplies which were being collected for her on the
beach ; but at 2 P.M. on the 7th, a failure of the breeze obliged him
to anchor, with part of his force, in Rosia Bay, Gibraltar. That
afternoon Hear- Admiral Sir Richard Hussey Bickerton, who was to

1 ' Precis des Ev.,' xi. 228-239.

2 For an account of the occupation and defence of the Diamond Hock, see next
chapter.

3 She had sailed thence on April 10th.

102 MA JOB OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

be left behind in charge of the Mediterranean station, shifted his
flag from the Royal Sovereign, 100, to the Amfitrite, 40, a frigate
which had been captured from the Spaniards by the Donegal on
November 25th, 1804. A little later, a fine easterly wind sprang up ;
and at 6 P.M. Nelson weighed and stood through the Strait. He
had, up to about that time, thought of looking first for the French
in the neighbourhood of the Scilly Isles, suspecting that they might
have designs upon Ireland ; but he was visited, while in the Strait,
by an old friend, Hear- Admiral Donald Campbell 1 of the Portuguese
navy, who supplied information which convinced the Commander-in-
Chief that Villeneuve had gone to the West Indies. To the West
Indies, therefore,' Nelson determined to go also. On the 10th, he
anchored in Lagos bay, to see to the protection of some transports
which had been left there by Sir John Orde ; and at 9 A.M. on the
llth, having managed to fill up his ships with provisions for five
months, he once more weighed. Yet still, in spite of his burning
anxiety to follow the enemy, he waited for a short time off Cape
St. Vincent, in order to provide for the safety of a fleet of trans-
ports 2 which was expected from England on its way to the
Mediterranean. On the afternoon of the 12th, the transports
appeared, convoyed by the Queen, 98, Bear-Admiral John Knight
(2), Captain Francis Fender, and the Dragon, 74, Captain Edward
Griffith. Nelson knew that he was about to go in search of at
least eighteen sail of the line. It would have been but natural on
his part, had he been a less far-seeing and provident officer, to add
the Queen and the Dragon to his own poor force of eleven sail ; but
instead, conscious of the importance of the convoy, he actually
weakened himself by detaching the Eoyal Sovereign, 100, as some
additional protection for it. Such an action at such a critical time
is peculiarly eloquent of his greatness as a naval commander. Then,
having parted with Knight, he crowded sail to the westward with
the Victory, 100, Canopus, 80, Superb, 74, Spencer, 74, Swiftsure, 74,
Belleisle, 74, Conqueror, 74, Tigre, 74, Leviathan, 74, Amazon, 38,
Decade, 36, and Amphion, 32 ; ten line-of-battle ships and three
frigates, in chase of eighteen line-of-battle ships and seven frigates.
He had hopes of being joined at Barbados by six additional sail of

1 Campbell's conduct reached the ears of the Spaniards, who, through their French
allies, made formal complaint about it ; and Campbell was, in consequence, removed
from the Portuguese active list. Clarke and M'Arthur, ii. 406.

2 Carrying five thousand troops under Genl. Sir James Craig.

1805.] NELSON'S PLANS OF ATTACK. 103

the line,1 but he seems to have been prepared, with or without that
reinforcement, to fight Villeneuve ; for, in the plan of attack which
he is said to have drawn up while crossing the Atlantic, there is
nothing to show that he counted upon having with him at the
crucial moment a force nearly equal to that of his opponents.
This plan, though it was not precisely carried out, and though it
is, in places, awkwardly worded, and, indeed, a little obscure,
is upon the whole so interesting and suggestive as to deserve
transcription here : — 2

" The business of an English commander-in-chief being first to bring an enemy's
fleet to battle on the most advantageous terms to himself (I mean, that of laying his
ships close on board those of the enemy as expeditiously as possible), and secondly, to
continue them there without separating until the business is decided, I am sensible,
beyond this object, it is not necessary I should say a word, being fully assured that the
admirals and captains of the fleet I have the honour to command will, knowing my
precise object — that of a close and decisive battle — supply any deficiency in my not
making signals : which may, if extended beyond these objects, either be misunderstood,
or, if waited for, very probably from various causes be impossible for the commander-
in-chief to make. Therefore it will only be requisite for me to state, in as few words
as possible, the various modes by which it may be necessary for me to obtain my
object, on which depends not only the honour and glory of our country, but possibly
its safety, and, with it, that of all Europe, from French tyranny and oppression.

"It the two fleets are both willing to fight, but little manoeuvring is necessary.
The less the better. A day is soon lost in that business. Therefore I will only
suppose that, the enemy's fleet being to leeward, standing close upon a wind on the
starboard tack, and that I am nearly ahead of them, standing on the larboard tack ; of
course I should weather them. The weather must be supposed to be moderate ; for, if
it be a gale of wind, the manoeuvring of both fleets is but of little avail, and probably no
decisive action would take place with the whole fleet. Two modes present themselves ;
one, to stand on just out of gunshot until the van ship of my line would be abreast of
the centre ship of the enemy ; then make the signal to wear together ; then bear up ;
engage with all our force the six or five van ships of the enemy, passing certainly, if

1 I.e., Cochrane's squadron, which had been detached from before Ferrol in chase of
Missiessy in January, 1805.

2 Villeneuve's plan of attack — for he, too, communicated one to his captains — may
be fitly set alongside of Nelson's. The essential part of it is as follows : — •

" 1 do not purpose to go in search of the enemy ; I even wish to avoid him in order
to arrive at my destination ; but, if we should meet him, let there be no -shameful
manoeuvring; it would discourage our ships' companies, and bring about our defeat.
If the enemy be to leeward of us, we, being masters of our movements, will form our
order of battle, and bear down upon him together in line abreast. Each one of our
ships will engage the one corresponding to her in the enemy's line, and must not
hesitate to board her if the circumstances be favourable. . . . Every captain who is
not under fire will not be in his proper station; and a signal to recall him thither will
be a dishonouring blot upon him. The frigates must equally take part in the action ;
I do not want them for signalling purposes. They should select the point at which
their co-operation may be useful, either to complete the discomfiture of an enemy's
ship, or to aid a French ship that is too hotly pressed, and to help her, by towing or
otherwise, as may be necessary." ' Viet, et Conq.,' xvi. 109.

104 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

opportunity offered, through their line. This would prevent their bearing up; and the
action, from the known bravery and conduct of the admirals and captains, would
certainly be decisive. The second or third rear ships of the enemy would act as they
pleased ; and our ships would give a good account of them, should they persist in
mixing with our ships. The other mode would be, to stand under an easy but com-
manding sail directly for their headmost ship, so as to prevent the enemy from knowing
whether I should pass to leeward or to windward of him. In that situation, I would
make the signal to engage the enemy to leeward, and to cut through their fleet about
the sixth ship from the van, passing very close. They being on a wind, you, going
large, could cut their line when you please. The van ships of the enemy would, by
the time our rear came abreast of the van ship, be severely cut up, and our van could
not expect to escape damage. I would then have our rear ship, and every ship in
succession, wear, continue the action with either the van ship or second ship, as it
might appear most eligible from her crippled state ; and, this mode pursued, I see
nothing to prevent the capture of the five or six ships of the enemy's van. The two or
three (?) ships of the enemy's rear must either bear up or wear ; and, in either case,
although they would be in a better plight probably than our two van ships (now in the
rear), yet they would be separated and at a distance to leeward, so as to ^ive our ships
time to refit ; and by that time, I believe, the battle would, from the judgment of the
admirals and captains, be over with the rest of them. Signals, from these moments,
are useless, when every man is disposed to do his duty. The great object is for us to
support each other, and to keep close to the enemy, and to leeward of him. If the
enemy are running away, then the only signals necessary will be to engage the enemy
as arriving up with them, and the other ships to pass on for the second, third, etc. ;
giving, if possible, a close fire into the enemy in passing, taking care to give our ships
engaged notice of your intention." '

In brief, the leading idea was to concentrate on part of the
enemy ; to paralyse and crush that part hy engaging from leeward
with a superiority of force, and, at the same time, to throw the other
part into confusion ; and then to deal as circumstances might dictate
with the demoralised remnant. But Nelson, neither then nor at
any other period of his career, was, quoting his own words, " one
of those hot-brained people who fight at immense disadvantage
without any adequate object." 2 He was prepared, if he saw the
necessity, to fight eighteen or even twenty sail of the line with his
ten ; but, on the other hand, he was inclined, unless he saw a grave
necessity for acting otherwise, or unless he was given an oppor-
tunity too tempting to be resisted, to merely hang on to the allies
until he should find himself in a position to crush them decisively.

On May 15th, the fleet sighted Madeira. On May 29th, the
Amazon was dispatched ahead to warn Rear-Admiral Cochrane at
Barbados of Nelson's coming and of his need of reinforcements. On
June 4th, the Commander-in-Chief, who on the previous day had
received his first positive intelligence that the allies were in the

1 Said to have been issued in May, 1805. Clarke and M' Arthur, ii. 427. Probably
issued earlier. 2 Ib. ii. 413.

1805.]

NELSON IN THE WEST INDIES.

105

West Indies, anchored in Carlisle Bay, Barbados, and, though he
found Cochrane there, had the disappointment of being joined by
two ships only of that officer's command. These were the Northum-
berland, 74, and Spartiate, 74. The other four ships had been
detained at Jamaica by Bear- Admiral James Bichard Dacres (1).
Misled by a baseless report that the enemy was bound for Tobago
and Trinidad, Nelson embarked two thousand troops under General
Myers, and, on the 5th, proceeded in the direction of the islands

VICE-ADMIKAL JAMES RICHARD DACRES (1).
(From Page's engraving, after the portrait by Bowyer.)

which were supposed to be threatened ; but, on the 7th, when he
was in the Gulf of Paria, he discovered that he had been deceived ;
and on the 9th, he succeeded in arriving off Grenada, where he
learnt that on the 6th the enemy had passed Dominica, steering
northward.

It was on the 9th also that Napoleon, writing from Milan,
betrayed his entire misapprehension, both of Nelson's strategical
sagacity, and of his determination and resource, by saying : "I

106 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

am nevertheless of opinion that Nelson is still in European
waters. The most natural view is that he must have gone back
to England to re victual, and to turn over his crews to other ships ;
for his vessels require docking, and his squadron may be supposed
to be in very bad condition."

Early on June 13th, Nelson reached Antigua, and disembarked
the troops ; and later on the same day, leaving behind the
Northumberland, Cochrane's flagship, but taking with him the
Spartiate, 74, Captain Francis Laforey, he stood with his eleven
sail of the line to the northward, " not absolutely," says James,
" in pursuit of an enemy whose force he knew to consist of at
least eighteen sail of the line, but in the hope, by a superior
knowledge of tactics, to reach the shores of Europe before him." *
It is correct to regard Nelson, at that time, as anxious, above all
things, to gain and keep some kind of touch with the enemy ;
but it certainly is not just to suppose that the Vice- Admiral,
who had declared "We won't part without a battle,"2 had any
intention of merely getting home before Villeneuve. If only he
could come up with his foe, he purposed never to leave hold of him
until some fortuitous advantage or the receipt of reinforcements,
or, in default of either, some adequate object to be gained, should
justify an attack.

Villeneuve had reached Fort Eoyal, Martinique, on May 13th.
He had been directed to occupy his leisure time — his forty days of
prescribed waiting for Ganteaume — by doing as much harm as
possible to the enemy ; but he seems to have lain idle until May
29th, when he sent out the Pluton, 74, Berwick, 74, Sirene, 36,
Argus, 16, Fine, armed schooner, and eleven gunboats, under Com-
modore Julien Marie Cosmao-Kerjulien, of the Pluton, with about
three hundred and fifty troops on board, to attack the Diamond
Bock, which lies about six miles to the S.E. of the entrance to Fort
Eoyal bay. The squadron was not able to bear down upon the
place until the morning of May 31st ; and in consequence, Com-
mander James Wilkes Maurice, who had held it since January, 1804,
had time to make some necessary preparations. He abandoned the
lower works, which he considered to be indefensible against such a
force, and, at 8 A.M., when the enemy opened, returned his fire
from a 24-pr. (Hood's battery), midway up the rock, and from two
18-prs. (Fort Diamond) on the summit. The bombardment con-
1 James, iii. 334. 2 Clarke and M'Arthur, ii. 413.

1805.] THE ALLIES IN THE WEST INDIES. 107

tinued from 8 A.M. on May 31st, to 4.30 P.M. on June 2nd, when
Maurice, having little powder and ball cartridges left, hoisted a flag
of truce. Advantageous terms of surrender were quickly arranged ;
and the garrison, of one hundred and seven officers and men, was
presently taken off. Maurice lost only two killed and one wounded.
The French lost certainly fifty, and probably seventy or more,
besides three of their gunboats.1 It is hardly needful to add that
when Commander Maurice stood his trial for the loss of his " sloop,"
he was not only honourably acquitted, but also highly complimented
upon his behaviour.

While the attack on the Diamond Bock was proceeding, the
Didon, 40, reached Villeneuve, on June 1st, from Guadeloupe,
bringing dispatches and fresh orders from Bonaparte, and reporting
that a reinforcement of two sail of the line from France had arrived
in the West Indies. The Didon had left Lorient on May 2nd.
The two sail of the line referred to, the Algesiras, 74, and
Achille, 74, had left Eochefort under Bear-Admiral Magon on
May 1st, and had anchored on May 29th at Guadeloupe. Bona-
parte's new instructions were to the effect that the fleet should
seize St. Vincent, Antigua, Grenada, and perhaps Barbados ; 2
and, having waited in the Antilles for thirty-five days in all after
the receipt of the dispatch, proceed direct to Ferrol, where, even if
Ganteaume should fail to join earlier, the Brest fleet would certainly
meet Villeneuve and Gravina. On June 4th, therefore, the whole
of the allied fleet, except the Santa Magdalena, Torche, Na'iade, and
Cijane, left Fort Boyal, headed to the north, and was presently
joined by the two 74's from Guadeloupe.3 On June 6th, Villeneuve
lay to off that island and received on board additional troops.
Proceeding, he doubled Antigua on June 8th as if he really
intended to begin operations among the British West India
Islands ; but, hearing from an American schooner that there was
a British homeward-bound convoy in the N.N.E., he chased in
that quarter, and, ere nightfall, captured fifteen sail of merchantmen
which, with cargoes valued at £200,000, had left Antigua on the
7th. The prizes were handed over to the charge of the Sirene,

1 Maurice to Nelson, June Gth, 1805 : Maurice to Cochrane, June 19th, 1805. Both
printed in Marshall, Supp. Pt. I. 439, etc. See also French account in ' Nav. Chron., '
xv. 129, etc., and Chevalier, 149.

2 " Pourquoi ne prendrait-on pas la Barbade ? "

* Makingthe force up to twenty sail of the line, seven frigates, and two smaller craft.

108 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

whose captain was ordered to take them first to Guadeloupe, and
then to a rendezvous at the Azores, where he would again pick up
the fleet. The British men-of-war which had been with the
convoy effected their escape. They were the Barbados, 28,
Captain Joseph Nourse, and the schooner Netley, 14, Lieutenant
Richard Harward. Immediately after the Sirene and her charges
had parted company, Villeneuve, possibly from his prisoners, learnt
that Nelson was in the West Indies in search of him. He seems,
moreover, to have received an exaggerated report of Nelson's force.
The news had an instant effect upon the French vice-admiral.
Hastily putting the troops which he had drawn from Guadeloupe
and Martinique on board the Hortense, Didon, Hermione, and
Themis, and directing the senior officer to disembark the forces
at Guadeloupe, and then to rejoin him off the Azores, Villeneuve,
instead of waiting any longer in the West Indies, made sail
for home.

The Hortense and her consorts had landed their troops and
were returning to the fleet, when, on June 26th, they fell in with
the Sirene and her convoy, which had made hardly any progress
since the 9th. The senior officer, reflecting that it must still take
the merchantmen many days to get so far to windward as Guade-
loupe, determined to escort the prizes to Puerto Rico; but, on the
following day, he and they sighted to windward, and chased, the
British sloops Kingfisher, 18, Commander Richard William Cribb,
and Osprey, 18, Commander Timothy Clinch. The sloops, while
making off, hoisted signals and fired guns, as if to call the attention
of a fleet ahead of them ; and so effective was the ruse that Captain
La Marre La Meillerie, of the Hortense, not only bore up, but also
burnt the whole of the prizes lest they should fall into the hands of
the imaginary force below his horizon. On June 30th, he, with
his frigate squadron, rejoined Villeneuve off Corvo, one of the
Azores ; on the same day the Didon took and burnt a small
British 14-gun privateer ; and on July 3rd the fleet captured the
privateer Mara, of Liverpool, and her prize, the Spanish galleon
Matilda, with treasure worth aboui; £600,000. Beyond a gale of
wind, experienced off Cape Finisterre on July 9th, Villeneuve's
command met with little further adventure, and kept steadily on
its course for Ferrol, until July 22nd, when, as will be seen later, it
encountered Sir Robert Calder.

Nelson had left Antigua on June 13th, having, on the previous

1805.] NELSON RETURNS TO EUROPE. 109

day, sent home the Curieux with such news as he had.1 Villeneuve,
alarmed as it would seem by the news which he had obtained from
the captured Antigua convoy, had started for Europe two or three
days earlier. Nelson had no means of knowing whither the allies
were bound, but his instinct, his reason, and his discretion, led him
also to steer eastward ; and on July 17th he sighted Cape St. Vincent
and then headed for Gibraltar in order to obtain provisions. On the
18th, he fell in with his old friend Vice-Admiral Cuthbert Colling-
wood, who had his flag in the Dreadnought, 98, and had two other
sail of the line in company. Collingwood knew nothing. On the
19th, the fleet anchored in Gibraltar Bay ; and on July 20th,
1805, the indefatigable Nelson went ashore for the first time since
June 16th, 1803. For two years less ten days, indeed, he had not
been over the Victory's side. On the 22nd he weighed again, and
at 8 P.M. anchored in Mazari bay to water. On the 24th, he
proceeded for Ceuta, remaining all night in the Gut, with thick
fog and shifting winds. On the 25th, he learnt from the
Termagant, 18, Commander Eobert Pettet, which joined from
England, that the Curieux? while on her way home from the
West Indies with the Commander-in-Chief's dispatches, had fallen
in with the allied fleets on June 19th, in lat. 33° 12' N. and long.
58° W., steering first N. by W., and later N.N.W.3 This was the
first definite piece of intelligence which Nelson had received as to
the proceedings of the enemy. Quitting the Strait, he bore away
to the westward. On August 3rd, being in lat. 39° N. and long.
16° W., he obtained from an American merchantman a log-book and
some other articles which had been found on board an abandoned
and partially burnt vessel ; 4 and from these he deduced to his own
satisfaction that the enemy had taken a more northerly course
across the Atlantic than he. Nelson, therefore, worked up against
a northerly wind, until, on the 8th, the weather, which had been
thick, cleared, and the breeze became favourable. On the 12th, he
was met by the Niobe, a frigate detached from the Channel fleet ;
but she was able to tell him nothing. Not until the 15th, when
Nelson himself joined Cornwallis off Ushant, was the Vice-Admiral
informed of all that had happened in the previous weeks. That

1 ' Nels. Disps.,' vi. 457, 473.

2 The importance of the news brought by her, and the manner in which it was
utilised, will presently appear.

3 ' Nav. Chronicle,' xiv. 64.

* Probably the Mars, privateer. Indeed, it is almost certain that it was she.

110 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

same evening, in the Victory, accompanied by the Superb, he
steered for Portsmouth, the rest of his command, except the
Belleisle, which went to Plymouth, continuing with the Channel
fleet. On August 18th, the Victory anchored at Spithead, and
Nelson presently hauled down his flag and went ashore to seek
a little of the rest of which, for months, he had been so much
in need.

The chase of the allies to the West Indies and back having now,
so far at least as Nelson was concerned in it, been followed from its.
outset to its conclusion, it is time to examine into the measures
which were adopted in European waters with a view to obstructing
the execution of Napoleon's plans.

On July 6th, news reached the Channel fleet that Villeneuve
and Gravina had arrived at Martinique. On the same day,
Cornwallis, whose health was by that time restored, appeared
off Ushant in the Ville de Paris, and, relieving Lord Gardner,
resumed the command, the Channel fleet then numbering only
eighteen sail of the line.

In the morning of July 7th, the brig Curieux, 18, Commander
George Edmund Byron Bettesworth, with dispatches from Nelson
in the West Indies to the effect that the allies were probably on
their return to Europe,1 anchored at Plymouth ; and Bettesworth
went up to the Admiralty, where he arrived at 11 P.M. on the 8th.
The First Lord had gone to bed ; no one cared to disturb him ; and
consequently he did not see the dispatches until the morning of the
9th. Furious at the waste of time, Lord Barham, without even
waiting to dress, wrote an order to Cornwallis to detach Bear-
Admiral Charles Stirling (1), with his five sail of the line, from
before Eochefort to join Vice-Admiral Sir Bobert Calder,2 who was
to be directed to station himself westward of Cape Finisterre, while
Cornwallis himself, with the Channel fleet, was to cruise between
Cape Finisterre and Ushant.3 This order reached Cornwallis on his

1 She also, of course, reported the fact, already noted, of her having sighted the
enemy.

2 Off Ferrol.

8 Barbara's strategy in directing Cornwallis to raise the blockade of Rochefort by
detaching Stirling to join Calder, and in directing Calder to cruise so far to the west-
ward of Cape Finisterre, has been much criticised. James considers that its policy
" does not seem very clear," since it involved the raising of the blockade both of
Rochefort and of Ferrol. But the strategy was undoubtedly sound. Whether the
enemy would or would not slip out from the liberated ports during the absence of the
blockaders was at least problematical. Even if they did slip out, they might still be

1805.] REINFORCEMENT OF G ALDER. Ill

station on the llth, and was, of course, at once acted upon. Calder,
it may be remembered, had himself been detached from the Channel
fleet early in 1805, to assume command of the blockade of Ferrol,
in lieu of Rear-Admiral the Hon. A. I. F. Cochrane, who, with
about half his force, had gone to the West Indies in pursuit of
Hear- Admiral Missiessy and the French Rochefort squadron.
Calder, in the Prince of Wales, 98, had reached his station on
March 1st, and had found on it six sail of the line under Captain
the Hon. Arthur Kaye Legge, who, in the Repulse, 74, had been
senior officer since Cochrane's departure. Although there was
always a superior force in port, Calder seems to have rarely, if
ever, had more than ten sail of the line with him, until, on
July 15th, in pursuance of the orders above alluded to, he was
joined by Stirling with five more.

On July 20th, Vice-Admiral Ganteaume, who was still at Brest,
received directions to put to sea, and to endeavour to join, first
Missiessy and the French Eochefort squadron off the Lizard, and
next, Villeneuve and the allied fleets from Toulon and Cadiz. Ere
the directions could be carried out, the receipt at Brest of news of
an action having been fought by Villeneuve caused further references
to Paris, and further delay. Ganteaume, therefore, may be left for
a time, and attention be devoted to Calder and Villeneuve.

Calder cruised from 90 to 120 miles westward of Cape Finisterre
on the lookout for the allies, who, as he then believed, numbered
only seventeen sail of the line.1 On July 19th, he received a copy
of Nelson's dispatch of June 15th, informing the British com-
manding officer off Lisbon that the allies had passed Antigua on
June 8th, and were probably on their way to Europe ; and, at about
11 A.M. on July 22nd, upon the partial clearing up of a fog, he
sighted the enemy in lat. 43° 54' N. and long. 11° 38' 2 W., steering
E.S.E. (i.e., for Ferrol) in three divisions, with a light breeze from

beaten in detail. On the other hand, unless he could be met and checked, Villeneuve
would reach his destination, whatever it might be, and restore the whole of his large
force to the service of Napoleon. Barham rightly perceived that the proper strategy
was to hurl Calder at once against the strongest of the converging detachments of the
foe, while still keeping Cornwallis in the Bay as a screen between Villeneuve and
Ganteaume. His prompt decision did him great honour. Had Calder possessed
Nelson's qualities, the action of July 22nd would, probably, have ended the campaign,
and spared Britain the glorious sacrifice of Nelson's life.

1 ' Nav. Chronicle,' xiv. 64. This was the report of the Curieux.

2 This was the observation at noon, when Perrol bore E.S.E. distant 49 leagues,
and Cape Finistenv, S.E. distant 39 leagues. Prince of Wales's log.

112

MA JOE OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1805.

W.N.W. The British were then on the starboard tack, approaching
the allies from the N.N.E. It was soon seen that the allied fleets
were composed of no fewer than twenty sail of the line, besides
seven frigates, two brigs, and the recaptured galleon, Matilda. At
12 A.M., Calder signalled to prepare for battle, and, soon afterwards,
to form the order of sailing in two columns. At about 1 P.M. he
ordered to form line, and, at 1.15 P.M., and again an hour later,
signalled for close order. At 3 P.M., the Defiance, 74, which, being
nine miles to windward, had first discovered the enemy, and which
had afterwards stood on to within less than two miles of him,
rejoined, and took her station in the line, which was then in the
following order.1 The French order, and the losses on the British
side in the action, are also given here for convenience of reference.

BRITISH.

FRANCO-SPANISH.

Loss. '

SHIPS.

COMMAKDKBS.

SHIPS.

COHMANDEBB.

Hero ....
Ajax ....

74
74

(Capt. Hon. Alan Hyrtel
1 Gardner. J
Capt. William Brown (1).

4
16

Argonauta

!Adm. Don F. Gravina.
Rear- Adm. Don Ant. Escano .
C»pt. Don. Rafael Hore.

Triumph . .

„ Henry Inman.

Terrible
America

74
64

Capt. Don F. Mondragon.
„ Don Juan Darrac.

Barfleur • . .
Agamemnon

93
61

„ George Martin (2).
„ John Harvey (2).

7
3

Espana. . . 64
San Kafael . 80
f'irme . . .74

„ Don Bern. Munos.
Commod. Don F. Montez.
Capt. Don R. Villavicencio.

Windsor Cattle
Defiance

98
74

„ Charles Boyles.
f „ Philip Charles C. H.)
\ Dm ham. j

10
1

rluton ... 74
Mont Blanc . 74

(Commod. J. M. Cosmao-Ker-
( iulien.
Capt. G. J. N. La Villegris.

Prince of Wales
Jiepulse .

98
74

{Vice- Adm. Sir Robert Calderi
(B).
Capt. William Cnming. |
( „ Hon. Arthur Kajei
1 Legge. )

20
4

Atlas ... 74
Berwick . . 74
A'eptune . . < 80

Ilucentaure . 80

„ P. N.Rolland.
„ J. G. Filhol-Camas.
Commod. E. T. Maistral.
(V. Adm. Villeneuve.
(Capt. J. J. llagendie.

Jiaisonnable
Dragon .

Glory . . .
Warrior.

64
74

98
74

Capt. Josias Rowley.

,, Edward Griffith.
|Rear-Adm. Charles Stirling!
1 (1) (B).
(Capt. Samuel Warren (2). j
„ Samuel Hood Liuzee

1
4

Formidable .

Inlrrpide .
Scipion. .

Swiftsure .
liidomptable .

74
74

74
80

'R. Adm. Dumanoir Le Pelley.
ICapt. J. M. Letellier.
,, L. Deperonne.
„ C. Bellanger.
(Capt. C. E. 1'Hopitaller-
{ Villemadrin.
Capt. J. J. Hul«rt.

Thunderer .

„ William Lechmere.

Aigle . . .

Capt. P. P. Gourrege.

Malta . . .

„ Edward Buller.

Achille . . .
Algeciras .

74
74

Capt. G. Denieport.
Capt. Le Tourneur.

Egyptienne . .

(Capt. Hon. Charles Elphin-1
{ slone Fleeming. j

Cornelie . .
Ilortense . .
Ehin , . .

40
40
40

Capt. La Marre La lleillerie.

Sirius . . .

36 j „ William Prowse (1).

Hiraie . . .

Nile, lugger.

Lieut. John Feunell.

Themis .
Didon .

40
40

frisk, cutter

,, James Nicolson.

Santa May-

dalena.

Furet .

Naw.de ... 16

The British line was on the starboard tack, most of the ships
having their topgallant sails set. The allies, after having hove to

1 The Dragon, however, was some way to leeward, struggling up under a press of
sail to get into station.

1805.]

CALDER'S ACTION.

113

for a time, filled at 3.30 P.M., and stood under topsails upon the
port tack, rather off the wind, in a close and well-formed line, with
a frigate ahead of them, the Sirdne, with the rich galleon Matilda in
tow, astern, and with the remaining frigates to windward of the
centre and rear. Calder's fleet, which could barely see the enemy
through the mist, was nearly abeam, and distant about seven miles.
Its frigates, the Egyptienne and Sirius, had been ordered at about

ADMIRAL SIR ROBERT CAI.DER, BART.
(From the engraving by H. R. Cook.)

1 P.M. to keep sight of the allies ; and the Sirius had been after-
wards able to make, and signal the result of, a very close inspection
of Villeneuve's line.

Calder's signals, after 3 P.M., were : at 3.20, engage the enemy ;
at 3.22, tack together ; at 3.26, annul tack together ; at 3.27, star-
board division make all possible sail and steer S.S.W. ; at 3.30, the
same, with the Hero's pennants ; at 3.31, form line of battle in open
order; at 3.53, alter course one point to starboard; at 4.21, tack in
VOL. v. I

114 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1605.

succession ; at 4.30, engage the enemy's centre ; at 4.45, preserve
close order ; and at 5.9 P.M., engage the enemy as closely as possible.
" The signal to tack in succession," hoisted by the Prince of Wales
at 4.21 P.M., " appears," says James —

" to have been made by each commander-in-chief about the same time ; but, in the
foggy state of the weather, neither fleet saw the commencement of the other's man-
oeuvre. The British tacked to prevent their opponents escaping them on the opposite
tack ; but the Franco-Spaniards, who had hauled close to the wind on getting within
about three miles of the British fleet, wore in consequence of the Sirene, which had
the galleon in tow, making signals, by guns fired in quick succession, that the rear was
in danger of being cut off. This was occasioned by the bold approach of the Sirius,
which, as soon as she had got sufficiently to windward to fetch into the wake of the
combined line, had tacked, with the intention of attempting to carry by boarding the
great object of the enemy's solicitude. While making the necessary preparation to
effect his object, Captain Prowse discovered, through the haze on his Ice bow, the
enemy's van ship, the Argonauta, approaching with the wind nearly abeam. The
Sirius herself being now in jeopardy, Captain Prowse abandoned his design upon the
galleon, and bore up to pass to leeward of the Franco-Spanish line. With a for-
bearance highly honourable to Admiral Gravina, the Argonauta passed the British
frigate without firing ; and so did the Terrible and America. By the time, however,
that the Sirius had got abreast of the Espaiia, which was at about 5 . 15 P.M., the Hero,
the British van ship, then with royals set, hove in stays. Instantly the Spanish ships,
all of whom had royals and courses set, hoisted their colours and commenced the
action, the Argonauta firing her larboard guns at the Hero, and the Espafia, hers at
the Sirius, which ship, in consc quence, had two men killed and three wounded."

Gardner, in the Hero, had tacked without signal because he saw
what, owing to the mist, the Vice-Admiral could not see, namely,
that the enemy had come round on the starboard tack. At 5.20,
Gardner opened fire with his starboard battery. At 5.45 P.M., the
Ajax tacked astern of the Hero, but, instead of following Gardner,
put her helm up and bore away to speak the Prince of Wales, and
to inform Calder of the change of position of the two vans ; and,
when she had done that, she wore, and took a place in the line
astern of the Glory. Captain William Brown (1) flung away that
day a great chance of distinguishing himself. The Captains astern
of him made no similar mistake. By 5.50 P.M., when a signal to
tack in succession was hoisted, the Triumph, Barfleur, Agamemnon,
Windsor Castle, and Defiance had already tacked in succession
without orders. The flagship followed ; and presently the engage-
ment began to become general. By 6 P.M., all the ships, except
the Dragon, which was still working up from leeward, had come
round on the starboard tack ; and most of them had found
opponents ; but, as smoke was added to mist and the obscurity
deepened, every vessel had to fight her own battle ; and more than

1805.]

G ALDER'S ACTION.

115

one, in the confusion, found herself with several of the enemy about
her. Among the ships which, in consequence, suffered most
severely were the Windsor Castle, Malta, and Ajax. On the
other hand, the San Rafael, Firme, and Espana, which had
dropped to leeward, were very badly mauled by an overwhelming
British fire. The Pluton gallantly bore out of line for a time, in
a hopeless effort to cover and save the Firme ; but the Spaniard's
fate had, ere that, been practically decided. The Pluton subse-

VICE-ADMIKAL THE HON. ALAN HYDE, 2ND LORD GARDNER.
(From H. R. Cook's engraving, after the portrait by H. Edridge.)

quently made an equally brave attempt to relieve the Espana ; and
in that case, assisted by the Mont Blanc and Atlas, she was suc-
cessful. The Atlas would, however, have paid dearly for her
devotion, had she not, in turn, been relieved by some of her
consorts. Just after 8 P.M., the Firme, then almost mastless,
struck, and, a very little later, the San Rafael did likewise. Both
vessels, soon after hauling down their flags, lost all their remaining
spars. At 8.25 P.M., the British fleet being scattered, the fog and

I 2

11(5 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

smoke being still thick, and night drawing on, Calder signalled to
discontinue the action. The enemy was then to windward, still
within long gunshot ; and, as several ships did not see the private
night signal, desultory firing went on until 9.30 P.M. In the mean-
time the Dragon had taken in tow the Windsor Castle, which had
lost her fore top-mast, and she fell into line astern of the Triumph .
At about 9.45 P.M., the fleet brought to on the starboard tack,
heading S.W. by W., and lay to, repairing damages. Its losses,
which, all things considered, were not very heavy, are set forth on
the table on p. 112. As regards material, the Windsor Castle lost
her fore top-mast ; the Agamemnon, her mizen top-mast and fore
topsail-yard ; and the Ajax, her main-yard and driver-boom. The
Prince of Wales, Malta, and Defiance also lost yards, but in few
cases were the damages very serious. The allies had 476 killed and
wounded in the two prizes, and, in their other vessels, according to
their own admission, 171 ; total 647, as against only 198 on the
British side.1

By the morning of July 23rd, the centres of the two fleets were
about seventeen miles apart. The ships, the British on the port,
and the allies on the starboard tack, were lying to, or making very
little progress : there was still some haze ; and the breeze, a
moderate one, was still from N.W. by W.

" The British advanced squadron," says James, " consisting of the JJarfleur, Hero,
Triumph, and Agamemnon, lay about five miles to windward of the main body ; and,
at the distance of about six miles to windward of the former, lay M. Villeneuve's
advanced squadron, consisting also of four sail of the line, besides a few frigates. To
windward of these again, at the distance of other five or six miles, lay the crippled
Windsor Castle, with the Dragon approaching to take her in tow ; and still further to
leeward, at about an equal distance, lay the Malta, Thunderer, two frigates, and
prizes, all of whom were out of sight of the admiral."

At 6.30 A.M., the Prince of Wales and the ships near her filled
their main top-sails ; at 8 A.M., the van ships, by signal, bore up close
to the Vice-Admiral. The two bodies then ran to leeward to join
the prizes and their escort ; and at 9 A.M., having concentrated his
command, Calder hauled up on the port tack and steered about
N.E., keeping between his crippled ships 2 and the enemy. Choosing

1 Calder to Cornwallis, July 23rd, 1805 ; Mins. of C.M., Dec. 23rd-26th, 1805 ; Nav.
Chrou. xvii., 89 ; xxviii., 441 ; and logs of most of the British ships engaged, tee
also Nav. Chron. xiv., 168-171 ; and Chevalier, 165. Until next morning Villeneuve
did not know that he had lost any ships.

'' The Windsor Castle, Firme, and San Rafael, the first towed by the Dragon,
the second by the Sirius, and the third by the Mgyptienne.

8
•S;

iS I

e l

£
?! g

o s

H I
O £

1805.] AN INDECISIVE SUCCESS. 117

to imagine, when he saw the weathermost British ships bear up to
join the prizes, that Calder was taking to flight, Villeneuve, for-
getful for a moment of the Emperor's instructions, and giving rein
to his natural impulses, sent some of his frigates to inform his
captains that he intended to bring on a conclusive action ; and
towards noon, with a wind which had more north in it than before,
but which was very light, the allies, in order of battle, bore down
upon the British, who were then about twelve miles to the E.S.E.
Not until 3.10 P.M. was the movement noticed ; for very little
progress was made. The British then hoisted their colours and
hauled closer to the wind to await the attack ; but at about 4 P.M.
the French and Spaniards hauled to the wind on the same tack as
Calder. The reason put forward for this decision not, after all, to
renew the engagement was that, with so feeble a wind, the British
could not be approached within gunshot before nightfall.1 The true
reason probably was that Villeneuve recollected that he had been
ordered, if he elected to effect a junction with the Brest fleet, to
endeavour to do it without fighting ; and that he considered that the
spirit of the order bound him. Calder thereupon resumed his course
to the N.E., but the wind shifted to N., then to N.E., and, occasion-
ally, to N.W., and, falling almost altogether, brought the allies
nearly astern of the British, who might, perhaps, had they so
desired, have obliged the enemy to fight again on the morning of
the 24th. Yet Calder made no attempt of the kind. He kept
under easy sail to the S.E. by E., accompanied on the same course
by the allies, until about 8 A.M. The Franco-Spaniards then began
to edge away to the S.E. by S. ; and, by 6 P.M., the fleets were
wholly out of sight of one another. Villeneuve, as will be seen,
went to Vigo, and eventually proceeded to Ferrol.

Calder had won a victory, for, with an inferior force, he had
taken two ships from the enemy ; but his success had not been
decisive. The French declared that he had fled before the allies ;
the Admiralty suppressed part of the Vice-Admiral's official letter in
which he called attention to considerations which might prevent
him from following up his advantage ; and the public prints
insinuated with some freedom that he had not done all that he
might have done. Calder therefore demanded a court-martial.
The court sat in the Prince of Wales, at Portsmouth, from
December 23rd to 26th, and, after hearing the evidence, severely
1 ' Viet, et Conq.,' xvi. 143 ; Chevalier, 168.

118 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

reprimanded the Vice-Admiral for not having done his utmost to
renew the engagement on July 23rd and 24th, but, at the same
time, acquitted him of cowardice or disaffection. A perusal of the
minutes shows that, after the action of the 22nd, Calder, who
should have thought first and foremost about annihilating Villeneuve
and Gravina, allowed himself to be influenced by two considerations,
neither of which ought, at such a time, to have had any weight with
him. One was his anxiety to preserve his prizes. When it is
recalled that, of those trophies, the oldest had been launched fifty-
one, and the newest thirty-four years before, it will occur to most
critics that, rather than permit himself to be hampered by such
craft, the Vice-Admiral should have burnt or scuttled them. The
other consideration was the apprehension lest the combined squad-
rons from Ferrol and the squadron from Eochefort might come out,
and, finding him much damaged after a general action, and far from
a friendly port, might make an easy prey of him. " They might,"
he said in his defence, " have gone to Ireland. Had I been defeated,
it is impossible to say what the consequences might have been." In
short, he seems to have cherished much the same views as Herbert
had held about the saving virtues of a fleet " in being." It had
surely been his duty, rather, to thrust aside his morbid imaginings
of what might befall, and to recollect only that the fleet in front
of him was the fleet which he had been sent to stop, and that it
formed by far the strongest part of any combination which could be
formed against him. Had he taken that course, and renewed, or
done his utmost to renew on the 23rd or 24th, the partial action
of the 22nd, his name would hold a place very different from the
one which it actually occupies in the naval annals of his country.
Yet Calder had not acted lightly or without much thought ; he
had not acted, in fact, without some kind of justification ; for he
had been specially warned to be on his guard against a junction
between Villeneuve and the Ferrol ships ; and, in a degree, his
judgment was vindicated, for it is now known that, on the 23rd,
Rear- Admiral Allemand, from Eochefort, was actually very near
the scene of the encounter of the 22nd. In spite of all this,
Sir Eobert Calder appears to have made a very grave strategical
mistake.

After having seen his prizes well on their way to Plymouth, the
Vice-Admiral returned to the rendezvous off Cape Finisterre, in
hopes of falling in with Nelson ; but, seeing nothing of him, pro-

1805.] CORNWALLIS'S RISKY STRATEGY. 119

ceeded off Ferrol, and, on July 29th, sent in the Dragon to
reconnoitre. Concluding, from Captain Griffith's report, that
Villeneuve must have gone to the southward, Calder resumed
the blockade of the port, though he presently had but thirteen
sail of the line ] wherewith to maintain it. On August 1st, he was
driven off by a south-wester ; and on the 2nd, in pursuance of orders
from Cornwallis,2 he detached Bear- Admiral Charles Stirling (1),
with four sail of the line, to watch Rochefort. That night he
regained his station ; but on the 9th, discovering, when the Dragon
again reconnoitred the harbour, that Villeneuve lay in the entrance
to Corunna, and that, there or in Ferrol, twenty-nine French and
Spanish sail of the line were ready to put to sea, the Vice-Admiral
raised the blockade, and, on the 14th, joined the main body of the
Channel fleet off Ushant. On the 15th, as has been already shown,
Nelson, returning from his long chase, also joined. When he
departed for home, Cornwallis was left with thirty-four sail of the
line. On August 17th, upon receipt of intelligence that twenty-
seven or twenty-eight Franco-Spanish sail of the line had been seen
off Ferrol, the Commander-in-Chief detached Sir Eobert Calder
thither with eighteen. Three days later, the Captain, 74, from
Plymouth, reached Cornwallis, who then had with him seventeen
sail of the line. Napoleon stigmatised this separation of the
Channel fleet as an " insigne betise." 3 It certainly was a stra-
tegical blunder, such as one would not have expected an officer of
Cornwallis's great ability to make. The detachment of Calder was
almost equivalent to an invitation to Villeneuve and his vastly
superior force to assume the interior position, and, falling upon one
half of the British fleet at a time, to beat the whole in detail.
Moreover, it offered Villeneuve an opportunity, if he could evade
Calder, of appearing before Brest, and of placing Cornwallis's
seventeen ships between twenty-seven or twenty-eight ships of
the Franco- Spanish fleet, on the one side, and the twenty-one ships
of Ganteaume on the other. Had he done that, Cornwallis must
have fled or have been crushed ; and, in either event, the allies
would have succeeded in concentrating about fifty line-of-battle ships
off the entrance to the Channel.

Happily, Villeneuve missed his chance. Ganteaume, as will

1 The Windsor Castle and Malta having been sent home to refit.

2 Cornwallis heard on July 29th particulars of the action of the 22nd.

3 Nap. to Decres, Aug. 29th, in 'Precis des Ev.,' xii. 258.

120 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

presently be seen, made ready to co-operate with him, should he
show himself off the port ; but Villeneuve never went near it. After,
losing sight of Calder on the evening of July 24th, he steered as
nearly for Ferrol as the N.E. wind which was then blowing would
permit. But as he could not readily make that port, as he had
many sick and wounded with him, and as the spars of some of his
ships were in a precarious condition, he at last bore up for Vigo bay,
where he anchored on the evening of July 26th.

In Napoleon's orders of May 8th, Villeneuve was directed, if for
any reason he should not be in a position, upon his return from
America, to proceed at once to Brest or to enter the Channel,1 to
send away from Ferrol upon a cruise the division of Bear-Admiral
Gourdon, accompanied by three or four of the best sailers of Vice-
Admiral Grandallana's division, and, joining the rest of the Ferrol
ships, and also the Rochefort squadron, himself to go to Cadiz and
enable the squadron from Cartagena to enter that port. He was
next to occupy the Strait, and, having seized Gibraltar and the
stores there, to steer with all his force for the Channel, and co-
operate directly in the scheme for the invasion of England.2 In
pursuance of these instructions, Villeneuve despatched from Vigo a
courier to Gourdon and Grandallana ; and, having landed his sick
and wounded, watered his ships, done some refitting that could not
be postponed, and learnt, on the return of his messenger, that no
enemy's vessels had been visible on the 28th off Ferrol and Corunna,
he sailed on July 30th with thirteen French and two Spanish ships
of the line,3 seven frigates and two brigs ; and on August 1st, only a
few hours after Calder had been temporarily driven from his station
there, entered the port.

Learning, soon after his arrival at Ferrol, that Bear-Admiral
Allemand, with the Eochefort squadron, was at sea, looking for
him, Villeneuve, on August 5th, despatched the Didon to search for
his friends ; and, on the evening of the 9th, weighed, with twenty-
nine sail of the line,4 besides frigates and smaller craft, and made

1 It was largely because this alternative was left to Villeneuve that Napoleon's
combinations so completely broke down.

2 ' Precis des Ev.,1 xi. 254.

3 He left behind him the America, Espana, and Atlas, ostensibly because they were
slow, really, perhaps, because they had been the severest sufferers on July 22nd.

* Pluton, Mont-Blanc, Berwick, Neptune, Jiucentaure, Formidable, Intrepide,
Scipion, Swiftsure, Indnmptable, Aiyle, Achille, Algeciras, Argonaute, Duguay-Trouin,
Fuugueux, Hercs, Redowtalle, Principe de Asturias, Argonauta, Neptuno, Terrible,

1805.] VILLENEUVE ENTERS CADIZ. 121

sail. The wind being slight, he was obliged to anchor off the coast
.on the 10th ; but on the llth, he weighed again, and put to sea
with a good easterly breeze. There is no doubt that he then
intended, should he fall in with Allemand and his five ships of the
line, to make direct for Brest or the Channel. On the 13th, the
Iris, 32, Captain Edward Brace, sighted him abreast of Cape
Ortegal, steering about W.N.W., with the wind still E. On the
evening of the 14th, the Dragon, 74, Captain Edward Griffith,
accompanied by the Phoenix, 36, Captain Thomas Baker (1), which
had captured the Didon and was towing her,1 saw the allies steering
about N.W. with a N.E. wind. But, influenced either by his failure
to find Allemand, who, having cruised in vain, anchored in Vigo
bay on August 16th, or by the false intelligence, carefully dissemi-
nated for him by the Dragon, that twenty-five British ships of the
line were in his neighbourhood, Villeneuve, apparently during the
following night, altered his course to the southward. Keeping out
of sight of the coast, he arrived, on August 18th, off Cape St.
Vincent, where he took and burnt three merchantmen, but failed
to capture the Halcyon, 16, which had them under her convoy.
At 10 A.M. on the 20th, his advanced ships chased away to the
southward Collingwood's little squadron,2 which was watching
Cadiz ; and, late that evening, he and his command entered the
port. A few hours afterwards, Collingwood, who had been re-
inforced at midnight by the Mars, 74, Captain George Duff, from
Tangier, pertinaciously resumed his station, although he had but
four ships, while in the harbour lay, in addition to the twenty-nine
which had accompanied Villeneuve from Ferrol, six Spanish ships 3
under Rear-Admiral Alava, making in all thirty-five ready for sea.

Villeneuve, availing himself of the alternative vouchsafed to
him by Napoleon's orders of May 8th, went, then, to Cadiz, instead
of to Brest or the Channel.

But the Vice-Admiral does not seem to have taken adequate
measures to apprise his master of his movements ; and, until some

Monarca, Montanez, San Aguntin, San Francisco de Asis, San lldefonso, San Juan
Nepomuceno, and San Fulgencio.

1 For an account of the action between the Phoenix and the Didon, see next
chapter.

2 Dreadnought, 98, Vice-Adm. Cuthbert Collingwood, Capt. Edward Eotheram;
Colossus, 74, Capt. James Nicoll Morris, and Achille, 74, Capt. Richard King (2).

3 A seventh Spanish ship, the Olorioso, 74, had escaped on May 31st, and joined
the squadron at Cartagena.

122

MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1805.

day after August 22nd, Napoleon hourly expected to learn that
the allied fleets had arrived off Brest. When he knew the truth
he was furious ; and, as will be seen, he attempted, not only to
supersede Villeneuve, but also to make a radical change in the
plan of campaign. It was then, however, too late. Villeneuve,
eager to re-establish his reputation, had already sailed again, ere
the fresh orders reached him, and had witnessed the ruin of the
allied cause at Trafalgar.

In the meantime, neither Napoleon nor Ganteaume knew where
Villeneuve was ; and, on the assumption that he was on his way
northward, final preparations were made for the anticipated grand
junction of the fleets off Brest. On August 20th, a little before
the time at which, it was conjectured, Villeneuve would appear,
Ganteaume received directions to quit the road and to move to
Bertheaume Bay. He began to do so that evening ; and, by
10.30 A.M. on -the 21st, the whole of the following powerful fleet
was anchored between Bertheaume and Camaret : —

SHIPS.

GUNS.

SHIPS.

GCN8.

MIIPS.

Gus

Imperial1 .

120

Conquerant

Wattiynies .

Sepublicain 2 .

110

Diomede .

Comete

36*1

Invincible .

110

Eole

Felicite .

Foudroyant .

Impetueux

Indienne .

*«i

Alexandra

Jean Bart.

Valeureuse

<§

Alliance

Jupiter

Volontaire .

Aquilon

Patriote .

Diliyente .

•

Satave .

Tourville .

Espiegle .

Brave .

Ulysse .

Vulcain .

Cassard

Veteran

Ex Venffeur, flag of V.-Adtn. Ganteaume.

Ex Kecolutionnaire.

Cornwallis, who still maintained a blockade,1 which deserves
to rank as one of the most wonderful operations of the kind
in history, was, at the time, off Ushant, with seventeen sail of the
line ; but the movements of the French were early observed by
his look-outs, under Captain John Tremayne Eodd, in the Indefatig-
able, 44 ; and on the morning of the 21st, first the Felix, schooner,
and afterwards the Aigle, 36, Captain George Wolfe, were dis-
patched to the Admiral with the intelligence. Cornwallis hauled

1 The history of this blockade, from 1803 to 1805, is fully set forth in " Disps. and
Letters Relating to the Blockade of Brest" (Nav. Eec. Soc. 1899), of which, unfortu-
nately, only Vol. I. is available at the time of writing.

1805.] CORNWALLIS AND OANTEAUME. 123

to the wind on the larboard tack with a moderate breeze at N.
by E., and, soon after 3.30 P.M., discovered the enemy. He himself,
in the Ville de Paris, stood in to reconnoitre, and, at 5.30 P.M., wore
to rejoin his command, being fired at, as he did so, by the shore
batteries. His decision was to attack the French at their anchorage
early on the following morning. At 4.30 A.M. on August 22nd,
therefore, his fleet weighed, and, with a N. by E. wind and some
haze, stood in on the larboard tack in close order of battle, the
Ville de Paris leading, and being next followed by the Gcesar, 80,
Captain Sir Richard John Strachan, and the Montagu, 74, Captain
Eobert Waller Otway (1). At 6.30 A.M., having the Porquelle rock
close ahead, the ships tacked in succession. At 8 A.M., by which
hour the haze had decreased, the French were seen to be getting
under way ; and at 9.30 A.M., after the British had again tacked
in succession and stood further in, the Alexandre, 80, which was
leading out the enemy in line of battle, and which flew the flag
of Rear-Admiral Willaumez, fired a distant broadside at the In-
defatigable. For a short time it looked as if an action might result ;
but, though Cornwallis made sail towards the enemy, the French
presently tacked for the harbour's mouth. At 10.45 A.M., the Gcesar
and Montagu hauled out of line to attack the enemy's rear, and
so drew the fire both of it and of the batteries. It then appearing
that the works on shore were far too powerful to be engaged, and
that the French fleet had no intention of accepting combat outside
the range of their shore batteries, the British, at 11.30 A.M., wore
and stood out. In this skirmish the loss on both sides was
insignificant. The Ccesar had three men killed and six wounded ;
in the Ville de Paris, the Commander-in-Chief and a Midshipman
were struck by spent fragments of a shell ; and all three of the
leading British ships were somewhat cut about aloft. On the
French side, about twenty people were killed and wounded. It
may be added that the Brest fleet made no further serious attempt
to put to sea until long after Trafalgar had been fought, although
for a week after August 22nd it made daily movements which
indicated that Ganteaume was still expecting the appearance of
Villeneuve in the offing.

On August 22nd, Collingwood, off Cadiz, was reinforced by four
sail of the line under Rear-Admiral Sir Richard Hussey Bickerton,
who, being in bad health, presently proceeded to England in the
Decade, frigate. On August 30th, Collingwood was further re-

124 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

inforced by Calder and his eighteen sail of the line which had been
detached by Cornwallis on August 17th to cruise off Ferrol, and
which, upon discovering that the allies had sailed thence, had
followed them. With these ships, or at least with such of them
as were not from time to time detached to Gibraltar for water and
provisions, Collingwood remained before Cadiz until September 28th,
when Lord Nelson arrived to take the command-in-chief .

The long and involved story of the great naval campaign of 1805
has now been followed up to the very eve of the battle of Trafalgar.
Before proceeding to describe that memorable action, it may be well
to say something, firstly, as to the manner in which Napoleon
regarded, and tried to deal with, the situation which had been
created by Villeneuve's unexpected appearance at Cadiz instead
of off Ushant ; and, secondly, as to the circumstances which induced
Nelson, in spite of his physical weakness and his need for rest,
to take the sea again so quickly, and to relinquish the comforts
and attractions of Merton ere he had well begun to enjoy them.

Napoleon was angry with Villeneuve, because the vice-admiral
had not done exactly what he had been expected to do in the West
Indies ; because he had not engaged Calder on July 23rd ; because
he had gone into Ferrol instead of cruising outside to await the
junction with him of the squadron from Eochefort ; because he had
seen the captured Didon and had made no serious attempt to re-take
her ; because, without sufficient reason, he had gone to Cadiz
instead of to Brest ; and because, by not sending information of
his altered plans to M. Allemand, he had risked the safety of that
officer's squadron.1 The Emperor was also angry because, after
having put into Cadiz, Villeneuve appeared to be content to allow
Collingwood's very inferior force to prevent the squadron at
Cartagena from joining him. He was probably disappointed, too,
that the Spaniards had not shown themselves to be better sea-
fighters in 1805 than in 1797. But Napoleon was, of course, most
angry because all his elaborate scaffolding of plans for the invasion
of England had collapsed owing, as it seemed, solely to Villeneuve's
failure to co-operate in the right way and at the right time. The
failure was irretrievable ; for the French fleet had suffered severely
in the course of its long cruise ; the Spaniards were rapidly becoming
disgusted and lukewarm ; the season was already advanced ; and it
was no longer possible to take the British by surprise. The project
1 ' Precis des Ev.,' xii. 84. Nap. to Decres, Sept. 4th. Chevalier, 172-195.

1805.] NELSON RE-HOISTS HIS FLAG. 125

of invasion, therefore, was abandoned ; l and the Emperor decided
no more to seek to employ his fleet at Cadiz in strategic combination
with the squadrons of Eochefort and of Brest, but, instead, to send
it into the Mediterranean, there to do all possible harm to the weak
British force in that sea, and finally to provide him once more at
Toulon with a force which should be strong enough to afford
material assistance to the carrying out of his general European
policy. He had acquired, however, so bad an opinion of Villeneuve's
capacity and courage that he determined to follow the order for the
change of plans with an order for the vice-admiral's supersession.
Villeneuve was to be told about the Mediterranean scheme, and,
it would appear, was to be allowed to make some preparations for it ;
but Vice-Admiral Rosily was to proceed as soon as possible to Cadiz,
with directions to Villeneuve to return to France, there to explain
his conduct, and with instructions to take the place of the discredited
officer.2 Villeneuve was no naval genius ; but he was a brave man ;
and he did not deserve such treatment, seeing that his hands had
all along been closely tied by the nature of his orders. He soon
knew, or shrewdly suspected, the disgrace that was in store for
him ; and it was with the hope of fending it off, by winning a
success ere he could be supplanted, that he quitted Cadiz on
October 19th.

As for Nelson, he had reached home dissatisfied. He had chased
the allies, but he had not fought them. His work was unfinished.
When, therefore, his friend, Captain the Hon. Henry Blackwood,
of the Euryalus, who had been sent home by Collingwood to report
the entrance of Villeneuve and Gravina into Cadiz, called at Merton
on his way up to the Admiralty, the Vice-Admiral, having heard the
news, eagerly accompanied him to Whitehall. Nelson's offer of
service was, as a matter of course, accepted. Very few days were
spent in preparation. On September 15th, the great seaman once
more hoisted his flag in the Victory, and, with the Euryalus in
company, sailed from Spithead. On the 18th, when off Plymouth,
he was joined by the 74's, Thunderer and Ajax. On the 26th, the
Euryalus was sent ahead with an intimation to Collingwood that

1 See also Nap. to Talleyrand, Aug. 23rd. Napoleon then knew only that Ville-
neuve had left Ferrol ; but he had apparently arrived at the conclusion already that,
in consequence, partly of what he considered to be Villeneuve's pusillanimity, and
partly of the ever graver aspect of the European situation, he must surrender his great
project.

2 Nap. to Decres, Sept. 15th.

126 MA JOS OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

Nelson was about to assume command, and with an order that,
upon his doing so, no salute should be fired, nor anything done
which might hint to the enemy of the arrival of a reinforcement.
Two days later, on the evening of the 28th, the Victory and her
consorts joined the blockading fleet off Cadiz.

In order, if possible, to tempt the allies to put to sea, the
Commander-in-Chief withdrew the main body of the fleet, which
under Collingwood had cruised only about fifteen miles from the
town, to a distance of about fifty miles to the westward of it.1 Close
inshore he stationed the only frigates then with him, the Euryalus
and the Hydra ; and, between them and the main body, he stationed
four or five line-of-battle ships within signalling distance of one
another, so that, in clear weather, information from the frigates
could, in a few minutes, be transmitted to the flagship. But it was
not only to tempt the enemy to sea that Nelson kept so far to the
westward. The new position diminished the risk that the fleet,
in case of a westerly gale springing up, might be forced into the
Mediterranean, and might thus give the allies a chance of escaping
unchallenged with the first change of wind. Nelson's force at that
time consisted of twenty-seven sail of the line, besides the two
frigates. When, on October 1st, the Euryalus reconnoitred the
port, it was seen that in the outer harbour, apparently ready for
sea, were eighteen French and sixteen Spanish sail of the line,
in addition to four frigates and two brigs.

A force of twenty-seven ships has never been considered
theoretically adequate for the effective blockade of a force of thirty-
four ; but Nelson could not for long keep even twenty-seven ships
before Cadiz. Some of his vessels were very short of water; and
on October 2nd, Kear-Admiral Thomas Louis, with the Canopus,
Queen, Spencer, Tigre, and Zealous, had to be detached to Gibraltar
for necessary supplies. On his way eastward, Louis received intelli-
gence that the allies, who had previously set their troops ashore,
had re-embarked them on September 30th, with the intention of
putting to sea with the first easterly wind. Louis, therefore, took
upon himself to return to the Commander-in-Chief on the 3rd;
but the need of water and provisions was so pressing that Nelson
directed the Bear- Admiral to proceed as before in execution of his
orders, and consoled himself with the reflection that, after all, the
news was perhaps merely part of a stratagem to induce the fleet
1 See chart on p. 133 infra.

1805.] NELSON'S PLAN OF ACTION. 127

to approach so near to Cadiz that it might be counted. In the
meantime the Commander-in-Chief , with his inadequate force, had
to keep watch not only against the enemy in Cadiz, but also against
the possibility that the Cartagena and Eochefort squadrons, or
either of them, might attempt to slip into the port, or that the
Brest fleet, having evaded or driven away Cornwallis, might take
the blockaders in the rear.

On October 4th, it being calm, some gunboats pulled out from
Cadiz and exchanged distant shots with the Euryalus and Hydra.
On the 7th, the Defiance, 74, joined from England, and on the 8th,
the Leviathan, 74, from Gibraltar; and Nelson's effective fleet
then amounted to twenty-five sail of the line. It was on the
10th that Nelson sent to his Flag-Officers and Captains the famous
memorandum in which he foreshadowed the plan of attack which
he actually carried out at Trafalgar. This memorandum is based
upon the initial assumption that, before the battle, the enemy's
strength would be increased to at least forty-six sail of the line,
and his own to forty ; and some parts of it, therefore, are of purely
academical interest ; but the paper is noteworthy because it insists
on the advantages to be derived from the cutting of the enemy's
line in two places by two parallel lines of British ships.

After declaring his intention of keeping the fleet in such a
position of sailing that the order of sailing should be the order of
battle, Nelson went on to say :—

" If the enemy's fleet should be seen to windward in line of battle, and that the two
lines . . . could fetch them, they will probably be so extended that their van could not
succour their rear. I should therefore probably make the second in command's signal
to lead through about the twelfth ship from their rear, or wherever he could fetch, if
not able to get so far advanced. My line would cut through about their centre. . . .
The whole impression of the British fleet must be to overpower [from] two or three
ships ahead of their commander-in-chief — supposed to be in the centre— to the rear of
their fleet. I will suppose 20 sail of the enemy's line to be untouched. It must be
some time before they could perform a manoeuvre to bring their force compact to attack
any part of the British fleet engaged, or to succour their own ships ; which, indeed,
would be impossible without mixing with the ships engaged. . . . British to be one-
fourtli superior to the enemy cut off. Something must be left to chance. Nothing is
sure in a sea-fight, beyond all others. Shot will carry away the masts and yards of
friends as well as of foes ; but I look with confidence to a victory before the van of the
enemy could succour their rear ; and then that the British fleet would, most of them,
be ready to receive their 20 sail of the line, or to pursue them should they endeavour to
make off. ... The second in command will, in all possible things, direct the move-
ments of his line, by keeping them as compact as the nature of the circumstances will
admit. Captains are to look to their particular line as their rallying point ; but, in
case signals cannot be seen or clearly understood, no captain can do very wrong if he
places his ship alongside that of an enemy."

128 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

Should the enemy wait in line of battle — as he actually did at
Trafalgar — to receive an attack from windward —

" the divisions of the British fleet will be brought nearly within gunshot of the enemy's
centre. The signal will most probably then be made for the . . . lines to bear up
together ; to set all their sails, even their steering sails, in order to get as quickly as
possible to the enemy's line, and to cut through, beginning at the twelfth ship from the
enemy's rear. Some ships may not get through their exact place, but they will always
be at hand to assist their friends. If any are thrown round the rear of the enemy, they
will effectually complete the business of 12 sail of the enemy. Should the enemy weir
together, or bear up and sail large, still the 12 ships composing, in the first position, the
enemy's rear are to be the object of attack of the lee line, unless otherwise directed by
the Commander-in-Chief, which is scarcely to be expected, as the entire management
of the lee line, after the intentions of the Commander-in-Chief are signified, is intended
to be left to the judgment of the admiral commanding that line. The remainder of the
enemy's fleet . . . are to be left to the management of the Commander-in-Chief, who
will endeavour to take care that the movements of the second in command are as little
interrupted as possible." '

Nelson's small frigate force was gradually strengthened by the
arrival of the Naiad, Phoebe, Sirius, Juno, and Niger, as well as
of some smaller cruisers ; and some of these vessels were promptly
detached to harass the coasting trade, and especially to prevent the
landing by nominal neutrals at such ports as Conil, Algeciras, and
Ayamonte, of supplies for the fleet in Cadiz. Between October 9th
and 13th also, the Eoyal Sovereign, 100, Belleisle, 74, Africa, 64,
and Agamemnon, 64, joined the fleet, bringing up its effective strength
to twenty-nine sail of the line, in addition to the five which had
parted company under Louis. But on the 14th Nelson, in pursuance
of orders, detached to England the Prince of Wales, 98, with Sir
Eobert Calder, who went home to take his trial ; and on the 17th
he was obliged to send the Donegal, 74, to Gibraltar to get a new
ground tier of casks ; so that the eve of the battle found him with
but twenty-seven sail of the line under his immediate orders.

Villeneuve's new instructions — those of September 17th, directing
him to enter the Mediterranean — had reached him at Cadiz on
September 28th, and he had at once begun to make preparations
accordingly. The troops were re-embarked ; the complements of
the short-handed ships were filled up, partly by the division among
them of the crew of the Spanish Terrible, which had suffered so
much on July 22nd as to be unfit again to put to sea ; and on
October 9th and 10th the combined fleets moved to the entrance of
the harbour, so as to be ready to sail at the earliest opportunity.

1 The entire memorandum is in James, iv. 23-25 (Ed. 1837).

1805.] THE ALLIES LEAVE CADIZ. 129

Villeneuve's orders did not tell him to take the Spaniards out with
him ; but the Spanish government seems to have considered that
the chance of relieving the Cartagena squadron, and of enabling
it to put to sea, was not to be neglected ; and Gravina had instruc-
tions to accompany Villeneuve. All the ships in Cadiz, therefore,
except the Terrible above alluded to, and the San Fulgencio, 64,
which for some reason was detained, were ready, on and after
October 10th, to leave the port at a moment's warning. But from
the 10th to the 17th there were hard and almost continuous gales
from the westward ; and not until midnight on the 17th was
there a change for the better. The wind then shifted to east ;
and on the 18th, Villeneuve, who had heard of the arrival of
Eosily at Madrid, and who feared above all things to be super-
seded ere he should have time once more to try his fortune,
informed Gravina that he would sail on the following day.
At 7 A.M., therefore, on October 19th, there being then a light
breeze from N. by E., the allies were ordered by signal to get
under way.

Their movements were from the first noted and reported by
the British inshore squadron ; and Nelson, who at the time lay
about fifty miles W.S.W. of Cadiz, at once made sail in chase to
the S.E., with a light and unsteady breeze from the S.S.W. That
day only twelve sail were able to get out of harbour ; and, in the
afternoon, those twelve stood to the northward on the port tack
with a breeze that then blew lightly from W.N.W., the Euryalus
and Sirius taking a parallel course two or three miles to windward.
At 8 P.M., the breeze shifted to S.W., and the enemy steered N.W.
by W., still accompanied by the British frigates. In the evening
the British fleet, with the exception of the look-out ships, held
slowly on its course for the Strait's mouth. On the following
morning early, the rest of the combined fleet weighed and put to
sea with a light breeze which blew from S.E. in and near the
harbour, but which was found to blow from S.S.W. outside. The
ships, therefore, had no sooner begun to make an offing than they
were baffled in their progress ; and, to add to their difficulties, the
weather became somewhat thick. Nelson, having at daybreak
made the entrance to the Strait without seeing anything of the
enemy, wore and made sail to the N.W., with a fresh S.S.W.
breeze. In consequence of the haze, first the Agamemnon (one
of the ships forming the line of signalling communication), and
VOL. v. K

130 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805

later the Sirius, narrowly escaped falling among the enemy in the
course of the morning. By noon the British were about twenty-
eight miles S.W. of Cadiz, standing W.N.W. on the port tack.
Soon after 2 P.M., the weather cleared, the wind shifting at about
the same time to W.N.W. The British were thus taken aback ;
and at 4 P.M they wore, and again came to on the port tack,
heading north. Villeneuve, in pursuance of a previously expressed
intention, had in the meantime ordered his fleet to form into five
columns of squadrons, three of which, constituting the van, the
centre, and the rear, and forming together the line of battle proper,
each comprised four French and three Spanish ships. These were
under the orders of Vice-Admiral Alava, M. Villeneuve, the Com-
mander-in-chief, and Kear-Admiral Dumanoir Le Pelley, respec-
tively. The remaining two columns, each of six ships, constituted
a " squadron of observation," or a reserve ; this being under
Admiral Gravina, with Bear-Admiral Magon de Medine as second
in command1 (see note, p. 131).

Vice-Admiral Villeneuve, it is worth noting, comprehended
perfectly the kind of tactics which Nelson was likely to employ
against him. "The enemy," he explained to his captains, "will
not content himself with forming a line of battle parallel with ours,
and with engaging us with his guns — a business wherein not
necessarily the most skilful, but rather the most lucky is commonly
successful. He will seek to surround our rear and to pierce our
line; and he will endeavour to concentrate upon, and overpower
with groups of his own vessels, such of our ships as he may manage
to cut off." But the allied commander-in-chief neither purposed
to attack in accordance with the same sound principle, nor pro-
pounded any effective method of meeting and confounding Nelson's
anticipated movements. If the allies should find themselves to
windward, their line was to bear down together, and each ship was
to closely engage her natural opponent in the British line, ultimately
boarding her if possible. If the allies should be to leeward, they
were to await attack in close order of battle. But if the British
should essay to cut the French line and overwhelm its rear by
doubling or concentrating upon it, Villeneuve would apparently
wash his hands of further responsibility. " In that case," he said, " a
captain will do better to look to his own courage and thirst for glory
than to the signals of the commander-in-chief, who, himself in the
thick of the fight and shrouded in smoke, may perhaps be unable to

1805.]

THE FLEETS AT TRAFALGAR.

131

E ' ' is - -a
III iss^is

K 2

Io2 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

make signals." l It is astonishing to reflect that, after all the hard
lessons which it had received, and in view of what it had learnt to
expect would happen, the French navy was still, in 1805, unable to
shake itself loose from the cramping traditions of the line of battle.

Soon after it had formed in five columns, the allied fleet, upon
receiving news from its advanced frigates that eighteen British
sail were in sight, cleared for action. It continued on the port
tack until about 5 P.M., and then, tacking, stood for the mouth of
the Strait. The news was at once conveyed to Nelson, who
telegraphed that he relied upon Captain Blackwood to keep sight
of the enemy during the night. Soon afterwards, the Euryalus,
Naiad, Phoebe, and Sirius, which had approached the allies, were
driven off; and Gravina, with his division of the squadron of
observation, was directed to follow them for a time, but to rejoin
the main body before night. At 7.30 P.M., the Aigle, belonging
to this detached force, signalled that eighteen British ships were
visible in line of battle to the southward ; whereupon the allies
presently wore and stood to the north-west. At 8.40 P.M., Nelson
also wore and stood to the S.W. ; and at 4 A.M. on October 21st,
he wore once more, and steered under easy sail to the N. by E.

Just before dawn on the day of the battle, Villeneuve discovered
that the British were to windward and not, as he had expected,
to leeward of him. He also discovered that Nelson had with him
a larger force than had been supposed." The commander-in-chief
of the allies, therefore, instead of restricting his own line to twenty-
one ships, allowed the ships of the three squadrons composing it
to form, without regard to priority of rank, in close line of battle
on the starboard tack upon the squadron of observation, which,
at Gravina's orders, had placed itself ahead, and to steer S.W.3
The ships appear, in consequence, to have ranged themselves
in the order given in the table on the previous page,4 the
Principe de Asturias then occupying the head position in the
van, and the Neptuno bringing up the rear. When these directions
had been carried out, and day broke, the hostile fleets were
about eleven miles apart, the allied centre bearing about E. by S.

1 ' Viet, et Conq.,' xvi. 109.

2 Villeneuve had expected to encounter only twenty-one sail of the line.

3 For criticism of Gravina's behaviour, see the preface to this volume.

4 This arrangement substantially agrees, save as regards the station of the Tntrepide,
with the one given in ' Prec. des Ev.,' xiii. 187, and quoted by James ; but there is no
doubt that, owing to various causes, it altered somewhat ere the opening of the battle.

1805.]

BEFORE THE ATTACK.

133

from the British centre; Cape Trafalgar bearing E. by S. from
the Victory, distant about twenty-one miles, and the breeze blowing

lightly from W.N.W., accompanied by a heavy swell from the
westward.

At 6.40 A.M., Nelson signalled to form the order of sailing

134 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

in two columns, and to prepare for battle; and at 6.50 A.M., he
ordered both columns to bear up (i.e., in succession), and sail
large on the course steered by the Admiral, thus showing that he
purposed to carry out the essential part of the scheme which he had
foreshadowed to his Captains in his memorandum of October 10th.
The two columns accordingly bore up to the eastward under all sail.1
As his enemy thus approached, Villeneuve, realising that an
action could neither be avoided nor long delayed, signalled at
8.30 A.M. for his ships to wear together and form a close line upon
the port tack, his object being, by bringing Cadiz on to his lee bow,
to keep that port open to him in case of retreat being necessary.
The evolution which, owing to the swell, the light and failing wind,
and the ineptitude of some of the captains, was not completed
until nearly 10 A.M., had, of course, the effect of reversing the order
of the fleet, and of making the Neptuno the leading and the Principe
de Asturias the rearmost ship. Even when the evolution had been
completed, the allied line was very ill-formed and crowded up, some
ships being to leeward and some to windward, and some ahead and
some astern, of their proper stations, much of the column being two
and even three ships deep, and part of its centre sagging away to
leeward. The frigates formed a second line to leeward. Most of
the Franco- Spanish ships were under topsails and topgallant-sails,
with their main top-sails shivering ; and the column headed to the
north. In the meantime the British, in spite of their studding-sails,
made only about three knots an hour. While they were thus slowly
nearing the enemy, Nelson was approached by some of the officers
who were on board his flagship to allow the Temeraire, which was
then close astern, to pass the Victory, it being felt by them that
the Commander-in-Chief, upon whom so much depended, ought not
unnecessarily to expose himself in the van of the attack. " Oh, yes ;
let her go ahead," said the Vice-Admiral significantly : and the next
astern was accordingly desired to take her station ahead ; but when,
shortly before 10 A.M., the Temeraire ranged upon the Victory's
quarter in order to assume the lead, Nelson, who had in vain tried
to crack on sail with a view to preventing her, bluntly hailed her
with, "I'll thank you, Captain Harvey, to keep in your proper
station, which is astern of the Victory." 2

1 The intended order of the British ships, with other particulars, will be found in
the table on p. 131.

2 Chamier's note to James, iv. 35, (1837).

1805.] NELSON AND THE FRIGATE CAPTAINS. 135

Since about 6 o'clock, the Commander-in-Chief had had his
frigate Captains with him on board the flagship. He kept Black-
wood and Prowse until the very last minute, and did not finally
dismiss them until the enemy's shot were already passing over the
Victory. Captain Blackwood, who, with Captain Hardy, had in the
early morning witnessed the paper in which Nelson recommended
Lady Hamilton and his little daughter Horatia to the care of his
country, has left some valuable memoirs of these last hours.

" He seemed very much to regret, and with reason, that the enemy tacked to the
northward, and formed their line on the larboard instead of the starboard tack, which
latter line of bearing would have kept the Strait's mouth open.1 Instead of which, by
forming to the northward, they brought the shoals of Trafalgar and St. Pedro under
our lee ; and also, with the existing wind, kept open the port of Cadiz, which was of
infinite consequence to them. This movement was in a great degree the cause of
Nelson's making the signal to prepare to anchor, the necessity of which was impressed
on his mind to the last moment of his life. ... He frequently asked me what I
should consider as a victory ? — the certainty of which he never for an instant seemed to
doubt, although, from the situation of the land, he questioned the possibility of the
subsequent preservation of the prizes. My answer was that, ' considering the hand-
some way in which battle was offered by the enemy, their apparent determination for a
fair trial of strength, and the proximity of the land, I thought, if fourteen ships were
captured, it would be a glorious result'; to which he always replied: 'I shall not,
Blackwood, be satisfied with anything short of twenty.' . . . About 10 o'clock his
Lordship's anxiety to close with the enemy became very apparent. He frequently
remarked to me that they put a good face upon it ; but always quickly added, ' I'll give
them such a dressing as they never had before.' . . . Admiral Villeneuve assured me
that, on seeing the novel mode of attack intended to be made on the combined fleets,
and which at that moment, he confessed, he could not in any way prevent, he called
the officers of his ship around him, and, pointing out the manner in which the first and
second in command of the British fleet were each leading his column, exclaimed :
' Nothing but victory can attend sucli gallant conduct.' ... As we were standing on
the front of the poop, I took his hand, and said, ' I trust, my Lord, that on my return
to the Victory, which will be as soon as possible, I shall find your Lordship well, and
in possession of twenty prizes' : on which he made this reply : ' God bless you, Black-
wood ; I shall never speak to you again.' "

The considerations mentioned by Blackwood induced Nelson,
between 10 and 11 A.M., to steer a little more to the northward
than before, and to telegraph to Collingwood, who led the lee
column : "I intend to pass through the van of the enemy's line, to
prevent him from getting into Cadiz." At 11.30, A.M.2 the command
was ordered to prepare to anchor at the close of the day ; and at
11.40 A.M., after Nelson had remarked to Blackwood, "I'll now
amuse the fleet with a signal," and after he had had some conversa-
tion with Lieutenant John Pasco as to the precise wording to be

1 I.e., to themselves. Nelson desired them to try to enter the Mediterranean.

2 At the same hour Villeneuve signalled to Gravina to keep his luff so as to be able
to reinforce the allied centre. See preface to this volume. Gravina seems to have paid
no attention.

136 MA JOB OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

adopted, there went up the immortal reminder, " England expects
that every man will do his duty"1— a signal which, as soon as it
was understood, was received with a general shout of enthusiasm
throughout the fleet.

It was just noon when the first shot of the great battle was fired
by the Fougueux, which, in response to a signal, opened upon the
Royal Sovereign. The sun shone brilliantly ; the sea, save for the
long Atlantic swell, was smooth ; and the wind was so light as barely
to fill the huge clouds of white canvas that were spread by the
advancing columns. Collingwood, well within gunshot of the allied
line, was then heading straight for the Santa Ana,2 Alava's flagship,
to which the Fougueux occupied the position of next astern ; and the
Royal Sovereign bore about S.E. by S. from the leading ship of the
British weather column, distant about two miles, and nearly W. from
the Belleisle, her own next astern, distant three-quarters of a mile.
Nelson, in the Victory, was heading at the same time for Ville-
neuve's flagship, the Bucentaure,3 but was still far out of gunshot of
the enemy's line.4

As the enemy opened, the three British Admirals hoisted their
flags ; and the ships of both British columns hoisted the white
ensign; for, although Collingwood was then a Vice-Admiral of the
Blue, the Commander-in-Chief had determined that, in order to
avoid any possible confusion, the whole fleet should that day wear
the same colour. Each British ship had been ordered to carry, in
addition, a Union Jack at her fore topgallant-stay, and another at
her main topmast-stay ; and the Victory flew at her main-truck the
signal, "Engage the enemy more closely."6 At about the same
time the allies hoisted their ensigns, the Spaniards also displaying a
large wooden cross at the end of their spanker- booms. Villeneuve
himself seems to have flown no flag ; 6 but the other allied flag-officers
shook out their flags when the ships hoisted their ensigns.

1 James gives this version ; which is to be found in the logs of several of the ships
present, the combinations used being, 253, 269, 863, 261, 471, 598, 220, 370, and the
alphabetical, 4, 21, 19, and 24 (duty).

2 The eighteenth ship from the intended, and, probably, the sixteenth from the
actual van, and consequently either the sixteenth or the eighteenth from the rear.

3 The eleventh ship from the actual van.

* This situation was due to two causes, viz., Nelson's intention that the lee column
should get first into action ; and the fact that the Santa Ana, and the ships near her,
were somewhat further to windward than the ships near the Santisima Trinidad and
Bucentaure.

6 No. 16, viz. a flag quartered red and white, over a Dutch ensign reversed.

6 The log of the Spartiate nevertheless throws some doubt upon this.

TRAFALGAR

2ls.T OCT . 18 OS
THE ATTACK

AT ABOUT

t ! ll

Kayo
hrarm

(\Duffuay Trouin

U SwUt* fl

\\w\

^^ Rrittxh Ships
O French -Sfiijef

JVoon

position of many.
of the enemy's sftijaa changed
very rapidly.

James's ' History,' ' Victoires et Conquetes,'
Chronicle, Dec., 1805, James's 'History,'

Founded on evidence in British, French, and Spanish Dispatches, Ji
1 Precis des Evenements,' Chevalier, etc. ; and ou plans in j\rawtt( (
Colllugwood's ' Collingwood,' Mahan'8 • Nelson,' etc., etc.

NOTE.— The distances between the British ships are not accurately indicated, space not permitting. The
positions of the Intrevidc, San Juan .Ve/»m«cen», frincipe <(f Aiturias, and one or two other ships,
it noon are open to some doubt. The rntrepide, if not more forward in the Hue at noo.i than as

shown abuve, rapidly joined the van division.

[To face payt 13G

1805.] COLLIN&WOOD BREAKS THE LINE. 137

At 12.10 P.M., the Royal Sovereign slowly passed through the
enemy's line between the Santa Ana and the Fougueux, firing her
port guns double-shotted into the stern of the former at very close
range, and, it was afterwards acknowledged, killing and wounding
by that one broadside alone nearly four hundred people. With her
starboard broadside she simultaneously raked the Fougueux, and
then ranged close along the starboard broadside, and subsequently
on the lee bow, of the Santa Ana, with which she began a furious
contest muzzle to muzzle. In the meantime the Fougueux, bearing
up, raked Collingwood's flagship from astern, while the San Leandro,

THE HEAD OF COLUINCWOOD'S
(LE.E) COLUMN . GETTING INTO

ACTION .

-S.^/usfa

wearing, raked her from forward, and the Indomptable and San Justo,
the one on her starboard quarter and the other on her starboard
bow, plied her at a distance of less than three hundred yards with a
hail of shot. But the enemy soon discovered that, situated as they
were, they were doing almost as much harm to one another as to
the Royal Sovereign ; and Collingwood and Alava were presently left
to fight it out alone, the Fougueux, Indomptable, San Justo, and San.
Leandro, finding other occupation.

. When the Royal Sovereign, alone and unsupported, had been in
close action for fully a quarter of an hour, her next astern, the
Belleisle, drew near, and, hauling up on the port tack, fired her port

138 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

broadside into the Santa Ana's lee quarter. She had already been
fired at for twenty minutes by the allied rear, and had suffered
heavily, but had replied only with a few shot directed at the
Monarca. Having passed the Santa Ana, she bore away a little
towards the stern of the Indomptoble ; but that ship wore in time to
avoid being raked, and, after having exchanged a few broadsides
with Captain Hargood, bore up to the S.E. Already the allied line,
especially the rear of it, was becoming jumbled and confused, some

H.M.S. " VICTORY.
(From a drawing of her at her moorings in Portsmouth Harbour, in 1828, by E. W. Cooke, R.A.)

of the ships astern of the Fougueux pressing forward to support the
centre, and others remaining with their sails shivering or aback.
The whole rear, moreover, was soon clouded by the smoke which
rolled slowly to leeward from the guns of the British lee column as,
ship by ship, it drew near enough to reply with effect to the fire of
the enemy.

The Victory was first fired at at about the time when the Belle-
isle was beginning to engage the IndomptaUe. Nelson had ordered
her to be steered for the bow of the Santisima Trinidad; but he
occupied himself, as he approached, in endeavouring to discover some

1805.] NELSON BREAKS THE LINE. 139

sign indicating the ship in which Villeneuve was present ; for he
desired personally to engage the commander-in-chief, whom he
believed to be in one of the vessels close astern of the four-decker.
The first shot fired at the Victory, at 12.20 P.M., seemed to be an
answer to Nelson's unspoken challenge, for it came from the Bucen-
taure. It fell short, the range being then too great ; but in a few
minutes it was followed by a second, and then, in quick succession,
by others, one of which, passing through the Victory's main top-
gallant-sail, showed that the British flagship could at length be
reached. Two minutes later a very heavy fire was opened upon the
flagship by a considerable part of the allied van. There was no
longer more than the merest stirring of wind, and the progress of
the Victory, now heading for the interval between the Santisima
Trinidad and the Bucentaure, was slower than ever. During her
long approach she suffered terribly ; nor, although, it is true, one of
her guns went off by accident, did she or could she make any return.
As she neared the enemy, those ships immediately ahead of her
closed upon one another in order to bar her progress ; the result
being that, owing, on the one hand, to the concentration from astern
upon the Bucentaure, and, on the other, to the bearing up of the
San Justo, Indomptable, and San Leandro, to the assistance of the
Santa Ana, which had lost her headway, a considerable gap opened
somewhat ahead of the centre of the allied line. Certainly the
Eedoutable, and possibly also the Intrepide,1 though apparently
originally astern of the San Leandro, passed her and joined the
foremost group, which thus included about thirteen or fourteen sail.
The San Leandro, bearing up, joined the San Justo and Indomptable
at the head of the rearmost group, which thus included about twenty
sail ; and between the two groups there was presently a distance of
at least three-quarters of a mile.

When the Victory was about two and a half cables from the
Bucentaure, a shot cut her mizen topmast in two, and another
knocked her wheel to pieces, so that thereafter she had to be steered
from the gun-room. Every sail of the flagship, too, was in shreds,
and all her foremast studding-sail-booms had been shot away. Upon
the Bucentaure 's lee quarter was the French Neptune ; and ranging
up between the Bucentaure and Neptune, as if altogether to close the
interval, was the Eedoutable. Hardy represented to Nelson that

1 So James believes; but some of the French evidence seems to show that the
Intrepide was still a little astern. Thereafter, if this be so, she rapidly passed to the van.

140 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

the Victory could not pass through the line without running on
board one or another of those ships. " I cannot help it," replied
the Vice-Admiral. " It does not signify which we run on board of.
Go on board which you please. Take your choice." Hardy headed,
therefore, as if to run on board the Redoutable, and at 12.59 P.M.,*
as the Victory began to pass under the stern of the Bucentaure, she
fired in succession every one of her port guns, all double and many
treble shotted, into the cabin windows of Villeneuve's flagship, the
range being so close that, as the Victory rolled, her port main-
yard arm in passing struck the vangs of the Bucentaure' 's gaff, and

THE HEAD OF NELSON'S
(WEATHER) COLUMN, GETTING

INTO ACTION .

Bucentaure.

Victory

% s f{

,'' fj jYeptunt
Q

Redoitta&l

the Bucentaure' s ensign, if there had been wind enough to blow it
out, must have caught in the Victory's rigging. The salvo wrecked
the stern of the French flagship, and, as subsequently appeared ,.
killed and wounded nearly four hundred of her men, and dismounted
twenty of her guns. But the Victory was almost at the same
moment raked from ahead, and terribly mauled, by the French
Neptune, which then, fearing to be run on board of, set her jib, kept
away a little, and ranged ahead. Hardy, however, was still bent
upon running on board of the Eedontable, which, while he was.

1 Spartiate's log, and the balance of probability. The Victory's log, which was not
written up till the 22nd, says 12.4 P.M., a time obviously much too early.

1805.] THE "VICTORY" AND THE " BEDOUTABLE." 141

passing the Bucentaure, had been on his starboard bow. He fired
his starboard broadside into her as soon as it would bear, and,
putting his helm hard a-port, made directly for her. Ere, however,
he could run into her, she also ported her helm a little as if partially
to avoid the blow, and, at the same time, in order to avoid being
boarded through them, shut her larboard lower-deck ports, from
which she had previously been firing both at the Victory and at the
Temeraire. A moment later, the Victory fouled her, and, probably
with helm a-starboard, dropped alongside her at about 1.10 P.M., the
Victory's starboard fore topmast studding-sail boom-iron hooking
into the leech of the Bedoutable's foretopsail, and so holding
together the two ships, which fell off slowly a few points from the
wind. The Victory continued for a time to fire some of her port
guns at the Bucentaure, but that ship gradually moved away to the
northward. She also fired distantly at the Santisima Trinidad.
The Redoutable, however, gallantly commanded and admirably
fought, demanded and received most of her attention. The French
ship used her main-deck guns, and, both from her decks and from
her tops, musketry fire, in which Captain Lucas had trained his
people to great proficiency. She also fired from her fore and main
tops brass cohorns loaded with langridge. The Victory employed
her starboard 68-pr. carronade with good effect to clear the enemy's
.gangways, and, of course, utilised her lower batteries ; but her upper-
deck guns were soon almost put out of action by the deadly small-
arm fire from the Eedoutable.

In the meantime the ships of the British lee column, as they came
up, cut through the grouped mass of the enemy ahead and astern of
the Santa Ana, and found opponents where they could ; and the
ships of the British weather column, pursuing similar tactics, cut
through ahead and astern of the Bucentaure. By 1.30 P.M., the
battle was at its height; by 3 P.M., the firing had begun to grow
less; by 5 P.M., the day was over. Of the ships in what has
been described as the foremost group, six had been taken ; of the
.ships in what has been described as the rearmost group, twelve had
been taken or destroyed. In other words, the allies had lost nine
French and nine Spanish sail of the line out of thirty-three originally
engaged. Fifteen ships had for the time escaped, four (all French),
under Bear-Admiral Dumanoir Le Pelley, to the southward, and
eleven (five French and six Spanish) into Cadiz. Such were the
general results : but, in view of the vast importance of the occasion,

142 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

the performances of each of the ships present must be, at least briefly,
described ; and, seeing that the Victory, and the hero whose flag
flew in her, inevitably fill the foreground of any picture that aspires
to represent Trafalgar, it may be well to take in order the ships
of the weather column before dealing with those of the lee column,
although, as has been seen, the latter was the first to get into
action.

The Victory had been closely engaged with the Redoutable for
about a quarter of an hour, when, at 1.25 P.M., Lord Nelson, who
had been walking backwards and forwards with Captain Hardy
between the wheel stanchion and the coaming of the cabin ladder-
way, suddenly faced about — not at his usual turning-point, but about
one pace short of it. Hardy, who was on the Commander-in-Chief's
left, made another step, and, as he turned at the usual point, saw
that the Vice-Admiral had sunk to his knees, and was partially
supporting himself with his left hand resting on the deck. As
Hardy stooped over him, the Vice-Admiral, whose arm gave way,
fell on his left side. " I trust," said the Flag-Captain, " that your
Lordship is not severely wounded." " They have done for me at
last, Hardy," replied Nelson, who realised from the first that his
hurt was mortal ; and, in answer to a further observation from
Hardy, he added : " My backbone is shot through." In point of
fact, a musket-ball,1 discharged, very probably without having been
knowingly aimed at the British Commander-in-Chief, from the
mizen-top of the Redoutable,2 distant about fifteen yards, had
struck Nelson on the fore part of his left epaulette, and, having
entered the shoulder, had obliquely passed to the thorax, fracturing
the second and third ribs, penetrating the left lung, dividing a large
branch of the pulmonary artery, passing through the spine, and
finally lodging in the muscles of the back, about two inches below
the inferior angle of the right scapula.3

1 I had an opportunity, in 1891, of carefully examining the ball with the aid of a
microscope. It appeared to bear no trace of having been fired from a rifled piece ;
although both Clarke and M'Arthur, and Southey assert that Nelson was shot by a
rifleman. There is, indeed, evidence that there were neither riflemen nor rifles in the
French fleet. Dupin, ' Voyage,' iv. 10; Clarke and M'Arthur, ii. 445; Southey, ii. 264.

2 Report of Dr. W. Beatty.

3 The man who shot the Commander-in-Chief seems to have been ultimately shot by
Mr. (later retired Commander) John Pollard, signal Midshipman of the Victory. " The
attention of Mr. Pollard was arrested by a number of soldiers whom he perceived
crouching in the tops of the Redoutdble, and directing a destructive fire on the poop
and quarter-deck of the Victory. He immediately seized a musket, and, being supplied

1805.] NELSON MORTALLY WOUNDED. 143

The fall of the Vice-Admiral attracted the attention of Sergeant
Seeker, K.M., and two seamen, who, by Hardy's order, carried their
chief below to the cockpit. Nelson, though in great pain, was
perfectly collected ; and, taking a handkerchief from his pocket, he
deliberately covered his face with it, in the hope of concealing from
the people between decks the fact that he had been wounded. He
was laid upon a purser's bed ; and, when he had been stripped, it
was quickly seen by the surgeon that the wound must have a fatal
result. Partly covered with a sheet, calling continually for some-
thing to allay his burning thirst, and ceaselessly fanned with paper
by those in attendance on him, the great seaman, for some time after
he had been brought to the cockpit, lay, as might be expected, half
stunned by the shock to his system. It would appear, indeed, from
Beatty's narrative, that Nelson's mind, save at intervals, remained
very confused until he had lain there for about an hour. During
that period, the concussion of the firing above and around him tried
him intensely ; for the Victory was in the thick of the action.

Within a few minutes of the Vice-Admiral's fall, nearly everyone
remaining upon the flagship's upper-deck was either killed or
wounded by the Redoutable' s musketry fire and by the hand-grenades
which her men used very freely. This fact encouraged the French
to attempt to board ; and a crowd of people quickly gathered in the
chains and along the gangway of the 74. They were induced to
retire, as much by the discovery that the tumble-home of the two
ships rendered boarding exceedingly difficult in any circumstances, as
by the rush upon deck of a large body of the Victory's officers and
men, who plied their small arms with energy, but who lost heavily.
Captain Lucas afterwards ordered the main yard of his ship to be
lowered in such a manner as to make a bridge for his men to the
Victory's upper-deck ; but ere he was able to utilise this device, the
Temeraire, as will be seen later, ran foul of the Redoutable's star-
board, or disengaged side, and effectually distracted the Frenchman's
attention. This happened at about 1.40 P.M. Not long afterwards

by the signal-quartermaster, King, with ball-cartridges from two barrels kept on the
after-part of the poop for the use of the Marines (who at the time were elsewhere
engaged), continued firing at the soldiers every time they rose breast high in the tops,
until not one was to be seen. . . . Thus . . . originated the belief that it was he who
had shot the man who killed Lord Nelson." O'Byrne, ' Nav. Biog. Diet.,' p. 913.
Mr. Pollard used also to relate that, after the action, Capt. Hardy in the Victory's
wardroom publicly congratulated him upon having avenged the death of the Vice-
Admiral.

144 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

the Eedoutable ceased to resist, and Captain Hardy, by means of a
boat, sent on board of her Midshipmen David Ogilvie and Francis
Edward Collingwood, with the Victory's Sergeant-Major of Marines,
and a few hands, to assist in extinguishing a fire which was giving
trouble to the French crew. The two vessels remained alongside
one another until 2.15 P.M., when the British flagship succeeded in
freeing herself from her late opponent, and in booming herself off.
The Victory thereupon got her head to the northward. Beyond
firing a few guns at passing enemies, she seems to have done little
more fighting ; nor, indeed, was she fit for much. She had lost
her mizen topmast ; all her rigging was badly cut ; her fore and
main masts and bowsprit, together with their yards, and with the
fore and main tops, were greatly knocked about ; all her spare spars
were too damaged to be of use ; her hull was severely mauled ;
she had several shot-holes between wind and water ; her starboard
bower and spare anchors were disabled; and, as may be seen in
the table, her company had suffered heavily.1

As soon as Captain Hardy had taken the most pressing measures
to provide for the safety of his ship, he returned for a few minutes
to the dying Commander-in-Chief, who had frequently asked to see
him. It was at about 2.35 P.M. that the Flag-Captain revisited the
cockpit and affectionately took and pressed Nelson's outstretched
hand. " Well, Hardy, how goes the battle ? How goes the day
with us?" demanded the Vice-Admiral, whose mind had by that
time regained much of its clearness. " Very well, my Lord,"
answered Hardy: "we have twelve or fourteen of the enemy's
ships in our possession ; but five of their van have tacked, and
show an intention of bearing down upon the Victory. I have
therefore called two or three of our fresh ships round us, and have
no doubt of giving them a drubbing." " I hope," said Nelson,
" that none of our ships have struck." " No, my Lord," returned
Hardy ; " there is no fear of that." Nelson's next words were :
"I am a dead man, Hardy: I am going fast: it will be all over
with me soon." A little later the Flag-Captain again went on deck.
In a few minutes the Victory opened her port battery upon Dumanoir
Le Pelley's division, which was then passing at a distance to wind-
ward. She also fired some of her foremost starboard guns at the
French Swiftsure, which was threatening to rake the Colossus.

"When M. Dumanoir was out of gun-shot to the south-west, and
1 For a list of the British officers killed and wounded at Trafalgar, see p. 157, infra.

VICE-ADMIRAL VISCOUNT NELSON, K.B. ITo face page 144.

(from an unpublished pencil sketch bij EdrMffc, in the possession of Mrs. Nelson Ward.)

1805.] DEATH OF NELSON. 145

the Orion, ranging athwart the stern of the French Siviftsure, had
placed herself between that vessel and the British flagship, the
Victory fired no more ; and Hardy, at about 3.30 P.M., found leisure
to return to the cockpit. As before, he and his chief exchanged a.
pressure of the hands, and, while doing so, Hardy congratulated
Nelson upon the brilliancy of the result. " The victory is com-
plete," he said; "but as we cannot see every ship distinctly I
cannot say exactly how many are taken. I am certain, however,
that fourteen or fifteen have struck." " That is well," said Nelson ;
" but I bargained for twenty." Then, with energy, he added :
"Anchor, Hardy; anchor!" "I suppose, my Lord," ventured
Hardy, " that Admiral Collingwood will now take upon himself
the direction of affairs." " Not while I live, I hope, Hardy,"
declared the Commander-in-Chief, vainly trying at the same
moment to raise himself, as if to give additional force to his,
words : " no : do you anchor, Hardy 1 " " Shall we make the:
signal, sir?" asked the Flag-Captain. "Yes," answered Nelson;
"for if I live I'll anchor": his meaning being, apparently, that
if he should live until the proper moment for anchoring the fleet,
i.e., until resistance should have entirely ceased, he himself would
give .the order. Hardy had duties which prevented him from
remaining below for long. In three or four minutes, having, at
Nelson's desire, kissed him, he parted from him for the last time
and returned to the deck. The Vice-Admiral's thoughts seemed
thenceforward to turn almost exclusively to his private affairs ;
but more than once he murmured, " Thank God, I have done
my duty ! " At about 3.55 P.M. he lost the power of speech. At.
about 4.40 P.M.,1 having for some time previously ceased to suffer,,
he, quietly and without a struggle, ceased to breathe.

Nelson and Collingwood had been close friends ever since they
had been Lieutenants. To spare Collingwood's feelings as much as
possible, Hardy, as soon as he knew that the Commander-in-Chief
was dead, sent Lieutenant Alexander Hills, in the Victory's only
remaining boat, to the Eoyal Sovereign with news that Nelson had
been dangerously wounded. At about the same time Captain Black-
wood came alongside the Victory in his own boat, and, boarding her,
saw Hardy and learnt the truth. The two Captains then went
together to Collingwood to break the full news, and to carry to

1 Victory's time, 4.30 P.M. Log. For the whole story of Nelson's last moments,.
see ' Authentic Narrative of the Death of Lord Nelson,' by Wm. Beatty, M.D., 1807.
VOL. V. L

146 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

him the expression of Nelson's dying desire that, as soon as
practicable, the fleet and prizes should be anchored in order to
preserve them from the dangers of a lee shore and of a probable
gale. Collingwood was overwhelmed with grief ; but, when he
heard what had been Nelson's wish, he exclaimed : " Anchor the
fleet ! Why, it is the last thing I should have thought of." And,
in spite of the request of his old friend, he did not anchor it. At
that time, just as the great battle had ended, Cape Trafalgar bore
from the Royal Sovereign S.E. by E., distant eight miles.

Although the Victory was one of the fastest line-of -battle ships of
her day, and although, moreover, she went into action with studding-
sails set, the Temeraire, her next astern, being very light, had no
difficulty in keeping close to the flagship, and, when the latter began
to suffer aloft from the enemy's fire, had some difficulty in avoiding
passing her. To keep station, in fact, she had to cut away her own
studding-sails, and, later, to yaw repeatedly. After receiving a heavy
fire as she drew near to the hostile line, and exchanging shot with
the French Neptune and the Hedoutable, she presently found herself,
reduced by the Neptune's raking broadsides to a nearly unmanageable
condition, with the Hedoutable on her port beam, and the Neptune
on her starboard bow. So she remained until about 1.40 P.M., when
the drifting Hedoutable, still fast to the Victory, fell on board the
Temeraire, the Frenchman's bowsprit passing over the gangway of
Harvey's ship on the port side, a little before the main rigging.
There the Temeraires lashed it, and at once began to pour in as
hot a raking fire as they could make. The British vessel had not
been long in her new position when the Fougueux, which had been
attacked by the Belleisle and Mars, of Collingwood's column, and
which had hauled off from them, steered for the starboard side of
the Temeraire, apparently with the object of passing to windward
and raking her, or of boarding her. The Temeraire, badly damaged
aloft, and with her gaff and colours shot away, may have looked like
an easy prey ; but she was well prepared for a fresh enemy. She
had not yet discharged her starboard broadside, and, waiting until
the Frenchman was less than a hundred yards from her, she poured
the whole of it into the Fougueux with crushing effect, the result
being that, no longer under control, the Fougueux, at about 2 P.M.,
ran foul of the Timeraire, whose men instantly lashed the French
two-decker by her fore-rigging to the British ship's spare anchor.
Lieutenant Thomas Fortescue Kennedy then boarded at the head of

s '£

§ -s

m t.

H •=>

1805.] CAPTURE OF THE "fiEDOUTABLE." 147

a few men, and, within ten minutes, took complete possession of the
prize. Soon afterwards the Victory boomed herself off from the
Redoutable's port side, and the Temeraire, with the Redoutable and
Fougueux still fast to her, swung with her head to the southward.
At almost the same time the Redoutable lost her main and mizen
masts, the main falling on the after-part of the Temeraire, and
smashing everything there, but forming a bridge between the two
vessels. By means of this bridge, Lieutenant John Wallace (2),
at about 2.20 P.M., took formal possession of the Redoutable, which
had long since ceased to make resistance. The subsequent action
of the Temeraire seems to have been confined to the firing of some
of her foremost port guns at the French Neptune, which quickly
bore away out of range.

The Leviathan's original station had been astern of the Con-
queror. Nelson had given some kind of consent that Captain
Bayntun might precede the Victory into action "if he could " ; and
Blackwood, after quitting the Victory, had called on board the
Temeraire, and conveyed the permission to the Leviathan. Bayntun
crowded sail to reach the head of the column, but was only abreast
of the Conqueror when the first shots from the enemy began to reach
the Victory ; and, unable to pass ahead, he at length fell into line
astern of the British Neptune and a little in advance of the
Conqueror.

Having shortened sail for a time to facilitate the efforts of the
Leviathan, and being further impeded by the increasing lack of
wind, the British Neptune was not in close action until about
1.45 P.M. At that hour she hauled up for the nearest ship, and,
passing immediately under the stern of the Bucentaure, delivered
her port broadside into it with terrible effect. The Leviathan and
Conqueror, following her, did the same, the three discharges
working fearful damage. Fremantle then continued under the
stern and along the starboard side of the Santisima Trinidad, and
luffed up to leeward of the huge four-decker, which had already
suffered badly, and which he fought until the Spaniard became
wholly unmanageable. The Neptune was afterwards somewhat
severely handled by several ships of the combined van, which
raked her after they bore up. The Leviathan, when she had
followed the Neptune past the Bucentaure, stood towards the
French Neptune, which was at that moment annoying the
Temeraire, but which quickly wore round and went away before

L 2

148 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

the wind. Bayntun thereupon hauled up on the port tack, and,,
perceiving that the ships of the allied van were by that time
tacking or wearing, as if to double upon the leading vessels of
Nelson's column, he stood confidently to the north-east in their
direction. His first opponent was the San Agustin, which
endeavoured to rake him, but which was easily out-manoeuvred,
and which, after receiving a single treble-shotted broadside directed
into her starboard quarter, lost her mizen mast, and appeared to
have had almost enough of it. Bayntun, who could not back his
sails owing to the damaged state of his rigging, put his helm
a-star board and ran on board the Spaniard ; and, a few minutes
later, Lieutenant John Baldwin, with a party of seamen and
Marines, boarded and carried her without opposition. For some
reason which is not quite clear, the prize was at once lashed to
the Leviathans port side. No sooner had the operations been
effected than the Intrepide crowded up, wore, raked the Leviathan
from ahead, and then ranged along her starboard side. She did not,,
however, long remain there, the Leviathan being soon assisted by
the approach of the Africa, and Orion, and other ships.

The Conqueror, after rounding the Bucentaure's stern, hauled
up on that vessel's starboard quarter and beam, and very speedily
induced the French flagship to haul down her colours. Captain
James Atcherley, of the Conqueror's Marines, commanded the
boat which was sent to take possession, and carried back Villeneuve
and his two captains to surrender their swords to Captain Israel
Pellew ; but, missing his own vessel, he boarded the Mars, instead
of the Conqueror, her sister ship ; and in the Mars the French
officers remained. The Conqueror had, in the meantime, employed
her starboard guns, at long range, against the Santisima Trinidad,
and had subsequently proceeded in chase of Dumanoir's escaping
division.

The Africa had lost sight of the fleet in the course of the night
before the battle, and, when the firing began, was broad on the
Victory's port beam, and nearly also broad on the port beam of the
leading ship of the allied van. Nelson signalled to her to make
all possible sail ; but Digby seems to have misunderstood the order,
which was intended to keep him out of danger, as meaning that he
was to lose no time in closing the enemy. He therefore made the
best of his way along the Franco-Spanish van, exchanging broad-
sides with it, and at length bore down ahead of the Santisima

•;0h

ont-raanceu

..-•d broadside directed

; and appeared to

) could not back his

;:ut bib helm

,rd ; and, a few minutes

i th a party of seamen and

her without opposition. For some

.•rixc was at once lashed to

• side. jer had the operations been

vore, raked the Levin

...lien ranged \\ c starboard side. She did not,.

;aaiu there, i <ithan being soon assisted by

• the Aj :>n, and other ships.

•i.'t«:r .- >u:>.i)i;g the B^ '* stern, hauled

. Uxsv v«Mel'> !jrixj;ir<l quarter and beam, and very speedily

i down h«r colours. Captain

nf the Conqueror's Marines, commanded the

boat at u. t»ke j>o«»eB6ion, and carried back Villeneuve

•*w Oii|>u>m ti.f sarreoder • their swords to Captain Israel

• at. iiiiH.-.inj} his owu vessel, he boarded the Mum, instead

••;<jufrvr, fe«i tuctei ship; and in the Mars the French

. ; • • = '»n<jitfror had, in the meantime, employed

j,U!i>, at Jong range, against the Santisima Trinidad,

i-.ifcrt A7;bsc-<]un;itiv ^sroceeded in chase of Dm. escaping

ion

ha»J k»t eight of the fleet i: >f the night

• the firing, bogan, was broad on the

•i road on the port beam of the

i wn Nelson signalled to hereto make

misunderstood the order,

•> keep : i.uiger, as meaning that he

'Hilly. He therefore made the
Danish van, exchanging broad-
gide- u and at l< re down ahead of the San:

1805.] WITHDRAWAL OF OBAVINA. 149

Trinidad. Judging from her appearance that that vessel had sur-
rendered, Digby sent Lieutenant John Smith (5) to take possession
of her. Smith reached her quarter-deck ere he learnt that the
Spaniard had not surrendered ; and as he was not in a position to
coerce her, he withdrew, no one, strange to say, endeavouring to
stop him.1 The Africa then, at about 3.20 P.M., very gallantly
brought to action the Intrepide, and, for about forty minutes, fought
her steadily, until the arrival of the Orion upon the Frenchman's
starboard quarter relieved the 64, which had been nearly silenced
by that time. The Orion subsequently wore round the Intrepide' s
stern, and brought to on her lee (port) bow, so covering the Africa
entirely. After throwing in a heavy fire for about a quarter of an
hour from that position, she obliged the French 74 to haul down
her colours.2

Long ere that time, or, to speak accurately, at about 1.50 P.M.,
Villeneuve had signalled 3 to those of his ships which were not
engaged to take up positions which should bring them into action
as soon as possible. This signal applied, of course, to the dis-
engaged van ships ; and, in pursuance of it, a few of those which
were in a condition to do so began to put about. But the wind was
very light ; several vessels had to employ their boats to tow their
heads round ; and no general alacrity was shown. At length ten
ships got round on the starboard tack; but while five of them,
under Dumanoir Le Pelley — four French and one Spanish 4 — hauled
their wind, the other five kept away, as if to join Gravina, who
was to leeward in the rear, and who was making off. It was
while these confused manoeuvres were in progress that the Orion,
Ajax, Agamemnon, and Britannia, of the British weather column,
got among the ships which had kept away, and also exchanged
shots with some of those which had hauled their wind. The
Orion, as has been already said, engaged and reduced the Intrepide.
The Ajax and Agamemnon seem to have been more especially in
action with Dumanoir's division. The Britannia appears to have
encountered, at one time the San Francisco de A sis, and at another
the Batjo . But all these British ships were then too far to leeward
to offer any effectual resistance to the passage of the French rear-

1 The Santisima Trinidad was not taken possession of until about 5.30 P.M.,
when she was boarded from the Prince, and taken in tow.

2 At 5 P.M. 3 See preface to this volume.

4 Formidable, 80, Duguay Trouin, 74, Mont Blanc, 74, Scipion, 74, and
ultimately also the Neptuno, 80.

150 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

admiral. Only the two last vessels of Nelson's column were in a
position to seriously challenge Dumanoir. At about 3.10 P.M.,
the Minotaur and Spartiate, having hauled close on the starboard
tack, lay to with their main top-sails to the mast, and exchanged
broadsides with the escaping squadron. As the Neptuno was
considerably astern, and to leeward, of her consorts, they succeeded
in cutting her off; and, after they had engaged her closely for
upwards of an hour, they obliged her to strike, at about 5.10 P.M.

It has been seen how the Royal Sovereign, the leader of the
lee column, was relieved by the Belleisle, after having for a quarter
of an hour been engaged single-handed with several ships of the
enemy. Collingwood's flagship, which ultimately placed herself on
the Santa Ana's starboard bow, continued in close and steady
conflict with that ship until about 2.15 P.M., when, having lost
all her masts, and being unable to make further resistance, Alava's
flagship struck to the Royal Sovereign. The latter was by that
time scarcely less unmanageable than her late opponent, and was.
not in a condition to take much further share in the action.

The Belleisle, her next astern, after having obliged the Indompt-
able to bear up,1 became somewhat distantly engaged on the
starboard side with the San Juan Nepomuceno,2 which, with other
vessels, had pressed up from the rear. At about 1 P.M., the
Fougueux intervened, and, with her port bow, ran on board the
Belleisle, nearly amidships on the starboard side. The two ships
briskly engaged one another for about twenty minutes, when, the
Mars also beginning to fire into her, the Frenchman dropped
astern and hauled to the northward. The Belleisle was then a
wreck. Ten minutes later the French Acliille placed herself upon
the crippled ship's port quarter ; and she, with the Aigle, far on the
Belleisle's starboard beam, and with the San Leandro and San
Justo, passing to rearward to join Gravina, and standing across
the British vessel's bows, continued the work of destruction.
Hargood was soon completely dismasted ; and, owing to the mass
of spars and rigging that encumbered his port side, he was unable
to make any effectual reply to his nearest and most pertinacious
opponent. At about 2.30 P.M., moreover, the French Neptune?
placing herself athwart the Belleisle's starboard bow, had begun

1 See p. 138.

2 The name is doubtful, the San Juan Nepomuceno having been at the very rear of
the allied line ; but the vessel was a Spanish 74.

1805.] PLIGHT OF THE "BELLEISLK" 151

to rake the devoted vessel ; but at 3.15 P.M., the Polyphemus
interposed on the starboard bow ; at 3.20, the Defiance diverted
the attention of the Aigle.; and at 3.25, the British Swiftsure,
passing under the Belleisle' s stern, fired some terrible broadsides
into the French Achille, the two British ships warmly cheering
one another. The Belleisle was thus succoured in time. Though
unable to take further active part in the fighting, she subsequently

CAPTAIN GEORGE DUFF, B.N., OF THE " MAKS."

(From the engraving by Ridley and Hall, after the portrait by Geroff.)

sent her last remaining boat, under Mr. William Hudson, the
Master, and Lieutenant John Owen, E.M., to take possession
of the Argonauta, which had hauled down her colours, and lay
not far off.

The Mars followed the Belleisle into action, and, while
endeavouring to find an opening at which to pass through the
hostile line, was engaged from astern by the Pluton. To avoid
running into the Santa Ana, she was obliged to turn head to wind,

152 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

and so she exposed her stern to the fire of the Monarca and
Algesiras, which punished her severely, until the coming up of
the Tonnant took off their attention. Quite unmanageable, the
Mars paid off, and was further mauled by the Fougueux, and
again by the Pluton, one of whose shot carried off the head of
Captain Duff. When help arrived, the Fougueux made off to the
northward, and the Pluton stood S.E. in order to join Gravina.

The Tonnant made for the port bow of the Algesiras, but, that
ship backing, Captain Tyler ultimately cut the enemy's line astern
of the Monarca, which he raked. He then hauled up, and engaged
the Spaniard yard-arm to yard-arm. But the Monarca quickly
dropped astern, and at 1.7 P.M.,1 struck her colours, though she
subsequently rehoisted them. At that time the Algesiras filled,
as if to cross the Tonnant's stern, but Captain Tyler, putting his
helm hard a-port, succeeded in running on board his opponent,
and in getting fast entangled on her port bow. The two ships
engaged one another furiously ; and the Frenchman did not strike
until she had made a very determined attempt to board. She
was taken possession of by Lieutenant Charles Bennett at about
2.15 P.M. ; and at 2.30 P.M., the San Juan Nepomuceno, which, for
some time previously, had suffered from the fire of the Tonnant's
foremost port guns, also surrendered. The boat sent to board her
was swamped, and Lieutenant Benjamin Clement was saved from
drowning only by the devotion of a negro seaman named
Macnamara. The San Juan Nepomuceno, which appears to have
rehoisted her colours when she found that she was not boarded,
was ultimately engaged and taken possession of by the Dread-
nought. The only other service of the Tonnant seems to have
been the firing of a few rounds at Dumanoir's squadron when
it passed her to windward.

The Bellerophon was unable to cut the enemy's line until about
a quarter of an hour after the Tonnant had broken it. By that
time the Monarca had rehoisted her colours. Captain Cooke
passed under that ship's stern, and, at about 12.50 P.M., while
luffing up in order to lay her alongside, fouled the Aigle, which
was to leeward. The Bellerophon was thus closely engaged on
both sides, to port with the Monarca and to starboard with the
Aigle ; and in a very short time she was also assailed by a Spanish
ship, which fired into her port quarter, by the French Swiftsure,

1 Log of Spartiate.

1805.] CONDITION OF THE "BELLEROPHON." 153

which, from a somewhat greater distance, annoyed her starboard
quarter, and by the Bahama, which was then so placed as to be able
to rake her with a few forward guns from a point nearly astern.
The result of all this was that soon after 1 P.M. the Bellerophon
lost her main and mizen top-masts, the wreckage of which was
quickly fired by the flashes from her own guns. About ten
minutes later Captain Cooke fell. The situation was soon after-
wards relieved somewhat by the appearance of the Colossus, which

CAPTAIN JOHN COOKE (1), B.N., OF THE " BELLEKOPHON."
(-From the engraving by James Fittlcr, A.R.A.)

•engaged the French Swiftsure and the Bahama, and by the
dropping astern of the Spanish vessel (supposed to be the
Montanez) ; but the Bellerophon was still sorely pressed, until,
at 1.40 P.M., the Aigle, after having made more than one fruitless
attempt to board, broke away and dropped astern also, being raked
as she went, first by the Bellerophon and afterwards by the Revenge.
The Bellerophon was then entirely out of control ; but she still had
sufficient fight in her to be able to oblige the Monarca to haul
down her flag for the second time. Both the Monarca and the

154 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

Bahama, which had been reduced to submission by the Colossus,
were taken possession of by parties from the dismantled British 74.

The Colossus, as she neared the enemy, made as if to pass astern
of the French Swiftsure. The Frenchman, to avoid being raked,
bore up ; and the Colossus ran past her starboard side, and presently
found herself locked broadside to broadside with the Argonaute,
which lay to leeward. Captain. Morris's starboard battery had
nearly silenced the Frenchman's port one within ten minutes, and
the Argonaute seemed to be almost ready to strike, when the ships
drifted apart. As the Frenchman paid off, however, she was well
raked by her antagonist, which, during the whole period, had been
steadily engaged also not only with the French Swiftsure, which lay
on her port quarter, but also with the Bahama, which lay nearly
on her port beam. Just before 3 P.M., the French Swiftsure, which
had by that time forged so far ahead as to shut out the fire of the
Bahama, and as to receive the full broadside of the Colossus, dropped
astern, practically beaten, and once more exposed the Bahama.
The Colossus quickly obliged the latter to surrender. In the mean-
while the French Swiftsure made a last effort, endeavouring to bear
up under the Colossus' s stern ; but Morris wore very smartly, escaped
most of the fire that had been intended to rake him, and delivered
his starboard broadside. Almost simultaneously the Orion poured
another broadside into the Frenchman, whereupon the Swiftsure
signified that she submitted. Both she and the Bahama were
taken possession of by the Colossus, which had the distinction of
having suffered more heavily in killed and wounded combined than
any other British ship in the fleet.

The British Achille1 followed the Colossus closely into action,
and, passing astern of the Montanez, luffed up and engaged that
ship from leeward. When, in about twelve minutes, the Montanez
sheered off, the Achille headed for the Belleisle, which lay dismasted
to leeward, seeming to be sorely pressed ; but on her way she fell
in with the Argonauta. Captain King brought to on the Spaniard's
port beam, and fought her at close quarters for an hour. The
Argonauta then endeavoured to make sail, but, not being able to
escape, shut her lower-deck ports, ceased firing, and, as was
supposed, surrendered. Ere the British Achille could attempt to
take possession of her, the French Achille passed her namesake and

1 Also called Achilles, which was, indeed, her proper name, she being not a French,
prize, but a British-built ship, launched at Cleverley's yard, Gravesend, in 1798.

1805.] WORK OF THE "REVENQE." 155

distracted her attention by firing into her ; and the Berwick, which
had already been distantly engaged with the Defence, interposed
herself between the British Achille and her beaten opponent, the
latter subsequently dropping to leeward. A hot action then began
between the British Achille and the Berwick ; and, after more than
an hour's fighting, the French ship hauled down her flag and was
taken possession of.

At about 2 P.M., the Dreadnought got into action with the
San Juan Nepomuceno ; and, although that ship was to some extent
supported by the Principe de Asturias, another Spanish vessel, and
the Indomp table* she was run on board of and taken in little more
than a quarter of an hour. It is but fair, therefore, to recall that
she had previously been very severely handled by the Tonnant,
Bellerophon, and others of the British lee column. The Dread-
nought did not wait to take possession, but at once devoted her
whole efforts to the subjection of the Principe de Asturias. That
ship, however, ultimately made sail and got away.

The Polyphemus seems to have first encountered the French
Neptune, and next the French Achille. She quitted the latter only
when she saw a Union Jack being waved from the French ship's
starboard cathead. The Revenge, in attempting to pass through the
enemy's line and to place herself in an advantageous position
athwart the hawse of the Aigle, fouled the latter's jib-boom, and,
while the ships were interlocked, delivered a couple of broadsides
into the Frenchman's bows. Then, standing on, she was in the act
of hauling up on the port tack, when a tremendous fire was poured
into her lee quarter by the Principe de Asturias. Three two-
deckers 2 also hemmed her in, and greatly punished her until they
were driven off by the approach of other British vessels. She
consequently suffered severe damage.

The British Swiftsure, having, as already narrated, passed round
the stern of the Belleisle,3 began a warm action with the French
Achille, and set her on fire. The Defiance, as she got into the
confusion of the allied line, exchanged some shot with the Principe
de Asturias, and, at about 3 P.M., ran alongside the Aigle, to which
ship she lashed herself. The enemy was boarded, and appeared

1 The name is perhaps doubtful.

1 James says, " probably the Neptune, Indomptable, and San Justo, nearly fresh
ships from the centre," iv. 75.
3 See p. 151.

MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1805.

to be subdued ; but, after the boarding-party bad boisted British
•colours over ber, ber people rallied and drove back tbeir foes.
Captain Durham thereupon cut loose the lashings, and, sheering
off ten yards or so, opened so heavy a fire that, in about twenty
minutes, the Aigle, which in the meanwhile had gallantly defended
herself, asked for quarter, and was taken possession of. The
Defiance subsequently took possession of the San. Juan Nepomuceno,
which had struck, as has been seen, to the Dreadnought.

The Thunderer, after first bearing up to afford relief to the
Revenge, wore across the bows of the Principe de Asturias, raked
that vessel, and brought to on the starboard tack. The French
Neptune presently attempted to succour the Spanish three-decker,

COMMEMORATIVE MEDAL OF THE VICTORY OFF TRAFALGAR.
(From an original Tent btj H.S.R. Prince Louis of Battenberg, R.N., G.C.S.)

but soon bore up in order to escape. The Defence engaged first the
Berwick, and, when that ship, which later encountered the British
Achille, hauled off, the San Ildefonso. The Spaniard struck after an
hour's action. The Prince directed her fire upon the Principe de
Asturias and the French Achille ; but, like some other ships of
the rear of the column, she got into action too late to have much
influence upon the fortunes of the day. Indeed, it was 4.30 P.M.
when the French Achille received the first broadside from the
British 98. At that time the Frenchman's fore top was in flames.
The Prince's broadside brought it down upon deck, and caused the
conflagration to extend to the unfortunate ship's hull. Other broad-
sides were discharged ere it was perceived that the French Achille
was doomed. Captain Grindall then ceased firing, wore, hove to,

1805.]

OFFICERS KILLED AND WOUNDED.

157

and sent his boats to save as many as possible of tbe French crew.
The British Swiftsure and the Pickle and Entreprenante made
similar efforts ; but approach was dangerous, owing to the discharge
of the burning vessel's guns as they became heated ; and at about
5.45 P.M., when the gallant French Achitte blew up, most of her
crew were, it is to be feared, still in her. She had been well fought,
but whether, as French historians would have it believed, she blew
up with her colours still flying, must be doubted ; for it is certain
that, earlier in the action, the Polyphemus, supposing her to have
surrendered, spared her.

Before going further, it may be well to give a list of those
officers who were killed and wounded in the British fleet in the
course of this ever-glorious engagement. The names of the com-
manding officers, and the total numbers of killed and wounded in
each ship, have already been set forth in the table on page 131. It
would be pleasant, if space permitted, to chronicle the names of all
the British officers whose exertions contributed to so memorable and
pregnant a victory ; but it is only feasible to add the names, so far
as can be ascertained, of the first Lieutenants to those of the officers
who, on October 21st, 1805, perished, or shed their blood in the
great struggle which gave to their country a truer mistress-ship
of the seas than she had ever previously won, and which, from
some points of view, must be regarded as the most decisive battle
in the history of the world.

SHIPS AND FIRST LIEUTENANTS.

OFFICEHS KILLED.

OFFICERS WOUNDED.

Victory.
John Quilliam.1

Vice - Adm. Viscount
Nelson, K.B.
Lieut. William Ram.
Capt. Charles William
Adair, R.M.
Mids. Robert Smith (1).
Mids. Alexander Palmer.
Adm.'s Secretary John
Scott.
Capt.'s Clerk Thomas
Whipple.

Lieut. John Pasco.
Lieut. George Miller Bligh.
Lieut. Lewis Buckle Reeves,
R.M.
Lieut. James G. Peake, R.M.
Mids. William Rivers.
Mids. George Augustus
Westphal.
Mids. Richard Bulkeley.
Agent Victualler's Clerk
George Geoghehan.

Temeraire.
Thomas Fortescue Ken-
nedy.2

Capt. Simeon Busigny,
R.M.
Lieut. John Kingston, R.M.
Mids. William Pitts.
Carpenter Lewis Oades.

Lieut. James Mould.
Lieut. Samuel J. Payne.
Master's Mate Francis
Swaine Price.
Mids. John Eastman.
Boatswain John Brooks.

1 Posted, 24-13-1806.

* Commander, 24-12-1805.

158

'MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1805-

SHIPS AND FIEST LII.IHESAMS.

OFFICERS KILLED.

OFFICERS WOUNDED.

Neptune.
George Acklom.2

Capt.'s Clerk Richard
Hurrell.

Leviathan.
Eyles Mounsher.2

Mids. J. W. Watson.

Britannia,.
Arthur Atchison.8

Lieut. Francis Roskruge.

Master Stephen Trounce.
Mids. William Grint.

Coru/ueror.
Robert Lloyd (3), killed
James Couch, 2nd.*

Lieut. Robert Lloyd.
Lieut. William M. St.
George.

Lieut. Thomas Wearing,
R.M.
Lieut. Philip Mendel, Imp.
Russ. Navy.

Africa.
John Smith (5).2

Lieut. Matthew Hay (actg.).
Capt. James Tynmore, R.M.
Master's Mate Henry West.
Master's Mate Abraham
Turner.
Mids. Frederick White.
Mids. Philip James Elm-
hurst.
Mids. John P. Bailey.

Agamemnon.
Hugh Cook.4

Ajax.
Jeremiah Brown.

Orion.
John Croft.2

Mids. Charles Tause.
Mids. Charles P. Cable.

Minotaur.
James Stuart (I).2

Mids. John Samuel Smith.
Boatswain James Robinson.

Spartiate.
John M'Kerlie.2

Mids. Henry Bellairs.
Mids. Edward Knapman.
Boatswain John Clarke.

Eoyal Sovereign.
John Ellis (2).5

Lieut. Brice Gilliland.
Master William Chalmers.
Second Lieut. Robert
Green, R.M.
Mids. John Aikenhead.
Mids. Thomas Braund.

Lieut. John Clavell (1).
Lieut. James Bashford.
Second Lieut. James Le
Vesconte, R.M.
Master's Mate William Wat-
son (2).
Mids. Gilbert Kennicott.
Mids. Granville Thompson.
Mids. John Farrant.
Mids. John Campbell (3a).
Boatswain Isaac Wilkinson.

2 Commander, 21-12-1805. > Commander, 6-9-181}.

* Commander, 24-12-1805, but remained as Lieutenant till posted, 31-7-1806. » Commander, 22-1-1806.

1805.]

OFFICERS KILLED AND WOUNDED.

159

SHIPS A»D FlEST LlKUTBHASTS.

OFTICEBS KIU.ID.

OFFICERS WOONDED.

Belleisle.

Thomas Fife.2

Lieut. Ebenezer Geall.
Lieut. John Woodin.
Mids. George Nind.

Lieut. William Ferrie.

Lieut. John Owen, E.M.

Master's Mate William
Henry Pearson.

Master's Mate William Out-
field.

Mids. Samuel Jago.

Boatswain Andrew Gibson.

First-Class Vol. J. T. Hodge.

Mars.

William Hennah, suc-
ceeded to command.1
Benjamin Patey.

Captain George Duff.
Master's Mate Alexander

Duff.

Mids. Edward Corbyn.
Mids. Henry Morgan.

Lieut. Edward William Gar-

rett.

Lieut. James Black.
Master Thomas Cook.
Capt. Thomas Norman, R.M.
Mids. John Young (2).
Mids. George Guerin.
Mids. William John Cook.
Mids. John Jenkins.
Mids. Alfred Luckraft.

Tonnant.

John Bedford.2

Mids. William Brown (3a).

Captain Charles Tyler (1).
Master's Mate Henry Beady.
Boatswain Richard Little.
Capt's Clerk William Allen.

Sellerophon.

William Pryce Cumby,
succeeded to com-
mand.1

Edward Funning
Thomas.3

Captain John Cooke (1).
Master Edward Overtoil.
Mids. John Simmons.

Capt. James Wemyss, R.M.
Master's Mate Edward Hart-
ley.

Mids. William Nunn Jewell.
Mids. James Stone (2).
Mids. Thomas Bant.
Mids. George Pearson (1).
Boatswain Thomas Robinson.

Colossus.

Thomas Richard Toker.;

Master Thomas Scriven.

Captain James Nicoll Morris.

Lieut. George Bulley.

Lieut. William Forster (2)
(actg.).

Lieut. John Benson, R.M.

Master's Mate Henry Mil-
banke.

Mids. William Allan Herring-
ham.

Mids. Frederick Thistle-
wayte.

Mids. Thomas G. Reece.

Mids. Henry Snellgrove.

Mids. Rawdon Maclean.

Mids. George Wharrie.

Mids. Timothy Renou.

Mids. George Denton. [son.

Boatswain William Adam-

i Posted, 1-1-1806.

- Commander, 24-12-1805.

3 Retired Commander, 15-12-1830.

160

MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1805.

SHIPS AND FIRST LIEUTENANTS.

OFFICERS KILLED.

OFFICERS WOTODID.

Achille.
William Westcott
Daniel.1

Mids. Francis John Mugg.

Lieut. Parkins Prynn.
Lieut. Josias Bray.
Capt. Palmes Westropp, R.M.
Lieut. William Leddon, R.M.
Master's Mate George Pegge.
Mids. William H. Staines.
Mids. William J. Snow.
First-Class Vol. William
Smith Warren.

Dreadnought.

Lieut. James L. Lloyd.
Mids. Andrew M'Culloch.
Mids. James Sabben.

Polyphemus.
George Moubray.1

Revenge.
Lewis Hole.1

Mids. Thomas Grier.
Mids. Edward F. Brooks.

Captain Robert Moorsom.
Lieut. John Berry.
Master Luke Brokenshaw.
Capt. Peter Lely, R.M.

Swiftsure.
James Lilburn.1

Mids. Alexander Bell Hand-
cock.

Defiance.
William Hellard.1

Lieut. Thomas Simens.
Mids. James Williamson.
Boatswain William Forster.

Captain Philip Charles Dur-
ham.
Master's Mate James Spratt.
Master's Mate Robert
Browne.
Mids. John Hodge.
Mids. Edmund Andrew
Chapman.

Thunderer.
John Clark (2).2

Master's Mate John Coxetter
Snell.
Mids. Alexander Galloway.

Defence.
James Green.1

Prince.
William Godfrey.1

i Commander, 24-12-1805.

Retired Commander, 23-10-1837.

Many of the British ships suffered severe material damage. The
Belleisle lost all three masts and bowsprit ; the Royal Sovereign lost
main and mizen ; the Tonnant lost all three topmasts ; and the
Victory, Temeraire, Leviathan, Conqueror, Africa, Orion, Minotaur,
Mars, Bellerophon, Colossus, Dreadnought, and Swiftsure had a

1805.] COLLINGWOOD ASSUMES COMMAND. 161

larger or smaller number of important spars shot away or irretriev-
ably injured. It has been seen that thirty- three allied ships of the
line went into action. When the battle ceased, seventeen of these
had been taken, and one had caught fire and blown up.1 Of the
remainder, four ships,2 under Duruanoir, having hauled to the
southward, had got away for the time, though they never again
entered a French port ; and eleven, under Gravina, had run to the
north-east. Some of the latter were very little the worse, having
scarcely been in action ; but others, more or less dismasted, were
in tow of the frigates. All Gravina's division anchored, nevertheless,
in the course of the night about a mile and a half from Rota, the
state of the wind 3 preventing them from entering Cadiz.

When, at 6 P.M., Vice-Admiral Colling wood, who had succeeded
to the command-iii-chief, shifted his flag from the much-damaged
Royal Sovereign to the Euryalus, which subsequently took the
Royal Sovereign in tow and stood off shore, the situation was as
follows. Of the seventeen prizes, eight were entirely and nine were
partially dismasted ; and of the twenty-seven British ships of the
line, half were, comparatively speaking, unseaworthy for the
moment. The fleet was in about thirteen fathoms of water ; the
wind blew with moderate but increasing strength from W.S.W.,
or dead on shore ; there was a nasty swell which greatly distressed
the crippled vessels ; and, only six or seven miles to leeward, lay
the shoals of Trafalgar. Collingwood had ignored Nelson's dying
wish that the fleet should be anchored. At 9 P.M., however, he
ordered his ships to prepare to anchor ; but, the wind veering
towards midnight to S.S.W., and freshening, he signalled to them
to wear with their heads to the westward. With the exception of
four vessels * which had previously anchored off Cape Trafalgar, the
whole command obeyed this order and drifted seaward. It has been
urged that many of the vessels which did not anchor were in no
condition to do so, their anchors having been lost or their cables
having been cut to pieces ; but it is certain that some could have held
the ground, and it is more than probable that, had they anchored,
their fate would have been better than that which actually overtook
them ; seeing that all those vessels which did anchor fared well.

1 See table on p. 131.

2 Formidable, Duguay Trouln, Mont, Blanc, and Scipion. All of these were
taken on Nov. 3rd by Sir R. J. Strachan.

3 In shore it blew from S.S.E. ; in the offing, from W.S.W.

4 Defence, San Ildefonso, Bahama, and French Swiftsure.

VOL. V. M

162 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

On the 22nd, the Neptune, instead of the Euryalus, took the
Royal Sovereign in tow, and Collingwood issued a general order
expressing his thanks to the fleet, and another, directing a day
to be set apart for the thanksgiving to God for the victory. The
wind, blowing fresh from the south, was squally; but most of the
prizes were then under way under sail or were being steadily towed
to the westward, to make the appointed rendezvous near the Royal
Sovereign. At about 5 P.M., however, the Redoutable, then in tow
of the British Swiftsure, signalled that she was in distress. As
many as possible of her people were taken off; but, at 10.30 P.M.,
when she was half under water, the Swiftsure had to cut her loose
and abandon her for the night. At about 12 P.M., the wind, then
blowing with the force of a gale, shifted to N.W. Early on the
following morning, more of the Redoutable' s people were picked
up ; but many, together with eighteen British seamen, unhappily
perished when the ship sank. In consequence of the same gale, the
Fougueux drove ashore near Torre Bermeja, and became a total
wreck, with the loss of all on board save about twenty-five persons ;
and the Algesiras1 was retaken by her crew, who had been
humanely allowed on deck when the ship appeared to be in danger,
and was carried into Cadiz. The Bucentaure* moreover, was
wrecked on the Puercos, after she had been recaptured by her
ship's company.

The N.W. wind which blew on the morning of the 23rd, induced
Commodore de Cosmao-Kerjulien, the senior French officer3 in
Cadiz, to put to sea with the object of picking up some of the
unmanageable prizes. He weighed with his own ship, the
Pluton, 74, and with the Indomptable, 80, Neptune, 84, Rayo, 100,
and San Francisco de Asis, 74, and with the five frigates and two
brigs which had been present at the battle. Soon after he had
made an offing, the wind veered to W.S.W. and blew harder than
ever. At noon he found himself near the British ships, ten of
which, casting off the vessels in tow, formed line and prepared to
protect their prizes. With an unfavourable wind, M. Cosmao did

1 Lieut. Charles Bennett, in command.

2 Lieut. Richard Spear, in command.

3 Adm. Gravina, heing mortally wounded, could not take command. Julien Marie,
Baron de Cosmao-Kerjulien, was born in 1761. In 1805, in command of the Pluton,
he captured the Diamond Hock, and rendered the services here narrated. He was, in
consequence, promoted to be a rear-admiral and made a grandee of Spain. He quitted
the navy at the restoration in 1815, and died in 1825.

t -

1805.] FATE OF THE PRIZES. 163

not venture to attack so formidable a force; but his frigates
managed to cut off and retake the Neptuno and the Santa Ana.
On the following day, however, the Indomptable, having grounded
off Rota, went to pieces ; the San Francisco de Asis went ashore
in Cadiz Bay ; and the Eayo, anchored off San Lucar to escape
going ashore, rolled away her masts, and surrendered to the Donegal,
Captain Pulteney Malcolm, which had returned 1 a few hours earlier
from Gibraltar.2 The Eayo, however, went ashore and was wrecked
on the 26th. The rough weather of the night of the 24th also
caused the loss of another prize, the Monarca ; the Santisima
Trinidad had been scuttled by Collingwood's order on the 24th ;
the Aigle was wrecked off Puerto Santa Maria on the night of the
25th ; and between the 28th and the 30th the Intrepide and San
Agustin were burnt as useless, the Argonauta was scuttled, it
being deemed almost impossible to save her, and the Berwick struck
and went to pieces off San Lucar.3 Thus, of the numerous prizes
only four remained, namely, the San Ildefonso, the French Siviftsure,
and the Bahama, which had anchored after the battle, and the San
Juan Nepomuceno.

On October 30th, the Commander-in-Chief was rejoined off
Cadiz by Rear-Admiral Thomas Louis, in the Canopus, 80, Captain
Francis William Austen (1), with the Queen, 98, Captain Francis
Fender, Spencer, 74, Captain the Hon. Robert Stopford, and
Tigre, 74, Captain Benjamin Hallowell, which had been detached*
by Nelson on the 2nd. On the following day Collingwood trans-
ferred his flag to the Queen. In the meantime, the Victory, towed
by the Neptune, had proceeded to Gibraltar, where she arrived on
October 28th, and where she partially refitted. On November 3rd
she sailed for England, and on December 4th she anchored at St.
Helen's, still bearing the Vice-Admiral's flag, but flying it at half-
mast. The body of the dead seaman, preserved in spirits, was on
board the ship with which his fame had been imperishably
associated ; but, as preparations for its fitting reception on shore

1 The Donegal joined on the 24th. The Melpomene had joined on the 22nd, and
the Eurydice and Scout on the 23rd.

2 See p. 128.

* An excellent account, based upon documentary evidence, of the experiences of
some of the prizes after the battle, may be found in a work, ostensibly a novel, by
Don Perez Galdus, a summary of which, by the Author, was printed in the Cornhill
Magazine of Oct., 1896. See also Chevalier, 218, at seq.

4 See p. 126.

M 2

164

MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1805.

could not at once be completed, the Victory remained off the Isle of
Wight until the 10th. On the 22nd, being then at the mouth
of the Thames, she was boarded by the Chatham, the official yacht
of Captain the Hon. George Grey, then Commissioner at Sheerness.
To this little craft was solemnly transferred the corpse, enclosed
in the coffin which had been made, by order of Captain Benjamin
Hallowell, out of part of the mainmast of the Orient, after the
battle of the Nile, and which had been presented to Nelson on
May 23rd, 1799. A second coffin, of lead, covered the whole. As
the body was lowered into the yacht, the Vice-Admiral's flag was
struck in the Victory, and hoisted at half-mast in the Chatham,
which presently passed up the river to Greenwich, where she

COMMEMORATIVE MEDAL OF THE DEATH OP NELSON.
(From an original lent bij H.S.H. Captain Prince Louis of Satlenberg, R.X., G.C.B.

anchored on the afternoon of December 24th. At 7 P.M. that
evening the coffin was conveyed to Greenwich Hospital, where it
afterwards lay in state. On January 8th, with great and impressive
ceremony, it was taken in a state barge, rowed by sixteen seamen
of the Victory, to Whitehall stairs, where it was landed, and whence
it was carried to the Captains' Boom at the Admiralty. It remained
there during the following night; and, on January 9th, amid
universal demonstrations of mourning, and with every testimony
of gratitude and love that could be paid by the nation to its hero's
memory, it was borne to St. Paul's Cathedral.1

1 For a full account of the whole ceremony, see Campbell's ' Lives ' (Ed. 1817), viii.
126, 144; Gentleman's Mag., Jan. 1806; Naval Chronicle, xv. 45; Clarke and
M'Arthur, ii. 460, etc.

1805.] NELSON'S CHARACTER. 165

In his dispatch1 announcing the victory Collingwood wrote
thus feelingly of the blow which he and his country had suffered
in the death of Nelson : —

" I have not only," he said, " to lament, in common with the British Navy and
the British nation, in the fall of the Commander-in-Chief, the loss of a hero whose
name will be immortal, and his memory ever dear to his country; but my heart
is rent with the most poignant grief for the death of a friend, to whom, by man}'
years' intimacy and a perfect knowledge of the virtues of his mind, which inspired
ideas superior to the common race of men, I was bound by the strongest ties of
affection ; a grief to which even the glorious occasion in which he fell does not bring
the consolation which perhaps it ought."

The country, it is true, had suffered a terrible and, indeed, an
irreparable loss. Nelson, in his profession, stood head and shoulders
above any of his contemporaries, in spite of the fact that among
those contemporaries were many seamen such as Britain had rarely
had at her disposal in earlier times. But the loss, though so severe,
was not untimely. Nelson did not die until he had completed his
work. The victory at Trafalgar assured not only the eventual
collapse of the Napoleonic system, but also the immediate maritime
supremacy of Great Britain ; and, had Nelson survived Trafalgar,
there would have been but little scope for his marvellous energy,
his religious devotion to duty, and his wonderful military genius.
Eminently enviable and eminently appropriate, therefore, was the
fall of such a man at the instant when, having surpassed all his
predecessors, he had placed his country in so strong a position that
he ceased to be necessary to her. The surgeons who, after his
death, examined his body, decided that, although he had worn
himself to a shadow in the service of the flag, he still preserved
a constitution which might have carried him to a green old age.
We know that men, born no later than he, lived to see the
outbreak of the Crimean War. Yet surely a venerable Nelson
would be a memory far more sad than a Nelson, smitten in
his prime, but with his life's work well done, breathing his last
breath in the moment of his unexampled triumph. Nor should it
be forgotten that the hero was compact of weakness as well as of
strength. In action he was brilliant ; in inactivity he was almost

1 Collingwood's dispatches, and especially those of Oct. 22nd, Oct. 24th, Oct. 28th,
and Nov. 4th, 1805, dealing with Trafalgar, have often been admired as models of
what such documents should be ; yet it should be noted that they are full of
inaccuracies, many of which are exposed by Mr. James. To specify them here is,
however, impossible, owing to lack of space.

166

MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1805.

sordid. Neither his education1 nor his tastes fitted him to shine in
civil life. His true greatness was all inspired by the scent of the
sea, by the needs of his country, and by the presence of the enemy.
If he had lived for many years after Trafalgar, we may be sure
that his memory would be less pleasant than it is, and that his
glory would be no greater.

The Vice-Admiral had no issue by his wife, Frances Herbert,2

HOKATIA.
(From a miniature in the possession of her daughtcr-in-lmr, Mrs. Nelson Wan!.)

whom he had married at Nevis in 1787. His honours, therefore,
devolved upon his eldest surviving brother, the Rev. William Nelson,
who, quite undeservedly, was, in addition, made an Earl, granted
a pension of £6000 a year, and presented with £108,000 for the

1 " The hero of the Nile, who fell at Trafalgar, was a man of great mind, but self-
taught : Lord Collingwood, the old companion in arms of the immortal Nelson, was
equally great in judgment and abilities, but had also the advantage of an excellent
education." Duke of Clarence to Lady Collingwood, 1810, in ' Corr. and Mem. of
Collingwood.'

2 Widow of Dr. Nisbet.

1805.]

NELSON'S WILL.

167

purchase of an estate.1 To each of Nelson's surviving sisters,
Susannah, wife of Mr. Thomas Bolton,2 and Catherine, wife of
Mr. George Matcham,3 a sum of £10,000 was voted ; and to Lady
Nelson * an annuity of £2000 was assigned. Nelson had com-
mended to the care of his country Lady Hamilton and his natural
daughter, Horatia. It was deemed impolitic on the part of the
government to take any public notice of this commendation ; and

ADMIRAL THE BT. HON. WILLIAM, EARL OF NORTHESK, K.B.
(From tlie engraving by Ridley and Hull, 1806.)

Lady Hamilton, who, had she been less improvident, might have
lived very comfortably on the income which her husband and
Nelson had assured for her, fell into poverty ere her death in 1815.
Horatia 6 is believed to have received some very slight and indirect
recognition of her father's great services from the government of

1 Earl Nelson died in 1835, and was succeeded by Thomas, son of Mrs. Bolton.

2 Mrs. Bolton died in 1813.

3 Mrs. Matcham died in 1842.

4 Lady Nelson died in 1831.

•• Horatia, bom Jan. 30th, 1801 ; died at Pinner, Middlesex, 1881.

168 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

a later day. She married a clergyman ; her sons entered the public
services ; and in her numerous descendants runs the only blood
which now represents the hero of the Nile, Copenhagen, and
Trafalgar.

The surviving sharers in the victory received the unanimous
thanks of both Houses of Parliament. Collingwood was made a
peer of the United Kingdom, with the title of Baron Collingwood
of Caldburne and Hethpoole, and was granted a pension of £2000
a year. Lord Northesk was made a K.B. ; and Captain Hardy, of
the Victory, was created a Baronet. All the Flag-Officers and
Captains who had been present received gold medals. The first
Lieutenant of the Victory, the Lieutenants acting as Captains of the
Ajax and Thunderer, and the first Lieutenants of the Mars and
Bellerophon, whose Captains had fallen in 'the action, were made
Post-Captains ; and the signal, second, third, and fourth Lieutenants
of the Victory,1 the first and second Lieutenants of the Royal
Sovereign,"1 and the first Lieutenants of all the other ships3 engaged,
were made Commanders. In addition, four Midshipmen of the
Victory, three of the Boyal Sovereign, two of the Britannia, and
one of each other ship and frigate present were promoted to be
Lieutenants. Lieutenant La Penotiere, of the Pickle, who carried
home Collingwood's dispatches, was made a Commander immediately
after his arrival in England. The patriotism of private societies
and individuals conferred numerous other rewards upon those who
had been engaged. A medal also was struck and presented, by
permission, to seamen and Marines as well as to officers, by Mr.
M. Boulton, of the Soho Ironworks ; though no government medal
for Trafalgar was awarded to any officers of less than post-rank,
or to any seamen or Eoyal Marines, until 1849, in pursuance of a
Gazette notice of June 1st, 1847.

Lord Collingwood, who was continued in the chief command of
the Mediterranean fleet, remained to watch the enemy's fleet in
Cadiz ; but that fleet did not venture to sea. On October 25th,
Vice-Admiral Francois Etienne Eosily arrived from Paris by way
of Madrid to supersede Vice-Admiral Villeneuve, who, however,
had been taken prisoner in the battle. Villeneuve was released on

1 John Pasco, Edward Williams (2), Andrew King, and John Yule, (all Dec. 24,
1805).

2 John Ellis (2), Jan. 22, 1806, and William Stephens, (latter not till Jan. 4, 1808).

3 See pp. 157-160. Possibly the exceptions, if there were any — and there seem to.
have been some — were accidental. It is most difficult to ascertain all the facts.

1805.] THE FATE OF VILLENEUVE. 169

parole, and landed at Morlaix on April 22nd, 1806. A few days
later he was staying at an hotel in Eennes, awaiting Napoleon's
directions concerning his future movements. One morning he was
found dead in his room, stabbed, so it was said, in five places ;
and it was alleged that he had perished by his own hand. It was,
however, very widely believed among his friends that he had been
assassinated ; and it is noteworthy that Napoleon, when at St.
Helena years afterwards, saw fit, not only to describe in detail how
Villeneuve had killed himself, but also to assert that the unfortunate
seaman had deliberately disobeyed him.

" Villeneuve," said Napoleon, " when prisoner in England, was so much affected by
his defeat that he studied anatomy with a view to taking his own life. To that end,
he purchased several anatomical engravings of the heart, and compared them with his
own body in order to make certain of the exact position of that organ. Upon his
arrival in Prance, I ordered him to remain at Rennes, and not to come to Paiis.
Villeneuve, fearing to be convicted by a council of war of having disobeyed my orders,
and of having lost the fleet in consequence (for I had directed him not to put to sea,
and not to engage the English), determined to put an end to himself. He took his
engravings of the heart, again compared them with his breast, made a deep prick with
a long pin in the centre of the picture, and then, applying the same pin as nearly as
possible to the corresponding place in his own body, drove it in up to the head, pierced
his heart, and so died. When they opened his room they found him dead, the pin
being in his breast, and the mark on the picture corresponding with the wound on his
body. He should not have acted in that way. He was a gallant man, although he
had no talent." '

This tale is scarcely of a nature to disarm suspicion. The
truth, however, can now never be known. Villeneuve, in spite of
Napoleon's professed opinion of his gallantry, was, it is certain,
buried without honours.

The story of Trafalgar must be completed with an account of
the fate which befel Rear-Admiral Dumanoir Le Pelley, and the
four ships with which he escaped to the southward, after the battle
of October 21st. He would have made for Toulon had he not
known that Rear-Admiral Thomas Louis, with several sail of the
line, was in the neighbourhood of Gibraltar. He ultimately
decided, therefore, to endeavour to reach one of the French Atlantic
ports.

It should be explained that the French Rochefort squadron,2
under Rear-Admiral Allemand, which had quitted its port in the
previous July, was still at sea, playing havoc with British commerce,
and that several British squadrons, and scores of British cruisers,
were looking for it. At the end of October, the Phoenix, 36, Captain
1 ' Mems. du Dr. 0'Mear 2 See pp. 118, 120.

170 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

Thomas Baker (1), while making, with sealed orders, for a given
rendezvous westward of Scilly, learnt from some neutrals that a
squadron, supposed to be Allemand's, had been sighted in the
Bay of Biscay. Baker took upon himself the responsibility of
prematurely opening his orders, and, finding that they were of no
great importance, went in search of the enemy. On November 2nd,
being in the latitude of Cape Finisterre, he sighted and chased
four large ships ; and, when he in turn was chased, he steered
south, to carry his intelligence to Captain Sir Eichard John
Strachan, who was cruising off Ferrol,1 and into whose hands he
hoped to lead the foe. In the afternoon Baker sighted four other
large ships to the southward ; and a little later the vessels which had
been chasing him hauled their wind. The Phoenix hauled up to keep
in sight the latter, which presently wore and stood to the eastward ;
whereupon the frigate stood again S.S.E. and strove to attract the
attention of the other ships, which she believed to be British.

Baker had discovered Dumanoir's squadron, which, at about the
same time, had also been sighted and chased by the Boadicea, 38,
Captain John Maitland (2), and the Dryad, 36, Captain Adam
Drummond. At 8.45 P.M. on November 2nd, the Phoenix saw
these vessels; and at 9.30 P.M., these vessels saw the four ships
which the Phoenix had previously observed to the southward, and
which, with three others not far from them, proved to be Strachan's
command. The Boadicea and Dryad, not succeeding in getting
any answer to their signals, became suspicious, and, at about
10.30 P.M., tacked to the N.E. and were soon out of sight; but
the Phoenix, at 11 P.M., though first fired at, hailed the Ccesar and
informed Strachan that four ships of the enemy were not far away
on his lee bow. The British squadron being much scattered,
Strachan directed Baker to make sail and hasten forward the
stragglers, and himself bore away in chase with a W.N.W. wind.
He soon discovered the enemy crowding sail in the E.N.E., and
bearing away. At 1.30 A.M. on November 3rd, the moon set, and,
the weather being thick and dirty, the French were lost sight of.
Strachan, therefore, shortened sail to wait for the ships astern of
him ; and, at 9 A.M.,2 he again saw the French in the N.N.E. He
had then with him three ships of the line besides his own, together

1 Having been detached from the Channel fleet on October 29th, to look for the
Rochefort squadron.

2 At 7.30 A.M., Cape Ortegal bore S.E. ', E., distant 36 miles.

1805.]

STRACHAN AND DUMAN01B.

171

with the Santa Margarita, 36 ; and he instantly chased with all
possible sail set, the wind having then veered to W.S.W. The
forces in presence of one another were : —

BHITLIH.

FRENCH.

Ships.

Guns.

Commanders.

Ships.

Gnns. Commanders.

Cauar . . . .

(Capt. Sir Richard John
( Strachan, Bt.

Ihiguay Trouin .

74 Capt. Claude Touffet.
|Rear-Adm. P. R. M. E.

aero ....

7. (Capt. Hon. Alan Hyde
' 1 Gardner.

Formidable ,

80 » •( Dumanoir Le Pelley.
(Capt. J. M. LetelllT.

Couragfux .
Namur . .

74 Capt. Richard Lee.
„, (Capt. Lawrence William
74 I Halsted.

Mont tilanc . ,
Kcipiun . .

74 Capt. J. (i. N. Le Villegris.
74 Capt. Charles Bellanger.«

Bettona' . . . i 74

Capt. Charles Dudley Pater.

.Santa Margarita

Capt. Wilson Rathborne.

jEolus ... 32

Capt. Lord William Kitzroy.

Phanixi . . . 36 Capt. Thomas Baker (1).

Revolutionnairc* '< 38 ' Capt. Hon. Henry Hotham.

1 Parted company before the action. 2 Sot of Strachan's Bquadron. Present accidentally.

3 The Formidable had had three guns dismounted at Trafalgar, and had thrown overboard twelve of her
quarter-deck 12-prs. during the cbase ; so that she had but 65 guns mounted. Chevalier fays only 60.
« Chevalier calls him sometimes Bellauger and sometimes Berrenger.

At noon, when the wind blew strong from S.S.W., the French
were about fourteen miles distant ; at about 3 P.M., the Santa
Margarita, and, later, the Phoenix, well ahead of their consorts,
began to draw up with the enemy's rear. In the afternoon, on
the other hand, the Bellona unfortunately parted company, owing
to her inferior sailing. By dawn on November 4th, when there
was a moderate breeze from S.E., the leading British ship of the
line was but about six miles astern of the rearmost Frenchman, the
Scipion, which, earlier in the morning, had exchanged shot with
the Santa Margarita, and subsequently with the Phoenix also,
and which was thenceforward continually harassed by the frigates.
Soon afterwards, the Caesar, Hero, and Courageux formed in line
ahead, and aided by a shift of wind to S.S.E., began to approach
so rapidly that, at 11.45 A.M., realising that he could not avoid
an action, Dumanoir Le Pelley ordered his ships to take in their
small sails, and to haul up together on the starboard tack with their
heads to N.E. by E. After having obeyed this signal the French
ships formed line ahead in the order given in the above table, the
Scipion bearing S. by W. from the Ccesar, distant a little more than
a mile. Both the Namur and the Revolutionnaire, though they had
much improved their positions, were still considerably astern of
their consorts, the one bearing S.W., distant fourteen miles, and
the other bearing W.S.W., distant seven miles, from the Ccesar.

Strachan informed Gardner and Lee that he purposed to attack
the centre and rear of the French ; and, at about noon, the three

172 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

British ships edged away for the three rearmost of the French ones,
the Ccesar seeking the Formidable, the Hero the Mont Blanc, and
the Courageux the Scipion. At 12.15 P.M., the Ccesar, and shortly
afterwards the other ships, opened fire on the port hand, and, the
French replying, a warm action began. At about 12.55 P.M., five
minutes after Strachan had hoisted his signal for close action, the
Duguay Trouin luffed up as if to cross the Ccesar' 's bows and rake
her from ahead ; but the latter, luffing up also, avoided the danger ;
and, the Duguay Trouin having gone in stays, both the two leading
British ships were able to handle her very severely at close range.
The Formidable, Mont Blanc, and Scipion tacked in support of the

SIR RICHARD STRACHAN'S ACTION

12-55 P.M.

"'^-. Cotfrafftux

Duguay Trouin X^

Formidable <^

' &lanc __ .

•Sciptan

Duguay Trouin, but, in the course of the mano3uvre, the French
flagship, being somewhat crippled aloft, lost her place in the line
and became second instead of third. The French, however, got
round on the port tack; and at 1.20 P.M. the British wore or tacked1
in chase. The Ccesar made but bad progress ; and, seeing that the
Namur was then on the weather bow of the French, Strachan, at
1.40 P.M., signalled to her to attack the enemy's van, and, to the
Hero, to lead on the port tack. So impatient was Sir Eichard1
that he presently enforced the order to the Namur, with two shotted
guns. A little before 2 P.M., the action was recommenced by the
Hero, which fired her starboard battery into the Scipion with such

1805.] STRACHAN AND DUMANOIB. 173

good effect as to bring down the latter's main top-mast and to cause
her to fall to leeward, where she was quickly engaged by the
Courageux, from windward, and by the Phoenix and Bevolutionnaire,
then newly come up, from leeward. The Hero by that time, having
placed herself on the Formidable 's weather beam, gradually fore-
reached her, until she gained a place on the French flagship's port
bow. At 2.45 P.M., the Namur, arriving astern of the Hero, also
engaged the Formidable, whereupon the Hero made sail to close
with the Mont Blanc. At 3.5 P.M., when the C&sar, having refitted,
was about to open fire on her, the Formidable struck, and was taken
possession of by the Namur; at 3.10 P.M., the Scipion also struck,

\ SIR RICHARD STRACHAN'S ACTION

ABOUT 3-35 P.M.

amur

formidable.

~ Duffuay Trouin

Jtfonl JBZanc \

just as the Duguay Trouin and Mont Blanc were then bearing up to
form a fresh line ahead of her. She was taken possession of by
the frigates. It was then obvious to the French that the day was
hopelessly lost ; and the Duguay Trouin and Mont Blanc endeavoured
to escape. But they were quickly overhauled by the Hero and
Casar ; and, after a hot cannonade which lasted for twenty minutes,
both of them struck, at about 3.35 P.M.

The losses on the British side were : Ctzsar, 4 killed, 25
wounded ; Hero, 10 killed, 51 wounded ; Courageux, 1 killed, 13
-wounded; Namur, 4 killed, 8 wounded; Santa Margarita, I killed,
1 wounded ; Bevolutionnaire, 2 killed, 6 wounded ; Phoenix, 2 killed,

174 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1H05.

4 wounded ; Molus, 3 wounded : total 24 killed, 111 wounded. The
officers killed were Second Lieutenant Robert Morrison, R.M.
(Hero), and Boatswain Thomas Edwards (Santa Margarita).
The officers wounded were: Lieutenants John Skekel (Hero), Robert
Clephane (Courageux), and Thomas Osborne (Namur) ; Captain
William Clements, R.M. (Namur) ; Second Lieutenant Cornelius
James Stevenson, R.M. (Hero) ; Midshipmen John Gibbs Bird
(Courageux), and Frederick Beasley (Namur) ; Master's Mate
Thomas Daws (Courageux) ; Purser Thomas Titterton (Hero),
and Gunner John Austin (Courageux). The Hero and the Cffisar
had suffered most severely aloft. The French ships lost seven
hundred and fifty killed and wounded, including among the
killed M. Touffet, captain of the Duguay Trouin, and among the
wounded M. Dumanoir Le Pelley, and M. Bellanger, captain of the
Scipion ; and all of them had been terribly mauled.1

Such was this creditable pendant to the great battle of Trafalgar.
A court of inquiry, which, however, was not held until 1809,
censured Dumanoir Le Pelley's tactics. In consequence, the rear-
admiral demanded a court-martial, and by it he was honourably
acquitted. It may still, however, be asked : why did he not, on the
day before the action, or even early on the 4th, tack with his
four sail of the line, and fall upon the three British sail of the
line, which, with the three frigates, were the only vessels then
threatening him ?

The four prizes were carried to Plymouth, and all of them were
eventually added to the Royal Navy, the Formidable as the Brave,
the Duguay Trouin as the Implacable, and the other two under
their original names. The Implacable still (1900) survives as part
of the training establishment for boys at Devonport. She is the
last of the numerous prizes of the Napoleonic war, and, except the
Victory, the sole survivor of Trafalgar. For his conduct Strachan,
who became a Rear-Admiral on November 9th, was made a K.B.
on January 29th, 1806 ; and both he and his officers and men
received the thanks of Parliament. Each of the Captains engaged
was also presented with a gold medal ; and the first Lieutenants of
the ships of the line were 2 promoted.

1 Strachan to Mareden, Nov. 4th, 1805 : ditto, Nov. 8th. Chevalier, 233.

2 John Thompson (3), of the Namur, Robert Clephane, of the Courayeux,
Alexander Cunningham (2), of the Hero, and Benjamin Crispin, of the Cxsai; were
made Commanders on Dec. 24th, 1805.

1805.] THE THREATS OF INVASION. 175

Napoleon's plans for the invasion of the United Kingdom were
doomed when the allied fleets put into Ferrol ; and they were finally
and hopelessly shattered by the results of Trafalgar and of Strachan's
action. When news of Villeneuve's presence at Ferrol reached him,
about the second week in August, the Emperor, apprehensive that
the allies would be blockaded in that port, prepared to utilise for
the marvellous central European campaign of Austerlitz the army
which he had assembled against Great Britain. By August 23rd,
Napoleon had learnt l that the allies had put to sea again ; and,
hoping that they were heading for Brest and the Channel, he once
more, for a brief space, turned to the scheme of invasion, and
warned Marmont,2 in Holland, to be ready to play his part in it,
but to be ready also, in case of miscarriage of the fleet, to march
inland. A few days later came the intelligence that, instead of
making for Brest, Villeneuve had gone to Cadiz. The news
obliged the Emperor to recognise that, for that year at least,
he must abandon his project of crossing the Channel. Then
followed Trafalgar ; and the project which, until Trafalgar,
had seemed feasible, though perhaps distant, faded into the im-
possible.

Yet, during more than half the year 1805, Great Britain still
saw the invasion flotilla, and the French army, watching from across
the Channel for an opportunity to overwhelm her. Unable to
follow quickly the movements of the opposing fleets, she knew not
from day to day what was in store for her ; and until August, when
Napoleon first began to withdraw some of his troops to the east-
ward, the menace seemed to grow hourly more grave. In those
anxious months, when the immediate fate of the country was bound
up more intimately than at any other period of its history with the
fate of its fleets, the real work of defence was done, as has been
shown, in the Mediterranean, off Brest, in the West Indies, along
the Atlantic coasts of Spain and Portugal, and, finally, at Trafalgar ;
but, as in previous years, the Navy did something also in the
Channel against the huge armaments which lay waiting along the
shores of France.

The spring of the year witnessed a systematic effort of concen-
tration on the part of what may be called the right wing of the
expeditionary army and flotilla. The corps of Davout moved from

1 Letter to Talleyrand.

2 Berthier to Marmoct, ' Precis des Evenements,' xii. 122.

176 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

the neighbourhood of Ostend into the department of Pas de Calais ;
and, at about the same time, part of the Franco-Batavian flotilla,
which was attached to it, and which, in the previous year, had been
driven into Ostend by Sir William Sidney Smith, moved as far to
the westward as Dunquerque, whence it sought an opportunity for
stealing piecemeal along the coast to its new rendezvous at Amble-
teuse, a few miles north of Boulogne.

At 9 P.M. on April 23rd, the night being dark and a fresh N.E.
wind blowing, a division of thirty-three gun-vessels and nineteen
transports, which had previously reached Dunquerque road from
Ostend, weighed in further pursuance of this plan of concentration.
It safely passed Gravelines and Calais without being observed by
the British cruisers ; but, just before dawn on the 24th, it was
thrown into some confusion by a shift of wind, first to S.E. and
later to S.S.E., and by the change of tide ; and the greater number
of the craft made for an anchorage between Capes Blanc-Nez and
Gris-Nez, although eight armed schuyts were too far to leeward to
be able to follow. At break of day the enemy was discovered by a
British squadron, the bulk of which was at anchor off Boulogne.
This consisted of the Leda, 38, Captain Robert Honyman, the
sloops Harpy, Commander Edmund Heywood, and Bailleur, Com-
mander Valentine Collard, the bomb Fury, Commander John
Yelland, and the gun-brigs Bruiser, Archer, Locust, Tickler, Firm,
Monkey, Gallant, and Watchful, the two last being on guard off
Ambleteuse. The squadron chased to the N.E. ; and at 8 A.M.
the Gallant, Lieutenant Thomas Shirley (2), and the Watchful,
Lieutenant James Marshall, closed with the schuyts, which were
aided by some of the gun-brigs and by the shore batteries. The
Gallant, struck between wind and water, had to haul off to stop her
leaks ; but the Watchful took one schuyt, and the Eailleur, with
the Locust, Lieutenant John Lake, and the Starling, Lieutenant
Charles Napier (la), presently coming up, took six more, after a
spirited engagement. On the following morning the Archer,
Lieutenant William Price, captured another schuyt which had
drifted off the land. The only loss on the British side was one
seaman wounded.1 The rest of the enemy's flotilla reached Amble-
teuse, assisted by aimed launches sent out from Boulogne by Eear-

1 Gazette, 1805, 554. The schuyts had on board 18 guns, 1 howitzer, and
168 men. Capt. Honyman's letter omits to mention the Starling, which seems to have
been present in addition to the eight gun-vessels named by him. James, iii. 306.

1805.] ACTIONS WITH TEE INVASION FLOTILLA. Ill

Admiral Lacrosse, who, on the death of Bruix, had assumed command
of the naval force on the coast.

A somewhat similar effort of concentration began a little later
on the left wing ; and on June 10th, in pursuance of it, a French
division, consisting of the sloops Foudre, 10, and Audacieuse, 10,
fifteen gun-vessels,1 and fourteen transports, under Captain J. F. E.
Hamelin, sailed from Le Havre for Fecamp. They were chased by
the Chiffonne, 36, Captain Charles Adam, Falcon, 14, Commander
George Sanders, Clinker, gun-brig, Lieutenant Nisbet Glen, and
Frances, hired armed cutter, and brought to action ; but, when the
French vessels gradually edged in under the protection of the shore
batteries, the British began to get the worst of the firing, though
some of the hostile craft were by that time aground. The enemy
ultimately got under the forts of Fecamp. In this skirmish the
Chiffonne had two killed and three wounded ; the Falcon four
wounded, and the Clinker one killed and one wounded.

On July 15th, the gun-brigs Plumper, Lieutenant James Henry
Garrety, and Teazer, Lieutenant George Lewis Ker, being becalmed,
and likely to be carried into danger by the tide, anchored at some
little distance from one another near the Chausey Isles, off Gran-
ville. They were observed from that town, and during the following
night seven gun-vessels, each mounting three long 24-prs. and an
8-in. howitzer, and full of men, were sent out to attack them. The
approach was made by means of sweeps ; and, at 2.30 A.M. on the
16th, the vessels opened fire on the Plumper. She was so situated
as to be able to make no adequate resistance, and at length,
when Garrety had lost his arm, she surrendered, after having
made as gallant a fight as her position allowed. At 8.45 A.M.,
the French, reinforced by the Plumper, attacked the Teazer,
which set all sail and tried to escape, but was soon surrounded
and captured. The brigs seem to have lost somewhat severely,
but no exact account of the numbers killed and wounded is to
be found.

Nearly all that part of the Ostend division of the invasion flotilla
which had not previously passed further to the westward was
assembled by the end of May at Dunquerque under Vice-Admiral
Ver Huell, who anxiously awaited an opportunity to carry it on to
Ambleteuse. The division was, however, prevented, chiefly by

1 Four of three long 24-prs. and one 8-in. howitzer ; three of one 24-pr. and one
field gun ; and eight of two 4- or 6-prs.

VOL. V. N

178 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

adverse winds, from putting to sea until July 17th, when most of
it, with a N.E. breeze, went out at 6 P.M., and began to make its
way down the coast. Certain small craft remained behind, with
instructions to follow if it should be seen that Ver Huell was inter-
fered with by the British. Ver Huell had with him the four French
prames, Ville d'Aix, Ville d'Anvers, Ville de Geneve, and Ville de
Mayence, and thirty-two ' Batavian schooner-rigged gun-vessels of
large size ; and he formed his vessels into two lines, so disposed that
the openings in the outermost column were covered by the ships of
the innermost one. At about 6.30 P.M., the movements of the enemy
were observed by a British squadron which lay off Gravelines, and
which consisted of the Ariadne, 20, Captain the Hon. Edward King,
three or four sloops and bombs, and less than half-a-dozen gun-brigs.
As soon as King perceived how the enemy was heading, he cut his
cables, made sail to meet Ver Huell, and, at about 9.15 P.M., opened
fire upon him, eventually driving ashore or disabling eleven of the
gun-vessels, and damaging the Ville de Geneve, in spite of the
very heavy fire kept up both by the flotilla and by the batteries.2
Between 11 P.M. and midnight, the rest of the division succeeded in
anchoring off Calais. The noise of the firing brought from the
Downs the Trusty, 50, Captain George Argles, Vestal, 28, Captain
Stephen Thomas Digby, and three sloops. The Vestal, outsailing
her consorts, and joining King at 4 A.M. on the 18th, subsequently
recommenced action with the flotilla. But the Dutch were too
well protected by the forts ; and, after a two hours' cannonade, the
British drew off, and bore away to participate in another engage-
ment which was by that time in progress to the westward, and
towards which the Trusty and her consorts were already making
their way.

Bear-Admiral Lacrosse, at Boulogne, knowing of Ver Huell's
movements, had organised a diversion in favour of his colleague, and
had ordered several divisions of gun-vessels to get under way as if to
attack the British squadron off the port. This squadron, which
included the Immortalite, 36, Captain Edward William Campbell
Rich Owen, the Hebe, 32, Captain Macajah Malbon, and the
Arab, 20, Captain Keith Maxwell, weighed to meet the enemy's
craft, one hundred and thirteen in number, and ultimately drove

1 Ver Huell's report ; but his ' Life ' declares that there were 47 gun-vessels with
him. ' Leven,' i. 296.

2 In this affair the British loss was 4 (1 mortally) wounded.

1805.] OWEN'S ACTION WITH VER HDELL. 179

them, at about 4.30 A.M., under the batteries north-west of
Vimereux.

Ver Huell was desirous of continuing his passage ; and, as all
the coast between Calais and Ambleteuse had been provided with
numerous and very powerful batteries, he weighed from Calais road
at 3 P.M. on July 18th, taking with him in his schooner, the Bantam,
Marshal Davout, and accompanied by three out of his four prames,
and twenty-one out of his thirty-two gun-vessels, and made for Cape
Blanc-Nez, off which lay the Trusty, Vestal, Ariadne, and about a
dozen smaller craft. At 4 P.M., the French batteries on the heights
opened in order to drive off the British vessels ; and they worked to
such good effect that Ver Huell was able to proceed, without serious
annoyance, until he was off the village of Wissant. There, the shore
batteries being able to afford less protection, the attack was renewed,
the Arab, 20, Captain Keith Maxwell, Calypso, 18, Commander
Matthew Forster, Fleclie, 18, Commander Thomas White (1), and
some of the gun-brigs, succeeding, by 7 P.M., in driving six of the
gun-vessels ashore, but being obliged to desist when off Cape Gris-
Nez. The Arab had seven men wounded, and was considerably
damaged ; Commander Forster received a wound in the shoulder ;
and the Fttclie had five men hurt. The Immortalite and Hebe,
drawing too much water to get within effective range of the smaller
Batavian vessels, confined their attention chiefly to the prames ;
and, though they were ultimately joined by the Renommee, 36,
Captain Sir Thomas Livingstone, Bart., they managed only to
drive ashore two schooner gun-vessels.1 Soon after 7 P.M., the rest
of the flotilla anchored in safety under the forts of Ambleteuse and
Andresselles. The Immortalite lost four killed and twelve wounded ;
and the Hebe three (one mortally) wounded ; and both vessels suffered
rather severely in rigging and hull.2 They were obliged to retire to
repair damages ; and, while they were away, the whole of the
Franco-Batavian flotilla from Dunquerque seems to have found its
way towards Boulogne, in the neighbourhood of which place, a few
days later, no fewer than 1104 craft were assembled.

The division under Captain Hamelin which, as has been seen,

1 Among these was the Crocodil, on board of which was the Jonkheer Q. Ver Huell,
who subsequently wrote the history of the expedition in the life of his uncle, the
admiral.

2 In addition to the English authorities, see Ver Huell to Van Royen, July 22nd,
1803, and Davout to Napoleon, in Moniteur of 3 Thermidor, as well as ' Leven van
Ver Huell,' i. 295-318.

N 2

180 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

had reached Fecamp from Le Havre in June, put to sea again early
on the morning of July 23rd in order to continue its progress up the
coast to the north-east. According to French accounts, it then con-
sisted of twenty-six ; but, according to British accounts, of thirty-
four sail. Its movements were at once observed by the Champion,
22, Captain Eobert Howe Bromley, Clinker, gun-brig, Lieutenant
Nisbet Glen, Cracker, gun-brig, Lieutenant William Henry Douglas
(2), and Frances, hired armed cutter ; and by 10.30 A.M., many of the
smaller of the French craft had been forced ashore under the
batteries of Seuneville, while all the rest of the flotilla had been
driven to take refuge under those of St. Valery-en-Caux. This
excellent piece of service was executed with the loss of only two
killed and three wounded ; but the Champion and her consorts were
so mauled that they had to proceed to the Downs to refit ; and,
during their absence, Captain Hamelin made his way to Boulogne
without further adventure.

Mr. James 1 gives the following account of the invasion flotilla,
which, in July, 1805, was composed of 1339 armed, and 954 un-
armed vessels, intended to carry 163,645 men and 9059 horses, and
which was made up of six grand divisions :—

" The first, under the designation of the left wing, commanded hy Eear-Admiral
Jean Francois Courand, and stationed at the port of Etaples, was destined to carry the
troops from the camp of Montreuil, commanded hy Marshal Ney ; the second and
third, called the left and right wings of the centre of the flotilla, under the respective
commands of Rear-Admiral Daniel Savary and Capitaine de vaisseau Julien Le Ray,
occupied the port of Boulogne, and were destined to carry the troops from the two
camps to the right and left of the town, commanded by Marshal Soult ; the fourth,
named the right wing of the flotilla, commanded by Capitaine de vaisseau Franfois
Henri Eugene Daugier, occupied the port of Vimereux, and was to carry the corps of
Marshal Lannes. . . . The Gallo-Batavian flotilla, assembled at the port of Ambleteuse,
under the command of Vice- Admiral Ver Huell, formed the fifth grand division of the
expedition, and was to carry the troops commanded by Marshal Davout. The sixth,
or reserve division, lying in the port of Calais, under the command of Capitaine de
fregate Charles 1'Eveque, was destined to transport the division of Italian infantry, and
several divisions of dragoons, mounted and dismounted. The first four grand
divisions only had a regular organisation ; each was separated into two portions, called
escadrilles ; and each of the latter was to embark a division of the army, composed of
four regiments of the line, and one of light infantry, with its cavalry, artillery, and

Twice, on August 3rd, Napoleon, by way of experiment, caused
the entire army to embark. On the second occasion the whole
operation was accomplished in ninety minutes. The organisation,

1 James (ed. 1837), iii. 315 and 369. See also 'Precis des Evenements,' xii. 304.

1805.] NAPOLEON AND SEA-POWER. 181

therefore, both of the troops and of the flotilla, must have been
singularly perfect. Organisation alone, however, could not ensure
the success of the Emperor's plans. According to his own admis-
sion, when he was in his most sanguine mood, it was necessary also
that he should be master of the sea for six hours l in order to be able
to transport his huge and miscellaneous force across the Channel.
But six hours', or even six weeks' mastery of the Channel would, in
reality, have not availed him, unless he had not only swept away all
the British fleets, but also annihilated or shut up all vagrant British
cruisers ; unless, too, he had assembled a vast covering fleet before
Boulogne, had been favoured with a continuance of the best of
weather, and had met with comparatively little resistance on
landing. He could not reasonably expect to command all these
advantages, every one of which, nevertheless, was absolutely requisite
for the attainment of his objects. The truth is, that never through-
out his extraordinary adventures did Napoleon succeed in grasping
even the most elementary of the laws which govern maritime
operations.2 Whenever any one of his gigantic combinations was
made to depend directly upon the co-operation of fleets, or upon the
success of a naval movement, it failed. And it was, probably, because
Napoleon ignored the fact that, in nearly all the campaigns upon
which he embarked, sea-power was directly or indirectly a determining
factor, that his meteoric career terminated as it did. In view of the
immense difficulties of all kinds in the way of his successful invasion
of England, it has more than once been seriously questioned whether
he really cherished the hazardous project, and whether his prepara-
tions at Boulogne ought not rather to be regarded as an elaborate
mystification intended to mislead the world into believing that he
purposed to strike at Great Britain, when, indeed, he was preparing
to deal a blow at Austria. But this theory is, after all, untenable.
It is absolutely clear, from the testimony of many of the naval
and military chiefs who were engaged in the preparations, that
Napoleon did intend to cross the Strait of Dover, and that, if his
plans had not been rendered palpably hopeless by Cornwallis,
Calder, Villeneuve, and Nelson, he would have actually made the
attempt.

1 Letter of June 9th, in ' Precis des Evenements,' xi. 270. He later increased his
estimate of time to six days, then to fifteen days, and ultimately, according to O'Meara
(i. 349), to two months.

2 See Jurien de La Graviere, in ' Rev. des Deux Mondes,' Oct. 1887.

182 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

It has already been noted l that a French squadron under Bear-
Admiral Missiessy, who had succeeded Villeneuve in command at
"Rochefort, had been ordered by Napoleon in 1804 to proceed to the
West Indies, there to carry out certain operations, and ultimately
to join, and return to Europe with, Villeneuve. It has also been
seen that the intended combination failed, and that Villeneuve
and Missiessy did not meet. The Bear-Admiral, as has been said,
escaped from Bochefort on January llth, 1805, during a temporary
absence of the British blockading squadron under Bear-Admiral
Sir Thomas Graves (3), and, after some delay, crossed the Atlantic.
His force consisted of the Majestueux, 120, Jemmapes, 74, Mag-
nanime, 74, Lion, 74, Suffren, 74, Gloire, 40, Armide, 40, Infatigable,
40, Action, 16, and Lynx, 16 ; 2 and on board the squadron were 3500
troops under General Joseph Lagrange. On February 20th, in the
St. Lucia Channel, he chased a British convoy and captured the
transport Prince of Asturias ; and, later in the day, he anchored
before Fort Boyal, or Fort de France, Martinique. After throwing
ashore supplies, and consulting with the captain-general, Vice-
Admiral Villaret-Joyeuse, Missiessy decided to make an immediate
attack upon the British island of Dominica, before which he
accordingly appeared, under British colours, early on the morning
of February 22nd. As the French boats full of troops pushed off
from the ships, French instead of British colours were hoisted.
Three landings were effected under fire from the squadron ; and
ultimately, after a gallant resistance had been offered by some of
his subordinates, Brigadier-General George Prevost, the Commander-
in-chief, was obliged to retreat across the island from Boseau, Fort
Young, and Fort Melville, to Fort Prince Bupert. He there, on
February 25th, received a summons from General Lagrange ; but,
as he did not surrender, the French, for some unexplained reason,
decided to withdraw. On the 27th, therefore, after levying a
contribution of £5500, destroying some guns and stores, and
embarking some trophies and prisoners, they weighed and set sail
for Guadeloupe, whither had already been removed twenty-two
small merchantmen which had been captured in Boseau road.
At Basseterre, Missiessy disembarked certain troops and stores,
filled up with water, and sold his prizes ; and on the night of
March 2nd he put to sea again. At dawn on the 5th, he appeared

1 See p. 77, antea.

2 Joined, apparently in the West Indies, by an armed schooner.

1805.] CRUISE OF MISSIESSY. 183

off St. Kitts ; and, in the course of the day, he landed a column of
troops, which obliged the inhabitants of the capital of the island to
pay an indemnity of £18000. The British garrison, and part of
the local militia, had withdrawn to an impregnable position at
Brimstone Hill. The French, instead of following them, seized
all the merchantmen1 in Basseterre road, and then proceeded to
Nevis, where they levied a contribution of £4000, disarmed the
batteries, and destroyed such merchant vessels 2 as they could
find. Montserrat was visited on the 9th, and similarly treated.
Upon returning to Fort Royal, Martinique, on March 14th,
Missiessy found the brig, Palinure, with dispatches, announcing
the return to Toulon of Villeneuve after his first sortie, and
directing the squadron to return at once to Europe. Most of
the troops still remaining on board were therefore disembarked,
and Missiessy made for France. Calling on his way off the town
of San Domingo, on March 27th, he found General Ferrand, with
the last remnants of the French garrison, sorely pressed by the
negro insurgents under Dessalines. The last battalion of troops,
together with a supply of money and stores, was landed for the
relief of Ferrand ; and, again putting to sea, Missiessy succeeded
in evading the several British squadrons which were looking for
him, and, on May 20th, anchored in safety in Aix road. In
spite of what Missiessy had done, Napoleon was very displeased
with him, and wrote to Decres : "I choked with indignation
when I read that he had not taken the Diamond Eock. I would
have preferred to lose a ship of the line if only I could have thereby
gained that appanage of Martinique. If he has not departed, you
will make him aware of my dissatisfaction." Napoleon was also
incensed with Missiessy for not having held Dominica, attacked
Barbados, and remained longer before San Domingo. The Eear-
Admiral in consequence fell into disgrace, and was not again
employed until 1809.

The French Brest fleet had no active share in the campaign
of Trafalgar, and not until long after the decisive battle had
been fought did any considerable part of it put to sea. On
December 13th, 1805, however, a division of it, consisting of
eleven ships of the line, four frigates, a corvette, and two brigs
or dispatch-vessels, quitted its anchorage outside the Goulet, and,

1 There were six. Four were burnt and two were carried off.

2 There were five.

184

MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1805.

in the absence of Admiral the Hon. William Cornwallis, who had
been driven from his station by foul weather, got away unobserved.
On the 14th, this division separated into two squadrons, one ] of
which, under Vice-Admiral C. U. Leissegues, was directed to
disembark 1000 troops for the reinforcement of General F errand
at San Domingo, and then, before returning to Eochefort or
Lorient, to cruise for two months off Jamaica, or, if the British
were too strong in that quarter, to proceed off the banks
of Newfoundland. The other 2 squadron, under Eear-Admiral
J. B. P. "Willaumez, was to make either for the Cape of Good
Hope or for St. Helena, as the rear-admiral might determine, and
thence to go by way of Martinique or Guadeloupe to Cayenne.
It was next to cruise for some months off Barbados, and eventually
to return to Europe by way of St. Helena.

Not until December 24th, 1805, did the Admiralty receive news
of the division having left Brest, and it was even then informed
that only seven sail of the line, instead of eleven, had escaped. Two
British squadrons were at once ordered to prepare to proceed in
search of the enemy. Neither, however, succeeded in quitting the

SHIPS.

GUNS.

CoMMANDKHS.

1 Imperial * ....

Alexandre'l ....
Jupiter

130

80
74

jYice-Adm. Corentin Urbain Leissegues.
\Capt. Julien Gabriel Bigot.
„ Pierre Elie Garreau.
„ Gaspard Laignel.

Brave

74
74

Commod. Louis Marie Clouded
Capt. Jean Baptiste Henry.

Comets
Felicite

40
40

Diligent e

Com. Raymond Cocault.

* Ex- Venye

Mr.

t Ex-Indivisible.

SHIPS.

GUNS.

COMMANDKRS.

2 Foudroyant ....
Veteran

80
74

(Rear-Adm. Jean Baptiste Philibert Willaumez.
\Capt. Antoine Henri.
Jerome Bonaparte.

Cassard
Impetueux ....
Patriots

74
74
74

Gilbert Aimable Faure.
Alain Joseph Le Veyer Belair.
Joseph Hvacinthe Isidore Khrom.

Eole ...

Louis Gilles Prevost de Lacroix.

Valeureuse ....
Volontaire
Two brigs.

40
40

„ Bretel.

See Chevalier, 24G.

1805.]

SOS TIE OF LEISSEGUES AND WILLAUMEZ.

185

coasts of England until late in January, 1806. One 1 of these
squadrons, under Vice- Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren, Bart.,
was to go to Madeira, and, if it there appeared probable that the
French had made for the West Indies, to proceed to Barbados
and Jamaica, reinforce Eear-Admiral the Hon. Alexander Forester
Inglis Cochrane, and Vice- Admiral James Eichard Dacres (1),
and, unless it should receive definite intelligence as to the enemy's
route, return in part to Spithead. The other2 squadron, under
Eear-Admiral Sir Eichard John Strachan, Bart., was to look for the
French in the neighbourhood of St. Helena, and, in case of not
finding them there, to join a force which, as will be noticed later,
had been sent out under Commodore Sir Home Eiggs Popham to
attempt the reduction of the Cape of Good Hope.

On the afternoon of December 15th, 1805, when Leissegues
and Willaumez were still almost within sight of one another, both
were discovered to leeward by a convoy of twenty-three sail, which
was on its voyage from Cork to the West Indies, and which was
then in lat. 46° 8' N. and long. 12° 14' W., under the protection of
the Arethusa, 38, Captain Charles Brisbane, Boadicea, 38, Captain
John Maitland, (2), and Wasp, 18, Commander Buckland Stirling
Bluett. Leissegues was then steering westward with a N.N.E.
wind. Willaumez, heading to the southward, was, as appeared

SHIPS.

GUNS.

COMMANDERS.

1 Foudroyant ....
London

80
98

fVice-Adm. Sir John Borlase Warren, Bart.
\Capt. John Chambers White.
„ Sir Harry Burrard Neale, Bart.

Samillies

74
74

„ Francis Pickmore.
„ Hon. Alan Hyde Gardner.

Namur
Repulse

74
74

„ Lawrence William Halsted.
„ Hon. Arthur Kaye Legge.
„ James Bissett.

SHH-S.

GUNS.

COMMANDERS.

2 CxstAT

(Rear-Adm. Sir Richard John Strachan, Bart.

St. George
Centaur

\Capt. Charles Richardson.
Thomas Bertie (2).
Sir Samuel Hood (2).

Terrible
Triumph
liellona

74
74
74

Lord Henry Paulet.
Henry Inman.
John Erskine Douglas.

Looking to the work intended to be done by the above squadrons, the absence of
frigates and small craft is astonishing.

186

MA JOB OPEBATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1805.

subsequently, in chase of a convoy l from Gibraltar. On the 16th,
when only the squadron of Leissegues could be seen by Brisbane,
seventeen sail of the British convoy were ordered to the S.W.,
while the rest, with the men-of-war, tacked and stood to the N.W.
Leissegues did the same, and chased until evening, when he tacked
and again stood to the S.W. In the meantime Brisbane had
detached the Wasp to warn the officers off Eochefort, Ferrol,
Cadiz, and Gibraltar of the movements of the enemy, and had
sent the Boadicea with similar news to Cornwallis, off Ushant.
At midnight he made sail, with the six vessels of his convoy, to the
westward. Leissegues eventually abandoned the chase ; and on
December 23rd, between Madeira and the Canaries, the Arethusa
fell in with a British squadron under Vice-Admiral Sir John
Thomas Duckworth, K.G. This squadron2 was mainly composed
of ships which, under Rear-Admiral Thomas Louis, had been
detached by Collingwood, after Trafalgar, to blockade Cadiz, and
which, since November 15th, had been under the orders of
Duckworth, who had joined in the Superb from Plymouth.
The squadron had raised the blockade and proceeded in the
direction of Madeira 3 in consequence of information, received on
November 26th from the Lark, 18, Commander Frederick Langford,
that on the 20th a French squadron, conjectured to be the Eochefort
one under Allemand, had dispersed a British Goree-bound convoy
off the Salvages. Duckworth was returning to his station off
Cadiz when he was fallen in with by the Arethusa ; and, as he

1 In charge of the Polyphemus, 64, and Sirius, 36. Willaumez took one or two of
the transports and sent in the Volnntaire with them to Tenerife.

SHIPS.

GUNS.

CoMMANDEltS.

2 Superb

i Vice-Adm. Sir John Thomas Duckworth, K.G.
\Capt. Richard Goodwin Keats.

Canopus

(Rear-Adm. Thomas Louis.
\Capt. Francis William Austen (1).

Hon. Robert Stanford.

Donegal 74

Pulteney Malcolm.

Powerful* .... 74

Robert Plampin.

Agamemnon .... 64

Sir Edward Berry.

Acasta

Richard Bailing Dunn.

Amethyst* .... 3(i

John William Spranger.

* Before the action off San Domingo the Powerful ami Amethyst were detached, and the Northumberland, 14,
Atlas, 74, Mayicienne, 36, Kingfisher, 16, and Efcrvier, 14, joined. For the names of their commanders, see the
text infra.

3 For thus leaving Cadiz entirely unblockaded Duckworth was afterwards severely
blamed by Collingwood.

1805.] WILLAUMEZ ESCAPES FROM DUCKWORTH. 187

was working to the northward, in which direction Leissegues had
been last seen, he held on his course. On December 25th, being in
lat. 30° 52' N., and long. 20° 16' W., the British sighted nine strange
sail standing to the southward, and tacked after them in chase, with
every rag of canvas set. On the morning of the 26th, it was
perceived that the enemy's force included six instead of only five
sail of the line ; and the supposition that it was the Bochefort
squadron began, therefore, to be discredited. Until 1 P.M. the
chase was continued, with increasing advantage to the British ;
and not more than about seven miles seems to have then inter-
vened between the foremost of the British and the rearmost of the
French ships. But Duckworth's command was drawn out over
a distance of nearly fifty miles ; and, professedly influenced by this
consideration, and by the fear lest the Superb, the leading ship,
might be overwhelmed before she could be assisted, the Vice-
Admiral annulled the chase in lat. 28° 25' N. and long. 19° 10' W.
It was surely an unfortunate decision. The French were neither
of superior force, nor so concentrated as to be in a position to
crush the British ships had they come up, as they might have
come, in reasonably quick succession ; and it is all but certain that,
if Duckworth had persisted in the pursuit, he might have forced
his opponent, who was none other than Willaumez,1 either to
abandon his rearmost vessel, or to shorten sail, cover his rear,
and accept a general action.

Duckworth collected his squadron, sent the A methyst to England
with news of the strength and supposed destination of the French,
and then, his stock of water having run low, bore away for the
Leeward Islands. On January 2nd, 1806, he detached the Powerful,
74, to fill up with provisions and water at the Cape de Verde Islands
and then to proceed to the East Indies as a reinforcement for Bear-
Admiral Sir Edward Pellew ; and on January 12th, he anchored in
Carlisle Bay, Barbados, and sent forward the Acasta to St. Kitts
to make arrangements for the watering of the squadron at that
island. Weighing from Carlisle Bay on the 14th, he reached Basse-
Terre road, St. Kitts, on the evening of the 19th, and on the 21st
was joined by the Northumberland, 74, Bear- Admiral the Hon.
Alexander F. I. Cochrane, Captain John Morrison (1) (actg.),2 and

1 The force of Willaumez was as set forth in the note on p. 184, save that the
Volontaire, having been detached with prizes, was absent.

2 Confirmed, Feb. 5th, 1806.

188

MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1806.

the Atlas, 74, Captain Samuel Pym. As Cochrane brought no news
of any important movement on the part of the enemy, and as both
he and Duckworth were entirely ignorant of the course which had
been taken by Leissegues, Sir John, without special haste, watered
and refitted preparatory to returning to his station. But on February
1st, the Kingfisher, 16, Commander Nathaniel Day Cochrane, brought
intelligence that three French sail of the line had been seen making for

ADMIRAL SIR JOHN THOMAS DUCKWORTH, HART, K.B.
(From a drawing bij W. Evans, after the portrait by Sir Win. Beechcy, E.A.)

the town of San Domingo, and at once Duckworth weighed and
made sail to look for them. Off St. Thomas, on the 3rd, the squadron
was joined by the Epervier, 14, Lieutenant James Higginson. On
the morning of the 5th, off the east end of the island of San Domingo,
it was further joined by the Magicienne, 36, Captain Adam Mac-
kenzie, who confirmed the previous news, and who had with him a
Danish schooner which had sailed from San Domingo road after
the French had arrived there. On the following morning at dawn,

1806.] DUCKWORTH OFF SAN DOMINGO. 189

the British drew in sight of the roadstead ; and presently the Acasta
and Magicienne, which had been ordered ahead, signalled the
presence at anchor, first of two frigates, and, subsequently, of
nine sail.

Eight of these vessels composed the force with Vice-Admiral
Leissegues,1 who, after chasing the Arethusa and her convoy on
December 16th, had attempted to pass N.W. of the Azores, and had
fallen in with bad weather, which had not only forced him to bear
up and pass to leeward of the islands, but had also done him much
damage, and had obliged the Alexandre and Brave to part company.
On January 20th, Leissegues had anchored in San Domingo road ;
and he had subsequently disembarked troops and stores for the relief
of General F errand and had been rejoined by the Alexandre and
Brave. When discovered, on February 6th, he was practically ready
to proceed in execution of his orders.

At 7.30 A.M., the French, conscious that they were about to be
attacked, slipped their cables and made sail in a westerly direction
with a light N.N.W. breeze. As they approached Punta Palenque,
they formed in line of battle, the Alexandre leading, and being
followed in succession by the Imperial, Diomede, Jupiter, and Brave.
The Felicite, Gamete, and Diligente formed a parallel line closer in-
shore. The British, formed in two lines, steered to cross the course
of the leading French vessels,2 Duckworth signalling that the main
object of his attack would be the French admiral and his two seconds,
i.e., the three headmost ships of the enemy. The starboard or
weather line consisted of the Superb, Northumberland, Spencer, and
Agamemnon ; and the port or lee one, of the Canopus, Donegal, and
Atlas. At 8 A.M. the Canopus was nearly abeam of the Spencer,
and the ships of each British line were in fairly good order. The
Acasta, Magicienne, Kingfisher and Epervier, had taken stations to
windward of the line-of-battle ships.

" Soon after 8 A.M.," says James, " the inequality of sailing among the British ships
began plainly to show itself. By 10 A.M. the Agamemnon had dropped considerably
astern, and the Canopus, the leading ship of the lee line, was now no further advanced
than the former. The three leading ships of the weather line were in close order, and
gaining fast upon the French squadron ; the ships of which, at about 9.45 A.M.,3 hoisted
their colours, and, owing to the wind having shifted to N.E. by E., were now steering

1 The other was a merchantman.

2 This was because Duckworth believed that the French were seeking to join a
friendly force to leeward. Disp. of Feb. 7th.

3 When Duckworth signalled his ships to take stations for mutual support, and to
engage the enemy as they got up.

190

MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1806.

with it about a point upon the starboard quarter. At 10.10 A.M. the Superb, having
shortened sail, opened a fire from her starboard guns upon the Alexandre ; as, in
three minutes afterwards, did the Northumberland upon the three-decker, the Imperial.
In another five minutes, the Spencer, who was close upon the Northumberland's
starboard quarter, joined in the cannonade, taking the Diomede as her more immediate
opponent, but firing occasionally at the three-decker ahead of her ; and all the engaged
ships kept running nearly before the wind, at the rate of about eight knots an hour."

After having exchanged three broadsides, the Alexandre hauled
up on the port tack, passed astern of the Superb and Northumber-

ADMIRAL SIR PULTENEY MALCOLM, G.C.B.

(Engraved by Wm. Ward, after the portrait by S. Lane, painted when Sir Pultencij woe a
Vice-Admiral, 1821-37.)

land, and tried to cross the bows of the Spencer. This ship,
however, crossed the Alexandre' s bows, raked her, and then,
wearing, brought the Frenchman to action on the port tack ;
and the Alexandre eventually : fell among the British lee division,
which dismasted her. The Spencer's change of sides was at first
unperceived by the Superb and Northumberland, which were en-

1 At about 10.35 A.M.

1806.] DUCKWORTH OFF SAN DOMINGO. 191

veloped in smoke, and which, for a few moments, fired into her.
Soon, however, the truth was realised ; and, while the Spencer and
Alexandre remained closely engaged with their heads to the south-
ward, the rest of both squadrons continued to the westward, the
Northumberland pushing up on the Superb' s starboard quarter, and
very gallantly intervening between the British and French flagships.
When, at about 11 A.M., the Spencer had set the Alexandre on fire
and reduced her to impotence, she filled and bore up to assist her
consorts. The lee division, after passing across and firing into the
bows of the Alexandre, separated, the Canopus standing on towards
the Imperial, and the Donegal and A tlas attaching themselves to the
Brave and Jupiter ; so that the action was by that time general, save
that the Agamemnon still remained unable to get up. The Donegal,
having first poured her starboard battery into the Brave, wore under
that ship's stern and engaged her with the port battery, the result
being that the Brave was the next ship of the enemy, after the
Alexandre, to strike her colours. The Donegal then stood on,
ranged ahead of the Jupiter,1 and obliged that ship to run her on
board, the Frenchman's bowsprit coming over the Donegal's port
quarter, where it was secured by means of a hawser. This deter-
mined action on the part of Captain Malcolm soon induced the
Jupiter to surrender; and the Donegal at once sent a crew on board,
and took her prize in tow.

The A tlas, having left the Jupiter to the Donegal, had pushed on
and begun to seriously annoy the Imperial, when, unfortunately,
her tiller became jammed. At almost the same instant she received
an unexpected fire from the Diomede, and, in the confusion, she
fouled the Canopus and carried away her own bowsprit. But,
quickly heaving aback his after-sails, Captain Pym cleared his
consort, and, dropping alongside the Diomede, engaged her warmly
with his starboard battery, until the Spencer came up.

It was then about 11.30 A.M., and —

" the French admiral, much shattered and completely beaten, hauled direct for the land,
and, not being a mile off, at twenty minutes before noon ran on shore, his foremast then
only standing, which fell directly on her striking ; at which time the Superb, being
only in 17 fathoms water, was forced to haul off to avoid the same evil ; but, not long
after, the Diomede . . . pushed inshore near his admiral, when all his masts went." 2

1 The Jupiter had by that time been quitted by the Atlas, which, in pursuance of
Duckworth's orders, had stood on after the Canopus to assist the attack upon the
enemy's van.

2 Duckworth's Disp. of Feb. 7th.

192 MA JOS OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1800.

The Superb seems to have shown an excessive degree of pre-
caution in hauling off, as she did, to the southward when she had
still a full hundred feet of water under her ; but her withdrawal was
immaterial, for the Canopus continued to fire on the Imperial until
that ship, fast aground, ceased to reply. The Diomede went on
firing, however, up to the time when the Canopus, Atlas, and
Spencer, quitted her to rejoin the Vice-Admiral. During the action
the Comete, Felicite, and Diligente, having got well to leeward, had
hauled to the southward ; and, as the British frigates were not
ordered to pursue them, they all, unfortunately, escaped. The two
ships which had run ashore lay nearly midway between Punta
Nisao and Punta Catalan a ; and their bottoms were quickly stove in
on the rocks. The French removed the chief part of the crews, and
some of the stores to the shore, and would have destroyed the vessels,
had not the British frigates returned to the spot on the 8th, and
so interfered with the operation. The Acasta and Magicienne took
off from the Diomede Captain Henry, his surviving officers, and
about a hundred of his men, and then burnt both ships.

The losses of the British ships l in this action were : Superb, 6
killed, 56 wounded ; Northumberland, 21 killed, 79 wounded ; Cano-
pus, 8 killed, 22 wounded ; Spencer, 18 killed, 50 wounded ; Donegal,
12 killed, 33 wounded ; Atlas, 8 killed, 11 wounded ; and Agamemnon,
1 killed, 13 wounded : total 74 killed, and 264 wounded. Among
officers killed were Midshipmen David Eidgway (Northumberland),
and Charles H. Kynaston (Donegal), and Boatswain Martin Gates
(Spencer) ; and among the officers wounded were Captain the Hon.
Eobert Stopford (Spencer), and Lieutenants Charles Patriarch
(Superb), George Francis Seymour (Northumberland), and James
Harris (Spencer) . The ships were nearly all much knocked about ; but
only the Northumberland lost any mast by the enemy's fire. The
French loss was much more severe. It amounted, apparently, in
the Alexandre, to 300 ; in the Brave, to 260 ; in the Jupiter, to 200 ;
in the Diomede, to 250 ; and in the Imperial, to nearly 500 killed
and wounded. Of the prizes, the Alexandre and the Brave were
badly cut up ; but the Jupiter was little damaged. The Brave
foundered on her way to England ; the Alexandre was too much
shattered to be worth repairing for service ; and the Jupiter, re-
named Maida, was added, as a sea-going ship, to the Navy.

1 According to the official report; but the Superb, according to her log, had 6
killed and only 30 wounded.

1806.] CRUISE OF WILLAUMEZ. 193

Sir John Duckworth received no new public honour in respect of
the services rendered by him at San Domingo, although he, and all
who served under him, were voted the thanks of Parliament. Had
he, after the fiasco of December 26th, 1805, not brought Leissegues
to action, he would in all probability have had to explain to a court-
martial his strange conduct when in presence of Willaumez. Eear-
Admiral the Hon. A. F. I. Cochrane was, however, made a K.B.,1
and Bear-Admiral Louis, a Baronet.2 Commander Nathaniel Day
Cochrane, who had been sent home with the dispatches, was posted,
and the first Lieutenants of all the ships in line appear to have been
made Commanders.3 James says that some other promotions were
made ; but I have succeeded in tracing only a few officers who
received their first commissions in consequence of their share in the
action, and cannot discover that more than five Lieutenants were
advanced upon the occasion.

After having been abandoned by Duckworth on December
26th, Rear- Admiral Willaumez in due course reached the neigh-
bourhood of the Cape of Good Hope, and there learnt, from a
prize merchantman, that the colony had fallen into the hands
of the British. He remained until April in the South Atlantic,
and then put into San Salvador, whence he sailed for Cayenne.
There he separated his squadron into three divisions, which
for a time cruised more or less independently off the coast
of Brazil, and, ultimately, after having been chased by British
ships, reassembled on June 24th in the Bay of Fort Eoyal, Mar-
tinique. Martinique was watched by Bear-Admiral the Hon. Sir
A. F. I. Cochrane ; but bad weather prevented the watch from
being continuous, and thus enabled the ships of Willaumez not only
to get in, but also to put to sea again. The French, indeed, quitted
Martinique unobserved on July 1st, and, making for Montserrat,
seized three merchantmen lying at anchor there. Another part of the
squadron captured three ships and a brig off Nevis, and on the 3rd,
in vain, attacked a portion of a convoy anchored under the protection
of the guns on Brimstone Hill, St. Kitts. On July 4th, the com-
mand, again united, stood for Tortola, where was assembled a large
British convoy ready to proceed to England ; but at dawn on the

1 On March 29th, 1800.

2 On Ap. 7th, 1806.

3 On April 2nd were promoted Lieutenants George Ravenshaw (Spencer), Charles
Gill (Superb), William Sanders (Donegal), Joseph Pearoe (Canopus), and Richard
Harward (Northumberland).

VOL. V. O

194 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1806.

6th, when a little to the S.E. of the west end of St. Thomas, it
sighted Cochrane's squadron, which was on its way to protect the
threatened merchantmen, and which consisted of the Northumber-
land, 74 (flag), Captain Joseph Spear (actg.), Elephant, 74, Captain
George Dundas, Canada, 74, Captain John Harvey (2), Agamemnon,
64, Captain Jonas Eose, the frigates Ethalion, Seine, Galatea, and
Circe, and several small craft. Upon this, Willaumez, as if to avoid
an action, bore up and ran through the channel between St. Thomas
and Passage. For some hours he was followed by Cochrane, who,
however, mindful of the convoy, altered course in the afternoon for
Drake's Bay, Tortola, and, anchoring there on the 8th, found no
fewer than two hundred and eighty sail of West Indiamen which
looked to him for protection.

Although Willaumez never admitted that he had fled before
Cochrane, he did admit that, after sighting him, he deemed it wise
to shorten his stay among the Antilles. When, therefore, he
had filled up with water and provisions at Martinique, he made
for the Bahama Bank, with the object of there intercepting the
homeward-bound Jamaica convoy. Arrived upon his cruising ground,
he unscrupulously seized and detained every neutral vessel that
came near him, his aim being to keep secret his presence in these
latitudes ; and it is quite likely that he might have been conspicuously
successful, had not his plans been turned upside down by the
insubordinate action of one of his captains.

Jerome Bonaparte,1 commanding the Veteran, 74, was the
youngest brother of the Emperor. Born in 1784, he was made
an enseigne de vaisseau on January 25th, 1802, a lieutenant de
vaisseau on January 14th, 1803, a capitaine de fregate on
November 1st, 1804, and, in 1805, after he had first attempted
to confer the rank upon himself, a capitaine de vaisseau. This
young officer, always frivolous and headstrong, speedily discovered
that a cruise off the Bahama Bank was not to his liking ; and, on
the night of July 31st, he saw fit to part company without per-
mission,2 and to head for Europe. On August 10th, he fell in with
a British homeward-bound Quebec convoy under orders of Captain

1 After his naval experiences, he became King of Westphalia in 1807, but was
expelled in 1813. He fought at Waterloo, lived for many years subsequently as the
Comte de Montfort, returned to France in 1847, was created a Marshal of the Empire
in 1850, and died in 1860. ' Mems. et Corr. du Eoi et de la Reine Catherine,' 5 vols.,
1861-64.

2 Brenton (ii. 143, ed. 1837) erroneously says that Prince Jerome was " detached."

1806.] CRUISE OF WILLAUMEZ. 195

Eobert Howe Bromley, of the Champion, 22, and was so fortunate
as to take and burn six of the merchantmen. On August 26th,
when Hearing Belle Isle, he was chased by the Gibraltar, 80,
Captain Willoughby Thomas Lake, Penelope, 36, Captain William
Eobert Broughton, and Tribune, 36, Captain Thomas Baker (1) :
but the able officers who had been sent to sea with him succeeded in
carrying him safely to an unfrequented anchorage in the Baie de La
Foret in Brittany ; and thither no ship of the line ventured to
follow him.1

When, early on the morning of August 1st, Willaumez perceived
that his unruly pupil had vanished, he naturally became very uneasy,
and, while cruising in all directions in search of him, missed the
Jamaica fleet, of one hundred and nine sail. He returned at length
to his station, and again waited for the expected convoy, until he learnt
from a neutral that it was beyond his reach. The delay might easily
have cost him an encounter with Vice-Admiral Sir John Borlase
Warren,2 who had reached Barbados on July 12th, but who, upon
leaving it again, kept, as afterwards appeared, too far to the east-
ward. Willaumez next prepared for a cruise off the coasts of British
North America ; but in the night of August 18th his ships were
severely damaged and widely scattered by a hurricane which over-
took them in lat. 22° N., long. 63° W. The rear-admiral himself
carried the Foudroyant, by means of jury masts and a jury rudder, to
Havana, but, in order to enter that port, had to fight a very brisk
action on September 15th with the Anson, 44,3 Captain Charles
Lydiard. The Frenchman proved too heavy an opponent, and the
Anson eventually had to haul off.4

The squadron of Bear-Admiral Sir Richard John Strachan was
as unsuccessful as that of Warren in finding any traces of either of

1 In spite of this escapade, Prince Jerome was presently made a rear-admiral ; but,
in the year following, he finally abandoned the sea for the army.

2 For Warren's original squadron see note on p. 185. Sir John, after going to
Madeira, had returned to Spithead, and sailed again on J une 4th with all his former
ships except the London and Repulse (for which, however, were substituted the Fame, 74,
Captain Richard Henry Alexander Bennett, and one frigate, the Amazon).

3 The Anson lost 2 killed and 8 wounded.

4 There has been much gasconading about this action. Breuton (ii. 143, ed. 1837)
says that the Anson drove the Foudroyant for protection under the guns of Moro Castle ;
which is untrue. Guerin says that the Fowlroymt drove the Anson for protection under
the guns of Moro Castle ; which is absurd, seeing that Moro Castle, as a Spanish fortress,
was hostile to all British ships. Guerin, vi. 452. The facts, together with part of
Lydiard's letter to Dacres on the occasion, are to, be found in the ' Nav. Chron.' xix.,
447, 448. See, also Chevalier, 258.

o 2

196

MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1806.

the squadrons which had escaped from Brest, and it returned in
time to Plymouth. But, when it became known in England that
Willaumez, after leaving San Salvador, had gone to the north-west,
Strachan was once more ordered in search of him. Sir Richard's
force on the new cruise consisted of : — •

SHIPS.

GUNS.

COMMANDERS.

Ceesar
Terrible

74
74
74
74
74
74
36
36

/Re

ICa

ar-Adm. Sir Richard John Strachan, Bart.
it. Charles Richardson.
Lord Henry Paulet.
Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy, Bart.
John Erskine Douglas.
William Hargood (1).
Thomas Le Marchant G-osselin.
Robert Waller Otway (1).
Stephen Poyntz.
John James Stuart.

Itellono,

Belleisle

Audacious ....

Melampus

Decade

It left Plymouth on May 19th, and, after cruising off Madeira and
the Canaries, reached Carlisle Bay, Barbados, on August 8th, and
sailed thence again on August 13th. On the night of August 18th,
Strachan and Willaumez were within about sixty miles of one
another. The British squadron fared better than the French one
in the gale which then burst upon both ; but it also was dispersed ;
and when, on September 14th, the Bellona, Belleisle, and Melampus,
on the appointed rendezvous off Cape Henry, were searching for
their consorts, they sighted to leeward, and gave chase to, a French
74, which proved to be one of Willaumez's ships, the Impetueux,
making for the Chesapeake under jury masts. Being crippled and
pursued by such superior forces, she ran herself ashore, and, upon
being fired at by the Melampus, struck. She was, of course, in
neutral waters, and any attack upon her was a breach of inter-
national law ; yet she was taken possession of, as she lay, by the
boats of the British vessels. Soon afterwards, however, when two
suspicious sail appeared in the offing, Captain Hargood, as senior
officer, ordered the Bellona and Belleisle to get under way, and
directed Captain Poyntz to burn the prize.1

The other ships of Willaumez fared somewhat better. The
Patriote and Eole subsequently reached the Chesapeake in safety,
but were blockaded there by some British men-of-war detached from
Halifax. The Patriote, after long delay, found her way back to
France ; but the Eole appears to have never again left the river.

1 Hargood to Marsden, Sept. 15th, 1806. Chevalier, 258.

1806.] ESCAPE OF FRENCH FRIGATES FROM CADIZ. 197

The Valeureuse made the Delaware, and is said to have been broken
up at Philadelphia. The Foudroyant, when she had refitted at
Havana, returned to Brest in February, 1807. As for the Cassard,
she headed for Rochefort as soon as the gale had moderated, and
made her port without further adventure. In the meanwhile a
third British squadron, in addition to the squadrons of Warren and
Strachan, had been sent to sea under Bear- Admiral Sir Thomas
Louis, Bart., in the Canopus, 80, to bar the return of Willaumez.
When the news of the French disasters reached him on his station
to the west of Belle Isle, Louis proceeded off Cadiz.

The escape of Willaumez and Leissegues, with the best ships of
the Brest fleet in December, 1805, left but a comparatively small
and ill-found force in the great French port, and materially reduced
the responsibilities of the British blockading fleet, which remained
under the orders of Admiral the Hon. William Cornwallis until
February 22nd, 1806, when that officer struck his flag and was
succeeded by Admiral Lord St. Vincent. The blockade, or observa-
tion, was continued with great effectiveness ; and although, on
October 5th, 1806, the Begulus, 74,1 succeeded in entering the
harbour, no ship of the line, during the whole year, succeeded in
quitting it.

Vice-Admiral Lord Collingwood continued to maintain the
blockade of Cadiz ; but, in February, learning that four frigates
of the fleet which had been defeated at Trafalgar, were awaiting
an opportunity to put to sea, he withdrew his larger ships to a
distance of about thirty miles from the port, which he left to be
more closely watched by the Hydra, 38, Captain George Mundy,
and the Moselle, 18, Commander John Surman Garden, his hope
being that he would thus tempt the enemy to venture forth.

On February 23rd, a strong easterly wind sprang up, and, by the
26th, it had driven the blockading force as far to the westward as
Cape Santa Maria. Taking advantage of this, Captain La Marre
La Meillerie, in the evening of the day last named, put to sea with
the frigates Hortense, Hermione, Rhin, and Themis, and the brig
Furet.2 The escaping squadron was sighted at 9.15 P.M. by the
Hydra and Moselle, which at first steered a parallel course in order

1 After a long and successful cruise under Captain L'Hermite on the west coast of
Africa, the coast of Brazil, and in the West Indies. See next chapter.

2 Of eighteen 8-prs. Collingwood says she had ports for 20 guns, and carried
eighteen D-prs.

198 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1806.

to observe the enemy. Finding, however, that the French con-
tinued steadily to the westward, Captain Mundy, at 11 P.M.,
detached the Moselle to look for the Commander-in-Chief, and
continued the chase alone. At about 4.30 A.M. on the 27th, he
overhauled the Furet, which was some distance astern of her con-
sorts, and which, after receiving a broadside, struck.1 La Meillerie
made no attempt to prevent the Hydra from carrying off her prize.
His further adventures will be told in the next chapter.

But for this episode, the station under Collingwood's orders
witnessed no important movement of the allied navies during the
year. In Cadiz, ready for sea, lay five French and six or seven
Spanish ships of the line ; at Cartagena lay eight Spaniards ; at
Toulon were three Frenchmen, besides frigates ; but Trafalgar had
taught them lessons which they were loath to risk any repetition of.
The Mediterranean, nevertheless, was the scene of some naval
activity. By the treaty of Pressburg, signed on December 26th,
1805, Austria had renounced her claims upon the Venetian states
and had assented to their annexation to the Italian kingdom,
retaining only Trieste as a Mediterranean port. Prussia had also,
at about the same time, made temporary peace with Napoleon, who
was thus left free to devote his attention to the punishment of
Ferdinand of Naples for having, in defiance of the treaty of neu-
trality of October 8th, 1805, allowed British and Eussian troops,
under Generals Sir James Craig and Lasey, to be landed in the
bay of Naples, and for having begun military preparations on a
considerable scale. The Emperor promptly decreed the deposition
of Ferdinand and his dynasty ; whereupon, doubtful of their ability
to maintain themselves where they were, the Eussian troops
embarked for Corfu, and the British troops, about ten thousand
strong,2 transferred themselves from Naples to Messina in Sicily.
As soon as a French army began to advance, Ferdinand also
abandoned Naples, and, embarking in the Excellent, 74, Captain
Frank Sotheron, proceeded to Palermo. By the end of March the
troops of the Emperor were in possession of the whole Neapolitan
kingdom except Gaeta and the inland fortress of Civitella del
Tronto.

To assist Ferdinand, and to impede the progress of the French,

1 Mundy to Collingwood, transmitted to Marsdeu on Feb. 28th, 1800.

2 Owing to the illness of Sir James Craig, they passed under the command of Sir
John Stuart.

1806.] CAPTURE OF CAPRI. 199

Eear-Admiral Sir William Sidney Smith was detached by Lord
Collingwood. He reached Messina on April 21st in the Pompee,
74, and assumed command of the squadron * there assembled.
Smith at once proceeded off Gaeta, into which place, in spite of
all that the French could do, he threw supplies of ammunition, and
four lower-deck guns from the Excellent. He then went to Naples,
in order to make a diversion there, leaving before Gaeta the Juno,
32, Captain Henry Eichardson, the Neapolitan frigate Minerva, and
a dozen Neapolitan gunboats. On May 12th, and again on May
15th, the British force at Gaeta was able very materially to assist
the commander of the place, the Prince of Hessen-Philippsthal, in
the work of defence, Captain Eichardson, Lieutenant Thomas
Wells (2), and Lieutenant Eobert M. Mant, E.M., leading the boats
on the second occasion, when the Navy lost four killed and five
wounded.2

Having arrived in the bay of Naples3 with the Pompee, 74,
Excellent, 74, Athenien, 64, and Intrepid, 64, and having been
reinforced by the Eagle, 74, Sir Sidney set to work to reduce the
island of Capri. On May llth, the Eagle, Captain Charles Rowley,
with two Neapolitan gunboats, opened a heavy fire at short range
upon the defences at the spot which had been selected as a landing
place ; and, when the French had been driven out, a storming party
of seamen and Eoyal Marines was disembarked, and mounted the
heights with such impetuosity that the garrison quickly agreed to
capitulate. In the whole of this affair the British loss was only two
killed and ten, including Lieutenant James Crawley, wounded.
The storming party was led by Lieutenants John Arthur Morell
(Eagle) and Edward Eeding (Pompee), and by Captains Richard
Bunce and John Stannus,4 and Lieutenant George P. Carroll, R.M.5

Sir Sidney, having garrisoned Capri, made his way back to
Palermo, and, instigated by Ferdinand, induced General Sir John
Stuart to invade Calabria. Sir John, and four thousand eight
hundred infantry, were set ashore without opposition on July 1st,
in the gulf of St. Eufemia, and, on the 4th, attacked about seven

1 Pompee, 74, Excellent, 74, Athenien, 64, Intrepid, 64, two or three frigates
(including one Neapolitan) and a few small craft.

2 Richardson to Smith, May 14th and 16th, 1806.

3 Joseph Bonaparte had been proclaimed King of the Two Sicilies on
March 30th.

1 This officer with his own hand killed Captain Chervet, the French commandant.
6 Smith to Collingwood, May 24th, 1806.

200

MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1806.

thousand French troops near the village of Maida. The enemy,
besides his great numerical superiority, had cavalry as well as
infantry, but British bayonets completely defeated him. On the
victorious side the loss was only forty-five killed and two hundred
and eighty-two wounded. The French lost in killed, wounded, and
prisoners nearly four thousand men. This action freed Sicily from
immediate danger of invasion, and transferred to the victors all the

REAIi-ADM. SIR HOME RIGGS POPHAM, K.C.B., F.R.S.
(From Cardan's engraving, after the fainting by M. Brown, of Popham as a Post-Captain.)

stores and arms which had been prepared for the attempt ; but, by
the end of July the British expeditionary corps was again with-
drawn from the mainland, a garrison being retained, however, at
Scilla, and a small detachment of the 78th Eegiment being sent
round to Catanzaro, under Lieut. -Colonel M'Leod, to encourage the
patriots there. This detachment, supported by the Amphion, 32,
Captain William Hoste, and by a few Neapolitan gunboats, dis-
tinguished itself on July 30th by the reduction of the fortress of

1806.]

CAPTURE OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.

201

Cotro'ne and the capture there of about six hundred French troops
and large quantities of stores. These successes caused the enemy to
evacuate Calabria, which was thus saved for the moment by the
influence of sea-power ; but when, on July 12th, Gaeta was obliged
to surrender, the French had force and leisure to again occupy the
southern province ; and, assisted by the new prestige which the
capture of Gaeta had given them, they entirely reconquered all of
it except Scilla before the close of the year 1806. Their position,
however, was always thenceforward extremely precarious in southern
Italy, seeing that the sea was persistently denied them.

The only important colonial expeditions of the year 1806 were
those which are associated with the name of Sir Home Eiggs
Popham, who in the autumn of 1805 had been entrusted with a
small squadron secretly destined for the reduction of the Dutch
settlements at the Cape of Good Hope. The squadron was thus
composed :—

SHIPS.

Gras.

COUH ANDERS.

Diadem

(Commod. Sir Home Riggs Popham.
<Capt. Hugh Downman (on Jan. llth, 1806,

Raisonndble . . ...
Belliqueux ....
Diomede
Z/eda

64
64
50
38

(Lieut. William King (2) (actg. Capt.).
Capt. Josias Rowley.
„ George Byng (2).
Com. Joseph Edmonds (actg. Capt.).
Capt. Robert Honyman.

Narcissus

„ Hoss Donnelly.

Espoir

Lieut. William King (2) (actg. Com.).

Encounter .....

„ James Hugh Talbot.

Together with a number of transports and Indiamen having on board about 5000
troops under Major-General Sir David Baird, and joined, on January 6th, 1806, by the
brig Protector, Lieut. Sir George Mouat Keith, Bart.

It assembled from different points at Madeira, proceeded thence
to San Salvador on the African coast, sailed again on November
26th, 1805, and on the evening of January 4th, 1806, anchored to
the westward of Eobben Island, Table Bay. After Blauwberg Bay
had been reconnoitred overnight, and a demonstration had been
made off Green Island by the Leda, and the transports containing
the 24th Eegiment, the troops were embarked in boats very early
on the morning of the 5th, and were assembled alongside the
Espoir ; but, owing to the high surf which was running, it was
deemed expedient to send them back to their ships. Sir Home and
Sir David, in the Espoir, examined the coast for an available landing

202 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1806.

place, but found nothing more suitable than a spot in Saldanha Bay,
to which, accordingly, part of the transports, with some troops l
under Brigadier-General Beresford, proceeded under the care of the
Diom&de and Espoir. When, soon after this detachment had
weighed, the westerly wind began to drop, it was seen that the
surf greatly diminished. It was therefore determined to land the
rest of the army in Blauwberg Bay ; and, in the course of the after-
noon of the 6th, most of the force was set ashore. In this operation 2
thirty-five men of the 93rd Regiment were unfortunately lost owing
to the upsetting of a boat ; and, as the surf increased again, the
completion of the landing was postponed till the morning of
the 7th.

In the course of the 7th, the Leda, Encounter, and Protector,
with some of the transports, proceeded to the head of Blauwberg
Bay, and drove the enemy from some of his positions in that
neighbourhood. On the 8th, the army, formed in two brigades,
moved towards Cape Town, dislodged an advanced body of the
Dutch from the summit of Blauwberg, and, after a brisk action, in
which the bayonet played an important part, obliged the main force
of the enemy, under Lieut.-General J. W. Janssens, to retire with a
loss of about seven hundred killed and wounded. The British loss
was only fifteen killed, one hundred and eighty-nine wounded, and
eight missing. On the 9th, the British reached Salt River, and
were about to encamp there to await the arrival of their battering
train, when a flag of truce arrived with an offer of capitulation.
Fort Knocke was at once surrendered and occupied ; on the 10th
the articles of capitulation were signed, on the one hand by Lieut. -
Colonel van Prophalow, and on the other by General Baird and
Commodore Popham ; and on the 12th, Cape Town and its depen-
dencies, in the batteries of which were mounted 113 brass and 343
iron guns, were taken possession of. General Janssens, who, after
his defeat on the 8th, had established himself at Hottentot Holland's
Kloof, in the direction of Zwellendam, surrendered a little later ;
and thus the conquest of the colony was completed. In the opera-
tions a battalion of seamen and Royal Marines, under Captain
George Byng (2), of the Belliqueux, made itself most useful; and,
among the naval officers doing duty with it were Captain George

1 The 38th Kegiment, the cavalry, and part of the artillery.

2 Which was facilitated by the running ashore of a small transport to serve as a
breakwater.

1806.]

CAPTURE OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.

203

Nicholas Hardinge,1 and Lieutenants George2 Pigot (2), Thomas2
Graham, and William James 2 Mingaye. Captain Downman, in
addition, landed with some Eoyal Marines on the 8th. Popham also
wrote with approval of the conduct of Captain William Butterfield,
agent with the transports, and of John Cameron, of the Duchess of
Gordon, Henry Christopher, of the Sir William Pidteney, and James
Moring, of the Comet, masters in the H.E.I. Co.'s service. Before

ADMIBAL HDGH DOWNMAN.

(From H. B. Cook's engraving after a miniature fainted about 1806. when Downman
was a PostrCaptain.)

surrendering the place, the Dutch burnt the Bato, 68, lying in
Simon's Bay.3

On March 4th, while the squadron still lay in Table Bay, the

1 Then on his way to join his ship the Salsette. He was killed in 1808, while in
command of the San Fiorenzo in the action with the Piemontaise.

2 The Christian names of these officers are not mentioned in Byng's report, which
also cites Lieuts. Sutherland (? Robsrt), Carew, and Penree, whom I cannot certainly
identify.

3 Popham to Marsden, Jan. 13th, in Gazette Extraordinary of Feb. 27th, 1806.

204 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1806.

French frigate Volontaire, 40, which had been detached from the
squadron of Rear-Admiral Willaumez, entered the roadstead, de-
ceived by the Dutch flag flying from the forts and shipping, and,
passing within hail of the Diadem, very sensibly obeyed a summons
to strike when that ship changed her colours. In the prize were
two hundred and seventeen men of the Queen's and 54th Regiments
who had been captured with two transports in the Bay of Biscay.1
She was added to the navy, and entrusted to the command of
Commander the Hon. Josceline Percy, who had been previously
appointed to the Espoir, but had been unable to join her before her
departure, with Captain Downman and the Commodore's dispatches,
for England.

Towards the middle of April, Popham received intelligence that
the inhabitants of Buenos Aires and Montevideo, which were then
under Spanish rule, were so discontented that they would offer no
resistance to a British expedition. After consultation, therefore,
with Sir David Baird, he determined, upon his own responsibility,
to make an attempt upon those important places ; and, in pursuance
of the decision, he sailed on April 14th with the Diadem, Eaison-
nable, Diomede, Leda, Narcissus, Encounter,2 and five transports,
having on board the 71st Regiment, some artillery, and a few
dragoons, the military force being under Brigadier-General W. C.
Beresford. At St. Helena, Beresford persuaded the governor to
allow him to embark further troops and artillery sufficient to bring
up his little army to a strength of about twelve hundred officers and
men,3 and on May 2nd4 the squadron continued its voyage. On
May 27th, in order to obtain local information, Sir Home proceeded
ahead of the squadron in the Narcissus ; and, on June 8th, he
anchored in her off Flores. On the 13th, he was joined by the rest
of his command.

It was agreed that Buenos Aires should be first attacked ; and, on
June 16th, after a naval brigade of one hundred seamen and three
hundred and forty Royal Marines, under Acting Captain William

1 Popham to Marsden, Mar. 4th, 1806.

2 The Belligueux escorted the H.E.I. Co.'s ships back to Madras.

3 Beresford to Rt. Hon. Wm. Windham, Ap. 30th, 1806. Popham to Marsden, of
same date.

* In a dispatch of April 30th, he informed the Admiralty of the mission upon
which he had quitted the Cape; and as soon as the dispatch reached England, orders
of recall were sent after him ; but these did not reach him until after he had accom-
plished his purpose.

1806.] POPE AM IN THE RIVER PLATE. 205

King (2), had been put on board the Narcissus and Encounter, those
two vessels, with the transports and troops, moved up the Rio de la
Plata, while the Diadem blockaded Montevideo, and the Eaison-
nable and Diome-de cruised in the mouth of the river. Having to
contend with adverse currents, shoals, and fogs, the Narcissus and
consorts were not able, until the afternoon of June 25th, to anchor
off Point Quilmes, twelve miles below the city ; but, in the course of
that evening and the following night, the whole landing force of
1630 men was put ashore without accident or opposition. On the
morning of the 26th, Beresford attacked and easily dispersed a body
of about two thousand Spaniards,1 and then followed up the re-
treating foe, hoping to be in time to prevent him from destroying
the bridge over the Eio Chuelo, three miles from Buenos Aires.
The Spaniards succeeded in cutting the bridge, but on the 27th the
British crossed the river in boats and on improvised rafts, under the
conduct of Captain William King (2), and, having summoned the
city, entered it without encountering any resistance. On July 2nd,
the capitulation was formally signed. In pursuance of an agreement
come to on June 28th, a large sum was handed over by the city,
and this, with other captured specie amounting to 1,086,208 dollars,
was embarked in the Narcissus for conveyance to England. Lieu-
tenant James Groves, of the Diadem, subsequently took possession
of the neighbouring port of Ensenada, and some small vessels which
lay there. The naval brigade was then re-embarked, and Buenos
Aires left in charge of the troops.2

The capitulation of the place had been signed by Don Josef de
La Quintana, its governor, the viceroy of the province ; and most of
his troops having previously retreated inland to Cordoba. But even
in the city there remained a strong party hostile to the invaders, and
this party was joined on August 4th by Colonel Liniers,3 whom
Popham describes as " a French officer in the Spanish service, and
on his parole." Liniers managed to reach Conchas, above Buenos
Aires, almost unobserved, with about one thousand men from
Colonia and elsewhere. As early as July 31st, Popham had been
apprised of an intended insurrection, and he had made such dis-

1 Popham says " near 4000 Spanish cavalry." Disp. of July 6th.

2 Popham to Marsden, July 6th; Beresford to Windham, July 2nd; Terms of
Capitulation ; Beresford to Castlereagh, July llth, and July 16th, 1806.

* Marshall (i. 872) calls him de Linieres, and says that he was an ex-captain in
the French navy who had fled from France at the Revolution ; but he signed himself
" Santiago Liniers."

206 MAJOB OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1806.

positions as he could to check it. Beresford, moreover, had defeated
and dispersed about one thousand five hundred Spaniards under the
patriot leader Pueridon. But continuous bad weather interfered
with the carrying out of other measures of repression ; and on
August 10th, the insurgents summoned the place. It soon became
evident that the situation was serious within as well as without the
city. Popham desired to embark the wounded, and to move towards
Ensenada ; but the state of the weather frustrated most of his plans ;
and after the troops had been obliged to stand on the defensive
during most of the night of the llth, they were attacked on the
12th by overwhelming numbers. After having lost forty-eight
killed, one hundred and seven wounded, and ten missing, Beresford,
with his whole force, had to surrender, though, happily, terms of a
very favourable nature were obtained.1

The Commodore and squadron remained in the river blockading
the port until, early in October, he received reinforcements from the
Cape of Good Hope. He then made an attempt upon Montevideo,
but was obliged to abandon it as his vessels could not get near
enough to the defences to make any impression upon them. On
October 29th, his frigates entered the harbour of Maldonado, and,
disembarking a naval brigade, and troops under Brigadier- General
T. J. Backhouse, seized the town without much difficulty. On the
30th, he summoned, and received the surrender of the island of
Gorrete, which covers the harbour ; and thus he gained positions
which gave him a comparatively safe anchorage for his ships and
also a camping-ground for his men. Such was the situation in the
Eio de la Plata at the end of the year.2

Ere that time orders had been sent from England for Popham's
recall, and Rear-Admiral Charles Stirling (1) had been dispatched to
supersede him. The further history of the expedition will be given
later; but it should be mentioned here that, upon his recall to
Ecglard, Popham was tried by court-martial for having quitted
his station at the Cape of Good Hope without orders. The court
sat on board the Gladiator at Portsmouth from March 6th to
March llth, 1807, and the sentence was as follows : —

" The court has agreed that the charges have been proved against the said Captain
Sir Home Popham ; that the withdrawing, without orders so to do, the whole of any

1 Popham to Marsden, Aug. 25th, 1806.

2 Backhouse to "Windham, Oct. 13th, and Oct. 31st; Popham to Marsden, Oct. 9th,
and Oct. 30th.

1807.] DEFENCE OF DANZIG. 207

naval force from the place where it is directed to be employed, and the employing it in
distant operations against the enemy, more especially if the success of such operations
should be likely to prevent its speedy return, may be attended with the most serious
inconvenience to the public service, as the success of any plan formed by his Majesty's
ministers for operations against the enemy, in which such naval force might be included,
niay, by such removal, be entirely prevented. And the court has further agreed that
the conduct of the said Captain Sir Home Popham, in the withdrawing the whole of
the naval force under his command from the Cape of Good Hope, and the proceeding
with it to Kiu de la Plata, is highly censurable; but, in consideration of circumstances,
doth adjudge him to be only severely reprimanded ; and he is hereby severely repri-
manded accordingly.'' *

Napoleon's abandonment of the projected invasion of Great
Britain, and his reconciliation with Austria, gave him both leisure
and forces for the active prosecution of the campaigns which ended
at the peace of Tilsit,2 where Eussia and Prussia were added to the
number of his allies. The northern Powers were aided in their
struggle by the presence of British vessels in the Baltic ; but the
earlier military operations of 1807 were not of a nature which
permitted them to be very decisively, or even very directly, influenced
by sea-power, the waters bordering upon the scene of hostilities
being, for the most part, shallow, the navigation being intricate,
and it being impossible to employ large vessels to any advantage
under the ruling conditions. At Danzig, however, while the place
was besieged by the French under Marshal Lefebvre, some good
work was done by a little British detachment which arrived off the
harbour of the beleaguered city on April 12th, 1807, and which
consisted of the sloops : —

j SLOOPS.

GUNS.

COMMANDED.

Sally

Commander Edward Chetham.1

j Falcon 2 . . . .

„ George Sanders.

Charles (hired brig)

„ Robert Clephane.

1 Afterwards Sir Edward Cbetbam Strode.

2 Found by Chetham lying in Danzig bay.

The first object of Chetham, who throughout acted upon his own
initiative and responsibility, was to prevent the besiegers from re-
ceiving succour by sea ; and with that object he detached the Charles
to cruise. On the 16th, he anchored the Sally in Neufahrwasser, so
mooring her as to flank the isthmus by which alone the French

1 For the benefit of those who cannot consult the Mins. of the C. M., it may be said
that a good summary of the proceedings is to be found in the ' Nav. Chron.', xvii.,
pp. 209-242.

2 July 7th and 9th, 1807.

208 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1807.

could advance upon the works ; and on the 17th, finding that the
French, by taking up a position on the Nehrung, had intercepted
communication between Danzig and Neufahrwasser, he lightened
his sloop * by sending her heavier stores on board the Falcon, and
entered the mouth of the Vistula. From that position he engaged
for two hours and a half a French force of two thousand men and
three guns, supported by a small battery ; but, though he killed and
wounded upwards of four hundred of the enemy, he was unable to
clear the Nehrung, and, soon after 9 P.M., had to return to Neufahr-
wasser. In this gallant effort the Sally had about half her crew,
including Lieutenant James Edwards Eastman, wounded, her sails
and rigging much cut, and more than one thousand musket-balls
lodged in her hull.2 Chetham subsequently co-operated with an
attempt by the Prussians to fight their way from Weichselmiinde
into Danzig, and, aided by the Valorous, prame, Commander Reuben
Caillaud Mangin, took off the garrison of Fort Weichselmiinde just
before the occupation of the post by the victorious French. While
the siege of Danzig still lasted a magnificent but unsuccessful
attempt was made by the Dauntless, 18, Commander Christopher
Strachey, to run up the river and deliver six hundred barrels of
powder to the garrison ; but, owing to the difficulties of navigation,
she grounded under the enemy's batteries, and, after a plucky
defence, was obliged to strike. A few days later Danzig fell, and
on May 27th its garrison marched out with the honours of war.3
Soon afterwards the battle of Friedland opened the way to an
armistice, and eventually to the peace of Tilsit.

" That the French emperor," says Mr. James, " had not, in the meantime, wholly
neglected his marine, a glance at his naval means at the conclusion of that treaty will
show. In the ports of Brest, Lorient, Rochefort, Ferrol, Vigo, Cadiz, Cartagena, and
Toulon, were upwards of 45 French and Spanish sail of the line ready for sea, or
nearly so, exclusive of 3 French sail of the line in the West Indies and America.
Bonaparte flattered himself that he should soon have also at his disposal 9 Portuguese
sail of the line in the Tagus, and 5 Russian in the Mediterranean. These 62 sail, even
while lying in port, would occupy the attention of an equal number of British ships ;
and every division that escaped to sea would, in all probability, be pursued by at least
two squadrons of equal force. Moreover, it was requisite to have an adequate British
force in the colonies, east and west, to be ready to act, in case an enemy's fleet should
suddenly make its appearance. Hence, a great portion of the British navy was fully
employed in the southern, eastern, and western seas. We have .... to show what force

1 This is denied by Marshall, Supp., Pt. 1., 230 n.

2 Gazette, 1807, 749. Chetham to Marsden, Ap. 20th.

3 Marshall, Supp., Pt. L, 228, 233.

1807.] DANGER FROM A NORTHERN COALITION. 209

might be opposed to the remainder in the northern sea. In the port of Flushing and at
Antwerp . . . were 3 Dutch and 8 new French sail of the line, ready for sea, or fitting
with the utmost expedition. ... In the Texel were also 3 Dutch sail of the line,
making a total of 14. But these ships were not all. The French emperor . . . flattered
himself with obtaining, either by fair means or by foul, the 11 sail of the line belonging
to Sweden, and the 16 belonging to Denmark. There is also good ground for believing
that one of the secret articles of the treaty of Tilsit placed at the conqueror's temporary
disposal the 19 or 20 fine new ships which the Emperor of Russia had ready for sea or
nearly so, in the ports of Keval and Kronstadt."

With a possibility before her of having to deal with sixty-two
sail of the line elsewhere, and, at the same time, with about sixty
sail of the line in the North and Baltic Seas ; and with the know-
ledge that Napoleon, having brought to his feet Austria, Eussia, and
Prussia, would probably revert to his projects of invasion, if only to
find employment for his vast armies, Great Britain realised that
immense danger might result to her if all the Emperor's plans for
banding against her the northern nations should be suffered to take
shape. She, therefore, exerted herself to support Sweden, until it
became clear that Sweden, like the greater Powers, was unable to
make head against the Napoleonic alliance. And, when it appeared
that Denmark, too weak to make objection, was to be coerced into
closing the Sound to British commerce, and into lending her navy to
further the ambitions of Napoleon,1 the British Government deter-
mined that a very bold policy must be adopted, unless the interests
of the country were to be seriously imperilled. On July 19th, in
short, it was decided to ask Denmark to hand over her fleet to Great
Britain upon promise to restore the whole of it at the conclusion of
the war ; and, in case of refusal, to seize it by force.

No time was lost in putting this decision into practice ; and
as early as July 26th, Admiral James Gambier (2), sailed from
Yarmouth road, with seventeen of the following twenty-five ships
of the line, and with twenty-one — subsequently increased to forty-
frigates, sloops, bombs, and gun-brigs 2 (see next page).

On August 1st, when the main body of the fleet was off Gote-
borg, Commodore Keats was detached with the Ganges, Vanguard,
Orion, Nassau, Sibylle, 38, Captain Clotworthy Upton, Franchise, 36,
Captain Charles Dash wood, Nymphe, 36, Captain Con way Shipley,
and ten gun-brigs, to occupy the passage of the Great Belt, and so
to prevent assistance being sent over to Seeland from Fiinen, Jut-

1 See 'Mems. of Fouche,' i. 311 ; where the suspicion is corroborated.

2 Besides 377 transports, conveying about 27,000 troops, more than half of whom
were German mercenaries.

VOL. V. P

210

MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1807.

SHIPS.

GUNS. COMHAHDBBS.

(Admiral James Gambier (2), (B).

Prince of Wales * .

Capt. Sir Home Riggs Popham, 1st.

( „ Adam Mackenzie, 2nd.

Pompee 1 .

jVice-Adm. Hon. Henry Edwyn Stanhope (B).
\Capt. Richard Dacres.

Minotaur2 ....

(Rear-Adm. William Essington.
\Capt. Charles John Moore Mansfield.

Centaur1 ....

(Commod. Sir Samuel Hood (2).
\Capt. William Henry Webley.

(Commod. Richard Goodwin Keats.
\Capt. Peter Halkett.

Superb3

74 - Donald M'T.eoH.

Spencer1

,, Hon. Robert Stopford.

Vanguard1 ....

„ Alexander Fraser (1).

Valiant 2 .

74 -- .Tamfis VniiTur (y\.

Mars* .

„ William Lukin.

Defence 4 .

, Charles Ekins.

Maida 1

, Samuel Hood Linzee.

Brunswick ' .

, Thomas Graves (4).

Resolution '

, George Burlton.

Hercule 1 .

, Hon. John Colville.

Orion *

, Sir Archibald Collingwood Dickson.

Alfred1 . .

, John Bligh (2).

Goliath 1 .

, Peter Puget.

Captain 1 .

, Isaac Wolley.

Ruby 1 . . .

, John Draper (2).

Dictator1 . .

, Donald Campbell (1).

Nassau 1

, Robert Campbell (1).

Inflexible 2

, Joshua Rowley Watson.

Leyden 2 .

, William Cumberland.

Agamemnon'' .

, Jonas Rose.

1 Sailed with Gambier on July 26th. 3 Joined on August 5th, off Helsingor.

'' Joined on August 7th, off Helsingor. t Joined on August 8th and 9th.

3 Joined in the second week of August.

land, and Holsteen. This detached force was eventually joined by
the Superb, to which Keats transferred his broad pennant.

On the afternoon of August 3rd, having previously ascertained
that no opposition would be offered to the passage of the British
fleet into the Sound, Gambier exchanged salutes with Kronborg
Castle, and anchored in the road of Helsingor, where lay the Danish
32-gun frigate Frederikscoarn. During the following week, convoys
of transports, both from England, and from the island of Eiigen,
where a large number of German mercenaries had been embarked,
joined the fleet, the military commander-in-chief, Lieutenant- General
Lord Cathcart,1 arriving in the Africaine, 32, Captain Eichard
Eaggett, on August 12th.

In the meantime, Mr. Jackson, the British envoy to Denmark,

1 He had left England on July 5th, had reached Tromper Wiek, Ru'gen, on
July 16th, and had thence proceeded to Stralsuud, before joining Gambier.

1807.] CAPTURE OF THE " FREDERIKSCOARN." 211

had conferred with the Crown Prince at Kiel, and had put forward
the British demands. These had been politely rejected ; orders had
been sent to Copenhagen to prepare to defend itself ; and on
August llth, the Crown Prince himself had reached the city, which,
on the 12th, was quitted by the King, who proceeded to Kolding, in
Jutland, leaving the defence of the place in the hands of the governor,
General Peyman. This officer appears to have had at his disposal a
regular military force of not more than 5500 men, besides about
4000 seamen, and about 3600 armed citizens. The main body of
the Danish army was at the time in Holsteen. The permanent
defences of the city were not materially different from those which
had existed at the time of Nelson's attack upon them in 1801. 1 The
Trekroner batteries mounted sixty-eight guns, besides mortars ; a
pile battery, off the citadel, and apparently new, mounted thirty-six
guns and nine mortars ; the citadel itself mounted twenty guns and
three or four mortars ; and the arsenal batteries mounted fifty guns
and twelve mortars. All the guns were long Danish 36 and 24-prs.,
and the mortars were of large calibre. The mobile defences con-
sisted of the mastless 64-gunship Mars, the 22-gun prame St.
Thomas, the 20-gun prames Elven, Eyderen&nA Gluckstad, and about
thirty gunboats, each carrying two guns. All these craft lay around
the Trekroner, and off the harbour. Inside the port there were
several sail of the line, frigates and sloops, besides three two-deckers
on the stocks.2

On the night of August 12th, the Frederikscoarn, 32, perceiving
what was likely to happen, slipped her cable, and left Helsingor
road, making for Norway. On the following day Admiral Gambier
sent after her the Defence, 74, Captain Charles Ekins, and Comus, 22,
Captain Edmund Heywood, with orders to detain the fugitive. As
the wind was light, Ekins subsequently directed Heywood to proceed
ahead and execute the service singlehanded. Early on the 14th, the
Comus descried the chase, and, in the course of the day, steadily
overhauled her, until, at about midnight, she ran alongside the
enemy. Heywood requested the Danish captain to bring to, and
suffer his ship to be detained ; but a refusal was, of course, returned ;
and there ensued a close action, the Comus first taking up a raking
position, and then being fallen on board of by her disabled opponent.
After about forty-five minutes' cannonade, the Dane was boarded by

1 See plan, vol. iv., p. 430.

2 See list infra. Two other sail of the line were in Norwegian ports.

p 2

212

MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1807.

a party under Lieutenants George Edward Watts l and Hood Knight,
and carried without further resistance. The British lost only one
man wounded. The Frederikscoarn, besides suffering very severely
in hull and rigging, had twelve killed and twenty wounded. The
capture was a most creditable one ; for, although the Comus actually
carried, in addition to her twenty-two long 9-prs. on the maindeck,
two more long 9-prs. and eight 24-pr. carronades on her quarter-

JAMES GAMBIER (2), LORD GAMB1ER, G.C.B., ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET.

(From a drawing by\W. Evans, engraved by G. Bartolozzi, after a portrait by Sir Win. Beechey, E.A,.
minted when his Lordship was an Admiral of the Blue.)

deck and forecastle, the Frederikscoarn also exceeded her rated force,
carrying at least thirty-six guns ; and she had, moreover, 12-prs. on
her main-deck.2 The complement of the Danish ship was 226 ; that
of the British one, only 145. 3

Delayed by the state of the weather, the fleet did not move

1 Promoted for this service to be Commander, September 17th, 1807.

2 Heywood to Eking, August 15th. Another account gives her thirty-two 12- and
6-pre., and six 12-pr. carronades, or thirty-eight guns in all. O'Byrne, 1259, 1260.

3 Gazette, 1807, 1157.

1807.]

ATTACK ON COPENHAGEN.

213

until August 15th, when it worked up to Wedbeck Bay, about half
way between Helsingor and Copenhagen. There the greater part
of it anchored, while a squadron under Bear-Admiral William
Essington proceeded and anchored closer to the city. On the
16th, some of the troops were landed at Wedbeck without opposition,
and the rest of the fleet approached Copenhagen. On the same day
the Commanders-in-Chief addressed a proclamation to the inhabitants ;
and the King, from Gluckstad, and General Peyman, from Copen-
hagen, issued an edict for the detention of all British vessels and
property. On the 17th, the Danish gunboats, off the harbour,
seized and burnt a British merchantman, fired at the pickets of the
British army, and were fired at by some of the British bombs and
gun-brigs ; whereupon they withdrew into the harbour. Later in
the day, Gambier, with sixteen sail of the line and several frigates,
anchored about four miles north-east of the Trekroner, near the spot
where Parker had anchored in 1801, and ordered his cruisers to
detain all Danish ships.

From the 18th to the 21st, when Gambier declared a blockade of
Seeland, there were several affairs of no great importance between the
British and Danish small craft ; and, in the interval, more troops were
disembarked, chiefly in Kjb'ge Bay, and a battery was erected to the
north of the city. On the 22nd, while the army was constructing
mortar batteries in advance of this work, three Danish prames, each
of 20 guns, and all the gun-vessels, made preparations to interrupt the
business ; and, in order to repel them, a British flotilla, under Captain
Peter Puget, of the Goliath, took up a position inside the Trekroner,
over the shoals. This flotilla consisted of the following :—

SHIPS.

GDHS.

COMMANDERS.

Hebe, hired ....

Commander Edward Ellicott.

Mutitie .
Thunder, bomb.
Vesuvius, bomb
JEtna, bomb .
Zebra, bomb

18
8
10
8
12

, Hew Steuart.
, George Cocks.
, Richard Arthur.
, William Godfrey.
„ William Bowles.

With the gun-brigs Indignant, 12, Lieut. George Broad ; Kite, 18, Com. Joseph James ;
Pincher, 14, Lieut. James Aberdour; Urgent, 14, Lieut. Peter Rigby; Tigress, 12,

Lieut. R Long; Safeguard, 14, Lieut. Robert Balfour; Fearless, 14, Lieut. John

Williams (2) ; anil Desperate, 14, Lieut. • • Price ; three small armed transports, and

ten ships' launches fitted as mortar boats.

At 10 A.M. on the 23rd, these vessels were furiously attacked
by the Trekroner, the prames, the gunboats, and all the Danish

214 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1807.

vessels within range. They returned the fire briskly until 2 P.M.,
when, being overpowered, they retired, having lost Lieutenant John
Woodford (Cruiser), and three. seamen killed, and Lieutenant John
Williams (Fearless), seven seamen and five Eoyal Marines wounded,
and having received a considerable amount of damage. The British
shore batteries, however, presently drove off the Danish gun-vessels,
with a loss of nine killed and twelve wounded.

On the 25th, some of the gun-vessels, entering the channel
between Amager and Seeland, attacked the right of the British
army ; and on the 26th, others of them made a further attempt
to destroy the works to the northward, but had to withdraw after
one of their number had been blown up and several more had been
badly mauled. On the 27th, new British batteries were ready,
and, opening fire, inflicted some loss on the gunboats ; but on
the 28th, 29th, and 30th both sides remained quiet. On the 31st,
the Danish vessels near the harbour's mouth began a fresh attack
upon the works to the northward, and upon the flotilla which
supported them ; and on that day the armed transport, Charles, was
blown up by a shell from the Trekroner, losing her Master, James
Moyase, and seven seamen, besides two men belonging to the
Valiant, and having twenty-one people wounded.

Stralsund had by that time fallen into the hands of the French ;
and, on September 1st, in order to prevent reinforcements from
being sent thence to the Danes, a blockade of the port was pro-
claimed, and Commodore Keats was ordered to make the dispositions
necessary for enforcing it. On the same day, the preparations for
a general bombardment of Copenhagen being nearly completed,
General Peyman was summoned to surrender the Danish fleet, and
was assured that it and other captured Danish property should be
restored immediately upon the conclusion of a general peace. He
declined, but asked for time to communicate the summons to the
King. The British Commander-in-Chief refused to grant this ; and
at 7.30 P.M. on September 2nd, all the besieging batteries opened
upon the town, which was set on fire within a few minutes. The
bombs co-operated, and the fire was returned until about 8 A.M. on
the 3rd, when the bombardment ceased. It was resumed, however,
in the evening, and continued, but not hotly, throughout the
following night. On the evening of the 4th, the Danes still
remaining obdurate, the batteries opened once more with great
fury ; and presently enormous conflagrations were raging in the city,

1807.]

SURRENDER OF THE DANISH FLEET.

215.

the firemen, many of whom had fallen, proving quite unable to cope
with them. So matters went on until the evening of September 5th,
when, the flames threatening the entire destruction of the place,
General Peyman, under a flag of truce, begged for a twenty-four
hours' armistice, in which to discuss terms. The request was
refused ; but the firing was ordered to cease ; and in a short time
the Governor agreed to accept the surrender of the fleet as a basis
for negotiation. By the evening of the 6th, the articles were drawn
up ; and, on the morning of the 7th, they were signed and ratified,
the Danes giving up to the British possession of the citadel, and
of the ships and stores. Upon the removal of the latter, or within
six weeks, the citadel was to be restored, and Seeland evacuated.
In the interim, hostilities were to cease, and prisoners and property
taken by either side were to be restored.

The British naval losses during the operations have been noted
already. The army lost 42 killed, 145 wounded, and 24 missing.1
The Danes lost at least 250 combatants killed and wounded, besides
a large number of prisoners ; and, unhappily, a considerable number
of innocent non-combatants also perished, General Peyman having
omitted to send the women and children out of the city previous
to the bombardment, although he had an opportunity for doing so.

The Danish vessels surrendered under the terms of the capitula-
tion were the following : —

Guns.
Christian \'U 84

Guns.

Aalborg .
Oilense .
iMnuesund
Stavcern .

(

2, &

Juns.
6 cans.

= carrs.

Triton 2 . 28

Prindtesse Sophie Frtderike . 74

Frederiksteen 28

Lille Kelt 20
St. Ttiomas t .... '22

Arveprinds Frederik ... 74
Kronprinds Frederik ... 74
Fyen . 74

f'hristiansur
Flensborg
Wiborg .
Xallundborff
Jlelsingoer
A'estved .
Jtoeskilde
Saltltotmen
Frederic-sun
IStubbekjobin
Jiodby .
yytted .
Svendborg
Faaborg .
Uolbek .
Middelfart
Assens
ftjerteminde

\d
I

Fylla . . 20

Elven 16

Odin . . 74

Skjold. . .... 74

Kronprindsesse Marie ... 74

Jftdelven 1 6

Prindsesse Caroline ... 74
JHthmarsehen* 64

Flyoemlefiske .... 14
Allart2 ... 16

JUars (mastless) > .... 64

Coureer 16
Hrevdrageren 1 .... 16

Freja 36

Arendal . . . 2, & 6 cans.
Nykjobing . . „
Nakfkov ... „

jrit 36

1 Destroyed as useless, as also were the Xcptunoi and 23 of the 2-gun gunboats, while on the way to England.

2 Not included in Gainbier's dispatch. Were discovered later.

(For assistance in compiling the above I am indebted to Dr. Johan Fogh, of the University of Copenhagen.;

1 These were all lost during petty sorties and skirmishes. No one on the British
side Buffered during the bombardment.

216 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1807.

The Crown Prince had sent to General Peyrnan an order to burn
the fleet, in case he should be obliged to surrender the city ; but the
bearer of the order, being captured by a British patrol, destroyed his
dispatches. Besides the vessels surrendered, three 74's, which were
on the stocks, were taken to pieces or otherwise rendered useless ;
and the Mars, Dithmarschen, Triton, and St. Thomas, being rotten,1
were destroyed. The others were removed from the harbour to the
road, whence, when the army had been re-embarked, they sailed
on October 21st for England with the fleet. Owing to some mis-
management, the Neptunos, 80, grounded near the island of Hveen,
and eventually had to be destroyed ; and in the Kattegat, owing
to the rough weather there encountered, all the captured gunboats
except three had to be similarly got rid of ; but, at the end of the
month, the expedition, without further casualties, reached Yarmouth
and the Downs. Admiral Gambier announced, with some magnilo-
quence, that his success had " added the navy of Denmark to that
of the United Kingdom " ; but, of the numerous line-of -battle ships
brought to England, four only were found worth refitting for sea-
service ; so that the real accession of strength was but trifling.
These four were the Christian VII., of 2131 tons, the Damnark, of
1836 tons, the Norge, of 1960 tons, and the Prindsesse Caroline,
of 1637 tons. The Christian VII., a vessel of very fine type, served
as model for the Cambridge, which was laid down at Deptford, and
launched in 1815. 2

The attack upon Copenhagen was undoubtedly a wise and indeed
a necessary measure. In times of general war, weak powers, which
cannot preserve their neutrality, and which may be used as tools
by one of the great parties to the strife, are sources of danger to the
other party ; and it is only prudent of that other party to seize the
earliest possible occasion for depriving them of weapons, which,
though comparatively harmless in the hands of small and un-
ambitious states, may be formidable under the management of
large and aggressive ones. The strict legality of the seizure of the
fleet is more open to question. In the conduct of the operation

1 According to Gambler's list, the Mars had been built in 1784, the Dithmarschen
in 1780, the Triton in 1790, and the St. Thomas in 1779.

2 Gambier to Castlereagh, Aug. 16th ; Procl. of Gambier and Cathcart, Aug. 16th ;
Cathcart to Castlereagh, Aug. 22nd; Gambler's Journal; Gambier and Cathcart to
Peyman, Sept. 1st ; Eeply of Peyman, Sept. 1st ; Gambier and Cathcart to Peymam
Sept. 2nd; Gambier to Pole, Sept. 7th, and Oct. 20th; Corresp. in Chatterton's
' Gambier ; ' etc., etc.

1807.] CAPTURE OF HELGOLAND. 217

there was room for the display of promptitude, decision, tact, and
good conduct ; and these qualities were displayed to the full both
by the Navy and by the army. But there was little scope for the
acquisition of glory. The Danes were taken at a disadvantage, and
were numerically inferior as well by land as by sea ; and, looking
to the overwhelming nature of the British forces employed, any
meed of success short of what was actually achieved would have
been disgraceful. Nevertheless it was deemed proper to vote the
thanks of Parliament to both branches of the service, to give a
peerage to Admiral Gambier, to promote Lord Cathcart from the
Scots' peerage to a Viscounty in that of the United Kingdom,1 and
to make Baronets of Vice-Admiral the Hon. Henry Edwyn Stan-
hope,2 Lieut.-General Harry Burrard,3 and Major-General Thomas
Blomefield.4 Captain George Kalph Collier, of the Surveillant, who
carried home the dispatches, was knighted. But neither then, nor
in 1847, were any medals granted in respect of the affair, which
presently produced a formal declaration of war by Denmark.5 Great
Britain replied, on November 4th, by ordering reprisals against that
country. During the winter, however, hostilities in the north were
practically suspended ; and a small naval force, cruising in the Belt,
sufficed to protect British interests at the mouth of the Baltic.

While Copenhagen was being beleaguered, Denmark was quietly
deprived of one of her outlying possessions, the island of Helgoland.
On August 30th, the island was summoned by the Quebec, 32,
Captain Charles John, Viscount Falkland. The governor refused
to surrender, and the Quebec was about to compel him, when, on
the afternoon of September 4th, the Majestic, 74, Vice-Admiral
Thomas Macnamara Eussell, Captain George Hart, appeared upon
the scene. This brought a flag of truce from the shore ; and, on
the following day, articles of capitulation were signed without
further dispute.6 The island remained in British hands until 1890,
when it was amicably transferred to Germany, as representing
Schleswig-Holstein, in return for concessions in other quarters.

Just as the ambitions of France were responsible for British
hostilities against Denmark, so were they, in the same year,
responsible for British hostilities against the Sublime Porte. By

1 Nov. 3rd, 1807. 2 Nov. 13th, 1807.

3 Nov. 12th, 1807. * Nov. 14th, 1807.

5 Influenced by the near presence of very large French forces, and by the prospect
of Russian support.

s Russell to Admlty., Sept. 6th, 1807.

218 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1807.

the autumn of 1806, French counsels had become all powerful
at Constantinople, and had disposed Turkey to run counter to all
the projects of Great Britain, and of Eussia, her then ally ; and,
on September 16th, 1806, the French ambassador demanded, with
threats, that the Sultan should close the Dardanelles to Eussian
vessels, which, under treaty, had for some time enjoyed the right
of passing them. To this demand the Porte acquiesced, though,
on October 15th, intimidated by the preparations of the Eussian
ambassador to leave Turkey, it reversed the decree.

The attitude of the Sultan induced Lord Collingwood, who
still watched Cadiz, to detach a small division to reconnoitre the
Dardanelles, in case it should become necessary for a British
squadron to force them and to make its way to Constantinople.
Collingwood sent away Eear-Admiral Sir Thomas Louis on
November 2nd, 1806, in his flagship, the Canopus, 80, Captain
Thomas George Shortland, with the Thunderer, 74, Captain John
Talbot, Standard, 64, Captain Thomas Harvey, Active, 38, Captain
Eichard Hussey Moubray, and Nautilus, 18, Commander Edward
Palmer. Louis reached Malta on November 8th, sailed again on
the 15th, and anchored off Tenedos on the 21st to wait for pilots
and a southerly wind. In the early morning of the 27th he weighed
for the Strait, and, having entered it, left the rest of his command
at anchor in Azire Bay, a little below the castle of Abydos, and
proceeded in the Canopus alone. By 5 P.M. on November 28th, he
had anchored off Seraglio Point, where he found the Endymion, 40,
Captain the Hon. Thomas Bladen Capell, which had brought out
the British ambassador, Mr. Arbuthnot, and was awaiting the result
of his negotiations.1

On November 23rd, a large Eussian army had entered Moldavia.
News of this invasion caused the Porte to decline to make any
further concessions to the Eussian ambassador, who, on December
25th, took refuge on board the Canopus. On December 28th, Louis,
leaving the Endymion at the disposal of Mr. Arbuthnot, weighed
to return to Azire Bay, where he re-anchored on January 2nd, 1807.
On January 4th, the Eussian ambassador removed to the Active, for
conveyance to Malta ; and on January 31st, the Endymion joined
the squadron, having quitted Constantinople on the 29th, with the
ambassador and the entire British commercial colony on board.

1 Collingwood's 'Collingwood,' 263 et seq.

]807.] QUARREL WITH THE PORTE. 219

Capell had hurriedly carried them off upon an assurance that the
Porte had intended to seize both them and his ship in order to
secure hostages. Louis at once made the best of his way out of the
Strait, and, on February 1st, was again at anchor off Tenedos.

As early as November 22nd, 1806, the British Government,
in anticipation of the probable course of events, had sent direc-
tions to Lord Collingwood, ordering him to detach a larger
squadron to the Dardanelles, and indicating Vice-Admiral Sir John
Thomas Duckworth for the command of it ; but Collingwood, off
Cadiz, did not receive these instructions until January 12th, 1807.
On the 15th, nevertheless, Duckworth, in the Royal George, 100,
Captain Eichard Dalling Dunn, quitted the Commander-in-Chief.

Collingwood's directions l to his subordinate were not as clear and
precise as they might have been. Duckworth, after assembling
certain ships, was to proceed with all speed to Constantinople, and
to so place himself as to be able to bombard the city in case of the
refusal of the Porte to deliver up the Turkish fleet and stores
sufficient for its equipment. But he was to consult with Mr. Arbuth-
not, the British ambassador, on the measures proper to be pursued ;
and he was not to demand the Turkish fleet until the ambassador
should be of opinion that hostilities ought to commence. Again,
he was recommended, after having made the demand, not to allow
the Turks to gain time by prolonged negotiations, none of which
should be permitted to " continue for more than half an hour " ; and,
upon receiving " an absolute refusal," he was either to cannonade
the town or to attack the fleet, wheresoever it might be found,
bearing always in mind that to secure the fleet, or, if not, to destroy
it, was the first object to be kept in view. Collingwood explained
that he was sending on the service a larger force than had been
originally intended, as he was doubtful whether the Eussians would
be able to co-operate ; but he added that he had asked Vice-Admiral
Seniavine, who was then in the Archipelago, to detach four of his
ships to serve under Duckworth in the expedition.

Duckworth reached Gibraltar on January 17th, picked up the
Windsor Castle and Repulse, sailed again on the 18th, and anchored
on the 30th at Valetta, whence he dispatched the Active to Sir
Thomas Louis to apprise him of the projected plan of operations.
At Malta, Duckworth was joined by the Ajax, and Pompee, from the

1 Collingwood to Duckworth, Jan. 13th, 1807.

220

MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1807.

coast of Sicily ; on February 4th, he sailed for the Levant, and on
the 10th he arrived off Tenedos, where his entire command consisted
of the following men-of-war : —

SHIPS.

GONS.

COMMAHDEBS.

Soyal George ....

100

jVice-Adm. Sir John Thomas Duckworth, K.B.
\Capt. Richard Dalling Dunn.

1 Rear-Adm. Sir Thomas Louis.

\Capt. Thomas George Shortland.

Pompee

(Rear-Adm. Sir William Sidney Smith.
\Capt. Richard Dacres.

Windsor Castle .

Charles Boyles.

Hon. Arthur Kaye Legge.

Hon. Henry Blackwood.

John Talbot.

Thomas Harvey (1).

Endymion

Hon. Thomas Bladen Capell.

Richard Hussey Moubray.

Lucifer, bomb ....

Com. Robert Elliot.

Meteor, bomb ....

„ James Collins.

The fortifications of the Dardanelles had by that time been
discovered to be somewhat less formidable than had been previously
supposed. About a mile within the Strait, where the channel is two
miles wide, were the outer castles of Europe and Asia, Sedil Bahr
and Koum Kaleh l ; nine or ten miles further, where the channel's
width contracts to three-quarters of a mile, were the inner castles
of Europe and Asia, Kilid Bahr and Chanak Kaleh.2 Yet further,
at another constriction, were other forts, which had to be passed ere
the Sea of Marmora could be reached ; but the batteries were every-
where either in bad condition or but partially armed. As for the
Turkish fleet, most of it was reported to be moored at Constantinople
and to be not yet fit for sea ; but a division of it, consisting of one
64-gun ship, four frigates, four corvettes, two brigs, and three gun-
boats, lay in the Dardanelles, under Point Pesquies.

Duckworth weighed at 11 A.M. on February llth, but, the wind
not being fair, had to anchor at 1 P.M. off Cape Janissary. While he
lay there, he wrote, on the 14th, to Collingwood a letter in which
occurs the following obscurely ominous passage : —

" I think it a duty I owe to his Majesty and my own honour, to observe to your
Lordship that, our minister having left Constantinople sixteen days since, and the
Turks [having] employed French engineers to erect batteries to flank every turn in our
passage through the Dardanelles, I conceive the service pointed out in my instructions
as completely altered; and, viewed in whatever light it may be, [it] has become the
most arduous and doubtful that ever has been undertaken ; for, as I am instructed by

Sand Castle.

Castle of Sultanieh.

1807.] DUCKWORTH OFF THE DARDANELLES. 221

your Lordship to communicate and consult with his Majesty's ambassador, and to
be guided in my proceedings by such communication, it is on that principle that the
resolution has been adopted ; for the honour and character of the nation appear pledged ;
and in our hands they never can be tarnished. Of the hazard which attends such an
enterprise I am fully aware. We are to enter a sea environed with enemies, without
a possible resource but in ourselves ; and, when we are to return, there cannot remain
a doubt but that the passage will be rendered as formidable as the efforts of the
Turkish empire, directed and assisted by their allies, the French, can make it. I
•entreat your Lordship, however, to believe that, as I am aware of the difficulties we
have to encounter, so I am resolved that nothing on my part [shall] be left undone
that can ensure the means of surmounting them."

Duckworth had been nominated for the command because the
service would assuredly call for " much ability and firmness."1 This
dispatch indicates neither ability nor firmness on the part of the
writer ; and it must have greatly disturbed Collingwood. It was
obviously designed to prepare the mind of the Commander-in-Chief
for the news of a failure ; and it betrayed a lack of self-confidence
which was almost predestined to be fatal. If Duckworth really felt
that the enterprise was beyond his strength, he should, even at that
late hour, have declined, either absolutely, or failing the receipt of
reinforcements, to attempt it. His letter shows, moreover, that he
fully realised that the fortifications were from day to day becoming
more formidable, and that, granting that he might pass up without
much loss, he would certainly be unable to return without greatly
increased risk. Such a consideration as this would have spurred a
strong man to more than usual promptitude in all his operations ;
but it seems to have affected Duckworth in precisely the opposite
way ; and, from the time when the dispatch, from which the
above is an excerpt, was written, the Vice-Admiral, as if paralysed
by his responsibilities, vacillated, procrastinated, and neglected his
opportunities so conspicuously as to prove that the Admiralty had
lamentably misunderstood his character.

While the squadron lay wind-bound off Cape Janissary, a terrible
disaster overtook the Ajax. At 9 P.M. on February 14th, a fire
broke out in her cockpit. The flames rapidly spread ; a dense
smoke quickly rendered it almost impossible either to fight them
or to hoist out the boats ; and at length, when only 381 2 out of her
complement of 633 souls had saved themselves or been picked up,
she drifted ashore on the island of Tenedos, and, at 5 A.M. on the
loth, blew up. Captain Blackwood and his surviving officers and

1 Parl. papers ordered Mar. 23rd, 1808.

2 Marshall says 384 (i. 649). Among the sufferers were Lieutenants Mitchell and
Sibthorpe, and Captain Boyd, E.M.

222 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1807.

men were honourably acquitted of blame ; and, although rumour
attributed the origin of the fire to carelessness, the truth was
never established, and it is quite probable that the catastrophe was
due to spontaneous combustion.1 During the subsequent operations,
Blackwood served as a volunteer in the Royal George.

The wind having shifted to S.S.W., the Vice-Admiral weighed
at 7 A.M. on the 19th, with his fleet formed in the following line of
battle : Canopus, Repulse, Royal George, Windsor Castle, Standard
(towing the Meteor), Pompee, Thunderer (towing the Lucifer), Endy-
mion, and Active. He had previously directed Sir William Sidney
Smith, with the Pompee, Thunderer, Standard, and Active, to
specially devote himself to the Turkish squadron under Point
Pesquies, in case that force should show a hostile demeanour.
At about 8 A.M., as the Canopus drew abreast of the outer castles
or forts, she was fired on by both of them. They also fired on the
ships astern of her as they arrived in succession within range of
their guns ; but the bomb-vessels alone made any reply, and even
they threw only a few shells. Mr. Arbuthnot, the British ambas-
sador, who was on board the Royal George, dissuaded the Vice-
Admiral from ordering any more general return ; but Duckworth
seems to have been ill-advised in holding his hand, for, as he had
written to Collingwood, the works were being steadily improved and
they had to be repassed ; and, had they been vigorously replied to at
once, their ability to obstruct the return passage would have been
proportionably lessened. The inner pair of castles, which were
passed at 9.30 A.M., also fired ; but their fire was returned by all the
ships, and there is reason to believe that the reply caused a consider-
able amount of damage. On neither side, however, were the losses
in these preliminary encounters very serious. The ships suffered
little harm aloft, and they had but six killed and fifty-one wounded —
all in the Canopus, Repulse, Royal George, and Windsor Castle.
The Meteor, unfortunately, burst her 13-inch mortar.

Above the inner castles, and below Point Pesquies, or Nagara
Burun (Abydos), on the Asiatic side, lay the Turkish squadron already
mentioned. It consisted of a 64-gun ship bearing a rear-admiral's
flag, one 40-gun frigate, two 36-gun frigates, one 32-gun frigate, one
22-gun corvette, one 18-gun corvette, two 10-gun corvettes, two
brigs, and three gunboats, anchored under the protection of an

1 Court of Inquiry, Feb. 16th, 1807, in Canopus, ordered by Duckworth ; C. M., in
Royal Sovereign, ordered by Collingwood.

1807.]

PASSAGE OF THE DARDANELLES.

223

unfinished 31-gun redoubt on the Point. As the British ap-
proached, one of the brigs cut her cables, and made sail unpursued
for Constantinople. The other Turkish ships gallantly opened fire

STRAIT OP THE DARDANELLES.
(After a chart published by Joyce Gold in 1811.)

on the British van. The main body of the squadron stood on,
delivering its reply as it went, and anchored about three miles
higher up. Sir William Sidney Smith, with his division, " closed into

224 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1807.

the midst,"1 and, anchoring within musket-shot of the enemy's vessels
and redoubt at about 10 A.M., opened so heavy a cannonade that in
half an hour all the Turkish craft, except a corvette and a gunboat,
which struck and were taken possession of, ran ashore. One of the
frigates, endeavouring to make off, was driven ashore by the Active,
and then boarded by her boats under Lieutenants George Wickens
Willes and Walter Croker. When her people had been removed,
she was set on fire. The three other frigates were boarded and
burnt by boats of the Thunderer and Standard under Lieutenants
John Carter, John Waller (2), and Thomas Colby ; and the line-of-
battle ship was destroyed by the Repulse, aided by the boats of the
Pompee. In the meantime the redoubt on Point Pesquies, having
continued its fire after the Turkish ships had run ashore, had been
shelled until the enemy evacuated it, and had been entered by sea-
men and Eoyal Marines under Lieutenant Lestock Francis Boileau,
and Lieutenants Edward Nicolls and William Finmore, E.M.,
who partially destroyed it, and spiked the guns. The destruction
was subsequently completed, under the direction of Captain
Moubray, by Lieutenants William Fairbrother Carroll and Septi-
mus Arabin, of the Pompee, and Lieutenant William Lawrie, E.M.
Among other officers who were employed in the operations on
shore were Lieutenants Mark Gates and David Holt, E.M., Master's
Mate David Sinclair, and Midshipmen George Parkyns, Thomas
Smith (7), Norfolk King, and Edmund Lyons. The Active was
instructed to remain in the Dardanelles, pending the receipt of
further orders. The whole British loss in this affair was only four
killed and twenty-six wounded.2

At 5 P.M., Sir Sidney's division, except the Active, weighed and
passed up to rejoin the main body, which also weighed, and, pursuing
its course with a fair wind, but with little sail, anchored off Prince's
Isles, about eight miles from Constantinople, at 8 P.M. on February
20th. This anchorage might have been reached many hours earlier,
had the Vice- Admiral taken all possible advantage of the breeze,
which at first was brisk, but which afterwards became light. At
dawn on the following morning, when there was a moderate S.E.
wind, Duckworth, instead of pressing on and putting the city within
range of his guns, began a series of consultations with Mr. Arbuth-
not, and presently sent the Endymion, with dispatches and a flag of

1 Duckworth's Disp. of Feb. 21st.

2 Gazette, 1807, 595.

1807.] DUCKWORTH'S WEAKNESS. 225

truce, to approach as closely as possible to Constantinople. At
11.30 A.M., Captain Capell, unable to get nearer, anchored four miles
from the place,1 and endeavoured to send on shore the ambassador's
somewhat weakly worded declaration, to which a reply, not in half
an hour, but by sunset on the following day, was required. It was
accompanied, however, by Duckworth's demand for the surrender of
the fleet and of stores for its equipment, and for a reply within half
an hour of the translation of his note. The Vice- Admiral did not
expressly say what he would do in case of refusal, but he darkly
hinted that, " having it in his power to destroy the capital and all
the Turkish vessels, the plan of operation which his duty prescribed
to him was, in consequence, very clearly marked out."2 The Turks
declined to allow the flag of truce to land. Later in the day,
Mr. Arbuthnot addressed to the Porte a letter saying that " the
answer to the Admiral's note must be delivered in half an hour " ; 2
and at midnight, Duckworth followed this up with a declaration
that, "As it has been discovered by our glasses that the time
granted the Sublime Porte to take its decision is employed in
warping the ships of war into places more susceptible of defence,
and in constructing batteries along the coast, it is the duty of the
Vice-Admiral to lose no time."3 This feeble language was being
held twelve hours after the expiration of the time-limit originally
specified ; and, if the letter was ever received by the Porte, it is not
astonishing that it encouraged the Turks in their obduracy.

Early on the 22nd the Royal George made the signal to prepare
to weigh ; but, though the S.E. wind freshened in the course of the
morning, and lasted until after 4 P.M., the signal to weigh did not
follow, and by 5 P.M. there was almost a calm. Thus, the threats
which had been so freely made use of were again not carried out.
That day Mr. Arbuthnot fell ill, and the Vice-Admiral, on the 23rd,
continued the one-sided and ridiculous correspondence with the
shore.

" I must tell you frankly," he wrote, " I will not consent to lose any more time. I
owe it to my Sovereign and to my own honour not to suffer myself to be duped ; and
those who are capable of thinking so meanly of others justly become themselves the
object of suspicion. You are putting your ships of war in motion ; you take every
method of iucreasing the means of defence ; but if the Sublime Porte really wishes to

1 Duckworth to Collingwood, Feb. 21st, 1807.

2 Translations in the Times and other London papers from the dispatches published
in the Moniteur, and forwarded to it, it is believed, by General Sebastian!.

VOL. V. Q

226 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1807.

save its capital from the dreadful calamities which are ready to burst upon it, the
thought of which is shocking to our feelings of humanity, you will be sent here very
early to-morrow morning with full powers to conclude with me the work of peace,
which Mr. Arbuthnot would by this time have set out to conclude on shore, if he had
not been prevented by a very serious indisposition. I now declare to you, for the last
time, that no consideration whatever shall induce me to remain at a distance from your
capital a single moment beyond the period I have now assigned; and you are
sufficiently acquainted with the English character not to be ignorant that, in a case
of unavoidable necessity, we are less disposed to threaten than to execute. But under-
stand me well. Our object is peace and amity : this depends on you."

The Turks would have been little short of foolish at that period
if they had paid serious attention to the man who, after demanding
the Turkish fleet in half an hour, and declaring again and again that
he would lose no time, asked, two days later, for peace and amity,
and begged for a reply " early to-morrow morning." It was, perhaps,
because they had learnt to despise Sir John that they took delight
in prolonging the situation. They agreed to treat ; but they were
still far from having seen the last of his vacillation and indecision.
On February 24th, he announced that he intended to conduct the
negotiations in person, and that he would either meet a Turkish
plenipotentiary on board the Endymion or Eoyal George, or would
himself land for the purpose on one of the Prince's Isles. The
Turks suggested Kadikioi, on the Asiatic coast, as a suitable
meeting-place. To this Duckworth advanced two objections.
Firstly, an admiral or commander-in-chief could not quit his
command. Secondly, the place was too far distant. While
these objections remained unovercome, the jolly-boat of the
Endymion, having on board Midshipman Harwell and four boys
who were going to the isle of Prota * to buy provisions, was seized
by Turks and carried up to Constantinople. The return of the
lads was demanded, and flatly refused ; 2 and still the Vice- Admiral
did nothing.

It is not astonishing that the Turks by that time thought of
assuming the offensive. On the morning of the 27th, it was seen
that they were erecting a battery on Prota island, within range of
the nearest ships of the British squadron. Pending a disembarka-
tion of Eoyal Marines, the Repulse and Lucifer scoured the shore
of the island with grape ; whereupon a number of Turks made off

1 One of the Prince's Isles.

8 The prisoners were found on board the Turkish flagship which was taken by
Vice-Adm. Seniavine at the battle off Lemnos on July 1st, 1807, and were afterwards
handed over by him to Capt. Edward Oliver Osborn, of the Kent, 74.

1807.] DUCKWORTH'S RETREAT. 227

in boats, one of which was captured. Later in the day it was found
that there were still Turkish forces in the island, and the Marines
of the Canopus, under Captain E. Kent, E.M., were landed to capture
them.1 The detachment, pursuing the enemy to a loopholed
monastery, was badly handled, and had to signal for help ; where-
upon further Marines from the Royal George, Windsor Castle, and
Standard were sent ashore, " with particular directions to bring off
the Canopus's people, but to avoid being drawn into danger."2
While the Marines were warmly engaged with the foe, Duckworth
sent ashore an officer with orders for both detachments to return to
the ships, the result being that the incompleted action, which, if
persisted in, would probably have ended in the capture of General
Sebastiani, French ambassador to the Porte, who was on the island,
involved the useless sacrifice of seven people 3 killed and nineteen
wounded. Had Sir John only made up his mind either that the
Turks must be ousted, or that they might be suffered to remain in
Prota and erect batteries to annoy the British squadron, this
disaster would not have occurred. Nor was the escape of the
enemy prevented. The launches of the squadron rowed guard
round the island during the night ; but, by the morning, the Turks
had all disappeared.

On the 27th, a westerly wind sprang up, and blew during the
whole of the 28th. This would have enabled the Vice- Admiral
to bombard the city, or destroy the Turkish fleet, had he pleased
to do either. But, apparently influenced by the consideration that,
if he allowed his ships to be partially disabled he would never
succeed in getting back to the Mediterranean, he remained idle,
while the Turks went on steadily completing the equipment of their
men-of-war and the arming of their batteries, both near the city
and in the Dardanelles.4 On March 1st, the wind blew from the
north-east. It gave Sir John, therefore, an opportunity for quitting
" the territories of a people so ignorant and foolhardy, that no
rhetoric could persuade, no threats intimidate them."5 The Vice-

1 Sir John Duckworth allowed Sir Thomas Louis to send the party upon the
contradictory understanding " that no risk whatever must be run." If no risk was to
be run and the people were not to be hazarded, it was surely useless to suffer anyone
to be landed.

2 Duckworth to Collingwood, Feb. 28th.

3 Among the killed were Capt. R. Kent and Lieut. George Lawrence Belli, R.N.

4 Duckworth to Collingwood, Feb. 28th, 1807.
6 James, iv. 308 (Ed. 1837).

Q 2

228 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1807.

Admiral signalled to weigh ; and by 8.25 A.M., all the ships were
under sail in line of battle. It was, of course, most improbable, in
the circumstances, that the Turks, who had then but five sail of the
line and four frigates ready for sea, would accept his challenge to
come out and fight him ; yet, for the sake of appearances, he stood
on and off during the day within sight of the city. At night,
relinquishing the pretentious farce, he bore up for the Dardanelles,
and, at 5 P.M. on March 2nd, anchored about six miles above Point
Pesquies, in order to be able to pass the narrows in daylight. He
was there joined by the Active.

At 7.30 A.M. on the 3rd, the squadron weighed 'again, and, at
8.15 A.M., bore up under topsails with a fresh north-east wind. The
order of the ships, on going down, was Canopus, Bepulse, Royal
George, Windsor Castle, Standard, Pompee, Thunderer (towing
Lucifer), Active, and Endymion (towing Meteor). As the squadron
neared the higher pair of castles, Duckworth weakly and un-
necessarily fired a salute of thirteen guns. It cannot be deter-
mined whether the Turks believed that the guns were shotted, or
whether they were determined to bestow a parting kick upon their
foe, no matter how politely servile he might be ; but certain it is
that the salute produced a general discharge of heavy shot both
from the castles and from the repaired and re-armed battery on
Point Pesquies. From that point the squadron, as it passed,
received the fire of every gun that would bear upon it. It replied
warmly, but probably inflicted much less damage than it suffered.
By about 11.35 P.M., it was out of range of the last of the
batteries, and before noon it was once more at anchor off Cape
Janissary.1

The loss of officers and men in each ship during the passage
down was as follows : Canopus, 0 killed, 3 wounded ; Bepulse,
10 killed, 10 wounded ; Boyal George, 3 killed, 27 wounded ;
Windsor Castle, 3 killed, 13 wounded ; Standard, 8 killed, 47
wounded ; Pompee, 0 killed, 0 wounded ; Thunderer, 2 killed,
14 wounded ; Lucifer, 0 killed, 0 wounded ; Active, 0 killed, 8
wounded ; Meteor, 0 killed, 8 wounded. The material damage
done to the ships was, upon the whole, less serious than might
have been expected from the enormous size of the shot employed
by the Turks. The Canopus and Bepulse had their wheels carried

1 Duckworth to Col ling wood, Mar. 6th, 1807.

1807.] DUCKWORTH'S CONDUCT. 229

away ; the Windsor Castle's main mast was nearly cut in two ; an
explosion was caused on board the Standard ; and the Meteor,
having parted her hawser, and being left behind by the Endymion,
narrowly escaped total destruction.1 All the ships, except the
Pom/pee, were more or less knocked about, and several, when they
came out of action, had huge shot sticking in them. One, which
struck the Windsor Castle, weighed 800 Ibs. ; another, which entered
the Standard, weighed 770 Ibs. and measured 2 feet 2 inches in
diameter; a third, which came to rest in the Active, was 6 feet
6 inches in circumference, and weighed 800 Ibs. The only officers
killed while the squadron was within the Dardanelles seem to have
been Lieutenant George Lawrence Belli (Eoijal George) and Captain
E. Kent, R.M. Among those wounded were Lieutenants John
Forbes (3) and Nisbet Josiah Willoughby (Eoyal George), John
Waller (2) and Thomas Colby (Thunderer), Daniel Harrington
(Standard), and John Langdon (Endymion).

Never, perhaps, did a British naval officer of high rank succeed
in making himself, his squadron, and his country so ridiculous as
Sir John Thomas Duckworth. He allowed his flag to be fired at,
and made no adequate return ; he wasted valuable time ; after
threatening instant action in case of refusal of his demands, he
waited for days and did nothing ; he sacrificed his men uselessly at
Prota ; he permitted himself to be trifled with and laughed at by
the Porte ; he tacitly abandoned all his demands when the Turks
refused to take him seriously ; he made pretence of a demonstration
which imposed upon nobody ; he went out of his way to do honour
to the flag which had insulted his own ; and, finally, he departed
ignominiously, pursued by the enemy's shot. Yet, strange to say,
this officer's conduct was never reviewed by any tribunal. The
House of Commons,2 when asked to order the production of the
log of the Royal George, refused on the ground that any inquiry
which might arise out of such production should be made, not by
the House, but by a court-martial. Subsequently, when asked to
censure the G-renville ministry, which had planned the expedition, it
declined, chiefly on the strength of Windham's 3 submission, that

1 In going down, the Meteor burst her 10-in. mortar. She was a converted
merchantman, and, as her magazine was above water, there was great danger of its
being exploded by the sparks struck from her ironwork by the Turkish stone shot.

2 May 16th, 1808.

• s Windham had been Secretary for War in the Grenville ministry.

230 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1807.

"the failure of the expedition could not be attributed to any mis-
conduct on the part of the late government " ; although Canning l
declared " that the expedition might have done more than it did."
Duckworth, however, did not demand an inquiry ; and the British
public, awed by tales of shot six feet in circumference, and blinded
by an exaggerated estimate of what had been accomplished off Point
Pesquies, had not the heart to formally question the conduct of the
Vice-Admiral. But although Sir John was to blame, the Grenville
government was to blame too. It ought to have known better than
to mistake Duckworth for an officer of exceptional " ability and
firmness " ; and it ought never to have given its chosen admiral an
excuse for supposing that he was to be directed from hour to hour
by Mr. Arbuthnot. It should have clearly told Duckworth what
he was to do ; and it should have called him to account 2 had he
failed to do it.

After his return to the anchorage off Cape Janissary, Duckworth
was joined by eight Eussian sail of the line under Vice-Admiral
Seniavine, who, according to Brenton, " requested Sir John to
return with him and renew the attack or the negotiations ; but this
was declined, and it was observed, perhaps with too much national
vanity, that where a British squadron had failed no other was likely
to succeed." 3

While Duckworth's squadron was still up the Dardanelles, pre-
parations were in progress for supporting the demonstration before
Constantinople by means of action elsewhere ; and on March 6th,
1807, an expedition consisting of thirty-three transports, having on
board about five thousand troops under Major-General Fraser, left
Messina for Alexandria, under convoy of the Tigre, 74, Captain
Benjamin Hallowell, Apollo, 38, Captain Edward Fellowes, and
Wizard, 16, Commander Edmund Palmer. Part of the force reached
its destination on March 15th, and the remainder on the 19th. In
the meantime, on the 16th, the place had been summoned ; on the
17th, the governor had replied that he would defend it to the utmost;
on the evening of the 17th, about six hundred and fifty troops, five
guns, and a few seamen under Lieutenant James Boxer had been
landed near Lake Mareotis ; and on the 18th, an additional three

1 Canning was Foreign Secretary in the Duke of Portland's ministry.

2 The Grenville ministry did not fall until April, 1807 — more than a month after
Duckworth had repassed the Dardanelles. The Nav. Chron. at one time announced
that Duckworth was about to apply for a C. M.

3 Brenton, ii. 194 (Ed. 1837).

1807.] EVACUATION OF EGYPT. 231

hundred men had been put ashore, and the enemy's advanced works
had been carried, with a loss of only seven killed and ten wounded.
On the 20th, Aboukir castle was secured ; and the rest of the army
was disembarked, chiefly in Aboukir Bay. The effect of these
operations was to induce the governor to reconsider his position ;
and on the 21st, the city of Alexandria was surrendered and taken
possession of. In the harbour were found a 40-gun and a 34-gun
Turkish frigate, and a 16-gun sloop.1

On March 22nd, Sir John Duckworth, with part of the squadron
from Cape Janissary, appeared upon the scene. His arrival en-
couraged Major-General Fraser to attack Eosetta ; but in an
attempt upon that town the troops were defeated and driven back
to Alexandria with a loss of about four hundred killed 2 and wounded.
This was but the beginning of their misfortunes ; and by the middle
of September they had been so reduced by hardships and reverses
that they were glad to conclude a convention, in pursuance of which
they were allowed to evacuate the country. In the interim Duck-
worth had returned to England in the Boyal George, leaving the
naval command on the coast of Egypt to Bear-Admiral Sir Thomas
Louis, who, however, died on board the Canopus on May 17th. In
every respect, therefore, British action against Turkey in 1807 was
disappointing.

The Eussians did better. Seniavine,3 with a fleet of ten sail of
the line and two frigates, took Lemnos and Tenedos, blockaded the
Dardanelles, chased back thither a Turkish fleet which, during his
temporary absence, had issued thence in May, and, on July 1st,
defeated the same fleet off Lemnos, subsequently retaking Tenedos,
which had been recaptured. But, on August 24th, as a result of
the Treaty of Tilsit, he concluded an armistice with the Porte, and,
after detaching a few ships to take possession of Corfu, set out for
the Baltic with the remainder of his force, anxious, if possible, to
get home ere the outbreak of hostilities between Eussia and Great
Britain, and so to avoid the necessity for taking a personal part in
a conflict with a service in which he counted many friends. How
he fared on his voyage will be seen later.

1 Hallowell to Duckworth, Mar. 24th, 1807.

2 Among the killed was Fraser himself.

3 Dmitri Nicolaevich Seniavine; born 1765; served in the British Navy; was
present at the battle of Varna, 1791 ; held command at Corfu, 1806 ; after the rupture
with Great Britain consequent upon the Treaty of Tilsit, he temporarily retired from
the service, rather than act against England ; died 1831.

232 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1807.

As early as the autumn of 1806, Napoleon had begun to threaten
Portugal, with a view to forcing that country to take sides against
her old ally Great Britain ; and Lord St. Vincent had, in con-
sequence, been sent with a squadron to Lisbon to lend assistance
to the Prince Eegent Dom Joao, son of the insane Queen Maria II.
Temporarily preoccupied by his difficulties with Prussia and Eussia,
Napoleon neglected, until 1807, to carry out his threats. He then,
however, demanded that Portugal should close her ports to British
commerce, detain British subjects, sequestrate British property, and
assist France with a squadron. Dom Joao held out as long as he
could ; but, upon the approach of General Junot with a large army,
he agreed, on October 20th, to obey Napoleon's behests. Sir
William Sidney Smith had returned from the Mediterranean in
the summer ; and when, early in November, news of the coercion
of Portugal reached England, a squadron,1 which had been already
assembled at Portsmouth and Plymouth, was dispatched, under
his command, to the Tagus.

Dom Joao, on November 8th, allowed himself to be further
intimidated into ordering the seizure of a few British subjects and
a little British property at Lisbon ; whereupon the British minister,
Lord Strangford, demanded his passports, and, after lodging a final
protest, joined the squadron of Sir Sidney Smith on the 17th.
That squadron at once began a rigid blockade of the Tagus. On
November 27th, Lord Strangford, in the Confiance, 20, Commander
James Lucas Yeo,2 returned to Lisbon under a flag of truce, and
informed the Portuguese government that the blockade would be
raised if the Portuguese navy were surrendered to Great Britain,
or if the Eegent and royal family chose to utilise it for transferring

1 SHIPS. GUNS. COMMANDERS.

Eibernia . 120 }5'
|0a

London '98

iar-Adm. Sir William Sidney Smith
pt. Charles Marsh Schomberg.
Thomas Western.
Norborne Thompson.
Hon. Henry Curzon.
Israel Pellew.
Graham Moore.
Richard Lee.
William Bradley (1).
James Walker (2).

(B).

Foudroyant . . . .80
Elizabeth ... 74

Conqueror 74

Marlborough . . . \ 74
Monarch .... 74

Plantagenet .... 74
Bedford 74

2 Com. Yeo was afterwards sent home with dispatches, and was posted on
Dec. 19th. He distinguished himself, as will be seen, on many occasions, and died,
still a Captain, on Aug. 21st, 1818, having been previously knighted.

1807.] FLIGHT OF TEE PORTUGUESE ROYAL FAMILY. 233

themselves to Brazil, pending the termination of the troubles with
France. Dom Joao needed but little convincing that Great Britain
was really his best friend, and that Napoleon aimed at the depo-
sition of the house of Braganza ; and he readily agreed to proceed
with his family to America, leaving his European dominions to be
governed by a regency until he should be able to return to them.
The greater part of the Portuguese fleet happened to be ready for
sea ; and on November 29th, after only a few hours of preparation,
the Eegent, with Queen Maria II., the whole of the royal family,
and a very large number of adherents, embarked in it,1 and left
the Tagus, accompanied by a fleet of about twenty armed merchant-
men. The fleet, being met outside by the British squadron, was
given, and returned, a salute of twenty-one guns.2 On the following
day the troops of General Junot entered Lisbon.

Sir Sidney escorted the Portuguese ships 3 as far as lat. 37° 47' N.
and long. 14° 17' W., and then, on December 6th,4 detached Captain
Graham Moore, with the Marlborough, London, Monarch, and
Bedford to see them to Bahia 6 and Eio de Janeiro, while he himself,
with the rest of the squadron, returned to look for the Russian sail
of the line which, under Vice-Admiral Seniavine, were attempting,
as has been seen, to get round from the Mediterranean to the
Baltic. They were nine in number, and they had with them
one frigate. Deterred by the large force of British ships in and
about the Bay of Biscay, they had put into the Tagus ; and, when
Sir Sidney found them there, he took the responsibility of retaining
with him the Foudroyant, Conqueror, and Plantagenet, which he
had been previously ordered to detach to Rear-Admiral John Child
Purvis (1), off Cadiz. With these ships, and with the Hibernia
and Elizabeth, he cruised off the Tagus, until he was joined by
the Ganges, 74, Commodore Peter Halkett, Defence, 74, Captain
Charles Ekins, Alfred, 74, Captain John Bligh (2), Euby, 64,
Captain John Draper (2), and Agamemnon, 64, Captain Jonas Rose,

1 Principe Reale, 84, Rainha de Portugal, 74, Conde Henrique, 74, Medusa, 74,
Principe de Brazil, 74, Affonso de Albuquerque, 64, Dam Joao de Castro, 64, Martina
de Freitas, 64, Minerva, 44, Golfinho, 36, Urania, 32, a frigate, name unknown,
Voador, 22, Libre, 22, Vinganza, 20, and Curioza, 12. These constituted the whole
of the serviceable Portuguese navy except the Vasco da Gama, 74, repairing.

2 Smith to Pole, Dec. 1st, 1807.

3 Except one ship of the line, which, being unseaworthy, bore up for England.

4 Smith's dispatch of Dec. 6th, 1807.

6 Where the Prince Regent landed on Jan. 19th, 1808.

234 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1807.

which had left Portsmouth on December 6th, three days after the
news of Russia's hostile declaration of October 31st had been
received in England. Thus reinforced, Sir Sidney maintained an
effective blockade of Lisbon, and of Seniavine's squadron, until
the end of 1807. At the same time a squadron l under Sir Samuel
Hood (2), with troops under Major-General W. C. Beresford,
proceeded to Madeira, effected a landing without any opposition
on December 24th, and, on December 26th, took over the island
from the Portuguese authorities in accordance with the terms of
capitulation.2

The appointment of Bear-Admiral Charles Stirling to supersede
Sir Home Biggs Popham in the Rio de la Plata has been already
noted. Stirling, with a small convoy, reached Maldonado on
January 5th, 1807. He was presently followed by Brigadier-
General Sir Samuel Auchmuty, who had been sent out to take
over command of the troops from Brigadier-General Backhouse.
The Rear-Admiral's view was that Maldonado was too exposed
and resourceless to serve as a good base at which to prepare for
the recovery of Buenos Aires. He therefore evacuated it on
January 13th, leaving only a small garrison on Gorrete island, and
took measures to make himself master of Montevideo, which,
though strongly defended and held, seemed to be the best position
on the river for his purpose. On the 16th, accordingly, a landing
was effected about eight miles to the eastward of the city ; on the
19th, the troops, with about eight hundred seamen and Royal
Marines under Captain Ross Donnelly and Commander John Palmer,
of the Pheasant, moved forward, and the ships and transports
anchored off Chico Bay ; on the 25th, the batteries were opened ;
on February 2nd, a breach was made ; and before daybreak on
February 3rd, the city was gallantly stormed and carried. During
the whole of the operations the army lost 192 killed, 421 wounded,
and 8 missing.3

The water in front of Montevideo is so shallow, and such high
winds and heavy swells prevailed, that the ships of the squadron
could do but little towards the reduction of the place beyond landing

1 Centaur, 74, Eear-Adm. Sir Samuel Hood (2), Capt. William Henry Webley ;
York, 74, Capt. Robert Barton ; Captain, 74, Capt. Isaac Wolley ; Intrepid, 64,
Capt. Richard Woreley ; and frigates Africaine, Alceste, Shannon, and Success.

2 Hood to Pole, Dec. 29th, 1807.

3 Gazette, 1807, 473.

1807.] WSITELOCKE'S DISOHACEFUL SURRENDER. 235

men and guns, and cutting off communication with Colonia and
Buenos Aires. The ships employed were : —

SHIPS. Ou*8. C'OMMANDKRS.

Diadem

)Rear-Adm. Charles Stirling (1) (W.)
(Capt. Samuel Warren (2).

Josias Rowley.

Ardent 64

Ross Donnelly.

Lancaster . . . .

William Fothergill.

Robert Honyman.

Unicorn

Lucius Ferdinand Hardyman.

Medusa ....

Hon. Duncombe Pleydell Bouverie.

Besides sloops, brigs, transports, etc.

The Navy lost on shore six killed, twenty-eight wounded, and
four missing, among the wounded being Sub-Lieutenant George
Stewart (2), and Midshipmen the Hon. Charles Leonard Irby, Henry
Smith (la), and John Morrison (2). The siege had almost exhausted
the stock of powder in the squadron, and the fall of the city did
not provide the victors with any large fresh supply. Nor were
the Spanish vessels 1 taken at Montevideo of much value. The
expedition remained, in consequence, comparatively inactive until
May, when Sir Samuel Auchmuty was superseded in the military
command by Brigadier-General Crauford, who brought with him
about five thousand troops from Europe, and who was himself
superseded on June 15th by Lieutenant-General J. Whitelocke. At
the same time, Bear- Admiral George Murray (3) , in the Polyphemus,
64, Captain Peter Heywood, arrived from England to assume the
chief naval command, Stirling remaining as second. The shoal
water before Buenos Aires prevented the squadron from having
more than a very small share in the disastrous and indeed disgraceful
operations which were undertaken against that city. The army
was landed on June 28th ; the place was attacked on July 5th ;
the troops gained a Pyrrhic and terribly costly success ; 2 and on
the 6th, Whitelocke weakly agreed to the proposal of Liniers that
all prisoners should be delivered up, conditional upon the attack
being discontinued and the Rio de la Plata being evacuated by
the British forces within two months.3 For this miserable surrender,

1 A 28-gun corvette (burnt), two or three unserviceable sloops, and 21 gunboats,
besides a number of merchantmen.

2 Losing 2500 men.

3 Whitelocke to Windham, July 10th ; Murray to Marsden, June 30th, July 8th,
July 10th, 1807.

236 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1807.

and for his general mismanagement and ill-conduct, Whitelocke
was subsequently tried, cashiered, and declared " totally unfit and
unworthy to serve his Majesty in any military capacity whatever."
Happily no blame fell upon the Navy.

By far the most brilliant exploit of the year 1807 was witnessed
in the West Indies. Vice- Admiral James Kichard Dacres (1), who
commanded on the Jamaica station, desired to ascertain the state of

REAR-ADM. SIR CHARLES BRISBANE, KT., K.C.B.

(From H. B. CooKs lithograph, after the painting by J. Northcote, R.A., of Brisbane
as a PostrCaptatn.)

affairs in the Dutch island of Cura9oa, and to make practical test of
whether it had been truly reported to him that the inhabitants were
anxious for a British alliance. On November 29th, 1806, therefore,
he dispatched from Port Eoyal the Arethusa, 38, Captain Charles
Brisbane, Latona, 38, Captain James Athol Wood, and Anson, 44,
Captain Charles Lydiard,1 with directions to Brisbane to also take

1 The Morne Fortunee, 10, Lieut. John James Rorie, also took some part in the
operations to be described. O'Byrne, 1003. Admiralty Order of Jan. 25th, 1849.
But Brisbane's- dispatch mentions neither the brig nor the officer.

1807.] CAPTURE OF CUEAQOA. 237

under his orders, upon falling in with her, the Fishguard, 38,
Captain William Bolton (1). The squadron, delayed by adverse
winds and currents, did not reach the island of Aruba until
December 22nd. There it anchored ; and, on the 23rd, it was joined
by the Fishguard. Kealising that Cura9oa was strongly fortified,
that his force was but a modest one, and that parley or procrastina-
tion would be all to his disadvantage, Brisbane, an officer of distin-
guished bravery, resolved to give the Dutch as little time as possible
for preparation, and, sailing straight into the harbour, to negotiate
only when the muzzles of his guns should be pointed directly upon
the town and forts. He therefore weighed on the 24th, with the
intention of striking the blow on New Year's Day, 1807. He had
already clearly made known his plans to his Captains. At 1 A.M. on
January 1st, he sighted the high land at the east end of the island,
having decided to utilise the regular south-east trade wind for
running for the harbour of St. Anne, which lies on the south-east
side. The ships then hove to, hoisted out their boats, and took
them in tow. The task which Brisbane had set himself was an
heroic one.

" The entrance to the harbour, according to Mr. Mantor's chart," says James, " is
only 50 fathoms wide, and is defended by regular fortifications, the principal of which,
Port Amsterdam, standing on the right of the entrance, mounts 60 pieces of cannon,
in two tiers. Athwart the harbour, which nowhere exceeds a quarter of a mile in
width, were the Dutch 36-gun frigate Kenau ffasselaar, Captain Cornells G. Evertsz,
and 22-gun ship corvette Suriname, Captain Jan van Nes, exclusive of two large
armed schooners. There was a chain of forts on Misselburg heights ; and that almost
impregnable fortress, Fort Republiek, situated upon a high hill at the bottom of the
harbour, and almost within grape-shot distance, enfiladed the whole." '

At 5 A.M., after he had made every preparation for an immediate
storming of the town, Brisbane, with an easterly wind, bore up for
the mouth of the harbour, the Arethusa leading, and being followed
in order by the Latona, Anson, and Fishguard. At daylight, under
a flag of truce, the Arethusa entered the port ; but the Dutch, ignor-
ing the flag, opened fire on her. At that moment a shift of wind to
the north checked the frigate's progress ; but within a few minutes
another shift enabled all the squadron, except the Fishguard, which
grounded on the west side, to take up its assigned position and

1 James (Ed. 1837), iv. 352. I have corrected the spelling of proper names, etc.,
and should add that, so far as I can discover from the Dutch official reports, there were
not two armed schooners, but only one, the Vliegende Visch, and she was not manned.
Brisbane, however, mentions two armed schooners. Disp. to Dacres, of Jan. 1st ; C. M.
on Changuion ; Ver Huell to Louis, July 31st ; Rep. of de Quartel.

238 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1807.

anchor in the harbour. The Arethusa's jib-boom was then
over the town wall, and Brisbane, going to her capstan, wrote
upon it the following summons to the governor, M. Pierre Jean
Changuion : —

" The British squadron are here to protect, and not to conquer, you ; to preserve to
you your lives, liberty, and property. If a shot is fired at any one of my squadron
after this summons, I shall immediately storm your batteries. You have five minutes
to accede to this determination."

But the governor, taking no notice of the summons, did his utmost
to destroy the British frigates ; and, having hauled down the flag of
truce, the British, at 6.15 A.M., began action. When his ships had
fired about three broadsides apiece, Brisbane, at the head of some of
his men, boarded and carried the Kenau Hasselaar ; and the Latona,
warping alongside, took possession. Almost simultaneously, Lydiard,
with some of the Anson's, boarded and took the Suriname. Both
Brisbane and Lydiard then pulled ashore, as did Wood and Bolton,
landed, and, at 7.30 A.M., stormed Fort Amsterdam, carrying it with
a rush in ten minutes, and subsequently carrying also one or two
minor works, the citadel, and the town. They next returned to
their ships, opened fire on Fort Eepubliek, and in half an hour
silenced it. By 10 A.M. it had fallen, and by noon the whole island
had submitted. Brisbane, with his own hands, struck the Dutch
colours, first in the Kenan Hasselaar, and then on Fort Amsterdam.
This extraordinary exploit cost the Navy a loss of only three killed
and fourteen wounded. The Dutch, on the other hand, lost very
nearly two hundred men, among the killed being Captain Evertsz,
and among the dangerously wounded Captain van Nes.1 They
fought most bravely afloat ; and, if the forts offered less resistance
than the ships, it was chiefly because they were surprised.

For their services Captains Brisbane and Wood were knighted ;
Brisbane was granted an honourable augmentation of his armorial
bearings, together with supporters ; each of the four frigate
Captains concerned was awarded a gold medal ; and several pro-
motions were made among the subordinate officers engaged.2

1 Gazette Extraordinary, Feb. 22nd, 1807; Dacres to Marsden, Jan. llth;
Brisbane to Dacres, Jan. 1st, 1807 (with enclosures) ; De Jonge, v. 633.

2 Lieut. John Parish, first of the Arethusa, had already been promoted on
Nov. 28th, though he did not receive his commission until after the action ; but
Lieut. Henry Higman, also of the Arethusa, and Lieuts. William Mather (Fishguard),
Thomas Ball Sulivan (Anson), and Samuel Jeffery (Latona), were made Commanders
on Feb. 23rd, 1807.

o f

w »

« .8

P S

E 1

o i

1807.] PELLEW ON THE COAST OF JAVA. 239

Just as the hostility of Holland cost her Cura9oa, so did
the hostility of Denmark cost her the island of St. Thomas,
which was peaceably surrendered on December 21st to a joint
expedition from Barbados under Bear-Admiral the Hon. Alexander
Forester Inglis Cochrane 1 and General Bowyer. The neighbouring
island of St. Croix also surrendered on the 25th. At neither place
was any ship of war found, but at each were a number of
merchantmen.

In the East Indies, where Bear-Admiral Sir Edward Pellew
commanded, the most important operation of the year 1807 was
the expedition to Griessee. On the occasion of his descent upon
Batavia in the previous year,2 Sir Edward had expected to find
there the two Dutch 68-gun ships Bevolutie and Pluto, but had been
disappointed. Hearing that they had taken refuge in the fortified
roadstead of Griessee, on the Sourabaya Biver, at the eastern end
of Java, he, in June, sent from Madras the Caroline, 36, Captain
Peter Bainier (2), and the Psyche, 36, actg. Commander Fleet-
wood Broughton Beynolds Pellew (actg. Captain),3 to reconnoitre.
These officers ascertained from a prize taken on August 30th
that the ships in question were at Griessee, but were beyond repair.
Later on the same day the Caroline went in chase of a strange
sail, and the Psyche, having stood to the westward, anchored at
midnight off the port of Samarang. At dawn on the following
morning, Pellew sent in his boats under Lieutenant Lambert
Kersteman and acting Lieutenant Charles Sullivan ; and these,
in spite of a heavy fire, brought out an armed schooner and a
large merchant brig. In the course of the same day, after having
destroyed her prizes, the Psyche chased and drove ashore three
vessels, which soon struck, and proved to be the Scipio, 24, Com-
mander Carrega, who was mortally wounded, and the armed
merchantmen Resolutie and Ceres. All three were, by great ex-
ertions, got afloat that night, and were eventually carried to
Madras. 4

Upon the return of his frigates, Sir Edward Pellew, with a small

1 With his flag in the Belleisle, 74.

2 See next chapter, p. 392.

* Capt. Pellew was then really only a Lieutenant, for he was not confirmed an
Commander until Oct. 12th, 1807, nor as Captain till Oct. 14th, 1808. Even at the
latter date he was not quite nineteen. But Sir Edward was his father.

4 Gazette, 1808, 537. Pellew to Pellew, Sept. 3rd. Verhaal v. d. Min. van Marine,
of Apr. 27th, 1808. Rapp. aan K. Lodewijk, of July 30th, 1808.

240 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1807-8.

squadron,1 having on board troops under Lieut. -Colonel Lockhart,
proceeded to Panka Point, at the eastern end of Java, and, on
December 5th, sent thence under a flag of truce a summons for the
surrender of the vessels at Griessee. The boat bearing the flag was
detained, and an officer was sent to Sir Edward with an uncon-
ditional refusal of the demand. On the 6th, therefore, the Culloden
and Powerful, having been lightened, continued their course to
Griessee with the rest of the force, passing and silencing a 12-gun
battery at Sambilangan, on the island of Madura, but receiving
little damage, and suffering no loss. When the squadron reached
Griessee, the authorities of Sourabaya disclaimed the action of the
Dutch senior officer, Captain Cowell,2 returned the boat and those
who had been detained with her, and consented to deliver up the
ships in dispute. Cowell had, however, already scuttled everything
in the roadstead ; and the British had only the satisfaction of setting
fire to what remained above water of the Sevolutie, 68, the Pluto, 68,
the Kortenaar, sheer hulk (late 68-gun ship), the armed colonial
vessel Eusthof, and a large transport. Sir Edward also destroyed
the guns and stores at Griessee, and procured the demolition of the
battery at Sambilangan. From that time forward there was for a
long period no Dutch naval force in the East Indies.3
Speaking of the year 1808, James says : — *

" A new era was commencing in the navy of France. Such had been Napoleon's
exertions since the disastrous affair of Trafalgar, that the spring of this year saw him
possessed of upwards of 80 sail of the line, including 20 recently ordered to be laid

1 SHIPS.

'GUNS. COMMANDKRS.

,-r ;/ j _. /Rear-Adm. Sir Edward Pellew.

. ' ** ^n r« "D-II /-_*_ n-~*. \ rr<~^f 31_7_lg091

r, f j r.. /Lieut. Fleetwood Broughton Reynolds Pellew (actg. Capt.)

k I [Com. 12-10-1807 ; Capt. 14-10-1808].

Caroline
Fox . .
Victor .
Samarang
Seaflower
Jaseur .
Worcester, trans-
port.

36
32

18
18

Com. Henry Hart (actg. Capt.) Capt. [1-8-1811].

Capt. Hon. Archibald Cochrane.

Lieut. Thomas Groube (actg. Com.) [Com. 31-7-1809].

„ Richard Buck (actg. Com.) [Com. 28-12-1807].

„ William Fitzwilliam Owen.

,, Thomas Laugharne (2).*

* Lost with tlie Jaseur, Aug. 1809.

2 De Jonge (v. 630) says that this officer was an American by birth, who had
been in the Dutch navy for several years.

3 Pellew's disp. of Dec. 15th to Madras Govt. Disps. of Govs.-Genl. Wiese and
Daendels of Dec. 31st, 1807, and Jan. 22nd, 1808, in Dutch Col. Archives.

4 James (Ed. 1837), v. 2.

1807-8.] ALLEMAND ESCAPES FROM ROCHEFORT TO TOULON. 241

down at Antwerp, Brest, Lorient, Toulon, and other ports. In Brest a squadron of
eight sail of the line and four frigaies was, in the course of the summer, got ready for
sea, and only remained in port because unable to elude the vigilance of the Channel
fleet under Admiral Lord Gambier, who, since March, had succeeded to the command
of it. Early in the year ... a French squadron of six sail of the line sailed from the
road of Isle d'Aix, and large and powerful frigates were occasionally slipping out of
other ports along the French Channel and Atlantic frontier. Of the minor ports of
France, Cherbourg was fast rising into importance : the basin there constructing and
nearly finished, would, in a year or two, it was expected, be capable of holding a fleet
of line-of-battle ships. It had long been a celebrated port for frigates, and several very
fine and powerful ones had sailed from, and were constructing within it."

Five French sail of the line and a frigate remained, at the beginning
of the year, in Cadiz. Five sail of the line were in Toulon road, and
three or four more were on the stocks. At Genoa a 74, and at
Venice one or two ships of the same class, were building ; and
Spezzia was fast becoming a first-rate naval port.

The escape, above alluded to, of the Eochefort squadron, under
Bear-Admiral Allemand, from the road of Isle d'Aix, occurred in
January in the following circumstances. The British force assigned
to the watching of the port consisted, towards the end of the year
1807, of seven sail of the line, besides frigates, under Bear-Admiral
Sir Bichard John Strachan, in the Ccesar ; and the squadron
generally anchored in Basque road. In November, shortness of
provisions induced Sir Bichard to put to sea in order to look for
some victuallers which had been ordered to meet him at a rendez-
vous to the south-west of Boche Bonne. North-east gales drove
him beyond his rendezvous ; delay took place in the sailing of the
victuallers from England ; and it was the middle of January ere
his squadron had taken on board the supplies intended for it. On
January 4th, 1808, the Patriote, 74, Captain J. H. I. Khrom, from
Chesapeake Bay, dropped anchor in Aix road ; and, on January 17th,
Bear- Admiral Allemand, perceiving only a frigate and a brig in
the offing, put to sea with a moderate N.E. by N. breeze, with the
Majestueux, 120, Ajax, 74, Lion, 74, Jemmapes, 74, Magnanime, 74,
Suffren, 74, a frigate, and a brig. The British frigate in the offing
was the Phcenix, 36, Captain Zachary Mudge; the brig was the
Raleigh, 18, Commander Joseph Ore Masefield. These vessels, after
observing the French for a short time, were chased, and made all
sail to the W. by N. Upon losing sight of the enemy, Mudge sent
the Raleigh to England with the intelligence, and himself proceeded
in search of Strachan. While looking for him on the 19th, the
Phoenix fell in with the Attack, 14, brig, Lieutenant Thomas
VOL. v. B

242

MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1808.

Swain (2), and communicated the news, directing Swain to seek for
Sir Bichard. On the 20th, the Phoenix looked into the road of
Isle d'Yeu, and there saw a partially-rigged ship of the line and
three brigs. She then made for England, and anchored in Cawsand
Bay on January 24th. The Attack did not find Strachan until Jan-
uary 23rd. The squadron was then fifty miles S.W. of Chassiron
lighthouse, working back against a strong N.E. wind. Sir Bichard
headed for Cape Finisterre ; but soon afterwards he had to contend
for several days with a violent gale from the westward. On the
29th he detached the Donegal, which was leaky,1 to England ; and
on February 2nd, having cleared the Bay of Biscay, he crowded
sail for the Strait of Gibraltar, whither he rightly concluded that
Allemand was bound. On February 4th, he spoke Commodore
Sir Bichard King (2), who, with the Achille, 74, Audacious, 74,
and Theseus, 74, was watching Ferrol. On the 9th, he spoke
the division off Cadiz under Bear-Admiral John Child Purvis (1) ;
on the 10th, he passed Gibraltar ; and on the 21st, anchoring
off Palermo, he joined Vice-Admiral Edward Thombrough. The
squadrons thus united were composed of the following ships of
the line : —

SHIPS. Gem.

COHMANDEKS.

Boyal Sovereign . 100

fVice-Adm. Edward Thombrough (B).
\Capt. Henry Garrett.
„ Francis Fayerman.
(Rear-Adm. Sir Richard John Strachan,
K.B.(B).
ICapt. Charles Richardson.
Charles Rowley.
Thomas Rogers.
John Talbot.
Sir Francis Laforey, Bart.
James Nicoll Morris.
Hon. Philip Wodehouse.
Samuel Jackson.
/Lieut. Thomas Alexander (2), actg. Capt.
\ 11-4-1809.]

Bart.,
[Com.

Ciesar1 80

Eagle 74

Kent .... 74

Cumberland1 .... 74
Renown 1 74

Superb l 74

' Joined with Sir R. J. Strachan.

In the meantime Allemand had suffered as much as Strachan
from the bad weather, and had been obliged to send back the
Jemmapes, in a crippled condition, to Bochefort. With his other
ships he passed Gibraltar unseen on January 26th, and, on

1 And out of which he had taken the main yard to supply his flagship.

1808.] G-ANTEAUME CRUISES EASTWARD AND BACK. 243

February 6th, joined Vice-Admiral Ganteaume in Toulon road.
On his way, he had destroyed several merchantmen ; and, off Toulon,
he had driven from her post of observation the Apollo, 38, Captain
Edward Fellowes. Ganteaume, thus reinforced, left Toulon on
February 7th with ten sail of the line, three frigates, two sloops,
and seven armed transports, and made the best of his way to
Corfu, where he arrived on the 23rd, and landed troops, stores,
and provisions. From the 25th until March 15th, when he
returned to Corfu, he cruised, chiefly among the islands.

Ganteaume had been sighted on February 23rd by the Porcu-
pine, 22, Captain the Hon. Henry Duncan (3), then on her way
to join the Standard, 64, Captain Thomas Harvey (1), which had
been stationed to watch the Ionian Islands. As soon as the
Porcupine had ascertained that the strange fleet was French, she
headed for Syracuse, where Lord Collingwood, the Commander-
in-Chief, then lay * : but, on the 24th, she was fallen in with by
the Active, 38, Captain Eichard Hussey Moubray ; and, as
Moubray happened to know that the Standard had gone to
Syracuse, he took the Porcupine under his orders, and with her
stood back to observe the French. From February 24th to
March 13th, these two vessels, or one or other of them, were
always in company with Ganteaume. On March 16th, the French
vice-admiral again put to sea, and cruised along the coasts of
Africa, Sicily, and Sardinia, re-anchoring off Toulon on April 10th.
During part of the time he was watched by the Spartan, 38,
Captain Jahleel Brenton (2), which, since February 23rd, had, with
the Lavinia, 40, Captain John Hancock (1), been detached by
Vice-Admiral Thornbrough to gain intelligence of the Eochefort
squadron. Thornbrough had, immediately afterwards, weighed from
Palermo with all the ships in the above list, and had gone in search
of the Commander-in-Chief. Brenton, with news of Ganteaume's
departure from Toulon, had joined Collingwood, off Marittimo, on
March 3rd ; and the Commander-in-Chief , detaching the Lavinia
for further intelligence, had stood with the fleet towards the Bay
of Naples, whence he had sent the Spartan to Palermo. At
Palermo, where he had found Eear- Admiral George Martin (2) with
three sail of the line, Brenton had received orders to cruise between
Cape Bon and Sardinia ; and, on that station, he had sighted the
French on April 1st, standing under a press of sail to the westward.
1 With the Ocean, Canopus, Malta, Repulse, and Montagu.

E 2

244 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1808.

He had kept sight of them until night, when he had dispatched
his launch, under Lieutenant Thomas Coffin,1 with the intelligence,
to Trapani ; and he had subsequently hung on to the French with
great doggedness and excellent seamanship for several days. Upon
his return to Toulon, Ganteaume found there the frigates Penelope
and Themis, which, having escaped from Bordeaux on January 21st,
had cruised for a time in the Atlantic, passed Gibraltar on March
17th, called at Ajaccio on March 23rd, and anchored at Toulon on
March 28th, having taken or destroyed British vessels alleged to
be worth nearly a quarter of a million sterling.

Collingwood has often been blamed for having thus allowed
Ganteaume to roam the Mediterranean unchallenged from February
7th to April 10th. His failure to find the French and bring them
to action seems to have been chiefly due to a succession of accidents.
He was at Syracuse until February 24th, when, without any know-
ledge that the enemy was at sea, he sailed for Palermo with the
Ocean, 98 (flag), Captain Richard Thomas (2), Canopus, 80, Rear-
Admiral George Martin (2), Captain Charles Inglis (2), Malta, 74,
Captain William Shield, and Montagu, 74, Captain Eobert Waller
Otway (1), leaving behind him the Repulse, 74, Captain the Hon.
Arthur Kaye Legge. Scarcely had the Commander-in-Chief de-
parted, ere the Standard, which, as has been seen, had news of
Ganteaume's appearance at Corfu, reached Syracuse ; and no
sooner had she entered the port than a change of wind occurred
to keep her there for several days. An express was sent to Cape
Passaro to communicate with Collingwood ; but the Vice-Admiral
had, unfortunately, already passed to the westward. On March 2nd,
near Marittimo, he was joined by Thornbrough and Strachan ; and
on the 3rd, with fifteen sail of the line, he headed for Palermo,
still without intelligence that the French were out ; and not until
March 6th, when off Cape St. Vito, was he fallen in with by the
Apollo, 38, Captain Edward Fellowes, which brought news of
Ganteaume having left Toulon a month before. Collingwood
thereupon stood across to the Bay of Naples, where he received
the further news which had been collected by the Standard. From
Naples he sailed round the west end of Sicily, and, on March 21st,
was again off Syracuse. On the 22nd, he made for the mouth of
the Adriatic ; on the 23rd, he detached Rear-Admiral Martin with

1 Who proceeded from Trapani to Rear-Admiral Martin at Palermo, sending on the
launch to Malta.

1808.] EVACUATION OF CALABRIA. 245

three sail of the line to Palermo ; and until the 28th he maintained a
position which would probably have enabled him to bar Ganteaume's
return, had the French been still to the eastward. But on the
28th, he learnt that Ganteaume had quitted the Adriatic about a
week before. He then turned to the westward, and cruised between
Sardinia and Sicily until April 28th, when he was informed by the
Proserpine, 32, Captain Charles Otter, that the enemy had long
since re-anchored at Toulon. The fleet, in consequence, proceeded
thither, and on May 3rd sighted Cape Sicie ; but Ganteaume then
had no further thought of cruising. Thus a chance of bringing
the enemy to action was lost. It must, however, be admitted that
Collingwood does not appear to have taken all the precautions
which he might have taken for ensuring that news should promptly
reach him of the motions of the French.1 He did not suffer from
that terrible lack of frigates which so often hampered and distressed
Nelson ; and there can be little doubt that, had he utilised his
scouts as Nelson would have utilised them, Ganteaume would have
hardly carried his fleet back to Toulon.

Leaving Vice-Admiral Thornbrough, with a division, to watch
Toulon, Collingwood, with the rest of the fleet, sailed for the south
coast of Spain to lend assistance to the Spanish patriots. Thorn-
brough's task proved to be one of wearisomeness rather than of
difficulty ; for, during the rest of the year, Ganteaume made no
serious effort to put to sea.

In the south of Italy, the success of the French arms had
already led to the abandonment of Eeggio by its British and
Neapolitan garrison, which retired to Scilla ; and on January 30th,
1808, Commander Philip Cosby Handfield, of the Delight, 16, while
endeavouring to recapture some Sicilian gun-vessels at Eeggio,
was killed. His brig-sloop, which had previously grounded under
the batteries, was set on fire to prevent her from being of use to
the enemy. Among the prisoners who fell into French hands on
the occasion was Captain Thomas Seccombe, who, though he com-
manded the Glutton, happened to be in the Delight at the time.
He was mortally wounded. On February 17th it became advisable
also to evacuate Scilla ; and the garrison, under Lieut. -Colonel
Eobertson, was on that day safely withdrawn by Captain Eobert
Waller Otway (1), of the Montagu, 74, and Commander George

1 Nor does his correspondence, during most of the time, indicate that he was
thinking as much of Ganteaume as of events in the Levant. ' Collingwood,' 342-362.

246 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1808.

Barne Trollope, of the Electro, 18.1 Scilla was the last post held
by the British in Lower Calabria.

On the Spanish coast Lord Collingwood found plenty to do.
The Spaniards, in the course of the first half of the year 1808,
had discovered that subserviency to Napoleon was intolerable ; and
on June 4th, a junta at Seville, acting in the name of the captive
king, Ferdinand VII., declared war against Prance. This event
placed in peril the French squadron2 which still lay in Cadiz,
and which was at once removed by its commander, Vice-Admiral
Rosily, from the port to the channel leading to Caraccas,3 where
it was out of range of the town batteries. Rear-Admiral John
Child Purvis (1), who was off the harbour with about ten sail of
the line, offered to co-operate with the Spaniards in reducing the
French to submission ; but the patriots preferred to act alone, and
on the afternoon of June 9th, a division of their gun and mortar
boats, aided by specially erected batteries, began hostilities with the
French squadron. On the afternoon of the following day, Rosily
proposed terms, which were considered inadmissible and were
consequently refused ; but on the 14th, finding that additional
guns were ready to open upon him, he surrendered, and his ships
were taken possession of by the Spaniards. This event was quickly
followed by the departure for England of Spanish commissioners
who were empowered to ask for the aid of the British Government,
the result being that, on July 4th, hostilities between Great Britain
and Spain were ordered to cease. Thenceforward, as will be seen,
immense assistance was rendered by British cruisers to the patriot
cause. Portugal took similar steps, negotiating in the first instance
with Admiral Sir Charles Cotton, who blockaded the Tagus, and
watched the Russian 4 squadron which lay there. The upshot of
these communications was that in August a small British army,
under Lieut.-General Sir Arthur Wellesley, was landed on the
coast ; that, on August 21st, the battle of Vimeira was fought ; and
that on August 30th, the Convention of Cintra was signed. By a

1 Gazette, 1808, 503. The Electra was wrecked on March 25th following off Port
Augusta.

2 Neptune, 80 ; Algesiras, 74 ; Argonaute, 74 ; Pluton, 74 ; Heros, 74 ; Cornelie,
frigate ; and a corvette.

8 See plan, Vol. ii., 378.

4 Eussia had issued a hostile declaration on October 31st, 1807 ; and on
December 18th, 1807, reprisals had been ordered in London against Russian ships
and goods.

1808.]

EXPEDITION TO THE BALTIC.

247

separate convention : concluded on September 3rd, between Sir
Charles Cotton and Vice-Admiral Seniavine, tbe Eussian sbips at
Lisbon — nine sail of the line and a frigate2 — were transferred to
Great Britain, to be held until six months after the signature of
peace between Great Britain and Eussia ; and the Eussian officers
and seamen were conveyed by Great Britain to Eussia.

Of the Northern Powers, Denmark and Eussia were now ranged
with France, and Sweden was allied with Great Britain. If for no
other reason than to protect Sweden, it was necessary to send a strong
expedition to the Baltic in 1808 ; for, although Denmark had but
few men-of-war left to her, Eussia's fleet was, numerically at least,
much more formidable than that of king Gustavus IV. ; and Byam
Martin has recorded that the state of the Swedish fleet was bad.
Before the end of May, therefore, the undermentioned fleet,3
accompanied by more than two hundred transports, having on
board about fourteen thousand troops, under General Sir John
Moore, assembled in the Baltic. Owing to misunderstanding be-
tween the king and Moore, the army was not employed, and it
presently returned to England.

1 Cotton to Pole, Sept. 3rd and 4th, 1809 : Ho. of Com. return ordered on
Feb. 9th, 1809.

2 The ships were Tverdoi, 74 ; Skoroi, 60 ; S. Helena, 74 ; Salafael. 74 ; Ratvizan,
66 ; Silnoi, 74 ; Mochnoi, 74 ; S. Rafael, 80 ; Jaroslav, 74 ; and Koldun, 26. The
8. Rafael and Jaroslav, being unseaworthy, were left in the Tagus.

3 SHIPS.

Gcxs.

COMMANDERS.

Victory

Centaur.

100

Superb

Implacable ....

Edgar 74

Brunswick 74

Mars 74

Orion 74

Goliath 74

Vanguard 74

Africa ! 64

Dictator 64

(Vice-Adm. Sir James Saumarez, Bart.. K.P (B).

<Capt. George Hope (1) (1st).

( „ Philip Dumaresq (2nd).

/Rear-Adm. Sir Samuel Hood (2), K.B. (W).

\Capt. William Henry Webley.

(Rear-Adm. Richard Goodwin Keats (B).1

\Capt. Samuel Jackson.

„ Thomas Byam Martin.

James Macnamara (2).

Thomas Graves (4).

William Lukin.

Sir Archibald Collingwood Dickson, Bart.

Peter Puget.

Thomas Baker (1).

John Barrett.

Donald Campbell (1).

With 5 frigates, and numerous sloops, bombs, brigs, and fire-vessels.

Had bis flag for a time in tbe Mars.

248 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [i808.

The Navy, however, rendered excellent service.1 Early in
August a Eussian fleet of nine sail of the line, three 50-gun ships,
eight frigates and large corvettes, two brigs and two cutters, left
Kronstadt, and, on the 19th of the month, anchored in the Bay of
Hango, a port of Swedish Finland then in Eussian occupation. At
that time Saumarez, with a few ships, lay off Langeland, one of the
Danish islands ; another part of the fleet was off Copenhagen ; and
yet another part was off Nyborg in the island of Fiinen ; while a
Swedish squadron of seven sail of the line and four frigates was at
anchor in Oresund. This squadron was joined on August 20th by
Bear- Admiral Sir Samuel Hood (2), with the Centaur and Im-
placable. Later on the same day, the Eussian fleet from Hango
appeared and anchored outside, and in the evening of the 22nd it
weighed and stood off and on. On the 22nd, four more Swedish sail
of the line joined Hood and the Swedish rear-admiral, bringing up
the force in Oresund to eleven sail of the line besides small craft ;
but the allied fleet was very sickly, and a third of the Swedish
seamen were down with scurvy, so that the ships were inefficient.
Nevertheless, early on the 25th, the allies weighed, and, with a fresh
N.E. breeze, made sail in pursuit of the enemy, which, at 9 A.M.,
was seen to the S.E. off Hango Head. The Eussians made all sail
to get away, and were followed ; but the uncoppered Swedish ships,
with their weak and inexperienced crews, made but slow progress in
a windward chase, and soon the Centaur and Implacable drew ahead
of their friends. By 4 A.M. on the 26th, the Implacable was two
miles to windward of the Centaur, and only four or five miles behind
the Eussians ; and the Centaur was about ten miles to windward of
the nearest Swede. The Eussians were scattered, and evidently
making all possible efforts to get away. At 4.30 A.M., the Im-
placable, then on the port tack, observed a Eussian two-decker well
to leeward of her consorts ; and at 5.30 A.M., the Eussian, which
was the Sewolod, 74, Captain Eoodneff, being on the starboard tack,
passed the bow of the Implacable, which at once tacked after her.
At 6.30 A.M. the Sewolod tacked, and at 6.45 A.M., when the ships
again crossed one another, the Eussian opened fire, the Implacable,
of course, replying promptly. The British ship tacked again, and
when, at 7.20 A.M., she had overtaken the Sewolod, she closed her
within pistol-shot to leeward, and brought her to action with such

1 A full account of the operations of the fleet is to be found in ' Letters and Papers
of Adm. of the Fleet, Sir T. Byain Martin,' Vol. ii. (Nav. Rec. Soc. xii.), 1898.

1808.] CAPTURE OF THE " SEWOLOD." 249

determination that in less than half an hour the Russian struck.1
Before, however, the Implacable could take possession, she was
recalled by Hood, who having observed the Eussians bear up,
desired to save Captain Martin from being cut off and overwhelmed.
Martin rejoined Hood at about 8 A.M., and with him ran towards
the Swedes. In this action the Implacable 2 had six killed and
twenty-six wounded,3 among the latter being Master's Mate Thomas
Pickernell and Captain's Clerk Nicholas Drew. The loss of the
Russians amounted to forty-eight killed and eighty wounded.

The Russian admiral, having ordered a frigate to take in tow the
almost entirely disabled Sewolod, hauled his wind. Soon afterwards,
when the Implacable had made good such slight damages as she had
suffered, she and the Centaur again made sail in chase, soon obliging
the frigate to cast off the Sewolod and the Russian fleet to bear up
in support of the cripple. But presently, rather than bring on a
general engagement, the enemy took advantage of a change of wind
to the N.E. and stood for the port of Roggersvik or Port Baltic, in
which he anchored at about noon. He left the Seicolod aground
on a shoal outside the harbour ; but she soon floated and rode at her
anchors ; and, in the afternoon, numerous boats were sent out to tow
her into the road. At 8 P.M., while the operation was in progress,
the Centaur, thanks to the excellent seamanship of her officers and
men, managed to run on board the Russian 74. For a few moments
the Russian's starboard bow scraped along the Centaur's starboard
side and was fired into by every gun that would bear upon it. Then
the Russian's bowsprit, or what remained of it, was lashed under a
withering fire to the Centaur's mizen rigging by Captain Webley,
Lieutenant Paul Lawless,4 and Mr. Edward Strode, Master. Hood
had hoped to be able to tow off the Russian ship ; but she had
dropped an anchor in six fathoms, and could not be moved. For
about half an hour each vessel fought hard, and made ineffectual
attempts to board the other. At 8.40 P.M., however, ten minutes
after the Implacable had arrived and had anchored in a favourable
position for assisting her consort, the Sewolod again hauled down
her colours. In this action the Centaur had three killed and twenty-

1 I.e., she struck her pennant ; for her colours had been shot away early in the
action. She had previously ceased firing.

2 Whose first Lieutenant, Augustus Baldwin, was highly spoken of by Captain
Martin, and was promoted on September 19th following.

3 Martin, in his ' Remarks,' says six killed and twenty-four wounded.

4 Promoted to be Commander, September 19th, 1808. He was severely wounded.

250 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1808.

seven wounded ; l and the Eussian ship, which had been reinforced
with one hundred men since her action with the Implacable, had
one hundred and eighty killed, wounded, or missing. Both the
Centaur and her prize grounded soon after the latter had sur-
rendered ; and this encouraged the Russian admiral to send out
a couple of ships to attempt their capture ; but the Implacable was
soon successful in getting her consort afloat again, whereupon the
Eussians returned to port. In the course of the following night the
Sewolod was burnt by the victors. The port of Eoggersvik was
blockaded until early in October by the Anglo-Swedish fleet, which
was joined on August 30th by Sir James Saumarez, with the Victory,
Mars, Goliath, and Africa, and some smaller craft. Plans were
prepared for burning the Eussian ships at their anchorage by means
of fire-vessels ; but upon the harbour being reconnoitred by the
Salsette, 36, Captain Walter Bathurst, and the Swedish frigate
Camilla, 44, it was found to be so excellently defended by means of
a boom, that the project had to be abandoned. When, in con-
sequence of the advancing season, the blockading force was with-
drawn, the Eussians made sail, and, in due course, found their way
back to Kronstadt.

In the meanwhile, measures were taken by Eear- Admiral Eichard
Goodwin Keats for withdrawing from the shores of the Baltic the
Spanish troops which, during the subserviency of Spain to France,
had been sent thither to further the ambitions of Napoleon. Keats,
who commanded among the Danish islands, had with him, besides
his flagship the Superb, 74, the Brunswick, 74, the Edgar, 74, and
several small vessels. In pursuance of arrangements come to
between him and the Spanish general, the Marques de La Eomana,
the latter, on August 9th, seized the town and fortress of Nyborg,
in Fiinen. The Danes on shore submitted to the force of circum-
stances ; but the captains of two Danish vessels in the port, the
Fama, 18, and the Salorman, 12, decided to resist any attempt of the
British squadron to take off the Spaniards, and moored their little
craft across the harbour. It became necessary, therefore, to attack
them. A flotilla of boats was assembled for the purpose under
Captain James Macnamara (2), of the Edgar, who gallantly went in
and captured both brig and cutter, with a loss on the British side of
only one killed (Lieutenant Eobert Harvey, of the Superb) and two
wounded. The Danes lost in the encounter seven killed and thirteen
1 Martin, in his ' Remarks,' says two killed and several wounded.

1808.] CAPTURE OF DESIRADE. 251

wounded. The Spaniards were then embarked in such smacks and
doggers as could be laid hands upon, and they and most of the other
Spanish troops in Denmark, to the number of about ten thousand,
were presently collected in the island of Langeland,1 whence they
were carried to England, and eventually to their own country. For
the ability and tact which he displayed while engaged in these
services, Rear-Admiral Keats was made a K.B.

In more distant seas little of importance was done during the
year 1808. In the West Indies, French privateers still gave trouble,
using Guadeloupe as their base, and, when they could not at once
make it, sheltering themselves under the batteries of Marie Galante
and Desirade until opportunity presented itself for running across to
the larger island. In February, Captain William Selby, who, in the
Cerberus, 32, with the Circe, 32, Captain Hugh Pigot (3), and the
Camilla, 20, Captain John Bowen (1), was cruising off Pointe-a-
Pitre especially to repress the privateers, conceived that, if he could
surprise Grand Bourg, the chief town of Marie Galante, he would
greatly facilitate his labours. He therefore, on the morning of
March 2nd, suddenly disembarked two hundred seamen and Royal
Marines under Captain Pigot, who, marching upon the town, was
met by a flag of truce. The unconditional surrender of the island
followed.2

The news of the ease with which this little conquest had been
effected decided Rear-Admiral Sir Alexander Forester Inglis Coch-
rane to entrust Captain Selby with the conduct of an attack on
Desirade ; and on March 30th the Cerberus, accompanied by two
sloops, two brigs, and a schooner,3 appeared off the island. The
boats of the squadron, under Commander William Henry Shirreff, of
the Lily, approached under a smart fire, which, however, was soon
silenced by the guns of the Cerberus a-nd her consorts, and by
4.30 P.M. the island had surrendered.4 It was not deemed worth
while to hold it. Its batteries — not very formidable ones — were,
therefore, destroyed ; the place was evacuated ; and the Lily, with the
brig Express and the schooner Mozambique, was left to cruise under
Commander Shirreff for its protection, and to prevent it from being
re-garrisoned from Guadeloupe.

1 Keats to Pole, Aug. 13th (with enclosures).

2 Selby to Cochrane, Mar. 3rd ; Pigot to Selby, Mar. 2nd, 1808.

3 Lily, 18 : Pelican, 16 ; Express, 6 ; Swinger, 14 ; and Mozambique, 14.
* Gazette, 1808, 661. Selby to Cochrane, Mar. 30th, 1808.

252 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1808.

An attack made upon the French part of the island of St. Martin
had, unfortunately, a less successful termination. On the night of
July 3rd, Commander Edward Lowther Crofton, of the Wanderer, 18,
who had with him the Subtle, 4, Lieutenant George Augustus
Spearing, and the Ballahou, 4, Lieutenant George Mills, saw fit to
land one hundred and thirty-five men, under Lieutenant Spearing,
upon the island. The party at first met with trifling loss, and took
and spiked six guns in a lower battery, but, ascending to the assault
of a fort on higher ground, was met by overwhelming forces and
obliged to surrender, after having lost seven killed, including
Lieutenant Spearing, and about thirty wounded.

The French Brest squadron, observed by Admiral Lord Gambier,
remained in its roadsteads until after the middle of February, 1809.
At that time Gambier had been driven from his station off Ushant
by long-continued westerly gales. Kear-Admiral Willaumez had
received orders to take an opportunity to put to sea and drive from
its station the British blockading squadron off Lorient, in order that
Commodore Troude, with three sail of the line and five frigates,
might issue thence and join him. But Willaumez had been in-
structed that if, when he was off Lorient, Troude should be pre-
vented by the tide from going out, the Brest squadron should at
once proceed to Basque road, and drive thence any British force
which might be lying there. He was then to anchor in Aix road,
take under his orders not only the Lorient, but also the Eochefort
squadron of three sail of the line, together with the Calcutta, armed
en flute, and several frigates, and proceed with dispatch to
Martinique, which was supposed to be about to be attacked by the
British. At dawn, therefore, on February 21st, 1809, Willaumez
put to sea with his flagship, the Ocean, 120, the two 80's, Foudroyant
and Varsovie, the five 74's, Jean Bart, Tourville, Aquilon, Tonnerre,
and Regulus, the two 40-gun frigates Elbe and Indienne, the brig
Nisus, and the schooner Magpie (late British).

At about 9 A.M., the rearmost of the French ships doubled the
Vaudree rock ; and, with a fresh N.N.E. breeze, the squadron stood in
line of battle for Pointe du Raz. As soon as the headmost vessels
had cleared the Passage du Raz, they were discovered by the
Revenge, 74, Captain the Hon. Charles Paget, which at once headed
for the Glenan Isles to give information to Captain John Poo
Beresford, who, in the Theseus, 74, with the Triumph, 74, Captain
Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy, and the Valiant, 74, Captain

1808.] WILLAUMEZ PUTS INTO BASQUE ROAD. 253

Alexander Eobert Kerr, was blockading the three sail of the line and
five frigates at Lorient. Soon after 3 P.M., the Revenge, well ahead
of the French, but in sight of them, exchanged numbers with the
Theseus off Isle Groix. Not, however, until about 4.30 P.M. were
the squadrons of Willaumez and Beresford within view of one
another. The British were then steering nearly E.S.E. with a
fresh N.N.E. breeze, and the French were almost close hauled on
the port tack. Four French sail of the line, presently followed by
the remaining vessels, bore up in chase; upon which the British
tacked and steered W.N.W. They thus soon left open the port of
Lorient ; and the French, having thus far succeeded in their object,
hauled their wind. By 6 P.M., when Beresford tacked and shortened
sail, and when Willaumez arrived off Isle Groix, the two squadrons
were out of sight of one another. Shortly afterwards it fell calm.
On the following morning, there being a N.W. breeze, Willaumez
sent the Magpie into Lorient to communicate with Troude, and
himself steered for Antioche passage.1 By 9 A.M., the British were
again in sight, and so they continued until late in the afternoon,
when the French, passing inside of Belle Isle, continued towards
Isle d'Yeu2 with the wind then again at N.E. At 10.30 P.M., when
the enemy was abreast of Pointe des Baleines, the western end of
Bhe, he was seen by the Amethyst, 36, Captain Michael Seymour (1),
the look-out frigate of the Eochefort blockading squadron, which
consisted of the Ccesar, 80, Bear- Admiral the Hon. Eobert Stopford,
Captain Charles Eichardson, Defiance, 74, Captain the Hon. Henry
Hotham, and Donegal, 74, Captain Peter Hey wood (actg.),3 and
which was at anchor off the Tour de Chassiron. The Amethyst, by
means of rockets, warned Stopford, who got under way and stood
to the N.W. towards the frigate. At midnight, the squadron of
Willaumez was seen to the eastward, approaching the Antioche
passage. Stopford chased until, at dawn on the 24th, he saw the
French entering Basque road. Then, confident that the strangers
had escaped from Brest, he detached the Naiad, 38, Captain
Thomas Dundas, to carry the news to Lord Gambier.

The Naiad had not run far to the N.W., ere she signalled three

1 ' Pertius d' Antioche : ' one of the channels leading into Eochefort, between Khe
and Oleron.

2 Often written Isle Dieu.

3 In the absence of Captain Pulteney Malcolm, who was attending a court-martial.
Captain Heywood was the officer who had been condemned to death in 1792 for
complicity in the mutiny of the Bounty, and subsequently pardoned.

254 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1808.

suspicious sail approaching from the northward. Stopford, in con-
sequence, left the Amethyst, and the Emerald, 36, to observe
Willaumez, and, wearing, made sail in the direction of the new-
comers. These were the French 40-gun frigates Italienne, Calypso,
and Cybele, which, soon after Willaumez had passed Isle Groix,
had left Lorient, under Commodore Pierre Eoch Jurien, with an
E.N.E. wind, Troude himself, with his heavier ships, not being then
able, owing to the state of the tide, to put to sea. They had already
seen Beresford in the offing, and, when discovered by the Naiad,
were being chased by the Amelia, 38, Captain the Hon. Frederick
Paul Irby, and the Doterel, 18, Commander Anthony Abdy. As
soon, therefore, as he perceived Stopford in the south-east, or nearly
to windward T of him, Jurien, realising that he was cut off, headed
for Sables d'Olonne with the Amelia and Doterel at his heels. By
10 A.M., the Ccesar, Defiance, and Donegal were also in close pursuit ;
and very shortly afterwards the French anchored in line of battle,
with springs on their cables, immediately under the Sables d'Olonne
batteries. Half an hour later, the British stood in, the Defiance
leading, and being followed in order by the Ccesar, Donegal, and
Amelia; and at 11 A.M. fire was opened upon the enemy, who replied
from the frigates as well as from the powerful forts on shore. At
11.50 A.M., the Italienne and Cybele, in flames, cut their cables and
ran on to the beach, and later the Calypso drove thither stern
foremost. As the tide then began to fall, Stopford ordered his ships
to stand out ; and the French frigates, having taken the ground
nearly at the top of high water, became total wrecks. In this
action the Ccesar, though she, like her consorts, suffered somewhat
aloft, had no one hurt. The Donegal had one killed and six
wounded ; and the Defiance, which was the most hotly engaged, had
two killed and twenty-five wounded. The French lost twenty-four
killed and fifty-one wounded, in addition to the losses which they
may have sustained on shore.2

Having accomplished this service, Stopford returned to his
anchorage off the Tour de Chassiron, on the northern point of
Oleron, and was there joined on February 25th by Commodore
Beresford with the Theseus, Revenge, Triumph, and Valiant.3 On
the 26th Willaumez weighed and stood for Aix road ; but while he

1 The wind was then about S.E. by E.

2 Gazette, 1809, 289. Stopford to Pole, Feb. 27th, 1809.

3 Stopford had also five frigates. Stopford to Pole, Feb. 27th, 1809.

1808.]

GAMBIER IN BASQUE ROAD.

255

was on his way thither, the Jean Bart, 74, grounded on the Palles
shoal, off Isle Madame, and, in spite of the efforts that were made to
get her off, became a wreck.1 The remaining Brest ships joined the
Eochefort squadron 2 under Commodore Gilbert Aimable Faure, and
anchored with it between the south end of Isle d'Aix and the tail of
the Boyart shoal. The Hero, 74, Captain James Newman New-
man, presently joined Stopford, who continued to blockade Wil-
laumez until March 7th, when Admiral Lord Gambier, who had
learnt on February 23rd of the escape of the French,3 arrived.
When, a little later, the Commander-in-Chief had detached the
Defiance and Triumph, there remained in the Antioche passage
eleven British ships of the line, the names of which are given
below,'1 together with those of the smaller craft which were already
there or which joined later. On March 17th, Gambier anchored his
fleet in Basque road, posting his frigates about a mile nearer than
his main force, now towards Aix, and now towards La Eochelle,

1 Seymour to Stopford, Feb. 27th.

3 Cassard, 74 ; Jemmapes, 74 ; Patriote, 74 ; Calcutta, flute, 30 ; Pallas, 40 ;
Hortense, 40.

3 Upon learning of their escape, Gambier had detached Duckworth, with eight sail,
in pursuit of them, and had himself gone to Cawsand Bay, whence he had sailed on
March 3rd, with five ships of the line.

SHIPS.

COMMANDERS.

SHIPS.

COMMANDERS.

(Admiral Lord Gambier (B).
Capt. Sir Harry Burrard Ueale,
i}art., 1st.

Beagle . . .
Doterel

/Com. Francis Newcombe (posted
8 t 11-4-1809).
18 ,, Anthony Abdy.

\ „ William Bedford.

foxhound .

18 ,, Pitt Bnrnaby Greene.

iRear-Adm. Hon. Robert Stop-

fyra

10 „ William Bevians.

Caesar . . . ' 80 i ford (B).
(Capt. Charles Richardson.

Redpole. . .

.„ I ., John Joyce (posted 11-4-
0 ( 1809).

Gibraltar . 80 „ Henry Lidgbird Ball.
Hero . . 74 „ James Newman Newman.

Thunder, bomb l

a ( „ James Caulfleld(l) (posted
8 \ 11-4-1809).

Donegal . 74 „ Pulteuey Malcolm.
Resolution . 74 ,. George Burlton.

.l:t»a. bomb .

. f „ William Godfrey (posted
8 \ 11-4-1809).

Theseus.

r4 „ John Poo Beresford.

Insolent

14 Lieut. John Row Morris.

I'aliant . 74 „ John Bligh (2).

Encounter

14 „ James Hugh Talbot.

Illustrious.

.. 1 „ William Robert Brough-
( ton.

Conflict
Contest .

12 „ Joseph B— Batt.
14 „ John Gregory (1).

Bellona. .

[4 , Stair Douglas (2).

Fervent .

13 ,, John Edward Hare.

Revenge . 74 , Alexander Robert Kerr.

Growler

14 ,. Richard Grossman.

Martial

14 ,, Joseph Marrett.

Indefatigable

14 , John Tremayne Rodd

Whiting, sch. .

4 „ Henry Wildey.

Imperieute.
Amelia* .

38 , Lord Cochrane.
M , Hon. Frederick Paul Irby.

Nimrod, hired \
cutter . .

. . Master's Mate Edward Tapley.

Aigle . . 36 „ George Wolfe. [(2~).
Kmerald . 36 ,, Frederick Lewis Maitlatid

King George,}
hired cutter . /

„ „ Thomas Mercer. 2

Unicorn . . 32 { " Lucius Ferdinand Hardy-

And the Cleveland, transport, 20 flreships, 3 ex-

Pallas ... 32 „ George Francis Seymour.

plosion vessels

storeships, etc.

JfecJiator(flilte) 32 {Com^ame<Wooldridge (posted

1 Not present at the attack on the vessels in Basque road on April 12th. The Thunder, however, was
employed against the Regulus at the mouth of the Charente on April 20th aud 24th.

2 James (v. 105) says Thomas Mekeek. The Admiralty Order of 1849 says Mercer.

256 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1808.

according to the direction of the wind. Lest his command should
be attacked by fireships.he kept every vessel ready for instant action
and for slipping her cables, leaving buoys upon them. Boats were
also held prepared with grapnels, and all other desirable precautions
were taken ; though it does not appear that the French ever
meditated any movements of the nature which Gambier had in his
mind. His precautions, in fact, seem to have been chiefly suggested
by his own half-formed intentions ; for as early as March llth, in
a letter to a Lord Mulgrave,1 he hinted that fireships might be
advantageously employed against the enemy, though, he added, " it
is a horrible mode of warfare, and the attempt very hazardous, if
not desperate." The Admiralty, however, had, even earlier, decided
that fireships should be utilised ; for on March 7th it had ordered
that a number of vessels of that class should be prepared ; and on
March 19th, the very day on which Gambier's letter of the llth
reached London, the Secretary was directed to inform the Admiral
that twelve transports were fitting as fireships, that Mr. Congreve 2
was to proceed, with rockets and men to work them, to Basque road,
and that five bombs were getting ready to join the fleet.

"All these preparations," wrote the Secretary, "are making with a view to enable
your Lordship to make an attack on the French fleet at their anchorage off Isle d'Aix,
if practicable ; and I am further commanded to signify their Lordships' directions to
you to take into your consideration the possibility of making an attack upon the
enemy, either conjointly, with your line-of-tattle ships, frigates, and small craft,
fireships, bombs, and rockets, or separately, by any of the above-named means."3

On March 19th, also, there arrived at Plymouth, from the
Mediterranean, the Imperieuse, 38, Captain Lord Cochrane. Coch-
rane was instantly ordered by telegraph to attend at the Admiralty.
He reached London on the 21st, and was privately interrogated by
Lord Mulgrave as to the possible destruction of the French fleet in
Aix road. Cochrane expressed a decided opinion that an attempt
by means of fireships would be successful. Would he then, he was
asked, undertake to make it ? He objected that his appointment to
such a service would excite jealousy in the minds of officers already

1 Chatterton, ' Gambier,' ii., 96. M. of C. M. by Gurney, p. 115.

2 Afterwards Sir William Congreve, Bart. This distinguished engineer was born
in 1772 at Woolwich, and died in 1828 at Toulouse. In 1806 he had invented the
incendiary rocket which bears his name.

3 Gurney 's Mins. of C. M., p. 116. The letter was received by Gambier on
Mar. 26th.

1808.] APPOINTMENT OF LORD COCHRANE. 257

on the spot ; ' but, subsequently reflecting that, as he had advocated
the measure and declared it to be easily practicable, his motives in
refusing to carry it out might be misconstrued, he consented to
assume command of the adventure. On March 25th, therefore, the
Admiralty wrote to inform Lord Gambier that Lord Cochrane had
been selected to conduct the operation under the Admiral's direction ; 2
and the letter to that effect was delivered to Cochrane, who hurried
back to Plymouth, sailed in the Imperieuse as soon as possible, and
joined Lord Gambier on April 3rd.3

On March 26th, the Admiral had received 4 the Board's orders of
the 19th. In reply, Lord Gambier wrote on the same day two
letters to the Secretary of the Admiralty. In these he admitted
that " their ships certainly lie exposed to an attack upon them with
fire-vessels with a hope of success ; " but he also gave reasons why
his heavier ships could not, in his opinion, be advantageously utilised

1 The appointment did, in fact, excite jealousy, Cochrane being then a Post-Captain
of less than eight years' standing. It led, moreover, to a very regrettable naval scandal.
When news arrived in Basque road that the French were to be attacked by means of
fireships, the Commander-in-Chief, through the other flag-officers then in company,
asked for volunteers. Among these flag-officers there happened to be then present
Rear-Admiral Eliab Harvey, whose flag flew in the Tonnant, 80. Harvey thereupon
went on board the Caledonia, and offered to direct the contemplated operations.
Gambier explained that the Admiralty had nominated Cochrane for the service. In
reply, Harvey violently and disrespectfully declared " that if he were passed by, and
Lord Cochrane, or any other junior officer, appointed in preference, he should imme-
diately desire to strike his flag and resign his commission." Gambier entered into
further explanations, and remonstrated with the Rear-Admiral ; but Harvey " con-
tinued his vehement and insulting language," criticised Gambler's conduct while in
command, declared that he could impeach the Commander-in-Chief for bad manage-
ment, " and concluded by saying, with the same insulting tone and manner, that he
would go in the Tonnant, or any old rotten 74, to board the enemy's three-decked
ship in Aix road, and bring her out." Harvey also spoke disparagingly and disrespect-
fully of Gambier to various officers in the fleet. In consequence of all this, Harvey
was tried by court-martial on board the Gladiator, at Portsmouth, on May 22nd, 1809.
Harvey apologised both to Gambier and to the court ; pleaded that he had spoken
under the influence of great irritation ; and submitted that he had sinned by excess of
zeal for the Service ; but the court held the charges to have been proved, and sen-
tenced the Rear-Admiral to be dismissed the service. Harvey was, however, quickly
reinstated. His rash conduct appears to have been to a large extent instigated by
some vague dislike to Gambier's private character, for, speaking of the Commander-in-
Chief to Lord Cochrane in the cabin of the Captain of the Fleet, he said : " I am no
canting Methodist, no hypocrite, nor a psalm-singer. I do not cheat old women out of
their estates by hypocrisy and canting." Min. of C. M.

2 Gurney's Mins. of C. M., p. 22.

3 Much of what follows is based upon Dundonald's (Cochrane's) ' Autobiog. of a
Seaman,' i.. 338-428, and ii., 1-126, on Lady Chatterton's ' Memorials of Adm. Lord
Gambier,' ii., 95-327, and on the Mins. of C. M. on Gambier.

4 By the gun-brig Encounter.

VOL. V. S

258 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1808.

against the enemy, and he appeared doubtful as to the practicability
of employing bombs with effect. Indeed, he even went so far as to
hint that an attack by means of fireships might be without result,
seeing that the French had the Charente open to them, and that
" the tide and wind that are favourable to this kind of annoyance to
the enemy serve equally to carry them up the river." They were
not sanguine, strong, confident letters. They were the dispatches
of a Duckworth or a Persano rather than those of a Nelson or a
Saumarez. Nevertheless, the second of them terminated with a
formal declaration " that, if their Lordships are of opinion that an
attack on the enemy's ships by those of the fleet under my
command is practicable, I am ready to obey any orders they may
be pleased to honour me with, however great the risk may be of the
loss of men and ships." l

Pending the arrival of the fireships, bombs, and rockets, Lord
Gambier did little beyond ordering the Amelia, 38, Captain the
Hon. Frederick Paul Irby, to dislodge some French who were
endeavouring to erect defensive works on the south end of the
Boyart shoal. Captain Irby executed this service on April 1st, and
then, sending in his boats, destroyed whatever the enemy had
already constructed.2

On April 3rd, when Gambier was apprised of the Admiralty's
selection of Cochrane by the letter brought by that officer, the
fireships,3 some of the transports 4 intended to be fitted as fire-
ships, a large expected consignment of carcasses for 18-prs., and
various promised combustibles had not reached the fleet. The
Commander-in-Chief, however, ordered eight of the transports then
with him, and, at Cochrane's suggestion, the Mediator, flute, to be
prepared as fireships with such materials as the fleet could supply.
Three explosion vessels were also equipped. On April 6th, the
Mtna, having Mr. Congreve on board, anchored with the fleet ;
and on the 10th, the expected fireships, twelve in number, joined
under convoy of the Beagle and Eedpole, and in company with the
transport Cleveland. The force to be employed was then practically
complete.

After the French Brest squadron had entered the road of Aix,

1 ' Autobiog. of a Seaman,' i., 350.

2 The Amelia, was soon afterwards detached to the nortli coast of Spain.

3 Twelve lay in the Downs awaiting a fair wind.

4 Six had been ordered to sail from Plymouth.

1808.] DISPOSITION OF THE ENEMY. 259

Captain Jacques Bergeret, dissatisfied with the behaviour of
Willaumez when in presence of Commodore Beresford on Febru-
ary 21-23, had written to the Minister of Marine a letter which
occasioned not only the recall of Willaumez, but also the super-
session, or transfer to new commands, of Bergeret and some other
captains. In place of Willaumez, Vice-Admiral Allemand hoisted
his flag in the Ocean, on April 17th.

Allemand's orders were precise ; and he must not be held
responsible for what followed. The real responsibility for the
disaster to the French squadron rests upon Napoleon, who gave
the orders under which Allemand acted, and who cherished not
only a general and invincible conviction of the security of a naval
force well moored under batteries, but also a particular conviction of
the safety of a fleet lying in Aix road. As early as June, 1805, he
had written1 :—

"You may quiet your apprehensions that the enemy will attempt something
against Isle d'Aix. . . . Nothing can be more insane than the idea of attacking a
French squadron at Isle d'Aix. I am annoyed to see you with such notions. . . .
What on earth do you imagine is to be feared by a squadron of five ships of the line,
with plenty of powder and supplies, well protected, and ready to fight, lying at AixV"

As was almost invariably the case when he expressed any opinion on
naval subjects, Napoleon was wrong. On the other hand, it must
be said in favour of MM. Willaumez and Allemand that they did
what they could under the conditions by which they were bound.
The French fleet was moored, with the ships' heads to the north-
ward, in three lines, on a nearly north and south bearing, in the
passage between the south end of Isle d'Aix and the western tail of
the Palles shoal, which runs out north-westward from Isle Madame.
The inner, or easterly line, lying in about six fathoms, consisted,
counting from the north end, of the Elbe, 40, Tourville, 74, Aquilon,
74, Jemmapes, 74, Patriote, 74, and Tonnerre, 74, moored, at in-
tervals of about ninety fathoms, each with one cable to the
north-west and another to the south-east. The middle line,
parallel with the former and about 250 yards to the westward
of it, consisted, still counting from the northward, of the Calcutta,
flute, 50, Cassard, 74, Begulus, 74, Ocean, 120, Varsovie, 80, .and
Foudroyant, 80. These ships were moored in the same manner and
with the same intervals between them as those of the inner line ;
but they were so stationed as to close the openings left by the inner

1 Napoleon to Decres, from the Ch&teau de Monteronne.

s 2

260 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1808.

line, and thus to form a double ligne endentee. The Calcutta bore
due south, distant 640 yards, from a battery on the south point of
Aix. The third, or western line, lay nearly parallel with the others,
about 740 yards outside the middle one, and consisted, again counting
from the north, of the Pallas, 40, Hortense, 40, and Indienne, 40.
About 100 yards to the eastward of this third line was a very strong
and firmly anchored boom of floated cables,1 half a mile in length.
This boom seems to have been laid down without the knowledge of
the British, and not to have been discovered by them until the
moment of the attack. Protecting the boom and anchorage were
several batteries, mounting, in all, at least thirty guns, chiefly long
36-prs., besides some heavy mortars. Most of the guns were on
Isle d'Aix, where there were about two thousand troops, all of them,
however, conscripts.

Having noted the arrival of the fireships in Basque road on
April 10th, Vice-Admiral Allemand issued very careful directions
for the conduct of the numerous boats and armed launches of his
fleet, which he ordered, some to row guard at night, and others to lie
near the boom, so as to be ready to board and tow away any vessels
that might threaten the safety of his command. He also strengthened
the garrison of Aix, caused his larger ships to strike their topmasts
and send down their top-gallant masts, and directed his advanced
frigates to be always prepared for getting under way at a moment's
notice.

Early in the afternoon of April llth, the Imperieuse moved in
towards the enemy, and came to in nine fathoms, close to the
north-east edge of the Boyart shoal, and about a mile and three-
quarters from the nearest French frigate. The Aigle, Unicorn, and
Pallas, anchored outside of her, in readiness to receive the crews of
the fireships upon their return, and to render general assistance.
The Whiting, King George, and Nimrod, fitted for throwing rockets,
took station close to the tail of the Boyart. The Mtna, bomb,
covered by the Indefatigable and Foxhound, placed herself north-
west of Isle d'Aix, as near as possible in that direction to the fort on
its southern extremity.2 The Emerald, Beagle, Doterel, Conflict,
and Growler, were stationed off the east end of Aix to make a

1 These cables were, some of them, 31^ inches in diameter, or nearly a third thicker
than a British first-rate's bower cable.

1 Joyce Gold's plan of the action, published in the Naval Chronicle, shows the
jKtna, only in her later position, three-quarters of a mile to the S.E. of the tail of the
Boyart.

BASQ u E: AND Aix R PAD s : I8O9.

in t"hc Fi-cnch Official C h a, r O

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[To /IKC par/f '260.

1808.] . ATTACK BY FIRESHIPS. 261

diversion; and the Eedpole and Lyra, with lights hoisted, were
anchored, one off the shoal running out to the north-west of Aix,
and the other off the tail of the Boyart, so as to serve as guides
during the attack. The British ships of the line, which had lain
in Basque road, about six miles north-west from the enemy's fleet,
unmoored with a view to co-operating if necessary ; but, being in a
strong tide-way, with a brisk north-west wind, they had to be
moored again to prevent them from falling on board one another
when the weather tide made. The fireships lay ready at anchor
about a mile nearer to the enemy than the ships of the line.

It had been intended to chain together the fireships in divisions
of four ; but, owing to the strength of the wind, this idea was at
the last moment abandoned, and the vessels were left to act in-
dependently. At 8.30 P.M., by which time it was very dark, all of
them, including the Mediator, cut their cables and made sail, with a
two-knot tide in their favour, in the direction of the enemy. Two
of the three explosion vessels l also proceeded, one of them having
on board Captain Lord Cochrane and Lieutenant William Bissell, a
volunteer.2 Both craft are believed to have been fired when within
less than three-quarters of a mile from the enemy's line. The effect
produced by them will be shown later. But several of the fireships
were fired and abandoned when more than two miles from the
nearest French ship ; and they, in consequence, were simply thrown
away. Five or six, however, including the Mediator, were most
admirably handled. Cochrane's own explosion vessel, it should be
mentioned, contained about one thousand five hundred barrels of
powder, started into puncheons placed end upwards and jammed
fast together with hawsers, wedges, and wet sand. Upon them
were placed about three hundred and fifty fused shells, and many
thousands of hand-grenades.

The Mediator, under the united impulses of wind and tide, broke
the boom, and opened a passage for such other fireships as drove
so far. Commander Wooldridge, in his anxiety to carry out his
dangerous service satisfactorily, remained on board until the very
last moment, and, with Lieutenants Nicholas Brent Clements 3 and

1 The third was fouled by a prematurely abandoned fireship, and, when she was
fired, her fuse failed to act.

2 He had just returned in the Brunswick, 74, from the Baltic. For his services in
Aix road he was made Commander April llth, 1809.

s Promoted April llth, 1809.

262 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1808.

James Pearl,1 and a seaman, was actually blown out of the ex-
ploding ship, and so badly burnt that he never wholly recovered
from his injuries. His gunner, Mr. James Segges, was killed. Of
the people serving in the remaining fireships, Lieutenant William
Flintoft (actg.) and a seaman died of fatigue, two other seamen were
killed, and Master's Mates Richard Francis Jewers 2 (Theseus)
and John Conyers3 (Gibraltar) were badly scorched. Among the
officers who, besides Commander Wooldridge, commanded fire-
ships or explosion vessels, were Commanders Francis Newcombe
and John Joyce, and Lieutenants John Cookesley3 (Gibraltar),
Thomas Alexander3 (2) (Resolution), John Cook Carpenter,3 Robert
Hockings 3 (Caledonia), Henry Jones3 (Ceesar), Henry Montresor3
(Revenge), Thomas Goldwyer Muston 3 (Caledonia), Christopher
Nixon,3 Thomas Percival,3 William Robert Smith3 (Theseus), and
William West.3 Several of them experienced great difficulty and
no small danger in regaining the advanced frigates.

According to the French accounts, the fireships and explosion
vessels did little actual damage. One of them blew up at the boom,
within about 120 yards of the Indienne, but did her no injury. Ten
minutes afterwards, another one blew up, also at the boom, and
also close to the Indienne. This, likewise, did little harm, beyond
covering the frigate with a shower of sparks and small fragments.
A few minutes later the boom was broken by the Mediator ; and
she and her advancing consorts were at once fired at by the entire
French fleet, the enemy seeming to take little pains to avoid hitting
his own advanced frigates, which, possibly for that reason, soon cut
their cables. The Hortense made sail, and, passing to windward of
some of the fireships, threw several broadsides into them, ere, with
her consorts, she sought refuge behind the lines of heavier ships.
The Regulus and Ocean were presently grappled by fireships ; and,
although both vessels almost miraculously escaped from immediate
destruction, the British onslaught threw the French into such
confusion that they not only cut their cables,4 but also began to
foul one another. The Eegulus, for example, ran on board the
Tourville : and the Ocean, having grounded, was collided with by

1 He was not promoted until September 29th, 1827. At his death in 1839 he was
still only a Commander, but he had previously been knighted.

2 Promoted to be Lieutenant, July 5th, 1809.

3 Promoted April llth, 1809.

4 The Foudroyant alone kept her station.

1808.] PLIGHT OF THE FRENCH SQUADRON. 263

the Tonnerre and Patriote. By midnight, in short, all the French
ships in Aix road, except the Foudroyant and Cassard, were aground,
several of them being, in addition, considerably damaged. James,
summarising from French accounts, thus describes the position of
the stranded ships : —

" The Ocean lay in the mud at the distance of a full half-mile to the E.S.E. of the
anchorage in Aix road. Having on board, in common with the other ships, a quantity
of provisions for the supply of the colony to which she had been destined, the Ocean
was very deep, drawing not less, perhaps, than 28 or 29 feet. Hence she grounded
while still in a part of Aix road, and not on the Palles shoal. ... At about 500 yards
to the S.W. of the Ocean, upon a rocky bed named Charenton, lay the Varsovie and
Aquilon, and close to them, but upon somewhat better ground, the Regulm and
Jemmapes. The Tonnerre, with her head to the S.E., lay on a hard bottom about
200 yards to the eastward of the rock of Pontra, and bore N.W. of Isle Madame,
situated on the S.W. side of the entrance to the Charente, and N.E. of the isle of Enette,
which forms the northern extremity of the opposite side of the same river. . . . She
had already bilged. ... At some distance to the S.W. of the Tonnerre, nearly on
the extremity of the Palles in that direction, and close to the wreck of the Jean Hart,
lay the Calcutta, with her head to the S.E. . . . The Patriote and Touroille lay on
the mud off Isle Madame, and at no great distance from the channel of the Charente.
With respect to the four frigates, the Indiennc, lay about three-quarters of a mile to
the eastward of the Ocean, upon the mud off Pointe de 1'Eguille, near Enette isle. The
Elbe and Hortense lay upon the Fontenelles, and the Pa/las upon the mud off the little
fort of Barques, just at the entrance of the Charente." '

Although, therefore, Cochrane's night assault had destroyed no
vessel of the enemy, it had reduced nearly the whole of his ships to
a state of comparative helplessness and impotence, and had left them
at the mercy of a new and different species of attack, if promptly
made. When, on the morning of April 12th, the state of affairs had
been noted on board the Imperieuse, her Captain made the following
telegraphic signals to the Caledonia, which was then twelve miles
from the groimded ships :— -

At 5.48 A.M. •' Half the fleet can destroy the enemy. Seven on shore."

At 6.40 A.M. " Eleven on shore."

At 7.40 A.M. " Only two afloat."

At 9.30 A.M. " Enemy preparing to heave off."

Upon getting the last of these signals, Lord Gambier telegraphed
to his fleet to " prepare with sheet and spare anchors out of stern
ports, and springs ready " ; 2 and a few minutes later he signalled to
weigh, though he postponed weighing until about 10.45 A.M., in the
meantime summoning all the Captains on board the flagship. At

1 James (ed. 1837), v. 110, 111.

2 But not "to prepare for battle." It was because he wished to omit this direction
from the signal (No. 14) that he used the telegraph.

264 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1808.

11.30 A.M., the fleet re-anchored in about twelve fathoms, three miles
from Aix flagstaff, and still six miles from the grounded French.
The Admiral deemed it unwise to run any unnecessary risk, seeing
that, in his view, the object sought had already been practically
attained.1 But he directed the JEtna, covered by the Insolent,
Conflict, and Growler? to take up a position from which to throw
shells over the stranded vessels ; and he ordered Captain John
Bligh (2), in the Valiant, with the Bellona, Bevenge, and the frigates
and sloops, to anchor as close as possible to the Boyart, so as to
support the brigs and the bomb. Bligh and his division conse-
quently brought up a mile nearer to the enemy than the remainder
of the ships of the line. These dispositions induced the Foudroyant
and Cassard to cut and make sail for the Charente ; but, in en-
deavouring to enter the river, both vessels grounded nearly opposite
the Chateau Le Fouras. Before high water, the Ocean, Patriote,
Regulus, and Jemmapes, having floated, also moved towards the
mouth of the river, and piled up on the mud there.

Perceiving that the enemy was thus gradually placing himself
out of reach of attack, Lord Cochrane, at 1 P.M., adopted the bold
course of getting under way in the Imperieuse, and dropping down,
without orders, towards the French. He made for the vessels
which were still aground upon the Palles shoal, and, with the
deliberate purpose of forcing his chief's hand, hoisted in succession
the following signals : —

At 1.30 P.M. No. 405. " The enemy's ships are getting under sail."
At 1.40 P.M. No. 378. " The enemy is superior to the chasing ship."
At 1.45 P.M. No. 364. " The ship is in distress, and requires to be assisted
immediately."

By 2 P.M. the Imperieuse had so anchored, with a spring, as to
bring her starboard broadside to bear upon the Calcutta's star-
board quarter, and to be able to fire with her starboard forecastle and
bow-guns at the Varsovie and Aquilon. Cochrane soon observed
that the 24 and 18-pr. carronades of the Insolent, Conflict, and
Growler, and even the heavier carronades of the Beagle, were
producing no visible effect. He therefore desired to order the
brigs to approach closer. On the other hand, he was quite satisfied
with the position of the Mtna ; and, as the signal which would have
served part of his purpose would have made no distinction between

1 Broughton's evidence at the C. M.

2 The Beagle subsequently anchored somewhat closer in.

•

-dered Captain

.•I the fr,
Boy art.

i
lie remainder

: but, i

uiuled nearly opposite
the Ocean, Patriot c,

•ved tbv,
here.
'ually placirr

adopted the bold
, and dropping down,
uiade for the M

.-]',. and, with the
hoisted in succr

iail."
i.ip."
, and requin

,
-

to be :\\M- ii aboard forecastle and

i,. :u • trane soon observed

'it. Conflict, and
<u the hea^i-f !es of the Beag

•p desired to order the

okwer. On he was quite sat:

:il which would i
n distinction betv

•r in.

1808.] DESTRUCTION OF ENEMY'S SHIPS. 265

the brigs and the bomb, he adopted the rather brusque, but perfectly
effective expedient of firing his main-deck guns at or near the
former, which, understanding the hint, dropped into better stations.
Not until after 2 P.M. did Lord Gambier adopt any measures for
supporting the Imperieuse. He then sent the Indefatigable, followed
by the remaining frigates and small craft, to Cochrane's assistance ;
and at 2.30 P.M. he also ordered the Valiant and Revenge to
proceed towards her. But, as the wind was light and the tide was
ebbing, these vessels made but slow progress, and not until about
3.20 P.M. were the Indefatigable and her consorts cheered by the
Imperieuse as they neared her. Just at that time, Cochrane sent a
boat * to take possession of the Calcutta, which had ceased firing and
was being abandoned by her people. One by one the Aigle, Emerald,
Unicorn, Valiant, Revenge and Pallas, joined Cochrane and Rodd,
and anchored in a semi-circle, with springs, around the grounded
French ships, upon which they opened a heavy fire,2 while the Beagle
most gallantly ran still closer in and placed herself under the stern
of the Aquilon. At 5.30 P.M., the Varsovie and Aquilon struck.
At nearly the same moment, the Theseus, from the fleet, joined the
attacking squadron. At 6 P.M., the Tonnerre was fired and abandoned
by her crew, and at 7.30 P.M. she blew up. At 8.30 P.M., the
Calcutta, which had probably been fired by the British boarding
party without orders, also exploded.

There remained in more or less assailable positions the Ocean,
Cassard, Regulus, Jemmapes, Tourville, and Indienne ; but the
British had, unfortunately, expended all their regular fireships ; and
but a single bomb, the Mtna, was then present. Three transports
were hurriedly converted into fireships, and at 5.30 P.M., Stopford,
in the Ccesar, weighed with them and some launches fitted as
rocket-boats, and stood towards Aix road under a heavy fire from
the Aix and Oleron batteries. At 7.40 P.M., the Ccesar grounded3
on or near the tail of the Boyart, and was delayed until 10.30 P.M.,

1 This boat had to be withdrawn after she had reached the Calcutta, owing to the
danger to her people from British shot.

2 In this phase of the operations the Revenye had 3 killed and 15 (including
Lieutenant James Garland) wounded; and the Imperieuse had 3 killed and
11 wounded. The other vessels suffered no loss ; but the Indefatigable and Beagle
were more or less damaged. The French, especially in the Varsovie, were much more
severely handled.

3 The Valiant also was aground for a time, as were the Indefatigable and
Imperieuse, on the edge of the Palles shoal, but none of them were any the
worse.

266 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1808.

when she floated. Ere that hour, the Revenge, with all the frigates
and brigs except the Imperieuse, had anchored in the Maumusson
passage between the Boyart and Palles shoals. The fireships
were delayed as well, until, at 2 A.M. on the 13th, the wind, after
some chopping about, settled in the south-west. This enabled the
Cccsar to leave Aix road again and to anchor in Little Basque road ;
but it also prevented, for the moment, the employment of the fire-
ships,1 which had been entrusted to Captain John Bligh (2). That
officer, therefore, contented himself with setting fire to the Varsovie
and Aquilon. The burning vessels were mistaken by some of the
uncaptured French craft for British fireships, and were accordingly
fired at ; and the Tourville's people were so alarmed at what seemed
to be a fresh attack, that they incontinently abandoned their ship
after ineffectually setting her on fire. They subsequently returned
to her when they found that she had been neither burnt nor taken
possession of.

At 5 A.M., by signal from Stopford, Bligh, with the Valiant,
Theseus, 'Revenge, Indefatigable, Unicorn, Aigle and Emerald, got
under way in order to proceed to Little Basque road. The Im-
perieuse was at that time on her way to anchor in the Maumusson
passage ; and, passing within hail of the Indefatigable, Cochrane
proposed to Captain Eodd to go with him and attack the Ocean.
Kodd, however, declined, on the grounds that his ship had a shot
through her main topmast, and drew too much water for the service,
and that, being in the immediate presence of two senior Captains,2 he
could not act without orders. Cochrane dropped anchor in the
Maumusson passage at 6 A.M., and, half-an-hour later, was hailed by
the Pallas, then under sail to follow Bligh to Basque road. Captain
Seymour asked whether or not he should remain, and Cochrane.
desired him to do so, unless he had received contrary orders. For
a fresh attack Cochrane thus retained with the Imperieuse the
Pallas as well as the Beagle, the gunbrigs, the Mtna, and the
small craft.

The fresh attack was ordered at 8 A.M., which was as early as the
tide suited. Cochrane sent the brigs and the bomb to reduce the
nearest of the French ships which were aground in the mouth of the
Charente, but was unable to follow them with the frigates, there not

1 One of the fireships, while working out to avoid the expected explosion of the
Aquilon and Varsovie, ran ashore off Aix.

2 Bligh and Beresford.

1808.] THE NEW ATTACK. 267

being sufficient depth of water. At 11 A.M., the Beagle, Mtna, Con-
flict, Contest, Encounter, Fervent, Growler, Whiting, Nimrod and
King George, anchored, and opened fire on the Ocean, Begulus, and
Indlenne.1 The Beagle, which gallantly posted herself on the
Ocean s stern and quarter in barely more water than sufficed to float
her, fought hotly for five hours, and suffered much more severely
than any of her consorts, although none of the British vessels is
noted as having lost any men.2 At 4 P.M., owing to the falling
water, the flotilla had to weigh, and work back to its anchorage,
leaving the Ocean and Eegulus busily engaged in preparing to push
further up the river at the next rise of tide.

During the engagement, the Doterel, Foxhound, Eedpole, and
two rocket-boats from Basque road, joined Cochrane in the Mau-
musson passage. They brought to him two letters from Lord
Gambier. One, a public one, ordered Cochrane to make an attempt
upon the Ocean with the bomb and the rocket-vessels, but expressed
doubt as to the attempt being successful. It also ordered Cochrane
to proceed to Basque road so soon as the tide should turn. The
. other, a private one, beginning " My dear Lord," deprecated any
action that would, by attempting impossibilities, jeopardise the
brilliant effect of what Cochrane had already accomplished, and
urged Cochrane to join the flag as soon as possible. Cochrane
replied : " I have just received your Lordship's letter. We can
destroy the enemy's ships on shore ; of which I hope you will
approve." In his evidence at the subsequent court-martial, Coch-
rane declared that, at " about four or five o'clock in the afternoon,"
or at about the time when he received the letters, it was reported to
him that the Caledonia had made the Imperieuse's signal of recall,
and that he replied telegraphically that the enemy could be des-
troyed ; but it is more than doubtful whether the signal of recall
was made.

Early on the 14th, the Tourville and the Ocean got afloat, and
pushed further up the river ; but both of them ultimately grounded
again near Le Fouras. The Patriote, Hortense, Elbe and Pallas, were
more successful, and entered the Charente so far as to be beyond
danger of further attack. That day, Lord Cochrane, in compliance

1 The Cassard, Tourville and Jemmapes were too distant to have more than a very
slight part in the engagement.

2 The JEtna split her 13-in. mortar. The heavy mortars of those days hardly
ever survived the strain of a few hours' use in action.

268 MAJOR OPEBATIONS, 1803-1815. [1808.

with a signal from Lord Gambier, handed over the command of the
Aix flotilla to Captain George Wolfe, of the Aigle, and proceeded
with the Imperieuse to Basque road, whence, on the 15th, he sailed
for England, carrying home Captain Sir Harry Burrard Neale, with
the Admiral's dispatches. At about 3.30 P.M. on the 14th, the Mtna
and brigs again attacked the ships that were still aground outside
the mouth of the river ; but they appear to have done little damage,
and they did not prevent the Jemmapes, during the firing, from
getting off and entering the Charente. On the following days,
moreover, the Ocean, Cassard, Foudroyant and Tourville, thanks to
the prolonged exertions of their people, were moved to positions of
safety, and the Indienne was burnt by her crew ; so that only the
Regulus, on the mud off Le Fouras, remained assailable. On the 19th,
the Thunder, bomb, arrived, and on the 20th, covered by the gun-
brigs, she went to the attack of the French 74 ; but she quickly split
her 13-in. mortar,1 and had to desist. Other vain attempts were
made to destroy the Regulus, which, however, succeeded, on the
29th, in getting afloat and rejoining her consorts before Eochefort.
There being nothing more to be done, Lord Gambier, on the same
day, sailed for England.

There can be no question that the affair of Aix road was mis-
managed both by the Admiralty at home and by the Admiral on the
spot. Until the arrival of the Thunder, Gambier had only a single
bomb-vessel with him. He ought to have been supplied with half-
a-dozen. The British gun-brigs of that day almost invariably carried
18-pr. carronades instead of long guns. Gambier had five brigs 2 of
the 12-18-pr. carronade class ; but the Admiralty should have known
that, for attacking a squadron posted and defended as that of
M. Allemand was, light carronades were of little use. Small craft
carrying either long guns or 68-pr. (8 in.) carronades should have
been sent. As for Gambier, he surely did not employ to the best
advantage such force as he had. He despatched the Ccesar and
Revenge to Aix road, while he kept in inactivity in Basque road the
Bellona and Resolution, which drew less water than either. He did
not send the Doterel and Foxhound, with their 32-pr. carronades, to
Cochrane until the 13th. He might, had he known how, have

1 Service mortars, in consequence of the exjicrience gained at Aix road, were
afterwards made heavier.

2 Encounter, Conflict, Contest, Fervent and Growler. Some of these however,
carried, in addition, a couple of long guns.

1808.] COURT-MARTIAL ON GAMBIER. 269

carried all his 74's, and possibly even his 80's, into Aix road, and,
silencing the batteries, have destroyed the French at their anchors.

Cochrane, who was firmly of opinion that Gambier had not done
all that lay in his power against the enemy, intimated to the First
Lord that, from his seat in Parliament,1 he would oppose the passage
of any vote of thanks to the Admiral. Apprised of this, Gambier
demanded a court-martial ; and, on July 26th, he was duly tried at
Portsmouth. The proceedings lasted until August 4th. The charge
was —

" That Admiral the Right Honourable Lord Gambier, on the 12th of April, the
enemy's ships being then on shore, and the signal having been made that they could
be destroyed, did, for a considerable time, neglect or delay taking effectual measures
for destroying them."

And the sentence was that the court considered that the charge had
not been proved, but —

" that his Lordship's conduct on that occasion, as well as his general conduct and pro-
ceedings as Commander-in-Chief of the Channel Fleet in Basque road, between the
17th day of March and the 29th day of April, 1809, was marked by zeal, judgment,
ability, and an anxious attention to the welfare of his Majesty's service, and did
adjudge him to be most honourably acquitted."

Gambier was, accordingly, most honourably acquitted. He was
fortunate. James points out with truth that several members of
the court, notably Admiral Sir Eoger Curtis, the president, and
Admiral William Young (1), showed strong partiality in favour of
the accused ; and that Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland (2), of the
Emerald, who was known to hold strong opinions concerning the
Admiral's conduct, was one of the only two Aix Captains who were
not called as witnesses. Napoleon's opinion, as expressed to
O'Meara, was that Cochrane might and would have carried the
French ships out, had the British Admiral supported him as he
ought to have done ; and that the French admiral was a fool, but
that the British one was every bit as bad.2

Lord Gambier eventually received the thanks of both Houses,
though in neither were the members unanimous.3 Votes of thanks
to the other officers, and to the seamen and Royal Marines con-
cerned, passed unopposed, though the thanks were given as well to

1 He was one of the members for Westminster, and had retained his seat, as did
many another naval officer of the time, while serving at sea on full pay.

2 ' Nap. in Exile,' ii. 292.

3 In the Lords there were dissentients, but a division was not taken. In the
Commons the resolution was carried by 161 to 39.

270 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1808.

those who lay in Basque road and did nothing, as to those who went
through the boom in the fireships. Gambier received no other recog-
nition. Cochrane, however, had been promptly l created a K.B. He
is the only officer, except Jervis, who, as a Post-Captain, ever attained
to that high distinction.2 Numerous other subordinate officers who
had specially distinguished themselves received a step in rank.

The affair of Aix road led to courts-martial in France as well as
in England. Captain Clement de La Bonciere, of the Tonnerre, was
acquitted on a charge of misconduct ; but Captain Charles Nicolas
Lacaille, of the Tourville, was cashiered, deprived of his cross of the
Legion of Honour, and imprisoned for two years. Captain Guil-
laume Marcellin Proteau, of the Indienne, was condemned to three
months' confinement ; and Captain Jean Baptiste Lafon, of the
Calcutta, was sentenced to be shot, and was duly executed on
September 9th.3 It may be that these officers were to blame ; but it
should be recollected that when a squadron of sea-going ships does
as M. Allemand's command did, and, as it were, entrenches itself to
await attack behind a boom in a practically open roadstead, it invites
disaster. If, moreover, M. Willaumez had been less cautious than
he was, and had fought Commodore Beresford in February, Coch-
rane might have been deprived of the opportunity which he used so
well in April. A great naval commander never loses an occasion to
attack when the conditions are favourable to him ; and, if he be
driven to bay, he takes care to assume the offensive.

The story of the defence of Anholt will have to be told in the
next chapter among the events of the year 1811. It is, therefore,
well to say here that in May, 1809, Vice-Admiral Sir James Sau-
marez, Commander-in-Chief in the Baltic, detached the Standard,
64, Captain Aiskew Paffard Hollis, with a frigate, three sloops and a
brig, to reduce that Danish island with a view to utilising the light-
house which stood upon it, and which, prior to the war, had been of
great assistance to vessels navigating the Kattegat. On May 18th,
the island was seized by a party of seamen and Boyal Marines under
Captain William Selby, of the Owen Glendower, 36, and Captain
Edward Nicolls, B.M., after a brief resistance, in which one Marine
was killed and two were wounded.

1 April 26th, 1809.

3 Though Nelson was awarded the K.B. while he was still serving as a Commodore,
but while he was actually of flag-rank.
3 Chevalier, 241.

1809.] THE WALCHEBEN EXPEDITION. 271

The naval preparations of France in the West Schelde have
already been spoken of more than once. Antwerp was found to be
insufficient as a port and arsenal for the fleet which was in time
collected there ; and Napoleon, in consequence, induced his brother,
Louis, King of Holland, to make over to him the Dutch port of
Flushing, on the Isle of Walcheren. By the summer of 1809, there
were ready for sea, near the mouth of the river, ten 74-gun ships l
under Rear- Admiral Missiessy ; and on the stocks at Antwerp and
Flushing there were six 80's 2 and four 74's,3 besides smaller craft.
Missiessy waited only for the British blockading force to give him
an opportunity to quit the river and sail to the southward.

The Admiralty had more than once experienced the advantages
resulting from a strong offensive naval policy ; and in May, 1809, it
was determined, if possible, to seize the mouth of the Schelde, and
to take or destroy the French fleet there ere it could leave its ports.
The project, which should have been kept secret, was well advertised
by the public press ; and, as large British military forces were already
serving in Spain and Portugal, it was not easy to quickly collect the
troops necessary for an expedition of the kind intended. While,
therefore, preparations were completing, the French had warning
and time to perfect their scheme of defence. Not, indeed, until the
early morning of July 28th, did the main body of the expeditionary
force leave the Downs. When at its full strength, this huge arma-
ment, the greatest which ever left England, consisted of no fewer
than 37 sail of the line,4 two 50-gun ships, three 44-gun ships, 23
frigates, one 20-gun post ship, 31 sloops, 5 bombs, 23 brigs, about
120 hired cutters, gunboats and tenders, and nearly 400 transports,
having on board 39,219 troops, including about 3000 cavalry. The
fleet was commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Richard John Strachan,5
and the army by Lieutenant-General the Earl of Chatham, brother
of William Pitt. The former, as has been seen, was an excellent
officer ; the latter was destitute alike of energy and of military
capacity. Strachan was instructed to take or destroy all the enemy's

1 Charlemagne, Cesar, Albanais, Anversois, Commerce de Lyon, Dalmate, Dantziy,
Duguesdin, Pultusk (ex-Audacieux), and Ville de Berlin (ex- 2%<?se'e).

2 Attguste, Tilsit, Conquerant, Friedland, Illustre, and Pacification.

3 Trajan, Gaulois, Superbe and another.

4 Many of these had their lower-deck guns removed, and the main holds fitted to
receive horses.

5 Having as his immediate subordinates Rear-Admirals William Albany Otway,
Sir Richard Goodwin Keats, and Alan Hyde, Lord Gardner.

272 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1809.

ships in the Schelde and at Antwerp ; to demolish the yards and
arsenals at Antwerp, Flushing, and Ter Neuze, and, if possible, to
render the Schelde no longer navigable for big ships. To facilitate
the operations, Cadzand, on the south side of the West Schelde,
and the islands of Walcheren and Zuid Beveland, on the north,
were to be occupied by the army.

The Commander-in-Chief, in the Venerable, 74, Captain Sir
Home Eiggs Popham, anchored in West-Kapelle road in the evening
of July 28th, and there found the Fishguard, 38, Captain Sir William
Bolton (2). That officer had already stationed small craft as marks
upon some of the neighbouring shoals. In the course of the night,
the Eoompot channel, between Noordland and Walcheren, was
sounded, and marks were placed to show its entrance. On the 29th,
a large flotilla of transports, having on board Sir John Hope's
division, anchored between Noord Beveland and Schouwen, opposite
Zierikzee ; and a few hours later, the transports with Sir Eyre
Coote's division, 17,000 strong, also arrived, in charge of Bear-
Admiral William Albany Otway. Coote's troops were destined
exclusively for operations against Walcheren, and should have been
at once landed ; but bad weather prevented any disembarkation
being attempted until 4.80 P.M. on the 30th, when, under cover of
the hired cutter Idas, 10, Lieutenant James Duncan, and under
direction of Captains Lord Amelius Beauclerk, of the Eoyal Oak, 74,
and George Cockburn, of the Belleisle, 74, Coote's division, after
very slight opposition, established itself on the northern extremity of
Walcheren.1 In the evening, some bombs and gunboats entered the
Veere Gat, or creek, and, on the 31st, opened fire on the fortified
town of Veere, one of the chief places in the island ; but, towards
nightfall, after three gunboats had been sunk by Dutch shot, the
flotilla had to withdraw, without, however, having lost a man.
Middelburg, the capital of the island, had, in the meantime, peace-
fully surrendered, and Veere had been invested. In addition, a
naval brigade, landed on the 30th, under Captain Charles Eichardson,
of the Ccesar, 80, and Commander George William Blarney, of the
Harpy, 18, had greatly annoyed the place with guns and Congreve
rockets. During the night, therefore, the Dutch commandant offered
to capitulate, and on August 1st Veere surrendered. Thereupon the
army advanced. Fort Eammekens fell on August 3rd, and, imme-
diately afterwards, Flushing was besieged. Sir John Hope's
1 See maps, Vol. II. 312 ; and facing p. 274 infra.

1809.]

THE FLEET IN THE SCHELDE.

273

division, under the conduct of Sir Eichard Goodwin Keats, had
been already landed without opposition on Zuid Beveland, and had
occupied some posts there, including Fort Bath,1 at the eastern end
of the island.

On July 29th, as soon as he had been apprised of the approach of
the British fleet, Rear-Admiral Missiessy, who had been lying at
anchor off the Calot Sand, had weighed and proceeded up the

ADMIRAL SIR EICHARD GOODWIN KEATS, K.B.
(From an engraving by Hidley and Blood, after the painting by H. Matthews.)

Schelde. By the evening of the 30th, six of his ten ships of the line
were above a boom which had been thrown across the river at
Lillo. The other four remained below Fort Bath until a few hours
before the British occupied it, and so obtained control, to some
extent, both of the East and of the West Schelde.

It has been seen that one division of the British army landed

Or Bathz.

VOL. v.

274 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1809.

on Walcheren, and another on Zuid Beveland. A third should,
according to the original plans, have been almost simultaneously
disembarked at Cadzand, where General Eousseau commanded
a small force. Owing, however, to some mistake, the transports
which ought to have put their troops ashore at Cadzand moved
round to the Veere Gat. This error enabled Eousseau, on
August 1st and 2nd, to send over about 1600 men in schuyts to
reinforce the threatened garrison of Flushing. But on the 3rd,
his efforts to send more were frustrated by the extremely gallant
action of the Eaven, 16, Commander John Martin Hanchett.1
That brig-sloop, by direction of Captain Edward William Campbell
Eich Owen, of the Clyde, 38, stood in to cover some boats
which, under Lieutenant Charles Burrough Strong, had been
ordered to sound and buoy the channel between Flushing and
Breskens. She quickly became exposed to a heavy fire from the
batteries of both places ; but, instead of withdrawing, she returned
it, and, assisted by some gunboats, also drove back to the Cadzand
side a flotilla of enemy's boats which had been in the act of
crossing. As she returned down the river, she passed through a
perfect hail of shell, grape, and red-hot shot from the batteries on
both shores, and lost her main and fore topmasts, besides receiving
other serious damage, having two of her guns dismounted, and
drifting on to the Elboog sand, whence she could not be moved
until the following morning. In this creditable affair, Commander
Hanchett and eight of his men were wounded. Their plucky action
produced, however, no permanent result, for, on August 4th, com-
munication between Cadzand and Flushing was re-opened, and
between that day and the evening of the 6th, General Eousseau
succeeded in sending across about 1500 more men, a reinforcement
which brought up the strength of the Flushing garrison to about
seven thousand.

Possession of Fort Eammekens opened to the British the Sloe
channel, which is one of the connections between the East and the
West Schelde, and facilitated the passage into the latter of the
flotilla which had been operating against Veere. Part of this was
destined to watch the river opposite Flushing, and to prevent further
intercourse with Cadzand and Ter Neuze ; and part to proceed up

1 A Commander of September 22nd, 1807. He was posted on October 18th, 1809,
and died in 1819. It is believed that he was a natural son of the Prince of Wales,
afterwards George IV.

1809.]

FORCING THE MOUTH OF THE SCHELDE.

275

the West Schelde, and to co-operate in a naval advance in the
direction of Lillo ; but, owing to bad weather and the difficulties of
the navigation, Flushing was not effectively blockaded until the
6th ; and not until the 9th was a division, under Sir Home Riggs
Popham, able to push up the West Schelde in order to sound and
buoy the Baerlandt channel in preparation for the passage of the
larger ships.

On the afternoon of August llth, with a light westerly breeze,
the following frigate squadron, under Lord William Stuart, weighed
from below Flushing, and, in line of battle ahead, in the order
given, forced the channel between the batteries of Flushing and
Cadzand.

SHIPS.

GDXS.

C'OMMANDEIIS.

Lavinia 40

Heroine 32

Amethyst 36

Rota 38

Nymphen 36

Aigle 36

Euryalus 36

Statira 38

Dryad 36

Perlen . 38

Capt. Lord William Stuart.
„ Hood Hanway Christian.
Sir Michael Seymour (1), Bt.
Philip Somerville (1).
Keith Maxwell.
George Wolfe.

Hon. George Heneage Lawrence Dundas.
Charles Woreley Boys.
Edward Galwey.
Norborne Thompson.

In consequence of the little wind, and the opposing tide and
current, the frigates were exposed to the fire of the enemy for about
two hours ; yet their loss was small, amounting only to two killed
and nine wounded ; and, except the A igle, they reached the upper
part of the river without having suffered any material damage. The
Aigle had her stern frame shattered by a shell. In the meantime,
an attack upon Fort Bath by Missiessy's small craft had been
repulsed ; and Sir Richard Goodwin Keats, who was in command
below Lillo, had obliged the French to move the rest of their
line-of-battle ships above the boom which spanned the river at.
that spot.

It had been arranged that when the siege batteries of the army
should open upon Flushing, a squadron of ships of the line should
move up the river and second their efforts. The bombardment was
begun at 1.30 P.M. on August 13th ; and it was promptly taken part
in by two divisions of bomb and gun-vessels respectively commanded
by Captain George Cockburn, of the Belleisle, 74, who went on
board the Plover, 18, Commander Philip Browne (2), and Captain

T 2

276 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1809.

Edward William Campbell Eich Owen, of the Clyde, 38. On that
day the lightness of the wind prevented the line-of-battle ships from
moving to the attack ; but at 10 A.M. on the 14th, the following
ships, in the order named, weighed from off Dijkshoek, and
stood in : —

SHIPS.

GUNS.

COMMANDERS.

San Domingo .

. . 74

/ I!ear-Adm. Sir Richard John Strachan, Bt.
\Capt. Charles Gill.

(W).

Blake ....

. . 74

/Rear-Adm. Alan Hyde, Lord Gardner (B).

\Capt. Edward Codrington.

Repulse ....

. . 74

Hon. Arthur Kaye Legge.

Victorious .

. . 74

Graham Eden Hamond.

Danmark l .

. . 74

James Bissett.

Audacious .

. . 74

Donald Campbell (1).

Venerable .

. . ! 74

Andrew King (pro tern.).

l Generally spelt Dannemark in the British navy lists. Her Danish name (she had been taken in 1807)
was as given above.

Soon after approaching near enough to open fire, the San
Domingo, and then the Blake, which attempted to pass inside of
her, grounded on the Dog-sand ; whereupon the other ships were
signalled to haul off and anchor. The two flagships, in about three
hours, got off and anchored with the rest, having lost only two
killed and eighteen wounded. The remaining ships of the line had
no one hurt. It does not appear what effect was produced by the
fire of the squadron ; but at 4 P.M. the garrison of Flushing ceased
to reply ; and at 2 P.M. on the 15th, the French commandant,
General Mounet, offered to surrender. Terms were soon agreed to ;
and, on the following afternoon, ratifications were exchanged.

Apart from the loss sustained by the line-of-battle ships and by
Lord William Stuart's squadron, the Navy had 7 killed (including
Lieutenant George Eennie) and 22 wounded on board the bombs
and gun-vessels ; and 7 wounded in the brigade which served on shore
with great distinction under Captain Charles Eichardson. Among
the officers employed with this brigade were Lieutenants John
Wyborn,1 Eichard St. Lo Nicholson, Eaton Stannard Travers,
Stephen Hilton, John Allen Headway, and John Netherton O'Brien
Hall. The army, in the various operations on the island of
Walcheren up to the surrender of Flushing, had 103 killed and
443 wounded. On the day of the surrender, the Imperieuse, 38,
Captain Thomas Garth, exposed herself to the fire of the fort at

1 Commander, December 18th, 1809.

1809.] EVACUATION OF WALCHEREN, ETC. 277

Ter Neuze, and, in return, fired some shrapnel shells l from her
carronades. One of these blew up the magazine of the battery,
and caused the death of 75 men. What loss the French sustained
in Walcheren is unknown, but it was probably severe. On
August 17th, the islands of Schouwen and Duijveland, northward
of the East Schelde, surrendered peaceably to Sir Eichard Goodwin
Keats and Lieutenant-General the Earl of Eosslyn.

From that time forward the campaign collapsed. The Earl of
Chatham, who moved his headquarters on the 21st from Middelburg
to Veere, transferred them thence on the 23rd to Goes, in Zuid
Beveland. He left 10,000 men in Walcheren to hold in check -the
ever-increasing force of the enemy at Cadzand ; and he therefore
had but about 29,000 nominally available for the remaining objects
of the expedition, namely, the reduction of the strong forts of Lillo
and Liefkenshoek, and of the great fortress of Antwerp. At those
places, and in Bergen-op-Zoom, there were discovered to be at least
35,000 French ; while, from the 19th onward, the British effective
strength was daily reduced by malarious sickness.2 Chatham,
moreover, was intimidated by the reports which reached him of
the defences of Antwerp, which he had believed to be easily
assailable, and of the impossibility of destroying the docks and
arsenal there while the citadel remained unreduced. He learnt,
too, that there was nothing to prevent the French ships of the
line from moving, with everything on board, to Euppelmonde,
five miles beyond Antwerp, or, without their guns and stores, to
Dendermonde, fifteen miles higher; and, losing heart, he held a
council of war on the 26th. This council declared in favour of
abandoning the enterprise rather than of running any risk of
failure. Zuid Beveland was accordingly evacuated at once, and
Walcheren in December, after the basin, arsenal, and sea-defences
had been blown up. Two small vessels on the stocks there were
also destroyed ; but a 74, that was in frame, was taken to pieces, and
the timbers, being subsequently put together at Woolwich Yard,
formed the skeleton of the Chatham, 74.3 The only other material

1 So called from their inventor, Lieut.-Gen. Henry Shrapnel, an artillery officer
who died in 1842. They were shells filled with bullets and a bursting charge,
exploded by means of a time-fuse. They were invented in 1792, and adopted for the
services in 1803.

2 Known among the troops as " polder " fever. About 14,000 officers and men
suffered from it from first to last, and about a fourth of that number died.

3 Of 1860 tons, launched in 1812.

278 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1809.

spoil of the expedition was a new frigate, the Fidele, which was
added to the Navy as the Laurel, 38. The whole affair was
mismanaged, ill-planned, and ill-timed ; but its failure was in no-
wise due to any remissness either on the part of the Navy in general
or on the part of the naval Commander-in-Chief in particular.1 Nor
can it be said that blame rested upon anyone so heavily as upon the
Government and the Earl of Chatham.

In the Mediterranean, Vice-Admiral Lord Collingwood still
continued to watch Vice-Admiral Ganteaume at Toulon ; but, for
various reasons, he was unable to watch him so closely and
persistently as always to prevent vessels from quitting or entering
the port ; and Bear-Admiral Fra^ois Andre Baudin, with five sail
of the line, two frigates, one corvette, and sixteen small craft, got
out in April, carried troops and stores to the relief of Barcelona, and
returned safely to Toulon in May, closely followed, however, by the
British fleet. This experience, and the knowledge that a further
effort was to be made to throw supplies into Barcelona, induced
Collingwood, in October, to abandon his station off Cape Sicie, and,
leaving as look-outs off the port the Pomone, 38, Captain Eobert
Barrie, and Alceste, 38, Captain Murray Maxwell, to cruise between
Cape S'an Sebastian and Barcelona. There were at that time in
Toulon, ready for sea, fifteen French and six Russian sail of the line,
whereas Collingwood had with him fifteen sail of the line only.

On October 21st, Rear-Admiral Baudin, in the Robuste, 80,
Captain Fran£ois Legras, with the Boree, 74, Captain Gaspard
Laignel, Lion, 74, Captain Eustache Marie Joseph Bonami, the
40-gun frigates Pomone and Pauline, and a number of armed
transports and storeships, left Toulon for Barcelona with an easterly
wind. Captain Robert Barrie discovered the enemy an hour or two
later, and, making sail to the W.S.W., fell in, at 9 P.M. on the
following day, with Collingwood, off the Catalonian coast, having
previously spoken the Alceste. Barrie was unable to report exactly
how many French ships were out ; and the Commander-in-Chief,
feeling sure that the force, whatever might be its strength, was
bound westward, prepared for action, and stationed his frigates as
scouts to windward. At 8 A.M. on the 23rd, the Volontaire, 38,
Captain Charles Bullen, signalled a fleet to the eastward ; and at
10 A.M., Captain Barrie signalled that the strangers had hauled to

1 For many interesting particulars of the naval operations in the Schelde, see
Bourchier's ' Codrington,' i. 129-167.

1809.]

MARTIN AND BAUDIN.

279

the wind. Thereupon Rear- Admiral George Martin (2), with eight
of the best sailers in the British fleet, was ordered to chase to the
E.N.E. At 3 P.M., Baudin, with his three ships of the line and two
frigates, separated from his convoy, which steered in confusion to
the N.N.W., while he made for the E.S.E., with a north-easterly
wind. That afternoon and evening, Captain Barrie, in the
Pomone, 38, picked up and destroyed two brigs, two bombards, and
a ketch belonging to the convoy ; but the rest got away. The five
French men-of-war, chased by Martin, soon disappeared in the other
direction.

Martin, at 8 P.M., when the wind was nearly east, tacked to the
northward, since he judged that the enemy would make for his own
shores. A little later, two of the chasing ships parted company by
accident, leaving the following to continue the pursuit :—

SHIPS.

GUNS.

C'OMMANDKHS.

Canopus
Renown.

. . 80
. . 74

fRear-Adm. George Martin (2), (B).
tCapt. Charles Inglis (2).
/ „ Philip Charles Henderson Calderwood

Tigre ....

. . 74

(. Durham.
,. Benjamin Hallowell.

. . 74

„ Edward Griffith.

Leviathan .

. . 74

„ John Harvey (2).

Cumberland

. . 74

„ Hon. Philip Wodehouse.

The French were not seen until early in the morning of the 24th,
when four of them were sighted in the N.N.E. The Pomone, it
afterwards appeared, had left her consorts and proceeded inde-
pendently for Marseilles. Martin crowded sail as much as possible,
but could not come up with the enemy, and, at nightfall, owing to
the proximity of the lee-shore and the shallowness of the water,
was obliged to haul off. Early on the 25th, however, the French
were again seen to the northward, running under the coast with a
fresh S.E. breeze. Martin once more crowded sail, and prepared to
anchor with springs. At 11.45 A.M. the Eobuste and Lion put up
their helms and ran ashore near Frontignan, about six miles N.E. of
Cette, in the little harbour of which the Boree and Pauline, though
closely pressed, succeeded in finding precarious shelter.1 Martin
hauled his wind and stood off, and, on the 26th, having regained
eight of the grounded ships, had the satisfaction of finding that their
people had set them on fire. That night both the Eobuste and the

1 They subsequently got back to Toulon.

280

MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1809.

Lion blew up. Having executed this service, the Bear- Admiral
rejoined Collingwood, who presently resumed his old station off
Cape Sicie.1

The remains of the convoy which Rear-Admiral Baudin had had
in his charge put into Eosas Bay, and anchored under the guns of
Rosas Castle, Fort Trinidad, Fort Bouton, and other batteries.
This flotilla consisted of seven merchantmen, under the care of the
Lamproie, 16, armed storeship, the armed bombards Victoire, 14, and
Grandeur, 8, and the armed xebec Normande, 10. Learning of its
whereabouts, Collingwood detached Captain Benjamin Hallowell to
endeavour to take or destroy it. Hallowell had under his orders
the vessels named below : —

SHirs.

GUNS.

COHMANDKRS.

Tigre
Cumberland ....

74
74
38

ot. Benjamin Hallowell.
, Hon. Philip Wodehouse.
Charles Bullen.

Avollo .

Bridges Watkinson Taylor.

Topaze
Philomel
Scout
Tuscan

38
18
18
16

Henry Hope.
m. George Crawley.
William Kaitt.1
John Wilson (3).

1 This officer had been posted on September 16tb, bat had not leanit of his promotion.

The larger ships of the squadron anchored at about five miles from
Rosas on the night of October 31st, the brigs remaining under way.
The boats of all the vessels were at once manned and armed, and,
without delay, they pushed off under command of Lieutenant John
Tailour,2 first of the Tigre. The French had made full preparations
to resist attack, and were not taken by surprise. The Lamproie
was, nevertheless, quickly boarded and carried ; the Victoire,
Grandeur, Normande, and a felucca full of musketeers, soon shared
the same fate in spite of the gallant resistance which they made,
and of a heavy fire from the forts, and from troops posted on the
beach ; and by daylight on November 1st, every vessel in the
harbour had been either burnt at her moorings, or carried out.
The British loss was somewhat heavy, for fifteen (including Lieu-
tenant Dalhousie Tait, of the Volontaire, and Master's Mate James
Caldwell, of the Tigre) were killed, and fifty wounded. Among the
latter were Lieutenants John Tailour (Tigre), John Forster (Apollo),

1 Collingwood's ' Collingwood,' 550-553 ; Collingwood to Pole, Oct. 30th, enclosing
Martin's disp. of Oct. 27th, 1809.

2 Promoted November 1st, 1809 ; posted October 26th, 1813.

1809.] SPRANGER IN THE ARCHIPELAGO. 281

Richard Stuart (Cumberland), James Begbie (Apollo), and the Hon.
James Ashley Maude (Ville de Paris), Master's Mate John Webster
(Cumberland), and Midshipmen Dey Richard Syer (Tigre), William
Hollinshed Brady (Cumberland), and John Armstead (Ville de Paris).
The French loss must have been even heavier.1 The complete
defeat of this attempt on the part of Rear-Admiral Baudin to
succour Barcelona illustrates the great importance of command of
the sea in cases where military operations are in progress on or near
the seaboard ; but the ease with which Baudin was detected and
checkmated on this occasion causes one to feel astonishment that
his previous cruise in April and May began and ended without any
British interference whatsoever. Nor, on the other hand, is it
possible to avoid wondering why Admiral Ganteaume, who had
with him superior forces, who realised the necessity for relieving
Barcelona, and who must have known that Collingwood was not the
man to decline an action, did not put to sea with his fifteen French
and six Russian sail of the line, and endeavour not only to force a
way to the Catalonian coasts, but also to cripple for ever the enemy
who sought to bar his passage thither. Napoleon, however, always
loved to husband his ships ; and Trafalgar had made French
admirals somewhat chary of risking decisive encounters when they
had in their favour a numerical advantage of not more than twenty-
five per cent, or thereabouts.

At the eastern end of the Mediterranean the year 1809 witnessed
other misfortunes to the cause of France. In October, Zante,
Cephalonia, and some outlying islands surrendered without oppo-
sition to British forces commanded by Captain John William
Spranger, of the Warrior, 74, and Brigadier-General John Oswald.2
Cerigo similarly fell to Captain Jahleel Brenton (2), of the Spartan, 38,
and Major Charles William Clarke, of the 35th regiment ; 3 and
Ithaca, to Commander George Crawley, of the Philomel, 18, and
Captain R. Church.4 The consequence of these operations was the
liberation of the Archipelago from French rule, and the re-establish-
ment of the Republic of the Seven Islands.

In extra-European waters France experienced worse disasters,

1 Gazette, 1809, 1907. Collingwood to Pole, Nov. 1st, enclosing Hallo-well's disp.
of same date. Marshall, Supp. Pt. iii. 157.

2 Sprauger to Martin, Oct. 3rd, and Oct. 16th, 1809.

3 Brenton to Spranger, Oct. 13th.
1 Crawley to Spranger, Oct. 10th.

282 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1809.

losing Senegal, Martinique, and Cayenne, as well as several minor
possessions. Early in the summer of 1809, the depredations of
numerous small privateers, which used Senegal as their head-
quarters, drew attention to the importance of that settlement ; and,
in consequence, Captain Edward Henry Columbine, of the Solebay,
32, who was senior officer at Goree, arranged with Major Charles
William Maxwell, commanding the garrison, to attempt to reduce
the French colony. The expeditionary force assembled for the
purpose consisted of the Solebay, Derwent, 18, Commander Frederick
Parker, Tigris, brig, Lieutenant Eobert Bones, Agincourt, transport,
George, colonial schooner, six other armed schooners and sloops, and
several unarmed vessels which were added to give an appearance of
force. On board were 166 officers and men under Major Maxwell.
The flotilla left Goree on July 4th, and anchored off the bar of
Senegal on the 7th. On the following day 160 soldiers, 120 seamen,
and 50 Eoyal Marines were, with much difficulty, got over the bar.
This operation, unfortunately, involved the grounding of the George,
the total loss of a schooner and a sloop, and the drowning of Com-
mander Parker, of the Derwent. It was then discovered that a French
force of about 400 men lay at Babaque, twelve miles above the bar,
and five miles below St. Louis. The British troops and Marines were
accordingly landed on the left bank, and established in a position where
it was purposed that they should await the refloating of the George
and the disembarkation of supplies. On the 9th, the enemy advanced
to the attack, but retired before Maxwell, who was supported by the
boats of the squadron, and again took post at Babaque, an island
battery which covered a flotilla of seven armed vessels, mounting
thirty-one guns, and which also commanded a boom spanning the
whole river. On the llth, the George being again afloat, the
Solebay and Derwent l proceeded to a spot whence they cannonaded
Babaque across the intervening land with good effect. In the
following night, however, the Solebay took the ground, and she
ultimately became a total wreck, though happily no lives were lost,
and many of her stores were saved. On the 12th, the forces which
had been landed were re-embarked, and the expedition proceeded up
the river until within gunshot of Babaque. An attack was post-
poned owing to the receipt of information that the enemy desired to
capitulate ; and on the 13th it was found that the boom was broken,

1 Then commanded by Commander Joseph Swabey Tetley, who was confirmed
in that rank on August 31st, 1809.

1809.]

CAPTURE OF MARTINIQUE.

283

and that the battery and vessels were abandoned. Later in the day
Senegal was formally surrendered.1

In the summer of 1808 it had become known to the British
ministry that Martinique was in want both of provisions and of
troops ; and preparations had been subsequently begun at Barbados
for taking advantage of the distress of the most important of the
French West-Indian possessions, which was at the time governed by
Vice- Admiral Villaret-Joyeuse, the officer who had been defeated by
Lord Howe in 1794. These preparations were completed by the
end of January, 1809, when the naval force set forth below,2 to-
gether with a fleet of transports, having on board about 10,000
troops under Lieutenant-General Beckwith, assembled at Carlisle
Bay. The expedition sailed on January 28th, and arrived on the
30th off Martinique, which was garrisoned by about 2400 effective
regulars, and 2500 militia, and which mounted in its various batteries
about 290 guns. In the harbour of Fort Koyal lay the Amphitrite,
40, which had left Cherbourg on November 12th, 1808 ; at St. Pierre
lay the Diligente, 18 ; and at Marin lay the Carnation, 18, which
had been taken by the Palinure from the British on October 3rd,
1808.

Early on January 30th, about 3000 men, commanded by Major-
General Frederick Maitland, were landed without opposition at
Pointe Sainte Luce, under the superintendence of Captain Fahie ;

1 Columbine to Pole, July 20th ; Maxwell to Castlereagh, July 18th, 1809.

SHIPS.

COMMANDERS.

SHIPS.

COMMANDERS.

IRear-Adm. Hon. Alexander

Frolic i .

Com. Thomas Whiuyates.

Neptune^ . , ' 98 •{ F. I. Cochrane, K.B. (R.)

Recruit i .

Charles Napier (2).

ICapt. Charles Dilkes.

Wolverine*

(

John Simpson.

Pomjjre i 74

Commod. George Cockburn.

Express i .

Lieut. William Malone (I).

rorfci .

Capt. Robert Barton.

Haughty i .

John Mitchell (2).

BMeisle '

William Charles Fahie.

Swinger i .

Captain 1

James Athol Wood.

Pelorus

Intrepid 1

{

Christopher John

Williams Nesham.

Fawn .

(Com. Hon. George Alfred
\ Crofton.

Ulysses 1

Edward Woollcombe.

Gloire .

Capt. James Carthew.

Acasta 1

Philip Beaver.

Hazard .

Com. Hugh Cameron.

Penetope 1
Ethalion l

36
38

John Dick.
Thomas John Cochrane.

Mozambique
sch. .

}

Lieut. James Atkins.

jSolus l .

Lord William Fitzroy.

Port (VEipo.gn

Com. Alexander Kennedy (1)

Circe 1 .

Hugh Pigot (3).

Surinam .

John Lake. [(actg.)

Cleopatra

{

Samuel John Brooke
Pechell.

Superieurc.
Ringdove .

16
18

•

William Ferric.
George Andrews (2).

Eurydice '

James Bradshaw.

/;-//-//.• . .

George Sanders.

Cherub 1

i. Thomas Tudur Tucker.

James Pattison Stewart.

Coreei .

Joseph Spear.

Demerara .

16 j ,

William Dowers.

Start .

Frauds Augustus Collier.

Pultusk .

20 ,

George Pringle.

Stork l .

George Le Geyt.

Liberty . .

Lie

ut. John Codd.

Amarantlte

Edward Pelham Brenton

Subtle . ,

— Brown.

Eclair 1

[(2)-

Bacchus

Charles Deyman Jenny.

Forester 1

,, John Richards. Cuttle, sch.

Thomas Bury (2).

These vessels only were mentioned in Cochrane's dispatch of February 25th.
2 Lieut. James Hay acted while Brenton served on shore.

284 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1809.

and 600 men, under Major Henderson, were put ashore at Cape
Solomon. Upon the appearance of the former in Marin Bay, the
French destroyed the Carnation. In the meanwhile, nearly 6500
men, commanded by Lieut. -General Sir George Prevost, were landed
on the north side of the island, at Baie Eobert, under the direc-
tion of Captain Beaver. These, also, were unopposed, the militia
assembled near the landing-places retiring before them, and going
to their homes. On February 1st and 2nd, the advancing British
army gained successes against the French regulars, the main body
of whom then fell back on Fort Desaix. Major Henderson pos-
sessed himself of a fort or battery on Pointe Salomon ; and on
February 4th, Pigeon Island l surrendered after it had been heavily
bombarded for twelve hours. The fall of this post was largely
due to the exertions of a body of seamen employed ashore under
Captain Cockburn ; and the capture of its little garrison of 136
men was owing to retreat having been cut off by the Molus,
Cleopatra, and Recruit, which had pushed up to the head of
Fort Royal Bay, and which, by their appearance there, induced the
French to burn the Ampliitrite and other vessels in harbour. When
Sir Alexander Cochrane, with the squadron, afterwards stood into
the bay, the enemy on that side of the island concentrated them-
selves in Fort Desaix, the investment of which was then begun.
Gas des Navires was occupied on February 8th ; St. Pierre and the
Diligente surrendered on the 9th ; and Fort Koyal itself was taken
possession of on the 10th. On the 19th the bombardment of Fort
Desaix was opened, and until noon on the 23rd it continued without
cessation. After a fruitless parley it was recommenced, and con-
tinued until 9 A.M. on the 24th, when white flags were hoisted. In
the course of that day, the place, and the whole colony, formally
surrendered by capitulation. In the acquisition of Pigeon Island
the Navy lost two seamen killed ; in the siege of Fort Desaix it lost
six killed and nineteen wounded. The seamen who served on shore
were, as usual, of the greatest use in getting heavy guns and mortars
into position on commanding heights, and in helping to man the
batteries.2 For mismanagement of the defence, Vice-Admiral
Villaret-Joyeuse and some other officers were broken by a court
which tried them in Paris in December, 1809.

1 Or Hot aux Barniers.

2 Cochrane to Pole, Feb. 4th, Feb. 18th, Feb. 25th 1809: Cochrane's mem.,
Feb. 26th, etc. Beaver to Cochrane, Jan. 31st, 1809. Brenton, ii. 259.

1809.] CAPTURE OF CAYENNE. 285

The capture of Cayenne was a more brilliant if not a more
important exploit. On December 8th, 1808, the Confiance, 20,1
Captain James Lucas Yeo, two Portuguese brigs, the Voador and
Infante, some small craft, and about five hundred and fifty
Portuguese troops under Lieut.-Colonel Manoel Marques, with the
concurrence of Bear-Admiral Sir William Sidney Smith, had seized
Oyapok, in French Guiana, and, on the 15th, had reduced
Appruague. These successes encouraged Lucas and Marques to
make a descent upon Cayenne, which is the capital of the colony,
and which lies upon an island between the rivers Cayenne and
Mahuy.

The troops, with a body of British and Portuguese seamen and
Marines, having been embarked in small vessels, entered the mouth
of the Mahuy, eastward of the island, early in the morning of
January 6th, 1809. In the evening of the same day, Yeo, with
about two hundred and fifty of the men in ten canoes, proceeded to
attack some forts commanding the entrance to the river, having
directed Commander Salgado, of the Voador, to follow after dark
with the rest of the troops, and, upon being apprised of the fall of
the forts, to land the men as promptly as possible. Yeo's venture
was difficult and dangerous, for some of his canoes could not keep
up with the others, and those which landed their people were all
wrecked in the surf. Nevertheless, one detachment of the party,
under Major Joaquim Manoel Pinto carried an 8-gun battery called
Degras de Cannes ; 2 and another, under Yeo himself, rushed Fort
Diamant, where three guns were mounted. The loss on the side of
the attack was not heavy, that of the British being only six
wounded. Among the officers engaged in this affair were, in
addition to Yeo, Lieutenants William Howe Mulcaster 3 and Samuel
Blyth,4 Lieutenant John Head, E.M. (killed), Midshipmen George
Forder and David Irwin, Mr. Thomas Savory, Purser, and Carpenter
William Taylor. Commander Salgado, as agreed upon, landed with
the remainder of the troops ; but as General Victor Hugues was
known to be advancing from the town of Cayenne, only twelve miles
distant, with one thousand men, Yeo left Lieutenant Mulcaster,
with a few men from the Confiance, to dismantle Fort Diamant, and
concentrated the bulk of his command at Degras de Cannes. Upon

1 18-pr. carronades only. * Called " Grand Cane " in the disp.

3 Made Commander May 13th, 1809.

4 Made Commander Sept. 5th, 1811 ; killed in the Boxer, Sept. 5th, 1813.

286 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1809.

reaching that position he discovered", higher up the Mahuy, two
other forts, one, named Trio, on the right bank, commanding a
creek leading up to the town of Cayenne, and the other l on the left
bank. The two Portuguese cutters Lion and Vinganza had already
anchored between the forts, and were cannonading them with their
4-prs. ; but, perceiving that such weakly armed craft could effect
nothing alone, and that, in fact, their people were suffering severely,
Yeo quickly decided that both batteries must be stormed. Accordingly
Mr. Thomas Savory and some Portuguese were directed against the
battery on the left bank, and Yeo, with Lieutenant Samuel Blyth,
led the attack upon Trio. Both parties had to land under the
muzzles of the French guns, and each was exposed to a heavy fire of
grape and musketry ; but the assailants quickly carried their point
and drove out the defenders.

No sooner had the forts been taken than General Victor Hugues,
from Cayenne, attacked Colonel Marques at Degras de Cannes,
while a detachment of the French forces appeared before Fort
Diamant, where Lieutenant Mulcaster was still engaged. Yeo
instantly pushed off from Trio to assist Marques ; and the allies,
after a three hours' hot action, obliged Hugues to return to Cayenne.
At Fort Diamant the resolute attitude of the small body of seamen
decided the two hundred and fifty of the enemy not to risk an
attack, but to follow their general. On the following day Yeo sent a
summons to a strong French fort which defended Hugues's private
house and plantation, not far from the left bank of the Mahuy, and
which was held by one hundred picked men ; but a boat, carrying a
flag of truce, was twice fired upon at short range and had to retreat ;
whereupon Yeo effected a landing near the house. Again a flag of
truce, intended to cover Lieutenant Mulcaster, was fired at ; and
presently the French, most of whom were well ambushed in a wood,
opened upon the allies with musketry and a field-piece. The British
and Portuguese could not bring up their own gun ; but they charged
with pike and bayonet, and soon made themselves master of the
French field-piece, and drove the enemy in confusion from the
position. The allies then advanced towards Cayenne ; and on the
10th the town was summoned. An armistice was agreed to ; and
on January 14th the place was taken possession of, the enemy's
tro'ops, to the number of 400 regulars, 600 white militia, and 200
blacks, giving up their arms. Thus, with a loss to the British of
1 Each fort mounted two 8-prs.

1809-10.] STATE OF THE FRENCH NAVY. 287

only 1 killed and 23 wounded" (2 mortally), and to the Portuguese
of only 1 killed and 8 wounded, was acquired the whole territory
of what is now French Guiana, from the Maroni to the Oyapok.1

"It is but just," says Yeo, in his letter of January 15th to Sir W. S. Smith, "that
I should take notice of the exertions of Mr. J. Arscott,2 acting Master, who has passed
for Lieutenant, whom I left in charge of the ship, and who proved himself worthy of
the confidence reposed in him. The Topaze,3 French frigate, appeared in the offing on
the 13th, with a reinforcement for the garrison. Though with only twenty-five
Englishmen and twenty negroes, and no other officers than two young gentlemen,
Messrs. George Yeo 4 and Edward Bryant,5 he contrived, by his skilful manoeuvres, to
drive her off the coast."

The capture of Cayenne is one of the most striking examples of
the accomplishment of great ends with what were apparently
altogether inadequate materials ; and seldom has naval officer better
deserved than Captain Yeo the exceptional honours which his
bravery and ability won for him,6 and for all who served with him.7

As regards important actions at sea, the year 1810 was less
eventful than any year that had preceded it since the renewal of the
war in 1803. Great Britain had so far established her maritime
supremacy that France was unable, during the whole of the period,
to send a fleet of any kind out of sight of port ; yet Bonaparte, still
apparently believing that he might retrieve his position, made
unceasing efforts to increase and improve his navy. At Antwerp he
launched two 80-gun ships, the Friedland and Tilsit, and laid down
two vessels intended to carry 110 guns each ; and, both in the
Schelde and at Toulon, his squadrons were kept in good order and
were continually exercised. At Brest and in the Channel ports there
was little activity. Brest had in its road but three sail of the line
and three or four frigates ; and at Lorient and Bochefort there was
scarcely a sail of any consequence. The force in the Schelde was
watched by Bear-Admiral Sir Bichard John Strachan ; that in the
various harbours and estuaries of the Channel, by Admiral Lord
Gambier ; and that in the Mediterranean, by Vice-Admiral Lord

1 Yeo to Sidney Smith, Jan. 15th, 1809, capitulation enclosed.

2 James Arscott, promoted to be Lieutenant, Apr. 14th, 1810: died Sept. 27th, 1816,
James gives all the credit of this affair to young Yeo.

3 A 40-gun frigate, which was taken by the Cleopatra, 32, and others, off
Guadeloupe on Jan. 22nd. See next chapter.

4 Brother of the Captain, a Midshipman.
6 Midshipman.

6 James Lucas Yeo ; born Oct. 7th, 1782 ; Commander June 21st, 1805 ; Captain,
Dec. 19th, 1807 ; died a K.C.B. Aug. 21st, 1818.

7 For an account of these honours, see Marshall, Supp. iii. 222, 223.

288 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1810.

Collingwood until his regretted death on March 7th, and afterwards
by Admiral Sir Charles Cotton. When, towards the end of the
year, Sweden, which had recently witnessed the adoption of
Marshal Bernadotte as heir to the throne, took an active part with
France against the British Crown, a squadron under Vice- Admiral
Sir James Saumarez sufficed to prevent either the Swedes or the
Eussians from attempting to give trouble in the Baltic.1

Immediately after Lord Collingwood's death, and while Kear-
Admiral George Martin (2) held temporary command, a successful
expedition was undertaken against the island of Santa Maura, one
of the Ionian group, which, with Corfu, still remained in French
hands. The force employed for the purpose consisted of the
Magnificent, 74, Captain George Eyre, Belle Poule, 38, Captain
James Brisbane, Imogene, 16, Commander William Stephens, three
gunboats, and five transports, subsequently joined by the Leonidas,
38, Captain Anselm John Griffiths, which, pending the assemblage
of the squadron, cruised to prevent supplies from reaching the island
from Corfu, and by the Montagu, 74, Captain Richard Hussey
Moubray, which was detained by an accident to her rudder.2

The main part of the squadron left Zante early in the morning
of March 21st, and arrived off Santa Maura in the evening. It had
on board a body of troops under Brigadier-General Oswald. Early
on the 22nd, a landing was effected under cover of the Imogene and
gunboats, and a strong position was secured ashore, though not
until Captains Eyre and Stephens had been wounded. On April 8th
the batteries were opened against the fortress, which capitulated on
the 16th, after the British had sustained a loss of 24 killed, 127
wounded, and 17 missing.3

At Toulon, in the meanwhile, Vice-Admiral Ganteaume had been
succeeded as commander-in-chief by Vice-Admiral Allemand. There
lay thirteen sail of the line, made up of one 130, two 120's, one 80,
and nine 74's, including the Boree, which had returned from Cette after
her sortie of the previous year. There were also about nine frigates,
and several armed storeships ; and under construction were the
Wagram, 130, launched on June 30th, the Sceptre, 80, and the
Trident, 74. The British fleet cruising outside consisted generally
of not more than thirteen sail of the line, with an unduly small

1 See ' Letters of Sir T. Byam Martin ' (Nav. Rec. Soc.), ii.

2 The Kingfisher, 18, Com. Ewell Tritton, also joined on Apr. 5th from Malta.

3 Eyre to Martin, Apr. 18th.

1810.] BLACKWOOD OFF BANDOL. 289

proportion of frigates. In the middle of July, after Sir Charles
Cotton had arrived to assume command, a succession of strong gales
drove the main body of the observing fleet as far to the eastward as
Villefranche ; and the only vessels remaining off the port were the
Warspite, 74, Captain the Hon. Henry Blackwood, Ajax, 74,
Captain Robert Waller Otway (1), Conqueror, 74, Captain Edward
Fellowes, Euryalus, 36, Captain the Hon. George Heneage
Lawrence Dundas, and Shearwater, 10, Commander Edward
Reynolds Sibly. This division, during the absence of the
Commander-in-Chief, chased into the little port of Bandol, a few
miles to the westward of Toulon, a convoy of French coasters,
bound east. On the 17th eight ships of the line and four frigates
stood out of port, either to exercise, or to make a demonstration
which should enable the coasters to reach the road in safety ; and
one of the 74's exchanged some innocuous broadsides with the
Euryalus. On the day following, two French sail of the line and a
frigate were seen at anchor under Cape Cepet, and eleven sail of the
line and seven frigates, in the outer road. It was evident that the
enemy was still determined to attempt the release of the convoy at
Bandol ; and Blackwood kept on the alert until 7 A.M. on the 20th,
when six sail of the line and four frigates pnt to sea from Toulon,
while at almost the same moment, the craft at Bandol got under
way with a useful land wind. Blackwood, with his small force,
could not hope to prevent the intended junction ; but he recalled his
inshore craft, the Euryalus and Shearwater, with the object of
offering as good a front as possible to the enemy in case he should
be attacked. Unfortunately, says Blackwood, " owing to the
situation of the Euryalus and Shearwater, who were obliged to cross
their headmost ships, and the wind rather failing them, whilst the
enemy preserved it so entirely as to render the capture of the
Shearwater certain, if not the Euryalus, it became a matter
imperatively necessary that I should risk an action, though at the
door of the enemy, and with a force so superior." At 9.15 A.M. the
Shearwater began to receive the fire of' the leading French ships,
the Ajax, 74, and the Ainelie, 40. By judicious manosuvring,
however, Blackwood saved his imperilled vessels, neither of which
suffered any damage ; but the Bandol convoy entered Toulon in
safety. The gallant Blackwood's letter * on the subject to Sir
Charles Cotton contained some rather unworthy boasting ; and upon

1 Blackwood to CottoD, July 20th.
VOL. V. U

290 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1810.

it, and certain correspondence sent to the newspapers by an officer
of the British Ajax, the French were able to found a tolerably fair
complaint that their attitude had been misrepresented. In point
of fact, they effected their object, and were not " driven back
to port."

An exploit of a somewhat analogous nature was performed a few
weeks later single-handed by the Bepulse, 74, Captain John Halliday.1
On August 31st, the Philomel, 18, Commander Gardiner Henry
Guion, while endeavouring to prevent the passage of two storeships
from Bandol to Toulon, was threatened with capture by a division
of the French fleet which stood out as before to cover the approach.
Halliday, with the greatest bravery and coolness, interposed between
the British sloop and three French 40-gun frigates which, closely
supported by several ships of the line, were attempting to cut off
the Philomel ; and, after a quarter of an hour's firing, he forced them
to retire.

On distant stations the Navy had better opportunities for actively
distinguishing itself. In the West Indies, Vice-Admiral the Hon.
Alexander Forester Inglis Cochrane, who probably knew that
sickness raged on the island and that the colonial militia was
disaffected, appeared before Guadeloupe on January 27th, with
troops under Lieut.-General Sir George Beckwith. On the fol-
lowing day landings were effected without opposition, one under
the direction of Commodore William Charles Fahie, of the
Abercrombie, 74, and the other under that of Commodore Samuel
James Ballard, of the Sceptre, 74. After some fighting, in
which the Navy was not engaged, terms of capitulation were
proposed, and the island surrendered on February 6th. Between
that date and February 22nd the Dutch islands of St. Martin,
St. Eustatius, and Saba were peaceably taken possession of by
the same forces.2

The chief services of the fleet were, however, performed in the
East Indies, where Bear-Admiral William O'Brien Drury com-
manded, and on the Cape Station. Early in the year, Drury
decided to attempt the capture of the important Dutch settlement of
Amboyna, in the Moluccas ; and on February 9th, in compliance
with his directions, the Dover, 38, Captain Edward Tucker,

1 Marshall, i. 747 ; and Supp. ii. 445 : James, v. 220.

2 Cochrane's dispatches of Feb. 8th and Feb. 27th. Fahie to Cochrane, Feb. 17th
and Feb. 22nd. Lieut. Thomas Wells (3), of Morne Fortunee, to Fahie, Feb. 22nd.

1810.] CAPTURE OF AMBOTNA, ETC. 291

Cornwallis, 44, Captain William Augustus Montagu, and Samarang,
18, Commander Eichard Spencer, anchored before the place, which
was strongly defended by Victoria Castle, mounting, with its
outlying batteries, 215 guns, Wagoo battery, mounting 9 guns, a
detached battery, built on piles in the sea and also mounting 9 guns,
and two highly placed works, Wannetoo, with 9, and Batto-Gautong,
with 5 guns. On the 16th, after the defences had been reconnoitred,
the ships weighed, as if intending to relinquish their project and to
proceed to sea. Tucker had previously put a landing force into
boats, which he kept carefully concealed behind his vessels ; and he
so managed his squadron that, while it appeared to be working out,
it was in reality drifting towards the landing place which had been
already selected. When the situation was favourable the boats
were slipped by signal, and a force of four hundred and one men,
drawn from the Madras European regiment, and from the seamen
and Royal Marines of the squadron, was successfully thrown ashore.
Wannetoo battery was soon carried, and, after some arduous
marching by the troops, the enemy was induced to abandon Batto-
Gautong. The fall of these works enabled the ships, which had
been exposed in the interval to a heavy fire, to anchor in Portuguese
Bay in positions where they could be no longer annoyed. That
night Commander Spencer landed with a party and a couple of
field-pieces ; and, on the following day, the British fire obliged the foe
first to abandon Wagoo and the pile battery, and finally to surrender
Victoria Castle and the entire island. The only loss on the part of
the Navy during the operations was two killed and four or five
wounded. The loss on the part of the troops was almost equally
insignificant. Three Dutch vessels of war had been sunk in the
inner harbour before the surrender. One of these, the Mandarin, 12,
was subsequently weighed by the captors. The fall of Amboyna
was speedily followed by the bloodless acquisition of the neighbouring
Dutch Islands of Harouka, Nasso-Laut, Bouru, Manipa, and
Saparoua, and by the acceptance by the Sultan of Gorontale, in
Celebes, of British instead of Dutch suzerainty. Captain Tucker
proceeded later to Menado, another important post in Celebes, and
received its surrender on June 24th. With Menado fell several
dependent ports of considerable commercial value. On August 31st
Captain Tucker also reduced Ternate, after some sharp fighting, in
which Lieutenant Charles Jefferis behaved with great gallantry.
During the cruise, the boats of the Cornwallis, under Lieutenant

U 2

292 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1810.

the Hon. Henry John Peachey,1 pluckily cut out of a bay in the
island of Amblaw the Dutch man-of-war brig Margaretta.2

Upon receipt of news of the capture of Amboyna, Rear-Admiral
Drury despatched from Madras a force carrying troops and supplies
for the place. This force consisted of the Caroline, 36, Captain
Christopher Cole, Piedmontaise, 38, Captain Charles Foote,
Barraconta, 18, Lieutenant Richard Kenah (acting Commander),
and Mandarin, 12, Lieutenant Archibald Buchanan, with one
hundred officers and men of the Madras European regiment. Cole
had permission from the Commander-in-Chief to attack certain of
the enemy's settlements on his route, and he made up his mind to
attempt the reduction of the Spice Islands. The expedition sailed
on May 10th, and, having called at Penang for a few additional
artillerymen, two field-pieces, and some scaling ladders, left that
island on June 10th, to make the passage into the Java Sea against
the south-east monsoon. On the 15th, in the Strait of Singapore,
the Samarang was met with ; and from her commander, Cole learnt
that in the island of Banda there were more than seven hundred
regular troops.

The course taken by the expedition was a very difficult one ;
and, the winds being often baffling, the Banda Islands were not
sighted until the evening of August 8th, when shots were
unexpectedly fired at the ships from the island of Rosensgen. At
first Cole abandoned all idea of trying to surprise the foe ; but, the
night becoming very dark and squally, and it being supposed that,
in the circumstances, the Dutch would be lulled to a feeling of
security, it was determined, after all, to attack Great Banda at once.
Accordingly, at about 11 P.M., the boats, having on board less than
four hundred people all told, pushed off from the Caroline under the
command of Captain Cole in person. Owing to the badness of the
weather and the pitchy darkness, the boats could not be kept
together ; and it was not until dawn that a certain number of
them, carrying about 180 men, could be assembled off the appointed
landing place. The Dutch troops3 had been warned by the guns
from Rosensgen, and had collected to repel the British ; but,
anticipating that the point threatened would be the one at which

1 Afterwards Lord Selsey.

2 Drury to Croker, Apr. 22nd; Tucker to Drury, Feb. 20th; Capt. M. H. Court
(Mad. regt.) to Tucker, Feb. 27th ; Tucker to Drury, Mar. 1st, June 16th, June 25th ;
Montagu to Tucker, Mar. 3rd ; Tucker to Drury, Aug. 31st.

3 Seven hundred regulars, and eight hundred militia.

•jj

. a

§ I

•< s

^ 1

S -s

" I

^ K

e !

w fe

g «
s =•

1810.] CAPTURE OF BAND A NEIBA. 293

Eear-Admiral Peter Banner's forces had landed in 1796, they had
collected in the wrong spot. In. the confusion of the storm the
British boats grounded on a reef within one hundred yards of the
Voorzichtigheid battery, where the men were at their guns with
matches lighted ; but the gloom and rain prevented the invaders
from being detected ; and, a little later, the battery was so success-
fully attacked from the rear by a party under Lieutenant Kenah
and Lieutenant Thomas Carew (1) that it was captured without the
firing of a shot. Kenah was then recalled to join the main body,
which pushed on to storm the principal work, half a mile away.
This bore the name of Casteel Belgica, and mounted no fewer than
fifty-two heavy guns. By that time bugles were sounding to alarm
the island ; but the wind rendered them almost inaudible, and the
assailants arrived within one hundred yards of the castle ditch ere
they were discovered. In the face of hot opposition they stormed
the fortress ; and full daylight saw the British flag instead of the
Dutch waving above it. Below, and covered by, Casteel Belgica,
lay Casteel Nassau, the town, and the sea defences. The governor,
however, had to be twice summoned ere he agreed to surrender.
That day 1500 Dutch troops laid down their arms, after reduc-
tion by but about 180 British, most of whom were seamen and
Eoyal Marines.1 For his magnificent exploit Cole received the
thanks of the Commander-in-Chief, of _the Governor-General of
India, and of the Admiralty, besides many gratifying testimonials
from his subordinates. He was also awarded a gold medal, and
on May 29th, 1812, he received the honour of knighthood. In
1815 he was made a K.C.B.2 It should be added that among
the naval officers who most distinguished themselves at the
capture of Banda were Lieutenants Eichard Kenah,3 Thomas
Carew (I),4 Samuel Allen,5 George Pratt,6 Eobert Walker,7 and
Edmund Lyons.8

The force on the Cape station, where Vice-Admiral Albemarle
Bertie commanded, had received so many accessions of strength by
the autumn of the year 1810, that it was determined to attempt
the reduction of the island of Mauritius, then known as Isle de

1 Cole to Drury, Aug. 10th, 1810. Marshall, ii. 505.

2 Sir Christopher Cole died, still a Captain, in 1836.

3 Confirmed Commander, July 1st, 1811 ; killed in the JStna, Oct 3rd, 1814.

4 Commander, June 6th, 1814. 5 Never promoted.

6 Commander, June 15th, 1814. " Commander, Dec. 8th, 1813.

8 Commander, Mar. 21st, 1812; died V.-Adm. Lord Lyons, Nov. 23rd, 1858.

MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1810.

France. At Port Louis, the chief port of the colony, lay the
frigates Bellone, Minerve, Manche, Astr&e, and Iphigenie,1 the
corvette Victor, the brig Entreprenante, and another brig, besides
several French merchantmen. After October 19th these were
blockaded by the English frigates Boadicea, 38, Commodore Josias
Bowley, Nisus, 38, Captain Philip Beaver, and Nereide,2 38,
Commander George Henderson (actg. Captain).

The entire expeditionary force was ordered to assemble off Bodri-
guez ; but, a division from Cape Town not having arrived by November
21st, it was decided to start without it. On the following morning,
therefore, the fleet set sail ; yet, owing to adverse winds, it did not
sight its destination until the evening of the 28th. A military
force of about 10,000 men, under Major-General the Hon. John
Abercromby, was embarked on board the ships, which numbered
about seventy sail, and which ultimately included, besides transports,
the vessels named in the note.3

On November 29th the whole fleet anchored in Grande Baie,
about twelve miles to the north-east of Port Louis ; and, the
approaches having been most carefully sounded beforehand, the
army, some Eoyal Marines, and a large body of seamen under
Captain William Augustus Montagu, who had relinquished com-
mand of the Cornwallis to take charge of the naval brigade ashore,
were landed without opposition or casualty. The force advanced
on the three following days, driving back the enemy, and suffering
a loss of only 28 killed, 94 wounded, and 45 missing; and on
December 2nd, realising that he could make no effective stand, the
French general Decaen proposed terms. On the 3rd, in conse-
quence, the island was formally surrendered. About 1300 regular

1 Late British Iphigenia, which had been captured on Aug. 28th, 1810.

2 Late French Venus, which had been captured on Sept. 18th, 1810.

3 SHIPS.

Gfxs.

COMMAXDEKS.

SHIPS.

GUNS.

COMMANDERS.

I V.-Ad. Albemarle Bertie.

Psyche ....

Capt. John Edgcumbe.

Africaine .

<Capt. Charles Gordon (1)
1 (actg.).

Ceylon ....

(Com. James Tomkinson
X (actg. Capt.).

Illustrious .

Cornwallis
Hoadicea
Msus

( „ William Robert
I Broughton.
James Canlfelld(l).
Josias Rowley.
Philip Beaver.

Ifesper ....
Eclipse ....

Hecate ....

18
18

,, David Patereon.
(Lieut. Henry Lynne
I (actg. Corn.).
/Lieut. George Lucas Ren-
l nie (actg. Com.).

Clorinde.

Thomas Briggs.

/Com. Ralph Visct. Ne-

Atenelaus

Peter Parker (2).

l ville.

Nere'ide .
I'hcebe .

38
36

/Com. George Henderson
1 (actg. C'apt.).
Capt. James Hillyar.

Staunch ....
Emma, armed ship

/Lieut. Benjamin Street
\ (actg. Com.).

Doris

„ William Jones Lye.

Egremont, hired .

„ Robert Forder.

Cornelia,

/ „ Henry Folkes Ed-
\ gell.

Farquhar. hired .
Jtfouche, hired .

1811.] PELLEW AND EMERIAU. 295

troops laid down their arms, among them being nearly 500 Irish
renegades. Decaen had also under his orders fully 10,000 militia ;
but they were insubordinate and disaffected, and he could not count
upon them. In the batteries were 209 heavy guns, all in excellent
condition ; and in the harbour were the men-of-war already men-
tioned, the late British Indiamen Charlton,1 Ceylon* and United
Kingdom,1 and twenty-four French merchantmen.3 The old Nereide
which, after so gallant a defence under Nisbet Josiah Willoughby,
had been taken on the previous 23rd of August,4 was also recovered,
but she was in so battered a condition that she could not be
restored to the Navy.

The year 1811 witnessed even fewer active operations of great
fleets than 1810, though the minor actions fought during the period
were both numerous and important. In the North Sea Admiral
William Young (1) watched the ports of Holland, wherein lay a
considerable force. In the mouth of the Schelde was Vice-Admiral
Missiessy, with fifteen sail of the line, a frigate, and nine brigs ; at
Antwerp were three ships of the line repairing, and several on the
stocks ; other ships of the line were building at Flushing and
Ter Neuze ; and in the Texel seven sail of the line were ready for
sea. But no squadron ventured out to challenge Young. Nor was
the Channel fleet, which, in the second half of the year, passed to
the command of Admiral Sir Charles Cotton, able to induce the
enemy to issue from Brest, Cherbourg, Lorient, or Kochefort, in all
of which the building slips were kept fully occupied.

When Cotton quitted the Mediterranean for the Channel the
command of the former station was given to Vice-Admiral Sir
Edward Pellew, whose duty it became to watch Toulon, where the
command had by that time devolved upon Vice-Admiral Maurice
Julien Emeriau. In the latter half of the year several slight
collisions occurred between the blockaded and the blockading forces.

On July 19th two French frigates, the Amelie, 40, and Adrienne,
40, re turning, from Genoa with naval conscripts, were endeavouring
to enter Toulon. Emeriau, apprised of their presence off the coast,
weighed with the intention of proceeding into the offing to cover

1 Taken Nov. 18th, 1809, in lat. 6° 30' N., long. 90° 30' E., by two French
frigates and a corvette.

2 Taken 1810.

3 Bertie to Croker, Oct. 13th, Dec. 6th ; Montagu to Bertie, Dec. 4th ; Abercromby's
General Orders of Dec. 1st and 5th ; Rowley to Croker, Feb. 19th, 1811.

4 See next Chapter.

296 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1811.

them; and just as Pellew, then off Cape Sicie with sixteen sail of
the line and three frigates, signalled to his two inshore battleships,
the Conqueror, 74, Captain Edward Fellowes, and Sultan, 74,
Captain John West, to chase the frigates, the French vice-admiral
left the road with thirteen sail of the line and the Incorruptible, 40.
By 11.30 A.M. the Conqueror was near enough to the Amelie and
Adrienne to open fire upon them; but, very soon afterwards, both
she and the Sultan were exchanging distant broadsides with the
four most advanced of the French battleships, and were obliged,
in consequence, to shorten sail and tack off to the fleet, the French
frigates joining their friends and returning with them to Toulon.
No one seems to have been hurt on either side.

In the early days of August, Pellew having anchored off Hyeres,
and having left only a ship of the line and two or three frigates off
Cape Sicie, M. Emeriau several times sailed out and " chased the
enemy from off the port," always, however, returning ere Pellew
had an opportunity of bringing him to action. On August 13th
the French were tempted out by the fact that the Temeraire, 98,
Eear-Admiral Francis Pickmore, Captain Joseph Spear, while getting
under way, drifted under a battery at Pointe des Medes, and was for
some time in a disagreeable position ; but, as usual, M. Emeriau
attempted nothing. His most ambitious cruise during the year
was one which he began on November 20th, when the only British
force off Toulon, and that at some distance, consisted of the
Volontaire, 38, Captain the Hon. Granville George Waldegrave,
and the Perlen, 38, Commander Joseph Swabey Tetley (actg.
Captain). The French remained cruising about Capes Sicie and
Cepet, with fourteen sail of the line and several frigates, until, on
the morning of the 23rd, their advanced division, of three sail of
the line and two frigates, fell in with the Volontaire and Perlen,
and chased them. The Perlen drove off the first frigate that drew
near her, but was then engaged at gradually decreasing range by
the other frigate and a 74. The Volontaire, in the meanwhile,
exchanged only distant shots with the enemy. At 1 P.M. the Perlen,
finding that her pursuers were gaining upon her, cut away four of
her anchors. At 2.30 P.M. she had the Trident, 74, on her lee,
and the Amelie, 40, on her weather quarter, both keeping up a
heavy fire, which was steadily returned. Later, the Trident yawed
in order to discharge a broadside ; but this occasioned her to drop
so far astern that she soon abandoned her designs upon the Perlen ,

1811.] EXPEDITION AGAINST JAVA. 297

and, with her consort, stood instead for the Volontaire. The French
ships, however, were by that time too much damaged aloft to chase
successfully, and presently they bore away for Toulon. The Perlen,
though somewhat cut up, had no one hurt. The Volontaire was
not struck. Emeriau continued his manoeuvres outside Toulon
until the '26th, when he re-anchored in the road. On that day
Pellew and the British fleet were off the south-east end of Minorca.
M. Emeriau's last sortie for the year was made on December 9th.
Informed that twelve British sail of the line were in the offing, he
put to sea with sixteen sail of the line and two frigates ; but he
returned in a few hours without giving Pellew a chance of trying
conclusions with him.

It is exceedingly difficult to understand the French naval policy
of that time. Napoleon is said to have cherished a gigantic project
for moving a great fleet, having on board a large number of troops,
to the East Indies, and for striking a blow at the British power
there. He may have had some such design. Certainly, one would
imagine, he must have had extensive naval designs of some sort,
seeing that he continued to spend immense sums upon his navy,
that he carefully increased its efficiency, and that little good could
accrue to him from the mere stay in port, or the inadventurous
cruise in the offing, of fleets, no matter how excellent. Yet, though,
in 1811, he had in commission at least fifty-six sail of the line, not
one of those vessels ever went out of sight of her harbour. Better
would it have been, nevertheless, to keep his fleets in port altogether
than to kill the moral of the men by suffering a French vice-admiral,
with sixteen sail of the line, to be driven back to his anchorage by
a British vice-admiral with only twelve.

While Napoleon, if report may be credited, was meditating great
exploits in eastern waters, Britain continued her vigorous action
there. Vice-Admiral William O'Brien Drury died while still in
chief command on March 6th, 1811 ; yet, while lying on his death-
bed, he completed his preparations, and issued his final orders, for
the conquest of Java. He entrusted the preliminary direction of
the affair to Captain Christopher Cole, of the Caroline, 36. On
April 18th the first division of the expeditionary force, under Cole
himself and Colonel Robert Gillespie, sailed from Madras, and on
May 18th it anchored at Penang. The second division, under
Captain Fleetwood Broughton Reynolds Pellew, of the Phaeton, 38,
and Major-General Wetherall, left Madras on April 24th, and

298

MA JOS OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1811.

reached Penang on May 21st. On May 24th the two divisions
sailed for Malacca, where they were joined by troops from Bengal,
and by Commodore William Eobert Broughton, in the Illustrious,
74, and Lieutenant-General Sir Samuel Auchmuty, the naval and
military Commanders-in-Chief. The entire military force thus
assembled consisted of 11,960 officers and men, of whom 5344 were
Europeans ; but, of the whole number, 1200 were sick, and had to
be left behind. Leaving Malacca on June llth, the fleet proceeded
by way of Singapore, the High Islands, and Port Sambar, in Borneo,
to its final rendezvous off the Island of Boompjes, which lies near
the mouth of the Indramayo, on the coast of Java. There the
Commanders-in-Chief awaited intelligence which they expected to be
brought them by craft which had been detached in order to gain it.

While the expedition * was still on its way, several preliminary
operations were carried out by the vessels already on the station.
On May 23rd the Sir Francis Drake, 32, Captain George Harris,
discovered fourteen Dutch gunboats under the shore near Eembang,
Java. Five were forced to anchor and strike. The remaining
nine were cut out by the frigate's boats under Lieutenants James
Bradley and Edward Brown Addis (actg.).2 A little later an
extraordinary exploit was performed by Lieutenant Edmund Lyons,
then of the Minden, 74, Captain Edward Wallis Hoare. Lyons
knew that the harbour of Marrack was regarded by the French as

1 The ships and commanding officers engaged in the reduction of Java were : —

SHIPS.

GUNW.

COMMANDERS.

SHIPS.

GUNS.

COMMANDERS.

!R.-Ad. Hon. Robert Stop-

Caroline 1 . . .

Capt. Christopher Cole.

Scipion ....

ford.
Capt. James Johnstone

Minteste ....

/ ,, Hon. George Elliot
t (3).

(2)-

Phcebf . . .

„ James Hillyar.

jCommod. Wm. Robert

Jfuctphalus .

„ Charles Pelly.

Doris

^Vm Jones Lve

Illustrious .

{Com. Robt. Worgan Geo.

Cornelia.

„ Hy. Folkes Edgell,

Festing (actg.

Psyche . . .

„ John Edgcumbe.

Capt.).

iSiV Francis Drake

„ George Harris.

, ,

< Capt. Edward Wallis

Procris . . .

Com. Robert Maunsell.

I Hoare.
., Henry Heathcote.

Barracouta

f ,, AVm. Fitzwm.
t Owen. ^

Akbar ....

(Lient. Henry Drury
I (actg. Capt.).

Helper ....

f ,, Barriugton Rey-
t uolds.

Nisus ....

Capt. Philip Beaver.

Harpy ....

„ Henderson Bain.

Presidents .
Hussar ....

38
38

,, Samuel Warren (2).
/ ,, Jas. Coutts Craw-
( ford.

Hecate ....

I ,, Hon. Hy. Jno.
L Peachey.
j Lieut. Benedictus Mar-

t „ Fleetwood Brough-

Dasher ....

[ wood Kelly (actc.

Phaeton ....

ton Reynolds

[ Com.). '

Leda

| Pellew.

Samarang .

/ ,, Joseph Drury (actg.

fVivn ^

and the H. E. I. Co.'s cruisers, Malabar, Aurora, Mornington, Nautilus, Vestal, Ariel, Thetis,

and Psyche, together with transports and captured craft.

1 Detached home, Aug. 29th.
2 Harris to Broughton, May 23rd.

Captain, May 2nd, 1811.

1811.] LYONS AT MARRACK. 299

the only unassailable harbour in Java, and that the French convoys
expected for the succour of the island would be almost certain to
run for it. He knew also that a projected attack on Marrack by
the boats of the Minden, and of the Leda, 36, Captain George
Sayer (1), had shortly before been deliberately abandoned because
of the arrival of military reinforcements at the threatened spot.
Nevertheless, being detached in the Minden's launch, with her
cutter, on July 25th to land some prisoners at Batavia, and then,
returning down the coast, to gain what useful information he might,
he determined on his own responsibility to make a midnight dash
at Marrack, although he had with him only thirty-five people all
told, and the post was well fortified and strongly held. He made
the attack on the night of July 29th, and, although he failed to
surprise the defenders, he carried the fort in the most dashing
manner. Very early on the following morning, however, the fire
from a detached Dutch battery, and from two gunboats in the
harbour, decided Lyons that he could not hold the place. By
strategy he induced the troops in the neighbourhood to attempt an
assault in which they lost heavily, and then, taking advantage of
their temporary discouragement, he sank one of the gunboats,
destroyed the fort, left the British flag flying above it, and with-
drew, having had but four of his gallant companions slightly
wounded. Midshipmen William Langton and Charles Henry
Franks shared the honours of the day. But for the fact that the
whole affair was undertaken without orders, Lyons would un-
doubtedly have won his immediate promotion.1 On the night of
July 30th another creditable service was performed. The Procris,
18, Commander Robert Maunsell, anchored near the mouth of the
Indramayo, and there discovered six gunboats, each mounting a
couple of guns and having about sixty men on board. Under their
charge were about fifty proas. On the 31st, after endeavouring in
vain to get within effective gunshot of the enemy, Maunsell sent
in his boats under Lieutenant George Majoribanks. These boarded
and carried five of the gunboats, and would have taken the sixth
had she not blown up. The success, which was effected with the
loss of but eleven wounded on the British side, was shared in by
some officers and men of the 14th and 89th regiments.2

1 Lyons to Hoare, July 31st. Lyons was not promoted to be Commander till
Mar. 21st, 1812.

2 Maunsell to Sayer, July 31st.

300 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1811.

The Java expedition left Boompjes island on August 2nd, and
on the afternoon of the 4th were off the village of Chillingching,
about twelve miles to the eastward of Batavia, where it had been
decided to disembark. Before dark about 8000 men had been put
ashore without opposition. That night there was a slight affair
of outposts, but the governor-general, Janssens, and his army of
about 10,000 effective troops, held the strongly-entrenched camp of
Meester Cornells, nine miles from Batavia, and did not move out
from it. In consequence of these dispositions, Batavia, which was
unprotected, surrendered on August 8th, upon being threatened by
the Navy and army, and was occupied by the troops, its roadstead
being also utilised as an anchorage for the men-of-war and trans-
ports. On the day following Rear-Admiral the Hon. Robert
Stopford arrived and superseded Commodore Broughton, who, since
the death of Vice-Admiral Drury, had commanded the station.

On August 20th, after the Dutch had been defeated in a smart
skirmish on the 10th, the formal siege of Meester Cornelis, in which
no fewer than 280 guns were mounted, was begun. A brigade of
500 seamen, under Captain George Sayer (1), and Commanders Robert
Worgan George Festing, Robert Maunsell, Barrington Reynolds,
and Edward Stopford (1) (volunteer),1 served in the batteries; and a
detachment of Royal Marines, under Captain Richard Bunce, R.M.,
was also employed ashore. On August 22nd the Dutch made a
sortie, which was at first successful, but which ended in their
repulse. On the 24th there was a furious cannonade on both sides ;
and, at midnight on the 25th, the formidable works were stormed
and carried, after a very determined and bloody struggle. Janssens
escaped ; but about 5000 troops were taken prisoners, and more than
1000 more fell in the action and pursuit. The total British loss
from August 4th to 27th inclusive was only 156 killed, 788 wounded,
and 16 missing. The Navy's share of these casualties was 15 killed,
55 wounded, and three missing. Among the wounded were Com-
mander Edward Stopford, Lieutenant Francis Noble, and Lieu-
tenants (R.M.) Henry Elliot and John Stepney Haswell.2

In the meantime the French frigates Nymphe, 40, and Meduse,
40, which, under Commodore Fra^ois Raoul, had escaped from
Nantes in the previous spring, lay in Sourabaya harbour, where

1 Edward Stopford was in the Scipion, waiting for his own ship, the Otter.

2 Stopford to Croker, Aug. 28th. Dispatch of Auchmuty. Stopford to Croker,
Aug. 30th.

1811.] THE "BUCEPHALUS" AND FRENCH FRIGATES. 301

they were watched, from the middle of August onwards, by the
Akbar, 44, Lieutenant Henry Drury (actg. captain) Phaeton, 38,
Captain Fleetwood Broughton Reynolds Pellew, Bucephalus, 36,
Captain Charles Pelly, and Sir Francis Drake, 32, Captain George
Harris. On September 3rd, the two French frigates weighed, and
began to warp towards the north-west into the outer road. The
Bucephalus, observing them, closed, and early on the 4th was joined
by the Barracouta, 18, Captain William Fitzwilliam Owen, in
company with which she chased as soon as the frigates were clear
of the harbour. The Barracouta soon began to fall astern, and,
during the whole of the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th, was barely in sight
of her consort. She then dropped entirely out of view, but the
Bucephalus alone continued the pursuit, until, early on the 12th,
off Great Pulo Laut, the frigates, having, as they doubtless con-
ceived, their enemy at a disadvantage, turned upon her. In danger
of being embayed, she made off, and, for about an hour and a half
after 1 P.M., was engaged by the Frenchmen. A little later Pelly
endeavoured to decoy his pursuers among some shoals which lay
ahead of him ; but they, discovering the risk, tacked away, and
finally disappeared. The Bucephalus had no one hurt. Commodore
Eaoul's conduct in the affair is difficult to explain. When near the
Java coast, on the 4th and 5th, he may have been justified in
fleeing from a single British frigate, owing to the proximity of
Stopford's fleet ; but, when off Borneo on the 12th, he had no
reason to fear any interference. Nevertheless, he abandoned what
would have been an almost certain prize had he been Pelly's equal
as a navigator. Pelly's * behaviour, on the other hand, was
admirable throughout. He chased so long as there was a hope that
he might separate his foes and find an opportunity of engaging one
of them ; and he out-manoeuvred them as soon as circumstances
put him in a perilous position. The fugitives reached Brest in
safety on December 22nd.

Although the Sir Francis Drake and the Phaeton missed the
frigates, they were not idle while they kept watch off the east end
of Java. In the small hours of August 31st, having previously sent
the Dasher, 18, Lieutenant Benedictus Marwood Kelly (actg.
Com.), to make a diversion on the seaward side, the Captains
of these two frigates landed and rushed the fort of Sumenap, in
the island of Madura. They then summoned the governor of the
1 Capt. Pelly unfortunately died a few weeks later.

302 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1811-12.

town of Sumenap to surrender. He replied by requiring them to
instantly evacuate the fort. Although the Franco-Dutch disposed
of upwards of 2000 men, and the British of only about 190, Captain
George Harris, the senior officer, never hesitated. He from one
direction, and Pellew from another, advanced, and, after discharging
a few volleys, charged ; whereupon the enemy fled, abandoning his
colours and guns. In these operations, in which some Royal
Marines from the Hussar participated, the British loss was only
3 killed and 28 wounded. The effect of the success was that
Madura and the neighbouring islands were presently completely
reduced.

On September 4th, the Nisus, Presidente, and Phoebe, which
had been detached thither by Stopford, received the surrender of
the seaport of Cheribon. On the 12th, Taggal also submitted. In
the meantime the army on shore pressed General Janssens so
vigorously that on September 16th, having been driven into the
fort of Salatiga, near Samarang, he offered to capitulate. On the
18th, in consequence, Java and all its dependencies were 'formally
handed over to Great Britain.1

The events of the war which broke out between Great Britain
and the United States in 1812 will be found hereafter narrated in a
separate chapter. Although, for about three years, America and
France were both hostile to the United Kingdom, there was no co-
operation of any sort between them. Indeed, America, at the time,
was scarcely less exasperated with France than she was with her
mother-nation.

From the beginning of the year 1812, until the conclusion of the
war three years later, the fleets of France were practically impotent.
Only on very few occasions did any of them venture out of port.
When they did so, their commanders concentrated their energies
upon evading the numerous British squadrons which were on the
look out for them ; and this they did with so much cleverness that
no fleet action deserving of the name was fought during the whole
of the period. On the other hand, France had long since been
deprived of nearly all her over-sea possessions ; so that Great Britain
had no opportunities of injuring her enemy by embarking on colonial
adventures such as had been successfully carried out during the

1 Stopford to Croker, Sept. 29th ; Harris to Stopford, Sept. 1st ; Beaver to Stopford,
Sept. 7th and llth ; Hillyar to Stopford, Sept. 12th ; Harris to Stopford, Sept. 13th
(two dispatches).

1812.] ALLEMAND ESCAPES FROM LORIENT. 303

earlier phases of the war. The steadily employed influence of sea
power had at length confined the might of Napoleon to the land ;
and, during the last years of the long campaign, by remorselessly
preventing him from using the highways of the ocean, either to
move troops or to obtain supplies, the same power slowly yet surely
brought the great Corsican to his knees. On March 19th, 1812,
Russia declared war against France. On July 12th following,
Eussia and Sweden signed at Orebro a treaty with Great Britain ;
and thus the Emperor lost the last of his friends.

Yet France, as if still hoping for a chance of breaking loose from
her thralls and springing again upon her foes, continued to add
to her navy. In the Schelde about twenty, and in the Texel about
nine sail of the line occupied the careful attention of the British
blockaders during many months of 1812 ; and in the autumn new
ships were ordered to be laid down at Amsterdam and elsewhere.
Continual efforts were made to assemble once more a large fleet
at Brest ; and there was ceaseless activity in the yards of Toulon,
Genoa, Naples, Spezzia, and Venice.

The most noteworthy incident of the year occurred off the
Atlantic seaboard. Throughout January and February Vice-Admiral
Allemand lay in Lorient with five ships of the line, waiting to elude
the vigilance of Captain Sir John Gore (2), who blockaded him with
four. On March 9th and 10th, while reconnoitring the port, Sir
John discovered that Allemand, with four of his ships, had escaped.
He had, in fact, left port in the night of the 8th, with the Eylau, 80,
and Guillemard, Marengo, and Veteran,1 74's, besides two corvettes,
with a view to reaching Brest. Soon after midday on the 9th,
Allemand was sighted by the Diana, 38, Captain William Ferris,
which was joined on the 10th by the Pompee, 74, Captain Sir James
Athol Wood. In the meantime the Tremendous, 74, Captain Robert
Campbell (1), and Poictiers, 74, Captain John Poo Beresford, which
had been cruising off Ushant, had also sighted the French and
chased them ; and later the pursuing force was joined by the
Bulwark, 74, Captain Thomas Browne, and Colossus, 74, Captain
Thomas Alexander (1), both of Gore's squadron ; but ere then
Allemand had been lost sight of in a fog. He remained at sea for
three weeks, and picked up a few small prizes. In the course of his
cruise, which was prolonged owing to the fact that two or three

1 This ship had managed to get to Lorient from Concarneau, where she had long
been blockaded.

304 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1812-13.

British divisions were looking for him, he fell in with, and exchanged
shots with the Nayaden, 32, Captain Farmery Predam Epworth,
which, however, managed to escape from him ; and on March 29th,
he anchored safely in Brest road. The pursuit seems to have been
mismanaged, and led to the holding of a court of inquiry : but the
matter proceeded no further.

The French Brest fleet was thus reinforced by four ships of the
line. Some vessels which were in Aix road, and two more which
lay in Cherbourg, though equally anxious to reach the great Atlantic
port, were so well watched that they did not venture to put to sea.

Toulon was jealously and closely observed by Sir Edward Pellew.
Within lay a superior fleet under Vice-Admiral Comte Emeriau.
Part of it made a brief demonstration outside the harbour on
January 14th, and a bigger force issued forth once or twice during
the month of May ; but the British fleet was never allowed to get
within gunshot of it. Only once, indeed, was there any actual
collision off the port. On May 28th, the French Pauline, 40, and
Ecureuil, 16, from the Adriatic, were discovered by one of the
inshore British frigates, the Menelaus, 38, Captain Sir Peter
Parker (2), Bart. They were endeavouring to enter Toulon, under
the protection of their fleet, which had weighed to cover them.
Parker, though unsupported, did his best to cut them off, and did
not desist until he had had his fore topmast shot nearly through,
and had suffered considerable damage to his sails and rigging. By
the end of the year the number of ships of the line ready for sea in
Toulon was eighteen, five of which were three-deckers.

In 1813 there was an equal absence of startling incident. The
forces in the Schelde and at Brest remained inactive, nor were they
materially increased by the arrival of ships from elsewhere. The
Regulus, 74, however, succeeded in moving, undetected, from Eoche-
fort to the Gironde ; and the improvements made at Cherbourg,
which was formally opened on August 27th as a naval port,
permitted ship-building on a large scale to be begun there.

The fleet in Toulon continued to be added to ; and in the early
autumn of the year it included twenty-one sail of the line and ten
40-gun frigates ready for sea, besides three more ships of the line
on the stocks. Parts of it frequently weighed and manoeuvred for
a few hours at a time ; but the fleet as a whole was badly manned,
owing to the enormous demands of the army, which more than once
borrowed seamen from the navy and never returned them. On

1813.] PELLEW AND EMERIAU, OFF TOULON. 305

November 5th, during one of the usual sorties for exercise, there
was a partial action. The main body of Pellew's fleet had been
blown from its station, and was but just in sight to the southward ;
but an inshore squadron, consisting of the four 74's, Scipion,
Captain Henry Heathcote (senior officer), Mulgrave, Captain
Thomas James Maling, Pembroke, Captain James Brisbane, and
Armada, Captain Charles Grant, was close off Cape Sicie\ M.
Emeriau went out with twelve, or, as Pellew says, fourteen sail
of the line, six frigates and a schooner. He left port with a wind
from E.N.E., but, as soon as his leading squadron was just outside,
the wind shifted to N.W. Thereupon the French made every effort
to get back to port, while Heathcote exerted himself to cut off some
of their leewardmost ships, in spite of the fact that Bear-Admiral
Baron Cosmao-Kerjulien, who commanded the enemy's van in the
Wagram, 130, had five sail of the line and four heavy frigates, and
that the main British force was coming up only slowly. At
12.34 P.M., when Heathcote had been joined by the Pompee, 74,
Captain Sir James Athol Wood, a running engagement began. At
1 P.M. the Caledonia, 120, Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Pellew (Captain
of the Fleet Bear-Admiral Israel Pellew), Captain Jeremiah Coghlan,
Boyne, 98, Captain George Burlton, and San Josef, 112, Bear-
Admiral Sir Bichard King (2), Captain William Stewart, stood
inshore across the bows of Heathcote's division, and took up the
fighting ; but the French quickly got out of gunshot and escaped.
In this affair the losses on the British side were one killed and
fourteen, including Lieutenant of Marines William Clarke, and
Midshipman William Cuppage, wounded.1 The enemy had seventeen
wounded. Soon afterwards Pellew proceeded to Minorca, leaving
but a small squadron off Toulon ; but although the force there was
augmented in December by the launch of the Colosse, 74, M. Emeriau
made no further effort to put to sea.

By the end of the year the outlook was black indeed for the
fortunes of the Emperor. Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, Bussia,
Prussia, Austria, Denmark, and Sweden were allied against him ;
and the Prince of Orange had been proclaimed King of the United
Netherlands. On January llth, 1814, Murat, King of Naples,
formally deserted Napoleon, and made his peace with the Allies.
The Emperor, nevertheless, still appeared to have hopes that his
navy would save him from final disaster, and still he continued his

1 Pellew to Croker, Nov. 6th, 1813.
VOL. V. X

306 MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1814.

efforts to concentrate it. In pursuance of this project three sail
of the line, including the Romulus, Captain Eolland, and three
frigates, including the Adrienne, quitted Toulon on February 12th,
1814, to meet and escort into port a new French 74 which was
expected from Genoa. Sir Edward Pellew had by that time
returned from Minorca, and at daybreak on the 13th he sighted
the enemy, under Bear-Admiral Baron Cosmao-Kerjulien, steering
south. The French soon tacked in order to return, and, with a
strong B. wind, headed for Porquerolles, subsequently passing
through Hyeres Bay. Pellew's fifteen sail of the line endeavoured
to cut them off; and the Boyne, 98, Captain George Burl ton, and
Caledonia, 120 (flag), pressed the rear ship, the Bomulus, so closely
and so hotly that, only by a magnificent display of seamanship on
the part of her commander, was she enabled to get back to her
anchorage. The Adrienne also had a narrow escape. She lost
eleven, and the Romulus no fewer than seventy, killed and badly
wounded. The ship from Genoa, in spite of the failure of her
escort, seems to have safely got into Toulon on the following day.
In this skirmish, in which the French shore batteries took part,
the Boyne suffered severely aloft and had two guns disabled, besides
losing two, including Midshipman George Terry, killed, and forty
wounded. The flagship had but one person injured.1

In the meantime, on January 5th, Cattaro, in the Adriatic, had
surrendered, after a ten days' cannonade, to the Bacchante, 38,
Captain William Hoste, and Saracen, 18, Commander John Harper.
The ships lost only one seaman killed and Lieutenant of Marines
William Haig wounded. On January 28th, Eagusa surrendered
to the same vessels, assisted by detachments of British and Austrian
troops ; 3 and on February 13th the island of Paxo was taken without
resistance by the Apollo, 38, Captain Bridges Watkinson Taylor,
and troops under Lieutenant Colonel Church. All these operations
were carried out under the direction of Bear-Admiral Thomas
Francis Fremantle, who, ere the beginning of March, with the
co-operation of Austrian troops, had reduced every remaining French
possession in the Adriatic.3 In March and April Spezzia and Genoa
fell to a squadron under Captain Sir Josias Bowley, who had with
him British troops and two Sicilian vessels. At Genoa there was

1 Pellew's dispatch of Feb. 13th, enclosing Burlton's return.

2 Hoste to Fremantle, Jan. 3rd and 29th.

3 Fremantle to Pellew, Feb. 16th.

1814.] THE NAVY IN THE OIRONDE. 307

found a 74, the Brillant, ready for launching. She was ultimately
launched, and added to the Navy as the Genoa. There were also
found another 74 in frame, and four corvettes, the Coureur, 18,
Eenard, 16, Endymion, 16, and Sphinx, 18. L

The British advance from Spain, which resulted, on March 31st,
in the entry of the Allies into Paris, and the signature, on April 24th,
of the preliminary treaty between Great Britain and France, was
materially assisted by the co-operation of a naval squadron under
Bear-Admiral Charles Vinicombe Penrose. The passage of the
Adour, on February 23rd, was greatly facilitated by the exertions
and excellent dispositions of Captain John Coode of the Porcupine,
24, Commander Dowell O'Reilly (commanding the force in the
river), of the Lyra, 10, and Lieutenants George Cheyne, com-
manding the Woodlark, John Cheshire, commanding a gunboat,
and John Debenham, transport officer. The losses on the occasion
included Commander George Elliott, of the Martial, 14, Mr. Henry
Bloye, Master's Mate of the Lyra, and eleven British seamen,
besides numerous soldiers and others drowned, and Surgeon Charles
Norman, of the Martial, killed.2 Simultaneously with Marshal
Beresford's approach to Bordeaux, Penrose, with his flag in the
Egmont, 74, entered the Gironde. Lieutenant Eobert Graham
Dunlop, with the boats of the Porcupine, captured or destroyed
a number of French craft, which, protected by troops from Blaye,
had run ashore near Tallemont. This service, which was performed
on April 2nd, cost the Navy fourteen seamen and Royal Marines
wounded, and two missing. Four days later, after preparations had
been made by the Egmont and the Centaur, 74, Captain John
Chambers White, to attack the Regulus, 74, three corvettes, and
other vessels which lay under batteries in the river, the French
burnt the whole flotilla. At or about the same time, the various
works commanding the river were entered and destroyed by a force
under Captain George Harris, of the Belle Poule, 38. 3

In April Louis XVIII. embarked at Dover in the Eoyal Sovereign
yacht, and, escorted by the Jason, 32, on board of which was
Admiral of the Fleet the Duke of Clarence, and by the French
frigate Polonais, landed at Calais on the 24th. On the 28th of the
same month, Napoleon embarked at Frejus in the Undaunted, 38,

1 Rowley's dispatches of Mar. 31st and Apr. 18th.

2 Penrose to Keith, Feb. 25th, and O'Reilly's return of casualties.

3 Penrose to Keith, Apr. 6th and 9th. Coode to Penrose, Apr. 2nd.

x 2

308

MAJOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1815.

Captain Thomas Ussher ; and on May 4th he was landed at Porto
Ferrajo in Elba, the sovereignty of which little island had been
assigned to him by the Powers. The definitive treaty with France
was signed at Paris on May 30th.

But definitive peace was not yet. On February 26th, 1815, after
the British fleet in commission had been nearly everywhere reduced,
Napoleon suddenly left Elba in an armed brig, and, accompanied by
about a thousand men in pinks and feluccas, landed in Golf Juan,
near Cannes, on March 1st. On March 21st he entered Paris.
Pellew, who since May 14th, 1814, had been deservedly raised to
the peerage with the title of Lord Exmouth, was at once reappointed
Commander-in-Chief in the Mediterranean, with his brother, Sir
Israel Pellew, as Captain of the Fleet. Lord Keith was given

COMMEMORATIVE MEDAL OF THE SURRENDER OF NAPOLEON.
(From an original lent by Capt. H.S.H.tPrince Louis of Battenbcrg, G.C.B.)

command in the Channel, and measures were promptly taken to
strengthen the Navy on all stations. But ere many of these
measures could be completely carried out, the decisive battle of
Waterloo, on June 18th, put an end for ever to Napoleon's active
career. On July 15th, finding that he had no chance of escaping,
as he had hoped, to the United States, the ex-Emperor surrendered
himself to Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland (2), of the Bellero-
phon, 74, in Basque road, and was conveyed, first to Torquay, and
then to Plymouth, where he arrived on July 26th. On August 7th,
he was transferred to the Northumberland, 74, Eear-Adiniral Sir
George Cockburn, Captain Charles Bayne Hodgson Boss ; on the
following day the ship sailed ; and on October 16th Napoleon was
disembarked at his final place of detention, the island of St. Helena.
A general peace was again signed at Paris on November 20th.

; 5, after

>.ed,

aid, accompanied by

! Paris.

•••• 1814, bad 1 i!y raised to

••(I Kxn . s at once reappointed

ie Mediterranean, with his brother, Sir

: of the Fleet. Lord Keith was given

OF THE BCKKEKJ)KB Of KAFOi .:•
Capt. H.S.H.tPrinee Louit of}-,

', and raeasur'es were promptly takeri to

on all stations. But ere many of these

be completely carried out. the decisive battle of

•ch, put an end for ever to Napoleon's active

,, finding that he had no chance of escaping,

uited States, the ex-Emperor surrendered

rick Lewis Maitland (2), of the Bellf.ro-

: and was conveyed, first to Torquay, and

: rived on July 26th. On August 7th,

>rthumbcrla»d, 74, Eear- Admiral Sir

iarles Bayne Hodgson Boss ; On the

i on October 16th Napoleon was

•• ion, the island of St. Helena.

«n» Ufa]! 'aris on November 20th.

, -^yt&mtraS <sj/r'(?(&s.wsra'/t ^t£ew, 7, /s<is~svs/r>j5 Cycr>rrts>/s/fi ,

•y**«y£t*£/

1815.] THE PEACE OF PARIS. 309

During the brief revival of hostilities consequent upon the
return of Napoleon to France, the Navy had few opportunities of
effecting much. Off Ischia, on April 30th, the Rivoli, 74, Captain
Edward Stirling Dickson, after a quarter of an hour's action,
captured the Melpomene, 40, Captain Joseph Collet, which was on
her way to Naples to carry Madame Mere 1 to France. The frigate
lost 6 killed and 28 wounded, while the line-of-battle ship had
but three or four people hurt, including one mortally. Again,
on June 17th, the Pilot, 18, Commander John Toup Nicolas, being
off Cape Corso, chased the Bonapartist Legdre, 22, Commander
Nicolas Touffet, and ultimately engaged her at short range. After
less than two hours' action the Legkre was obviously beaten ;
but, as the Pilot had had most of her running gear and some
spars shot away, she was unable to manoeuvre in order to oblige
her opponent to strike ; and the Frenchman eventually got
away, having lost no fewer than 22 killed and 79 wounded,
out of a complement which James estimates at 170 men. The
Pilot had one killed, one mortally wounded, and 14, including
Lieutenant William Keigwin Nicolas and Purser Thomas Eowe,
less severely hurt.2

In more distant waters, almost the only naval events of the
revived war took place in the West Indies. To assist in the pre-
servation of Martinique to Louis XVIII., Rear-Admiral Sir Philip
Charles Durham and Lieut.-General Sir James Leith landed
a body of British troops in the island ; and, in August, the same
officers, assisted by French Royalists from Martinique, conducted
an expeditionary force to Guadeloupe, where the celebrated Comte
de Linois, a staunch Bonapartist who had been retained as governor,
had proclaimed Napoleon. On August 10th, after a slight action,
Linois capitulated.3

The Peace of Paris was extremely favourable to France. Under
its provisions she received back every foreign possession which she
had held on January 1st, 1792, except only Tobago, St. Lucia, the
Isle of France (Mauritius), Eodriguez, and the Seychelles. France,
however, was condemned to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs,
or about £28,000,000 sterling ; and the terms granted her were upon

1 Napoleon's mother, nee Maria Letitia Ramolino, born 1750, died 1836. She had
been given the title of Madame Mere in 1804.

2 O'Byrne, 815. Nicolas was posted on Aug. 26th, 1815.

5 Durham to Croker, Aug. 15th ; Brit, procl. of Aug. 3rd ; Capit. of Aug. 10th.

312 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1803-15.

escape of the Canonniere — Unfortunate case of the Richard— Capture of the
Nuestra Senora de los Dolores— Mutiny and recapture of the Dominica— The
Renard and the Diligent — Defence of the Warren Hastings — The Minerva on the
Portuguese coast — Cutting-out of the San Josef— Capture of the Bellone — Sibly ia
the Gironde — The Blanche and the Guerriere — Elphinstone's action off Celebes —
Capture of the Rhin— Defence of the Phosphorus— The Galatea off Venezuela—
Cutting-out affair at Ensenada — Taking of the Pomona — The Bacchante at Santa
Marta — Rushworth at Batahano — Destruction of the Salamandre and loss of the
Constance — Capture of the Armide, Minerve, and Oloire — Brave defence of the
.Fame— Surrender of the Presidente— Capture of the Zeerob and Maria Iteijgers-
bergen — Pellew in Batavia Roads— The Pitt and the Superbe— Vain attack on the
Semillante — Attack on the Vengeur — Cutting-out of the Dolores — Affair of the
slaver Mary — The Halcyon off the coast of Spain — Loss of the Blenheim and
Java— 1807, Boats of the Cerberus at St. Pierre— The Imperieuse at Arcachon —
Cutting-out of the Lynx — Capture of the Postilion and Carmen — The Lark at
Puerto Cispata — Recapture of the Favourite — The Bacchante in Samana Bay —
Taking of a treasure ship at Sigri — The Comus in the Canaries — The Richmond
at Pederneira — The Uranie and the Departement de la Manche — Disaster to the
Spartan's boats — Escape of the Spartan — The Pomone off Sables d'Olonne —
Capture of the Mercedes — Of the Jaseur — The Hydra at Bagur — Taking of the
Cautela and Reitrada — The W 'eazel off Corfu — The Glatton and French transports
— The Clyde off Fecamp — Cruise and fate of the Jeune liichard — Loss of the
Barbara — Boats of the Porcupine and Herald off Dalmatia — The Renommee and
Grasshopper on the coast of Spain — Defence of the Anne — The Revanche and the
Cuneux— Privateers in the home seas — 1808, Capture of the Trente-et-Quarante
and Aglae, etc. — The Decouverte off San Domingo — Exploits of Cochrane in the
Imperieuse — Cutting-out of the Renard — Boats of the Confiance in the Tagus —
Taking of the Admiral Jawl — The San Fiorenzo and Piemontaise — The Emerald
at Vivero — The Childtrs and the Lugum — Loss of the Seagull — The Terpsichore
and the Semillante — The Aigle off Groix — Capture of the Prinds Christian
Frederik — British repulse in Martinique — Cutting-out affair off Rota — The Goree
with the Palinure and Pilade — Capture of a convoy at Fladstrand — Death of
Conway Shipley— Action with a convoy off Faro — Destruction of vessels off
Lundholm— Capture of the Ronco, Nettuno, and Teulie— The Redwing and
Spanish gunboats — Death of Bettesworth — Capture of the Gelderland — The
Wizard and the Requin— Taking of the Griffon — The Amphion in Rosas Bay-
Blowing up of a Danish cutter — Loss of the Tickler, and of the Turbulent — Loss
of the Tiger — The Cruiser and Danish gunboats — Defence of the Africa — The
Porcupine on the Italian coast — The Cossack and Comet at Santauder — Capture of
the Volpe and Leger — The Seahorse and Badere-i-Zaffer — Capture of the Serpent
—The .Ken* and Wizard off Noli— Capture of the Sylphe—Of the Sibylle—The
Recruit and the Diligente — Heroic defence of the Rook — The Kite off Nyborg — •
The Laurel and the Canonniere — Defence of the Cornwallis — Temerity of James
Bennett — Disgraceful surrender of the Carnation — Capture of the Jena — Of the
Pilade — And of the Palinure — The Amethyst and the Thetis — Seizure of Samana
—Cutting-out of the Colibri— The Heureux at Mahaut — Destruction of the Cygne
and consorts — Cochrane in Caldagues Bay — Signalling the whereabouts of
privateers — 1809, Capture of the Manly — Capture of the Iris — Taking of the
Loire — Of the Colibri — Capture of the Topaze — Of the Junon— Hoste at Melada
— Cutting-out of the Var — Loss of the Proserpine- — Escape of the Topaze and
Kingfisher — The Arethusa on the north coast of Spain — The Mercury at Rovigno
and Rodi — The Amethyst and Niemen — French raid on the Saintes — Capture of
the d1 Hautpoult— Taking of the Felicite and .Fttrieuse— Attack on Pesaro and
Cesenatico — Capture of the Princesse — The Melpomene on the Danish coast— The

1803-15.] SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS. 313

Tartar off Courland — Capture of the Christianborg — Exploits and fate of the
Mouche — The Topaze off Sta. Maura — Loss of the Streatham and Europe —
Capture of the Lucien Charles — The Scout in the Gulf of Lions — The Bellerophon
off Hango — Capture of Ischia and Procida— Action with the Cerere and Fama —
Capitulation of San Domingo— Bloody boat action in Baro Sound— Cutting-out
affair at Frederikshamn — Goate in the Elbe — Capture of vessels at Duino —
Cutting-out affair at Issehoved — Boats of the Amphion in the Piave — Cutting-out
of the Pugliese — Capture of the Zefir — Capture of St. Paul, Reunion — The
Hazard and Pelorus at Ste. Marie — Capture of the Milan — Loss of the Victor —
Wainwright in the Persian Gulf — Cutting-out of the Nisus — Loss and burning of
the Jvnon — Capture of the Loire and Seine — Of the Bearnais and Papillon —
1810, Yorke in Basque Road — The Cherokee in Dieppe Harbour — Privateers in the
home seas — Capture of the Oreste— The Frey'a off Guadeloupe — Capture of the
Confiance — Escape of the Nereide— Capture of the Havik — Of the Necessite— Boat
attack near Castiglione — The Sylvia off Java — Recapture of the Laurel — Taking
of the Alcide — Willoughby at Jacolet — Boat affair at Terracina — The Spartan
with a Neapolitan flotilla — The Tribune and Danish gunboats — The Alceste near
Frejus — Hoste at Grado — Gallant defence of East Indiamen — Capture of Reunion
—The Sirius off Mauritius — Capture of the Balder and Thor — Action with a
Neapolitan convoy — Pym at Isle de La Passe — Willoughby near Grand Port—
Willoughby and Duperre — Watling takes the Windham — Pym and Willoughby
in Grand Port — Blowing up of the Mayicienne and Sirius — Surrender of the
Nereide and Iphigenia — Corbett joins Rowley- — Loss of the Africaine — Her
recapture— Loss of the Aurora — Loss of the Ceylon. — Her recapture — Capture of
the Venus — Gallant action of the Queen Charlotte — Cutting-out affairs in the
Morbihan — Disaster near Ushant — Cutting-out affair in Basque Road — Hall in
the Barbate — Hoste and Dubourdieu — Capture of the Sans Souci — And of I he
Comtesse d'Hambourg — Taking of the Loup Garou — Capture of the Cesar —
Cutting out of the Jeune Louise — Action with the Amazone and Eliza —
Destruction of the latter — The Phipps and the Barrier de Seville — Capture
of the Maraudeur — The Rinaldo and privateer luggers — The Rosario and the
Mamelouck — Gallant defence of the Entreprenante — Disaster at Palamos — 1811,
Boat attacks at Pescara and Ortona — Destruction of the Amazone — The Battle
off Lissa — Lew and Kingston at Lissa — Defence of Anholt — Capture of the
Dromadaire — Destruction of the Girafe and Nourrice — Affair at Parenzo — Taking
of the Canonnier — Nicolas in the Gulf of Taranto — Misbehaviour of Commander
Palmer — The Sabine at Sabiona — The Guadeloupe off Cape de Creus — The Unite
at Porto Ercole — The Unite and Cephalus near Civita Vecchia — The Thames and
Cephalus at Porto del Infreschi — -The Active at Rogoznica — Defence of the
Brevdrageren — Misbehaviour of Lieutenant Blow — Blyth off Norderney — The
Hawk off St. Marcouf — Capture of the Teazer and Pluviei — Loss of the Manly —
The Rinaldo and Redpole off Boulogne — The Pilot off Castella — Affair off Les
Calvados — Action with the Boulogne Flotilla in presence of Napoleon — The
Imperieuse at Positano — The Imperieuse and Thames at Palinuro — Capture of the
Corcyre — Capture of the Pomone and Persanne — Wreck of the St. George,
Defence, and Hero, and loss of the Grasshopper — The American War — 1812,
Cruise of the Ariane and Andromaque, and their fate — Capture of the Amethyste
— And of the Merinos — The Victorious and the Hivoli — The Rosario and Griffon
off Dieppe — The Pilot at Policastro — Cutting-out affair at Agay — Destruction
of Bavastro's flotilla — Cutting-out affair at the mouth of the Rhfine — Loss of the
Skylark and Apelles, and recapture of the latter — Capture of a convoy at
Laigueglia — Gallant action of Edward Saurin — Affair at Sapri — Ussher on the
south coast of Spain — Capture of the Dorade—The Swallow off Isle St. Marguerite
— Popham on the north coast of Spain — Affair at Laigueglia and Alassio — Lennock

312 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1803-15.

escape of the Canonniere — Unfortunate case of the Richard — Capture of the
Nuestra Seilora de los Dolores — Mutiny and recapture of the Dominica — The
Renard and the Diligent — Defence of the Warren Hastings — The Minerva on the
Portuguese coast — Cutting-out of the San Josef — Capture of the Bellone — Sibly in
the Gironde — The Blanche and the Guerriere — Elphinstone's action off Celebes—-
Capture of the Rhin — Defence of the Phosphorus — The Galatea off Venezuela —
Cutting-out affair at Ensenada — Taking of the Pomona — The Bacchante at Santa
Marta — Rushworth at Batabano — Destruction of the Salamandre and loss of the
Constance — Capture of the Armide, Minerve, and Gloire — Brave defence of the
Fame — Surrender of the Presidente — Capture of the Zeerob and Maria Reijgers-
bergen — Pellew in Batavia Roads — The Pitt and the Superbe — Vain attack on the
Semillante — Attack on the Vengeur — Cutting-out of the Dolores — Affair of the
slaver Mary — The Halcyon off the coast of Spain — Loss of the Blenheim and
Java — 1807, Boats of the Cerberus at St. Pierre — The Imperieuse at Arcachon —
Cutting-out of the Lynx — Capture of the Postilion and Carmen — The Lark at
Puerto Cispata — Recapture of the Favourite — The Bacchante in Samana Bay —
Taking of a treasure ship at Sigri — The Comus in the Canaries — The Richmond
at Pederneira — The Uranie and the Departement de la Manche — Disaster to the
Spartan's boats — Escape of the Spartan — The Pomone off Sables d'Olonne —
Capture of the Mercedes — Of the Jaseur — The Hydra at Bagur — Taking of the
Cautela and Reitrada — The Weazel off Corfu — The Glatton and French transports
— The Clyde off Fecamp — Cruise and fate of the Jeune liichard — Loss of the
Barbara — Boats of the Porcupine and Herald off Dalmatia — The Renommee and
Grasshopper on the coast of Spain — Defence of the Anne — The Revanche and the
Curieux — Privateers in the home seas — 1808, Capture of the Trente-et-Quarante
and Aglae, etc. — The Decouverte off San Domingo — Exploits of Cochrane in the
Imperieuse — Cutting-out of the Renard — Boats of the Conflance in the Tagus — •
Taking of the Admiral Jawl — The San Fiorenzo and Piemontaise — The Emerald
at Vivero — The Childers and the Lugum — Loss of the Seagull — The Terpsichore
and the Semillante — The Aigle off Groix — Capture of the Prinds Christian
Frederik — British repulse in Martinique — Cutting-out affair off Rota — The Goree
with the Palinure and Pilade — Capture of a convoy at Fladstrand — Death of
Conway Shipley— Action with a convoy off Faro — Destruction of vessels off
Lundholm — Capture of the Ronco, Nettuno, and Teulie — The Redwing and
Spanish gunboats — Death of Bettesworth — Capture of the Gelderland — The
Wizard and the Requin — Taking of the Griffon — The Amphion in Rosas Bay —
Blowing up of a Danish cutter — Loss of the Tickler, and of the Turbulent — Loss
of the Tiyei — The Cruiser and Danish gunboats — Defence of the Africa — The
Porcupine on the Italian coast — The Cossack and Comet at Santander — Capture of
the Volpe and Leger — The Seahorse and Badere-i-Zaffer — Capture of the Serpent
— The Kent and Wizard off Noli— Capture of the Sylphe — Of the Sibylle — The
Recruit and the Diligente — Heroic defence of the Rook — The Kite off Nyborg —
The Laurel and the Canonniere — Defence of the Cornwallis — Temerity of James
Bennett — Disgraceful surrender of the Carnation — Capture of the Jena — Of the
Pilade — And of the Palinure — The Amethyst and the Thetis — Seizure of Samana
— Cutting-out of the Colibri — The Heureux at Mahaut — Destruction of the Cygne
and consorts — Cochrane in Caldagues Bay — Signalling the whereabouts of
privateers — -1809, Capture of the Manly — Capture of the Iris — Taking of the
Loire — Of the Colibri — Capture of the Topaze — Of the Junon- — Hoste at Melada
— Cutting-out of the Var — Loss of the Proserpine — Escape of the Topaze and
Kingfisher — The Arethusa on the north coast of Spain — The Mercury at Rovigno
and Rodi — The Amethyst and Niemen — French raid on the Saiutes — Capture of
the d'Hautpoult — Taking of the Felicite and Furieuse — Attack on Pesaro and
Cesenatico — Capture of the Princesse — The Melpomene on the Danish coast — The

1803-15.] SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS. 313

Tartar off Courland — Capture of the Christianborg — Exploits and fate of the
Mouche — The Topaze off Sta. Maura — Loss of the Streatham and Europe —
Capture of the Lucien Charles — The Scout in the Gulf of Lions — -The Bellerophon
off Hango — Capture of Isohia and Procida — Action with the Cerere and Fama —
Capitulation of San Domingo — Bloody boat action in Baro Sound — Cutting-out
affair at Frederikshamn — Goate in the Elbe — Capture of vessels at Duino —
Cutting-out affair at Issehoved — Boats of the Amphion in the Piave — Cutting-out
of the Pugliese — Capture of the Zefir — Capture of St. Paul, Reunion — The
Hazard and Pelorus at Ste. Marie — Capture of the Milan — Loss of the Victor —
Wainwright in the Persian Gulf — Cutting-out of the Nisus — Loss and burning of
the Jvnon — Capture of the Loire and Seine — Of the Bearnais and Papillon —
1810, Yorke in Basque Road — The Cherokee in Dieppe Harbour — Privateers in the
home seas — Capture of the Oreste — The Freija off Guadeloupe — Capture of the
Confirmee — Escape of the Nereide — Capture of the Havik — Of the Necessity — Boat
attack near Castiglione — The Sylvia off Java — Recapture of the Laurel — Taking
of the Alcide — Willoughby at Jacolet — Boat affair at Terracina — The Spartan
with a Neapolitan flotilla — -The Tribune and Danish gunboats — The Aleeste near
Frejus — Hoste at Grado — Gallant defence of East Indiamen — Capture of Reunion
— The Sirius off Mauritius — Capture of the Balder and Thor — Action with a
Neapolitan convoy — Pym at Isle de La Passe — Willoughby near Grand Port—
Willoughby and Duperre — Watling takes the Windham — Pym and Willoughby
in Grand Port — Blowing up of the Mayicienne and Sirius — Surrender of the
Nereide and Iphigenia — Corbett joins Rowley — Loss of the Africaine — Her
recapture — Loss of the Aurora — Loss of the Ceylon — Her recapture — Capture of
the Venus — Gallant action of the Queen Charlotte — Cutting-out affairs in the
Morbihan — Disaster near Ushant — Cutting-out affair in Basque Road — Hall in
the Barbate — Hoste and Dubourdieu — Capture of the i-ans Souei — And of the
Comtesse d'Hambourg — Taking of the Loup Garou— Capture of the Cesar —
Cutting out of the Jeune Louise — Action with the Amazone and Eliza —
Destruction of the latter — The Phipps and the Barbier de Seville — Capture
of the Maraudeur — The Rinaldo and privateer luggers — The Rosario and the
Mamelouck — Gallant defence of the Entreprenante — Disaster at Palamos — 1811,
Boat attacks at Pescara and Ortona — Destruction of the Amazone — The Battle
off Lissa — Lew and Kingston at Lissa — Defence of Anholt — Capture of the
Dromadaire — Destruction of the Oirafe and Nourrice — Affair at Parenzo — Taking
of the Canonnier — Nicolas in the Gulf of Taranto — Misbehaviour of Commander
Palmer — The Sabine at Sabiona — The Guadeloupe off Cape de Creus — The Unite
at Porto Ercole — The Unite and Cephalus near Civita Vecchia — The Thames and
Cephalus at Porto del Infreschi — The Active at Rogoznica — Defence of the
Brevdrageren — Misbehaviour of Lieutenant Blow — Blyth off Norderney — The
Hawk off St. Marcouf — Capture of the Teazer and Pluvier — Loss of the Manly —
The Rinaldo and Redpole off Boulogne— The Pilot off Castella— Affair off Les
Calvados — Action with the Boulogne Flotilla in presence of Napoleon — The
Imperieuse at Positano — The Imperieuse and Thames at Palinuro — Capture of the
Corcyre — Capture of the Pomone and Persanne — Wreck of the St. George,
Defence, and Hero, and loss of the Grasshopper — The American War — 1812,
Cruise of the Ariane and Andromaque, and their fate — Capture of the Amethysts
— And of the Merinos — The Victorious and the Riooli — -The Rosario and Griffon
off Dieppe — The Pilot at Policastro — Cutting-out affair at Agay — Destruction
of Bavastro's flotilla — Cutting- out affair at the mouth of the Rhone — Loss of the
Skylark and Apelles, and recapture of the latter — Capture of a convoy at
Laigueglia — Gallant action of Edward Saurin — Affair at Sapri — Ussher on the
south coast of Spain — Capture of the Dorade — The Swallow off Isle St. Marguerite
— Popham on the north coast of Spain — Affair at Laigueglia and Alassio — Lennock

314

MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1803.

off the Wielings — Simmonds off Boulogne — Capture of the Nayaden, Laaland,
Samso, and Kiel — Capture of the Eole — And of the Ville de Caen — Recapture of
the Urania — Repulse at Santander — Capture of Danish cutters — Cutting-out
affair at Port San Stefano — Michael Dwyer at Benidorm — Defence of the Attack —
O'Brien in the Canale di Leme — Capture of the St. Esprit and Fidele — Loss of the
Laura — Boats of the Eagle nt the mouth of the Po- — Capture of a convoy off
Tremiti — Boats of the Minstrel at Peniscola — Loss of the Spy and Linnet — Affair
at St. Cataldo — 1813, Boats of the Bacchante off Cape d'Otranto — Capture of
No. 8 — Capture of Lagosta and Curzola — Boats of the Kingfisher off Merlera —
Loss of the Daring — The Amelia and the Arethuse — Capture of the Alcinous —
Hall at Pietra Nera — Capture of Ponza — The Brevdrageren in the Elbe — The
Undaunted near Marseilles— Cutting-out affair at Morgiou — Boats of the
Havatinah off the coast of the Abruzzi — The Apollo and Cerberus off Corfu —
Capture of the Invincible — The Weazel and gunboats in Bassoglina Bay— The
Apollo at St. Cataldo — Boats of the Elizabeth and Eagle off Goro — Cutting-out
affair at Morgiou — Capture of Carlopago — Action in Cavalaire Road — The Apol/o
and Cerberus near Brindisi — Capture of a convoy off Apulia — Collier on the north
coast of Spain — Supposed pirates at Chiliodromia- — Landing in the Canale di
Maltempo — Storming of Farasina — Capture of Umago — Hood off Giulianova —
Seizure of Giuppana — Capture of Dignano — Storming of Fiume — Capture of
Rovigno — Capture of Rogoznica — Taking of the Augusts and Tonnante — Attack
on Cassis — Blowing up of the Alphea — Capture of the Ouerrier — Capture of a
convoy at Anzio — Capture of the Neptune — Hoste at Cattaro — Capitulation of
Triest — Destruction of the Flibustier — The Furieuse at Sta. Marinella — Capture
of the Weser and Trave — Capture of the Lion — Boats of the Revenge at Palamos —
Attack on La Nouvelle — Capture of the Charlemagne — Farquhar in the Elbe —
Taking of the Ceres — The Eurotas and the Clorinde — Capture of the Alcmene —
And of the Iphigenie — The Creole and Astreea with the Etoile and 8ultane—The
ffebrus and the Etoile — Capture of the Sultane — Capture of the Terpsichore —
Fatal mistake of the Primrose with the Duke of Marlborough — End of the War.

r\$ May 16th, 1803, Cornwallis, then
Commander-in-Chief on the Chan-
nel station, acting in obedience to instruc-
tions, issued an order to detain and send
into port all French and Dutch vessels.
Four days previously the British Am-
bassador had left Paris, delayed much
longer than he wished, after his demand
for his passports, by " the infamous
chicanery and difficulties which have
occurred." As the French Government
affected to regard Cornwallis's order as
a violation of the law of nations, this
point is important.

On the 18th occurred the first action
of the war. The French hired lugger Affronteur, 14 (long 8's),
Lieutenant M. A. Duthoya, was cruising off Ushant to observe

BOAT CARRONADE, Ca. 1820.
(From Ch. Dupin.)

1803.] FIRST CAPTURES OF THE WAR. 315

Cornwallis's fleet, which had put to sea from Torbay on the 17th,
when a vessel, which she is said to have mistaken for a British
West Indiaman, came in sight. The French craft approached to
board, but, soon discovering her mistake, set all sail to escape.
The stranger was the British frigate Doris, 36, Captain Kichard
Harrison Pearson, and she at once fired a shot wide of the Affronteur
to bring her to. Gaining fast upon the lugger, the frigate fired
a second shot, and a running fight began which could, from the
disproportion of the combatants, have but one issue. The Doris
drew alongside of the Affronteur, engaged her closely and compelled
her to strike, after a singularly gallant resistance. The French loss
out of a very small crew was heavy. Lieutenant Duthoya and 8,
or, according to Chevalier, 11, men were killed and 14 others were
wounded, 1 mortally. The Doris had only 1 man wounded and
some slight injuries to her rigging. Next day the French brig
Jeanne,1 on her way from Brest to Quimper, was chased by two
British frigates. She took refuge under a battery, the guns of
which her crew manned, but the British boats promptly cut her out
and carried her off. A chasse maree, laden with salt, was also
seized near Brest.2

These incidents, and the embargo laid upon French and Dutch
shipping by the British Government, led Napoleon to the extreme
and unprecedented measure of detaining in France all the British
residents upon whom he could lay his hands. Amongst them were
included certain members of the British Embassy in Paris. The
measure was justified by Napoleon as an act of reprisal, but the
recall of Lord Whitworth, Ambassador in Paris, six days before the
capture of the Affronteur, had been by common usage equivalent to
an intimation that a state of war existed. The issue of a formal
declaration of war all through the eighteenth century had been
commonly preceded by acts of hostility, and France in this respect
was just as great a sinner as England.3 Napoleon himself after-
wards confessed that his conduct in this matter had savoured of
the pirate. His action only exasperated British opinion, and did
him no good.

On May 28th, the British 74's, Minotaur, Captain Charles John

1 Apparently not belonging to the French navy.

2 ' Blockade of Brest' (Nav. llec. Soc.), i. 11, 14; Browning: 'England and Napo-
leon in 1803,' 240 ; Chevalier, iii. 82 ; James (ed. 1837), iii. 186.

3 Hall : ' International Law,' 378-9. Snow : ' International Law,' 84.

316 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1803.

Moore Mansfield, Albion, and Thunderer, of the Channel fleet,
chased and captured the French frigate Franchise, 40, Captain
Jurien.1 The Franchise was on her way home from the disastrous
San Domingo expedition, and was in no condition to offer any
resistance to this overwhelming force. Of her guns, ten were in her
hold ; and her crew numbered only 187. She was conducted to
England by her captors, and was subsequently purchased for the
Navy, where she retained her old name, but was rated as a 36. On
the 29th, the Naiad, 38, Captain James Wallis (1), captured the
French corvette Impatiente, 10, Lieutenant Arnous, in the Bay of
Biscay, on her way home to Kochefort from Senegal. The Im-
patiente, according to Captain Wallis's despatch, was considered one
of the fastest sailers in the French fleet.2 During the chase, the
French crew cut away her anchors and threw several of her guns
overboard.

On June 18th, the French corvette Colombe, 16, Lieutenant
Caro, returning to France from Martinique, fell in off Ushant with
the British ships Dragon, 74, Captain John Aylmer, and Endymion,
44, Captain the Hon. Charles Paget. The Colombe had left all her
guns in San Domingo, and was compelled to strike without offering
any resistance.3 On the 25th, the Doris captured and scuttled the
Nantes privateer Pelagie, which was on a cruise, but had made no
prizes.

On the same day (June 25th), the Endymion fell in with the
French corvette Bacchante, 18, Lieutenant F. L. Kerimel, then on
her way home from San Domingo.4 The Bacchante gave a good
deal of trouble. She was chased for eight hours, and exchanged fire
with the British frigate before she struck. The Endymion's bow
guns killed 1 French lieutenant and 7 men, besides wounding 9
others. The Bacchante's fire did the British ship no harm. The
prize was a large and fine vessel, quite new and a fast sailer, with
a crew of 200 men. She had been sent out to San Domingo with
despatches. She was purchased for the Navy, and was rated as a
20-gun ship, seeing that she was superior in tonnage to the general
run of vessels of that class in the British service.

1 James, iii. 186 ; Troude, iii. 285 ; ' Blockade of B.,' 23.

2 Troude gives her 6 guns and calls her a brig (iii. 285) ; Captain Wallis
(' Blockade of B.,' i. 26) gives her 10 guns. James does not notice this or the
following capture.

3 Troude, iii. 286 ; 'Blockade of B.,' i. 40.

4 ' Blockade of B.,' i. 51-2 ; Troude, iii. 286.

1803.] CAPTURE OF THE "MIGNONNE." 317

Two days later, the boats of the Loire, 38, Captain Frederick
Lewis Maitland (2), were despatched to cut out the French brig
Venteux, 10, Lieutenant Montfort, which was lying under the shelter
of a battery on the lie de Batz.1 The boats, three in number, were
commanded by Lieutenants Francis Temple and James Bowen (2).
One of the three failed to arrive. The other two dashed at the brig,
which was found fully prepared ; but, nevertheless, they boarded her,
and carried her after a brief struggle. The French loss was 1 officer
and 2 seamen killed, and Lieutenant Montfort, 4 officers, and 8 men
wounded. The British loss was only 6 wounded. It appears from
a letter of the Prefect of Brest that the battery did not fire a shot,
Its guns were mounted on rotten carriages, and the troops in charge
—there were only 7 artillerymen and 70 infantry — did not know how
to handle their weapons. For two hours after her capture, the brig
remained within range.

On June 28th, the Cumberland, 74, Captain Henry William
Bayntun, Goliath, 74, Captain Charles Brisbane, and Hercule, 74,

Lieutenant John B Hills (actg.-Captain), discovered inshore,

near Cape Nicolas Mole, two French vessels. These were the
Poursuivante, 44, Captain J. B. P. Willaumez, and Mignonne, 16,
Lieutenant Bargeau, both on their way from Aux Cayes to Cape
Nicolas, with crews weakened by the climate. The Mignonne had
but ten guns on board, having landed six of her long 12-prs.
She was chased by the Goliath, which speedily overtook her, fired
a few shot at her, and obliged her to strike. She had on board
only 80 men and boys, and was taken somewhat by surprise, as this
was the first act of hostility on the part of the British against the
French forces off San Domingo. The Mignonne was a fast sailer,
and was purchased for the Navy.

Whilst the Goliath was securing the Mignonne, the Hercule had
been directed to turn her attention to the Poursuivante, the Cumber-
land, according to Troude, being in charge of a convoy, and having
apparently remained by it to protect it. The Hercule was not skil-
fully handled. The wind was very light, and the frigate had the
better of her in sailing qualities. The British ship added to her
mistakes by opening fire too soon. At length the two closed very
near the land ; and a short action followed, in which the frigate
managed to rake the ship of the line, but suffered severely herself.
Her masts and rigging were much damaged, and she lost 6 killed

1 ' Blockade of B.,' i. 57 ; James, iii. 187 ; Nav, Ofiron. x. 157.

318 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1803.

and 15 wounded. The Hercule was damaged in her rigging and
had some men wounded. The action ended by her withdrawal—
probably because of the proximity of shallow water. The Pour-
suivante escaped into St. Nicolas Mole. She must be esteemed very
fortunate in escaping from an adversary of twice her weight of
metal, possessing also all the advantage of stouter scantling. It is
clear that she was skilfully handled. From Mole St. Nicolas she
proceeded, as soon as she had repaired her injuries and the British
cruisers had disappeared, to make her way home to Eochefort.1

On June 30th, the Cumberland, 74, Captain Henry William
Bayntun, and Vanguard, 74, Captain James Walker (2), whilst
cruising off St. Nicolas Mole, discovered a ship approaching the port.
This was the French frigate Creole, 40, Captain J. M. P. Lebastard,
with 530 French troops on board, but a crew greatly weakened by
disease, as was almost invariably the case with French vessels in
San Domingo waters, owing to the prevalence of yellow fever in
the French expeditionary force. The British ships of the line
gave chase, overhauled her, and compelled her to strike after firing
a few shots. She was purchased for the Navy, but foundered on
her way to England.2

On the night of July 2nd, the British frigate Minerve, 38, Captain
Jahleel Brenton (2), one of the Guernsey squadron under the com-
mand of Hear- Admiral Sir James Saumarez, being stationed off
Cherbourg to blockade that port, was so unfortunate, through the
fault of a pilot, as to run aground upon one of the huge cones, filled
with stones, which marked the first beginnings of the breakwater.
She struck upon the westernmost cone, about a mile, or a little less,
from Fort Liberte. As soon as she had struck, the fog lifted and
showed her position to the enemy. Fort Liberte opened fire upon
her, and the two gun -brigs, Chiffon and Terrible, got under way.
Captain Brenton lowered and manned his boats, and despatched
them to cut out a craft which lay under the batteries, and which
was large enough to carry out his bower anchor. At the same time,
the frigate's launch, with a carronade, was sent to engage the French
gun-boats. The first of the British boats away was one commanded
by Lieutenant the Hon. William Walpole, who, under a heavy fire,
dashed at, and carried without assistance, a French lugger laden with
stone. The lugger was taken alongside the Minerve. Up to that

1 James, iii. 187 ; Troude, iii. 286 ; Nav. Chron. x. 334.

2 James, iii. 188 ; Troude, 288 ; JVot'. Chron. x. 333.

1803.] LOSS OF THE "MINERVE." 319

time, the Chiffon and Terrible had caused little trouble, as their
commanders had expected the frigate to assail them. They at length,
however, discovered her real situation, and at once took up positions
on her bows, whence they could rake her. The lugger had to be
veered clear of the frigate, and emptied of the stone which was on
board ; and this was slow and awkward work under a heavy fire.
The moon had come out, so that the French were able to see their
target clearly. The British crew, busy trying to save the ship,
could make little or no reply, and then only from the guns on the
forecastle, those on the main-deck having been run aft to lighten
her. The lugger was repeatedly struck, and the carpenters were
kept busy plugging the shot holes. At last, when, at about midnight,
the bower anchor was ready on board the lugger, and when the latter
had begun to warp, by means of a hawser attached to a kedge anchor,
to the position where the anchor was to be dropped, the hawser was
shot away. The boats, however, came to the lugger's help, and took
her in tow ; and the anchor was finally let go in its proper place.
But the trials of the Minerve did not end there. The wind com-
pletely dropped towards the morning, leaving the frigate helpless.
Despairing of saving her, Captain Brenton ordered the wounded to
be placed in the lugger, and fires to be prepared, whilst he destroyed
his papers and private signals. No sooner had this been done than
the wind rose, rendering it possible to get the ship away. The
wounded were returned to the cock-pit : under a heavy fire which
killed or wounded several men at the capstan, the crew hove in
upon the bower anchor; and at length, at about 5 A.M. on the
3rd, their persevering efforts were rewarded by the floating of
the Minerve. But just as all were congratulating themselves upon
their escape, the wind fell once more ; and the inset of the tide
carried the frigate into the harbour and laid her upon a cone.
There she remained under a heavy fire till six, when, seeing
that the position was hopeless, Brenton struck his flag. The
Minerve's loss was 11 killed and 16 wounded. All her masts were
much injured.

Brenton, perhaps indignant at the fact that the Chiffon and
Terrible claimed the whole credit of the success, wrote to the officer
commanding the French troops at Cherbourg, that he had handed
his sword to the captain of the Chiffon, but that the fire of Fort
Liberte had been the determining cause of his surrender. This
started a pretty quarrel between the French navy and army.

320 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1803.

According to the navy, there were only three guns in Fort Liberte ;
and those soon ceased firing and waited for daylight, finding the
range too great — it is variously given at from 1338 to 2338 metres,
whilst the point-blank range of the French 36-pr. was only 779
metres. According to the army, the Minerve was " excessively
annoyed by the well-served artillery of the fort." British accounts
give Fort Liberte 70 guns and 15 mortars, so that the discrepancy
in the stories is greater than usual. After this lapse of time, it
cannot easily be determined who told the truth ; but, at least, no
discredit rests upon Captain Brenton and his crew, who did all
that bravery and skill could do amid the most untoward circum-
stances. Brenton was kept a prisoner for thirty months ; many of
his men were confined for eleven years. Napoleon characteristically
announced in Brussels that a " superb frigate of the enemy's has
just surrendered to two of our gun-boats," suppressing all mention
of the fact that the " superb frigate" was helplessly aground. The
Minerve, upon being got off by the French, was nevertheless
renamed Canonniere, in honour of her supposed captors. The
force of the French gun-boats is uncertain. Each probably mounted
three 24-prs. and two 36-pr. carronades.1

On the night of July 4th, the boats of the Naiad, 38, Captain
James Wallis (1), watching the Passage du Raz, were despatched to
cut out the French schooner Providence, 2, which was lying amongst
the rocks of He de Seins. Led by Lieutenants William Dean, and
John Louis, E.N., and Robert Irwin, E.M., and three Midshipmen,
they brought her off, notwithstanding the impetuous currents, the
shoals, and the fact that their quarry had been made fast to the
shore. She proved to be a very valuable prize, as she was laden
with twenty-eight French 36-, 24-, and 18-prs., and with a quantity
of ship timber. The maritime prefect of Brest complained that her
crew neither defended her nor set her on fire. The British suffered
no loss.2

On July 7th, the French brig Alcion, 16, Lieutenant Lacuee,
was chased by the British frigate Narcissus, 36, Captain Boss
Donnelly, off the west of Sardinia. The Alcion in vain attempted
to shake her pursuer off, was overtaken, and at 2 A.M. on the 8th,
after returning a few shots, struck her flag. She was apparently on
her way back to Toulon from Alexandria, ignorant that war had

1 Brenton (ed. 1837), i. 596 ; Troude, 288 ; James, iii. 189 ; C. M., Feb. 7, 1807.
3 ' Blockade of B.,' i. 67 ; James, iii. 191.

1803.] CAPTURE OF THE " DUQUESNE." 321

broken out. As she was a fine vessel of her class, prodigiously
fast, she was purchased for the Navy as the Halcyon.1

On July llth, the Racoon (two 6-prs., and sixteen 18-pr.
carronades), Commander Austin Bissell, whilst cruising between the
islands of Gonave and San Domingo, discovered the French corvette
Lodi, 10 (6-prs.), Lieutenant P. I. Taupier, at anchor off Leogane,
with springs on her cables. The Racoon closed to three hundred
yards, anchored with springs, and opened fire. After half-an-hour of
this, the Lodi cut her cable, and attempted to make off, but the
Racoon followed her closely, and speedily compelled her to strike.
The Lodi lost 1 killed and 14 wounded ; the Racoon only 1
wounded.2

Amongst the French ships blockaded in the harbour of Cap
Francois, San Domingo, were the Duguay Trouin, 74, Captain P.
L'Hermite, Duquesne, 74, flying the broad pennant of Commodore
P. M. J. Querengal, and Guerriere, 40, Captain L. A. Baudoin,
forming part of the command of Bear-Admiral Latouche-Treville.
Peremptory orders had arrived from France directing that all the
ships should be sent home ; and accordingly, during a violent squall
on the afternoon of July 24th, the above-mentioned vessels put to
sea, the British squadron, commanded by Commodore John Loring,
having been driven to some distance from the harbour by the
weather. When, however, the French ships cleared the harbour,
they were seen and chased by several of Loring's vessels, including
the 74's, Bellerophon, with the Commodore's broad pennant,
Elephant, Captain George Dundas, Theseus, Captain John Bligh (2),
and Vanguard, Captain James Walker (2), with the frigates, JEolus,
32, Captain Andrew Fitzherbert Evans, and Tartar, 32, Captain
John Perkins.3 As darkness came on, the French ships separated,
the Duguay Trouin standing to the east, and the Duquesne to the
west, the latter intending to regain the harbour. The Elephant
followed the Duguay Trouin, the Bellerophon, Molus, and Tartar,
the Duquesne. The latter group of ships was joined at midnight by
the Theseus and Vanguard. The Duquesne was prevented by the
lightness of the wind — the weather having abated — from making the
harbour, and was compelled to follow the coast, annoyed the while
by the distant fire of the Tartar. A Haytian battery also opened on

1 Troude, 291 ; Nicolas, ' Nelson Despatches,' v. 155 ; Nav. Chron., x. 423.

2 James, iii. 193 ; Troude, 291.

3 See Vol. IV. 471 n.

VOL. V. T

322 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1803.

the Frenchman as he passed, and received his fire in return. At
2.45 P.M. on the 25th, the Vanguard and Tartar were close enough
to attack with effect. The Duquesne, luffing to avoid being raked by
the Vanguard, found herself surrounded by British ships. The
Bellerophon and Molus were within gunshot of her ; the Cumber-
land, 74, Captain Henry William Bayntun, was also coming up ; and
the Tartar, on her starboard quarter, and the Vanguard, just astern,
maintained a heavy fire on her. Her own crew was physically and
numerically weak, by reason of disease. According to Troude, she
had not a man for her 18-pr. battery, or for her quarter-deck and
forecastle guns. The only weapons manned were twelve of her
36-prs. on the lower deck. Unable to offer any effective resistance
to such odds, she struck her flag, when some fifteen miles to the east
of Cape Maysi. A certificate given to her captain by Latouche-
Treville, when she was ordered out, shows that her whole crew
numbered only 275, of whom 60 or more were either in sick-bay or
just recovering. In this total were none of the most important
ratings, such as carpenters and sail-makers. Her decks were
crowded with wounded or sick passengers. Altogether, she was in
no condition to resist an enemy. She was added to the British
Navy under her own name. In the British squadron, the Vanguard
had 1 killed and 1 wounded.1

While the Duquesne was thus being run to earth, the Duguay
Trouin had stood to the east ; and at daylight of the 25th she found
the Elephant close upon her. The Frenchman opened with his stern-
chasers, and the British ship drew up on the starboard quarter and
maintained a long range fire, until the Guerriere came into view,
when the Elephant retired. In failing to push his attack home,
Dundas made a great mistake. All the French ships at San
Domingo were sickly, and wanted proper crews. Moreover, the
Duguay Trouin had some time previously grounded at Jeremie, and
had thrown twenty of her guns overboard before she could get off.
These had never been replaced. A well-found British 74 should
have been fully a match, under such conditions, for both the
Duguay Trouin and the Guerriere. The Elephant might have had
the assistance of the British sloop Snake, 18, which was within
sight. Captain L'Hermite was, naturally enough, only too pleased
to get away under such circumstances, and made no attempt to

1 James, iii. 192 ; Troude, 291 ; ' B. of Brest,' i. 139, 143, 158 ; Logs of Elephant
and Tartar.

1803.] PURSUIT OF THE "DUGUAY TROUIN." 323

pursue the Elephant. By the afternoon, the French ships had the
sea to themselves.1

They steered direct for Europe, and sighted no other ship till
August 29th, when, 140 leagues W.N.W. of Cape Ortegal, they fell
in with the Boadicea, 38, Captain John Maitland (2), cruising in the
Bay. The Boadicea, though alone, and much smaller and weaker
than either of the French ships, boldly gave chase. The weather
was thick, and night came on, but she persisted in her pursuit till
3 P.M. of the 30th, when she made out the Duguay Trouin to be a
large ship of the line, and the Guerriere a large frigate. The French
vessels then altered course and chased their daring enemy, ex-
changing fire with her. After two hours, however, the British
frigate succeeded in shaking off their pursuit. The Boadicea sus-
tained some slight injury in her sails and rigging, but she hulled
the Duguay Trouin several times, and seems to have damaged that
ship's fore topsail, since, after the action, the French were seen
unbending it. The Boadicea then proceeded to Ferrol to warn
Sir Kobert Calder's squadron of the proximity of the French ships.2

On September 2nd, at 4 A.M., Calder, in the Prince of Wales, 98,
whilst running in for Cape Ortegal, sighted the Duguay Trouin
and the Guerriere. They immediately headed for Corunna ; and
Sir Edward Pellew's squadron, which was watching Ferrol, got
under full sail and endeavoured to cut them off. The wind,
however, was so strong in favour of the French that they escaped,
after a hot chase by the Culloden, 74, Captain Barrington Dacres,
and the Tonnant, 80, Captain Sir Edward Pellew. The Culloden
alone got close enough to open fire. At about 11.50 A.M. she
attacked the Duguay Trouin, and, a little later, the Guerriere.
The Tonnant's main topgallant tie carried away and her jib split,
which kept her behind the Culloden. The Duguay Trouin was
the first to reach Corunna. The Culloden maintained her pursuit
of the Guerriere, firing steadily the while, till, at 12.10 P.M., Calder
made the signal to discontinue action, the British ships being
at that time close to the neutral Spanish waters. The Tonnant,
indeed, appears to have actually entered Spanish waters, as a
Spanish fort fired at her. The Culloden's casualties were four
men wounded. The Duguay Trouin seems to have come out
of this second encounter with the British without loss or injury ;

1 James, iii. 192.

2 ' Blockade of Brest,' 158 ; James, iii. 192 ; Marshall, i. 843.

Y 2

324 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1803.

but the Guerriere, according to information received by a British
officer visiting Corunna, had 5 or 6 men killed, about 17 wounded,
and her masts and yards crippled. Troude adds that her fore mast
and mizen mast were so damaged as to be rendered unserviceable,
and that amongst the wounded was Captain Baudoin.1

On July 26th, the Thunderer, 74, Captain William Bedford,
whilst blockading Lorient, was approached by a vessel which asked
if she was English, and, upon receiving an affirmative reply, let go a
broadside. This only cut a few of the Thunderer's ropes ; and the
74 at once gave chase to the stranger. Overtaking her, and firing
a broadside, she compelled her to strike. The strange ship was the
Venus, 16, a Bordeaux privateer, manned by 150 men. She was a
new and very fast ship.2

On July 27th, the Egyptienne, 40, Captain the Hon. Charles
Elphinstone Fleeming, captured the French brig Epervier, 16, on
her way from Guadeloupe to Lorient. This capture excited unusual
interest, as Jerome Bonaparte was supposed to be on board her.
He had commanded her ; and, when she was taken, a careful search
was made for him, it being thought that he might be concealed
amongst her crew. It afterwards turned out that he had sailed for
Europe in the American ship President, and had thus eluded his
would-be captors. The Epervier had despatches on board, and,
being a fine vessel of her class, was purchased into the Navy, and
rated as a 14-gun brig.3

On the 27th, the Plantagenet, 74, Captain Graham Eden
Hamond, a ship without a poop, and for that reason, as her force
could not easily be perceived by the enemy, detached to cruise in
the Bay, fell in with the British sloop Rosario, 10, Commander
William Mounsey, in chase of an enemy. The Rosario, during the
afternoon, got very close to the chase, but was then disabled by her
fore mast being shot away. The Plantagenet took up the pursuit,
and, by 8 P.M., came up with the chase and compelled her to strike.
The enemy proved to be the Atalante, 22, a Bordeaux privateer,
and remarkably fast. She had taken nothing on her cruise, and
when captured had only fourteen guns on board, the others having
been thrown overboard during the pursuit.4

1 Troude, 292 ; James, iii. 193 ; ' Blockade of B.,' i. 139.

2 ' Blockade of B.,' i. 118.

" 'Blockade of B.,' i. 102, 110, 149.

4 'Blockade of B.,' i. 105, 108; Nav. Chrort., x. 254; the Atalante took the Plan-
tagenet for an East Indiaman.

1803.] CAPTURE AND RE-GAPTURE OF THE "LORD NELSON." 325

On August 14th, the French frigate Poursuivante, 44, Captain
J. B. P. Willaumez, on her way home to France from. Mole St.
Nicolas, came up with the. British Liverpool merchantman Juno,
18, Lutwidge Affleck, master, 200 miles from Wilmington. Affleck
had a crew weak in numbers, and an armament which was
ludicrously inferior to that of the French frigate. But, worthy of
the fighting names he bore, and, as he says, " knowing that I had a
set of the bravest fellows that ever swam salt water," he " was deter-
mined to defend the ship to the last extremity." Accordingly, he
fought his enemy for two hours, when with 2 men killed, his mate
wounded, and hull, sails, and rigging, much shattered, he struck.
Captain Willaumez returned him his sword, and received him with
all the courtesy due to a gallant opponent.1 The Juno was so
damaged that the Poursuivante took her into Charleston, intending
to repair her there. This was forbidden by the American authorities,
and the prize had to be burnt. Affleck was presented with 120
guineas for his valiant resistance.

On August 14th, the British East Indiaman Lord Nelson, 26
(twenty long 18's, and six long 12-prs.), Eobert Spottiswoode,
master, with a crew of 102, was attacked to the west of Brest by
the French privateer Bellone, 34, with a crew of 260 men. The
French vessel had much the lighter battery — twenty-four of her
guns were only long 8-prs. — but, closing after a sharp action, she
boarded, and brought her superiority of men into play. The Lord
Nelson was carried, after the Bellone had been once repulsed,
with a loss to the British of 5 killed and 31 wounded. A prize
crew of 41 men, was placed on board the capture, and, in company
with her, the Bellone proceeded towards Corunna. On the way,
a British frigate gave chase, but was drawn off by the Bellone.
When the Lord Nelson had thus been left to herself, the gallant
little Plymouth privateer Thomas and John, of only fourteen
6-prs., made an attempt to retake her. For one hour this craft
fought, but was then forced to clear off. Next a hired cutter
dogged the Lord Nelson for a day, but did not molest her. On
the 25th the Seagull, 18, Commander Henry Burke, sighted her,
and, after five hours' chase, closed her at about 7 P.M. The two
fought the whole night, but at 6 A.M. on the 26th, the Seagull,
with her masts and rigging much cut up, and two shots between
wind and water, was compelled to haul off for repairs. The Lord

1 Williams, ' History of Liverpool Privateers,' 384.

326 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1803.

Nelson, however, did not escape. Burke had refitted, and was
just bearing down to renew the attack, when Sir Edward Pellew's
squadron of four sail of the line hove in sight. The Lord Nelson
then struck her colours to the Seagull. The British loss was 2
killed and 8 wounded. Pellew writes that " the effects of Captain
Burke's vigorous assaults are so evident on the Lord Nelson, and
the comparative size and force of the ship he engaged are so
manifest, as to strike the beholder with the highest admiration." l

On August 17th, the Racoon, 16, Commander Austin Bissell,
cruising off Santiago de Cuba, sighted a brig and a schooner whose
movements were suspicious. In the afternoon, she succeeded in
closing the brig and engaging her, whereupon her adversary ran
ashore and struck her colours. The Eacoon wore and stood out to
avoid grounding, and the French colours were rehoisted. There-
upon, the British vessel stood on and off, firing at her, till she
brought down the Frenchman's main mast. The Racoon was so
weakly, and the enemy, by all appearances, so strongly manned,
that Bissell thought it inexpedient to send in his boats and burn her.
The French vessel, however, became a perfect wreck. She was
believed to be the Mutine, a brig of 18 guns, but all particulars of
her must be doubtful.2

On the morning of September 9th the Sheerness, cutter, 8,
Lieutenant Henry Eowed, cruising with the inshore squadron off
the Brest Goulet, observed two French chasse-marees on the
southern side of Douarnenez Bay. She at once gave chase, and,
after an hour's pursuit, the leewardmost of the French vessels ran
ashore to the east of Pointe du Kaz. The Mate and seven
seamen were despatched with the largest of the cutter's boats to
bring her off ; and they succeeded in this, as the crew of the chasse-
maree fled ashore on the boat's approach, and only kept up a weak
musketry fire, which did no one any harm. The cutter waited till
the success of her boat was assured and then pushed on after the
other chasse-maree. At 10 A.M. the weather fell calm. The chasse-
maree was still about four miles from the Sheerness, and was, with
the use of her sweeps, drawing steadily inshore. Eowed, under
these circumstances, arrived at the amazingly daring determination
of pursuing her with his skiff, which would only hold five men.
Mr. John Marks, the Boatswain, and three men at once volunteered

1 ' Blockade of B.,' i. 137 ; Nav. Ohron., x. 259, 260 ; James, iii. 196.

2 James, iii. 194 ; Nav. Chron., xi. 239.

1803.] GALLANTRY OF LIEUTENANT ROWED. 327

to accompany him. The skiff pushed off, and, after a couple of
hours' hard rowing, the British seamen saw their quarry run ashore
under a battery near Audierne, while a number of French soldiers
hurried towards her along the beach. Nevertheless, the boat
dashed up alongside and boarded. The French crew, after cutting
the halyards, had bolted ashore, though supported by the musketry
fire of nearly thirty French soldiers. This fire was maintained all
the time that the British five were getting the chasse-maree off, but
no one was hit. After taking the prize in tow and proceeding some
little distance, Eowed perceived that a boat with ten French soldiers
on board, armed with muskets, was chasing him. He immediately
moved with his four men on board the chasse-maree, and showed
such a bold front that the French boat dropped back, though she had
been almost alongside. She fired a few ineffectual shots and then
gave up the game. The battery, which was probably in much the
same plight as those of the He de Batz, fired only two shots. Marks
showed remarkable daring in this brilliant little affair. It is not
particularly creditable to Cornwallis and the men at the head of
the British Navy that Lieutenant Eowed was in no way officially
rewarded for this singular piece of gallantry. He was, however,
presented with £50 to buy a sword, and Marks with a silver call and
chain, by the Committee of the then recently established Patriotic
Fund.1

On September 20th the Princess Augusta, 8 (4-prs.), Lieutenant
Isaac William Scott, one of the smallest cutters in His Majesty's
service, with a crew of only twenty-six men, whilst off the Texel,
was closed by two schooners. The larger of the two approached
under British colours, but suddenly hauled them down and sub-
stituted the Dutch flag. At the same time she hailed the Princess
Augusta, and, on receiving the British reply, discharged a broad-
side which killed the Gunner (William Lavender) and Boatswain
(William Cornelius) and mortally wounded Lieutenant Scott. That
officer, however, urged the Master, Mr. Joseph Thomas, to fight the
ship to the last and to tell his Commander-in-Chief that he had done
his duty. The Princess Augusta, though grievously overmatched,
was brilliantly defended. She beat off several attempts of her two
enemies to board, and finally repulsed them and escaped, with much

1 ' Blockade of B.,' i. 147 ; James, iii. 197. Mr. Howed was not made a Com-
mander until June 15th, 1814 ; and he died, still iu that rank, Jan. 6th, 1831. Mar-
shall, iv. Part I., 218.

328 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1803.

injury to her hull and rigging. In addition to the killed or mortally
injured she had two men wounded. The Dutch schooners were the
Union — according to British accounts, which probably exaggerated
her force, of 12 guns and 70 men — and Wraak of 8 guns and 50 men.
The Wraak had one man killed and several wounded.1

On October 9th, the Atalante, 16, Commander Joseph Ore
Masefield, was directed by Captain Thomas Elphinstone of the
Diamond, 38, cruising in Quiberon Bay, to give chase to two ketches
and a brig close inshore. The Atalante accordingly stood after
them and drove them into the Penerf Estuary, off which she waited
till nightfall to cut them out. Two boats were then despatched,
one under Lieutenant John Hawkins and the other under the
Master, Eichard Burstal. Hawkins boarded the innermost vessel,
but found her aground and was very warmly received. A force of
troops, with two field pieces, kept up a hot fire upon him from the
beach, and he had to withdraw. He went to the assistance of the
other boat, which had boarded the brig, in spite of the resistance of
ten or twelve soldiers, of whom six were killed and two pitched
overboard. The British party then cut the cable, but could not get
the vessel off, she being aground. Nothing was, therefore, possible
but retreat. The vessel was not set on fire, as there seemed to be
wounded on board. Burstal, who showed exceptional gallantry, had
1 man killed and 2 men wounded.2

On October 13th, the indefatigable Racoon, 36, cruising off
Guantanamo in Cuba, and still under Commander Austin Bissell,
saw several vessels proceeding along the coast. On the 14th, she
observed that they were becalmed, and stood towards them with
a land wind behind her. She first closed a brig, which proved to be
the Petite Fille ; exchanged fire with her, and compelled her to
strike. She next pushed on to a schooner and cutter, which had
been firing at her. These vessels were crowded with troops, and
attempted, but unsuccessfully, to board. The Eacoon maintained a
running fight with them, giving the cutter especial attention. At
last, reduced to a complete wreck, the latter struck. She proved to
be the Amelie, 4, with seventy troops on board. The schooner,
which was the Jeune Adele, 6, alone remained ; and she was
speedily disposed of and obliged to surrender. But in the mean-
time the French on board the Petite Fille had overpowered the

1 James, iii. 199 ; Nav. Chron., x. 420. De Jcrage apparently overlooks the affair.

2 ' Blockade of B.,' i. 167 ; James, iii. 199.

1803.] ILL-BEHAVIOUR OF WARWICK LAKE. 329

prize-crew and run the vessel ashore. The Racoon's arrival soon
put matters right, and the prize-crew was rescued. The British
loss was 1 wounded. The French loss is said to have been 40 on
board the schooner and cutter alone.1

On October 26th, the Osprey, 18, Commander George Young-
husband, cruising off Trinidad, chased a suspicious sail. The
weather fell calm, and the stranger, using sweeps, drew away. On
this, three of the Osprey's boats were despatched under Lieutenant
Robert Henderson to secure the vessel. Henderson outstripped the
other boats, and, with only seventeen seamen, boarded and carried
the enemy, which proved to be the French privateer Resource,
four 4-prs. and forty-three men. The Resource had 2 killed and
12 wounded. Of the British, Henderson and four seamen were
wounded.2

On October 27th, the Merlin, 16, Commander Edward Pelham
Brenton, and Milbrook, 14, Lieutenant Mauritius Adolphus Newton
de Starck, observed the French lugger privateer Sept Freres
endeavouring to get into Calais. The Milbrook cut off her retreat ;
and she ran ashore near Gravelines to escape the Merlin's boats.
The Milbrook then stood inshore, picked up the boats, and, in spite
of a heavy fire from the beach, destroyed the Sept Freres.3

On November 3rd, the Blanche, 36, Captain Zachary Mudge,
discovered the French cutter Albion11 (two 4-prs., six swivels, forty-
three officers and men) lying under the guns of Monte Christi in the
island of San Domingo, with a cargo of cattle for Cape Fra^ois.
Four of the Blanche's boats were thereupon despatched to capture
her, with sixty-three officers and men under Lieutenant William
Brathwaite. The attempt was badly ordered and managed. The
boats attempted to row in, in broad daylight, under the muzzles of
four 24-prs. and three field pieces mounted in the Monte Christi
battery ; and the wind was blowing inshore, so that, even if the
cutter had been carried, she could not have been got out of the bay.
It was soon evident that nothing could be done without inordinate
and unnecessary waste of life. Brathwaite therefore retired.

A night attack was next determined on, and Lieutenant Edward
Nicolls, E.M., volunteered to lead it. On the 4th he set out with
only the cutter containing thirteen men. Such a force was quite

1 James, iii. 195.

2 James, iii. 200; Nav. Chron., xi. 153 ; Marshal!, Supp., Pt. I., 114.

* Nav. Chron., x. 497 ; James, iii. 200.

* Apparently not a national vessel.

330 MINOS OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1803.

inadequate for the work ; which fact seems to have struck Captain
Mudge very speedily, for he sent the barge with twenty-two men
under Lieutenant the Hon. Warwick Lake to follow, reinforce, and
supersede Nicolls. When the two boats were near the French
cutter, Lake insisted on rowing off in another direction, asserting
that the cutter was to be found there ; and Nicolls, left to himself,
rowed towards the Albion. The French were ready for him and
received him with two volleys, as his men with three hearty cheers
dashed in. Three men were wounded before he was able to board.
Then, followed by the other ten, he leapt into the cutter. The
French commander fired at him at the same moment, and the bullet
passed right round his stomach and lodged in his arm. The
Frenchman was at once shot ; and the Albion was carried. Her
loss was five wounded besides the commander killed. The battery
ashore opened fire, but Nicolls resorted to a most judicious
stratagem to stop its attack. He directed his men to discharge
their muskets vigorously as if the conflict on board were still
proceeding, anticipating that in that case the battery would hold
its fire. The cutter was just clearing the shore when Lake in his
boat arrived, stopped the firing, and, as the reward of his stupidity,
had two of his men killed. The cutter then ran out of gunshot.1

Captain Mudge added to the other mistakes which he made on
this occasion that of failing to draw attention to the splendid
courage of Nicolls. He did not mention the fact that that officer
had been wounded, and he gave Lake even more credit than the
other. James suggests that " Mudge had a favourite, whom he was
determined to serve, no matter at whose expense." In 1806, Lake
was made Commander, and in 1808 he was posted. He deserved no
such favours. He was a thoroughly worthless officer, and, in 1810,
was dismissed the service for having marooned a seaman on the
desert island of Sombrero.2

On the morning of the 4th, the Blanche's launch under Master's
Mate John Smith (10A)3, had attacked and carried a privateer
schooner of one gun and thirty men. A day or two later a boat
of the same ship under Midshipman Edward Henry A'Court 4 with

1 James, iii. 201.

2 C. M., Feb. 5th and 6th, 1810 ; James, iv. 348.

3 I ticket this officer as " John Smith (!OA)," but 1 cannot certainly identify him,
or discover when, if ever, he was promoted.

* This officer in later life assumed the name of Repington. He died, a vice-
admiral on the retired list, in 1855.

1803.] CUTTING-OUT OF THE "HARMONIE." 331

eight men had boarded and captured a French schooner with over
thirty French soldiers on board. A'Court had only five or six
muskets among his men, as he had been sent to get sand, and
when on such errands, to prevent rash enterprises, the seamen were
not allowed to carry arms. The soldiers appear to have been
seasick, which may explain a most astonishing affair.1

Whilst the Blenheim, 74, Captain Thomas Graves (4), was at
anchor off Fort de France, Martinique, blockading the place, the
news arrived that a peculiarly destructive French privateer, the
Harmonie, was lying at the small port of Marin, near at hand. On
November 16th, Graves proceeded to Marin, reconnoitred the place,
and determined to cut out the Harmonie. Lieutenants Thomas
Cole (1) and Thomas Furber, with sixty seamen, were to attack the
privateer, whilst simultaneously Lieutenants George Beatty and
Walter S. Boyd, with sixty Marines, assaulted a work on the east
side of the harbour, known as Fort Dunquerque, which had to be
carried to prevent the enemy from annoying the retreat of the boats
engaged. As the expedition was pushing off, the Drake, 14,
Commander William Ferris, and hired cutter Swift arrived. Ferris
volunteered his services, and was directed to take charge of the
seamen, adding fourteen from his sloop. The Drake towed the
seamen's boats; the Swift, the Marines'. The seamen had to be
given some start, as the privateer lay high up the harbour, whereas
the battery was at the mouth. They passed the battery undiscovered,
and, so admirable were the arrangements, attacked the Harmonie
at the very moment when the Marines assaulted the work. The
latter was surprised. Fifteen prisoners were taken, and nine guns
spiked and dismounted ; and the magazine was exploded, without the
loss of a man. The seamen speedily made themselves masters of
the Harmonie with the loss of only one killed and five wounded ;
but sixteen French on board, out of a crew of sixty-six, were killed
or wounded, and some others were drowned. Everyone in this affair
showed gallantry and good judgment.2

On November 24th, the Boadicea, 38, Captain John Maitland (2),
captured off Finisterre the French lugger Vautour, 12, Lieutenant
Bigot. The lugger was on her way home from San Domingo with
despatches, and had during the chase thrown ten of her twelve guns
overboard. She was a fast and fine vessel.3

1 James, iii. 204 ; O'Byrne, 2. 2 James, iii. 205 ; Nav. Chron^ xi. 157.

3 Nav. Chron., xi. 64.

332 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1803.

On November 28th, the Ardent, 64, Captain Bobert Winthrop,
forming part of Pellew's squadron off Ferrol, chased the French
flute, Bayonnai.se, 32 (six mounted), Captain Leblond-Plassan, on
her way back from Havana to Ferrol. Despairing of escape, the
French officer ran his ship ashore near Cape Finisterre, landed his
crew, and set the Bayonnaise on fire. At midnight she blew up.1

On December 9th, the Goliath, 74, Captain Charles Brisbane,
cruising off Sables d'Olonne, discovered a French convoy stealing
along the coast. With nightfall she despatched two cutters under
Lieutenant Bartholomew Kent (1), of the Marines. The convoy
had the protection of formidable batteries at Sables d'Olonne ; yet
so bravely did the British attack under a heavy fire, that they drove
several French vessels ashore, and recaptured a British brig of six
guns which had been taken some days before by a French privateer.
Kent and Lieutenant Joseph Langston, E.M., paid the penalty for
their bravery, both being mortally wounded. Besides them, one
Marine was mortally wounded. The Goliath next cruised in the
Pertuis Breton, chasing a convoy and completely dispersing it,
whilst at the same time she interrupted communication with He
de Ehe.2

On December 10th, the Shannon, 36, Captain Edward Leveson
Gower, in company with the Merlin, 16, Commander Edward
Pelham Brenton, on a very dark and stormy night, was swept by
the tide under the island of Tatihou, as she was making her way from
Cape de La Heve to Cape La Hougue ; and the Shannon ran fast
aground. The Merlin saw the land by the light of a flash of light-
ning, and wore in time. The Shannon's crew was saved, but made
prisoners. Some days later the Merlin approached the wreck, sent
her boats in under a heavy fire, and set fire to the frigate without
suffering any loss.3

On December 31st, the Grappler, 12, Lieutenant Abel Wantner
Thomas, was wrecked on the Chausey Eeefs. Thomas, attacked by
a number of soldiers and sailors in fishing-boats, was severely
wounded in the head and captured.4

To the south-west of Martinique lies the islet known by the name

1 ' Blockade of B.,' i. 218 ; Troude, iii. 299.

2 ' Blockade of B.,' i. 214-5, 242 ; Nav. Chron., xi. 361 ; O'Byrne, 609.

3 James, iii. 206 ; Troude, 306 ; Brenton, i. 603.

4 Troude, 306 ; O'Byrne, 1167. Thomas received a pension in 1815. He had
been made a Commander in 1814, and, retiring as a captain in 1851, he died in the
same year.

1804.] SEIZURE OF TEE DIAMOND ROCK. 333

of the Diamond Eock. It is roughly of the shape of a haystack,
rising precipitously from the sea. The extreme height is 600 feet,
the circumference about a mile, and the distance from Martinique
three-quarters of a mile. On the south the cliffs fall almost sheer
into the sea, and access is impossible. On the east and south-west
are caves and overhanging rocks which prevent any landing from
being effected in those quarters. Only from the west is access
possible, and even there the risks are great. There are breakers to
be confronted, and the rocks to be scaled are difficult. Working
round high up to the north-west side a number of caves and grottoes
are reached, offering excellent shelter. The island is thereabouts
wooded and covered with vegetation.

As the rock offered excellent opportunities for annoying ships
which, in spite of the British blockade, ran in and out of Fort
Eoyal, it was seized in January, 1804, by a party of men from the
Centaur, 74, Commodore Samuel Hood (2), Captain Murray Maxwell.
At the base of the rock two batteries were constructed, each
mounting a gun from the ship. In the Centaur battery was a
24-pr. fronting north-east ; in the Queen's battery, another weapon
of the same calibre on a centre-pivot carriage, commanding the
entrance of the harbour. On a higher level, reached only by the aid
of a rope ladder, was another 24-pr. in Hood's battery. Lastly,
at the summit were placed two 18-prs. The guns were got up to
the top by the ingenious method of carrying from the ship to the
summit of the rock a hawser, along which, by means of a traveller,
the guns and gun-carriages were hauled. Ammunition was taken
up in the same manner, and Lieutenant James Wilkes Maurice,1
with 120 men, took command of what was commissioned as the
sloop-of-war Diamond Rock. There was one grave defect in the
position. The water on the island was scanty and bad, so that
the garrison had to be supplied from the ships. Tanks were con-
structed, however, to catch such rain as fell.5

On January 10th, the boats of the Scourge, 16, Commander
William Wooldridge (1), cut out a captured British merchantman
laden with naval stores, which lay under the Dutch batteries in the
Vlie. She was carried off without the smallest loss, though she

1 Born, 1775; Com., May 7th, 1804; Capt, Jan. 18th, 1809; retired r.-adm.,
Oct. 1st, 1846 ; died, 1857.

2 James, iii. 242 ; Nav. Chron., xii. 205. The taking of the Rock by the French
has been described in the previous chapter, p. 106.

334 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1804.

mounted eight guns. The Scourge, navigated by Wooldridge him-
self, against the advice of his pilot, worked her way into the intricate
and difficult Vlie, and supported her boats in the enterprise.1

Early in February, 1804, Commodore Hood determined that an
attempt should be made to cut out the Curieux, a fine French brig
of sixteen 6-prs. and 70 men, under the command of Commander 2
J. M. E. Cordier, which was lying in the harbour of Fort Koyal,
Martinique, under shelter of the guns of Fort Edouard, and was
nearly ready for sea. The French, anticipating such an attempt,
were prepared, as they said, to defy any force which could be sent
against them. Boarding nettings were triced up, guns and swivels
loaded with grape, numerous sentries posted, and the whole watch
kept under arms. On the night of February 3rd, four boats of the
Centaur, 74, with 60 seamen and 12 Marines, under Lieutenant
Kobert Carthew Eeynolds (2) , delivered the attack after a hard pull
of twenty miles. There was a moon, and they were seen and hailed
by the Frenchmen long before they could close, and the Curieux 's
guns were discharged, though with little effect. The British Marines,
as the boats rowed in, kept up a steady fire. The first boat, the
barge, found a rope ladder hanging over the Curieux's stern.
Reynolds climbed up it and cut away the boarding netting, where-
upon the British seamen poured on board and began a hand-to-hand
struggle with the French. . The officers especially offered a most
determined resistance, but, indifferently supported by their men,
they were speedily flung below, and wounded or killed. The Curieux's
cables were then cut and the vessel was got under way, under a
smart fire from the French batteries, which did, however, no
damage. The British loss was 3 officers and 6 seamen wounded,
the gallant Eeynolds mortally, and Lieutenant Edmund Byron
Bettesworth and Midshipman John Tracy slightly. Eeynolds re-
ceived no fewer than five wounds. Among the French the havoc
was greater. Cordier was thrown overboard and seriously injured ;
his first lieutenant had three wounds ; and an enseigne de vaisseau,
4 midshipmen, the carpenter and gunner, and 30 men, were killed
or wounded. So many were the wounded that Hood sent them in
the Curieux, as a cartel-ship, to Fort Eoyal. On the Curieux's
return, Eeynolds 3 was given command of her, but, disabled by his

1 Nav. Ohron., xi. 159. 2 ' Capitaine de fregate.'

3 Robert Carthew Reynolds (2) was a son of the R.-Adm. Robert Carthew Rey-
nolds (1) who perished in the St. George in 1811, and a brother of V.-Adm. Sir Bar-
rington Reynolds. He lingered until early in Sept., 1804, when he died.

1804.]

CUTTING-OUT OF THE "CUBIEUX."

335

wounds, was succeeded by Bettesworth, who some months later was
to carry home the news of Villeneuve's return to Europe in the
Trafalgar campaign. One French account reckoned the British
boarding party at 225, and asserted that the weather was dark and
that the Curieux was surprised. This, however, was contradicted
by the gallant Cordier when he recovered.1

On February 5th, the British schooner Eclair, 12 (18-pr. carron-
ades), Lieutenant William Carr, to the north of Tortola, chased and

SIR NATHANIEL DANCE, KT., H. B. I. CO.'s SERVICE.
(From Fittler's engraving, after a drawing by Geo. Dance, R.A.)

closed the French privateer Grand Decide, 22 (8-prs.), M. Gory,
master. The Grand Decide showed no desire to shirk battle, and at
about 4.30 P.M. the two vessels engaged within pistol-shot. After
three-quarters of an hour's hot fighting, the Frenchman bad had
enough, and made all sail. He was at once pursued by the Eclair, but
the British vessel was unable to overhaul him. As the Grand Decide
carried about 220 men to the British schooner's 60, and as she was
1 James, iii. 243 ; Nav. Chron., xii. 65, 380; O'Byrne, 967.

336 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1804.

far better armed, her retreat was decidedly discreditable, even for a
privateer, though it should be remembered that craft which preyed
upon trade had nothing to gain, except hard knocks, by assailing
men of-war. The British loss was 1 killed and 4 wounded. A great
part of the Eclair s standing and running rigging was shot away,
and the masts and yards were much damaged.1

During January and early February, the French Bear-Admiral
Comte C. A. L. D. de Linois's squadron, consisting of the Marengo,
74, flagship, Captain J. M. Vrignault, Belle Poule, 40, Captain
A. A. M. Bruilhac, Stmillante, 36, Captain L. B. Motard, Berceau,
22, Commander E. Halgan, and the Dutch brig Avanturier, 16,
borrowed at Batavia by Linois, cruised at the eastern entrance of
the Straits of Malacca, waiting for the rich British convoy of East
Indiamen which usually left Canton at the beginning of the year.
On February 14th this convoy came in sight, and the French observed
that sixteen vessels 2 were ranged in line of battle. The leading
ship was the Earl Camden, Nathaniel Dance,3 senior officer of the
squadron. All were regular East Indiamen of large size — in tonnage,
each equal or superior to a 64-gun ship of the line. With them were
twelve country ships, two merchantmen, and the Company's armed
brig Ganges. At that date, it should be remembered, merchantmen
were generally armed. The regular East Indiamen, in fact, each
carried from thirty to thirty-six guns, chiefly "medium" 18-prs.,

1 James, iii. 246 ; Nav. Chron., xii. 66.

H. E. I. Co. 's Ships. Master.

2 Earl Camden .... Nathaniel Dance.

Warley ..... Henry Wilson.

Alfred ..... James Farquharson.

Royal George .... John Fam. Timins.

Coutts Eobert Torin.

Wexford ..... William Stanley Clarke.

Ganges ..... William Moffat.

Exeter ..... Henry Meriton.

Earl of Abergavenny . . . John Wordsworth.

Henry Addington . . . John Kirkpatrick.

Bombay Castle .... Archibald Hamilton.

Cumberland .... William Ward Farrer.

Hope ..... James Pendergrass.

Dorsetshire .... Robert Hunter Brown.

Warren Hustings . . . Thomas Larkins.

Ocean ..... John Christopher Lochner (actg.).

The country ships were Lord Castlereagh, Carron, David Scott, Minerva, Ardeseer,
Charlotte, Friendship, Shaw, Kissataw, Tahaungeer, Gilwall, and Neptune.

8 Nathaniel Dance, born in London 1748 ; entered E. I. Co.'s service, 1759 ; obtained
his first command, 1787 ; Kt., 1805.

1804.] DANCE AND LINOIS. 337

midway between the gun and the carronade, and ordinary 18-pr.
carronades, or long 12's and 6's. This did not make them a match
for men-of-war of even their own number of guns, since their crews
and scantlings were weak, and their decks naturally much encum-
bered. These particular ships had, however, been newly painted,
which, with their two decks, gave them the appearance of men-
of-war.

As soon as the French ships were sighted, Dance directed the
Alfred, Royal George, and Hope, with the Ganges, brig, in which
Lieutenant Eobert Merrick Fowler, E.N., was a volunteer, to recon-
noitre and ascertain who they were. Dance was speedily informed
of the truth, and made all his dispositions — not for retreat, but for
battle. His sixteen East Indiamen formed in line ; the other vessels
were stationed under their lee. Linois, instead of at once pushing
home a reconnaissance and ascertaining the character of the sixteen
vessels in line, was filled with vague alarm at the fact that the
convoy numbered thirty-one sail instead of twenty-four, as he had
expected, and fancied that he could distinguish three ships of the
line amongst the East Indiamen. He kept away, collecting his
ships ; and he informed his captains that he did not care to risk a
night action, but would attack next day. It would appear that his
real object in delaying was to ascertain whether the British vessels
would employ the hours of darkness in attempts to get away from
him. He argued that if they were all merchantmen, such would
certainly be their course. Dance, however, acted with singular
judgment and daring. Noting, doubtless, the shyness of the enemy,
he lay-to all night, and three of his ships showed their lights, as if
challenging battle. With morning, these three and the brig hoisted
blue ensigns, and the others red ; which more and more confirmed
Linois in his belief that he had to deal with at least four war-
ships. He might, one would think, have reasoned that three British
two-deckers, of at least 64 guns apiece, would not hesitate to
attack one French 74, and four frigates or smaller vessels, even
though placed in charge of a most valuable convoy. He was to
windward ; and, when it was seen by Dance that he did not bear
down, the British convoy, in excellent order, headed south, con-
tinuing on its course, under easy sail. The movement seems to have
given Linois fresh confidence, and he at last approached the rear of
the convoy.

Dance thereupon gave the order to tack in succession and engage

VOL. V. Z

338

MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1804.

the enemy. The movement was well executed, the Royal George
leading, followed by the Ganges and Earl Camden. All the British
vessels crowded sail and attempted to get into action. Linois then
feared that the British, with superior force, were manoeuvring
to place him between two lines. His ships were formed in very
close order, and moved towards the Royal George and her sisters,
opening upon them a fire, which was not returned till the British
closed. Before the vessels astern of the Earl Camden could get near
enough to support their leaders, the French hauled their wind and
retired ignominiously to the east under all the sail they could spread.
Dance signalled a general chase, and from 2 P.M. to 4 P.M. the East
Indiamen pursued their enemy, till at last, fearing to be carried too
far from the mouth of the Straits of Malacca, he tacked. On

MEDAL COMMEMORATING THE SETTLEMENT OF BOMBAY, AND DANCE'S
ACTION WITH M. DE LINOIS.

(From an original lent by H.S.H. Capt. Prince Louis of Battcnberg, B.N., G.C.B.)

February 28th, the convoy picked up the British 74's, Albion and
Sceptre, which saw it safe to St. Helena.

The British loss was insignificant. The Royal George was the
most hotly engaged, and lost 1 killed and 1 wounded. She had many
shot in her hull, and was fought splendidly. The courage and skill
of Dance were honoured, as they deserved, upon his arrival in
England. He was knighted, and received a sword of honour, and
the usual services of plate and sums of money which were presented
to merchant officers who had saved their ships. A sum of £50,000
was distributed among the officers and crews by the East India
Company.

" Admiral Linois," says the French historian Chevalier, "would
have certainly made himself master, if not of the whole convoy, at

1804.] CUTTING-OUT AFFAIRS. 339

least of the greater part, had he determined to attack." His timidity
and want of enterprise threw away a great opportunity. Napoleon
was justly indignant with his admiral. " All the enterprises at sea,"
he wrote to Decres, the Minister of Marine, who had defended
Linois, "which have been undertaken since I became the head of
the Government have missed fire because my admirals see double,
and have discovered, I know not how or where, that war can be
made without running risks . . . Tell Linois that he has shown
want of courage of mind, that kind of courage which I consider
the highest quality in a leader." The Emperor's judgment was
severe, but not, on the whole, unfair.1

It is extraordinary that such a valuable convoy as Dance's — it
was estimated to be worth £8,000,000 — should have been hazarded
without any proper escort.

On the night of February 19th, the boats of the Drake, 14,
Lieutenant William King (1) (actg.), attempted to cut out three
vessels from the harbour of Trinite, in Martinique. Led by Lieu-
tenant William Cumpston, the seamen carried the craft, but, having
no wind, could not bring them off. On the night of the 24th,
Lieutenant King landed with a party of thirty men, and stormed a
battery which commanded the anchorage, spiking five guns. The
loss was one man mortally, and Lieutenant Cumpston and one other
man slightly wounded.2

The boats of the Blenheim, 74, Captain William Ferris, on the
night of March 4th, attempted to cut out the French schooner
Curieuse from St. Pierre harbour, Martinique. The cutting-out
party was fifty strong, under Lieutenant Thomas Furber. The
schooner was found to be fully prepared. Boarding-nets, well triced
up, prevented the British from getting into her ; and she was secured
with chains to the shore, and supported by a heavy fire from guns
and troops on the beach. The British party cut the cables, but was
then compelled to retreat with 3 killed, 19 wounded (including
Furber), and 3 missing — or nearly half its strength hors de combat.3

On March 5th, the Eclair, 12, Lieutenant William Carr, chased
the French privateer-schooner Rose into Deshaies, Guadeloupe. In
the evening, the cutter was sent in, under the orders of Mr. John

1 Nav. Ghron., xii. 137, 345 ; James, iii. 247 ; Troude, iii. 311 ; Chevalier, iii. 295 ;
Hardy, ' Register of E. I. Co.'s Ships ' (1811), App., 119.

2 Nav. Chron., xii. 68 ; James, iii. 252.

3 Nav. Ghron., xii. 68 ; James, iii. 252 ; O'Byrne, 383.

Z 2

340 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1804.

Salmon, the Master, with the Surgeon and ten men, to bring her
out. The privateer opened fire as soon as the boat entered the
harbour, but was boarded and carried off, though she is said to have
had 49 men in her, though batteries on shore fired vigorously at the
British, and though there was no wind, so that she had to be towed
and rowed off to the Eclair. The British suffered no loss ; the
French had 15 killed or wounded.1

On March 13th, Lieutenant Thomas Forrest, with thirty volun-
teers from the Emerald, 36, Captain James O'Bryen,2 proceeded in
the Fort Diamond, armed sloop, to capture the French privateer
Mosambigue, 10, which had taken shelter under a battery at Seron,
near St. Pierre, Martinique. At the same time, the boats of the
Emerald and those of the Pandour, 44, were despatched in another
direction to divert attention. The Fort Diamond laid herself along-
side the privateer, in so doing breaking a chain by which the latter
was secured to the shore. The French crew, after discharging one
broadside, precipitately bolted and swam ashore. The British loss
in this affair was but two wounded.3

The Drake, 14, which was still commanded by Lieutenant
William King (1), sent two boats, on the morning of March 14th,
to capture a large French 18-gun privateer which had taken shelter
under the guns of Deshaies, Guadeloupe. The French crew aban-
doned the ship on the boats' approach, only one man being discovered
on board. A little later, however, the prize blew up, killing six
officers and men, and injuring several others. Whether the ex-
plosion was accidental or designed is not clearly stated in the official
letter. At the same time, the Drake recaptured a valuable British
prize which had been taken by the French.4

On March 17th, the Penguin, 16, Commander George Morris,
drove the French privateer Renommee, 12, ashore upon the Senegal
bar. A week later, surf having in the meantime prevented any
operations, the Penguin opened fire upon the privateer and two
schooners which had come to her help, but could not get near
enough to produce any effect. She then sent in a boat which, under
Lieutenant Charles Williams, destroyed the Renommee without any
loss to the British.5

1 Nav. Chron., xii. 70; James, iii. 247.

2 Afterwards Marquis of Thomond.

3 James, iii. 253 ; Nav. Chron., xii. 69.

4 Nav. Chron., xii. 72 ; James, iii. 253.

5 Nav. Chron., xii. 131; James, iii. 254; O'Byrne, 788.

1801.] LOSS OF THE "WOLVERINE." 341

On March 23rd, the Osprey, 18, Commander George Young-
husband, cruising near Barbados, chased four ships, one of which
had the appearance of a frigate. This was the Bordeaux privateer
Egyptienne, 36, a vessel which, under the name of Bailleuse, had
formerly figured as a frigate in the French Navy. The Osprey
closed and engaged her, despite the disparity of force, the privateer
carrying twenty-six 12-prs., ten 6-prs., and 248 men, to the
Osprey's sixteen 32-pr. carronades, two 6-prs., and 120 men. A
close action of eighty minutes followed, in which the French had so
much the worst of it that they ceased firing and set all sail, while
the three ships which had been with the Egyptienne scattered, and
steered different courses. The Osprey sailed so badly that she was
quite unable to overtake her enemy, which, however, as will be seen,
was taken a few days later. The British loss was 1 killed and 16
wounded ; the French loss 8 killed and 19 wounded.1

On March 24th, the sloop Wolverine, 13, Commander Henry
Gordon, on her way to Newfoundland in charge of a convoy, sighted
two strangers. As they showed an intention to attack the rear of
the convoy, the Wolverine stood to intercept them, signalling the
convoy to escape as best it could. At 4 in the afternoon, the larger
of the two enemies, the Blonde, 30, a French privateer, was within
range. To explain what followed, it should be stated that the
Wolverine carried her ports very low, and that her battery consisted
of two 18-pr. long guns and six 24-pr. carronades on the main
deck, all of which could be fought on the same side. In addition to
these, she carried four 12-pr. carronades on the quarter-deck and
one on the forecastle. On this occasion, one of her two 18-prs. —
the best guns she carried — jammed, and could not be moved to the
engaged broadside. Her ports being so extremely near the water-
line, she was compelled to engage to leeward, in order to be able to
fight her heavy guns. Her enemy was higher out of the water, and
carried long 8-prs. on the main deck. These, except at very close
quarters, were far more accurate and deadly than carronades. The
two ships fought at a distance of fifty yards for fifty minutes before
the Wolverine lowered her colours. Her sails and rigging were cut
to pieces, her hull riddled between wind and water, and, of her small
crew, 5 were killed and 10 wounded. Testimony to the fact that
the British ship held out to the last possible moment is afforded by
the fact that the Wolverine sank soon after the prisoners had been
1 Nav. Chron., xii. 71 ; James, iii. 254.

342

MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1804.

removed. Of the convoy, six ships escaped, and only two were
taken.1 The comparative force of the two vessels was as follows :—

—

Tons.

< .Mil-.

Broadside.

Men.

Killed.

Wounded.

Blonde ....

580?

30 2

Lbs.
135

240?

Wolverine

286

198

On March 27th, the French privateer Egyptienne, 36, which had
been so severely handled by the Osprey, was captured by the Hippo-
menes, 14, Commander Conway Shipley. She was chased for fifty-
four hours, and then engaged in a running fight for three hours and
twenty minutes, but ceased all resistance and struck as soon as the
Hippomenes got alongside her. Shipley very generously attributed
this result to the sharp punishment she had received from the
Osprey. Only one man was wounded in the British ship.3 The
Egyptienne became the British prison ship Antigua.

On the night of March 31st, the boats of the Scorpion, 18,
Commander George Nicholas Hardinge, and Beaver, 14, Commander
Charles Pelly, cut out the Dutch brig Athalante, 16, Commander
G-. S. Carp, from the Vlie. She could not be attacked by the
Scorpion, owing to the shoals and difficulties of navigation. The
cutting- out party was led by Hardinge himself, and mustered sixty
officers and men. It arrived alongside the Athalante at 11.30 P.M.,
and found her ready, with boarding-nets triced up. But her men
do not seem to have offered any very obstinate resistance, since,
in the words of a private letter of Hardinge's, " the noise, the
alarm, etc., so intimidated her crew that many of them ran below
in a panic, leaving to us the painful duty of combating those whom
we respected the most." Hardinge fought the Dutch captain hand
to hand, but was disarmed by him, and was rescued by one of his
own people. The Dutch captain was urged to accept quarter,
refused, and was killed — most reluctantly — by the British seamen,
who admired his valour. The hatches were secured, and the
Athalante passed into British hands. The British loss was Lieu-
tenant Buckland Stirling Bluett (who was at once promoted), two

1 James, iii. 255 ; O'Byrne, 408. Gordon was posted, Apr. 8th, 1805 ; and, upon
his return to England in Nov. 1811, was honourably acquitted by C. M.

2 All her guns were long 9-prs. [French 8-prs.] ; the Wolverine's, mostly short-
range carronades.

s Nav. Chron., xii. 72 ; James, iii. 255.

1804.] THE "WILHELMINA" AND THE "PSYCH&." 343

other officers and two seamen wounded ; the Dutch loss, out of a
total crew of 76, Commander Carp and 3 seamen killed, and the first
lieutenant and 11 others wounded. A gale sprang up after the
capture of the ship, and detained the A thalante for two days in the
Vlie, and not till the third was she able to effect her exit.1 Hardinge
was posted on April 4th.

On April 3rd, off Palermo, the British hired cutter Swift, 8,
Lieutenant William Thomas Martin Leake, was chased, overhauled
and taken, by the French privateer Esperance, 10, but only after a
fierce struggle. Leake was killed in the act of throwing overboard
the despatches from the Admiralty, which he was carrying out to
Nelson. Nelson was right in asking " how the Government can
think of sending papers of consequence in such a vessel." The
Swift carried only twenty-three men, and was, in Nelson's judgment,
" not equal to cope with any row-boat privateer." 2

On April 9th, the 32-gun frigate Wilhelmina, Commander Henry
Lambert (2), armed en flute, and as such carrying only light guns
— eighteen 9-prs., two 6-prs., and one 12-pr. carronade — and
manned with a very weak complement, whilst escorting a country
ship towards Trincomale, fell in, to the east of Ceylon, with the
powerful French privateer, formerly a frigate in the French Navy,
Psyche, 32, Trogoff master. During the night of the 9-10th, the
Psyche closed the British vessel fast, and Lambert, directing his
charge to beat a retreat, lay-to to await his enemy. The Wilhelmina,
being jury-rigged, had the look of a merchantman ; which may
explain the readiness of the privateer to attack. At daylight on the
llth, the two ships were within pistol-shot, the Wilhelmina to
windward of the Psyche. They exchanged their first broadsides,
passing on opposite tacks, and the Psyche hailed Lambert, bidding
him surrender. The Psyche tacked, and the Wilhelmina wore, and,
as the two ships' heads pointed the same way, a running fight
began. The French fired alternate guns at the British vessel's
rigging and hull. The damage which they thus inflicted upon their
enemy brought the Wilhelmina, disabled, upon the starboard tack
with her sails aback, and enabled the Frenchman to pass under her
stern and deliver a raking fire. Lambert, however, succeeded in
getting his ship again before the wind, and engaged the Psyche with
his port broadside. The Psyche closed to board ; but, finding the

1 Nav. Chron., xi. 410; xii. 49; De Jonge, v. 589 ; James, iii. 261.

2 Nav. Chron., xi. 413 ; Nicolas, ' Nelson,' v. 505, 508 ; James, iii. 262.

344 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1804.

Wilhelmina ready to give boarders a warm reception, sheered off a
little, and continued the action yard-arm to yard-arm. Then she
crossed the Wilhelmina's bows, raking the British ship ; and, tacking
to close again, was herself raked in turn. The two vessels were now
once more steering the same course. They closed for the last time,
yard-arm to yard-arm, and fought till, at 7 A.M., two hours and ten
minutes after the beginning of the combat, the Psyche had had
enough. She crowded all sail, and, being faster and less damaged
in her sails, masts, and rigging than the Wilhelmina, succeeded in
effecting her escape. The latter was in no plight to pursue. She
had lost her main topmast ; her bowsprit and main and mizen masts
were badly wounded ; her boats were shot to bits ; and her hull was
pierced in several places.

The Wilhelmina's previous Captain had attached the greatest
importance to gunnery, and the effects of his care were seen in this
action. Though the Wilhelmina was so much cut up, she succeeded
with her weak battery in reducing the Psyche almost to a sinking
condition. At the close of the action the privateer had 44 men
hors de combat, and some feet of water in her hold, whereas the
Wilhelmina suffered a loss of only 10. The Psyche was in many
respects as good a ship as, or better than, most frigates in the
French Navy. She had an excellent, indeed, a famous, skipper and
a well-trained crew, whilst her preponderance in force, whether of
guns or men, was immense. In the circumstances, Lambert
deserves especial praise for his splendid resistance to such odds, and
though his opponent was "only a privateer," his Admiral evidently
thought so, since he took the first opportunity of promoting 1 him to
post rank. Lambert will be met with again in the pages of this
history. Till the day when he fell in the service of his country his
career was one of exceptional distinction.2

The force of the two ships was as follows : —

—

Tons.

Guns.

Broadside.

Men. ! Killed.

Wonnded.

Total.

Wilhelmina .

827

I.bs.

21 99

134

Psyche . . 848

240

250

On the night of April 29th, the boats of the Doris, 36, Captain
Patrick Campbell (1), one of Cornwallis' squadron off Brest, were
1 Confd. Ap. 10th, 1805. 2 James, iii. 263 ; Nav. Chron., xii. 491.

1801.] THE "HIPPOMENES" AND THE "BONAPARTE." 345'

sent in, under Lieutenant Anderson, to attack a flotilla of

French gunboats under Captain C. Le Bozec, which was observed
anchored at the entrance to Audierne Harbour. The British party
brought off gunboat No. 360, under Enseigne Dubois, notwith-
standing the vigorous efforts of the French to protect her. The
British loss was one man killed.1

On June 21st, the Hippomenes, 14, Captain Kenneth M'Kenzie,2
was sighted to the east of Antigua by the French privateer
Bonaparte, 18, Paimpeni master. The Frenchman boldly bore
down, believing the British vessel, from her build, which was
peculiar, and from the careful disguise which M'Kenzie had adopted,
to be a merchantman. At 1.50 P.M. the two closed and began a
close action. In this the Bonaparte had the worst of matters, and
she dropped on board the Hippomenes, her bowsprit touching the
latter's main mast. M'Kenzie at once had the bowsprit lashed to
the mast, and dashed on board the Bonaparte, calling upon his crew
to follow him. However, only his officers and about eight men
obeyed. The Frenchmen were rapidly driven from their quarters
to the poop, where they gathered, and, perceiving the weakness of
the British boarding-party, regained heart. Half the boarding-party
was cut to pieces, M'Kenzie was badly wounded, and the others
were forced back from the Bonaparte's forecastle to the Hippo-
menes's deck. At that critical moment the lashing which had held
the privateer parted, and M'Kenzie, wounded in fourteen places, had
only just time to leap back on board his ship. The British loss was
heavy. Two officers and two men were taken prisoners ; five men
were killed, and eight, including the Captain and the Master,
wounded. In the crew of the Hippomenes, according to the Naval
Chronicle, were many foreigners ; which may explain, if it cannot
condone, the cowardice displayed by the men. The Bonaparte had
5 killed and 15 wounded, besides suffering much damage in her
hull and rigging.3

On July llth, ten boats of the Narcissus, 32, Captain Boss
Donnelly, Seahorse, 38, Captain the Hon. Courtenay Boyle, and
Maidstone, 32, Captain the Hon. George Elliot (3), forming part
of Lord Nelson's squadron blockading Toulon, attacked a dozen

1 ' Blockade of B.,' i. 309 ; Nav. Chron., xii. 79.

1 M'Kenzie, a Commander of 1802, had been posted on June 6th, 1804 ; but was
not aware of the fact. He died in 1824.

3 Nav. Chron., xii. 422, 492 ; James, iii. 268 ; Marshall, ii. 899.

346

MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1804.

small French craft at Lavandou in Hyeres Bay, just before
midnight. The enemy was found fully prepared, and received the
British boats, which were under the orders of Lieutenants John
Thompson (3a.), John Richard Lumley, Ogle Moore, and Hyde
Parker (3), with a tremendous fire. The British force, however,
was led and handled in a manner which won warm praise from
Nelson, and destroyed most of the French small craft, but only with
terrible loss. One vessel was brought away. The killed numbered
4, including Midshipman Thomas Owen Eoche, and the wounded
23, including Lumley. " Wounds," said Nelson in a general order
on this affair, " are marks of honour; they must be expected." l

On July 12th, the Aigle, 36, Captain George Wolfe, off the
mouth of the Gironde, sighted the French vessels Charente, 20, and
Joie, 8, on their way from the Gironde to Bayonne. The British
vessel at once gave chase ; and the two French ships precipitately
ran ashore on the coast to the south of the Gironde. Owing to the
heavy surf, the Aigle was not able to get them afloat, or to remove
any part of their valuable cargo of ordnance. They were therefore
destroyed by the British boats.2

On July 15th, the Lily, 16, Commander William Compton, off
the coast of South Carolina encountered the French privateer Dame
Ambert, 16, C. Lamarque master. The British vessel, armed
mainly with carronades, and inferior in sailing qualities to her
enemy, was attacked at long range by the latter's long guns, which
knocked her sails and rigging to pieces with almost absolute
impunity. The Dame Ambert3 then had her completely at her
mercy ; took up a raking position ; and secured the Lily's bowsprit
to her taffrail. The Frenchmen made eight attempts to board, all
of which were beaten off, notwithstanding their great advantage of
position. The ninth was successful and the Lily passed into their
hands. Her Commander, first Lieutenant, and great part of her
crew were killed or wounded. The French loss was 16. The force
of the two ships was as follows : —

Tons.

Guns.

Broadside.

Men.

Killed.

Wounded.

Dame Ambert

Lbs.
48

75?

Lily

200 16 88

Most of the crew.4

1 Nav. Chron., xii. 316 ; Nicolas, ' Nelson,' vi. 108 ; James, iii. 270.

2 James, iii. 270. 3 Ex British packet Marlborough. * Including Compton.

1804.] ATTEMPT UPON THE "GENERAL EBNOUF." 347

This action clearly illustrates the tactical danger of a short range
armament when the enemy cannot be closed. The Dame Ambert
carried nothing but long 6-prs. ; the Lily's l carronades, fourteen in
number, were 1'2-prs. of old and weak pattern. She had only two
4-pr. long guns.3

On July 31st, the Tartar, 32, Captain Keith Maxwell, chased
the small French privateer Hirondelle, 10, into the difficult channel
between the islands of Saona and San Domingo. The channel
being impassable, the Hirondelle anchored in it under a reef. As the
Tartar could not get at her, three boats were despatched under
Lieutenants Henry Muller and Nicholas Lockyer to destroy her or
bring her off. The boats rowed gallantly in under a heavy fire in
broad daylight with the wind against them, and carried the
privateer. In this dashing affair the British loss was only
2 wounded. The French had 15 killed or wounded, besides 3
missing, supposed to have been drowned while attempting to swim
ashore. The Hirondelle was an exceedingly fast sailer. She had
often been chased but had always escaped.3

On the night of August 12th the boats of the Galatea, 32,
Captain Henry Heathcote, were despatched to cut out the privateer
General Ernouf (late British Lily) from Anse a Mire, Guadeloupe.
The boats, however, failed to find the privateer, and returned
without accomplishing anything beyond placing the French thor-
oughly on their guard. The latter reinforced the General Ernouf s
crew with 31 men, and moored a vessel athwart the privateer's
hawse so as to rake the cutting-out party, should the attempt be
repeated. Further, the French batteries were enjoined to allow
the enemy to approach and not to open fire till he was in retreat.

On the 15th the Galatea reconnoitred the privateer, drawing a
heavy fire from the batteries, which, however, did her no damage.
At 10 P.M. she despatched four boats with 90 officers and men,
under Lieutenant Charles Hayman, for the desperate enterprise.
The French were apprised by a guard-boat of the British approach ;
but no shot was fired, and, with growing confidence in the belief that
the enemy would be surprised, the cutting-out party pushed in. The
barge with Hayman took the lead, and was just alongside, when she

1 She was renamed by her captors General Ernouf, and became, as will be seen,
a well-known privateer.

2 James, iii. 271.

3 James, iii. 272 ; Nav. Chron., xii. 318.

348 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1804.

was received with a murderous fire. Hayman was mortally injured,
and, of 27 officers and men in his party, only 3 were not severely
wounded. The other boats were not one whit more fortunate.
They were so roughly handled that, after a magnificent display of
pluck and determination, they were forced to turn back, abandoning
the barge. On the retreat the batteries opened fire and inflicted
fresh loss. In this terrible affair, out of 90 British officers and men
engaged, no fewer than 65 seem to have been killed or wounded — a
loss which speaks volumes for the bravery and resolution of the
attack. The French acknowledged only 4 killed, but had also some
wounded.

There can be no disputing the fact that the attack under such
circumstances was injudicious. Yet the reader will recall instances,
already narrated, in which vessels, perfectly prepared and on their
guard, were cut out without heavy loss. The recapture of the
Hermione, and the cutting out of the Curieux are striking examples.
Yet it is a good rule that for such enterprises surprise is essen-
tial, and that nothing whatsoever shall be done, before they are
attempted, to put the enemy on his guard. The French, in their
reports of this action, as was often their habit, looked at their own
forces through the wrong end of their glasses, and so converted what
was really a most heroic passage into a dishonourable defeat for the
British. No force whieh loses more than two-thirds its strength can
be held to have fought badly. Fortune and judgment, not valour,
were wanting on the defeated side.1

On August 17th, the Blonde, 30, French privateer, which in
March had sunk the Wolverine, was taken in the North Atlantic
by the Loire, 38, Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland (2), after a long
running fight in which the Loire had 6 and the Blonde 1 wounded,
2 mortally. The prize was disguised as an Indiaman, and had been
a serious annoyance to British trade.2

On September 15th, the Centurion, 50, Lieutenant James
Eobert Phillips (actg. Captain),3 whilst at anchor in Vizagapa-
tam Roads, waiting for two ships, the Princess Charlotte and the
Barnaby, to load, observed three strange sail approaching from
the south-west. These were the Marengo, 74, Atalante, 40, Captain
C. C. A. Gaudin-Beauchene, and Semillante, 36, Captain Motard,

1 James, iii. 273 ; Marshall, ii. 123.

2 Nav. Chron., xii. 236, 336 ; James, 282.

8 The ship's Captain, James Lind, was on shore during the early part of the action.

1804.] DEFENCE OF THE "CENTURION." 349

of Linois's squadron. After having committed many depredations
on British commerce, Linois had received information that at
Vizagapatam were two merchantmen in charge of the British
frigate Wilhelmina, and he had determined to capture all three
vessels.

The nature of the approaching vessels, with the fact that they
were enemies, was speedily ascertained by the Centurion ; and at
about 9.45 A.M. she opened fire on the leading frigate, at the same
time directing the merchantmen to retire to a neighbouring port.
The Barnaby cut her cable, drove on shore, and was totally lost ;
the Princess Charlotte, being covered by the Centurion, did not
move. At 10 A.M., the Centurion cut her cable and sheeted home
her topsails, thus bringing her broadside to bear upon the Atalante,
which was then close at hand on the port quarter, and which seemed
inclined to board. The Marengo and Semillante also closed on the
starboard quarter and hotly engaged the British ship. To them the
Princess Charlotte struck precipitately in a most craven manner,
without firing a shot. Both the Marengo's and the Centurion's
colours were early shot away, but replaced. The British fire was
directed mainly upon the Marengo, which kept at a distance of under
half a mile. At about 10.45 A.M., the French trio retired, the
Marengo having, according to French accounts, touched the bottom.
The Centurion retreated inshore, in shallow water, but out of reach
of the three guns of a battery which had hitherto supported her ;
and at about that time was rejoined by her Captain, James Lind.
Her sails and rigging were very much cut up.

The French ships again approached at about 11.30, and the
Marengo, perhaps afraid of the shoals, opened fire when about a
mile away. Only the Centurions lower deck guns (eleven 24-prs. on
the broadside) could be used effectively at that range ; but almost
all the Marengo's shot fell round the Centurion. The Atalante,
nearer in on the Centurion's quarter, maintained a galling fire,
whilst the Semillante busied herself in carrying off the Princess
Charlotte, instead of in subduing the British warship. At last, at
about 1.15 P.M., after two hours of cannonading, the French ships
made sail and tamely stood away to sea, though one of the Marengo's
last shot cut the Centurion s cable and brought her a good distance
off-shore, and into deeper water, before the sheet anchor could be let
go. The Centurion made a fine defence against heavy odds. In
battery she was only equal to the two French frigates ; and, of

350

MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1804.

course, she was hopelessly outclassed by the French 74. Her masts
and rigging were badly damaged, and she had several shot between
wind and water, yet of her crew only 9 were wounded, 1 mortally .
The force of the four ships engaged was as follows :—

—

GUDS.

Broadside.

Men. Killed.

Wounded.

Centurion .

. . 54

Lbe.

698*

345 n.

Marengo

. . : 78

990

690 n.

Atalante

. . 44

410

330 n.

Semillante .

. . 40

280 300 n.

n., nominal complement : probably all four ships had crews under the strength given.

* Of this 416 Ibs. was from short range carronades, against 72 Ibs. in the Marengo and 36 Ibs. in each of the
French frigates.

Linois's half-hearted and timid action on this occasion cannot
but provoke censure. If the Marengo could not get at the poor
little 50-gun ship, the frigates could have done so, and were, com-
bined, much more than a match for her. There is little room for
surprise that, after such a miserable display, Napoleon told Linois,
" France cared for honour, not for a few pieces of wood," when the
Admiral strove to excuse his weakness.1

Late in September, off the coast of Hayti, the British armed
trader Leander, 12, Lewis, master, in company with the brig Dolly,
met and mistook for a privateer the British frigate Fortunee, 44,
Captain Henry Vansittart. The error had fatal consequences, since
the Leander poured a broadside into the frigate, which, owing to a
recent gale, had all her guns in the hold, and killed a man before she
discovered her mistake. The Leander's master showed courage and
want of judgment in equal parts, by thus daring to attack a powerful
ship, and by the precipitate manner of attack. He was punished
by the impressment of twenty-six of his men and a fine of 1500
dollars.2

On October 3rd, the British frigates Indefatigable, 44, Captain
Graham Moore, Lively, 38, Captain Graham Eden Hamond, Medusa,
32, Captain John Gore (2), and Amphion, 32, Captain Samuel Sutton,
assembled off Cadiz, whither they had been ordered to intercept four

1 James, iii. 276 ; Troude, iii. 315 ; Nav. Chron., xiii. 218 ; Chevalier, iii. 301 :
O'Byrne, 900.

2 Nav. Chron., xiii. 160.

1804.] ATTACK ON THE SPANISH TREASURE SHIPS. 351

Spanish frigates laden with treasure, which were due to arrive from
Montevideo. Of the British frigates, the first two were from Corn-
wallis's fleet, and the last two from Nelson's. The latter Admiral,
with his usual judgment, had despatched also the line of battleship
Donegal, 74, wishing to make the British force so strong that re-
sistance to it would be hopeless. Unhappily she failed to arrive in
time, and there was much unnecessary waste of life. Spain was
nominally at peace with Great Britain, though she was at that very
moment paying to France a large subsidy, which was, of course, used
against England. The treasure expected in the Spanish frigates was
therefore destined to be employed by an enemy. But no notice of
our intention was given to the Spanish Government J ; and a British
officer, Captain Sir Robert Barlow, Kt., was actually on his way
in the Triumph, 74, to Cadiz, to pick up and convoy home the
British traders who had gathered there. These circumstances led
what followed to be severely denounced both at home and abroad.

On the 5th, the Spanish vessels came into sight. They were
four in number, the Fama, 34, Medea, 40, Rear-Admiral Don Jose
Bustamente, Mercedes, 34, and Clara, 34, a squadron much weaker
in force than the British quartette, and suffering the great dis-
advantage of being taken unprepared. They formed line of battle
in the order given above, whereupon the Medusa, the leading British
ship, placed herself upon the Fama's weather beam, and the Inde-
fatigable, Amphion, and Lively also paired off with their antagonists
in order, the Lively taking her position to leeward, abeam of the last
Spanish ship. Captain Moore, the senior British officer, then hailed
the Spanish admiral to shorten sail, and, as no reply was made, fired
across his ship. The Medea shortened sail, and a boat was sent
from the Indefatigable urging Bustamente to allow his squadron to
be detained without bloodshed. Honour compelled him to refuse,
whereupon the Indefatigable fired a shot across his bows and closed.
The Mercedes promptly fired into the Amphion ; the Medea fired into
the Indefatigable ; and the British senior officer made the signal for
close action. In ten minutes the Mercedes blew up ; in half an hour
the Medea and Clara struck their flags. The Fama attempted to
escape, and gained on the Medusa, but the Lively was despatched to
join in the chase, which was overhauled and captured, with the help
of the Medusa, early in the afternoon. The boats of the other British
ships, having secured the Medea, turned their attention to the un-
1 There had been an angry diplomatic correspondence.

352 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1804-5.

happy survivors of the Mercedes. One officer and 45 men were
saved, but with that exception, all on board, including several women
and children, perished. The prizes had cargoes of great value, in
addition to specie, on board, and their total worth was placed at
about £1,000,000. In the Mercedes, one-third as much more was
lost. The British casualties were only 2 killed and 7 wounded. The
Spaniards lost 20 killed and 80 wounded, besides those who perished
in the Mercedes.1

On October 16th, the Cruiser, 18, Commander John Hancock (1),
blockading Ostend, sighted and chased the French privateer Contre-
Amiral Wagon, 17, a vessel which had committed terrible depreda-
tions upon British commerce. The pursuit continued for 97 miles,
but at last the privateer was overhauled. She struck after a few
shots. So scarce were seamen in France that instead of her com-
plement of 200 men she had gone to sea with 84 men only, among
whom were many Danes, Swedes, and Americans.2

On November 8th, the merchantmen Thetis, Ceres, and Penelope
encountered the French privateer Bonaparte, 18, off Barbados. The
Thetis, John Charnley, master, closed and fought her. The other
two held aloof. The Thetis, however, proved quite a match for
her, knocked her badly about, and left her almost disabled.3

Amongst the British ships lost by shipwreck in 1804 was the
Apollo, 36, Captain John William Taylor Dixon. While in charge of
a convoy for the West Indies, she struck on the Portuguese coast
during a heavy gale on April 2nd. Her Captain and 60 of her crew
perished.4

On January 21st, 1805, the Qipsy, 10, Lieutenant Michael
Fitton, whilst cruising on a rendezvous off Cape San Antonio with
despatches, was chased by five privateers. These she succeeded in
separating by a feigned flight ; and, attacking the leading vessel,
which at once in its turn took to flight, drove it ashore after a
running engagement.5

On February 3rd, at daylight, the sloop Arrow, 28, Commander
Eichard Budd Vincent,6 and the bomb Acheron, Commander Arthur

1 James, iii. 280 ; Nicolas, ' Nelson,' vi. 241 ; Nav. Ohron., xii. 322, 500 ; xiii. App.
(for diplom. correspondence); Chevalier, 126.

2 Nav. Chron., xii. 457, 417.
8 Nav. Chron., xiii. 273.

4 James, iii. 257 ; Narr. of Mr. Lewis ; C. M., May 22ud, 1804.

6 James, iv. 117.

« Com., Apr. 29th, 1802 ; Capt, Apr. 8th, 1805.

1805.]

DEFENCE OF THE "ARROW" AND "ACHERON."

353

Farquhar (I),1 whilst escorting a convoy of merchantmen from Malta
to England, sighted two strange sail off the Algerian coast. These
were the Hortense, 40, Captain L. C. A. La Marre La Meillerie, and
Incorruptible, 38, Captain S. Billiet, of Admiral Villeneuve's squadron.
They had separated from the French fleet to chase away the British
look-out frigates, and had not been able to rejoin. They were
speedily made out by the British vessels to be enemies, and the

CAPTAIN RICHARD BUDD VINCENT, It.X.

From H. S. CooKs lithographed portrait In the " Naval Chronical" 1807.

convoy was ordered to close. The Arrow cast off a vessel which she
had in tow and joined the Acheron; and the two ships placed them-
selves between the enemy and the convoy, directing the latter to
make all possible sail for the rendezvous appointed in case the ships
should have to disperse. Late in the afternoon it fell calm, and not
till night had fallen did a breeze spring up from the W.S.W. All
day and night the frigates in pursuit were making all the sail they

1 Com., Apr. 29th, 1802 ; Capt., Apr. 8th, 1805 ; R.-Adm., Jan. 10th, 1837.
VOL. V. 2 A

354 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

could, but they were not within range till 4.45 A.M. of the 4th. The-
Hortense then passed under the lee of the Arrow on the opposite
tack, hailed her, and, passing the Acheron, hailed again and fired
a broadside into the bomb, which did great damage, carrying away
the main yard slings and the main topgallant yard. The Acheron
returned the fire, and was supported by the Arrow, which bore up
and raked the Hortense. The Incorruptible, from the lightness of
the wind, had fallen away from her sister frigate ; and when, at about
5.30 A.M., she appeared to be wearing, she was distantly fired into
by the Acheron. She eventually stood after the Hortense. In this
brief respite which followed, the Acheron attempted to repair the
damage to her rigging.

The convoy was at that time about four miles to windward. The
French frigates bore down a second time; and at 7.30 A.M. the In-
corruptible, which was leading, opened on the Arrow and exchanged
broadsides with her. As the French ships were on the opposite
tack to the two British vessels, the Incorruptible went on to the
Acheron, whilst the Hortense gave the Arrow her attention. Having
passed, the two Frenchmen wore to renew the action. The Arrow
attempted to rake them, but failed in her manoeuvre, and was.
attacked by both the frigates. The Hortense, however, soon left
her in order to look after the Acheron. The Arrow, hopelessly
outmatched, protracted her resistance till 8.30 A.M., when, with her
rigging shot to pieces, her masts wounded, her hold full of water and
four guns dismounted, she struck. The Acheron had attempted to-
escape, but with the much faster Hortense in pursuit, and retarded
by the injuries which she had sustained in her masts and rigging,,
she also surrendered at about 8.45.

Both British ships had sustained such damage in their heroic de-
fence as to render them worthless to their captors. The Acheron was-
burnt by the French ; the Arrow sank immediately after her crew had
been transferred to the enemy's ships. Nor was the stubborn courage^
displayed by the British seamen without effect, since, of the convoy,
only three vessels were taken. The Arrow and the Acheron, from
the circumstance that both were armed entirely with carronades —
excepting the Acheron's two mortars, which of course were useless —
could do little outside the very closest range, and the French vessels,
with their long guns had them at their mercy. The Acheron, in
Nelson's judgment, was not the equal of a strong privateer. The-.
force and losses of the four ships were as follows : —

1805.]

THE "SAN FIORENZO" AND THE "PSYCHE."

355

—

Guns.

Broadside.

Men.

Killed.

Wounded.

1-bs.

(Hortense

410

340 n.

)

1 5

{ Incorruptible .

280

300 n. |

(Arrow ....

448

132

(Acheron.

The Arrow's fire probably did tbe Incorruptible some damage, since
the latter took no further part in Villeneuve's operations.1

On February 8th, the Curieux, 16, Commander George Edmund
Byron Bettesworth, chased and overhauled a large brig off Barbados.
This was the notorious French privateer Dame Ernouf, 16. A sharp
action of 40 minutes' duration followed, and then the Dame Ernouf
attempted to board on the Curieux' s leeward quarter. The Curieux
starboarded her helm, caught the privateer's jibboom between her
after fore-shroud and fore mast, and held her in that position till the
enemy's deck was cleared. Just as the British in their turn were
about to board, the vessels parted and the Dame Ernouf 's fore top-
mast came down. She fired a few shot, and then struck. Each
craft carried sixteen long French 6-prs. Of the Curieux's crew of
67, 1 officer was killed and 4 officers and men were wounded. Of
her 120 men, the Dame E-rnouflost 30 killed and 40 wounded.2

On February 13th, the San Fiorenzo, 36, Commander Henry
Lambert (2) (actg. Capiain), searching for the French frigate Psyche,
32, Captain Jacques Bergeret, discovered three sail off Ganjam, on
the Malabar coast, and, approaching, made them out to be the
Psyche and two prizes. The three crowded all sail away, but on the
evening of the 14th the rearmost of the prizes was overhauled by
the San Fiorenzo and secured. At 8 P.M. the Psyche was within
range and the first shot was fired. At 8.20 P.M. close action began,
broadside to broadside, at half a cable's distance, between the Psyche
and San Fiorenzo. The other French prize, the Pigeon, had been
armed by the French with 4 guns, manned with 34 men,
placed under the command of Lieutenant Ollivier, and renamed the
Equivoque ; but she held aloof from the action and gave the Psyche,
little assistance.

1 James, iv. 118; Troude, iii. 412; Nov. Chron., xiii. 223, xvii. 281; Nicolas,.
' Nelson,' vi. 263 ; Marshall, ii. 912, 929 ; C. M., Mar. 28th, 1804, and June 17th, 1805.

2 Nav. Chron., xiii. 403 ; James, iv. 121.

2 A 2

356 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

In the close engagement between the Psyche and San Fiorenzo,
both ships suffered severely. The French, as was their usual
•custom, seem, from the damage which they inflicted upon the
San Fiorenzo's rigging, to have fired high. The British fire, directed
at the enemy's hull, put many of her guns and carronades out of
•action. At about 9 P.M. the Psyche passed under the San Fiorenzo's
stern and raked the British ship, but without causing very serious
injury, owing to the damage which had been sustained by the
French vessel's guns. The San Fiorenzo speedily recovered her old
position and brought her broadside to bear. Bergeret saw that his
solitary chance of success lay in boarding. He ran the Psyche upon
the San Fiorenzo ; but his boarders were received with so furious a
fire from the British small-arms' party that their attempt was easily
beaten off. At that moment a fire broke out on the Psyche's orlop
deck, and diverted the attention of a large part of her crew from the
battle. The two ships parted, but the British seamen continued
their deadly fire at something outside pistol range. The Psyches
main yard was shot away ; and she was left, if French accounts can
be believed, with only two serviceable guns, the others having been
either dismounted or disabled. At about 11.30 P.M. the British ship
hauled off to effect repairs to her masts and rigging. Thirty minutes
later she bore down again, before the Psyche had cleared her decks
or made ready for the renewal of the action. The San Fiorenzo was
on the point of re-opening fire, when a boat from the Psyche, with
an officer on board, came off to her with a message from Captain
Bergeret stating that he was prepared "to surrender. French
accounts assert that he stipulated for terms, but the terms were only
such as would always be granted to a brave opponent — the right of
the officers to keep their swords, the seamen to retain their private
effects, and Captain Bergeret to remain one night on board his ship
to see that the wounded received proper attention. The French say
that the Equivoque only fired four or five shots. The Psyche, it
should be admitted, was skilfully and bravely defended against a ship
of very superior size and force.

Tons. Guns.

Broadside. ',

Men.

Killed.

Wonnded.

San Fiorenzo .

1032

Lbs.
467

253

•12

Psyche

848

250

240

1805.] THE "CLEOPATRA" AND THE "VILLE DE MILAN." 357

The damage which the San Fiorenzo had sustained rendered it
impossible for her to pursue the Equivoque.1

Early on February 16th, the Cleopatra, 32, Captain Sir Robert
Laurie, Bart., to the south-east of Bermuda, sighted the French
Ville de Milan, 40, Captain J. M. Eenaud, on her way from
Martinique to France with despatches and orders not to speak any
ship on her voyage. The Cleopatra gave chase, and, at about 11 A.M.,
ascertained that the French vessel was of very superior force. As
the stranger did not shorten sail, Laurie resorted to the device of
hoisting American colours ; but the Ville de Milan paid no attention.
The Cleopatra then mado all possible sail and continued her pursuit
all the 16th. At 10.30 A.M. on the 17th she was within three-
quarters of a mile. At about noon, the stranger hoisted French
colours and the Cleopatra showed the British ensign. The British
ship, then within long range, opened with her bow chasers, as the
Ville de Milan seemed to draw ahead. The French vessel replied
from time to time with those of her guns which would bear. The
French fire was so well directed, and of such weight, that the
Cleopatra, to avoid being continuously raked, was forced to steer for
a point broad on the Ville de Milan's quarter. At last, at about
2.30 P.M., the Cleopatra closed to within a cable's length, whereupon
the Ville de Milan luffed and fired two broadsides. The Cleopatra
held her fire till only one hundred yards parted her from her enemy,
and then began a close action in which she quite held her own. At
length she knocked away the Ville de Milan's main topsail yard and
at once shot ahead, though she herself had sustained very serious
injuries to her masts, sails, and rigging. Her running rigging, in
Laurie's words, was " cut to pieces so as to render it impossible to
either shorten or back a sail, and both main and spring-stays were
shot away." In such a plight he determined to attempt to rake the
Ville de Milan by hauling up and crossing her bows. But, at the
critical moment, a shot struck the wheel, jamming the broken spokes
against the deck ; and simultaneously the rudder-head was choked
with splinters, and with a number of pistols which had been placed
near it. Thus the Cleopatra was left ungovernable, at the mercy of
her opponent. The Ville de Milan at once drove her bows upon the
British ship abaft the main rigging ; and her men, covered by a
heavy fire of musketry, attempted to board. They were beaten back
for the moment, and a hot fire was maintained by the Cleopatra's.
1 Nai: Chron., xiv. 164 ; James, iv. 122 ; Troude, iii. 413 ; Chevalier, iii. 302.

358

MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1805.

small-arm men and by the only two guns which she could bring to
bear, without, however, inflicting much of either loss or injury
upon the enemy. The condition of the Cleopatra was, in fact,
desperate. The French, from the fact that the Ville de Milan was
a so much bigger and higher vessel, were able to fire down upon
their enemy's deck and to clear it of men. At the same time, the
great weight of the French frigate, pressing upon the Cleopatra's
hull, threatened to break it in two at each heave of the ship.
There was a heavy sea running, and the Cleopatra's sails were
shivering or aback. At the suggestion of his first Lieutenant,
William Balfour, Laurie ordered the fore topmast staysail and the
spritsail to be set ; but the order could not be obeyed, as every
seaman who showed himself on deck was struck by the French
bullets. At 5.15 P.M. the French boarded and carried the Cleopatra,
then a complete wreck, and with more than one-fourth of her crew
killed or wounded. Immediately after the surrender the bowsprit,
and main and fore masts went by the board, leaving only the
mizen mast standing.

The Ville de Milan, according to her captor's account, carried
only long guns — twenty-six 18-prs. and twenty long 8-prs. ; the
Cleopatra carried twenty-six 12-prs., two 9-prs., and ten 24-pr.
carronades — a great part of her broadside being thus delivered from
weapons of very limited range and power.

—

Tons.

Guns. Broadside.

Men.
350

Killed.
10?

Wounded.
9

Ville de Milan

1097

Lbs.

46 840

Cleopatra ....

689

38 282

199

36 '

1 Including Lieuts. William Balfour, James Crooke, Charles Mitchell (actg.), and William Bowen (2)
(supernumerary), and Lieut. Thomas Appletou, K.M.

The Ville de Milan had her captain killed, and her second in
command wounded. Her main and mizen masts went by the board
during the night after the action, and her hull was much cut up by
the British shot. She was so much the stronger ship in every
way that no surprise can be expressed at the result of the fight.
Captain Laurie was probably led to conclude that his enemy was
weakly manned or ill prepared for battle, by her seeming anxiety to
get away when chased. His courage was fully rewarded when,

1805.] CAPTURE OF THE "VILLE DE MILAN." 359

some days later, the Ville de Milan fell an easy victim to a larger
British vessel, and the Cleopatra was recaptured.1

On February 23rd, the two vessels were sighted in squally
weather by the Leander, 50, Captain John Talbot. The Cleopatra
was jury rigged and had a French crew of 50 men on board ; the
Ville de Milan had been also in some measure refitted, with a
topmast for mast and a top gallant mast for topmast The Leander,
in these circumstances, being herself undamaged in masts and
rigging, closed very rapidly upon the two. At 4 P.M. she was
within range, whereupon the French frigate and her prize separated.
The Leander pursued the Cleopatra, and, in half an hour, was within
musket-shot of her. One gun was fired from the British 50-gun
ship's lower deck, and the Cleopatra hauled down her colours.
Several of the British crew on board her came on deck when she
struck, and they were hailed by Talbot and directed to take posses-
sion of her and make all sail after the Leander, which gave chase to
the Ville de Milan. In an hour's time the latter was overhauled,
and struck at once, without a shot being fired on either side.
Unquestionably this was due to the very severe handling which the
Ville de Milan had sustained from the Cleopatra's guns. The
French officers were enthusiastic and generous in their praise of
Laurie and his crew. Though there was no real dishonour in the
surrender of a virtually disabled vessel to a ship of superior force,
perfectly fresh, French official accounts pretended that the 40-gun
British frigate Cambrian had assisted the Leander in her capture of
the Ville de Milan and Cleopatra. The Cambrian's log proves that
she was at Bermuda at the date of the action. The Ville de Milan
was purchased for the Navy and, under the name Milan, rated as
a 38. Laurie was her first Captain.2

On March 20th, the Renard, 18, Commander Jeremiah Coghlan,
to the north of Hayti, encountered the notorious French privateer
General Ernouf, 20 (ex Lily), and, after an action of thirty-five
minutes' duration, set her on fire. Very little later the General
Ernouf blew up. Only 55 out of her crew of 160 could be saved by
the British boats.3 Three days later, on the coast of Puerto Eico,
the boats of the Stork, 18, Commander George Le Geyt, cut out the

1 James, iv. 124 ; Nav. Chron., xiii. 409 ; Troude, iii. 416.

2 Xav. Chron., xiii. 407; James, iv. 127; 'Precis des Even.,' xi. 259; Log of
Cambrian ; O'Byrne, 635, 1157.

3 James, iv. 129 ; Nav. Chron., xiii. 502.

360 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

Dutch privateer Antilope, 5, and a brig, with the loss of only two
wounded.1 On April 5th, the boats of the Bacchante, 22, Captain
Charles Dashwood, were sent in to the small harbour of Mariel, in
Cuba, to cut out three French privateers which had committed great
depredations upon British trade. To secure a safe retreat it was
necessary to carry a martello tower at the entrance to the harbour,
forty feet high and loopholed for muskets. This was gallantly
stormed by Lieutenant James Oliver 2 and only thirteen men,
without any loss, though in the tower were thirty-one Spanish
soldiers. The British boats then pushed into the harbour, but
found to their chagrin that the privateers had gone. They carried
off, however, two sugar-laden schooners, and regained the Bacchante
with the loss of but one man badly wounded.3

The constant recurrence of actions with privateers in the West
Indies at about that time proves that such craft were both numerous
and troublesome, though they seem rarely to have been able to make
a good fight against British warships of anything like equal force.
On April 8th, the schooner Gracieuse, 12, Midshipman John
Bernhard Smith, after a smart exchange of fire, drove a French
armed schooner ashore on the San Domingo coast. The Gracieuse
sent in a boat, which removed from the schooner a long 12-pr. and
burnt the wreck, and this with the loss of only 3 wounded.4 On
April 15th, the Papillon, 14, Commander William Woolsey, while
lying in the Jamaican harbour of Savanna La Mar, placed twenty-five
men under Lieutenant Peter Stephen Prieur on board a coasting
vessel, which was borrowed for the purpose, and sent them out to
capture a small Spanish privateer which was cruising off the west
of the island. The coasting vessel was fallen in with by the
privateer, which promptly lashed herself alongside. The British
seamen as promptly boarded ; and the enterprise had quite a different
ending from that which the privateersmen had anticipated. The
British loss was 2 wounded. The Spaniards, out of 25 men, had
7 killed or drowned and 8 wounded.6 On May 6th, off the island
of San Domingo, in a dead calm, the Unicorn, 32, Captain Lucius

1 James, iv. 130 ; Nav. Chron., xiii. 495.

2 James wrongly ascribes the exploit to Lieutenant William Sandford Oliver.

3 James, iv. 130. Dashwood captured on April 3rd the Elizdbtth, 10, and on
May 14th the Felix, 6, both Spanish letters of marque. O'Byrne, 263 ; Nav. C/iron.,
xiii. 496.

4 James, iv. 131.

5 James, iv. 132.

1805.]

SUCCESSFUL CRUISE OF THE "PALLAS."

361

Ferdinand Hardyman, sighted the French cutter-privateer Tape-d-
bord, and sent boats to capture her. In this they succeeded without
loss.1 On May 27th, the boats of the Seine, 32, Captain David
Atkins, captured a small armed schooner off the Puerto Rican coast,
and later destroyed an armed felucca.2

Turning to a different field : on May 4th, the boats of the Sea-
horse, 38, Captain the Hon. Courtenay Boyle, cruising in the
Mediterranean off the south coast of Spain, cut out an ordnance

CAPTAIN SIR JAMES LUCAS YEO, KT., K.C.B., B.N.
From H. R. Cooks engraving, after the portrait by A. Buck.

brig, laden with powder and stores, from the harbour of San Pedro,
while the frigate herself engaged three gunboats and two armed
schooners. The Seahorse had one man killed.3

In March, 1805, the Pallas, 32, Captain Lord Cochrane, returned

from a month's very successful cruise in the latitude of the Azores.

She had taken several rich Spanish prizes, amongst them the

Fortuna, with 432,000 dollars on board. This was the occasion

1 Nai: Chron., xiii. 503. 2 James, iv. 133. s 11>., iv. 133.

362 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

when the Pallas entered port with gold candlesticks five feet high at
each masthead. On her way home she had a narrow escape, as she
was chased and overhauled by three French line-of-battle ships —
possibly belonging to Missiessy's squadron. She got away by the
manoeuvre of suddenly clewing up and hauling down every sail, and
putting the helm hard a-weather, so as to wear the ship. Her
pursuers, unprepared for this, shot past her, and she went off on the
opposite tack. This was a very clever piece of seamanship, worthy
of so fine an officer as Lord Cochrane. The story of it, as told by
•himself, deserves study.1

On June 1st, the boats of the Loire, 38, Captain Frederick Lewis
Maitland (2), were sent in after dusk, under the orders of Lieutenant
James Lucas Yeo, to cut out a small privateer from the bay of
Camarinas in north-western Spain. The boat party, thirty-five
strong, did not reach the privateer till daybreak on the 2nd, and
then discovered that there were two privateers instead of one, both
moored under a battery of ten guns. Nevertheless, under an ill-
directed fire from the battery, both the privateers were boarded and
•captured with the loss of but three men on the British side. Only
one of the two, however, the Esperanqa, could be carried off, as the
weather was perfectly calm. On his way out, Yeo seized three
small Spanish merchantmen laden with wine.

A day later, the Loire proceeded to the neighbouring port of
Muros to capture a French privateer, which was supposed to be at
anchor there. She towed in her boats, with fifty men in them, under
the command of Yeo, at about 9 A.M., and was promptly attacked by
•a, Spanish battery mounting two guns upon the point under Mount
Louro. To seize this, and secure the British retreat, Yeo, with the
boats, was sent in. The Spanish force in the battery was much too
weak to offer any effective resistance. It numbered only eighteen,
and took to flight as the British party landed. The two guns were
spiked, and the British, flushed with success, advanced quickly along
the land towards a fort mounting twelve guns, which was then hotly
engaged with the Loire. This fort was a regularly-constructed
masonry work, with a deep ditch, and was strongly garrisoned. To
assail it with a force of less than fifty men was an act savouring of
temerity ; yet the very audacity of the attack was the cause of its
success. The Spanish garrison had all attention centred upon the
Loire, and had left the gate to the rear of the fort open. Through
1 Dundonald, ' Autobiog. of a Seaman ' (ed. 1861), i. 174 et seq.

1805.] YEO AT MUROS. 363

this the British seamen burst, and met the garrison, headed by the
Spanish commander of the fort, at the inner gate. Yeo dashed at
the commander and killed him with a single blow. A fierce hand
to hand struggle between the British and Spaniards followed ; and
the latter, though about one hundred strong, w.ere: driven to a corner
of the fort, and compelled to surrender. Their loss was exceedingly
heavy, amounting to 12 killed and 30 wounded, whereas the British
loss was only 6 wounded, including Yeo. The guns in the fort were
spiked, the carriages destroyed, and as much damage as possible
was done to the embrasures before the British party re-embarked.

The Loire, whilst Lieutenant Yeo was thus occupied ashore, had
engaged the Spanish fort, anchoring very close to it, with springs on
her cable. The embrasures, however, were too small to allow her
broadsides to inflict any serious damage, and she was herself struck
repeatedly by the Spanish projectiles, losing nine men wounded.
But for the opportune capture of the fort by the landing-party, she
could scarcely have maintained her position. In the harbour were
found two large French privateers without armament, the Confiance
and the Belier, and one merchantman in ballast. Maitland offered
that, if the stores and guns of the privateers were given up, he would
not trouble the place further. His offer was accepted ; but the guns
-could not be embarked, and were left behind. The gallant Yeo was
made a Commander on June 21st, 1805, and given command of the
-captured Confiance.'1

On June 13th, the boats of the Cambrian, 40, Captain John Poo
Beresford, to the south-east of Bermuda, boarded and captured the
Spanish privateer Maria ; and on July 3rd, the French privateer
Matilda, 10, on the Floridan coast. A crew was placed on board the
latter, under the command of Lieutenant George Pigot (2),2 and the
vessel was despatched to the Kiver St. Mary, then the boundary
between the Spanish colony of Florida and the United States, to
•destroy a Spanish privateer which was thought to be lying in the
river. The Matilda proceeded twelve miles up the river, under a
continual fire from Spanish sharpshooters on the banks, found the
privateer moored with two prizes across the river, and then ran
aground. Pigot, however, led his men in their boats to the enemy,
carried all three craft in succession, turned their fire upon the
•enemy's sharpshooters, and finally brought them off. The British

1 Nav. Chron., xiii. 498, 501, xxiv. 269 ; James, iv. 134.
'- Com., Aug. loth, 1806 ; Capt., Sept. 17th, 1808.

364 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

loss was 2 killed and 14 wounded, among the latter being Pigot
himself. The Spaniards are said to have had 25 killed and 22
wounded.1

On July 19th, the Blanche, 36, Captain Zachary Mudge, on her
way from Jamaica to Barbados with despatches for Lord Nelson,
was so unfortunate as to run up against a small French squadron
some distance to the north of Puerto Eico. The French ships were
the Topaze, 40, Captain F. A. Baudin, Departement des Landes, 22,
Lieutenant E. J. H. Desmontils, Torche, 18, Lieutenant N. P. Dehen,.
and Faune, 16, Lieutenant C. Brunet. They had, at various times,
arrived in the West Indies with despatches for Villeneuve, had
missed him, and were then returning. At first sight, as the day was-
hazy, and as they carried British colours,2 Captain Mudge took them
for part of the homeward-bound West India fleet, which he knew
was to be expected thereabouts. But as they made no reply to his-
signals, and closed him fast, he took alarm, and endeavoured to-
make off. The Blanche was close-hauled upon the port tack, with
the wind from the east. She sailed badly, owing to the damaged
condition of the copper on her bottom, and was speedily overtaken
by the Topaze, which had drawn ahead of her consorts. The Topaze
came up on the Blanche's starboard quarter, fired a broadside, and
closed to within pistol-shot, whereupon the British ship returned
the fire. The two ships ran large under easy sail. On the Blanche's
starboard quarter was the Departement des Landes, and astern were-
the other two corvettes. Both the Departement des Landes and
the Torche, according to the evidence of the Blanche's officers, were
firing upon the British frigate, though, if French accounts can b&
believed, they contributed very little to the Blanche's defeat, the first
only firing eighteen shots, and the second three broadsides. After
half an hour's close action, the Blanche attempted to cross the
Topaze' 's bows and rake her, but was thwarted in that manoeuvre by
the French captain's sharply luffing, grazing the Blanche's mizen
shrouds, and passing under her stern, there delivering a raking fire.
At 11 A.M., after two and a quarter hours' resistance, the Blanche
struck, being then in a thoroughly disabled condition, with several
of her guns dismounted, her sails and rigging shot to pieces, her
masts badly wounded, and her hold full of water.

1 James, iv. 138 ; Nav. Chron., xiv. 260.

2 Mudge, however, " from the make of the Union and colour of the bunting," later
concluded that they were French. This deserves consideration by flag-makers.

1805.] LOSS OF THE "BLANCHE."

The force of the ships engaged was as follows :

365

Tons.

Guns.

Broadside.

Men.

Killed.

Wonnded.

' 'Topaze 1132

Lbs.
500

340

Dept. des Landes .

120

200
196

0
0

Faune

Blanche ... 951

476

215

The Topaze sustained only very trivial injuries, but the Blanche
sank some hours after the action. She was infected with dry-rot,
and, in consequence, her timbers offered little resistance to the
enemy's shot.

The fact that the Blanche struck without having suffered heavy
loss, and that she inflicted little damage upon her enemies, subse-
quently excited some unfavourable comment ; and it was suggested
that Mudge had been surprised and attacked before his ship was
cleared for action. The force on the side of the French could,
however, be fairly described as overwhelming. It is nothing
unprecedented to find British ships striking in such circum-
stances with but small loss. In this case it is clear that the
Blanche was in a desperate condition when she surrendered. The
usual court-martial on the loss of the ship honourably acquitted
Captain Mudge, and congratulated him upon his "able and gallant
conduct."1

On their way back to France, two of the four French ships were
taken. The Faune, having separated from the other three, was
chased by the British Camilla, 20, and Goliath, 74, and struck on
the morning of August 15th, some hundreds of miles to the west of
Rochefort. The Camilla, Captain Bridges Watkinson Taylor, with
the prize, steered for England, while the Goliath, Captain Eobert
Barton, proceeded southwards to look for the other French vessels,
and was joined by the Raisonnable, 64, Captain Josias Rowley. The
two sighted the Topaze, Torche, and Departement des Landes in the
afternoon, when the French ships scattered. The Goliath followed

1 James, iv. 139; 'Viet, et Conq.,' xvi. 150; Nav. Chron., xiv. 166, 186, 341;
Troude, iii. 422; C. M. Oct. 14th, 1805. Mudge retired, when a full Admiral,
in 1852.

366 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805..

and captured the Torche. The Baisonnable gave chase to the Topaze
and on the 16th was able to get near her. The Topaze, however, as.
soon as her enemy was within range, opened so effective and accurate
a fire from her stern chasers at the Raisonnables rigging, that the
British battleship was unable to close and bring her heavy broadside
to bear. Favoured by the wind, the Topaze gradually drew away,
and finally escaped to Lisbon, having had 3 men wounded by the
British fire. The Departement des Landes also made good her
escape.1

On August 2nd, the Phaeton, 38, Captain John Wood (2), and
sloop Harrier, 18, Commander Edward Eatsey (actg.),2 discovered
the French Semillante, 36, Captain L. B. Motard, at anchor in the
harbour of San Jacinto in the Philippines. The Semillante had been
despatched from Mauritius to warn the Spanish governor of the
colony of the outbreak of war, and, after performing that mission,,
had been requested by him to proceed to Mexico and obtain funds,
which were urgently required in the Philippines, where the Spanish
treasury was empty. The Semillante was on her way to Mexico,
but had been compelled to anchor at San Jacinto, owing to the
feebleness of the wind, which would not permit her to attempt the
passage of the San Bernardino Strait. As soon as the British
vessels were made out, the Semillante warped to a position where
on one side she had a reef of rocks, and on the other two batteries,
mounting in all two 12 and two 9-prs. These guns were manned
by seamen from the frigate. The Harrier led in and opened fire ;
the Phaeton followed ; and, after an hour's cannonade, the British
sloop took fire. The flames were speedily got under, but a little
later both British vessels retired, as it was impossible to get at
the enemy without warping. Each of the British ships had 2.
men wounded, and both were much damaged in sails and rigging.
The Semillante does not seem to have suffered any loss. During
the night she landed several guns and prepared for a fresh attack,
but the British ships, having reconnoitred her position next day,
withdrew. The Semillante, when they had disappeared, retired to
Mauritius and abandoned her voyage to Mexico, judging that the
enemy would keep a sharp look-out for her.3

1 James, iv. 145.

2 Com., Feb. 4th, 1806 ; Capt., Sept. 5th, 1806 ; E. Ad., Nov. 23rd, 1841. Ratsey
became a retired V.-Adm. in 1850, and a retired Adm. in 1857.

8 James, iv. 152 ; Troude, iii. 418.

1805.] TROCi 'BRIDGE AND LINO IS. 367

On August 6th, the Blenheim, 74, Captain Austin Bissell,.
carrying the flag of Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Troubridge, on her
way to Madras with a convoy of ten East Indiamen, sighted two
of the ships of Admiral Linois's squadron, some hundreds of miles to-
the east of Mauritius. These two ships were Linois's flagship, the
Marengo, 74, Captain Vrignault, and the Belle Poule, 40, Captain A.
Bruillac, on their way to the Cape from the Gulf of Aden, where
they had been cruising. They opened fire upon the Indiamen, and
then exchanged several broadsides with the Blenheim. A heavy sea
was running, and the British ship had the windward position,
which prevented her from using her lower-deck guns. But Linois
had no desire to risk a close action with so powerful an opponent.
His object was commerce-destruction rather than fighting, and he
drew off, preferring to hover about the convoy. This, however,
showed him a bold front ; and on the evening of the 7th, his ships
disappeared to the south.1 The Marengo and Belle Poule had
between them 10 wounded ; the Blenheim had a passenger killed,
and one of the Indiamen also lost a man. The convoy safely
reached Madras.

At the end of July, 1805, the Molus, 32, Captain Lord William
Fitzroy, was detached from the Channel fleet to reinforce Vice-
Admiral Calder's squadron, then cruising to the west of Finisterre,
on the look-out for Villeneuve and the Franco-Spanish fleets. Lord
William's instructions were to obtain all possible information of the
enemy's whereabouts, and, in case he should meet with the allied
squadron, to follow it till he could discover its route. On August
5th, he fell in with Allemand's squadron from Eochefort, followed it
at a great distance for nine hours, and then, losing sight of it, made
all sail to inform Calder. On the 7th, he sighted the French Didon,
40, Captain P. B. Milius, on her way from Villeneuve with de-
spatches and orders for Allemand. She made no attempt upon him,
and Lord William, after reconnoitring her, went on his way. The
enemy was so greatly his superior in force, that any engagement
would not improbably have resulted in the JEolus's loss, the British
broadside being only 372 Ib. to the French 563. But there are-
many instances to prove that in that war, British Captains had
no hesitation in attacking far more superior adversaries. What
held Lord William back was beyond doubt the fact that he wished

1 James, iv. 150; Troude, iii. 424.

368 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805.

as speedily as possible to communicate to Calder the despatches
which he carried, and the news of Allemand's movements. James,
overlooking this fact, virtually accuses Lord William Fitzroy of
cowardice. The charge is a little unjust, for in war, if Captains
entrusted with important despatches went out of their way to fight
purposeless actions, great strategic combinations could rarely be
effected. Fitzroy was a tyrannical officer, as subsequent events
showed, but that does not prove him to have been a coward or
incapable.1

In the end the Didon did not escape. She was sighted on
August 10th by the Phoenix, 36, Captain Thomas Baker (1), at
daylight. Baker immediately gave chase, and, strange to say,
the French vessel made no attempt to get away, having received
very erroneous information from an American craft as to the
Phoenix's force. The American had represented her as a 20-gun
ship, and her appearance, at a distance, gave some support to
this story, since she had been disguised to look like a sloop.
What happened is a good illustration of the folly of captains
who are charged with despatches giving way to their instinct of
pugnacity.

At about 8.45 A.M., the Didon opened on the Phoenix, which ship
was steering to close on the French vessel's leeward quarter, so
as to frustrate any attempt to escape. The Didon, also with the
object of preventing the British ship's escape, wore three times as
the Phoenix approached, on each occasion delivering a broadside at
the British vessel's rigging. Her adroit manoeuvres compelled the
Phoenix to abandon her attempt to pass round the enemy, and forced
her to bear down and draw up on the windward side. At 9.15 A.M.
the two ships were within close range, both standing on the port
tack, when they began a broadside action. The Phoenix, however,
had so much way on her that she speedily shot ahead, upon which
the Didon passed under her stern, and fired some shots at her, but at
too long a range to do much damage. The Didon was then to
leeward, and used her position with effect, suddenly bearing up,
passing a second time under her opponent's stern, and delivering a
raking broadside, which, nevertheless, failed to inflict heavy loss,

1 James, iv. 154 ; Log of JEolus. Fitzroy, a Captain of 1804, was dismissed
the service for tyranny and oppression by C. M. April 7th, 1811, but reinstated
Aug. 22nd following, though never again employed. He died a full Admiral,
May 13th, 1807.

1805.] THE "P1HENIX" AND THE "DIDON." 369

as the British crew, as soon as the manoeuvre was noted, was
ordered to lie down. Again the French ship attempted to cross the
Phoenix's stern, but was foiled by the British crew smartly backing
her sails. The way on the Phoenix was arrested, and the French-
man, as he attempted to turn, ran his port bow against the Phoenix's
starboard quarter. In that position the French endeavoured to
board, but were beaten back, though in greatly superior force.
Meantime, one of the Didon's 36-pr. forecastle carronades poured in
a steady fire upon the British ship.

It had become a matter of absolute necessity for the Phoenix, if
she was not going to be beaten, to bring one or more of her main-
deck guns to bear. Singularly enough, though action after action
had showed the want of gun-ports which would allow the heavy
guns to play upon an enemy in any position, British frigates, and
the Phoenix amongst them, were built without ports on the quarters.
But in the Phoenix's case the mistake of the constructor had in some
degree been remedied by the Captain's forethought. A port on each
quarter had been cut. Unfortunately, however, the gunner had
failed to provide the tackle needed for the transfer of the aftermost
maindeck guns to their new position. In consequence, whilst the
crew were with makeshift appliances moving one of the guns, under
Baker's direction, very heavy losses were inflicted by the fire of the
French small-arm parties, directed through the Phoenix's stern
windows. When, at length, the 18-pr. could be brought to bear, it
fired with devastating effect. Its first shot is said to have killed or
wounded 25 of the French.

Slowly the Didon drew ahead, and one by one the broadside guns

in each ship came into action. Happily the Phoenix's people had

been thoroughly trained in gunnery, practising with powder and

shot where most Captains would have been content to go through

the gunnery drill. They fired three shots to the Didon's two, and

each shot was more effective. They brought down the enemy's

main topmast, and so badly wounded the fore mast that it fell a

little later. On her part, the Phoenix had her main royal-mast, main

topsail yard, and gaff shot away. The two ships parted and made

what repairs they could. The British crew, however, showed such

smartness that the Phoenix was ready first ; and this ability of hers

to resume action whilst her antagonist was still disabled, virtually

decided the issue of the engagement. There was a brief interchange

of broadsides, and then, at about 12.15 P.M., the Didon struck, after

VOL. v. 2 B

870

MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1805.

a most gallantly fought encounter. The force of the two ships was
as follows : —

—

Tons.

Guns.

Broadside.

Men.

Killed.

Wounded.

Phoenix

884

Lbs.
444

245

12 '

Didon

1091

563

330

i lucludiug Lieut. John Bounton, and Master's Mate George Donalau.

Both ships were commanded by brave and skilful captains, and
manned with exceptionally good crews. So far as can be ascertained,
the contest was decided in the Phcenix's favour by superior gunnery.
She carried, instead of long 18-prs., guns of medium length, midway
between the long gun and the carronade ; and these could be better
handled by a numerically small crew. They would have handicapped
her seriously in a long range action, but seem to have worked in
her favour on the present occasion, as her weapons could be fired
with great rapidity. The spirit of the British crew is shown by
the fact that sick men left their cots to join the powder-passing
division.1

Four days after the action, the Phoenix and Didon fell in with
the Dragon, and in her company, on August 15th, were sighted and
chased by a division of Villeneuve's fleet, but escaped, though at
one time the enemy was almost within range. Steering south-
wards, the British vessels passed into thick fog, and heard on all
sides the firing of guns and the ringing of bells. It was Villeneuve's
fleet once more. Yet again the Phoenix and Didon escaped — the
Dragon had before parted company — and made good their way to
Plymouth. Baker2 received no public reward for this brilliant
success, nor was his first Lieutenant, Mr. Samuel Brown, made
Commander until August 1st, 1811. The Didon was purchased
for the Navy, but, though a superb sailer, was never employed on
active service.

On August 13th, two small boats from the Mariamne, Lieutenant
James Smith (3), a prize of the Swift, 18, Commander John Wright
(3), boarded a Spanish revenue cruiser, the Caridad Perfecta, 12,

1 James, iv. 163 ; Nav. Chron., xiv. 258 ; Troude, iii. 425.

2 Thomas Baker, Com., Nov. 24th, 1795 ; Capt., June 13th, 1797 ; C.B., June 4th,
1815; Col. of R. M., Aug. 12th, 1819; R.-Adm., July 19th, 1821; K.C.B., Jan. 8th,
1831 ; V.-Adm., Jan. 10th, 1837 ; died, Jan. 26th, 1845.

1805.] LOSS OF THE "CALCUTTA." 371

and carried her off from under the guns of the port of Truxillo.
The Swift covered this operation, and returned the fire of the
batteries.1

On September 25th, the British ship Calcutta, 54, Captain Daniel
Woodriff, convoying, from St. Helena to England, six merchantmen,
one of which, the Brothers, was a very slow sailer, fell in with the
French squadron from Eochefort, under ' Bear- Admiral Allemand,
some leagues to the W.N.W. of Ushant. This squadron consisted
of .five ships of the line, three 40-gun frigates, and three brigs, and
had already captured, on July 17th, the Banger, 16, Commander
Charles Coote. The wind was light, and, on the 25th, the French
were not able to close the Calcutta and her convoy ; but, early on
the 26th, they drew very near her, the Calcutta keeping between the
merchantmen and the enemy, with the Brothers some distance
astern. As soon as the nature of the approaching ships was made
out, the Calcutta signalled to the convoy to make all sail ahead, and
herself turned to engage the French Armide, 40, which was fast
closing. After a short interchange of fire, the French frigate's
rigging was so badly cut up as to disable her. But, in the mean-
time, the French battleships had closed the Calcutta, and she found
herself compelled to engage the Magnanime, 74, Captain P. F.
Violette. Such an engagement could have but one end. The
French fired mainly at the Calcutta's rigging, and completely dis-
abled her, whereupon she was obliged to strike, with 6 killed and
6 wounded. She saved the convoy, with the exception of the slow-
sailing Brothers, which the French secured.2

On October 5th, the Princess Charlotte, 38, Captain George
Tobin, by disguising herself as a merchantman, attracted the atten-
tion of the French Naiade, 16, Lieutenant J. P. M. Hamon, and
Cyane,3 26, Lieutenant C. L. Menard, cruising off Tobago. The
Cyane was very close before she discovered what the disguise covered ;
and she was brought to action and captured. Her loss was 3 killed
and 8 wounded. The British ship had 1 killed and 6 wounded. The
Naiade, further off, made all sail, and got away for the time, but
only to be taken on the 13th by the Jason, 32, Captain William
Champain.4

1 James, iv. 172.

2 James, iv. 147 ; Troude, iii. 336 ; Nav. Chron., xix. 170.

3 Ex British ; taken May 12th, 1805.

4 James, iv. 173 ; Nav. Chron.. xiv. 508 ; Troude, iii. 430.

2 B 2

372 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1805-6.

On November 29th, the boats of the Serpent, 16, Commander
John Waller (1), cut out a small Spanish revenue cruiser and a
privateer from the harbour of Truxillo without any loss.1

On December 24th, the French Libre, 38, Captain H. Descorches,
was chased off Eochefort (to which port she was returning owing to
having sprung a leak, though she was under orders for San Domingo),
by the British frigates Egyptienne, 44, Lieutenant Philip Cosby
Handfield (actg. Capt.), and Loire, 38, Captain Frederick Lewis
Maitland (2). The Loire was the first to close and bring the enemy
to action, but she was quickly followed by the Egyptienne. Against
such overwhelming force — for the Egyptienne alone was far more
than a match for the Libre — the chances of the French were quite
hopeless. In thirty minutes, all the Libre's masts were very badly
injured, and twenty of her crew put hors de combat, Captain
Descorches being twice wounded. She struck, and during the
following night her masts went by the board. The Loire had
no losses, and very slight damage to report. The Egyptienne was
much cut up in her rigging, and had 1 killed and 9 wounded. The
Libre was too old and worn out to be purchased for the Navy.2

On January 2nd, 1806, the Malabar, 54, Captain Eobert Hall (1),
and Wolf, 18, Commander George Charles Mackenzie, chased two
French privateers into the Cuban harbour of Aserraderos. The
Wolf, with the boats of the Malabar, worked her way into the
port and brought off one of the two, the Napoleon, 4, the other
sinking from her numerous shot wounds.3

On January 6th, the Franchise, 36, Captain Charles Dashwood,
proceeded to Campeche, though that harbour lay outside the limits
of her station, Dashwood having heard that there were several
Spanish vessels in the Mexican port. The shallowness of the water
prevented her from approaching within fifteen miles of the shore.
In consequence, three boats were sent in, in the evening, with 64
officers and men, under Lieutenants John Fleming4 (2) and
Peter John Douglas,6 to bring off the enemy's ships. They were
not able to reach Campeche till after the moon had risen and had
revealed their movements to the Spaniards. Several Spanish ships

1 James, iv. 174.

2 James, iv. 173 ; Nav. Chron., xv. 73 ; Troude, iii. 433.

3 James, iv. 219.

* John Fleming (2) : Lieut, 1800 ; Com., 1814 : died in that rank, 1847.

• Peter John Douglas: Lieut., 1804; Com., 1807; Capt., 1811; B.-Adm., 1848;
V.-Adm., 1856.

1806.] CAPTURE OF THE "MAJRENGO." 373

of war of small size were waiting for their attack, fully prepared.
These opened a heavy fire upon the British boats ; but Fleming
dashed at the nearest, the Baposa, 16, a brig with 90 men on
board, and carried her. The British loss was only 7 wounded, and
the prize was successfully brought off.1 •

On January 26th, the Pitt, 36, Captain Walter Bathurst, block-
ading the harbour of Port Louis, Mauritius, had a brush with one of
the French batteries, and lost a man. Next day, the French warship
Semillante, 36, and the Bellone, privateer, put to sea to capture the
Pitt, as the British vessel was known to be very weakly manned.
The two ships, however, actually allowed themselves to be chased
by the Pitt, without, so far as can be discovered, making any serious
attempt to bring her to action.

On March 8th, the boats of the Egyptienne, 44, Captain the
Hon. Charles Paget, cut out a large French privateer, the Alcide,
from under batteries in the port of Muros, in north-western Spain,
without suffering any loss. No particulars are recoverable of the
exact number of guns mounted by the Alcide; she was "pierced
for " thirty-four, but the number of guns actually mounted was very
often found to be much below that for which a ship had portholes.2

On March 13th, the depredations on commerce of Admiral
Linois's two ships — the Marengo, 74, and Belle Poule, 40 — came at
last to an end. They were on their way back to France after a very
unsuccessful cruise on the trade route to India, between St. Helena
and the Canaries, when, very early in the morning of the 13th, they
saw several sail to the eastward, and, taking them for merchantmen
under convoy, approached them. These were really the London, 98,
Captain Sir Harry Burrard Neale, Foudroyant, 80, Captain John
Chambers White (flag of Vice- Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren),
and Amazon, 38, Captain William Parker (2), forming part of the
squadron then on its way to the West Indies to look after Lieis-
segues's and Willaumez's divisions3 which had escaped from Brest.
Five other ships of the British squadron were some miles astern.
At 3 A.M., the London, which, by reason of her bad sailing, had been
placed to windward of the flagship Foudroyant, made signals, whilst
on the port tack with wind at W.S.W., that an enemy was at hand.
The night was so dark that the other ships could perceive nothing ;
but the Amazon, on discovering that the London was altering course,

1 James, iv. 220; Nav. Chron., xv. 345. 2 James, iv. 221 ; Nav. Chron., xv. 254.

3 See p. 184.

374 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1806.

and apparently giving chase, made sail after her. As day broke, the
British ship was seen to be close to a line-of -battle ship and a frigate,
which vessels she at once engaged, opening a heavy fire at about
5.30. The Belle Poule, however, was directed by Linois to make off;
and she left the London and Marengo to fight their battle out. Some
minutes later, the Marengo, having received a heavy fire from the
London, ' herself attempted to get away. She had inflicted so
much damage on the London's rigging that that ship speedily
dropped astern ; but she had herself sustained such injuries that the
other British battleships gained on her slowly. At about 11 A.M.,
the Bamillies, 74, Captain Francis Pickmore, was near enough to
open fire upon her, whereupon she struck, with the Repulse, 74, and
Foudroyant also almost within range. She had 63 killed and 83 —
including Linois and Captain Vrignault — wounded, whilst the London
had 10 killed and 22 wounded.

The Amazon, on seeing the Belle Poule' s attempt to escape, had
boldly made all sail ahead, passing the Marengo, and receiving from
that formidable vessel several broadsides, which, however, she
returned with effect. At about 9 A.M. she was near enough to the
French frigate to begin a running action, but was unable to close to
decisive range, since she had been driven far to leeward in her efforts
to avoid the Marengo's fire. At 11 A.M., nevertheless, the Belle
Poule followed the Marengo's example and struck, with 6 killed and
24 wounded. The Amazon's loss was 3 — including Lieutenant
Richard Seymour — killed and 7 wounded, of whom one afterwards
died.1

The French ships offered a brave resistance, and might have
done better, had not the overwhelming force against them rendered
resistance hopeless.

On March 21st, the hired armed brig Colpoys, 16, Lieutenant
Thomas Ussher, chased three Spanish luggers into the Spanish port
of Aviles. Lieutenant Ussher, in a boat with only six men, rowed
in under a heavy fire from a Spanish battery, and boarded and
captured all three. Two were successfully brought off. A month
later, on April 19th, the same daring officer 2 landed a party of
seamen, and, assisted by a party from the Attack, 12, Lieutenant
Thomas Swaine (2), stormed a two-gun battery at Doe'lan, on

1 James, iv. 222; Nav. Chron., xv. 433; Troude, iii. 455; 'Life of Sir W. Parker,'
i. 319 ; Chevalier, 305.

2 Lieut, Ussher was made Com., Oct. 18th, 1806. He died a R.-Adm., 1848.

1806.] CAPTURE OF THE "PHAETON" AND "VOLTIOEUS." 375

the Breton coast, carried off two French chasse-marees, and
destroyed a signal station — all this, too, without the loss of a
single man.1

On March 24th, to the south of Puerto Eico, the Reindeer, 18,
Commander John Fyffe, sighted the Phaeton, 16, Lieutenant L. H.
Saulces de Freycinet, and Voltigeur, 16, Lieutenant J. Saint Cricq,
and approached them. They immediately attacked her, and, after
some hours of desultory fighting, inflicted so much damage upon the
Reindeer's sails and rigging that she was unable to keep up with
them. They then made off, having, it is supposed, despatches on
board for M. Leissegues at San Domingo. The Reindeer had no
killed or wounded, and only a few shots in her hull. For close
action she was the better armed vessel, carrying 32-pr. carronades
against her enemies' long 6-prs. Two days later, the Pique, 36,
Captain Charles Bayne Hodgson Koss, whilst on her way from San
Domingo to Curasao, sighted these same two French brigs, neared
them, and at about 1 P.M. opened upon them at long range. An
hour later she was able to begin a close action, and speedily
damaged the Phaeton s rigging so much that the Frenchmen were
unable to prevent Eoss from placing the Pique across their hawse,
whereupon the Phaeton was boarded and carried, though not without
a desperate struggle, in which the French lost nearly half their men.
The Voltigeur, whilst the Pique was thus engaged, had attempted
to make her escape, crowding all sail to reach the land ; but she
was pursued, promptly overtaken, and compelled to strike. The
British loss was 9 killed and 14 wounded. The French in the two
vessels are said to have lost nearly 100 people. James charges the
crew of the Phaeton with treachery, because they resorted to a
ruse when the British boarded. This consisted in the French-
men lying concealed behind the boom of the mainsail, and suddenly
rushing out and opening fire upon the British boarding-party,
who, seeing the deck apparently deserted, were off their guard.
A less prejudiced critic will admit that this was a perfectly fair
stratagem, and that no discredit attaches to the French for making
use of it.

Both ships were added to the British Navy, the Phaeton first as
Mignonne and afterwards as Musette, the Voltigeur as Pelican.2

On March 28th, the French vessels Revanche, 40, Guerriere, 40,

1 James, iv. 224; O'Byrne, 1144, 1222.

2 James, iv. 225 ; Nav. Chron., xvi. 78 ; Troude, iii. 466.

376 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1806.

Sirene, 36, and Nearque, 16, put to sea from Lorient to harass the
British whale-fisheries. They were quickly seen and chased by the
Niobe, 38, Captain John Wentworth Loring, which overtook, and,
dropping two boats under Lieutenant Harrington Eeynolds, captured,
the Nearque, the other French ships making no attempt to come-to
the help of their comrade.1

On March 29th, off Barbados, the Agamemnon, 64, and Heureux,
16, captured the notorious French privateer Dame Ernouf, 17,
which had apparently been recaptured by the French some time
after her capture by the Curieux in February, 1805. 2

On April 3rd, the Eenommee, 36, Captain Sir Thomas Living-
stone, and Nautilus, 18, Commander Edward Palmer (1), were
chased away from off Cartagena by two Spanish ships of the line
and a frigate, covering the Spanish brig Vigilante, 18, and a small
convoy. The Nautilus was sent off to Colling wood with the news
that the Spanish vessels of the line were at sea, and the Eenommee,
having shaken off her pursuers, steered for Cape de Gata, where she
expected to discover the brig and the convoy. The brig was found
anchored under a battery on Punta del Corralete, and was attacked,
and captured with a loss to the British of only two wounded.
Exactly one month later the boats of the Eenommee and Nautilus
cut out the Spanish schooner Giganta, 5, from the harbour of
Vieja, near Cartagena, with the loss of only 7 wounded, though the
Spaniards were fully prepared, had boarding-nettings triced up, were
moored close under the guns of a battery, and were assisted by
troops on the beach. On October 21st, the Renommee's boat per-
formed another feat of much the same nature, carrying off two small
coasters from Puerto Colon, in Majorca, and destroying a tartan.
On October 22nd, they captured yet another coaster, and carried her
off from the same port. In these last operations, the only British
loss was 2 wounded.3

On the night of April 5th, the boats of the Pallas, 32, Captain
Lord Cochrane, were despatched, with about 160 men under the
orders of Lieutenant John Haswell, to cut out the French corvette
Tapageuse, 14, which was lying in the Gironde. The Tapageuse was
twenty miles up the river and close to two powerful batteries ; but,
the weather being thick, the British boats surprised their enemy and

1 Nav. Chron., xv. 430 ; O'Byrne, 633, 968.

* Nav. Chron., xv. 432.

3 Nav. Chron., xv. 436, xvi. 82 ; James, iv. 227.

1806.] COCHRANE IN THE OIRONDE. 377

carried her without the loss of a man killed, and with only three
wounded. At daybreak her captors hoisted her sails to take her
out, whereupon another French vessel attacked her, but was quickly
driven off. The guns of the French battery de Graves, did not fire
a shot, and the Tapageuse made good her retreat.

In the meanwhile, however, the Pallas, with a mere handful of
men, had been in the gravest danger. Three French sail had
appeared in the offing steering for the Gironde, and Cochrane had
only 40 men to work and fight his ship. He was not the officer to
abandon the cutting-out party, and in such straits he showed a bold
front, and had recourse to a most ingenious stratagem. The sails
were first furled with rope yarns, and then, on a signal, the yarns
were cut away by a few hands, so that all the sails were instantly
let drop together, as though they had been handled by a numerous
and well-trained crew. The Pallas gave chase to the leading enemy,
fired a few shot at her, and drove her ashore. She was the Garonne,
20. A second French vessel, the Malicieuse, 16, suffered the same
fate. The third, the Gloire, 20, is said by Cochrane to have been also
run on shore. After this extraordinary performance, the British
Captain coolly rejoined his prize, the Tapageuse.1 It is satisfactory
to be able to note that Lieutenant Haswell was promoted on
August 15th following ; but Cochrane, being unpopular with the
Admiralty, never received the thanks which he deserved. Numerous
instances of this kind of neglect occur in the period 1803-1815,
and, no doubt, contributed, in their way, to lower the efficiency
of the Navy.

Having " nothing better to do," as he remarked in his despatch,
Lord Cochrane determined next to interfere with the French coast
signal-service. Detachments from the Pallas seized and demolished
three signal stations on the Pertuis Breton ; and on May 9th, aided
by the Frisk, cutter, and Contest, brig, a party of seamen under
Lord Cochrane stormed a French battery on the Pointe de 1'Aiguillon
and spiked three 36-pr. guns.2

On May 14th, the Pallas stood in to the Isle of Aix to reconnoitre
Allemand's squadron, and anchored just within range of the French
batteries. The Kingfisher, 16, Commander George Francis Seymour,
was in the offing, but had been given strict orders by Vice-Admiral

1 James, iv. 229; 'Autob. of a Seaman,' i. 188; Nav. Chron., XT. 347; Troude,
iii. 459. Cochrane incorrectly says that Haswell was not promoted.

2 ' Autob.,' i. 196 ; James, iv. 230.

378 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1806.

Thornbrough l not to pass Chassiron Lighthouse, as Seymour was
thought to be prone to run great risks. As soon as the French
admiral realised Cochrane's audacious intentions, he directed the
frigate Minerve, 40, Captain J. Collet, and Lynx, Sylphe, and
Palinure, of 16 guns each, to get under way to attack the
Englishman, whilst the Armide, 40, and Infatigable, 40, were to
hold themselves ready to assist at a signal.

Cochrane weighed and waited for his four enemies under topsails.
The French came up with every inch of canvas — studding-sails and
royals — spread. A broadside, as soon as the French vessels were
within range, brought down the main topsail yard of one of the brigs,
and put her out of action. The Minerve and the second brig then
engaged the Pallas closely ; but the action was not continuous, as
each side had frequently to tack to avoid the shoals. At about
1 P.M., or almost two hours after the action had begun, Cochrane
succeeded in getting to windward of the Minerve, and between her
and the French batteries on the Isle of Aix, which had constantly
fired at him. He then gave her two or three broadsides in quick
succession. Her fire slackened, and, as there were signs that she
meditated making off, he ran the Pallas on board her. Unfor-
tunately, the Minerve had grounded on a shoal just before the Pallas
struck her, so that the force of the concussion was very great indeed.
The guns on board the British ship were driven back into the ports,
and the fore topmast, fore-sail, jib-boom, sprit-sail yard, tcp-sail
yards, fore-rigging, cat-head, and bower anchor were torn away.
With the bower anchor, Cochrane had intended to grapple the
Minerve ; and he was unable to hold the two ships together. In the
Minerve, the fore-yard came down, and much damage was done to
the rigging. Three pistol shots were the only reply she made to a
broadside from the Pallas ; and the French crew fled below, Collet
alone gallantly keeping his place on deck. The British were setting
to work to clear away the wreckage from the Pallas' s deck, prepara-
tory to boarding, when it was seen that the Armide and Infatigable
were getting under way and coming to the Minerve' s help. There
was nothing for it but to withdraw. Meantime Seymour, in the
Kingfisher, observing that the Pallas had lost her fore-sail, came up
with all possible speed, passed inside Chassiron light — in defiance
of orders — and sent a cable to the Pallas. The three French frigates,

1 Commanding a small squadron off the Vendeean coast.

1806.]

I HE "SIRIUS" OFF CIV IT A VECCHIA.

379

presently reinforced by the Gloire, 40, positively allowed those two
vessels to retire unmolested, though any one of them was a match in
guns for the Pallas and Kingfisher together.1

Cochrane's whole career is so wonderful — his judgment was so
excellent, his resourcefulness so capable of surmounting any emer-
gency— that one hesitates to accuse him of rashness in thus assailing
an enemy of enormously superior force in full sight of a strong
French squadron. But a lesser genius would probably have sacri-
ficed his ship by such an act. The force of the two frigates engaged
was apparently as follows : —

—

Tons.

Gone.

Broadside.

Men.

Killed.

Wounded.

Pallas

667

Lbe.
300

214 n.

1101

530

330

The two corvettes engaged probably had between them a broadside
of about 140 Ibs., and 180 or 200 men. Their loss is unknown.

On April 17th, the Sirius, 36, Captain William Prowse (1),
cruising to the east of Civita Vecchia, sighted a French flotilla,
consisting of the Bergere, 18, Commander C. J. C. Chaunay-Duclos,
Abeille, 18, Legere, 12, and Janus, 12, one bomb-vessel, three gun-
boats and a cutter, then on their way to attack the Neapolitan
frigate, Minerve, off Gaeta. As soon as the Sirius was observed, the
flotilla was moored in close order, in shoal water. The Sirius drew
within pistol shot and opened . fire, apparently sailing right in
amongst the small craft ; for we are told that she used both broad-
sides. She was most hotly engaged by the Bergere and Abeille.
After two hours' hard cannonading, most of the French small craft
retired to the shoals, where the Sirius could not follow them. The
Bergere, however, offered a determined resistance, and did not strike
till she was disabled and had suffered heavy loss. In the Sirius,
9 men were killed and 20 wounded. The Bergere 's exact losses are
not known. Great fault was found by the French authorities with
the conduct of the commanders of the gunboats ; but two were
acquitted by court-martial, and only the third was found guilty

1 James, iv. 231; 'Autob.,' i. 197; O'Byrne, 1053; 'Viet, et Conq.,' xvii. 290;
Allemand to Min. of War.

380 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1806.

and rendered incapable of holding any command for three years.
The sea being smooth and the weather calm, the small vessels
with their sweeps • should have been able to effect more against
the Sirius, since she was too large to employ like means of
locomotion.1

On April 21st, the Tremendous, 74, Captain John Osborn, and
Hindostan, 50, Captain Alexander Eraser (1), convoying a number
of East Indiamen home, fell in off the coast of Natal with the
French frigate Canonniere, 40, Captain C. J. Bourayne. The
Canonniere had been despatched from France to reinforce M. Linois,
had failed to find him at Mauritius, and was on her way to the
Cape. The wind was E.N.E., and the Canonniere was steering
S.S.W., and was to leeward of the British vessels. The Hindostan
was at once ordered by Osborn to take charge of the convoy, whilst
the Tremendous went in chase of the French frigate. Osborn
succeeded in closing her sufficiently, at about 3.30 P.M., for the
chasers of both vessels to come into action. The Canonniere, which
had been going before the wind, then hauled up on the port tack.
The Tremendous, on her port quarter, did the same, but, having too
much sail spread and being to windward, heeled so much that her
fire was not effective. The Canonniere drew ahead and yawed,
bringing time after time her whole broadside to bear; but this
manoeuvre enabled the Tremendous to gain upon her. The 74-gun
ship had drawn slightly ahead, and was preparing to cross her adver-
sary's bows and pour in a raking fire, when a skilfully directed
broadside from the Canonniere shot away the jib-stay and fore top-
yard ties and slings, and brought. the yard down on the cap. The
loss of so important a stay and the damage to the fore-rigging
retarded the Tremendous. She dropped back and passed under the
frigate's stern, directing, but at too long a range for any effect, a
raking broadside upon her enemy. The Canonniere then rapidly
drew away, and, in spite of an attempt of the leading Indiaman in
the convoy to cut her off, escaped.

In this action the French ship was handled with remarkable
skill. The same cannot be said of the Tremendous ; and the decline
of British gunnery is clearly shown by the fact that the 74-gun ship's
powerful broadside failed to disable her enemy. The Canonniere 's
loss was 7 killed and 25 wounded. As she fired high, to injure her

1 James, iv. 233 ; Nav. Chron., xvi. 80 ; Troude, iii. 460.

1806.] UNFORTUNATE CASE OF TEE "RICHARD." 381

opponent's masts and rigging, she inflicted no loss upon the Tre-
mendous. Her main mast, fore-yard, and mizen mast were all badly
wounded, and one of her guns was smashed.1

Nine days after this encounter, the Canonniere, unaware that the
Cape had fallen into the hands of the British, put in to Simon's Bay,
anchored, and sent a boat ashore. She was fired upon, and imme-
diately cut her cable and put out to sea, abandoning her boat, but
herself escaping without injury.

On April 25th, off New York, an unfortunate incident occurred,
which did much to embitter relations between Britain and the
United States. British cruisers regularly hovered off the port and
searched all neutral vessels for French goods or contraband of war.
That in itself was likely to lead to ill-feeling, as the British officers
always insisted with a high hand upon their rights. On the day
in question the Leander, 50, Captain Henry Whitby, Cambrian, 40,
Commander John Nairne (actg. Captain), and Driver, 18, were at
this work.

Whitby went on board the Cambrian to dine ; and, in his absence,
the Leander's first Lieutenant, John Smith Cowan, took charge
of the ship. Several small American vessels were standing in for New
York ; and, to make these heave to, the Cambrian occasionally fired
shots ahead or astern of them. At length the Leander fired twice
at an American coaster, the Richard. The second shot struck the
taffrail and drove a splinter upon the master's brother, John Pierce,
killing him on the spot. It was further asserted by some of the
witnesses on the American side that this happened when the Richard
was in American waters. That, too, was practically admitted 2 by the
officers of the Leander. The British case was that British ships
had the right to search for hostile goods, that American vessels
regularly refused to bring to unless fired at, and that the killing of
the man was a pure accident. Captain Whitby, as he had been out
of his ship at the time of the firing, was acquitted by a British court-
martial of all blame ; but wonder can scarcely be felt that the verdict
caused some indignation in the United States. The Leander, Cam-

1 James, iv. 234; Nav. Chron., xvi. 173; Troude, iii. 461.

2 At that date the maritime frontier was regarded by British naval officers as lying
at a gunshot from the shore. As guns varied in range, this was a very elastic limit.
The Americans had sound sense on their side in placing the limit at three miles, and
British international lawyers are now in agreement with their contentions. Snow,
27-29.

382 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1806.

brian, and Driver were forbidden by the United States Govern-
ment to enter American ports.1

On May 6th, the Adamant, 50, Captain John Stiles, fell in with
the Spanish frigate-privateer Nuestra Senora de los Dolores, 26, in the
southern Atlantic and captured her. Her crew, according to Captain
Stiles, were " a desperate set of French, Spaniards, Portuguese, and
Americans, the principal officers French."

About May 20th, the British cutter Dominica, 14, Lieutenant
Eobert Peter, was carried off by her crew to the French at Guade-
loupe. She was retaken, sailing as a privateer under the name of
Napoleon, on May 24th, by the Wasp, 18, Commander Buckland
Stirling Bluett.3

On May 25th, the Renard, 18, Commander Jeremiah Coghlan,
sighted the French brig Diligent, 16, Lieutenant V. Thevenard, in
the Mona Passage and gave chase. All the 25th and 26th the pur-
suit continued without the British vessel being able to overhaul her
enemy. On the 27th, the Renard had recourse to her sweeps, and,
aided by them and by a light breeze which opportunely sprang up,
got within range of the Diligent at midday on the 28th. The
French crew were exhausted by the long chase, during which they
had had to keep on the alert to be ready for any opportunity. They
refused to go to quarters when ordered, and, from captain downwards,
seem to have supposed that the Renard, of 18 guns, was the Magi-
cienne, of 32. So extraordinary a mistake is difficult to explain. It
looks as though it were only an excuse for cowardice. The Diligent
struck her flag without firing a shot. Thevenard was acquitted
by a court-martial which afterwards tried him for this surrender,
but was blamed for his "mistake" and for showing insufficient
energy in taking steps to counteract the discouragement of his
crew.4

On June 21st, the East Indiarnan Warren Hastings, 36, Thomas
Larkins, master, on a voyage home from China, fell in with the
French frigate Piemontaise, 40, Captain J. Epron, cruising to the
south of Reunion. The latter was under British colours, but failed
to answer the private signal. At 12.20 P.M., with the wind at
N.E. by E., and the Warren Hastings steering west, the Piemontaise

1 James, iv. 236 ; Nav. Chron., xviii. 72, 160 (C. M. Apr. 16th and 17th, 1807).

2 Nav. Chron., xvi. 173.
8 Ib., xvi. 85.

4 James, iv. 238 ; Nav. Chron., xvi. 86 ; Troude, iii. 465.

1806.] DEFENCE OF THE " WARREN HASTINGS." 383

came up astern upon the Indiaman's port quarter, selecting the
leeward position on account of the rough state of the sea, which
heeled the frigate so that only her windward broadside could fire,
and beginning action. The Warren Hastings returned the fire as
her guns bore ; and, after fifteen minutes' sharp fighting, the
PUmontaise drew ahead, tacked, and passed the Indiaman to lee-
ward, exchanging shot. The ships were so near to one another
that there was danger of the yard-arms interlocking. The Piemont-
aise passed astern, leaving the Warren Hastings in a terrible plight,
with fore mast badly wounded, all the port shrouds shot through,
and fore and main running-rigging and ensign shot away. Before
repairs could be made the Piemontaise put about and got up along-
side, and, after about twenty minutes' furious firing, again drew
ahead and prepared to repeat her previous manoeuvres. The short
respite was employed by the weak crew of the Indiaman in, as
far as was possible, refitting their ship. The fore mast had again
been wounded, and the fore topsail had, in consequence, to be kept
on the cap. Again the Piemontaise, on the opposite tack, closed,
and this time inflicted such damage upon the Indiaman's masts and
rigging that the latter ship was left a complete wreck aloft, with only
the main topsail untouched, and with all braces shot away, so that to
tack or manoeuvre was an utter impossibility. The Piemontaise, as
before, turned astern of the Warren Hastings and came up for the
last time on the port quarter. There she could use her guns with
the utmost effect ; and the Warren Hastings's mizen mast was shot
through till it fell forward, preventing the service of the British
guns on the upper deck. The gun-room was set on fire ; the guns'
crews on deck were reduced to two men ; the surgeon's instruments
were carried away by a shot which penetrated the sick-bay ; finally,
the tiller-rope slipped on the wheel-barrel. As further resistance
was quite out of the question, Larkins struck his flag at 4.50 P.M.,
having splendidly upheld the honour of the East India Company.
The Warren Hastings was so utterly out of control — a fact which
the mere recital of her injuries in Larkins's official letter clearly
establishes — that she ran on board the Pi&montaise whilst the latter
vessel was lowering her boats to take possession of the prize. In a
frenzy of rage, a French party under Lieutenant Charles Moreau,
who, it is said, was drunk, dashed on board her and stabbed with
daggers Larkins, the surgeon, the second officer, a midshipman, and
a boatswain's mate. For this horrible outrage, inflicted in cold

384

MINOE OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1806.

blood, there can be no excuse ; and it will ever stain the annals of
the French Navy.1

The force of the two ships was as follows :—

—

Tons.

Guns.

Broadside.

Men.

Killed.

Wounded.

Piemontaise

1093

Lbs.
533

385

Warren Hastings .

1356

312

138

but the grave inferiority of a merchantman pitted against a warship
must also be taken into account. The Indiaman's decks were
necessarily encumbered, and her crew was too weak to sail and fight
the ship at the same time.

The Indiaman mounted twenty-two medium 18-prs.,2 and ten
18-pr. and four 12-pr. carronades. The Piemontaise carried
twenty-eight long 18-prs., four 9-prs., two 8-prs., and twelve
36-pr. carronades. Besides these, she had appliances fitted to her
fore and main yard-arms for dropping large shells on an enemy's
deck.

On June 22nd, two boats of the Minerva, 32, Captain George
Ealph Collier, having entered Finisterre Bay, carried a fort mount-
ing eight guns — which the British seamen spiked — and cut out five
Spanish coasting vessels, without the loss of a man. On July 9th,
the barge of the same vessel proceeded north from Oporto to look
after certain very troublesome privateers from the Spanish port of
La Guardia, which lurked along the coast. On the llth, the barge
came up with and captured, without loss, one of these craft. On
September 29th, the ship's cutter cut out two chasse-marees off
Pontevedra. In both of these affairs Lieutenant William Howe
Mulcaster distinguished himself. Finally, on October 2nd, the
same barge, whilst the Minerva was lying at anchor off Ons Island,
entered Arosa Bay and carried off a Spanish gunboat.3

On June 25th, the Port Mahon, 18, Commander Samuel
Chambers, chased the Spanish privateer San Josef, 1, into the
Cuban harbour of Puerto de Banes. That same night the British
boats went in, under a heavy fire from the privateer's guns and

1 James, iv. 239 ; Nav. Chron., xvi. 479, 484 ; xx. 193.

2 Medium 18-pr. ; length, 6 ft. ; weight, 26 '7 cwt.
s James, iv. 244 ; Nav. Chron., xvi. 84, 170, 350.

1806.] THE "BLANCHE" AND THE "GUERRIEBE." 385

from the guns of a Spanish battery, and cut her out, without any
loss whatsoever.1

On July 9th, the Rattlesnake, 16, Commander John Bastard,
sighted off the coast of Ceylon the very notorious French privateer
Bellone, 34, and gave chase to her. The wind was south-west, and
both ships were going free before it with all sail spread, when the
Powerful, 74, Captain Eobert Plampin, unexpectedly came into
sight ahead. The Bellone, her escape thus cut off, did not at once
strike, but for nearly two hours maintained a running fight with
the 74, in which, extraordinary to relate, she inflicted more damage
than she suffered. She then surrendered, with 1 killed and 6
wounded to the Power/ill's 2 killed and 11 wounded. This action
serves to again illustrate the lamentable decline in British gunnery.
As James notes, it was the second occasion in those seas within
one year on which a British ship of the line had failed to do
any serious injury to a vessel of far inferior force and scantling.2

On the night of July 15th, twelve boats, under Lieutenant
Edward Eeynolds Sibly, from the ships Prince of Wales, 98,
Centaur, Conqueror, Monarch, and Revenge, all of 74, Polyphemus,
64, Indefatigable, 44, and Iris, 32, proceeded into the Gironde to
cut out two French corvettes and a convoy lying in that river. The
boats approached, boarded the Cesar, 16, Lieutenant L. F. H.
Fourre, and captured her, though she was perfectly prepared ; but
only with terrible loss. As many as 9 of the party, including
Lieutenant Charles Manners, were killed, 39 wounded, and 20 taken
prisoners through the sinking of the Revenge's boat. The Cesar was
carried off by her captors. Sibly, who was wounded, was deservedly
promoted 3 for his bravery.4

On July 18th, the Blanche, 38, Captain Thomas Lavie, sighted,
off the Faroes, the French frigate Guerriere, 40, Captain P. M.
Hubert, which had, in March, with her two sister frigates, so poor-
spiritedly abandoned the Nearque. The Blanche was one of a
squadron of three British frigates which had been despatched
northwards to put a stop to the three French vessels' depredations
on our whale fisheries. The Guerriere, according to French
accounts, was in a deplorable state, foul in hull, with 80 men

1 James, iv. 245 ; Nav. Chron., xvi. 506.

2 James, iv. 245; Nav. Chron., xvii. 259. Of. the case of the Tremendous and
the Canonniere, p. 380.

3 Aug. 4th, 1806. Sibly was posted, Mar. 8th, 1814, hut died still a Captain.

4 James, iv. 246 ; Nav. Chron., xvi. 168.

VOL. V. 2 C

386

MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1806.

sick of scurvy — to which disease 36 officers and men had already
fallen victims. For that reason the French frigate endeavoured to
escape ; but at about 12.45 A.M. on the 19th, the Blanche closed her
and poured in two rapid broadsides. The Guerriere returned this
fire feebly, aiming at the enemy's rigging. Her masts were quickly
wounded; her mizen topmast fell; and, at 1.30 A.M., she struck.
The Blanche suffered scarcely any damage in the brief action.1

—

Tons.

Guns.

Broadside.

Men.

Killed.

Wounded.

Blanche

1036

Urn.

520

314

Guerriere ....

1092

516

265

Captain Lavie, for his success, was knighted ; and his first
Lieutenant, Henry Thomas Davies, was made Commander on
July 28th, 1806. The other two French frigates, Revanche and
Sirene, succeeded in regaining France, but in a miserable condition.
They captured in all twenty-nine whalers or merchantmen. As for
the Guerriere, she was added, under the same name, to the British
Navy.

On July 25th, the Greyhound, 32, Captain Charles Elphinstone,2
and sloop Harrier, 18, Lieutenant Edward Thomas Troubridge
(actg. Com.), sighted, off the south of Celebes, the Dutch Pallas, 36,
Captain N. S. Aalbers, and William, 16, Commander P. Feteris,
convoying the Dutch armed Indiamen Victoria, and Batavier.
The Dutchmen lay to all the night of the 25th off the Celebes
coast ; and the British vessels did the same, as they had not been
able to ascertain whether one of the Indiamen was not a ship of the
line — which at a distance she resembled. At daylight the British
ships attacked the Dutch, who had meantime drawn up in line of
battle. The Greyhound engaged the leading Dutch ship, the
Pallas, whilst the Harrier bore up, passed between the Pallas and
her next astern, and poured her fire into both Dutch vessels.
Immediately after this the Greyhound crossed the Pallas's bows,
delivered a raking broadside, and gained a position on the enemy's
starboard bow, which she succeeded in maintaining, while the
Harrier on the Dutchman's quarter kept up a galling fire, to which
the enemy was able to make little return. Thus out-manoeuvred,

1 James, iv. 248 ; Nav. Chron., xvi. 162 ; Troude, iii. 436.

2 Elphinstone was lost (supernumerary) in the Blenheim, 1807.

fti 3

§ I

1806.] CAPTURE OF THE "SHIN." 387

the Pallas struck after forty minutes' hard fighting. The Victoria
and Batavier followed her example. The William, which had taken
no part in the fighting, succeeded in making good her escape. The
Pallas and Greyhound were about equal in force. The Dutch East
Indiamen were probably more heavily armed than the Harrier, but
were not warships, and did not carry fighting crews. The British
loss in the action was 1 killed and 8 wounded in the Greyhound, and
3 wounded in the Harrier. The Dutch had 12 killed and 39
wounded.1

On July 27th, the French frigates Hortense, 40, Hermione, 40,
Themis, 36, and Rhin, 40, Captain M. J. A. Chesneau, returning
from the West Indies to Eochefort, were sighted by the Mars, 74,
Captain Eobert Dudley Oliver, look-out ship of Captain Eichard
Goodwin Keats's squadron blockading that port. She at once gave
chase, and the pursuit continued all night. With daylight the Ehin
was much astern of the remaining three, and the Mars was gaming
on her fast. The other French vessels tacked, and formed in line of
battle to support their comrade ; but, as the Mars came resolutely
on, they apparently concluded that discretion was better than valour,
crowded all sail, and left her. The Mars then overhauled the Rhin,
which struck at the first shot. The Hortense, Themis, and Hermione
escaped to Bordeaux, where their commodore, Captain La Marre
La Meillerie, pretended that serious damage, sustained during his
cruise, had alone prevented him from going to the Rhin's help.
Chevalier blames his conduct, which was apparently most cowardly.
Four large frigates, acting in combination, ought to have been
able to make a good defence even against a vessel of the line such
as the Mars.2

On August 14th, Lieutenant William James Hughes, in the fire-
brig Phosphorus, 4, displayed a high degree of valour in beating off
the privateer Elise, 12. He had but 24 men against the French
70 or 80 ; but he fought the enemy, chiefly at close quarters, for
an hour and ten minutes, and pursued him when he made sail.
The British loss was 8 wounded, including Hughes, who was
deservedly promoted on September 25th.3

On August 18th, the barge of the Galatea, 32, Captain George
Sayer (1), under Lieutenant Andrew M'Culloch, destroyed a Spanish

1 James, iv. 251 ; Nav. Chron., xvii. 339 ; De Jonge, v. 622.

2 James, iv. 253; Troude, iii. 471; Nav. Chron., xvi. 172; Chevalier, 265.

3 Gazette, 1806, 1065 ; James, iv. 255.

2 C 2

388 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1806.

privateer near Puerto Cabello on the Venezuelan coast. On the
21st, another small privateer of the same description was driven on
shore by Lieutenant Henry Walker, and burnt. On October llth,
several Spanish vessels were cut out of the Venezuelan harbour of
Barcelona by the boats of the same ship under Lieutenant Eichard
Gittins. On November 12th, the Galatea chased and captured the
French privateer Reunion off Guadeloupe.1

On August 23rd, the boats of the Alexandria, 32, Captain the
Hon. Edward King, and Gracieuse, 10, Lieutenant William Smith
(4a), rowed, under Lieutenants Joseph Lewis and Edmund Nagle (2),
into the port of Ensenada on the La Plata coast, under a heavy fire
from three Spanish batteries, a Spanish brig, and a Spanish revenue
cruiser, boarded the brig and cruiser, destroyed them, and retired.
The British loss was very heavy : 6 were killed and 12 wounded — a
great price to pay for so insignificant a success.2

On August 23rd, the Arethusa, 38, Captain Charles Brisbane, and
Anson, 44, Captain Charles Lydiard, sighted the Spanish Pomona,
34, two miles from Moro Castle at the entrance to the harbour of
Havana, for which she was making against a strong current. As
the British ships approached, the Pomona anchored close under the
guns of Moro, whilst twelve large Spanish gunboats came out of the
harbour, and advanced in line abreast against the Arethusa and
Anson. Disregarding their fire, the Arethusa anchored close along-
side the Pomona, and the Anson on the Arethusa' s port bow, and
began action. So steady and accurate was the British fire that in
thirty-five minutes the Pomona struck. Six of the gunboats were
sunk, three blown up, and the other three driven ashore. There-
upon the Moro guns began firing red-hot shot, and speedily set the
Arethusa on fire. The flames, however, were extinguished before
much damage was done. Shortly afterwards an explosion occurred
in Moro, and the Spanish guns ceased firing. The Pomona was
safely carried off ; but a large quantity of specie which had been
on board her had been landed just before the action began. Her
loss was 21 killed and 32 wounded. The Anson suffered no loss, but
the Arethusa had 2 killed and 32, including Brisbane, wounded. The
Arethusa fought throughout in shoal water with only a foot between
the bottom and her keel.3 The prize was added to the Navy as the
Cuba, 38.

1 James, iv. 256. 2 Ib., iv. 255.

3 Ib., iv. 257 ; Nav. Chron., xvi. 504.

1806.] DESTRUCTION OF THE "SAL AM ANDRE." 389

On August 29th, the boats of the Bacchante, 24, Captain James
Eichard Dacres (2), rowed, under a heavy fire, into the port of Santa
Marta, on the coast of what is now Colombia, and cut out three
small Spanish armed vessels.1 On August 30th, the Stork, 18,
Commander George Le Geyt, Superieure, 14, Commander Edward
Eushworth, Flying Fish, 12, Lieutenant James Glassford Gooding,
and Pike, 4, Lieutenant John Ottley, arrived off the Isle of Pines, off
Cuba, whither they had been despatched by the Cominander-in-
Chief on the station, to clear out the privateers who frequented
Batabano and Trinidad. Off Cape Frances, a Spanish coastguard
schooner was captured. As the Stork drew too much water to enter
the Gulf of Matamano, the Superieure, Flying Fish, and Stork were
detached under Eushworth for the service. Twenty-two miles from
Batabano, on September 2nd, 64 officers and men of the three
vessels landed, and on the 3rd advanced through bush and marshes
upon a fort near Batabano ; and, though opposed by a considerable
force of Spanish soldiers and militia, captured the fort, in which six
guns were mounted, and carried off, or destroyed, eleven French and
Spanish vessels. This was effected with the loss of only one man
wounded.2

On September 9th, the Constance, 22, Captain Alexander
Saunderson Burrowes, Sharpshooter, 14, Lieutenant John Goldie,
and Strenuous, 14, Lieutenant John Nugent, whilst cruising off
St. Malo, sighted the French ship Salamandre, 26, armed en flute,
on her way from St. Malo to Brest with ship-timber. The Sala-
mandre, having no chance against the squadron, precipitately ran
ashore to the east of Cape Frehel. There she had the help of a
battery ashore, and of a number of troops on the beach. Owing to
the strength of her position, the three British vessels were unable to
send their boats in to destroy her. They considered that she must
beat to pieces on the reefs, and they withdrew. No sooner, however,
were they gone than she got afloat again and returned to St. Malo.
After her damages had been repaired she started once more on
October 12th, and was promptly discovered by the Constance and
Strenuous, then in company with the Sheldrake, 16, Commander
John Thicknesse, and the hired cutter Britannia. She entered the
inlet to the west of Cape Frehel, known as the Bouche d'Erquy,
and there went aground, at a point close under a battery of two

1 James, iv. 258 ; Nav. Ohron., xvi. 507.

2 James, iv. 258 ; Gazette, 1800, 1537.

390 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1806.

guns. Field artillery and a few troops at once went down to the
beach to support her. In spite of this the Constance, Sheldrake,
and Strenuous worked in and opened fire, and, after two hours' hot
action, the Salamandre struck. The Constance, however, unhappily
lost her Captain, Burrowes, in the action, and went fast aground on
the rocks under the battery. She was afterwards got off by the
French and taken to St. Malo. The Salamandre was set on fire by
her captors and destroyed. In all, the British loss was 10 killed,
23 wounded, and 38 prisoners, who were taken by the French in an
attempt to float the Constance. The French loss is unknown, but
was probably about 40 killed and wounded.1

On September 24th, the French frigate Gloire, 40, Commodore
E. J. N. Soleil, Infatigable, 40, Captain J. M. Girardias, Minerve,
40, Captain Joseph Collet, Arinide, 40, Captain J. J. J. Langlois,
and Thetis, 36, Captain Jacques Pinsum, with the corvettes Lynx
and Sylphe, left Eochefort, having on board troops and stores for
the French West Indies. Late that same night they were sighted
by the Monarch, 74, Captain Kichard Lee, one of Commodore Sir
Samuel Hood's squadron off Eochefort. The squadron consisted
of the following ships besides the Monarch : Windsor Castle, 98,
Captain Charles Boyles, Centaur, 74, Commodore Sir Samuel Hood
(2), Achille, 74, Captain Eichard King (2), Bevenge, 74, Captain Sir
John Gore (2), Mars, 74, Captain William Lukin, and Atalante, 16,
Commander Joseph Ore Masefield. At first it was thought by the
British Commodore that some of the Frenchmen were ships of the
line ; and he accordingly ordered line of battle to be formed ; but,
when the enemy were seen to be making all sail away to the S.S.W.,
the signal was hoisted for a general chase. The Monarch, Centaur,
and Mars speedily took the lead in the British squadron ; and at
5 A.M. on the 25th the Monarch was near enough to the Armide to
open fire upon her. The Armide, Gloire, and Minerve kept close
together, going S.W. before the wind, which was N. by E. The
Infatigable hauled her wind and stood to the N.W. ; and the Thetis,
with the corvettes, steered due S. The Mars pursued the Infatig-
able ; and the Windsor Castle, the Thetis ; but the British 98 sailed
too badly to be able to overtake the frigate.

At about 10 A.M. the Monarch was close enough to the Gloire
and Armide to open on those ships from her starboard broadside a
very heavy fire, which was returned with great effect. The frigates
1 James, iv. 260; Nav. Chron., xvi. 263, 318.

1806.] CAPTURE OF "ABMIDE," "MINER VE,'' AND "GLOIBE." 391

had the best of matters, as the swell at times prevented the 74 from
using her lower deck guns. Her masts, sails and rigging were much
cut up and she suffered a serious loss of men. With 4 killed and
25 wounded, she dropped astern of the Armide and Gloire, and
engaged the Minerve, which was also considerably injured. The
Centaur came up and relieved the Monarch at 11 A.M., and, an hour
later, the Armide struck to the flagship, and the Minerve to the
Monarch. Of the group of three French frigates, the Gloire alone
remained. At about 3 P.M. she struck to the Centaur and Mars —
the latter ship having got up after overhauling and capturing the
Infatigable without difficulty or loss. The resistance offered by the
French to a force so superior was in every way creditable. It
would, however, seem that the gunnery of the Monarch could not
have been very good, for even without her lower deck guns, her
long 18's and her carronades should have sooner crushed the French
frigates opposed to her. She had the great advantage of stouter
scantling.

The total British loss was 9 killed and 29 wounded, among the
latter being Hood, who lost an arm. The French loss is unknown,
but Commodore Hood speaks of " much slaughter on board them,"
and the loss would be increased by their being crowded with
troops.1

On September 24th, off the Malabar coast, the British East
Indiarnan Fame, 16, James Jameson, master, was captured by the
French frigate Piemontaise, 36, Captain Epron, after a gallant
resistance, which cost the French no fewer than 6 killed and 11
wounded. On board the East Indiaman 1 was killed and 6 were
wounded.

On September 27th, the French frigate Presidents, 40, Captain
G. Labrosse, which had been cruising in African and West Indian
waters for a year, fell in with Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Louis's
squadron, cruising in the Bay to intercept Willaumez on his return.
The Presidente was closed by the Dispatch, 18, Captain Edward
Hawkins,2 which, though some distance from the rest of the
squadron and so greatly inferior in force to the Presidente, opened
fire, and, according to French accounts, inflicted on the frigate so
much damage that the Presidente was overtaken by the Canopus ;
whereupon the French flag was lowered. The Dispatch sustained

1 James, iv. 262; flav. Chron., xvi. 346; Chevalier, 266; Troude, iii. 483.

2 Posted Sept. 25th, 1806, but not yet aware of it.

392 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1806.

severe damage as the result of her bold action, but had no one
killed or wounded on board. The Presidente was, it would appear
from British accounts, practically uninjured ; and she was purchased
for the Navy,1 and known, first as Presidente, and, after 1815, as
Piemontaise.

On October 18th, the Caroline, 36, Captain Peter Eainier (2),
captured off Batavia the Dutch brig Zeerob, 14. Whilst she was
taking possession of the prize, the Dutch frigate Phoenix, 36, was seen
making for Batavia roads, and was at once chased. The Phoenix
succeeded in making good her escape, but another Dutch frigate, the
Maria Beijgersbergen, 36, Captain Claas Jager, was found at anchor
in the road, with the Dutch vessels Maria Wilhelmina, William, 14,
and Zeeploeg, and the colonial vessel Patriot, 18. The Caroline at
once closed with the Maria Reijgersbergen, opened a heavy fire on
her, and in thirty minutes forced her to strike. Several Dutch
gunboats, besides the Phoenix, were close at hand but gave no help,
whilst the William, Zeeploeg, and Patriot appear to have rendered
only the very slightest assistance. The force of the two ships was
as follows : —

Tons.

Guns. Broadside.

Men.

Killed. Wounded.

Caroline . . . . j

Lbs.
42 498

204

3 18

Maria Reijgersbergen . .

40 256

270

~~5Q~~

The Caroline was very little damaged, but the Dutch frigate's
rigging, masts, and hull were much cut up.2

On November 27th, Bear-Admiral Sir Edward Pellew, the
Commander-in-Chief on the East India station, arrived off Java
with the 74's Culloden, Powerful, and Russell, Belliqueux, 64, Sir
Francis Drake, 38, Terpsichore, 32, and Seaflower, 14. The Dutch
had been expecting a French squadron, and mistook Pellew's force
for it. In consequence, the Dutch warship Phoenix, 36, Avon-
turier, 18, Zeeploeg, 14, William, 14, Maria Wilhelmina, 14, with
the Patriot and two other colonial ships, were caught unprepared
in Batavia roads, and were run aground by their crews. The boats
of the British squadron were sent in to complete their destruction,

1 James, iv. 264; Nav. Chron., xvi. 346; Troude, iii. 472.

2 James, iv. 266 ; Nav. Chron., xix. 341 ; De Jonge, v. 623.

1806.] THE "PITT" AND THE "SUPESBE." 393

which was accomplished with a loss of 1 killed and 4 wounded.
Two Dutch 68-gun ships had, unfortunately, proceeded to the east
of the island just before Pellew's arrival, and thus escaped.1

On October 24th and 25th, the schooner Pitt, 12, Lieutenant
Michael Fitton, engaged the famous French West India privateer
Superbe, 14, off the Cuban port of Baracoa, and, on the 26th, drove
her ashore, and sent in her boats to take possession and get the prize
afloat. In the latter work she was aided by the Drake, 16, Com-
mander Bobert Nicholas. The Superbe was for all practical purposes a
pirate. She preyed alike upon British, American, and Spanish ships.
There were many vessels of her type making their headquarters in
the creeks and inlets of the Cuban coast ; and the smaller vessels of
the Navy in these waters were kept very busy watching them and
stopping their depredations. It is characteristic of the indifferent
administration of the Navy during the years which followed
Trafalgar, that Lieutenant Fitton was never promoted for the
skill and gallantry which he had shown in capturing the Superbe.
He was actually superseded in his command by a follower of Bear-
Admiral Dacres.2

On November llth, the Sceptre, 74, Captain Joseph Bingham,
and Cornwallis, 38, Captain Charles James Johnston, made a dash
upon the French frigate Semillante, 36, which with other vessels
was lying in the harbour of St. Paul, Beunion, but finding that she
was protected by very numerous heavy guns, djew off, after a brisk
interchange of fire with the batteries.3

On November 20th, the Success, 32, Captain John Ayscough,
sent her boats, under Lieutenants William Duke and Charles
Spence, into Hidden Port, on the south coast of Cuba, to cut out
the privateer felucca Vengeur. The French, who had landed with
their only gun, covered their vessel with a brisk fire, which killed
Duke, and obliged Spence, who had 7 men wounded, to desist from
further attempts to dislodge the privateersmen, and to content him-
self with capturing their abandoned craft.4

On November 20th, the barge of the Orpheus, 32, Captain
Thomas Briggs, under Lieutenant George Ballard Vine, most
gallantly boarded and carried the schooner Dolores, 3, which had

1 James, ir. 267 ; Osier, ' Exmouth,' 242 ; De Jonge, v. 625.

2 James, iv. 269.

3 O'Byrne, 587.

4 James, iv. 270 ; Nav. Chron., xvii. 163.

394 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1806.

been despatched a few hours earlier from Catnpeche to annoy the
frigate's boats.1

On the night of December lst-2nd, off Tobago, the Dart, 28,
Commander Joseph Spear, and Wolverine, 18, Commander Francis
Augustus Collier, attacked the Liverpool slaver Mary, 24, Hugh
Crow, master, mistaking her for a French privateer. The conflict
was a close and terrible one, each side displaying the utmost tenacity.
After seven hours of give and take, the Mary was at last overpowered,

CAPT. AUSTIN BISSELL, K.X.

From a miniature in the possession of his family.
(Kindly lent by Mr. F. Broad BlstelL)

and one of the warships boarded her. The British then discovered,
to their consternation, that they had been fighting Englishmen.
Six men on board the Mary died of their wounds, and many of the
wretched negroes were killed or injured. Crow was an excellent
and determined leader, and he had a good crew under him. The
Nary did not strike till he had been stunned by a splinter.2

On December 13th, the Halcyon, 16, Commander Henry Whit-

1 James, iv. 271 ; Nav. Chron., xvii. 345.

2 Williams, ' Liverpool Privateers,' 641.

1806-7.] LOSS OF THE "BLENHEIM." 395

•

marsh Pearse, cruising off the eastern coast of Spain, sighted, 20
miles from Cape San Martin, the armed vessels Neptune, Dios de los
Mares, 14, Virgen de Soledad, 14, and Vivaz, 12. Some distance
away from these three were five settees l following them. The
Halcyon boldly attacked the three larger vessels, drove off with her
fire the Virgen de Soledad and Vivaz, drew alongside the Neptune, and
captured her — all this, too, without any loss to the British. The
settees, when they saw what had happened, beat a prompt retreat.2

Among the losses of the time, few were more sad than those of
the Blenheim, 74, and Java, 32, which foundered off Rodriguez,
in the Indian Ocean, possibly early in March, 1807. In the former
vessel, which dated from the year 1761, and was asserted to be
hogged, were the gallant Bear-Admiral Sir Thomas Troubridge,
Bart., Captain Austin Bissell, Captain (supr.) Charles Elphinstone,
Midshipman George Lord Eosehill, eldest son of the Earl of
Northesk, etc. In the latter, which was badly manned and very
crank, was Captain George Pigot (1). Not a soul belonging to
either ship's company was ever seen again.

On the night of January 2nd, 1807, the boats of the Cerberus, 32,
Captain William Selby, cut out two French privateers from the
harbour of St. Pierre, Martinique, in face of a tremendous fire. The
British loss was small. Two men were killed and 10 wounded,
including Lieutenant William Coote,3 who was in command of
the party. Two Russian officers, serving as midshipmen in the
Cerberus, were warmly praised by Selby in his despatch.4

On January 7th, the boats of the Imperieuse, 38, Captain Lord
Cochrane, under Lieutenant David Mapleton, landed a detachment
of seamen, stormed Fort Roquette, protecting the French port of
Arcachon, spiked four 36-prs., two field guns, and a 13-inch mortar,
and burnt the fort. The shipping in the harbour, consisting of
several gunboats and some small merchant vessels, was then de-
stroyed. Lord Cochrane did not lose a man ; which indicates that
his plans were skilfully laid.6

Early on January 21st, the Galatea, 32, Captain George Sayer (1),
cruising off Caracas, sighted the French corvette Lynx, 16,

1 Settee (Pr. scitie), a Mediterranean vessel with long prow, single deck, two or
three masts, and lateen sails.

a James, iv. 271; Nav. Chron., xvii. 78.

3 Com., May 6th, 1807.

* Nav. Chron., xvii. 335.

4 James, iv. 319 ; ' Autobiog. of a Seaman,' i. 213.

396 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1807.

Lieutenant J. M. Farjenel, carrying a detachment of troops from
Guadeloupe to Venezuela. The Lynx was very poorly manned.
She had been cruising in the West Indies, and had lost many of her
original crew ; and to fill the dead men's places, 60 foreigners had
been forcibly impressed at Guadeloupe. Aided by her sweeps, as the
wind was excessively light, she drew fast away from the Galatea,
and, in the afternoon, only her topgallant sails showed above the
horizon. It was hopeless for the frigate to attempt to overtake her.
Sayer decided to send his boats after her ; and lowered six, with 75
officers, seamen, and Marines under Lieutenants William Coombe,1
Henry Walker, and Eobert Gibson (?1 or 22), with Master's Mates
John Green, and Barry Sarsfield. At about 6 P.M. they were only 12
miles off the enemy, who was working his sweeps and moving very
slowly. At 8.30 P.M. the leading boat was within musket-range. .
A stop was made for the men to get weapons ready and prepare for
the desperate onset which was to follow. At the same time, the
boats formed in two separate lines, one of which was to board on each
quarter of the enemy. As they came on, the Lynx received them with
a heavy fire from her great guns and small arms, to which, from the
nature of things, the boat party could reply only with musketry. Two
attempts to board were repulsed in quick succession, and the gallant
Coombe was wounded. Nevertheless, the British boats remained
close under their enemy, who probably, for that very reason, could
not bring his great guns to bear on them. The British small arms'
fire through the ports was so destructive as to have a most de-
moralising effect upon the ill-disciplined French crew ; and, in a third
desperate effort, the Frenchman's deck was gained, Lieutenant
Henry Walker, who led the onset, there falling dead with three
wounds in his body. There was a fierce and sanguinary struggle on
the deck as the British forced the French back from the poop, and
then below from the upper deck. At about 9.15 the Lynx was in
British hands.

The loss was so heavy in this gallant but temerarious enterprise,
as to lead one to question whether the game was worth the candle.
Two good officers were killed or severely wounded, 8 men killed, and

1 Lieut. Coombe had lost his left leg in a previous action. In this gallant affair he
was wounded in the left thigh. Coombe was made Com. on Apr. 23rd, 1807, and
given command of his prize, which was renamed Heureux. In her this brave officer
was killed in action at Martinique, Nov. 29th, 1808.

2 See note, p. 487.

1807.] D ACRES IN SAM AN A BAY. 397

21 wounded. It should, however, be remembered that such small
French craft inflicted great injury on British commerce. They
sailed too well to be often caught at sea, and consequently, if they
were to be got out of the way, they had to be cut out of fortified
harbours, or captured, as was the Lynx, by the daring use of boats.
The French loss was 14 killed and 20 wounded.1

On January 27th, the Lark, 18, Commander Eobert Nicholas,
captured two Spanish revenue cruisers, the Postilion and Carmen,
off Puerto Bello, on the Panama Isthmus. On February 1st, she
drove two gunboats and an armed schooner into Puerto Cispata,
under shelter of a small battery, silenced the battery, and sent in her
boats with the captured revenue cruisers. Unfortunately, these
latter were run aground by the pilot, and had to be abandoned and
destroyed. The Spanish schooner and one of the gunboats ran
ashore, or escaped up the river ; and the boats returned, having
carried one of the gunboats, but having lost 19 men wounded.2

On January 27th, the Jason, 32, Captain Thomas John Coch-
rane, cruising off the Guiana coast in search of two small French
warships, fell in with the Favourite, 18, Lieutenant G. E. L. Le
Marant-Kerdaniel. The Favourite was a British sloop which had
been taken on January 6th, 1806, by L'Hermite's squadron off the
Canaries. She was speedily brought to action, and, against the
Jason's great superiority of force, could make no effective resistance.
The brig Argus, 16, which was in her company, escaped whilst the
prisoners were being transferred. The British loss was 1 wounded ;
the French had 1 killed and 1 wounded.3

On February 14th, the Bacchante, 20, Captain James Eichard
Dacres (2) , captured off the San Domingo coast the French schooner
Dauphin, 3. A little later, having taken under his orders the
Mediator, 32, Captain William Furlong Wise (actg.), Dacres deter-
mined to attack a notorious nest of privateers in Samana Bay. For
that purpose the Dauphin, under French colours, led in, followed by
the Mediator, a ship of merchant build, under neutral colours, and
the Bacchante, disguised as a prize. Deceived by this ruse, the
enemy allowed the three British vessels to get within long range of
a fort in the bay before they opened fire. The fort was cannonaded

1 James, iv. 319 ; Nav. Chron., xvi. 346 ; Troude, iii. 480.

2 James, iv. 323 ; Nav. Chron., xvii. 516. Nicholas, still commanding the Lark,
was lost in her in 1809.

3 James, iv. 322 ; Nav. Chron., xvii. 348 ; Troude, iii. 481.

398 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1807.

for four hours, and then gallantly stormed by landing parties from
the ships under the orders of Captain Wise, and Lieutenants Henry
Loraine Baker, John Norton (2), and James Shaw. In the harbour,
two French schooners were found fitting for sea, as well as a British
and an American vessel, which had been captured. The British
losses were chiefly on board the Mediator, which ship suffered
severely from the fire of the French fort. Two were killed and 16
wounded. The French retired into the forest, so that their losses
could not be ascertained.1

On March 1st, the boats of the Glatton, 50, Captain Thomas
Seccombe, and Hirandelle, 16, Lieutenant George Augustus Elliott
Skinner, were sent in under the command of Lieutenant Edward
Watson to cut out a Turkish treasure-ship from the harbour of
Sigri in Mitylene. The vessel was brought off, but with a loss of
5 killed and 9 wounded, among the killed being Watson.2

On March 15th, the boats of the Comus, 22, Captain Conway
Shipley, cruising off Gran Canaria, cut out several small vessels
from Puerto de Haz. On May 8th, three boats of this same ship
rowed in, in the evening, to capture a large felucca lying in Las
Palmas harbour under the guns of a fort and two batteries. The
cutter, under Lieutenant George Edward Watts,3 outstripped the
other boats, singly dashed at the felucca under a severe fire, and
boarded her, the Spaniards being almost driven from the deck before
the two laggards arrived. The vessel was carried, and the boats
tried to take her in tow ; but she was kept back by a hawser which
had been made fast under water astern, and led into the fort.
Before this hawser could be discovered and cut, she had been hauled
almost to the muzzles of the Spanish guns. She was got away,
however, and carried off to the Comus, with a loss to the British of
only 1 killed and 5 wounded.4

On April 19th, the Richmond, 12, Lieutenant Samuel Scudamore
Heming, sent in her boats and cut out a small Spanish privateer
from the Portuguese harbour of Pederneira. The French and
Spanish privateers on that coast gave constant trouble, and, from
their proximity to the great routes, were able to plunder British
commerce too often with complete impunity.5

1 James, iv. 323 ; Nav. Chron., xvii. 349.

2 James, iv. 323 ; Nav. Chron., xvii. 435.

3 Com., Sept. 17th, 1807, as a rewardfor this service. He died a retired vice-admiral.

4 James, iv. 324 ; Nav. Chron., xvii. 515. 5 James, iv. 334.

1807.] TEE "UBANIE" AND THE "DEPT. DE LA MANCHK" 399

During May and June, the British Uranie, 38, Captain Chris-
topher Laroche, watched Cherbourg, in which port lay the Departe-
ment de La Manche, 40, and Cygne, 16. These vessels regularly got
under way, and stood a short distance out of the harbour, to give
their crews exercise. On May 15th, the enemy came some way out,
and the Uranie cleared for action ; but, a thick fog coming on, she
lost her adversaries. On June 7th, the Departement de La Manche
was out again, but, on the Uranie attempting to close, promptly
withdrew. On the 18th, the Uranie, then in company with the
Defender, 12, Lieutenant George Plowman, saw her elusive enemy
once more leaving the harbour. A fresh attempt to close was
unsuccessful, however, as the Uranie only set her foresail, whereas
the Departement de La Manche had topsails and topgallant sails
spread. The French ship easily drew away, and regained Cherbourg.
Finally, on the 22nd, the Departement de La Manche and Cygne
came out at about noon by the eastern passage. The Uranie, with
the Defender, made sail in a leisurely manner towards the enemy,
and, at about 3.20, with mainsail, topsails, topgallant sails and
royals set, was gaining decidedly, when she fired a distant broadside
at the Departement de La Manche without inflicting any damage,
shortened sail, and lay to. The Departement de La Manche and
Cygne retired quietly to harbour.

No clearer proof of the contempt entertained in the British fleet
for the French Navy can be found than the fact that Laroche was
accused by his crew of cowardice for refusing to force a decisive
encounter upon so greatly superior an adversary. The Departement
de La Manche, it should be said, fired a broadside of 440 Ibs., mainly
from long guns ; the Uranie one of 373 Ibs., mainly from carronades,
so that the Frenchman had a considerable advantage, whilst the
Uranie was further very foul and an old ship.1 Laroche was tried
by court-martial, and the charge against him was found to be partly
proved. In the evidence, it was sworn that, on June 22nd, there
was great confusion on board the British frigate ; that Laroche
changed colour, and showed signs of fear; that his ship did not
carry all possible sail ; and that he could not have failed to bring
the Departement de La Manche to action when he abandoned the
chase. On his part, Laroche contended that there was a conspiracy
against him, that he was in bad health, and that he had simply

1 Capt. Laroche remained on the active list until 1830, when he retired on half pay.
For certain facts not here touched upon, see O'Byrne, 633.

400 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1807.

refused to be decoyed under the guns of the land batteries. It
was allowed by all that he had often anchored close inshore, and it
is certain that he was very unpopular among his officers. It would
seem that he was severely treated, since he was dismissed his ship.
We should have expected the French captain to have been tried for
declining to give battle with a considerable advantage on his side,
but no action was taken by Napoleon or his Minister of Marine.1

On May 14th, the Spartan, 38, Captain Jahleel Brenton (2), was
becalmed off Nice whilst chasing a small vessel which seemed to be
unarmed. Her boats were lowered to row to the enemy and board,
but were received with a deadly fire of great guns and small arms
which killed or wounded 63 out of the 70 of the party. Among the
killed or mortally wounded were Lieutenants - - Weir, and Wood-
ford Williams. The survivors retreated as best they could.

Some days later, the Spartan fell in with the French ships
Annibal, 74, Pomone, 40, Incorruptible, 38, and Victorieuse, 14,
followed them, and was then chased by them, having a very narrow
escape of being captured. She got away only by the judgment of
her Captain, who held his fire, whereas the leading French frigate
opened too soon, killed the breeze, and, surrounded by a dense cloud
of smoke, lost sight of her enemy.2

On June 5th, the British Pomone, 38, Captain Eobert Barrie,
sighted three armed French brigs and a convoy, close inshore on
the Vendeean coast, making for Sables d'Olonne. He sent in his
boats, which, under Lieutenants John Jones (3) and James Wallace
Gabriel, captured and drove ashore without loss seventeen small
vessels.3

On June 6th, a party of men on board a prize schooner, disguised
as a neutral, was sent from the Port d'Espagne, 14, Lieutenant
James Pattison Stewart (actg. Com.), to capture the Spanish
privateer Mercedes, lying in the Gulf of Paria. The Spanish vessel
was taken with a loss of only 2 wounded.4

On July 10th, the Bombay, 74, Captain William Jones Lye,
captured the French Jaseur, 12, to the south-east of the Andaman
Islands. The Jaseur, on a three months' cruise, had made no
captures.5

1 James, iv. 337 ; Nav. Chrort., xviii. 158 ; C. M. July 20th-24th, 1807.

2 Brenton, ii. 197 ; James, iv. 334.

3 James, iv. 336 ; Nav. Chron., xvii. 517.

4 James, iv. 337 ; Nav. Chron., xviii. 227.
6 Nav. Chron., xix. 79.

1807.] THE "HYDKA" AT BAGUB. 401

On August 7th, the Hydra, 38, Captain George Mundy, having
on the previous evening driven three armed vessels : into the
Catalan port of Bagur, a narrow rocky harbour defended by a tower
and a battery, anchored off the entrance and opened fire on the
Spanish works. The fire was returned ; but the reply presently
slackened, and the boats were sent in under Lieutenant Edward
O'Brien Drury, in spite of a hail of bullets. The seamen landed,
and rushed the battery, which was evacuated by the enemy as the
storming column pressed in. A detachment was left to garrison the
battery, whilst the rest of the landing-party, covered by the fire of
the Hydra, hurried forward towards the town, entered it, driving
out the enemy, and secured the French vessels. A galling fire was,
however, maintained by such of the crews as had fled ashore and
taken post on the heights overlooking the harbour. Nevertheless,
the vessels were carried off, and the party at the battery re-embarked.
The British loss in this gallant enterprise was absurdly small. Only
1 man was killed, and but 6 were wounded. Drury, for his brave
and skilful conduct, was deservedly promoted to be Commander.'-
Lieutenant James Little, and Lieutenants (E.M.) John Hayes and
Edward Pengelly, likewise distinguished themselves.3

On August 18th, the Spanish schooner Cautela, 12 (only six
mounted), with despatches for South America, was captured in the
Bay by the Narcissus, 32, Captain Charles Malcolm. On the
evening of this same day, the boats of the Confiance, 18, Commander
James Lucas Yeo, under Lieutenant William Hovenden Walker,
-cut out a small Spanish privateer, the Reitrada, 3, from La Guardia,
without loss.4

During August, in conformity with the stipulations of the treaty
of Tilsit, Corfu was transferred from Eussia to France. On August
20th, the first detachment of Neapolitan and French troops landed
there. A second force, under General Cesar Berthier, left Otranto
on the 22nd. On the 23rd, the Weazel, 18, Commander John
Clavell (1), cruising off Corfu, was informed by the Bussians of the
change, and at once prepared to proceed to Malta with the news.
Whilst on her way she sighted several small craft laden with men
making for Corfu. She gave chase, and drove three ashore,

1 Principe Eugenia, 16; Bella Carolina, 12; Carmen del Rosario, 4.

2 Com., Oct. 9th, 1807; Capt., Jan. 1st, 1817.

3 James, iv. 340 ; Nav. Chron., 344.

4 James, iv. 341 ; Nav. Chron., xviii. 220, 343.

VOL. V. 2 D

402 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1807.

capturing four more, on board of which were found 280 French
soldiers and the colonel of the 6th Regiment. Joseph Bonaparte
magnified the poor little Weazel into " five ships of war." Napoleon
was greatly annoyed at the capture, but, in spite Of the British naval
superiority, 7400 men were speedily thrown into the Ionian Islands.
In October, however, Joseph wrote that Corfu wyas rigorously
blockaded ; and Napoleon, to drive off the British cruisers, des-
patched two frigates and a corvette from Toulon on the 7th. On
November 29th, nevertheless, the Glutton, 50, Captain Thomas
Seccombe, captured another 800 French troops on their way to the
island, in precisely the same manner as the Weazel had done.1

On August 25th, the boats of the Clyde, 38, cruising off Fecamp,
were sent in, under Lieutenant Thomas Strong, in face of a heavy
fire, to capture a French coasting-vessel which was hugging the
shore. The vessel was brought off without loss.2

Early in August, the French privateer Jeune Richard, 1, fell in
with the Liverpool brig Pope off Barbados, and got a very warm
reception. The Pope was only carried after 6 of her people had
been killed and 4 wounded. The Jeune Richard must have lost at
least as heavily. In the following two months, this privateer
captured five other fine merchantmen, but on October 1st she met
her match in the packet Windsor Castle, 8, William Rogers, com-
mander (actg.). The Windsor Castle cleared for action, and, with
28 men at quarters, received the privateer's attack at about 11.50 A.M.
At 1.15 P.M., the enemy grappled the packet on the starboard
quarter, but could not board owing to the Windsor Castle's high
boarding-nettings. Rogers showed the utmost bravery. Ten of his
crew were killed or wounded almost at once, and he was left with
ten to hold the deck ; and these he had to rally again and again. At
last, at about 3 P.M., the enemy fled from his quarters, and Rogers
boarded at the head of five men. The Jeune Richard was speedily
carried, though she had begun the fight with a crew of 92 — more
than three times that of the British vessel. The losses were 3 killed
and 10 wounded in the Windsor Castle, 21 killed and 33 wounded in
the privateer.3

On September 17th, the British schooner Barbara, 10, Lieu-

1 ' Mems. de Jos. Napoleon,' iii. 429, 436, 442 ; James, iv. 342 ; Log of Weazel ;
Nav. Ghron., xix. 155.

2 James, iv. 341.

3 James, iv. 343; 'Liverpool Privateers,' 409; Nav. Chron., xix. 184.

1807.] DEFENCE OF THE "ANNE." 403

tenant Edward d'Arcy, was captured in the West Indies by the
French privateer General Ernouf, 14.

Several successful cutting-out expeditions took place on the
Dalmatian coast during October and November, when the British
small craft displayed great activity. On the night of October 7th,
the boats of the Porcupine, 22, Captain the Hon. Henry Duncan (3),
under Lieutenant George Price, cut out the Venetian gunboat
Safo from a harbour on the coast of the island of Giuppana ; on
November 27th, they carried off two small Kagusan craft ; and on the
29th, they destroyed several French supply vessels, and captured a
coaster laden with guns and artillery stores.1 On October 25th, the
boats of the Herald, 18, Commander George John Honey, under
Lieutenant Walter Foreman, cut out the French privateer Cesar, 4,
from under the guns of the Otranto batteries.2

On the night of November 6th, the boats of the Eenommee, 36,
Captain Sir Thomas Livingstone, Bart., and Grasshopper, 18, Com-
mander Thomas Searle, cut out a French and a Spanish merchant-
man which were lying under the Torre de Estacion, near Cartagena.
As soon as the vessels had been carried, they were unhappily swept
ashore by the current, just under the tower, in a position where the
Spanish guns could bear upon them. Two of the British, and several
of the prisoners, were wounded before it was decided to abandon the
prizes. On December llth, the same two British ships drove the
Spanish brig of war San Josef, 12, ashore, under Cape Negrete, and
compelled her to strike. In spite of a heavy fire from troops on the
cliffs above, the San Josef was floated off by the exertions of the
Grasshopper's men. Lieutenant Cornelius Willes, of that sloop,
specially distinguishing himself.3

On November 24th, off Tarifa, the British hired armed brig
Anne, 10, Lieutenant James Mackenzie (2),4 in company with the
Vencejo,5 1, a small Spanish privateer which she had taken, was
attacked by ten Spanish gunboats. The wind was so light, as to
favour the tactics of these pulling craft. Seven assailed the Vencejo
and speedily forced her to strike, after she had had 3 killed.
Three rowed towards the Anne, but were very warmly received,
though the British crew only numbered 30 all told. One of the

1 Marshall, Supp. Pt. iii. 2; James, iv. 344; Nav. Chron., xix. 155, xxiii. 391.

2 James, iv. 345.

3 James, iv. 346 ; Nav. Chron., xix. 342, 505.

4 Com. for this service, Jan. 22nd, 1808. Drowned in the Foxhound, 1809.

5 Disps. say " Vansiyo," which is obviously an error.

2 D 2

404 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1807.

gunboats was dismasted, and the two others were so mauled that
they struck, but could not be taken possession of. Thereupon, five
of the boats which had been engaging the Vencejo, approached, but,
receiving a hot fire from the Anne, retreated with their prize. The
Anne had not a man hurt. Her battery consisted of 12-pr. carron-
ades, against which the gunboats mounted twenty long 24-prs. and
as many 8-prs. The latter showed a great want of courage and com-
bination ; but all through the war the Spanish Navy had little heart
in its work.1

On December 3rd, to the east of Barbados, the Curieux, 18,
Commander John Sherriff, encountered the privateer Bevanche, 25,
Vidal, master. The Revanche 2 had been a Liverpool slave ship, and,
like all such craft, was heavily armed. The two closed, and engaged
at about 2 P.M., and the Curieux was soon severely injured in
her running rigging. Thereupon the Revanche ran on board the
British sloop, and, with her small arms' fire and a traversing 18-pr.,
swept the Curieux 's deck, killing Sherriff and several men. The
French, however, could not board, and, on the other side, Lieu-
tenant Thomas Muir (2), upon whom the command of the Curieux
had devolved, could not induce enough of his men to follow him on
to the enemy's deck. The two vessels parted, and the Revanche
made off with 2 killed and 13 wounded, leaving the Curieux with 8
killed and 14 wounded. Muir was court-martialled, and reprimanded
for not having done his utmost to take the enemy. As the Revanche
was very superior in force to the Curieux, and as, at that date, the
best French seamen were usually to be found in privateers, the
sentence may have been unduly severe.3

The growing audacity of the small French privateers in the
Channel is a striking feature of these middle years of the war. The
seaboard of Normandy and Brittany, and the French shore of the
Straits of Dover, sent forth by the dozen luggers and rowing boats,
which plundered British merchantmen and compelled them to hug
the British coast, often with the consequence that they became
embayed and were lost. Numerous small British vessels were told
off to watch these troublesome depredators, yet without much
success ; for although many were taken, there were always more to
take their place. Privateers were found, too, as far north as Flam-

' James, iv. 345 ; Nav. Chron., xviii. 510.

2 Ex British Tar.

3 James, iv. 347.

1808.] EXPLOITS OF THE "IMPEBIEUSE." 405

borough Head, where on January 7th and 8th, 1808, the Ariadne, 20,
Captain Arthur Farquhar (1), assisted in capturing two, the Trente
et Quarante and the Aglae ; and, when Denmark and Norway, after
the attack on Copenhagen in 1807, became hostile, privateers
swarmed in the North Sea, North Atlantic, and Baltic. The very
insignificance of the craft employed made them more dangerous.
Ships of frigate and corvette build, if lost by the privateer owners,
could not be replaced; but luggers and rowing boats could be
built in a few days or weeks. The batteries on the French coast
gave these vessels a measure of security when they retreated to
their own waters. Among the more important British captures
in January were the Courier, 18, taken by the Linnet, 14, Lieu-
tenant John Treacy,1 on the 16th, and the Entreprenant, 16,
taken by the Pandora, 18, Commander Henry Hume Speiice, on
the 13th.2

On February 7th, 1808, the Decouverte, 8, Lieutenant Colin Camp-
bell (2), cruising off San Domingo, discovered two enemy's schooners
and a British prize. One of the schooners escaped ; the other was
driven ashore and bilged. The prize, being on the reefs, was burnt.
Two days later the Decouverte brought to action, and captured, the
privateer Dorade, 3, with a loss of Campbell and 6 seamen wounded.
Three of the Decouverte 's wretchedly mounted carronades were upset
in the combat and put out of action.3

In February, the Imperieuse, 38, Captain Lord Cochrane, was
directed to harass the French and Spanish coasts to the best of her
Captain's ability. Her proceedings are instructive, as they show what
can be done by a single ship's crew when well led. Her first exploit,
on February 19th, was to dash in amongst four Spanish gunboats which
she caught some miles from Cartagena. One was taken, another
escaped, and two were sunk. On the 21st, a French ship laden with
supplies was captured by the boats with the loss of only one officer,1
and this close under the batteries of Almeria. In the next six weeks
the Imperieuse captured ten brigs, schooners, and coasting vessels,
and destroyed a new signal tower on the Minorca coast. On April
13th, she bombarded a barrack at Ciudadela, in the same island, and
all but demolished it. A little later, being fired upon by a small

1 Sometimes spelt Tracy. He was made Com. June llth, 1814, and died in that
rank.

Nan. Chron., xix. 79, 82, 83, 336, etc.
3 James, v. 19 ; Nav. Chron., xix. 345. 4 Lieut. Edward Caulfield.

406 MINOR OPEEATIONS, 1803-1815. [1808.

tower on the island of Majorca, she landed a party which carried the
tower and destroyed it without loss. At the end of April she filled
her casks with water on the Spanish coast, overawing a considerable
body of troops by the discharge of a few round-shot. On May 9th,
she chased a large Spanish xebec, and captured her under a tower
near the mouth of the Ebro, having first silenced the guns mounted
in the tower. A fortnight later she caught a flotilla of Spanish
gunboats off Cape Palos and destroyed two vessels. In June, Coch-
rane learnt that the Spaniards had risen against the French and that
he was to assist them in every possible way. The French were
reported to be plundering and burning the Spanish villages along the
coast, and committing horrible atrocities. Cochrane determined to
annoy them in retaliation to the utmost. He damaged the im-
portant road along the coast of Catalonia, so that it was rendered
temporarily impassable for cavalry or artillery ; and seized French
batteries and carried off their guns with admirable audacity and
impudence. On July 31st, in combination with the Spanish insur-
gents, he captured the fort of Mongat, an important position on the
road between Barcelona and Gerona, receiving the surrender of the
French garrison, and blowing up the work.

In August, Cochrane determined to transfer the war to the
enemy's coast, and on the 15th, with the Imperieuse and a gunboat,
anchored off the mouth of the Rhone. On the 17th he destroyed a
French semaphore station at that point, another at La Pinede,
and yet another at Frontignan ; and he followed this up by capturing
two more close to Marseilles, and destroying a French battery, with
a loss of only one man. The French signal-books were carried off
in every case, and burnt paper was strewn about to make it appear
that they had been destroyed. The French, for that reason, did not
trouble to change the code ; and the British ships were able to read
every message which they despatched. On September 3rd, Cochrane
bombarded La Ciotat, the inhabitants of which town had fired upon
him. A few days later, in concert with the Spartan, 38, Captain
Jahleel Brenton (2), he destroyed a signal station in the Gulf of Fos,
captured a battery at Port Vendres, threw rockets into Cette, burnt
two pontoons near Montpellier, and captured or destroyed a convoy
of coasters. In want of water, he ran into the Rhone mouth and
filled his casks, diverting his seamen by blowing up a new signal
tower at Fos, while thus engaged. For these services Cochrane was
deservedly commended by Collingwood. The Admiralty, however,

1808.] THE "SAN F10RENZO" AND THE "PIEMONTA1SE." 407

showed its dislike of him by making no recognition of such brilliant
work.1

In October the Imperieuse renewed her exploits upon the Spanish
coast, this time harassing the French troops, and capturing French
vessels laden with stores for the enemy's army. In November,
hearing that the French were at Eosas, Cochrane proceeded thither
and found that Captain John West, of the Excellent, 74, had
garrisoned Fort Trinidad, a work to the east of Eosas, and held it in
the face of all attacks till he was relieved by Captain Eichard Henry
Alexander Bennett, of the Fame, 74, who was succeeded by Cochrane.
In the face of heavy batteries, and constant attacks by a greatly
superior enemy, Cochrane clung to the fort, which was of great
importance as commanding the chief road from French territory to
Barcelona. The skill and resourcefulness displayed by Cochrane in
this defence were above all praise. He did not abandon the fort
till its defence was hopeless, and he withdrew all his men. His
loss was only 3 killed and 7 wounded ; for he was an officer who
contrived to secure great results with small bloodshed.2

On February 8th, the boats of the Meleager, 36, Captain John
Broughton, cut out the French privateer Benard, from Santiago de
Cuba. On the 19th, the same frigate captured the Spanish privateer
Antitype.'

On the night of February 13th, two boats of the Confiance, 20,
Captain James Lucas Yeo, under Master's Mate Eobert Trist,* rowed
in under the forts at the mouth of the Tagus and captured a French
gunboat without loss.5

Whilst cruising off Scarborough on March 2nd, the Sappho, 18,
Commander George Langford,6 chased and brought to action the
Danish brig Admiral Jawl, 28, Commander Jorgen Jorgenson. The
Sappho, in spite of her nominal inferiority, was at close quarters
the more powerful vessel, and in half an hour compelled her
opponent to strike. The Sappho had 2 wounded ; the enemy, 2
killed.7

On March 8th, the long cruise of the Piemontaise, 40, Captain
J. Epron, came to an end. Whilst lying in wait on the Ceylon

1 Cockrane was an impetuous, headstrong and irascible person, and had quarrelled
bitterly with Lord St. Vincent. This, probably, was the result.

2 ' Autob. of a Seaman,' i. 240 et seq. 5 Nav. Ohron., xix. 346.

4 Promoted Lieut., Mar. 24th, 1808. 5 Nav. Chron., xix. 259.

6 Posted, Mar. 5th, 1808. 7 Nav. Chron., xix. 253.

408 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1808.

coast for three East Indiamen, she was sighted early on March 6th
by the San Fiorenzo, 36, Captain George Nicholas Hardinge, and
chased. She took to flight, but late in the same night was closed.
After two or three broadsides, directed at the British ship's rigging,
she made all sail and once more drew away. The San Fiorenzo
could not overtake her till daylight on the 7th. At 6.25 A.M., the
Piemontaise opened fire at a range of 800 yards, and the San

CAl'T. GEORGE NICHOLAS HARDINGE, B.N.

(From H. R. Cook's engraving after the portrait bij Letlibridtjc.)

Fiorenzo promptly replied. The two slowly closed till within 400
yards, the French all the time directing their fire mainly at the San
Fiorenzo's rigging. By 8.15, serious damage had been done. The
fore topsail yard was shot through ; the main royal-mast, main top-
mast stays, spring stay, most of the running rigging, and the sails
were shot to pieces. As the San Fiorenzo had made the hull of her
enemy the target, similar injuries had not been inflicted upon the
French ship's motive power, and she was able to draw away. The

1808.] THE "SAN FIORENZO" AND THE "PIEMONTAISE."

409

San Fiorenzo turned to the work of making good the damage done.
Thus far the loss -on board had been only 8 killed and 17 wounded.
The French ship must have suffered far more severely, but was so
strongly manned, if British accounts may be trusted, that she could
scarcely have felt the loss.

All day the San Fiorenzo was busied with her repairs. With the
evening the Pietmontaise disappeared to the east under a press of
sail, but was picked up again towards midnight. From that horn-
on wards she was kept in view, about ten or twelve miles ahead.
With daylight, the San Fiorenzo, completely refitted, gained slowly
on her opponent, and at about 4 P.M. was within range. The
Piemontaise, as escape without fighting an action was now seen to
be hopeless, turned and encountered the British frigate, passing her
on the opposite tack at 50 yards' distance, and exchanging several
broadsides. Unhappily, the gallant Hardinge l was struck by a
grape shot and killed. Lieutenant William Dawson 2 thereupon
took command. The Piemontaise wore astern of the San Fiorenzo
and engaged her closely, but proved no match in gunnery for the
British ship. At 5.50 P.M. she struck, with masts and rigging cut to
pieces, and a great part of her crew killed or wounded.

According to statements of the French officers who survived the
action, the Piemontaise, when she struck, had fired away all her
18-pr. and 8-pr. shot. This is one of the rare occasions on which
ammunition ran short ; but it should be remembered that the vessel
had been cruising since early in 1806 in the Indian Ocean, and may
not have been able to replenish her store of projectiles at Beunion or
Mauritius. Her gun-locks are also stated to have been out of order
at the beginning of the final action, and her match to have been
extremely bad. She is said in the British accounts to have had a
crew of 366 Frenchmen and 200 Lascars ; but 50 of the French seem
to have been absent in prizes.

Toils. Guns. Broadside. Men.

Killed.

Wounded.

San Fiorenzo ,

1032

Lbs.
467

186

Piemontaise

1093

533

316?

1 Born, Apr. llth, 1781; Lieut., Oct. 15th, 1800; Com., May, 1802; Capt.,
Apr. 10th, 1804.

2 Posted, Mar. 9th, 1809, but died Sept. 29th, 1811.

4]0 MINOS OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1808.

The San Fiorenzo's crew had been weakened by sickness and by
prize crews detached. One at least of her Lieutenants was on shore,
an invalid. In these circumstances her rapid refit and ultimate
victory were most creditable. The Piemontaise's masts went by the
board in the night following the action.1

On March 13th, the Emerald, 36, Captain Frederick Lewis
Maitland (2), was on her way with despatches from Lord Gardner
to the squadron blockading Ferrol, when a large French schooner
was observed in Vivero Harbour, under the protection of two forts,
one on the west and the other, a mile further in, on the east side of
the entrance. Maitland arrived at the conclusion that it would be
easy to cut the schooner out. Accordingly, at dusk, he despatched
a party under Lieutenant Charles Bertram to storm the west fort,
whilst the Emerald stood in and engaged the east one. The western
fort was carried without much difficulty, and, after a brisk bombard-
ment, a party landed to storm the east one, but missed its way and
was compelled to retire. Meantime, a third boat party, under Mid-
shipman Daniel Baird, had rowed to the schooner under a heavy
fire, and, being joined by Bertram's 2 boats, drove off her crew, but
found her aground. She was set on fire and totally destroyed. The
British loss was heavy : 9 were killed and 16 wounded.3

On March 14th, the Childers, 14, Commander William Henry
Dillon, whilst cruising off Midby on the Norwegian coast, sighted a
small Danish vessel inshore, and sent in her boats to cut her out.
The boats had done this and were on their way to rejoin the
Childers when the Danish brig of war Liigum,* 20, Commander
Wulff, suddenly came into sight and bore down upon the British
ship, but, when the latter fired a shot and stood boldly towards her
boats, altered course and kept inshore. The Childers, having hoisted
in her boats, made all sail after the Liigum, overhauled her, and
began action at short range. The two vessels were on opposite
tacks. At the first broadside the Liigum took fire. Night had fallen,
and the Danish ship, under the heavy shadow of the coast, could be

1 James, v. 21; Nat: Chron., xx. 145, 383, 430, 483; Log of San Fiorenzo ;
Chevalier, 313 ; Troude, iii. 499.

2 For this service Bertram, who was wounded, was made Com., Mar. 28th, 1808.
He retired with the rank of R.-Adm. in 1849.

3 Nav. Chron., xix. 257 ; James, v. 24.

4 Called Lougen in most of the accounts ; in some, Lugn ; in a few, Lyn (i.e.,
Lightning). Liigum is a place in Schleswig. I cannot find any official Danish
report.

1808.] LOSS OF THE "SEAGULL." 411

made out only by the flashes of her guns. The British craft, armed
entirely with feeble 12-pr. carronades, soon found that most of her
shots fell short, whereas the Dane, with long 18-prs., was able to fire
with great effect, repeatedly hulling the Childers. Dillon determined
to try to tempt the enemy out to sea, where his hull could be better
seen. At 11 P.M. the Lugum was three miles from the land. The
Childers then passed close under her lee, pouring in a broadside of
round shot and grape, which had so much effect, that the Dane
retired inshore. The Childers was too much battered to pursue or
renew the battle. She had five feet of water in her hold, and 11,
out of a total crew of 56, killed or wounded. Her Commander1
displayed extraordinary bravery in forcing so powerful an enemy
to battle. The Childers's broadside was only 84 Ibs. in weight,
all from carronades ; the Lilgum's was 168 Ibs., all from long guns.
Further, the Childers was a very old and rotten vessel, dating
from 1778. 2

Three months later, on June 19th, this same Lugum was sighted
by the Seagull, 16, Commander Eobert Cathcart, off the Naze of
Norway. The Seagull at once attempted to close her, using sweeps
as the wind fell to a calm, whilst the Lugum maintained a steady fire
at a range at which the Seagull's fourteen 24-pr. carronades were
ineffective. In short, this action, like the last, serves to demonstrate
the tactical weakness of short range large calibre guns against a
speedy and intelligent enemy. When the Seagull at last succeeded
in closing her adversary, she found herself trapped. Six Danish
gunboats, each carrying two long 24-prs., appeared from amongst the
islands, and took up a raking position on her quarters. Against
such odds the Seagull was helpless ; and she struck after two and a
half hours' gallant resistance, with 8 killed (including Lieutenant
Abraham Harcourt White and Master Andrew Martin), and 20
wounded, out of a crew of 94. She sank as soon as the crew and the
wounded had been transferred to the captor. The Lugum had 14
killed or wounded.3 Cathcart was subsequently posted, as from the
day of the action.

After her action with the Phaeton and Harrier in the Philippine
Islands in August, 1805, the Semillante, 40, Captain Motard, pro-

1 Dillon was posted as from Mar. 12th, 1808, and lived to become a V.-Adm.

2 Nav. Chron., xix. 282 ; James, v. 27.

3 James, v. 30 ; C. M. Nov. 21st, 1808 ; Cathcart to Wells, June 20th, and Wells
to Pole, Sept. 17th, 1808.

412 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1808.

ceeded to Mauritius, where she was eventually blockaded by the
Pitt, 36, Captain Walter Bathurst. In company with the privateer
Bellone, 34, the Semillante sallied out, and, after a cruise, returned
again, to issue forth a second time in April, 1806. She made
many prizes, and more than once narrowly escaped capture by
British cruisers, especially by the Dedaigneuse, 36, Captain William
Beauchamp Proctor, on November 22nd, 1806. She cruised again
in 1807, and, returning to Mauritius to refit, put to sea once more
in February, 1808. On March 15th she had just captured, and sent
off to Mauritius, a prize, when she sighted the Terpsichore, 28,
Captain William Augustus Montagu, and stood to meet her, taking
her for a merchantman. The Terpsichore, it should be said, had
been carefully disguised with the express object of enticing the
French frigate Canonniere, then commerce destroying in the East
Indies, to battle. At about 7 P.M. the two ships closed and opened
fire, and a fierce engagement began. The Semillante, when almost
on board the Terpsichore, threw into the British ship a hand-grenade
which, unhappily, fell through one of the hatches on to the main-
deck, fired some powder charges, and put out of action the crews of
no fewer than four guns on the engaged side. The ship at once
took fire, and, had the French boarded, they might have carried her
with ease in the confusion which resulted. Instead of doing this,
Captain Motard sheered off, aiming his guns at the Terpsichore's
rigging ; and, when the fire on board her had been extinguished and
she bravely pursued, he was able to evade all attempts to close. The
Terpsichore had her masts badly wounded, most of her running
rigging and stays shot away, and her sails cut to pieces. By mid-
night she was far astern. Undaunted by the force of her opponent,
however, she continued the pursuit all the 16th, 17th, and 18th,.
while her crew did their best to repair the damage.

On the 19th, the Semillante was only just in view. On the
morning of the 20th the Terpsichore at last gained upon the French-
man, and came up so fast that the Semillante had to cut away several
of her boats, throw overboard some of her guns, start her water and
jettison stores and lumber. Thus lightened, and having with her
stern chasers inflicted fresh damage, she drew out of sight in the
night of the 20th-21st.

The Terpsichore was much the weaker ship, as she was unable^
from age, to carry carronades, or her proper complement of 6-prs., on
the upper deck. The force of the two was as follows : —

1808.]

THE "TERPSICHORE" AND THE "SEMILLANTE."

413

Tons.

Guns.

Broadside. •

Men.

Killed.

Wounded.

Terpsichore ....

682

Lbs.

158 n. |

180

SemiUante ....

940

279 n. 1

300?

Her determined attack did, however, produce the required effect.
The SemiUante was so much damaged in her hull by the Terpsi-
chore's broadsides that, on her return to Mauritius, she was judged
incapable of further cruising, and was in consequence loaded with
Motard's plunder and with colonial produce to the value of £300,000,
with which she reached France in February, 1809. She was at once
replaced by the 40-gun frigate Manche.1

On the afternoon of March 22nd, the British squadron blockading
Lorient sighted the frigates Italienne, 40, Captain H. Mequet, and
Sirene, 38, Captain Duperre, on their way back from Martinique,
where they had been landing troops. The vessels composing the
British squadron were the Impetueux, 74, Saturn, 74, Aigle, 36,
Captain George Wolfe, Narcissus, 32, and Cuckoo, 4. The wind
was north-north-west ; the enemy's ships were upon the port tack
and close to the western end of the He Groix ; and the British
squadron lay between that island and the Glenans. To cut the
French vessels off, the Aigle steered straight into the Basse des
Bretons, and was fired upon by the French batteries. She came
near enough to the sternmost of the French frigates to open fire,
whereupon that vessel abandoned the attempt to reach Lorient, bore
up, and anchored under the guns of Groix. The other frigate, the
Sirene, was, by that time, close to the entrance of Port Louis ; and
the only possible means of stopping her was by boarding. Captain
Duperre, however, was too adroit for his opponent, and, as the Aigle
bore up, he too bore up, and ran aground on the Pointe des Chats,
The ships of the British squadron which had followed the Aigle
through the Basse des Bretons could do nothing, as the Sirene lay
under powerful batteries ; and they had to withdraw. She was got
off by the French some days later, and, with the Italienne, reached
Lorient safely. The Aigle had 22 killed or wounded in this affair,
amongst the severely injured being Captain Wolfe.2

1 James, v. 67 ; Troude, iii. 501 ; Chevalier, iii. 309 ; Nav. Chron., xxi. 24.

2 James, v. 25; Troude, iii. 502. James wrongly supposes Duperre's frigate to
have been the Seine.

414 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1808.

On March 22nd, the Stately, 64, Captain George Parker, and
Nassau, 64, Captain Eobert Campbell (1), were on their way into
the Great Belt, when, some miles south of Grenaa, they sighted the
Prinds Christian Frederik, a Danish 74, commanded by Captain
Jessen. The enemy, as soon as the nationality of the two 64's was
made out, evidently prepared to run ashore. Before this intention
could be carried out, first the Nassau and then the Stately closed
and engaged. After two hours' action, at 9.30, the Dane struck, and
almost immediately afterwards ran aground. As she could not be
got off the rocks, she was set on fire on the 23rd, and destroyed by
her captors. The Prinds Christian Frederik had 55 killed and 88
wounded ; the British ships, 5 killed and 45 wounded or missing.1

On March 27th, the boats of the Ulysses, 44, Castor, 32, Hippo-
menes, 18, and Morne Fortunee, 12, attempted to cut out the French
brig Griffon, 16, from the harbour of Marin, in Martinique, but were
driven back, after capturing a battery, and suffering heavily from the
fire of the brig.2

On April 4th, a small British squadron, consisting of the Alceste,
38, Mercury, 28, Captain James Alexander Gordon, and Grass-
hopper, 18, Commander Thomas Searle,3 under Captain Murray
Maxwell, of the Alceste, discovered a large Spanish convoy to the
north of Cadiz, under the convoy of about twenty gunboats. When
off Rota, the British vessels attacked, the Grasshopper especially
distinguishing herself by drawing close to the Spanish batteries at
Rota, and silencing them with grape from her guns, at the same time
holding in check a division of gunboats which came out from Cadiz.
The A Iceste and Mercury opened fire on the convoy, destroyed two
gunboats, and drove several others ashore. Then the boats were
sent in, under Lieutenants Allan Stewart and Watkin Owen Pell,
and brought off seven small craft from under the Spanish guns,
though all the barges and pinnaces of the combined Franco-Spanish
fleet lying in Cadiz had come up to the help of the convoy.4 The
British lost only 1 mortally and 2 less severely wounded.

On April 22nd, the Goree, 26, Commander Joseph Spear, whilst
at anchor in one of the harbours of Marie-Galante, a small island
off Martinique, which had been occupied by the British in March,

1 James, v. 31 ; Nav. Ohron., xix. 338.

2 Troude, iii. 503.

3 Posted for this service, Apr. 25th, 1808.

4 Gazette, 1808, 570 ; James, v. 37.

1808.] DEATH OF CONWAY SHIPLEY. 415

sighted the French vessels Palinure, 16, Commander P. F. Jance,
and Pilade, 16, Lieutenant J. M. Cocherel, and gave chase to them,
after signalling to the Superieure, 12, Commander Andrew Hodge, at
anchor some miles off, that they were enemies. The Goree succeeded
in closing, but was speedily disabled by her two French antagonists,
who fired high. She inflicted, however, heavy loss upon them,
killing or wounding 10 in the Pilade, and 19 in the Palinure, at
the cost of only 1 killed of her own crew. Later in the day the
Superieure came up, with the Circe, 32, and Wolverine, 18, astern
of her ; but the French vessels reached the shelter of the forts on the
Saintes before they could be overpowered.1

On April 23rd, upon the Danish coast, the boats of the Daphne,
20, Captain Francis Mason, and Tartarus, 18, Lieutenant William
Eussell (2) (actg. Com.), were sent in, in tow of the Forward, 12,
Lieutenant David Sheils, to destroy a convoy which was assembling
at Fladstrand for the purpose of carrying stores and provisions to
Norway. All the laden vessels of the convoy, ten in number, were
carried off from under the guns of a Danish fort, with a loss of only
5 wounded.2

Another and less successful cutting out affair took place on the
same day at Lisbon. Captain Conway Shipley, of the Nymphe, 36,
with the boats of the Nymphe and Blossom; 18, Commander George
Pigot (2), attempted to carry the Garrota, 20, a Portuguese naval
vessel which had been seized by the French, and which was lying
just above Belem. The boats, when they closed to board, found
that the Garrota had the support not only of the guns of Belern
Castle, but also of a formidable floating battery. Moreover, the tide
was ebbing at the rate of seven knots, so that the men were much
exhausted. Shipley was shot dead whilst attempting to gain the
Garrota s deck, and fell into the water. His brother Charles, who
was not a naval officer, ordered the boat's crew to shove off and pick
up the body ; and, in attempting to do this, she fouled a cutter and
drove her into one of the launches. Owing to this unwarrantable
interference, the whole attack fell into confusion ; and the boats,
unable to row against the tremendous current, retired with 1 killed,
besides Shipley, and 2 wounded.3

On the same day the Grasshopper, 14, Commander Thomas

1 James, v. 41 ; Troude, iii. 504.

2 James, v. 32; Nav. Chr.on., xix. 433.

3 James, v. 38 ; Nav. Chron., xxxix. 350.

416 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1808.

Searle, and Rapid, 14, Lieutenant Henry Baugh, captured two
Spanish gunboats, drove two others ashore, and made prizes of
two richly-laden Spanish merchantmen from South America, off
Faro in southern Portugal.1

On April 29th and the following days, the Falcon, 16, Lieutenant
John Price (3) (actg. Com.), destroyed several small craft on the
Danish coast, and on May 7th carried off two Danish coasters laden
with artillery material, from under the guns of Lundholm.2

On May 2nd, the Unite, 36, Captain Patrick Campbell (1), cap-
tured the Italian corvette Eonco, 16, in the Gulf of Venice, after a
few broadsides had been exchanged without loss. Two other Italian
vessels were observed to the north and chased, but without result.
A month later, on June 1st, the Unite, after a long pursuit, overtook
two Italian brigs, the Nettuno, 16, and Teulie,3 16, inflicted upon them
a loss of 14 killed and 29 wounded, without a single man being hurt
in the British crew, and captured them.4

On May 7th, the Redwing, 18, Commander Thomas Ussher,
attacked seven Spanish armed vessels in charge of a convoy, off Cape
Trafalgar. She drove ashore and destroyed four of the armed craft,
captured one of them, and took or sunk most of the merchantmen.
All this was achieved with the loss of 1 killed and 3 wounded.5 The
Spanish gunboats, however, rarely fought or manoeuvred with any
spirit. It was quite different, as we shall see in the next instance,
when our Navy had to deal with Danish craft of the same type.

On May 15th, the Tartar, 32, Captain George Edmund Byron
Bettesworth, an officer of the most distinguished gallantry, and
famous for having brought the first news to Europe of the return
of Villeneuve's fleet from the West Indies in 1805, worked her way
through the islands to the town of Bergen, and sent in her boats to
bring off the shipping in the harbour. This the boats were unable
to do, as the entrance was closed by a chain. They had only just
returned to the ship, which was lying becalmed in a narrow rocky
inlet, when a Danish schooner and five gunboats, each mounting two
long 24-prs., appeared and opened fire. Bettesworth fell at almost

1 James, v. 40 ; Nav. Chron., xix. 432.

2 Nav. Chron., xix. 508.

3 Mr. W. H. Wilson suggests that the name should be OiuUa. I can find no
evidence in Eandaccio, or elsewhere. I therefore leave the name as it appears in
the disps.

* James, v. 52 ; Nav. Chron., xx. 77 ; Marshall, ii. 293
" James, v. 47 ; Nav. Chron., xix. 505 ; O'Byrne, 1223.

1808.]

THE "TARTAE" OFF BERGEN.

417

the first shot, the command then devolving on Lieutenant Herbert
Caiger. The Tartar was end-on to her little enemies ; and, manned
by a raw crew, few of whom had ever served on ship-board before,
she appeared to be in a desperate position. The depth was too great
for her to anchor with springs, and then bring her broadside to bear.
At last, however, she succeeded in warping round, and then, by her

VICE-ADMIRAL SIB EDWABl) BRACE, K.C.B.
(By permission, from a family portrait in the possession of F. G. 0. Brace, ESQ.)

fire, she sank one gunboat and damaged the others. At that point
a light breeze sprang up, and she was able to make sail in pursuit
of her enemies, and to drive them under the guns of Bergen. Her
loss was 2 officers (Bettesworth and Midshipman Henry Fitzburgh)
killed, and about 10 men wounded. Her hull was pierced between
wind and water in several places, and the sails and rigging were
much cut up. Bettesworth, though only twenty-three years
of age, had been wounded no fewer than twenty-four times in the
VOL. v. 2 E

418

MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1808.

course of the war; which is, probably, a record in the British
Navy.1

The Tartar's real object had been to intercept the Dutch frigate
Gelderland, 36, Captain Bartholomeus Jacobus Pool, which was
believed to be at Bergen. She had sailed, however, a fortnight
before the Tartar put in an appearance, but she did not, for all that,
escape the vigilance of the British cruisers. On the evening of May
19th she was sighted to the south-west of Ireland by the Virginie,
38, Captain Edward Brace, and brought to action late in the
night. A heavy sea was running, and the night was very dark ; but
this did not apparently affect the accuracy of the British fire. Three
times the Dutchman wore, probably with the object of raking the
Virginie. Attempting that manoeuvre a fourth time, the Gelderland
ran on board the British ship, but soon got free again. At last, after
ninety minutes' hard fighting, with their ship on fire, all masts and
the bowsprit shot away, and one-fourth of the crew killed Or wounded,
the Dutch struck. Pool deserted his quarters during the action,
having received two slight wounds. For this he was afterwards
cashiered. The Dutch shooting appears to have been most in-
different, seeing that the loss 'and damage to the British ship was
insignificant, whereas the gunnery of the British drew must have
been surprisingly good.2

—

Tons.

Guns.

Broadside.

Men.

Killed. Wounded.

Virginie ....

—

46?

Lbs.
494 '

277 n. '

v " 1 ' 2

GelderJand ....

—

40 V1

232

253 2

25 ( 40or
\ more

De JoDge says only 36.

2 De Jonge says only 230, including passengers.

On May 10th, the Wizard, 16, Commander Abel Ferris, sighted
and chased, to the south of Toulon, the Requin, 16, Commander C. E.
Berar, and, after a long pursuit, engaged her in close action on the
morning of the llth. The Requin fired high and inflicted sufficiently
severe injuries to be able to draw away from her adversary. The
British crew refitted their ship, and, on the morning of the 12th,
were near enough to the Requin to open a long range fire. The
firing killed the breeze, and the Requin drew ahead once more ;

1 James, v. 34 ; Nav. Chron., xix. 420, 440.

2 James, v. 36 ; Nav. Chron., xix. 506 ; De Jonge, v. 647. For this service Lieut.
John Davies (2) was made Com. on June 3rd, 1808.

1808.] ACTIONS WITH DANISH GUNBOATS. 419

but the Wizard stuck to her enemy all the 12th and 13th, now
gaining and now losing ground, and exchanging shots whenever
near enough for the guns to carry. On the 14th, however, the
Eequin entered the neutral harbour of Goletta in Tunis, and the
pursuit ceased, having continued through 88 hours over 369 miles
of sea. The Eequin was ultimately taken on July 28th, to the
north of Corsica, on her way back from Tunis to Toulon, by the
Volage, 22, Captain Philip Lewis J— - Eosenhagen, after a long
chase. The Wizard's total loss was 1 killed and 5 wounded; the
Eequin's is unknown.1

On May llth, the Bacchante, 20, Captain Samuel Hood Ingle-
field, captured, off Cape San Antonio, in Cuba, the French brig
Griffon, 16. The Griffon, though much inferior in force, offered
a brave resistance, and did not surrender till she was almost
amongst the breakers. '*

On May 12th, the Amphion, 32, Captain William Hoste, whilst
on her way from Toulon to Majorca, found the French storeship
Baleine, 26, Captain Gaudran, at anchor in Eosas Bay, on the north-
east of Spain. The Baleine had parted from the squadron of
Ganteaume, on its voyage from Toulon to the Adriatic, during a
storm. Despite a fire of red-hot shot from the Spanish forts, the
Amphion worked in and cannonaded the Baleine. It was believed
that the French crew were abandoning her, and therefore a British
boat was despatched to take possession of her. On its approach,
the boat was so warmly received that she had to retire ; and the
Amphion, after she had picked her up, withdrew, as nothing more
could be attempted under the guns of the Spanish batteries.3

On May 24th, the hired cutter Swan, 10, Lieutenant Mark
Eobinson Lucas, when off Bornholm, attacked a Danish cutter,
which blew up in twenty minutes, without a single man being saved.
The Swan sustained no loss.4

During June, and the later months of the year, the Danish gun-
boats caused a great deal of trouble to the British cruisers and
convoys in the narrow waters of the Belts and Sound. The Danish
battleships and frigates had been carried off by the expedition of
1807, so that there was no lack of good seamen to man such small

1 James, v. 48 ; Troude, iii. 505.

* Nav. Chron., xx. 153 ; James, v. 51 ; Troude, iii. 506.
3 James, v. 53 ; Troude, iii. 506.

* Nav. Chron., xix. 509 ; James, v. 33.

2 E 2

420 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1808.

craft. On June 14th, the Tickler, gun-brig, Lieutenant John W—
Skinner, was captured by four gunboats, after a desperate resistance,
in which she had 36 men killed or wounded out of 50, and in which
Skinner himself fell. On June 9th, the bomb Thunder, Commander
James Caulfeild (1) , and gun-brigs Charger, Lieutenant John Aitken
Blow, Piercer, Lieutenant John Sibrell, and Turbulent, Lieutenant
George Wood, in charge of a convoy of 70 vessels, were attacked off
Saltholm by 25 Danish gunboats in a calm. The boats surrounded
the Turbulent and captured her, but, on proceeding to assail the
Thunder, were driven off, after they had inflicted some damage.
Several vessels of the convoy were taken. On July 1st, the Exertion,
12, ran aground in the Great Belt and was attacked by a Danish
schooner and two gunboats, which shot through her fore mast and
bowsprit, and badly wounded five men. On August 2nd, the Tigress,
12, Lieutenant Edward Nathaniel Greensword, was caught in the
'Great Belt by sixteen gunboats, and taken, after she had had 10 men
killed or wounded. The run of ill-]uck did not cease till October 1st,
when the Cruiser, 18, Lieutenant Thomas Wells (2) (actg. Com.),1
off Goteborg, was assailed by about twenty cutters and gunboats.
She drove them off and succeeded in capturing one.2

At times, even vessels of the line were hard put to it to hold
their own against these wasp-like enemies. On October 20th, the
Africa, 64, Captain John Barrett, while escorting a convoy, was
attacked in a dead calm by twenty-five gun and mortar boats off
the island of Amager, in the Sound. The enemy took up positions
on her bows and quarters, where her guns would not bear, and
poured in a terrible fire. At nightfall only did they withdraw,
leaving the Africa in such a state that, had their attack only been
continued, she must have struck. Her loss was 9 killed and 53
wounded. Her masts and yards were badly damaged, her boats were
disabled or destroyed, and her running rigging was cut to pieces.
One or two of the Danish boats were sunk, but their loss is not
likely to have been large.3 The gunboat of those times, like the
torpedo boat of to-day, offered a very small mark.

During June and July, the boats of the Porcupine, 22, Captain
the Hon. Henry Duncan (3), cruising on the Italian coast, executed
several cutting-out operations. On June 23rd they destroyed a

1 Com., Nov. 2Gth, 1808, for this service.

3 James, v. 74 ; Nav. Chron., xx. 76, 451 ; xxi. 98.

* James, v. 76.

1808.] THE "SEAHORSE" AND THE "BADERE-I-ZAFFER." 421

French merchantman which had run aground near Civita Vecchia.
On July 9th, as the Porcupine lay becalmed, they carried off a
merchantman from two French gunboats under Monte Circeo, and
drove the gunboats to take shelter near a neighbouring battery at
Porto d'Anzio. On the night of the 10th the boats rowed in to that
harbour, and cut out a polacca with a loss of 8 wounded. On the
21st the Porcupine drove ashore and destroyed, near Monte Circeo,
another French polacca. Finally, on August 8th, she chased a
vessel into a harbour in the little island of Pianosa, whence, during
the following night, the boats, under Lieutenant Francis Smith,1 cut
her out with a loss of 3 killed and 7 wounded.2

On June 22nd, the Cossack, 22, Captain Charles George Digby,
and Comet, 18, Commander Cuthbert Featherstone Daly, despatched
their boats into the Spanish port of Santander, to destroy the forts
commanding the harbour, as the French, under General Merle, were
approaching the town. With the co-operation of the Spaniards, then
thoroughly hostile to France, all the guns in two of the forts were
spiked, and further disabled by wedging shot in the chambers, and a
magazine of 500 barrels of powder was destroyed. In accomplishing
this, two British officers were badly scorched. The French appeared
just as the work had been completed.3

On June 26th, the boats of the Standard, 64, Captain Thomas
Harvey (1), under Lieutenant Eichard Cull and Captain Edward
Nicolls, E.M., captured off Corfu the Neapolitan gunboat Volpe ;
and another boat, under Lieutenant John Alexander (3), took the
French despatch-boat Leger.4

On July 1st, the Seahorse, Captain John Stewart, whilst
anchored off the island of Syra in the Archipelago, received intelli-
gence that a Turkish force, consisting of the Badere-i-Zaffer, 52,
Captain Scandril Kichuc Ali, and Alis Fezzan, 26, Captain Dura-
gardi Ali, was off the island of Chiliodromia. Captain Stewart at
once proceeded towards that place, and, on the afternoon of the 5th,
sighted his two enemies, who were standing to the south with the
wind at north-east. At 9.30 P.M., the Seahorse was near enough
to the Badere-i-Zaffer to hail her and order her to surrender.

1 Smith, a Lieut, of Jan. 22nd, 1806, was never promoted, owing to an unfortunate
miscarriage of despatches.

2 James, v. 54 ; Nav. Ghron., xx. 382 ; xxiii. 394.

3 Nav. Chron., xx. 75.

4 James, v. 56 ; Nav. Ghron., xxi. 72.

422

MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1808.

The Turks paid no attention to the demand, whereupon the Sea-
horse poured a double-shotted broadside into the Badere-i-Z offer's
lee quarter at a range of only twenty yards, and a close action
began.

The Seahorse was to windward, as it was important that the
Turks, with their enormous number of men, should not be permitted
to board. The Badere-i-Zaff&r was slightly before her port beam,
and between her and the Alis Fezzan, which latter ship was thus

CAPT. JOHN STEWART, B.N.
(From Pagi's engraving, after a drawing sometime belonging to Mr. W. Adam.)

unable to engage. The larger frigate, after a few minutes' firing,
attempted to run on board the Seahorse, but the manoeuvre was
foiled by the British ship luffing and tacking astern of her. This
brought the Seahorse upon the Alis Fezzan. Three broadsides were
poured into the smaller Turkish ship with so much effect that her
guns were silenced. The powder under the forecastle exploded, and
the vessel was set on fire. After this the Alis Fezzan seemed to
have had enough, for she retired amidst dense clouds of smoke,

1808.] THE "SEAHORSE" AND THE "BADERE-I-ZAFFER:' 423

which entirely hid her from view. The Badere-i-Zaffer, which had
fallen to leeward, with almost every one of her sails shot to rags,
was again closed by the Seahorse at about 10.35, and engaged broad-
side to broadside. A little later, the Turk attempted a second time
to board, collecting 300 or so men on her forecastle. The Seahorse,
however, shot ahead of her and cleared her, though the Turkish
ship's bowsprit fouled, and carried away, the gaff vangs and the
mizen mast standing rigging. The Seahorse s stern- chasers poured
a terrible fire into the would-be boarders.

For two hours more the Seahorse plied her enemy with deadly
broadsides, hailing at intervals to know if the Turks would strike.
The Turkish ship was gradually reduced to a complete wreck, but
knowing the temper of his enemy, Stewart did not care to waste life
in boarding. At about 1.15 A.M. the British discontinued their fire,
and stood by the Badere-i-Zaffer until daylight, only discharging an
occasional shot or two " to keep the Turks awake." When day-
light came, as the Turkish colours were seen to be still flying, the
Seahorse came up under the Turk's stern, and poured in a raking
broadside. The Turkish captain had hitherto shot, or threatened
with death, all those who suggested surrender. He was at length
seized by his own men, and the colours were lowered. Possession
was then taken by the British.1 The force of the ships was as
follows : —

—

Tons.

Guns.

Broadside.

Men.

Killed.

Wounded.

998

Lbs.
462

251

! Badere-i-Zaffer .

1300

484

543

165

195

Alis Fezzan

730

156

230

• ?

The enormous losses of the Turks show plainly the desperate
nature of the resistance ; and their complete failure to inflict heavy
loss upon the Seahorse shows that their gunnery was of the most
rudimentary kind. The two Turkish ships did not work together,
and thus greatly simplified the task of the Seahorse. Still, the
action does Captain Stewart the greatest credit. The chief injuries
which the Seahorse sustained were in her mizen mast, which was so
wounded that it fell.

1 James, v. 57 ; Nav. Chron., xxi. 330.

424 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1808.

On July 17th, the French Serpent, 18, which had carried to La
Guaira the news of Joseph Bonaparte's accession to the Spanish
throne, was captured by the British frigate Acasta, 40, Captain
Philip Beaver. The Spanish forts would not give her any protection,
nor would they fire on the British vessel.1

On August 1st, the boats of the Kent, 74, Captain Thomas
Rogers, and Wizard, 16, Commander William Ferris, were des-
patched to cut out ten coasters lying close to the Italian town of
Noli. The boats, under Lieutenants William Cashman (2), and
Alexander Bisset, reached the coasters, but found them firmly
secured to the beach, whereupon they rowed in under a heavy
fire from French troops and field-pieces, drove back the troops,
and released the vessels. At the same time they captured a
French gunboat. The total British loss was only 2 killed.2
Lieutenants James Lindsay and Fairfax Moresby, besides the
officers already mentioned, greatly distinguished themselves in this
affair.

On August llth, the Comet, 18, Commander Cuthbert Feather-
stone Daly, sighted in the Bay, and boldly chased, the Diligente, 18,
Espiegle, 16, and Sylphe, 16, Lieutenant L. M. Clement. The
Diligente and Espiegle easily outsailed the British vessel ; but the
Sylphe was overtaken, brought to action, and, after twenty minutes'
fighting, forced to surrender. The Comet had no one hurt. The
French lost 6 killed and 5 wounded out of a crew of 98.3

The Espiegle and Diligente made all sail for Martinique ; but on
August 16th the Espiegle was unlucky enough to be overhauled
and captured by the Sibylle, 38, Captain Clotworthy Upton. The
Diligente once more escaped by the speed of her sailing. On
September 6th, however, when to windward of Antigua, she was
discovered by the British sloop Eecruit, 18, Commander Charles
Napier (2). Though the Recruit's main mast was sprung, the
British vessel made all sail in chase, and, at about 8.30 A.M., brought
her opponent to close action. The Diligente's second shot broke
Napier's right thigh, the bone protruding from the flesh. A little
later, the only Lieutenant on board, Mr. Moses de Willetts, was
mortally wounded. Napier having left the deck, the action was
continued by the Master. Soon after 11 A.M., the mainstay

1 Nav. Chron., xx. 327.

2 James, v. 87; Nav. Chron., xxi. 7-J.

3 James, v. 77 ; Troude, iii. 509.

1808.] THE "LAUREL" AND THE "CANONNIERE." 425

was shot away, and the main mast fell, its wreck grievously
hampering the British crew. In consequence, the Diligente was
able to rake the Recruit twice ; and the action seemed about to
terminate disastrously, when a lucky broadside caused an explosion
on board the French corvette. After that she sheered off, and
made all sail to escape, whilst the Recruit's men refitted their
ship. The British loss was 6 killed and 23 wounded — half of the
latter mortally — out of a total crew of 106 ; the Diligente 's loss is
unknown.1 She reached Martinique, where she was afterwards
captured.

On August 18th, the wretched little schooner Rook, 4, Lieutenant
James Lawrence, whilst on her way from Jamaica to England, was
captured by two French privateers, but only after a heroic resist-
ance, in which 13 out of the 20 men on board were killed or
wounded. Lawrence himself perished.2

On September 3rd, the Kite, 16, was attacked by Danish gun-
boats off Nyborg in a calm, and very severely handled. The ship
was reduced to a wreck, and 2 were killed and 13 wounded of the
crew. She only escaped by a breeze opportunely -springing up.

On September 12th, the British ship Laurel, 22, Captain John
Charles Woollcombe, whilst watching the harbour of Port Louis in
Mauritius, sighted the French frigate Canonniere, 40, Captain C.
J. Bourayne, which, after a long cruise in the Pacific, had arrived
at Mauritius in July. The officers of the Laurel were in some
doubt as to the identity and force of their opponent, some taking her
for the Semillante, 36, and others for an East Indiaman. Even
when they made out her formidable nature, they did not shun an
encounter, though the Laurel was enormously inferior in every
respect. On the 15th, the French frigate having left port, the two
closed, in a very light wind, and fought desperately for ninety
minutes. In that time the Laurel's rigging was destroyed. Unable
to manoeuvre, the British Captain was compelled to haul down his
flag, though his loss was insignificant. The Canonniere sustained
such injuries in her hull that, after seven months' cruising in
company with the Laurel, during which time neither vessel
captured a single prize, she proved unfit for further service as an
armed ship, and had to be sold. From the trivial loss sustained
by the Laurel, it is clear either that the French fired very high, or

1 James, v. 78 ; ' Life of Napier,' i. 1C. 2 James, v. 46.

426

MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1808.

that their gunnery was bad.1 The force of the two ships was as
follows : —

—

Tons.

Guns.

Broaduide.

Men.

Killed.

Wounded.

Canonniere ....
Laurel

1102
526

48
30

I.bs.
570

159

420
144

20?
0

19?

The Ccuioimi&re'a crew was larger than usual, as she had embarked
a detachment of soldiers from the garrison at Port Louis.

On September 24th, the packet Cornwallis, Anthony, master,
encountered and beat off the French privateer Duquesne, 12, to the
east of Barbados. The privateer is said to have had 14 killed and
30 wounded — a good deal more than the Cornwallis's whole crew.
The packet lost 2 killed and 2 wounded.2

On September 29th, off Guadeloupe, the Maria, 14, Lieutenant
James Bennett, with astounding audacity, chased and brought to
action the Departement des Landes, 22, Commander J. F. Eaoul.
The British vessel had a broadside of just 76 Ibs. to the Frenchman's
230 Ibs., and a crew of 65 to the French 160. Such temerity had
its natural result. The gallant Bennett was killed, and his ship,
in a sinking condition, captured. The British loss was 6 killed
and 9 wounded. The French craft was little damaged, and suffered
trivial loss.3

It must always be a question whether it is right and wise for an
officer to encounter such odds as Lieutenant Bennett faced. " Des
chocs irreflechis ne constituent pas la guerre" — to quote Napoleon.
In this case nothing was effected, a British vessel was lost, and
many valuable lives were thrown away. The explanation, probably,
is that the corvette was mistaken for a privateer.

On October 3rd, the Carnation, 18, Commander Charles Mars
Gregory, fell in with the French brig Palinure, 16, Commander
P. F. Jance, to the north-eastward of Martinique, and brought her
to action. Unfortunately, Gregory was killed, and most of the
officers* were killed or wounded, in the earlier stages of the fight,

1 James, v. 70 ; Troude, iii. 513 ; Nav. Chron., xxi. 348 ; Chevalier, 309 ; C. M.,
Mar. 2nd, 1810.

2 Nav. Chron,, xxi. 16.

* James, v. 79 ; Troude, iii. 515 ; Nav. Chron., xxi. 76.

4 Including Lieutenants Samuel Bartlett Deecker and James Fitzmaurice, severely,
and Master Anthony Metherell mortally wounded.

1808.] THE "AMETHYST" AND THE "THETIS." 427

and when the Palinure fell on board the Carnation, the British
crew deserted their quarters and fled below, with some few excep-
tions, among whom was the Boatswain, William Triplet. The
British vessel was, in consequence, captured by an enemy of much
inferior force, after having had 10 killed and 30 wounded out of a
crew of 117. The survivors of the crew were afterwards tried for
misconduct. One sergeant of Marines, John Chapman, was hanged,
and 32 seamen and Marines were transported to New South Wales.1

On October 8th, the British frigate Modeste, 36, Captain the
Hon. George Elliot (3), captured in the Bay of Bengal the French
corvette Jena, 18, Lieutenant N. Morice, after a running fight, in
which the French suffered no loss, and the British had her Master,
William Donovan, killed, and a seaman wounded.2

On October 20th, the Pompee, 74, Captain George Cockburn,
captured to the eastwards of Barbados the French corvette Pilade,
16, Lieutenant J. M. Cocherel, without any resistance on the part
of the French. On October 31st, the vanquisher of the Carnation,
the Palinure, was at last captured by the Circe, 32, Captain Hugh
Pigot (3), under the Diamond Eock, after a brief action in which
the Palinure lost 15, and the Circe 2 men.3

On the evening of November 10th, the French Thetis, 40,
•Captain Jacques Pinsum, on her way from Lorient to Martinique
with troops and provisions on board, was sighted by the Amethyst,
•36, Captain Michael Seymour (1), off Groix, and chased. At 9 P.M.
the two ships began a running action, engaging with bow or stern
chasers, and the Amethyst signalled the presence of an enemy to the
•other British ships off the coast. The Triumph, 74, Captain Sir
Thomas Masterman Hardy, at once made sail to the Amethyst's
help. At 9.15 a close action between the Amethyst and Thetis
began. The Thetis, after going before the wind, suddenly came
round on the starboard tack, intending to cross the bows of the
Amethyst, which ship was also going before the wind, and rake her.
The Amethyst, however, frustrated the manoeuvre by also turning,
inside the Thetis's circle, and engaging the enemy broadside to
broadside. Both ships described a complete circle, and then re-
sumed their course before the wind. A second time the Thetis
attempted to rake, the Amethyst having drawn slightly ahead of

1 James, v. 42 ; Troude, iii. 511 ; C. M. Feb. 1st, 1809, and Feb. 28tb, 1809.

2 James, v. 73 ; Nav. Ghron., xxi. 431.

3 James, v. 42 ; Nav. Chron., xxi. 76.

428

MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1808.

her ; but, miscalculating, the French ship ran her jib-boom on board
the Amethyst, between the main and mizen rigging. She quickly
cleared the British ship, and resumed the broadside action until
about 10, when the Amethyst, then some distance ahead, turned to
port, crossed the Thetis 's bows, pouring in a raking fire, and again
turned to starboard before the wind. At that point the Amethyst's
mizen-mast came down, doing much damage, and encumbering the
quarter-deck. Fortunately, the Thetis' s mizen mast also fell a few'
minutes later, so that both ships were left on even terms.

At 11, the Thetis's captain determined to board, and use his
superiority of men. He steered to strike the Amethyst's bow, struck
it, rebounded, and fell alongside, whereupon the British, who had
reserved their fire, poured in a terrible broadside. The two ships
became entangled, and, in that state, the British crew poured broad-
side after broadside into the enemy, setting her on fire, and shatter-
ing her hull and masts. At last, at 12.20 A.M. on the llth, the
Amethyst's men boarded and carried their determined adversary.
The Thetis had three-quarters of her crew killed or wounded ; IS
of her guns were dismounted ; on the engaged side, the timbers,
between her portholes had been, in many places, beaten in, so
that she showed huge gaps. Her two remaining masts fell just
after the close of the action.1 The force of the combatants was as
follows : —

—

Tons.

Guns.

Broadside.

Crew.

Killed.

Wounded.

Amethyst . . . .
Thetis ...

1046
1090

Lbs.

467
524

261
436

19
135

51
102

In this case, as in many others, the number of troops on board the
Thetis— 106 in all — largely swelled the losses. An hour after the
action was over, the Triumph and the Shannon, 38, came up, and
assisted in the transfer of prisoners, and in clearing the prize.

On November llth, the Franchise, 36, Captain Charles Dash-
wood, Aurora, 28, Dcedalus, 32, Eeindeer, 16, and Pert, 14, seized
the harbour of Samana in San Domingo without opposition, just
before the batteries which the French were erecting had been

1 James, v. 81 ; Troude, iii. 518 ; Nav. Chron., xx. 417, xxi. 95. For this service-
Capt. Seymour received the gold medal, and his first Lieutenant, Goddard Blenner-
hassett, was made Com., Nov. llth, 1808.

1808.] DESTRUCTION OF THE "CYGNE." 429

completed. The move was important, as it secured British shipping
from the attacks of the privateers, who had always made that place
a principal base.1

On November 14th, the boats of the Polyphemus, 64, Captain
William Pryce Cuniby, cut out the French war schooner Colibri, 3,
from the harbour of San Domingo, with a loss of 1 killed.2 On
November 28th, the boats of the Heureux, 16, Commander William
Coombe, who led them, made an unsuccessful attempt to carry off
seven vessels from the harbour of Mahaut, in Guadeloupe, whilst a
detachment, under Lieutenant Daniel Lawrence, was told off to
attack two French batteries, under the guns of which the vessels
lay. Two armed vessels were carried, and the landing-party stormed
one of the two batteries. The fire of three field-guns on the beach
and of the other battery, however, compelled the British boats to
retreat. Coombe was killed, and Lawrence wounded.3

On December 12th, the Cygne, 16, and two schooners, on their
way from Cherbourg to Martinique, were discovered at anchor off
the Pearl Eock in the latter island, by the Morne Fortunee, 12,
Lieutenant John Brown (2). He summoned by signal the Circe, 32,
Commander Francis Augustus Collier (actg. Capt.), Stork, 18, Com-
mander George Le Geyt, Epervier, 16, Commander Thomas Tudor
Tucker, and schooner Express, Commander William Dowers,4 which
vessels were watching St. Pierre. One of the two schooners was
speedily driven ashore by the Stork, under the guns of three
batteries. The remaining schooner and the Cygne took shelter close
inshore under the guns of four other batteries. There they were
cannonaded by the Circe, Stork, and Express, and attacked by a
party of 68 men, under Lieutenant Charles Henry Crooke, in three
of the Circe's boats. This attack was repulsed with terrible loss.
One boat was sunk, one was taken, and, of the 68 men, 9 were killed,
26 were missing (prisoners or drowned), and 21 were wounded.5
On the 13th, the Amaranthe, 18, Commander Edward Pelham
Brenton, which had just joined, renewed the fight. The Cygne
was then working into St. Pierre, keeping close under the shore.
Brenton, aided by the boats of the Circe and Stork, worked in under
a heavy fire from the batteries, drove the Cygne 's crew to their boats

1 Nav. Chron., xxi. 163.

2 James, v. 87 ; Nav. Chron., xxi. 162.

3 James, v. 44 ; Nav. Chron., xxi. 101.
* Promoted Com., Nov. 4th, 1808.

5 James, v. 85.

430 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1808-9.

with grape, and then sent in a boat party, under Lieutenant James
Hay, to destroy her. The remaining French schooner, which was
ashore, was also destroyed. The Amaranthe's loss was 1 killed and
5 wounded. In the other vessels there were 2 killed and 5
wounded.1

On December 30th, the Imperieuse, 38, Captain Lord Cochrane,
sailed into Caldagues Bay, where were several French vessels laden
with supplies for the besieged garrison of Barcelona. In spite of
the fire of a battery, and of the French Gauloise, 7, and Julie, 5,
Cochrane sank the two vessels ; with a landing-party captured the
battery ; and took possession of 11 ships laden with provisions — all
this without loss to his crew. A few days later, he captured a
battery at Silva, and rolled all the guns into the sea. As a return
for his hard and splendid work, Cochrane was positively reproached
by the Admiralty for using too much powder, shot and stores ! 2

So troublesome had French privateers in the Channel become,
that, at the close of 1808, steps were taken to arrange a system of
signals by which warships could be informed of the whereabouts
of such craft. The system was rudimentary, the direction of the
enemy being indicated by a number of shots fired from alarm guns.

On January 1st, 1809, the sloop Onyx, 10, Commander Charles
Gill, cruising in the North Sea, encountered the Dutch Manly,3 16,
of superior force, brought her to close action, and, after two and a
half hours' fighting in heavy weather, forced her to strike. The
Onyx lost only 3 men wounded. The Manly had 5 killed and 6
wounded.4 On the following day, off the Dutch coast, the Aimable,
32, Captain Lord George Stuart, gave chase to the French corvette
Iris, 24, Lieutenant J. J. Macquet, and captured her on the 3rd,
after twenty-four hours' pursuit. The Iris was laden with flour,
and was under orders for Martinique. She was purchased for the
Navy, and became the Rainbow, 28. B

On January 5th, the French corvette Hebe, 20, laden with flour
for San Domingo, was taken by the Loire, 38, Captain Alexander

1 James, v. 86 ; Brenton, ii. 255 ; Gazette, 1809, 146.

2 'Autob.,' i. 325, 336. The Gauloise and Julie were subsequently raised by
Cochrane.

3 Ex British ; captured in the Ems, Jan., 1806. She was restored to the service.

4 James, v. 146; De Jonge, v. 656; Nav. Chron., xxi. 78. Gill was posted
Jan. 16th, 1809, and his first Lieut, Edward William Garrett, was made a Com. on
the same day.

6 James, v. 147; Troude, iv. 61; Nav. Chron., xxi. 171.

1809.] CAPTURE OF THE "JUNON." 431

Wilmot Schornberg, in the Bay, after a slight resistance. The Hebe
was caught in the act of taking possession of a prize. She was
added to the Navy as the Ganymede, 34.1

On January 16th, the Melampus, 36, Captain Edward Hawker,
captured the French brig Colibri, 16, to the north of Barbuda.2

On December, 1808, the Topaze, 40, Captain P. N. Lahalle, with
a cargo of flour for Cayenne, had escaped from Brest, after a brush
with the Loire, 38, in which she suffered some damage. On reaching
Cayenne, she had found the port blockaded, and had steered for
Guadeloupe. Beaching that island on the night of January 21st-
22nd, 1809, she was sighted by the Hazard, 18, Commander Hugh
Cameron, Jason, 38, Captain William Maude, and Cleopatra, 32,
Captain Samuel John Brooke Pechell, and took refuge under the
guns of a battery on Pointe Noire. The Cleopatra was the first of
the British ships to get near her, and at about 4.30 P.M. on the 22nd
anchored with springs and opened fire. The Topaze had moored with
springs, and she poured in her fire as the Cleopatra approached.
Almost at once one of the Topaze's springs was shot away, and the
French frigate swung round, exposing herself to be raked. Though
unable to bring the greater part of her broadside to bear, she held
out till the Jason and Hazard came up, when she struck, with
12 killed and 14 wounded. The British loss was 2 killed and
1 wounded.3

On February 7th, the Junon, 40, Captain J. B. A. Rousseau,
after having been for some weeks blockaded in the harbour of the
Saintes, escaped to sea. She was sighted next day by the British
vessels Superieure, 14,4 Commander William Ferrie, and Asp, 16,
Commander Robert Preston. The Superieure gave chase ; but
the Asp soon dropped behind. In the afternoon of the 9th the
Superieure was still bravely pursuing, when the Latona, 38, Captain
Hugh Pigot (3), opportunely hove in sight, and joined in the chase.
On the 10th, the two vessels were some distance astern of the
Junon. At that point, two more British vessels, the Horatio, 38,
Captain George Scott (1), and Driver, 18, Commander Charles
Claridge, came into sight, steering on the opposite tack. Their
appearance compelled the Junon to turn and go before the wind,.

1 James, v. 147 ; Nav. Chron., xxi. 172 ; Troude, iv. 61.

2 Nav. Chron., xxi. 261.

3 James, v. 148 ; Nav. Chron., xxi. 318.

* But with only 4 guns (18-pr. carr.) on board.

432 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1809.

whereupon she was headed off by the Latona, and forced to double
back and meet the Horatio. She passed the Horatio on the opposite
tack, exchanging a hot tire, and then wore, and hauled up. But the
Horatio outstripped her in speed of wearing, and was able to rake
her. The Junon hauled up again on the starboard tack, and was
brought to close action by her antagonist, running on the same tack.
The Horatio's main and mizen topmasts, fore top-gallant mast, and
fore topsail tie were shot away, and her Captain was wounded. The
Junon soon drew away, with less serious injuries to her rigging but
greatly shattered in hull. The Superieure pluckily opened fire on
her, the Latona being too far away to give any help ; and the Driver
not hastening up to engage. At last the Latona got within range
and opened fire, and the Driver got near enough to attack. The
Junon s main and mizen masts fell in an attempt to tack, where-
upon the French flag was struck, after a most creditable and skilful
resistance to greatly superior force. The Junon lost 130 out of a
crew of 323 ; the British loss was 7 killed and 33 wounded.1

On February 8th, the boats of the Amp'hion, 32, Captain William
Hoste, and Redwing, 18, Commander Edward Augustus Down, cut
out an armed brig and a coaster from the Dalmatian harbour of
Melada. Three guns mounted ashore were carried off.2

On February 15th, the Belle Poule, 38, Captain James Brisbane,
attacked the French storeship Var, 26, moored under the guns of
Valona, on the Albanian coast, and cut her out with very little
trouble. The guns ashore did not open fire.3

During January and February the Proserpine, 32, Captain
Charles Otter, acted as look-out ship close inshore for the British
squadron off Toulon, and showed such boldness that the French
determined to trap her. During the night of February 27th, whilst
she was becalmed to the south of Toulon, the Penelope, 40, Captain
Bernard Dubourdieu, Pauline, 40, Captain F. G. Montfort, and
Pomone, 40, worked out to the west under Cape Sicie, hidden from
view by the deep shadow cast by the moon. They then turned
before an E.N.E. wind, and bore down upon the Proserpine. The
British cruiser saw them too late, attempted escape, and was quickly
brought to action by the Penelope and Pauline, one on each quarter.

1 James, v. 149; Troude, iv. C2; Gazette, 1809, 543; Logs of Horatio and
Superieure.

a James, v. 153 ; Nav. Ghron., xxi. 433.
3 James, v. 153 ; Nav. Chron., xxi. 432.

1809.] THE "AMETHYST" AND THE "NIEMEN." 433

Against such a superiority of force she had no chance of success,
especially as the Pomone, with the Ajax, 74, and Suffren, 74, was
coming up astern. After 40 minutes' firing, in which she inflicted
no loss whatsoever upon the enemy and had her own rigging cut
to pieces, she hauled down her flag, with 1 killed and 10 wounded.
The French vessels suffered some slight damage to their rigging.1

On March 12th, the Topaze, 36, Captain Anselm John Griffiths,
and Kingfisher, 18, Commander Ewell Tritton, chased and attacked
the French frigates Danae, 40, and Flore, 40, in the Adriatic.
In spite of their great inferiority in force, the British vessels
escaped loss or serious damage. It can only be conjectured that
the French frigates had received orders not to fight, or were upon
some important mission.2

At daylight on March 15th, the boats of the Arethusa, 38,
Captain Kobert Mends, were sent, under Lieutenant Hugh Pearson,
into the port of Lequeitio, on the northern coast of Spain, where
20 guns, mounted in the batteries, were destroyed and several
prisoners captured. On the 16th and 20th, other damage was done
in the river Andero and at Baigno and Paissance.3

In the evening of April 1st, the boats of the Mercury, 28, Cap-
tain the Hon. Henry Duncan (3), under Lieutenant Watkin Owen
Pell, rowed into the port of Rovigno under a heavy fire, and boarded
and carried the French gunboat Leda, with a loss of 5 killed and
wounded. On May 15th, a party from the same ship, under Lieu-
tenant Eobert James Gordon, destroyed seven coasters in the Italian
harbour of Rodi.4

On April 5th, the French frigate Niemen, 40, Captain J. H. J.
Dupotet, on her way from France to Mauritius with stores and food,
was sighted in the Bay by the Amethyst, 36, Captain Michael
Seymour (1), and Emerald, 36, Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland
(2), which were engaged in watching the Gironde. The British
ships gave chase ; but, as the evening of the 5th was very dark, they
lost sight of one another and of the enemy. The Amethyst, how-
ever, made a good guess at the Niemen s course and sighted her
again at about 9.40 P.M. Two hours later she was near enough to
open with her chasers ; and, at 1.15 A.M., she succeeded in bringing

1 James, v. 154 ; Troude, iv. 64 ; C. M. Oct. 30th, 1814.

2 James, v. 171.

3 Ib., v. 156 ; Nav. Ghron., xxi. 430.

4 James, v. 178 ; Nav. Ohron., xxiii. 395.

VOL. V. 2 F

434 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1809.

her starboard broadside to bear. On this the Niemen wore from
the port to the starboard tack with the wind at E.N.E. The
Amethyst imitated the manoeuvre, again closed with her adversary,
drew ahead, and passed under the Frenchman's bows, pouring in a
very effective raking fire. She then bore up, and, a second time, was
passing under the Niemen's bows, when the French ship fell on
board her and received a heavy fire from the after guns of her

REAR-ADM. SIR MICHAEL SEYMOUR (1), BART., K.C.B.

(From H. H. Cook's engraving, after the painting by J. Nortlicote, B.A., of Seymour
as a Post-Captain.)

starboard battery. Apparently neither side attempted to -board, and
the two ships soon drew clear. The action was continued broadside
to broadside. Soon after 3 P.M. the Niemen caught fire in her port
hammock-nettings, and, in quick succession, lost her mizen mast and
main topmast. The fire in her hammock-nettings was barely got
under ere another broke out in her main top. The attention of her
crew was thus distracted from the battle, and her guns were all
but silent. The Amethyst, observing this, bore up to pass under

S s

(L, F-'

1809.] CAPTURE OF THE "D'HAUTPOULT." 435

her stern and rake her ; but the British ship's main mast suddenly
fell, bringing down with it the mizen mast. At the same moment
the Niemen's main mast went by the board. The wreckage
prevented the Amethyst from answering her helm ; but the British
frigate Arethusa, 38, Captain Eobert Mends, which had steered to
the sound of the firing, opportunely came up, and received the
surrender of the enemy whom the Amethyst had so skilfully
overcome.

—

Tons. Guns." Broadside.

Men.

Killed.

Wounded.

Amethyst ....

Lbs.

1016 42 467

222

Niemen

1090? 46 563

339

An absurd French story l represents the British ship as hailing -
to say that she had struck after her two masts fell. No un-
prejudiced person can believe that, with the Arethusa within
signalling distance and fast coming up, Seymour ever dreamt of
striking to an enemy whom he had punished so severely.2

In March, Commodore A. G. Troude, with the three French
74's Courageux, Polonais, and d'Hautpoult (flagship), and the store-
ships Furieuse and Felicite, freighted with supplies for Martinique,
anchored in the harbour of the Saintes, having heard of the capture
of Martinique 3 by the British. Their appearance at that point led
the British commanders on the station to determine upon an ex-
pedition 4 for the purpose of capturing the Saintes and so driving
the enemy out. On April 14th, a body of about 2500 men was
landed on one of the islands. A height overlooking the harbour was
seized, and from it two 8-inch howitzers were directed upon the
French ships. That night the three line-of-battle ships put to
sea. Their movements, however, were seen, and immediately
signalled, by Commander Hugh Cameron of the Hazard, 18, to
the blockading squadron, which consisted of the Neptune, 98,
Captain Charles Dilkes, with Bear-Admiral Sir Alexander F. I.
Cochrane's flag, York, 74, Pompee, 74, Captain William Charles
Fahie, Polyphemus, 64, Eecruit, 18, Commander Charles Napier (2),

1 Moniteur, July 13th, 1809.

2 James, v. 157; Troude, iv. 65; Log of Arethusa; Nav. Chron., xxi. 343.
Seymour was created a Bart., May 31st, 1809 ; and his first Lieut., William Hill, was
made Com., Apr. 6th, 1809. 3 See p. 283.

* Under the naval command of Capt. Philip Beaver, of the Acasta, 40.

2 F 2

436 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1809.

and some small craft. At about 10 P.M. the Pompee and Recruit
closed with the sternmost Frenchman, the d'Hautpoult, and fired
into her, without effect. The Neptune also succeeded in getting
near enough to open fire ; but soon the French vessels drew away
from all but the Eecruit. The Eecruit during the whole night kept
on the quarter of the d'Hautpoult, the outer ship of the line abreast
which was formed by the French, and at daylight began annoying
her and her consorts. More than once by her temerity she com-
pelled the line-of-battle ships to yaw and fire broadsides at her. As
the evening of the 15th came on, the Pompee had drawn so close to
the French line that the three 74's scattered. The d'Hautpoult
steered W.N.W., and was followed by the Pompee, while the
Eecruit and Neptune chased the other two. All the 16th the
pursuit continued, and in the forenoon the Pompee was joined by
the Latona, 38, Captain Hugh Pigot (3), and Castor, 32, Captain
William Eoberts. On the 17th, early, the Castor was near enough
to the d'Hautpoult to open fire ; and she delayed the French ship
so much that the Pompee was able to come up and bring the enemy
to close action. British ships were showing on the horizon in every
direction, all standing towards the scene of action, when at 5.15 A.M.
the d'Hautpoult struck, with rigging and sails cut to pieces, masts
wounded, hull riddled, and between 80 and 90 killed or wounded.
The British loss was 10 killed and 35 wounded, mostly on board the
Pompee.1

The d'Hautpoult was purchased for the Navy and renamed
Abercrombie. For his gallantry Napier was appointed her acting
Captain.2 As for the other two French ships of the line, they
reached Cherbourg in safety. The Furieuse and Felicite put to sea
on the night of the 15th, and, in spite of a hot pursuit, reached
Guadeloupe. They escaped from Basse-Terre on the night of
June 14th, but were again hotly pursued ; and, on the 18th, the
Felicite was overtaken and captured by the Latona, 38, Captain
Hugh Pigot (3). The Furieuse got away for the time, but, on
July 5th, fell in with the British Bonne Citoyenne, 20, Commander
William Mounsey, in mid- Atlantic, and was chased. On the 6th,
the British sloop was near enough to begin close action. The
handling of the Bonne Citoyenne was clever in the extreme. With

1 James, v. 162; Nav. Chron., xxi. 437, 501; 'Life of Napier,' i. 17; Troude,
iv. 26.

3 Confirmed in post-rank, May 22nd, 1809.

1809.] THE "BONNE CITOYENNE" AND THE "FUSIEUSE." 437

her superiority of sailing she was able to steer a zig-zag course,
using each broadside in turn ; and thus she got off 129 broad-
sides to the Furieuse's 70 in a space of 7 hours. Thus, too, her
carronades were kept from overheating. Her ammunition being
exhausted by this long cannonade, she took up a position athwart
the Furieuse's hawse, and prepared to board, whereupon the French-
man struck. Both vessels were much damaged, but the injuries of
the Furieuse were far severer than those of the Bonne Citoyenne.1

—

Tons.

Guns.

Broadside.

Men.

Killed. Wounded.

Bonne Citoyenne .

Oil

Lbs.
297

127

Furieuse

1085

20»

279 '

200

60?

i Troude, 14 gnns; broadside, 245 Ibs.

Good gunnery and skilful manoeuvring evidently gave the victory.
Both ships were carried safely into Halifax. Mounsey was most
deservedly posted, as from the day of his success, for his gallantry.
His first Lieutenant, Joseph Symes, could not, however, be pro-
moted until March 13th, 1810, as he did not till then complete the
necessary two years' service as Lieutenant.

On April 23rd, the boats of the Spartan, 38, Captain Jahleel
Brenton (2), Amphion, 32, Captain William Hoste, and Mercury, 28,
Captain the Hon. Henry Duncan (3), supported by those frigates,
bombarded the town of Pesaro on the Adriatic coast, and, driving
out the French troops, destroyed the castle and carried off every
vessel which had not been scuttled by the enemy. All this was
achieved without loss. Lieutenants George Wickens Willes. Charles
George Eodney Phillott, and William Augustus Baumgardt com-
manded the various divisions of boats.2 On May 2nd, the Spartan
and Mercury's people, at Cesenatico, seized the town and captured
twelve coasters without loss.

On May 1st, the Boyalist, 18, Commander John Maxwell, fell
in with five French lugger privateers in the Channel, and captured
the largest of them, the Princesse, 16. The others escaped while
the lioyalist was taking possession of her prize.3

The boats of the Melpomene, 38, Captain Peter Parker (2), on

1 James, v. 165 ; Nov. Chron., xxii. 346 ; Troude, iv. 69, 71.

2 James, v. 169 ; Nav. Chron., xxii. 152.

3 Nav. Chron., xxi. 433.

438 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1809.

May llth destroyed a Danish 6-gun cutter which had been chased
ashore on the Jutland coast. Lieutenant George Rennie and 5 men
were severely wounded in the affair. On May 23rd, the Melpomene,
then commanded by Captain Frederick Warren, when becalmed in
the Great Belt, was attacked by 20 Danish gunboats, and suffered
very severe damage and loss, 5 men being killed and 29 wounded.
The ship was so much shattered as to be incapacitated for further
cruising, and had to return to England two or three months later.
It would appear that she must have been captured or sunk, had not
a light wind opportunely sprung up and enabled her to make sail
and bring her broadside to bear.1

On May 15th, the Tartar, 32, Captain Joseph Baker, chased a
Danish 4-gun privateer ashore on the Courland coast, sent in her
boats, under Lieutenants Thomas Sykes and Frederick Augustus
Hargood Parker, and brought off the vessel without loss.2 On
May 31st the Cruizer, 18, Commander Thomas Eichard Toker,
captured a small Danish cruiser, the Christianborg, 6, off Bornholm.

On May 17th, the Goldfinch, 10, Commander FitzOwen George
Skinner, gave chase to the French corvette Mouche, 16, in lat.
44° 6! N., long. 11° 20' W. The Mouche, though greatly superior in
force, attempted to avoid an action. She was overtaken on the
18th, but, firing high, inflicted so much injury upon the Goldfinch's
masts and sails that she was able to escape. On the 21st, she
exchanged some broadsides with the hired armed lugger Black Joke,
Lieutenant Moses Cannadey, and entered the Spanish port of
Santander, where she was captured on June 10th by the British
frigates Amelia, 38, and Statira, 38. 3

On May 20th, the boats of the Princess Caroline, 74, Captain
Charles Dudley Pater, boarded and carried off from the Vlie the
Dutch schooner Piet Hein, 1, without loss of life.4

On May 31st, the boats of the Topaze, 36, Captain Anselm
John Griffiths, under Lieutenant Charles Hammond, were sent
into Demata Bay, in the island of Santa Maura, to cut out nine
French and Italian craft which had been observed lying there.
The vessels were brought off with the loss of 1 man killed and
1 wounded.5

1 James, v. 179 ; Nav. Chron., xxi. 434.

2 Nav. Chron., xxi. 507 ; James, v. 179.
8 James, v. 169 ; Nav. Chron., xxii. 78.

* Nav. Chron., xxi. 500 ; De Jonge, v. 657.
5 James, v. 173.

1809.] INDIAMEN IN THE INDIAN OCEAN. 439

At the close of 1808, four French 40-gun frigates, the Venus,
Manche, Bellone, and Caroline, had escaped unobserved from various
ports in the French empire, and had sailed for Mauritius, with
orders to avoid all British warships, and to harass commerce. The
Caroline, Lieutenant J. B. H. Feretier, proceeded to the Bay of
Bengal, and there, on May 31st, 1809, sighted the Indiamen
Streatham, 30, John Dale, master, Europe, 30, William Gelston,
master, and Lord Keith, 12, Peter Campbell, master, of whose
force and character full particulars had been obtained from an
American skipper. The three Indiamen formed line of battle as
well as they could, but a great distance separated the two most
powerful ships, the Streatham and the Europe. The Caroline
attacked the sternmost of the three, the Europe, and, after half an
hour's sharp fighting, left her in a disabled state. The French
frigate then made sail ahead, engaged the Streatham, which had
not as yet fired a shot, and, in an hour, disabled her and compelled
her to strike. The Lord Keith remained, but the Caroline could
not secure her without sacrificing one or other of the two craft that
had been already engaged. Accordingly, after firing a few shots at
her, the Frenchman returned to the Europe, and resumed action.
The Europe at first answered the fire, but soon attempted to escape.
She was speedily overhauled and captured by the Caroline, after
that ship had placed a party on board the Streatham.1 The British
vessels were indifferently manoeuvred, and were in consequence
beaten in detail. In force, three weakly-manned, heavily-laden, and
encumbered Indiamen were, however, no match for one powerful
frigate.2

On June 13th, the Pomone, 38, Captain Eobert Barrie, captured
in the Mediterranean a new Neapolitan privateer, the Lucien
Charles, 3.3

On June 14th, a landing party from the Scout, 18, Commander
William Baitt, under Lieutenant Henry Robert Battersby, attacked
a battery about ten miles to the east of Cape Croisette, stormed
it, spiked the guns, and carried off seven vessels which had
been moored under it ; all this with the loss of only 1 killed and
5 wounded. On July 14th, following, Lieutenant Battersby headed

1 Both the Streatham and the Europe were re-taken Sept. 21st, 1809, at
Mauritius.

2 James, v. 193 ; Nav. Chron., xxiii. 97 ; xxiv. 76.

3 James, v. 173 ; Nav. Ghron., xxii. 261.

440 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1809.

an attack upon a battery at Carri, carried it without loss, killed
5 Frenchmen, and made 7 prisoners.1

On June 19th, the boats of the Bellerophon, 74, Captain Samuel
Warren (2), were despatched, under Lieutenant Eobert Pilch, into an
anchorage near Hango, on the Finland coast, to cut out three
vessels. The vessels were boarded and carried off. To secure the
retreat it was necessary to storm a battery mounting four guns, a
business which was accomplished with trivial loss.2

In June it was determined to attack the Neapolitan islands of
Ischia and Procida ; and, on the 24th, a number of transports, under
convoy of the Canopus, 80, Captain Charles Inglis (2), carrying the
flag of Bear- Admiral George Martin (2), Spartiate, 74, Warrior, 74,
Cyane, 22, Captain Thomas Staines, Espoir, 18, Commander Robert
Mitford, and numerous British and Sicilian gunboats, anchored to
the north of the islands. The Gyane, Espoir, and twelve gunboats
were presently detached to the south to blockade on that side.
Whilst on their station, on the 25th, they sighted the Neapolitan
ships Cerere, 40, Commander Giovanni Bausan,3 Fama, 30, Com-
mander Sozi Carafa, and several gunboats, coming out of Pozzuoli
Bay. They at once approached the enemy and opened fire. After
a few broadsides the enemy fell back. Ischia surrendered on the
morning of the 25th, though a fort on the south-east of the island
held out for some days longer ; Procida, in the evening. On the
morning of the 26th the Cyane, Espoir, and gunboats attacked a
flotilla of gunboats, which was coming up from the south, with such
effect that eighteen were taken and five sunk. The British loss was
small. In the afternoon the guns of a Neapolitan battery on Cape
Miseno were spiked.. Next day another battery in Pozzuoli Bay
was attacked and silenced, and its guns were spiked. That evening
the Cerere, Fama, and twenty gunboats made a fresh attempt to get
from Pozzuoli Bay to Naples, but were at once assailed by the
Cyane. Drawing ahead of the Espoir and the British gunboats,
and using her sweeps, she closed with the Cerere, and fought her
till all her powder was exhausted, when she drew off in a disabled
condition with 2 killed and 20 (including the gallant Staines and

1 James, v. 171 ; Nav. Chron., xxii. 253.

2 James, v. 180 ; Nav. Chron., xxii. 84.

s Giovanni Bausan, a Neapolitan, born, 1757 ; served in British Navy under
Rodney for three years ; co-openited with British fleet in 1794-96. Assisted French at
siege of Genoa, 1806. Was posted for his services in the Cerere, 1809. Commanded
expedition against rebels of Palermo, 1820. Died, 1821.

1809.] BOAT ACTION IN BABO SOUND. 441

Lieutenants James Hall and John Ferrier (2)) wounded. The Cerere
is said to have lowered her flag, but, on receiving a reinforcement
of men from Naples, to have hoisted it again. Her losses were
about 50 killed or wounded. The Fama gave no help to her
consort.1

In June a small British force, under Major-General Carmichael,
sailed from Jamaica to co-operate with the Spaniards in the re-
duction of San Domingo. The Polyphemus, 64, Captain William
Pryce Cumby, Aurora, 46, and eight small craft, meantime
blockaded the city on the seaward side, and the Polyphemus landed
eight of her lower-deck guns for service in the batteries. The
blockade was so effective that, on July 2nd, the French governor
opened negotiations for a capitulation, which took place on
the 6th.2

On July 7th, the boats of the Implacable, 74, Captain Thomas
Byam Martin, Bellerophon, 74, Captain Samuel Warren (2), Melpo-
mene, 38, Captain Peter Parker (2), and Prometheus, 18, Commander
Thomas Forrest, were sent into Barb' Sound on the Finland coast
to attack eight Eussian gunboats, and a number of merchantmen, at
anchor behind the fringe of islets which encircles the shore. Under
a tremendous fire the British boats approached, and, boarding
the gunboats, captured six. One other was sunk, and the eighth
escaped. Of the merchantmen, twelve were captured. This result
was not, however, achieved without terrible loss. Lieutenant
Joseph Hawkey, first of the Implacable, who was in command,
was killed with the cry on his lips, " Hurrah ! push on. England
for ever ! " Of the 270 officers and men who took part in the
affair, 17 (including Lieutenants Hawkey and James Stirling) were
killed, and 37 wounded. Though the Eussians lost over 120 men,
it may be questioned whether the sacrifice was wholly justifiable.
That it was not, was the decided opinion of Sir James Saumarez,
the Commander-in-Chief in the Baltic, who wrote that he did not
consider " the object in view to have been adequate to the risk and
danger attending so hazardous an enterprise, and to the severe loss
that must inevitably have ensued from the very strong position the
enemy appears to have taken." Elsewhere, however, Saumarez
stated that the affair had results of importance, since it stopped the

1 James, v. 173 ; Nav. Chron., xxii. 257 ; Randaccio, ' Storia delle Marine,' i. 98 ;
Corr. di Napoli, June 28th and July 1st, 1809.

2 Nav. Chron., xxii. 253.

442 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1800.

coast traffic, and compelled the Eussians to provision their garrisons
by land — a work of great difficulty.1

An enterprise of similar nature was one carried out, on July 25th,
by seventeen boats from the Princess Caroline, 74, Captain Charles
Dudley Pater (senior officer) , Minotaur, 74, Cerberus, 32, and Prome-
theus, 18, against four Eussian gunboats and a brig in the harbour of
Frederikshamn. Four of the five vessels were boarded and carried
off, after a terrible struggle, in which the British loss was 9 killed
(including Lieutenant John James Callenan), and 51 wounded,
among the latter being Commander Thomas Forrest,2 of the
Prometheus, who led the party.3

On July 7th, a squadron of ten small British craft, under
Commander William Goate, of the Mosquito, 18, proceeded into
the Elbe, presumably with the intention of co-pperating with the
German insurgents under the Duke of Brunswick, who was at
Zwickau with a guerilla force. The flotilla anchored off Cuxhaven,
and, on the 8th, landed a strong party which captured the town,
hoisted the flags of Great Britain and of Hamburg, and destroyed
the French batteries. The force then re-embarked. On the
29th, a detachment was landed from the same vessels and from the
Aimable, 32, Captain Lord George Stuart, for the purpose of
cutting off a small body of French troops which had shown itself
near Cuxhaven. The landing-party advanced as far as Geestendorf,
captured and destroyed a French battery, and returned to the
ship with a great quantity of merchandise which had been seized
and confiscated by the enemy.4 In these operations Commanders
William Goate, Eobert Pettet (Briscis), and George Edward Watts
(Ephira), greatly distinguished themselves.

On July 28th, the boats of the Excellent, 74, Captain John
West, aided by the Acorn, 18, Commander Eobert Clephane, and
Bustard, 16, Commander John Duff Markland, entered the harbour
of Duino, near Triest, with the object of cutting out a convoy that
had taken shelter there. At the same time a party of Marines
landed to hold the cliffs round the harbour. The operations were
completely successful, six gunboats and ten coasters being brought
off with a loss of but 8 wounded.5

1 James, v. 180; 'Letters of Sir T. B. Martin,' i. 126; Nav. Chron., xxii. 136;
Ross, ' Saumarez,' ii. 161.

2 Posted as from July 25tb, 1809, for this service.

3 James, v. 182 ; Nav. Chron., xxii. 249. * Nav. Chron., xxii. 84, 139.
8 James, v. 176 ; Nav. Chron., xxiii. 72.

1809.] THE "DIANA " AND THE "ZEFIfi." 443

On August 12th, the Lynx, 18, Commander John Willoughby
Marshall, and gun-brig Monkey, 14, Lieutenant Thomas Fitzgerald,
attacked three Danish luggers under Issehoved, and drove them
ashore. The British boats were then sent in, under Lieutenant
Edward Kelly, and brought them off in safety, notwithstanding
arrangements which had been made by the enemy for blowing up
one of the luggers.1

On August 14th, the Otter, 18, Commander Nisbet Josiah
Willoughby, discovered three French vessels at anchor under the
batteries of Biviere Noire, in Mauritius, and sent in her boats at
night, under Lieutenant John Burns, to cut them out. One of
the three vessels was boarded and carried ; but the alarm was given,
and the batteries opened a heavy fire. The prize was found to be
so firmly secured to the shore that she could not be brought off,
and had to be abandoned. The British boats then retired, with a
loss of 1 killed, 1 wounded.2

On August 27th, the boats of the Amphion, 32, Captain William
Hoste, landed a party of seamen and Marines on the Venetian coast.
This party, under Lieutenant Charles George Bodney Phillott,
stormed a battery defending the entrance to the river Piave at
Cortellazzo, and turned its guns upon six Italian gunboats lying in
the river. Simultaneously another boat party from the Amphion,
under Lieutenant William Slaughter, dashed up, boarded the gun-
boats, and carried them off, at the same time destroying or capturing
seven coasting vessels. The loss was only 1 man wounded.3

On the night of September 7th, the boats of the Mercury, 28,
Captain the Hon. Henry Duncan (3), under Lieutenant Watkin
Owen Pell, cut out the schooner Pugliese, 1, from the harbour of
Barletta, in Manfredonia. Though exposed to a heavy fire the
party escaped without loss.*

On September 10th, the Diana, 10, Lieutenant William Kemp-
thorne,5 discovered the Dutch brig Zefir, 14, at anchor off Amurang
in the island of Celebes, and, when night fell, sent in her boats to
cut out the enemy. The Zefir, however, had sailed for Menado,
where there was a strong fort, so was missed by the boats. Kernp-
thorne pursued, and at daylight saw her near the fort. The wind
from the sea blew so strong, unfortunately for the Dutch, that they

1 James, v. 182 ; Nav. Chron., xxii. 345. 4 James v., 178.

2 James v., 195. 6 Com., Apr. 3rd, 1811, for this service.

3 Ib., v. 177; Nav. Chron., xxii. 506.

444

MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1809.

could not anchor, and the Diana was able to draw near. Even
then the Zefir might have escaped, had not a land breeze suddenly
laid her sails aback and allowed the British brig to close. A hot
engagement began, in which the damage was all on one side, as
the Dutch failed to hit their target. After seventy minutes' fighting
the Zefir hauled down her flag. Five gunboats were coming out to
her assistance, but when they saw what had happened, and had
received a few shot, they retired.1

In September, Commodore Josias Eowley, in concert with
Lieut. -Colonel Henry S. Keating, commanding the British garrison
at Rodriguez, a small island which, being eastward of Mauritius,
had been previously occupied as a base for the British blockading
squadrons off Reunion and Mauritius, determined upon a conjoint
expedition for the capture of St. Paul, the only good harbour in the
island of Reunion. The vessels engaged were :

SHIPS.

Guns.

COMMASDEKS.

Raisonnable ....
Sirius .....
Soadicea .....
Nereide .....

Otter

Wasp (East India Co.'s Schooner) .

64
36
38
36

Commodore Josias Rowley.

Capt. Samuel Pym.

Capt. John Hatley.

Capt. Robert Corbett.

Commander Nisbet Josiah Willoughby.

— • Watkins.

A force of 368 troops was embarked. On September 21st the
Nereide disembarked the troops, and 236 seamen and Marines under
Commander Willoughby, at Pointe des Galets, five miles from
St. Paul. The men advanced rapidly, seized the causeway over
the Etang de St. Paul, captured three batteries with but trifling
resistance, and turned the guns on the shipping in the harbour,
where lay the French 40-gun frigate Caroline. Two other batteries
completely dominating the harbour were carried in quick succession,
while the British squadron in the bay stood in close, poured a heavy
fire into the Caroline, and finally anchored off the town. The
Caroline? Grappler, 16,3 and the Indiamen Streatham and Europe,

1 James, v. 183.

2 Added to the Navy as Bourbonnaise.

8 Pierced for 16, but with only 11 on board. She was probably a British privateer
prize ; as no man-of-war of the name seems to have fallen into the hands of the enemy
between 1803 and 1809.

1809.] CAPTURE OF ST. PAUL, REUNION. 445

had cut their cables when the British squadron approached, and
had, in consequence, drifted ashore. They were all got off without
injury by the seamen of the squadron, and St. Paul, with 125 guns
of all kinds, fell into the hands of the British.

The naval loss was 7 killed, 18 wounded, and 1 missing. The
place was taken by surprise from the land, in spite of strong defences
which fronted towards the sea. As the roads ran along the coast,
and troops moving by them could be attacked by the fire of the
British ships, it was difficult, if not impossible, for the French to
recover the ground which they had lost. The British force was
re-embarked, after destroying the fortifications and guns, but, on the
22nd, as French troops could be seen approaching from the hills to
the south of the town, a party of Marines and seamen was again
landed under Willoughby.1 It destroyed a government store-house,
containing silk to the value of £500,000, and re-embarked. On the
23rd, terms were arranged with the French, by which all public
property was to be surrendered, and the British were to be un-
molested in removing it. On the 28th, the British withdrew from
St. Paul, carrying with them their prizes.2

On October 17th, the Hazard, 18, Commander Hugh Cameron,
and Pelorus, 18, Commander Thomas Huskisson, sent in their
boats, under Lieutenants James Eobertson (2) and Edward Flin, to
destroy a privateer which lay secured under the guns of Sainte
Marie, Guadeloupe. She was boarded and blown up under a heavy
fire, the British losing 6 killed and 9 wounded, many of them by the
explosion.3

On October 30th, the Surveillante, 38, Captain Sir George Kalph
Collier, captured the French corvette Milan, 18, Commander Touffet,
in the Bay, with despatches for Guadeloupe.4

On November 2nd, the British sloop Victor, 18, Commander
Edward Stopford (1), was chased in the Bay of Bengal by the
French frigate Bellone, 40. The British vessel had her masts and
rigging badly damaged, and was compelled to strike, having had
2 wounded.6

In November, a conjoint expedition, in which the Chiffonne, 36,

1 Succeeded Corbett (who commissioned the Bourbonnaise) in command of the
Nereide, but not confirmed in post rank till Sept. 5th, 1810.

2 James, v. 196 ; Troude, iv. 83 ; Nav. Chron., xxiii. 251 et seq.

3 James, v. 184; Nav. Chron., xxiii. 164.
* Nav. Chron., xxii. 437.

5 James, v. 203 ; Nav. Chron., xxiv. 81.

446 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1809.

Captain John Wainwright (2), and Caroline, 36, Captain Charles
Gordon (1), took part, with several cruisers of the East India Com-
pany's service, and a body of troops, cleared out the pirate strong-
holds of Kas-el-Khyma (on the 13th), Lingeh (on the 17th), and
Laft (on the 27th), at the entrance of the Persian Gulf. The entire
British loss was 4 killed and 35 wounded, 1 mortally.1

On December 12th, the Thetis, 38, Captain George Miller,
Pultusk, 16, Commander William Elliot (2), Achates, 10, Com-
mander Thomas Pinto, Attentive, 12, Lieutenant Eobert Carr, and
armed schooner Bacchus, 16, Lieutenant Charles Deyrnan Jenny,
discovered the French corvette Nisus, 16, at anchor under a battery in
the harbour of Deshaies, Guadeloupe. The boats, under Lieutenant
Nathaniel Belchier, were sent in that night to cut her out, after
a party of seamen and Marines, under Commander Elliot, had
landed and attacked the battery from the rear. The battery was
carried, and the corvette was boarded and captured, with a loss of
5 wounded.2

On December 13th, to the east of Antigua, the Junon, 38,
Captain John Shortland, and Observateur, 16, Commander Frederick
Augustus Wetherall, sighted the Benommee, 40, and Clorinde, 40,
convoying the two flutes, Loire, 40, and Seine, 40 (then mounting
20 guns apiece only). The British vessels boldly gave chase and
closed. The strangers showed the Spanish flag, and made the correct
answer to the private signal. This led the Junon to approach within
a quarter of a mile of her antagonists, whereupon the French hoisted
their national colours, and the Renommee fired a broadside. The
Clorinde ran almost foul of the Junon' s starboard side ; the Renom-
mee closed yard-arm to yard-arm on the port side ; and the two flutes
opened a raking fire ahead and astern of the British frigate. Thus
circumstanced, and though her deck was swept by the enemy's
small-arms fire, she fought heroically for half an hour, and did not
haul down her flag till more than a quarter of her crew had been
placed hors de combat, and her gallant captain wounded no fewer
than five times. Of those wounds he died on January 21st following.
Out of 224 officers and men, she lost 20 killed and 40 wounded.
Her enemies had among them 21 killed and 18 wounded. The
Junon' s hull was in such a shattered state that, as soon as the

1 James, v. 204 ; Nav. Chron., xxiv. 73. The Chi/onne often figures in the list
uf the time as the Chiffone.

2 James, v. 185 ; Nav. Chron., xxiii. 166, 169.

1809.]

CAPTURE OF THE "LOIRE" AND "SEINE."

447

prisoners had been transferred, the frigate was set on fire by the
French.

The Observateur, seeing that her aid would be fruitless, escaped
as soon as her consort was surrounded. She made sail for Guade-
loupe, and there warned the Blonde, 38, Captain Volant Vashon
Ballard, Thetis, 38, Captain George Miller, Hazard, 18, Commander
Hugh Cameron, and Cygnet, 18, Commander Edward Dix. All these

CAPTAIN* JOHN SHORTLAND, R.N.
(From a lithograph by H. K. Cook, after the painting bij K. Field.)

vessels took post in the channel between the Saintes and Guade-
loupe, where they were joined on the 16th and 17th by the Scorpion,
18, Commander Francis Stanfell, Ringdove, 18, Commander William
Dowers, and Castor, 32, Captain William Roberts, the latter having
been chased by the Frenchmen off Desirade. The Scorpion and
Ringdove were detached to reconnoitre Basseterre. It was still
early on the 17th when the Loire and Seine were made out by the
squadron, steering down the west of Guadeloupe towards Basseterre.

448 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1809-10.

The British gave chase, and drove them into Anse la Barque, where
they anchored. A battery to the south of the Anse fired at the
squadron, but its activity induced a somewhat startling result, for
Commander Dowers instantly landed with a boat party, stormed it,
and destroyed it, without loss. The British then stood off and on
off the port, preparing to attack. There they were joined by the
Freija, 36, Captain John Hayes (1), and Sceptre, 74, Captain Samuel
James Ballard. In the afternoon of the 18th, the Blonde and Thetis
closed within 400 yards of the French ships, and attacked them,
whilst the Sceptre and Freija cannonaded the batteries, and a large
landing party attacked from the shore side. The French flutes were
speedily compelled to strike, though they afterwards took fire. At
about the same time the most important of the shore batteries was
stormed by a party under Commander Cameron. The losses of
the Blonde and Thetis were 9 killed (including Lieutenant George
Jenkins) and 22 wounded. Those of the other British vessels are
not known. The Benommee and Clorinde saw the British squadron
at a distance, and, in endeavouring to escape, ran aground off
Antigua, sustaining severe injury. This led their captains, when,
by throwing overboard many of their guns, they had lightened their
ships and got them afloat, to return to Brest, where they arrived
late in January, 1810. The British vessels, busy with the flutes, do
not seem to have paid any attention to them.1

On December 14th, the Melampus, 36, Captain Edward Hawker,
captured the French brig Bearnais, 16, off Guadeloupe. On the
19th, a French sister-ship, the Papillon, 16, was taken in the
same neighbourhood by the Bosamond, 18, Commander Benjamin
Walker.2

On January 10th, 1810, the boats of the British squadron,, then
under Captain Sir Joseph Sydney Yorke, in Basque Eoad, cut out
several French coasters from under the guns of a battery near La
Eochelle. The attack was led by Lieutenant Gardiner Henry
Guion. On the 20th, they repeated their exploit, without, on either
occasion, any loss of life. Troude notices the growing difficulty of
carrying on the coasting trade, as the British blockading squadrons
grew bolder and bolder. On February 13th, another boat affair took

1 James, v. 186.; Troude, iv. 47; Nav. Chron., xxiii. 168, 170, 346; xxiv. 12;
Moniteur, Feb. 3rd, 1810 ; C. M., Feb. 19th and 20th, 1810. The Jitnon's first Lieut.,
Samuel Bartlett Deccker, was made Com., April 17th, 1810, for his defence cf her.

2 James, v. 186.

1810.] RAVAGES OF THE PRIVATEERS. 449

place, in which three French coasters were destroyed by parties
from the same squadron.1

On January llth, the Cherokee, 10, Commander Eichard Arthur,2
dashed into the mouth of Dieppe harbour, and boarded and carried
off a privateer, the Aimable Nelly, 16, from under the guns of the
batteries.3 It may here be noticed that the French privateers
during the years 1810 and 1811 became more and more troublesome,
and that the bitterest complaints were made by merchants and ship-
owners of the inadequate protection afforded by the Navy in the
Channel. In the course of 1810, the following notice was posted up
at Lloyds : " The committee feel it their duty to make known to
the subscribers to this House that, in a communication with the
Admiralty this morning, they have been informed that the increase
of the number of French privateers fitted out and fitting from the
various ports in the Channel and North Sea is beyond precedent."
On one occasion a French privateer lay for a fortnight off the
eastern coast of England, unmolested, waiting for a prize ; on
another occasion the same vessel took no fewer than 30 sail out of a
fleet of coasters. It was complained that the excessive cost of
condemning these privateers, which were usually beggarly little
vessels, was so great as to render naval officers unwilling to touch
them. Insufficient small craft were assigned to duty in the Channel,
and they were too slow. Nor was a close enough watch kept off
the French ports from which the privateers chiefly issued. In
spite of this, a great many of the marauders were laid by the heels
by the Royal Navy. The Gazette records, for instance, the capture
of four in the Channel between January 2nd and 13th.*

On January llth, the Scorpion, 18, Commander Francis
Stanfell,6 was sent into Basseterre harbour by Captain Volant
Vashon Ballard, senior officer of the squadron off Guadeloupe, to
bring out the brig Oreste, 16. After a running fight with the
Frenchman, who was found under way, the Scorpion succeeded,
aided by the barge of the Blonde. The British loss was only
4 wounded.6 On January 17th, Captain John Hayes (1) of the
Freija, 36, learnt that three French vessels were at anchor in

1 James, v. 229 ; Troude, iv. 100 ; Nav. Chron., xxiii. 428.
a Posted, Jan. llth, 1810, for this service.

3 James, v. 221 ; Gazette, 1810, 57.

4 Nav. Chron., xxiv. 491 ; xxv. 291.

6 Posted, Mar. 19th, 1810, for this service.

8 James, v. 221 : Troude, iv. 98 ; Nav. Chron., xxv. 461.

VOL. V. 2 G

450 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1810.

Baie Mahaut, on the north coast of the same island, and at once
made her way in towards them through the reef-strewn waters of
the Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin. On the 21st, he sighted his quarry,
and, as evening came on, despatched four boats, under Lieutenant
David Hope, to cut out the enemy's vessels. The boats, in the face
of a sharp fire, boarded and captured a brig. A few men were left
in charge of the prize ; and the rest of the party pushed on, landed,
stormed, and destroyed two batteries mounting 10 guns. They
then returned to the brig ; destroyed the two other French vessels
in the bay and carried off the brig. All this was accomplished with
the loss of 2 men wounded.1

On February 3rd, the Valiant, 74, Captain John Bligh (2), was
so fortunate as to fall in with the late French frigate Canonniere 2
(fitted as a merchantman, renamed Confiance, and armed with
14 guns only), off Belle Isle. She was captured after a long chase,
with cargo on board to the value of £150,000. As showing the
ubiquity of the British cruisers, it is interesting to record that on her
voyage from Mauritius to the Bay of Biscay she had been chased no
fewer than fourteen times.3

On February 9th, just after the capture of Guadeloupe by the
British, the French frigate Nereide, 40, arrived off Basseterre.
She was at once chased by the British squadron lying there, but
succeeded in escaping with the loss of a boat which she had sent
into the port. On the 13th, however, she was again chased by the
Rainbow, 22, Captain James Wooldridge, off San Domingo : and on
the 14th, the Avon, 18, Commander Henry Tillieux Fraser, joined
in the chase. In the afternoon the Nereide turned on the Rainbow,
engaged her in close action, and reduced her sails and rigging to
a wreck. The Avon came up and was treated in much the same
manner. Leaving her two antagonists in very damaged condition,
the Nereide returned to Brest without further incident. The British
loss was 10 wounded in the Rainbow, and 2 killed and 7 wounded in
the Avon.'

On February 10th, some distance to the south-east of Bermuda,
the Thistle, 10, Lieutenant Peter Procter, chased the Dutch colonial
corvette Havik, 10, and at about 5 P.M. closed her sufficiently to

1 James, v. 222 ; Gazette, 1810, 308 (abstract only).

2 Ex British Minerve, 38, taken July 2nd, 1803. She had been originally taken
from the French in 1795.

3 James, v. 231 ; Nav. Chron., xxiii. 171.
* James, v. 226 ; Troude, iv. 98.

1810.] CUTTING-OUT AFFAIR AT CASTIGLIONE. 451

bring her to action. After the best part of two hours' fighting, in
which three of the Thistle s carronades were dismounted, the
Dutchman made all sail to escape. The Thistle pursued, but could
not a second time close her antagonist till 8.30 P.M., when the
action was renewed, and, after more than an hour's hard fighting,
the enemy was compelled to strike. The British loss was 1 killed
and 6 wounded ; the Dutch, 8 wounded.1

On February 21st, the Horatio, 38, Captain George Scott (1),
fell in with the French flute, Necessite, 26, in the Atlantic, and, after
a long chase, captured her without loss on either side.2

On April 4th, the boats of the Success, 32, Captain John
Ayscough, and Espoir, 18, Commander Robert Mitford, were
despatched to destroy three vessels which were seen loading near
Castiglione on the Calabrian coast. Though three of the boats,
which were all under Lieutenants George Rose Sartorius and
Robert Oliver, struck on a ledge of rocks and filled with water, the
men from them swam ashore under a heavy fire from two 6-prs.,
captured and spiked the guns, destroyed two of the three vessels,
and, baling out the swamped boats, returned to the ships, having
lost but 2 men drowned and 2 wounded.3

On April 6th, the cutter Sylvia, 10, Lieutenant Augustus Vere
Drury, destroyed a Malay proa, and, on the 7th, captured another
off the Java coast. On the llth, she sank a third. These vessels
made Krakatoa their headquarters, and caused a great deal of trouble
to commerce. On the 26th, she captured the Dutch brig Echo, 8,
after a short but sharp action in which she had 4 killed and
3 wounded, and the enemy 3 killed and 7 wounded. She also
captured two small Dutch transports.4

On April 12th, off the isle of Rhe, the ex-British ship Laurel, 22,
which had been captured on September 15th, 1808, and had since
been known as the Esperance, was retaken by the Unicorn, 32,
Captain Alexander Robert Kerr. She was restored to the Navy as
the Laurestinus.6

1 James, v. 225; Nav. Chron., xxiii. 515; De Jonge, v. 632. Eavik is Dutch for
Goshawk ; but the name was corrupted in the British service into Havick and so to
Havock, and, as such, it has been handed down to this day. The first Havik captured
was taken in 1796.

2 James, v. 231.

3 Ib., v. 245 ; Nav. Chron., xxiv. 255.

4 James, v. 260; Nav. Chron., xxiv. 510.
6 James, v. 231 ; Nav. Chron., xxiii. 436.

2 G 2

452 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1810.

On April 21st, the cutter Surly, 10, Lieutenant Kichard Welch,
with the gun-brigs Firm, 14, and Sharpshooter, 14, chased ashore
the French privateer Alcide, 4, in Granville Bay, sent in their boats
under a heavy fire, hove her off, and, losing only 1 killed and 1
wounded, brought her away.1

In the course of this year, beginning in April, a most important
series of operations began in the Indian Ocean. The ultimate result
of these was the capture of the last remaining French bases in those
waters — Reunion and Mauritius.2 The French ships on the station
were the Venus, Bellone, and Manche, all of 40 guns, to which must
be added the Minerve (ex Minerva), also of 40 guns, which had been
captured from the Portuguese, and the brig Entreprenante. If
James can be believed, to complete the crew of the Minerve the
French had recourse to prisoners taken from the various British
ships captured, a large number of whom were Irish Catholics. The
British squadron, which comprised the Leopard, 50, Iphigenia, 36,
Magicienne, 36, and some small craft, was unable to maintain a
strict blockade. Late in April, it was reinforced by the Nereide, 36,
Commander Nisbet Josiah Willoughby (actg. Capt.). The Nereide
proceeded to Biviere-Noire on the south coast of Mauritius, off
which was to be her cruising ground. There, on April 24th, she
discovered the French frigate Astree, 36, also newly arrived, at
anchor under the batteries ; and she opened fire on her at long range
without much effect. On the 30th, she observed a large merchant-
man at anchor under the batteries of Jacolet, and in the evening
sent in her boats, Willoughby himself taking command, to capture
the ship. In spite of the fire of two French batteries, the boat
party landed, stormed the first battery and spiked its guns, and then
drove back a detachment of French militia, capturing from them
two field pieces. Day broke and revealed to the British the second
battery beyond the river Galet, which, it could be seen, was held by
a strong body of French militia. The British seamen, however,
boldly swam the stream or forded it, carried the second battery and
drove the militia before them in ignominious flight. Returning, they
found that the garrison of the first battery had rallied. Willoughby
immediately threatened its line of retreat, whereupon it ran, leaving
him leisure to destroy the signal-station, to carry off the schooner
Estafette, and to examine the merchantman, which proved to be
American and was for that reason not touched. The British loss
1 Nav. Ohron., xxiii. 513. " See also previous Chapter, p. 293.

1810.] THE "SPARTAN" AND TEE "CEREBE." 453

was only 1 killed and 7 wounded. Of the French, three officers were
made prisoners.1

Willoughby, a few weeks later, was most severely wounded
by the bursting of a musket whilst exercising his men on Flat
Island, an islet to the north of Mauritius, which was used by
the British squadron as its base. His jaw was fractured, and his
larynx was laid bare, but happily he recovered.2 He will soon be
again met with.

Meanwhile operations were in progress on other stations.

On April 25th, the Spartan, 38, Captain Jahleel Brenton (2),
Success, 32, Captain John Ayscough, and Espoir, 18, Commander
Eobert Mitford, being to the eastward of Monte Circeo, discovered
a ship, three barks, and several feluccas at anchor under the castle
of Terracina. The boats of the squadron were therefore sent in
under Lieutenants William Augustus Baumgardt and George Rose
Sartorius, supported by the fire of the men-of-war, and, in spite of
much resistance, took, and brought off, the ship and the three barks,
with a loss of only 1 killed and 2 wounded."

On May 1st, the Spartan was cruising with the Success off
Ischia, when, late in the afternoon, two ships, a brig, and a
cutter were discovered in the Bay of Naples. These were recog-
nised as the Neapolitan Cerere, 40, Captain Eamatuelle, Fama, 30,
Captain Giuseppe de Cosa, Sparviero, 8, Commander Raffaele de
Cosa, and Achille, 8, Commander Vincent. That evening those
vessels were chased nearly within the mole. On the morning
of the 2nd, they were seen at anchor. Having stood towards
them, and satisfied himself that they would not fight the force
then at his disposal, Brenton that evening detached the Success
to a rendezvous south-west of Capri. The Neapolitans, however,
intended to fight, and had already made preparations to that
end, putting 400 Swiss troops into the Cerere and Fama, and
adding six or seven gunboats, each carrying a long 18-pr., to
the squadron. Very early on May 3rd, the Spartan stood into
the bay with a light S.E. breeze in order to attack; and soon
she found that the enemy was already standing out for the same
purpose. The Cerere, followed in line of battle by the Fama and
Sparviero, after manoeuvring in vain to get to windward, held on,
and, at 7.58 A.M., being then within pistol shot on the Spartan's

1 Jamee, v. 266 ; Gazette, 1810, 1325. 2 O'Byrne, 1303.

3 James, v. 245.

454 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1810.

port, or lee, bow, the Cerere opened fire. The Spartan waited to
reply to the best advantage, and then returned a destructive broad-
side, having treble-shotted the guns on her main deck. As the
ships were moving slowly through the water, she was subsequently
able to throw broadsides into the Fama and Sparviero in succession.
By that time the Achille and gunboats had hauled to the south-east.
Standing on to within easy range of them, the frigate hove in stays,
and, coming round, gave them the whole of her port broadside,
while she discharged her starboard one at the larger craft. These,
instead of tacking to meet the Spartan, wore, and stood towards the
Baia batteries. When, therefore, she was round on the port tack,
the Spartan kept her helm up and went after the Cerere ; but, at
about 9 A.M., the failing breeze left the British ship with the Cerere
nearly across her bows, the Fama and Sparviero on her port bow,
and the Achille and gunboats sweeping up astern. She was thus
exposed to a concentrated fire, which wounded Brenton, and caused
the command to devolve upon Lieutenant George Wickens Willes.
Soon, however, the light S.E. breeze sprang up again, and enabled
the Spartan to place herself on the starboard quarter of the Cerere
and the starboard bow of the Fama. Then, although the Sparviero,
Achille, and gunboats still annoyed her on the stern and quarters,
the Spartan quickly began to assert herself. The Cerere hauled to
windward of her consort and gained the protection of the Baia
batteries ; the Fama, after having been raked and terribly damaged,
was gallantly towed away by the gunboats ; and the Sparviero, by
a broadside from the frigate's port guns, was compelled to strike,
after the action had lasted for about two hours. In this well-fought
affair, 95 guns and about 1400 men were opposed by 46 guns and
259 men, and beaten. The Spartan lost 10 killed, including
Master's Mate William Eobson, and 22 wounded, including Brenton
and Lieutenant Willes. The total loss of the enemy in killed and
wounded seems to have been 131. 1 Brenton, who was rendered
useless for further service, was made a Baronet on December 24th,
1812. Willes was made a Commander on June 2nd, 1810. Among
the others who distinguished themselves on the occasion were
Lieutenants William Augustus Baumgardt and Henry Bourne, and
Captain George Hoste, E.E., who was a passenger, together with

1 Report of Eamatuelle in Corr. di Napoli, May 9th-12th, 1810; Nov. Chron.,
xxiv. 163; Spartan's Log; James, v. 246; Randaccio, i. 103; Brenton, ii. 345.

1810.] THE "ALCESTE" AT FBEJUS. 455

Master Henry George Slenner, and Purser James Dunn, who took
charge of some of the main-deck guns.

While cruising off Lindesnas, the southern point of Norway, the
Tribune, 36, Captain George Reynolds, chased two Danish brigs,
which hove to in the port of Mandal, at about 2.30 P.M. on
May 12th. When the frigate was firing at them, several gunboats
and two more brigs appeared from behind the rocks, and, with the
vessels first seen, began to work out towards the Tribune, which
thereupon stood in nearer to the enemy and hove to. The four
brigs, which together mounted 74 guns, tacked and formed line of
battle, and, at 4.30, the Tribune having filled and wore, a smart
action began. It continued for two hours and a quarter, at the
expiration of which time the Danes ceased firing, and crowded sail
to regain the harbour of Mandal. The frigate tacked, and made sail
in chase, but failed to get up with the enemy, whose return was
covered by several more gunboats. The Tribune suffered severely
aloft and in her hull, and had 9 killed and 13 wounded. As the
Danish guns engaged were all long or medium 18-prs., the frigate
was fortunate. The enemy's loss is unknown.1

On May 22nd, the Alceste, 38, Captain Murray Maxwell, chased
several French vessels into a fortified bay near Frejus. A battery,
having great command, stood on each side of the entrance. Maxwell
detached two parties, one under Lieutenant Andrew Wilson, and
the other under Master Henry Bell, to storm the works that night.
Wilson's party was unsuccessful, and had to retire ; Bell's, though
it carried its battery and spiked the guns, had to abandon its
conquest, as the opposite battery had not been reduced. Maxwell
then made use of a ruse. On the night of the 25th, he sent his
barge and yawl, manned and armed, under Mr. Bell and Midship-
man James Adair, to lie in a cove near the mouth of the bay ; and,
in the Alceste, he stood to sea. On the following morning, the
French, supposing the blockade to have been raised, sailed out
boldly, the result being that, in spite of resistance and the fire from
above, four feluccas were captured, two forced ashore, and the rest
driven back to harbour. On the British side there was no loss.2

During June, the Amphion, 32, Captain William Hoste, Active,
38, Captain James Alexander Gordon, and Cerberus, 32, Captain
Henry Whitby, cruised in the gulf of Triest. On the 28th, several

1 James, v. 232 ; Nav. Chron., xxiii. 515.
a James, v. 250 ; Nav. Chron., xxiv. 253.

456 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1810.

vessels, reported to be laden with naval stores for Venice, were
chased into Grado harbour ; and, in the evening, the boats of the
Ampliion and Cerberus, under Lieutenants William Slaughter,
Donat Henchy O'Brien, and James Dickinson (2), went in, and, by
daylight of the 29th, landed near the town without opposition. As
the party advanced to attack the place, above which lay the vessels
sought for, it was met by troops and peasantry, and obliged to retire
to a line of hillocks ; but, being there charged with the bayonet, it
drove off its assailants, took 40 prisoners, entered the town, and
seized the vessels, 25 in number. In the meantime a division from
the Active, under Lieutenant James Mears, had also landed ; and at
about 11 A.M., when a small detachment of French troops from
Maran attacked, the whole of that little force, of 22 men and an
officer, over and above 2 who were killed, was obliged to surrender.
Before night, fourteen of the prizes were safely carried out to the
squadron, the remainder being burnt. The British loss in these
operations was only 4 killed and 8 wounded.1 In addition to the
officers already mentioned, Lieutenants (B.M.) Thomas Moore and
Jeremiah Brattle (who was wounded) greatly distinguished them-
selves.

Early on July 3rd, off Mayotte, the outward-bound Indiamen
Ceylon, Henry Meriton (senior officer), Windham,2 John Stewart,
and Astell, Robert Hay, discovered on their starboard bow the
French men-of-war Bellone, 40, Captain Victor Guy Duperre,3
Minerve, 40, Captain Pierre Fran£ois Henri Etienne Bouvet, and
Victor, 22, Commander Nicolas Morice. As soon as the Indiamen
had satisfied themselves that the strangers were enemies, they
prepared for action, while trying at first to avoid it ; but, the
Frenchmen pressing, Meriton ultimately formed a close line of the
Windham, Ceylon, and Astell, in the order named, and awaited the
attack, which began at about 2.15 P.M. A most determined and
gallant fight was made of it, both by the crews of the ships and by
the numerous troops * in them ; and it was not until 7.20 that the
Ceylon, having had 7 killed and 21 (including Meriton) wounded,
hauled down her colours. The Windham continued the struggle

1 James, v. 251 ; Nav. Chron.. xxiv. 501.

2 Had been taken by Venus, Nov. 22nd, 1809, and retaken by Magicienne,
Dec. 29th, 1809.

3 Created Baron in 1812 ; Min. of Mar., 1834-6 and 1840-3 ; died an Admiral,
1846, aged 71.

4 About 250, in each ship, all of the 24th Regt.

1810.] CAPTURE OF REUNION. 457

for 25 minutes longer, and struck only when she had had nine guns
dismounted, and had lost 6 killed and 18 wounded. The Astell,
after losing 8 killed and 37 (including Hay) wounded, put out her
lights and escaped in the darkness. The losses on the French side
were 22 killed and 38 wounded. Seldom has a braver defence been
made by peaceable vessels against an overwhelming force of men-
of-war.1 The prizes were carried to Mauritius.

. Early in the summer of 1810, elaborate preparations began to be
made for the capture of Reunion, or, as it was then called, Bourbon.
Large numbers of British and Indian troops, together with trans-
ports, were assembled at Rodriguez ; and on June 24th, the
Boadicea, 38, Captain Josias Eowley, and Nereide, 36, Captain
Nisbet Josiah Willoughby, from off Mauritius, arrived to escort the
expedition. On July 3rd, they sailed again ; and on the Gth, made
a rendezvous, about 50 miles from Reunion, with a small squadron
which, under Captain Samuel Pym, of the Sirius, 36, had pre-
viously been cruising off Mauritius. This squadron consisted of
the Iphigenia, 36, Captain Henry Lambert (2), and Magicienne, 36,
Captain Lucius Curtis, besides the Sirius. At the rendezvous the
troops, 3650 in number, were divided, and arrangements were
perfected ; and on the 7th, the ships bore away for the different
points of disembarkation. The first brigade, under Lieut. -Colonel
Frazier, was to land at Grande Chaloupe, about six miles west of
St. Denis, the capital, and the remaining three brigades, under
Lieut.-Colonels Henry S. Keating (senior officer), Campbell, and
Drummond, were to be thrown ashore at Riviere des Pluies, about
three miles to the eastward. In the afternoon, while the enemy,
who had about 600 regulars and 2700 militia in the island, was
distracted by a demonstration off Ste. Marie, Frazier, with 950
men and some howitzers, was landed at Grande Chaloupe with-
out opposition ; and Lieutenant John Wyatt Watling, of the
Sirius, occupied a height which protected the force from molesta-
tion during the following night. At Riviere des Pluies, on the
weather side of the island, conditions were less favourable ; and,
although Willoughby, still suffering from his musket accident,
effected a landing with a few seamen and about 150 troops, the
operation was not carried out without the drowning of four people
in the surf, and the loss of several boats. Further disembarkation
at that point was therefore abandoned for the time. Willoughby,
1 James, v. 262 ; Nav. Chron., xxv. 158, 234.

458 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1810.

and Lieut. -Colonel M'Leod, who was in command of the detach-
ment of troops, occupied, and spent that night in, Fort Ste. Marie.
On the 8th, the Boadicea disembarked Keating and some troops at
Grande Chaloupe ; and the Iphigenia and transports landed some
more ; but, in the meantime, Frazier had been so active that Colonel
Ste. Susanne, the military commander, asked for a truce. At 6 P.M.,
the island capitulated, the conquest having cost the victors only
22 killed and drowned, and 79 wounded. It fell to the Sirius to take
possession of the shipping in the bay of St. Paul. On the 9th, the
privateer brig Edward, of Nantes, made sail and put to sea to
escape ; but the frigate's barge, under Lieutenant William Norman,
rowed hard after her for nearly twelve hours, and, catching her,
boarded and carried her most gallantly, having 3 men slightly
wounded. She had dispatches for France on board.1 Mr. Bobert
Townshend Farquhar,2 who had been sent out for the purpose,
assumed the post of governor of Beunion.

Immediately after the surrender of Beunion, the Sirius returned
to her station off Mauritius, where her boats, under Lieutenants
William Norman and John Wyatt Watling, destroyed a schooner
which was aground, covered by two field pieces and 300 men. In
retiring, the British lost 1 killed and 1 wounded.3

On July 22nd, three Danish gun-vessels, the Balder, 8, Thor, 8,
and another, were discovered in a deep bay near Studtland, on the
coast of Norway, by the Master of the Belvidera, 36, who had been
sent in by Captain Bichard Byron (2) to take soundings. On the
following morning Byron despatched seven boats from his ship, and
from the Nemesis, 28, Captain William Ferris, under Lieutenants
Samuel Nisbett, William Henry Bruce (2), Thomas Hodgskins, and
Marmaduke Smith, to capture or destroy the gunboats. Under a
heavy fire, but without loss, the service was accomplished, the
Balder and Thor being taken, and the remaining craft being burnt.4

At dawn on July 25th, the Thames, 32, Captain the Hon.
Granville George Waldegrave, and Pilot, ]8, Commander John
Toup Nicolas, were standing along the Calabrian coast, when, off
Amantea, there appeared the Weazel, 18, Commander Henry
Prescott, signalling the presence of an enemy's convoy, which, as

1 Nav. Chron., xxiv. 427 et seq. ; James, v. 269 ; O'Byrae, 821.

2 Bart, 1821.

3 James, v. 273.

4 James, v. 232 ; Nav. Chron., xxiv. 333.

1810.] SEIZURE OF ILE DE LA PASSE. 459

afterwards shown, consisted of thirty-two transports intended for
Murat's army at Scilla, escorted by seven gunboats, four armed
vessels, and an armed pinnace, the whole under Commander
Giovanni Caracciolo. Upon the approach of the British, the
transports ran themselves ashore under the batteries, and the other
craft drew up in line to protect their charges. As soon as he could
get within grape-shot range, Waldegrave drove the Neapolitans
from their ships, and then anchored. Without delay, the boats,
under Commander Prescott,1 and Lieutenants Thomas John James
William Davis, Edward Collier (I),2 Francis Molesworth, Francis
Charles Annesley (2), and George Penruddock, pushed off, and, in
spite of entrenchments and a heavy fire, brought away all the
vessels except two transports, two armed vessels, and one gunboat.
The British lost only 1 killed and 6 wounded.3

Events in the eastern seas may now be returned to.

Towards the end of July, in addition to the Sirius, 36, Captain
Samuel Pym, the Iphigenia, 36, Captain Henry Lambert (2), Nereide,
36, Captain Nisbet Josiah Willoughby, and Staunch, 14, Lieutenant
Benjamin Street, cruised off Mauritius. In the Nereide were 12
Madras artillerymen, 50 grenadiers of the 69th Kegt., and 50 of the
33rd Regt., the whole under Captain Todd of the 69th. These had
been put on board by Lieut.-Colonel Keating, with a view to co-
operating in a projected attack on He de la Passe, a small island
off Grand Port on the south-east side of Mauritius, which it was
intended to use as a base for political agitations as well as for military
operations in the colony. Accordingly, on August 10th, having left
Lambert, in the Iphigenia, off Port Louis, on the west coast, Pym,
with the other vessels, proceeded off Grand Port, and, that evening,
in terrible weather, tried to effect a landing on He de la Passe. The
boats, however, lost their way, or fouled one another ; and the
attempt had to be abandoned. On the following morning Pym
picked up his people, and, to lull suspicion, bore away and rejoined
Lambert off Port Louis. It was there arranged that the frigates
should return to the eastward by different routes, the Sirius going
round by the longer or northern way, and the Nereide, accompanied
by the Staunch, beating up from the south end of the island, so
that the enemy should not readily perceive that any organised

1 Posted for this service, as from July 25th, 1810.

2 Com. for this service, as from July 25th, 1810.

3 James, v. 256 ; Nav. Chron., xxiv. 505 ; Moniteur, Aug. 5th, 1810.

460 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1810.

movement was in progress. Lieutenant Henry Ducie Chads, with
two boats, was temporarily lent by the Iphigenia to the Sirius.

The Sirius reappeared before He de la Passe on August 13th,
when, however, the other craft were still far to leeward. Anxious
to effect a surprise, Pym decided not to wait for his consorts, and in
the evening sent in five boats, containing 71 officers and men under
Lieutenants William Norman, John Wyatt Watling, and Henry
Ducie Chads, together with Lieutenants (E.M.) James Cottell and
William Bate. The attack was most successful, although the
enemy opened fire before the boats had landed. Norman 1 fell, shot
through the heart as he was endeavouring to enter a battery ; but
Watling took his place, carried the work in spite of a determined
resistance, and then, crossing the islet, joined hands with Chads,
who had been similarly successful on the south-east side. There-
upon the French garrison, of about 80 regulars, surrendered, having
inflicted a loss of 7 killed and 18 wounded.

On the following morning the Nereide and Staunch arrived, and
Pym, giving charge of He de la Passe to Willoughby, sailed to
rejoin the Iphigenia off Port Louis. Willoughby garrisoned the
place with 50 of the grenadiers, under Captain Todd, and at once
began preparations for further attacks.2

On August 17th, Willoughby landed at Canaille de Bois, near
Grand Port, with about 170 seamen, Marines, and soldiers, for
the purpose of distributing among the inhabitants of Mauritius a
proclamation of Governor Farquhar, of lieunion. He moved twenty
miles into the enemy's country, and, incidentally, attacked and
carried a fort at Pointe du Diable, spiking eight guns and two
mortars, blowing up the magazines, and carrying off a 13-in. mortar.
The French made little resistance, and caused no loss to the British ;
and Willoughby returned to his frigate in the evening. On the 18th
he again landed and destroyed the signal station, etc., at Grande
Kiviere, in face of a body of seven or eight hundred Frenchmen.
Soon afterwards the Staunch left him, and proceeded to Port Louis.
On the 19th and 20th further expeditions were made on shore, the
inhabitants being tolerably friendly, and the enemy's troops not
interfering. But on the 20th the entire situation, until then
apparently so favourable for a speedy conquest of the island, was
suddenly changed. A strange squadron, which proved to be the

1 Norman was promoted before his death, hut never received his commission.

2 James, v. 273 ; Gazette, 1811, 261.

1810.] WILLOUGHBT AT GRAND PORT. 461

French Bellone, 40, Commodore V. G. Duperre, Minerve, 40, Com-
mander P. F. H. E. Bouvet, and Victor, 16, Commander N. Morice,
with the prize Indiamen Windham and Ceylon,1 was sighted in the
offing. Realising that if the three men-of-war should form a junc-
tion with the French vessels then in the harbour of Port Louis,
the British force on that part of the station would be hopelessly
overmatched, Willoughby hoisted French colours, and, by means
of a hostile signal-book which he had taken, induced the headmost
of the new comers to enter Grand Port. As they did so, he sub-
stituted British for French colours, and poured so heavy a broadside
into the Victor, the leading vessel, that she instantly struck, and
anchored on his starboard quarter. But when the Minerve, followed
by the Ceylon, entered soon afterwards, she ordered the Victor to
cut her cable; and this the corvette did, rejoining her consorts.
Both the Nereide and the fort on He de la Passe fired at the
advancing enemy ; but an accidental explosion in the fort put a
number of the men there out of action, and six of the guns were
quickly dismounted by the French broadsides. At that time some
of the British frigate's boats, containing about 160 of her officers
and men, narrowly escaped being cut off by the Minerve and
Ceylon, which were between them and their ship ; but, owing to
some inexplicable mistake on the part of the enemy, they were
suffered to rejoin without even being fired at.

When the Minerve, Ceylon, and Victor had passed in towards
Grand Port, it looked for a few moments as if the Bellone and
Windham were about to bear away for some other harbour.
Willoughby, gallantly determined that he would not retire before
the Minerve and Victor, was preparing to remove the remnant of the
troops from He de la Passe, preparatory to attacking the enemy,
when he perceived that the Bellone had left the Windham to proceed
alone to the westward, and was bearing up after her consorts. The
Nereide therefore made ready to receive her. The Bellone passed in
at 2.45 P.M., exchanging broadsides with the Nereide, and killing
2 men and wounding 1, but doing less damage than might have
been expected looking to the closeness of the range. At 4 o'clock
Willoughby sent away Lieutenant Henry Colins Deacon in the
launch, to inform Pym, off Port Louis, of the arrival of the French,
and to say that with one frigate besides the Nereide, he would go
in and attack them. As it happened, the Ntreide, which was then

1 See p. 456.

462 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1810.

to seaward of her enemies, could have herself weighed and joined
the Sirius ; but her Captain had been ordered to protect He de la
Passe, and, perhaps quixotically, he decided to do so as long as
possible. His subsequent defence of his charge was certainly one of
the most remarkable on record.

Soon after the French had taken up their anchorage off Grand
Port, Willoughby ordered his mortars on He de la Passe to try the
range, the result being that the vessels presently shifted their billets
to points somewhat further removed from the Nereide. Willoughby
also sent in a flag of truce to demand the surrender of the Victor,
on the ground that she had struck to him. He thus assumed from
the first an undaunted attitude, while, at the same time, he did all
that lay in his power, by means of works on the islet, and by rowing
guard, to defend his position pending the arrival of reinforcements.

It has been mentioned that the prize Indiaman, Windham, pro-
ceeded to the westward, instead of entering Grand Port with her
consorts. On the 21st, as she was about to make Riviere Noire, on
the south-west of Mauritius, she was sighted by the Sirius, which
chased, but failed, in consequence of the wind, in an attempt to cut
her off from the protection of the batteries. Not knowing what
she was, Lieutenant John Wyatt Watling volunteered to catch her
and board her with the launch. He went off with five seamen, and
was followed by Midshipman John Andrews, in the jolly-boat, with
four men ; yet, strange to say, neither boat took in her a single
weapon. Watling soon discovered the approximate force of his
enemy ; but, having consulted with Andrews, pushed on with extra-
ordinary pluck, and, arming the men with the stretchers, actually
boarded and carried an Indiaman mounting 26 guns, and manned
by at least 30 Frenchmen, without loss. Moreover he managed to
bring her out from under the batteries.

Captain Pym had not then received the message sent him by
the hands of Lieutenant Deacon, but, learning from his prisoners
something of the situation off Grand Port, he despatched the
Windham to Commodore Josias Rowley, who was at St. Paul's
Bay, Reunion, and sent the Magicienne, 36, Captain Lucius Curtis,
to pick up the Iphigenia, 36, Captain Henry Lambert (2), and
Staunch, 14, off Port Louis, and to proceed with them to He de la
Passe, while he himself went thither by the south of the island.
General Decaen, at Port Louis, seems to have got wind of these
movements, for, in consequence of his communications to Duperre,

1810.] PYM AND WILLOUOHBY AT GRAND PORT. 463

the latter, on the 21st, moored his ships, with springs, in the form
of a crescent off Grand Port, in a position where the ends of his
line were protected by reefs.

The Sirius met the launch containing Lieutenant Deacon, and,
on the morning of the 22nd, arrived off He de la Passe, and
exchanged numbers with the Nereide, Willoughby characteristically
signalling, " Eeady for action. Enemy of inferior force." Pym,
with as little delay as possible, led in to the attack, the Nereide
falling into station behind him ; but, having no competent pilot on
board, the Sirius unhappily piled up on a shoal on the left hand of
the channel. Willoughby brought up, and went on board his
consort to assist in floating her ; yet this could not be effected until
8.30 A.M. on August 23rd, when the Sirius anchored near the
Nereide. An hour and a half later, the Iphigenid and Magicienne
were seen, and at 2.10 P.M. they also anchored in the channel.

At 4.40, all four frigates weighed, and stood for Grand Port, it
being arranged that the Nereide l should anchor between the Victor,
the rearmost ship, and the Bellone ; the Sirius,2 abreast of the
Bellone ; the Magicienne,1 between the Ceylon and the Minerve ;
and the Iphigenia 2 upon the broadside of the Minerve. The order
of approach was, Nereide, Sirius, Magicienne, and Iphigenia. The
Nereide passed in safely ; but, unfortunately, the Sirius ran upon
a coral rock before she got within range, and the Magicienne
grounded on a bank in such a position that only three of her fore-
most guns would bear on the enemy, then distant about two cables.
The Iphigenia promptly dropped her stream anchor and came to by
the stern, then letting go her best bower under foot, and so bringing
her starboard broadside to bear upon the Minerve, and at once
pouring a heavy fire into that frigate at pistol shot distance. At
the same time, Willoughby, seeing that the original plan of attack
had failed, placed his frigate abeam of the Bellone, and not a cable's
length from her, and opened a furious cannonade upon his very
superior antagonist. At 6.15 P.M., the Ceylon, thanks to the effect
of the bow guns of the Magicienne and the quarter guns of the
Iphigenia, was obliged to haul down her colours, though immediately
afterwards she made sail in order to run ashore. A quarter of an
hour later the Minerve, having her cable shot away, made sail after
the Ceylon; and one or other of those ships, presently fouling the
Bellone, compelled her also to cut and run aground, where, however,
1 Carrying 12-prs. 3 Carrying 18-prs.

464 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1810.

she lay so that her broadside still bore upon the Nereide. The
Iphigenia would have followed up the Minerve, had not an inter-
vening shoal prevented her from doing so.

Shortly before 7 P.M. the Nereides spring was shot away, and the
frigate swung stern on to the Bellone's broadside, and was severely
raked. To save herself, and to bring her starboard broadside to
bear, she cut her small bower cable, and let go her best bower. The
fire of the Minerve being then masked by that of the Bellone, and
Duperre being wounded, Bouvet moved into the Bellone and took
command. The following, from the Nereide 's log, continues the
story : —

"... Captain Willoughby severely wounded on the head. At 10, most of the
quarter-deck and forecastle guns being dismounted, most of the guns disabled on the
main deck, the squadron on shore and unable to render us any assistance, hulled from
shipping and batteries,- Nereide aground astern, Captain Willoughby ordered a boat to
be sent to inform Captain Pym of our situation. At 10.30 the boat returned with
orders for Captain Willoughby to repair on board the Sirius, which he declined doing.
A boat was then ordered to the Bellone, to say we had struck, being entirely silenced,
and a dreadful carnage on board. An officer came from the Iphigenia to know why
we had ceased firing. At midnight, moderate rain, wind S.E. At 12.30 A.M.1 the
main mast went by the board. At 1.30 several ropes on fire, which were luckily
extinguished. Hoisted French colours in the fore rigging, the batteries and the
Bellone still firing into us, although we hailed the latter to say we had struck.
Perceiving the Union Jack, which had been nailed to the mizen mast-head, still flying,
and no rigging or ropes to go aloft by, cut away the mizen mast, on which the enemy
ceased firing. About 2 P.M., the Bellone's boat boarded, spiked the guns, and took
possession of the keys of the magazine. At 5 we observed the Magicienne's quit her,
she being on fire. At 11.30 she blew up. Iphigenia warping out. At 2 2 two French
officers came on board, and committed the bodies of the slain to the deep. The
Iphigenia trying to get the Sirius off. At 9, observed the boats to quit the Sirius,
she being on fire. At 10 the boats came from the Bellone to land the prisoners. Wet
the decks by order from the French officers, who were fearful the explosion from the
Sirius should set fire to the Nereide, she being to leeward, and the wind strong."

When she began the action, the Nereide had on board 281 souls,
including 69 men of the 33rd and 69th Begiments, and of the
Madras Artillery. Of these she appears to have had 92 killed, in-
cluding Lieutenant John Burns, and Midshipman George Timmins,
and about 137 wounded, including Willoughby, who had his left
eye torn out, Lieutenant Henry Colins Deacon, Lieutenant (R.M.)
Thomas S. Cox, Master William Lesby, Boatswain John Strong,
and Midshipman Samuel Costerton. In all, the whole of the ship's
company, except 52 persons, was placed liors de combat. The
Iphigenia lost 5 killed, and 13, including Lieutenant Bobert Tom

1 On Aug. 24th. * A.M. of Aug. 25th.

1810.] CAPTURE OF LAMBERT AND WILLOUQHBY. 465

Blackler, wounded. The Magicienne lost 8 killed and 20 wounded.
The Sir ins, being nearly out of range, sustained neither loss nor
damage ; but both she and the Magicienne had to be destroyed by
their people to save them from capture. The loss in the French
ships was officially stated at 37 killed and 112 wounded, the Bellone
being the chief sufferer.

The Sirius blew up at 11 A.M. Her people, and some of her
stores, as well as those of the Magicienne, had been removed to the
Iphigenia, which, during the afternoon of the 25th, continued to
warp out, but made little progress. In the evening, Pym sent off
Lieutenant Watling, in the pinnace, with dispatches for the Com-
mander-in-Chief. Watling was chased by the Entreprenante, 14,
which had that morning arrived off He de la Passe ; but he escaped
by pulling among the breakers, and, early on the 27th, reached
St. Denis, Reunion.

Continuously warping, the Iphigenia, on the 27th, reached a
position under He de la Passe, cleared for action, and sent to the
guns on the islet as many men as left her with between 400 and 500
people on board. Lambert desired to do his best to maintain the
position, but, unfortunately, he was short of ammunition. More-
over, new forces were gathering against him.

All the ships in Grand Port were by that time afloat, and, in
addition, three fresh ships, with which the Entreprenante exchanged
signals, were discovered outside. These were the 40-gun frigates
Vetms, Astree, and Manche, which, under Commodore Hamelin, had
quitted Port Louis, then no longer blockaded, on the night of the
21st-22nd, but which had been delayed by adverse winds. At
5 P.M. on the 27th, Hamelin summoned Lambert to surrender.
Lambert refused, but offered to surrender He de la Passe if his ship
and people were allowed to retire to a British port. That night he
sent Master John Jenkins, late of the Sirius, in the launch, to
Reunion. On the following day, having been promised that the
ship's crew, and the garrison of the islet, should be sent to the
Cape or to England, not to serve again until regularly exchanged,
Lambert wisely surrendered to the fivefold superior force arrayed
against him.

There was some question of trying the gallant Willoughby for

having distributed subversive proclamations on the island ; but his

bravery, and his terribly injured condition, decided his late foes not

to proceed against him. The other prisoners were not well treated,

VOL. v. 2 H

466 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1810.

nor were any of them, in accordance with the stipulations of
August 28th, ever sent to the Cape or England. They were still in
Mauritius at the time of its capture in the following December.1
The four Captains, and their officers and men, were soon afterwards
tried for the loss of their ships, and were most honourably acquitted.
In Willoughby's case, the sentence ran :—

" The court is of opinion that the conduct of Captain Willoughby was injudicious
in making the signal, ' Enemy of inferior force,' to the Sirius, she being the only ship
in sight, and not justifiable, as the enemy evidently was superior. But the court is of
opinion that his Majesty's late ship Nereide was carried into battle in a most judicious,
officer-like, and gallant manner; and the court cannot do otherwise than express its
high admiration of the noble conduct of the Captain, officers, and ship's company
during the whole of the unequal contest, and is further of opinion that the Nereide was
not surrendered to the enemy until she was disabled in every respect, so as to render
all further resistance useless : and that no blame whatever attaches to them for the loss
of the said ship." 2

It has been said that Captain Pym despatched the Windham to
Commodore Josias Eowley, with news of the state of affairs at
Grand Port. The Windham reached St. Paul's Bay, Beunion, on
August 22nd. The Commodore's ship, Boadicea, 38, at once took
on board two companies of the 86th Eegiment, and a detachment of
artillery, and sailed the same evening, leaving the transport Bombay
to follow as soon as possible with more troops, and with stores for
He de la Passe. The Boadicea made slow progress. On the 27th,
however, she learnt more of what had been going forward off Grand
Port, for on that day she picked up the Magicienne's barge, which,
under Lieutenant Eobert Wauchope, had been detached with letters
by Captain Lambert on the previous day. When, on the 29th, she
made He de la Passe, she found there the Venus and Manche, which
chased her back to St. Denis, Keunion, and, on September 1st,
joined their consorts, the Astree and Entreprenante, in the harbour
of Port Louis. The Boadicea subsequently returned to He de la
Passe, but, seeing that, single handed, she could effect nothing,
went to St. Paul's Bay, and re-anchored there on September llth.

Desiring to take full advantage of their success at Grand Port,
the French formed a squadron, under Captain Bouvet, composed
of the Iphigenie (late Iphigenia), Astree, and Entreprenante, to

1 See p. 294.

* James, v. 273-296 ; Brenton, ii. 363 ; Dupin, ii. 85 ; Disp. of Duperre ; Nav.
Chron., xxv. 72-74, 158-160; Marshall, ii. 718; Supp. Ft. ii. 154-182; Mins.
of C. Ms.

1810.] LOSS OF THE "AFR1CA1NE." 467

be subsequently joined by the Victor. The three first of these, on
September 9th, began a cruise off Reunion.

On that same day, the Africaine, 38, Captain Robert Corbett, on
her way from England to Madras, touched at Eodriguez, and heard
of the misfortunes in Mauritius. Corbett, therefore, changed his
route, and steered to join Rowley at Reunion. On the way thither,
on the llth, he sighted and drove ashore near Cape Malheureux,
Mauritius, the French dispatch vessel No. 23. In an attempt to
destroy her, the British unhappily lost 2 killed and 16 wounded, and
had to retire.

Corbett made St. Denis, Reunion, early on the 12th, and found
in the offing the Iphigenie and Astree. These were presently chased
by the Boadicea, 38, the Otter, 16, Commander James Tomkinson,
and the Staunch, 14, Lieutenant Benjamin Street, which had left
St. Paul's Bay for the purpose, and which were at once recognised
by the Africaine. Corbett hastily took on board a few men of the
86th Regiment, and made sail to support his friends ; but towards
evening, while rapidly gaining on the chase, he lost sight of his
consorts. During the night, however, he sent up rockets and burnt
blue lights to indicate his position ; and, in the early morning of the
13th, when he found himself close on the weather quarter of the
Astree, the Boadicea was only four or five miles on his own lee
quarter. As the enemy was nearing the shelter of Port Louis,
Corbett pluckily attacked, without waiting for the Commodore to
come up. He opened fire at 2.20 A.M., and, within a few seconds,
was seriously wounded, the command devolving on Lieutenant
Joseph Crew Tullidge, who fought the ship bravely until a few
minutes before 5 A.M., when, having suffered terribly, and the
Boadicea being still far off, the Africaine struck to her two oppo-
nents. Of 295 people on board, she had 49 killed, including Master
Samuel Parker, and 114 wounded, including Corbett (mortally),
Lieutenants Tullidge1 and Robert Forder, Master's Mates John
Theed and Jenkin Jones, and Midshipmen Charles Mercier and
Robert Leech. The French lost 9 killed and 33 wounded in the
Iphigenie, and 1 killed and 2 wounded in the Astree. The Africaine
was an utter wreck aloft.2 There is, unfortunately, much reason to
suppose that Captain Corbett's reputation for extreme severity had

1 Com., Aug. 1st, 1811.

2 James, v. 296-304 ; O'Byrne, 1211 ; Gazette, 1811, 263 ; Mins. of C. M.,
Apr. 23rd, 1811.

2 n 2

468 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1810.

antagonised his crew, and that the men did not behave as loyally as
they should have behaved.1 Brenton unwarrantably suggests that
this gallant but harsh officer committed suicide, rather than become
a prisoner.2

Not long after the Africaine had struck, the Boadicea began to
feel a strengthening breeze, and, coming up, passed within musket-
shot of the enemy ; but, instead of at once engaging, she tacked, and
stood to windward to look for the Otter and Staunch. At 10 A.M.
she was joined by them, and at 12.40 the three British vessels bore
up with a fine breeze from S.S.E. As they approached the enemy,
the Astree and Iphigenie abandoned their prize and made sail to
windward; and at 5 P.M., the Africaine, after having fired a couple
of guns, hauled down her French colours, and was taken possession
of. On September 15th, never having lost sight of the enemy for
more than a few hours at a time, Eowley's squadron anchored in
St. Paul's Bay, and, later in the day, the Commodore, with the
Otter and Staunch, put to sea again to look for the French ; but,
though he saw them, no engagement resulted, and Rowley returned
to St. Paul's Bay on the 18th at 5 A.M. In the interval, the Astree
and Iphigenie captured the East India Company's armed brig
Aurora, 16. On September 22nd, they anchored with her at
Port Louis. Seeing that the Boadicea was, so far as her Captain
knew, the only British frigate on the station, and that, besides the
Astree and Iphigenie, the French had the Venus and Manche in the
immediate neighbourhood, Rowley's recapture of the Africaine
must be regarded as a very creditable exploit.3

A few days earlier, the Ceylon, 32, Captain Charles Gordon (1),
had been despatched from Madras to join Rowley. Looking in at
Port Louis on September 17th, she saw what appeared to be a
considerable French force in the harbour, and, bearing up, made all
sail for Reunion. Commodore Hamelin, with the Venus and Victor,
promptly put to sea in chase of her. The Ceylon descried her
enemies at 2 P.M., and, at a few minutes past midnight, observing
that the Venus was far ahead of her consort, shortened sail to begin
action. Nominally a 32-gun frigate, she actually carried twenty-
four long 18-prs., two long 9-prs., and fourteen 24-pr. carronades,
or forty guns in all, while the Venus mounted twenty-eight long
18-prs., four long 8-prs., and twelve 36-pr. carronades, or forty-four

1 See note in Brenton. ii. 370. 2 James, v. 307.

3 Log of Boadicea ; James, 304.

1810.] CAPTURE OF THE "VENUS." 469

guns in all, so that the broadside weight of metal of the British ship
was only 343 Ibs. against the Venus's 484 Ibs. Moreover, the Ceylon
had on board but about 295 people, including 100 men of the 69th
and 86th Eegiments, and the Frenchman probably nearly her full
complement of 380. In spite of the disparity of force, Gordon
maintained a hot fight for an hour, at the expiration of which time
the Venus dropped astern, and gave him an opportunity of repairing
damages, and of endeavouring to escape, ere the Victor should get
up. But at 12.15 A.M., the Venus again overtook him, and the
battle was renewed, until both frigates became unmanageable. At
4.30 the Victor arrived, and, placing herself athwart the Ceylon's
bows, prepared to rake her, whereupon Gordon struck. At 5.10 his
ship was taken possession of. She had lost 10 killed, and 31,
including Gordon himself, and Master William Oliver, wounded.
The losses of the Venus cannot be specified, but were no doubt
severe. Had the Ceylon realised in time that the Victor,1 though a
three-masted vessel of imposing appearance, was only a mere shell
of a craft, less formidable than the ordinary 18-gun brig, she might
have sunk her with a broadside, and, perhaps, have kept her flag
flying for a few hours, when, as will be seen, she would have been
relieved.2

At 7.30 A.M. on the 18th, Rowley, who was then at anchor in
St. Paul's Bay, saw the French ships and their prize at a distance
of about nine miles from the shore. The Boadicea, reinforced with
50 volunteers from the Africaine, at once got under way with the
Otter and Staunch, and made sail in chase. The Victor took the
Ceylon in tow, and the three endeavoured to make the best of their
way to Mauritius ; but they were delayed, first by the tow-rope
breaking, and then by the disproportion in size between the Ceylon
and the Victor. At 3.30 P.M., therefore, the prize was cast off, the
Venus lay by to protect her, and the Victor, in accordance with
orders, stood away to the eastward. Scarcely was the corvette out
of range ere the Ceylon rehoisted her colours, Lieutenant Philip
Gibbon having temporarily taken command of her, in the absence
of his seniors, who had been removed to the Venus. At 4.40 P.M.
the Boadicea ran alongside the Venus, and, in ten minutes, obliged
her to strike, with a loss of 9 killed and 15 wounded. The Boadicea

1 Ex Jena, taken from the French in 1808 ; renamed Victor, and retaken by the
French in 1809. Morice reduced her armament to 16 guns.

2 James, v. 307 ; Qaze.tte, 1811, 264 ; Monileur, Dec. 18th, 1810 ; Log of Ceylon.

470 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1810.

had only 2 wounded. Eowley then put back to St. Paul's Bay.
The Venus was a fine frigate of 1105 tons, and, to commemorate
Willoughby's splendid defence at Grand Port, she was added to the
Navy as the NMide,1

On August 29th, off Alderney, the hired armed cutter Queen
Charlotte, of eight 4-prs., 27 men, and 76 tons, commanded by
Master Joseph Thomas, while on her way to the blockading
squadron off Cherbourg, fell in with a cutter of sixteen 6-prs., 120
men, and 200 tons, under British colours, but of so suspicious
appearance that Thomas, as the two neared one another, made all
suitable preparations. As soon as the stranger changed her colours
to French, she received a broadside, and from 3.30 to 5 P.M. there
followed a close action, which was ended by the Frenchman hauling
off. The Queen Charlotte, which was too disabled to pursue, had
15 of her people wounded, one mortally. Her antagonist was the
ex-British revenue cutter Swan. Thomas's action was most gallant
throughout.2

On September 5th, the Surveillante, 38, Captain Sir George
Ralph Collier, and Constant, 14, Lieutenant John Stokes, drove
back part of a convoy which was attempting to escape from the
Morbihan. A brig of the convoy took refuge between the batteries
of St. Gildas and St. Jacques ; but, covered by the fire of the
Constant, the boats of the Surveillante, under Lieutenant the Hon.
James Arbuthnot, and Master's Mate John Illingworth, pushed in,
and brought out the vessel without loss. On the night of the 6th-
7th, two of the frigate's boats, under Illingworth, accompanied by
Midshipmen John Kingdom and Hector Rose, seized a battery and
guardhouse at the mouth of the Crache, spiked a gun, blew up the
works, and returned under fire without casualty.3

An unfortunate affair happened near Ushant on September 9th.
It had been reported to Rear-Admiral Thomas Sotheby, who was
cruising off the coast in the Dreadnought, 98, Captain Valentine
Collard, that a vessel was among the rocks on the west side of the
promontory. Early in the morning, seven boats, under Lieutenant
Thomas Pettman, were sent in to bring her out. They were
received with a heavy fire from troops and a couple of field-pieces
on the beach ; but they boarded and carried the craft, which proved

1 James, v. 310; Nav. Chron., xxv., 162; Mins. of C. M.

2 James, v. 233 ; Nav. Chron., xxiv. 332.

3 Nav. Chron., xxiv. 417, 418; James, v. 234.

1810.] HOSTE AND DUBOURDIEU. 471

to be the Spanish merchantman Maria Antonia, prize to a French
privateer. Just then, about 600 troops, on a precipice almost imme-
diately above the boats, began to pour in volleys of musketry, to
which no adequate return could be made. In consequence, the
attacking party had to retire, with a loss of two boats, and 6 killed,
31 wounded, and 6 missing.1

On the night of September 27th, three French brigs lay under a
strong battery on Pointe du Che, in Basque Eoad. They were
further protected by four field-pieces on the beach, and by a con-
siderable force of cavalry and infantry. It was determined to attack
them, and, with that object, the boats of the Caledonia, 120, flagship
of Eear-Admiral Sir Harry Burrard Neale, Bart., Valiant, 74, Captain
Eobert Dudley Oliver, and Armide, 38, Captain Bichard Calling
Dunn, were sent in under Lieutenant Arthur Philip Hamilton.2 In
the small hours of the 28th, a body of Boyal Marines, under Captains
Thomas Sherman and Archibald M'Lachlan, B.M., Lieutenants
John Coulter and John Couche, B.M., and Lieutenant Bobert John
Little, B.M.A., was landed by the boats. The battery was quickly
carried ; the guns were spiked ; the French troops were charged and
deprived of one of their field-pieces ; and, in the meantime, the
seamen took two of the brigs and destroyed the third. The entire
force was then withdrawn, with a loss of but two (including Lieu-
tenant Little) wounded. The French had 14 killed in the battery
alone.3

On the night of September 28th, Commander Bobert Hall (2), of
the Eambler, 14, with 30 men from his own sloop and from other
craft stationed at Gibraltar, pulled into the mouth of the river
Barbate, westward of Cape Trafalgar, and, landing, found a French
privateer at anchor, protected on shore by her crew, 30 French
dragoons, and a couple of 6-prs. This party was driven off, losing
7 men and 7 horses, and the British then swam to the privateer and
carried her, losing but 1 killed and 1 wounded in the whole opera-
tion. Among the officers engaged were Lieutenant James Seagrove
(actg.),4 and Lieutenant (B.M.) William Halsted.6

In the autumn of 1810, the Franco- Venetian force in the Adriatic
consisted of the Favorite, 44, Commodore> Bernard Dubourdieu,
Captain A. F. Z. La Marre La Meillerie, Uranie, 40, Captain F. J.

1 James, v. 236. * Confirmed Oct. 29th, 1810.

2 Com., Oct. 21st, 1810. " James, v. 258.

3 James, v. 235 ; Nav. Ghron., xxiv. 422.

472 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1810.

B. Margolle Lanier, Corona, 44, Captain Nicola Pasqualigo, BMona,
32, Captain Duodo, Carolina, 32, Captain Baratovich, and the brigs
Jena and Mercurio. The duty of watching these lay with Captain
William Hoste, of the Amphion, 32, who still had with him the
Active, 38, and Cerberus, 32. On September 29th, the enemy's
squadron left Chioggia, and on October 6th it was found in the act
of weighing, off Ancona, by Hoste, who then had with him only the
Amphion and Active. Dubourdieu made sail in chase, but soon
returned to Ancona. Hoste then went to Lissa, where, on the 9th,
he found the Cerberus ; and, on the 12th, having been joined by the
Acorn, 18, Commander Eobert Clephane, he set sail for Ancona in
search of Dubourdieu. Not finding him there, Hoste, who believed
that he had gone to Corfu, went in chase ; but, having reached
Cattaro, and getting no tidings there, the British captain headed
again for Lissa. Dubourdieu had, in fact, proceeded directly thither,
and had arrived off Port St. Giorgio on October 22nd, when the
British were passing Pelagoso, steering S.E. The enemy, who had
troops on board, disembarked them, and took possession of the port
and some prizes, a British Midshipman, who was in charge, with-
drawing to the mountains ; and, upon learning in the evening that
Hoste had been seen off Pelagoso, they precipitately put to sea again
as soon as they had re-embarked the troops. When, in consequence,
Hoste did reach Lissa, Dubourdieu was once more entering Ancona,
whence he did not issue during the remainder of the year. Captain
Richard Hussey Moubray had arrived in the Montagu, 74, to take
command in the Adriatic, and the French Commodore was thus
provided with an excellent excuse for not showing himself at sea.1
It will be seen that, in 1811, he had an opportunity of proving
whether, as he wrote to Murat in October, 1810, his crews etaient
dans les meilleures dispositions, et fort desireux de se battre. It is
curious that, had Hoste reached Lissa while Dubourdieu was still
busy there, the conditions of the resulting action would have been
almost exactly similar to those of the Austro-Italian battle which
was fought off the island in 1866.

On October 14th, in the North Sea, the Briseis, 10, Lieutenant
George Bentham2 (actg. Commander), chased the Franco-Dutch
privateer Sans Souci, 14, and, bringing her to action, fought her at
close quarters for an hour, the enemy making three ineffectual

1 James, v. 253 ; Eandaccio, i. 170.

2 Com., Oct. 14th, 1810, for this service.

•

.', It. Oi> :
s was but 3 wounded. The .

:>t on Octob.

Kichar.i- : ;

b alf-an-hc n , uck , wi t '

.•iace on

4*k Stevvai;

Cape Sicio,
boats, 01
under I.

were then s< -h mounted four

a °rew . ; i. deadly tin.:,

T)a,\ t 'men, and (hers; i

remaiui' .iarshall

on boan:

wounded. ] . anded. Mr.

afterwards « ; ,;r Of ti

Bic

obtain ;i , ;braary 14th .

A most
;od on t

lies Sibthoi had obsen .

schooner Jeune Lor ',or in the

Stephen Pophani volunt. • i an attack 01

three boats, undi nant Eichar '> •

to John ^I'l .'), pulled in &%•*

When within pistol-shot of their quarry,
sand-bank, and received three broadsides i-

3 James, v
* James, v.

•

•t the

•!i it was found in the aat
• on had with him on!

T! joined by the
•t sail for Ancoiia in
: ere , ste, who bei

hed

e British captain headed

ceded directly thither,

'd, when the

'. The enemy, who had

iok possession of the port

in the evening that
precipitately put to sea again

When, in couspyuc
'ice more entering Ancona,
ptain

i/frnft'iyu, 74, to i.
i 'ommodore was thus

'•Xi-filvtit excus< if at sea.1

! proving
^10, his cre^

It is

.<• ;.*•.>,- >.vf Hoste reached I.^issa while Dubourdieu was still
. i lions of the resu lion would have

ir to those of the Anstro-Itulian battle which

, 10, Lieutenant

<l the Franco-Dutch

action, fought her at

£*.«• «? hour, the 'aakiiiLT three ineffectual

1810.] CUTTINQ-OUT OF THE "CESAR." 473

attempts to board. When the Sans Souci struck, she had 8 killed
and 19 wounded. The British loss was 4 killed, including Master's
Mate Alexander Gunn, and 11 wounded.1 A very similar affair
occurred, also in the North Sea, on October 25th, when the Calliope,
10, Commander John M'Kerlie, chased, fought, and subdued the
privateer schooner Comtesse d'Hambourg, 14. OQ that occasion,
however, the British loss was but 3 wounded. The enemy's loss is
unspecified.2

Another privateer action was fought on October 27th, at the
mouth of the Channel, between the Orestes, 16, Commander John
Bichards La Penotiere, and the French brig Loup Garou, 16. After
half-an-hour's close fighting the latter struck, with 4 men wounded.
No one in the Orestes was hurt.3

A gallant but somewhat costly affair took place on November
4th. The Blossom, 18, Commander William Stewart, cruising off
Cape Sicie, chased the privateer xebec Cesar, until becalmed. Two
boats, one under Master's Mate Richard Hambly, and the other
under Lieutenant Samuel Davis and Midshipman John Marshall (4),
were then sent after the enemy, which mounted four guns, and had
a crew of 59 men. The Cesar opened a deadly fire, which killed
Davis and three men, and wounded five others ; but, with the
remaining 26 seamen and Marines, young Marshall pluckily leapt
on board and carried the privateer, losing, however, 5 more men
wounded. The enemy had 4 killed and 9 wounded. Mr. Marshall,
afterwards well known as the compiler of the ' Boyal Naval
Biography,' richly deserved promotion for this affair, but did not
obtain a Lieutenant's commission until February 14th, 1815.*

A most successful and gallant cutting-out exploit was accom-
plished on the night of November 8th. The Quebec, 32, Captain
Charles Sibthorp John Hawtayne, had observed the privateer
schooner Jeune Louise, 14, at anchor in the Vlie. Lieutenant
Stephen Popham volunteered to lead an attack on her, and, with
three boats, under himself, Lieutenant Bichard Augustus Yates, and
Master's Mate John M'Donald (2), pulled in against a strong tide.
When within pistol-shot of their quarry, the boats grounded on a
sand-bank, and received three broadsides from the enemy ; but

1 James, v. 236 ; Nav. Chron., xxiv. 424.

2 James, v. 237 ; Nav. Chron., xxiv. 430.

3 James, v. 237 ; Nav. Chron., xxiv. 431.

4 James, v. 258.

474 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1810.

Popham extricated his party, and boarded and carried the privateer,
Yates killing her commander. The British lost 1 killed, 1 wounded,
and 1 drowned, and had a boat destroyed. The French had only
2 killed and 1 wounded. Great skill was shown by Popham in
bringing out the prize from the sands and shoals.1

On the night of November 12th, the two 40-gun frigates Amazone
and Eliza left Le Havre with a N.E. wind, steering N.W., with the
object of joining the French squadron in Cherbourg, which, since the
summer of 1809, had been blockaded with some closeness. Af about
12.30 A.M. on the 13th, when the wind had shifted to N. by E., the
frigates were sighted by the British 38-gun ships Diana, Captain
Charles Grant, and Niobe, Captain John Wentworth Loring, which
were to leeward, and inshore. At 4 A.M., the French, in order to
weather the land, tacked off shore. The Diana followed, and ex-
changed broadsides with them, while the Niobe endeavoured to head
them off; but the enemy, probably well acquainted with the local
navigation, bore up, and managed to anchor between Marcouf and
the mainland, under the protection of the works on shore. In the
forenoon they shifted their berths to the road of La Hougue, where
they re-anchored beneath a strong battery. On the following day,
Captain Grant sent the Niobe with news of the situation to Captain
Pulteney Malcolm, of the Donegal, 74, who was senior officer off
Cherbourg. In the meantime, the Eliza, having been partially
disabled by a southerly gale, the Diana, first in the road of La
Hougue, and afterwards within the shoals of St. Vaast, whither the
Frenchman had removed, made three separate attempts, but in vain,
to get near enough to the Amazone to cause her serious damage.
When, before noon on the 15th, the Donegal and Niobe, with the
Revenge, 74, Captain the Hon. Charles Paget, arrived on the scene,
the four ships stood in and renewed the attack ; but after going
about three times, each time delivering a broadside, they had to
desist, and retire out of range of the frigate and batteries. The
British vessels all suffered considerably aloft, and lost among them
11 wounded, 2 mortally. That night Malcolm tried the effect of
some Congreve rockets upon the two frigates ; but it is doubtful
whether he did them any great injury. On the night of the 27th,
the Amazone slipped out, and returned unmolested to Le Havre.
The Eliza was carefully watched. On December 6th, the excellent
practice of a British bomb drove her into a position where she
1 James, v. 238 ; Xav. Chron., xxiv. 496.

1810.] EXPLOITS OF TEE "BINALDO." 475

eventually bilged, and on the night of the 23rd, the Diana's boats,
under Lieutenant Thomas Eowe, completed her destruction.1

On the night of November 15-16th, the Phipps, 14, Commander
Christopher Bell, chased, and drove inshore near Calais, a lugger
privateer. In the early morning of the 16th, she found and engaged
another lugger, which, after a sharp action, she carried by boarding.
The prize proved to be the Barbier de Seville, 16. Her capture
was largely due to the gallantry with which Lieutenant Eobert
Tryon (1), who was dangerously wounded, leapt into her through the
smoke, at the head of a small party. The enemy lost 6 killed and
11 wounded. On the British side, only one man, besides Tryon,
was hit. Unfortunately, the prize was so injured, that she soon
foundered.2 Tryon died, unpromoted, on January 24th, 1811, from
the effects of his wound.

On the evening of December 7th, the Binaldo, 10, Commander
James Anderson (1), being off Dover, chased two French lugger
privateers, and, having gained on one, the Maraudeur, 14, engaged
her, and ran her on board. The Frenchmen, 85 in number, tried
to rush on to the Einaldo's deck, but were repulsed, though the
brig's crew did not exceed 65 all told. The latter, indeed, under
Lieutenant Edward Gascoigne Palmer, who received a slight wound,
boarded presently in return, and carried the enemy without any loss
of life. The Maraudeur had 5 wounded. The other lugger escaped
into Calais.

Ten days later, on the 17th, the same brig, while on her way
from Dover to Spithead, induced four lugger privateers to chase her.
It was nearly dark when the two foremost overtook her, and, with a
volley from their small-arms, hailed her to strike. One being upon
each of her quarters, she tacked, and poured a broadside into each ;
then, wearing, delivered a second broadside into the larger, which
thereupon became unmanageable, and shouted that she was sinking.
The second lugger, after endeavouring to run the Einaldo down,
was also reduced to call for quarter. While wearing round, and
manning her boats, the brig fouled the Owers lightship, and could
not for some time clear herself. This gave opportunity for three of
the luggers to make off. The one which sank, unhappily with 77
out of a crew of 80, was the Vieille Josephine, 16. No one in the
Rinaldo was hurt.3

1 James, v. 239 ; Nav. Chron., xxiv. 498 ; xxv. 75.

1 Nav. Chron., xxiv. 500; xxv. 175; James, v. 241. 3 James, v. 243.

476 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1810.

In the evening of December 10th, the Eosario, 10, Commander
Booty Harvey, being off Dungeness, fell in with two large lugger
privateers. With remarkable gallantry and decision, Harvey ran his
brig between the two, laid himself alongside one, and simultaneously
engaged the other with his starboard broadside. A party, under
Lieutenant Thomas Daws, boarded and carried the first, which
proved to be the Mamelouck, 16, of whose crew of 45, seven were
wounded. The other got away, chiefly in consequence of the Eosario
losing her jib-boom. The brig had 5 people wounded.1

On the morning of December 12th, the cutter Entreprenante, 8
(4-prs.), Lieutenant Peter Williams, with a crew on board of 33>
found four French privateers at anchor under the castle of Faro,
midway between Malaga and Almeria. They mounted among them
15 guns, and carried 170 men. Presently they swept out and en-
gaged. After about ninety minutes' action, the cutter was without
her topmast, peak halliards and blocks, fore jeers, fore halliards, and
jib-tie, all of which had been shot away ; and she had two of her
starboard guns disabled. Thereupon, one of the largest privateers
tried twice to board, but in vain. Williams then manned his star-
board sweeps, and got the cutter round so as to bring her port guns
to bear. With two broadsides she drove off three of her assailants.
Her ammunition was falling short, but she succeeded, in addition,
in shooting away the fore mast and bowsprit of the fourth, which,
nevertheless, tried again to board, but was beaten off. Having
persisted for three and a half hours, the least injured of the privateers
towed the others away. The cutter's loss was only 1 killed and
10 wounded. The gallant Williams was not made a Commander
until August 27th, 1814.2

One of the most disastrous episodes of the year 1810 occurred on
December 13th. Captain Thomas Rogers, of the Kent, 74, having
under his orders the Ajax, 74, Captain Robert Waller Otway (1),
Cambrian, 40, Captain Francis William Fane, Sparrowhawk, 18,
Commander James Pringle, and Minstrel, 18, Commander Colin
Campbell (1), sent in his boats, with 350 seamen, 250 Marines, and
a couple of field-pieces, under Captain Fane, to destroy a convoy
lying within the mole of Palamos, in Catalonia. This convoy con-
sisted of eight merchantmen, two 3-gun xebecs, and a 14-gun ketch,
covered by a 24-pr. over the mole, and by another 24-pr. and a 13-in.

1 James, v. 242 ; Nav. Chron., xxv. 74.

2 James, v. 242 ; Marshall, iv. Pt. T. 325.

1811.] DESTRUCTION OF TEE "AMAZONE." 477

mortar in a battery on a height. The French, who were in posses-
sion of the town, made no great resistance when the landing-party
seized the batteries and the convoy. The mortar was spiked ; the
guns were thrown into the sea ; the magazine was blown up ; and
all the vessels, except two, were carried out, burnt or destroyed,
with a loss of but 4 or 5 men. In the meantime, however, the
French had been reinforced, and the British, who were so ill-advised
as to pass through the town on the way back to their boats, were
subjected to a very severe fire from men concealed in houses and
behind walls. The result was that an enterprise which, at one time,
appeared to have been accomplished in a particularly facile manner,
terminated in a loss to the attacking force of no fewer than 33
killed, 89 wounded, and 87 missing. Fane himself was among the
prisoners. Lieutenants George Godfrey and Matthew Connolly (1)
greatly distinguished themselves in taking off the survivors.1

On February 4th, 1811, the Cerberus, 32, Captain Henry Whitby,
and Active, 38, Captain James Alexander Gordon (1), while cruising
off the coast of the Abruzzi, sent into the port of Pescara two boats
under Lieutenant George Haye. These, in spite of a heavy musketry
fire, and with the loss of only 1 man wounded, captured three mer-
chant vessels, and destroyed a fourth. On the 12th of the same
month, the same frigates despatched their boats, under Lieutenants
James Dickinson (3), George Haye, and George Cumpston, to bring
out some vessels from the neighbouring harbour of Ortona. As the
party rowed in, fire was opened upon it from an armed Venetian
vessel which had not previously been noticed, and from troops on
the beach. The Venetian, which mounted 6 guns, was promptly
carried, a landing was effected, the troops were kept in check
while ten merchantmen were secured and two magazines were
burnt ; and the retirement was effected with the loss of but 4 men
wounded.2

It has been seen how, in November, 1810, the Amazone, 40,
escaped from the road of St. Vaast to Le Havre. In the course of
the following months she made several attempts to proceed thence
to Cherbourg ; and, early on March 24th, 1811, she was observed
in the course of one of these by the Berwick, 74, Captain James
Macnamara (2). The frigate was chased, and driven into a rocky
bay near Barfleur lighthouse, where, in anchoring, she lost her

1 Nav. Chron., xxv. 155 ; James, v. 259.
-' James, v. 350; Gazette, 1811, 997.

478

MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1811.

rudder. Macnamara summoned to his aid, or was presently joined
by, the Amelia, 38, Captain the Hon. Frederick Paul Iroy, GoshaivJc,
16, Commander James Lilburn, Hawk, 16, Commander Henry
Bourchier, and Niobe, 38, Captain John Wentworth Loring; and
the three largest ships of the squadron then stood in as close as
possible to the Frenchman, firing at her as they wore, but doing her
little damage, and themselves suffering a good deal aloft, besides
having 1 killed and 1 wounded in the Amelia. Macnamara,
however, was about to renew the attack on the 25th, when he dis-
covered that Captain B. L. Rousseau had saved him the trouble by
burning his frigate.1

A famous action, which, on some grounds, should, perhaps, have
been described in the previous chapter, was fought in the Adriatic on
March 13th. As, however, in spite of its brilliance and importance,
no ship bigger than a frigate was concerned in it, it is chronicled
here.

On March llth, Commodore Dubourdieu sailed from Ancona
with a squadron and 400 or 500 troops under Colonel A. Giflenga, in
order to capture and garrison the island of Lissa. Early on the 13th,
being then off the north point of the island, this squadron fell in with
a British squadron under the orders of Dubourdieu's old enemy,
Captain William Hoste.2 The forces thus brought in face of one
another were as follows : —

FB > NCO-VESETIAN.

BRITISH.

Ships.

Gnns.

Commanders.

Ships.

Guns.

Commanders.

iCommod. Dubonrdieu.

Amphion .

Capt. William Hoste.

Favorite

<C'apt. La Marre La

( Meillerie. Cerberut . . . i 32

„ Henry Whitby.

Danae . . .
Corona (Venet.) .

„ Villon.
„ Pasqnaligo.

Active .... 38

i .. .la-. Alex. Gor-
l don (1).

Btllona (Venet.) .

„ Duodo.

Carolina (Venet.).1

,, Baratovlch.

Volagt .... 22

.. Phipps Hornby.

Principessa Au-)
gusta i (Venet.) . /

Com. Bologninl.

Principessa di Bo-)

„ Eagglo.

Jjxlola (Venet.)

„ Cotta.

Eugenia (Venet.) .

Llent. Bosenquest (?).

i James wrongly calls this craft the Jfercure, 16.

At about 3 A.M., the Active made the signal for a strange fleet to
windward, and at daylight, when the enemy's strength was visible,

1 James, v. 332 ; Nav. Chron., xxv. 342.

1 Born, 1780; entered Navy, 1793; Com., 1798; Capt., 1802; Bart., 1814;
K.C.B., 1815 ; died, Dec. 6th, 1828, being still a Capt.

1811.]

HOSTE' S ACTION OFF LISSA.

479

Hoste made all sail in chase, with a fine breeze from N.N.W. At
about 6 A.M., the enemy, having formed in two divisions, bore down
to the attack with every possible sail set, the starboard or weather
division consisting of the Favorite, Flore, Bellona, and Principessa
Augusta, and the larboard, or lee one, of the Danae, Corona, Caro-
lina, and small craft. The British line, formed of the Amphion,
Active, Volage, and Cerberus, in the order named, was ranged in the
closest possible order on the starboard tack to receive the enemy.

CAPTAIN HENRY WHITBY, B.N.

At 9 A.M. the action began by the British firing on the headmost
ships as they came within range. The aim of Dubourdieu was
obviously to break the line in two places ; but his effort was foiled
by the hotness of the British fire, and the compactness of the forma-
tion. The French commodore then endeavoured to round the British
van-ship, the Amphion, and to engage from leeward ; but in at-
tempting to accomplish this, he ran his frigate on the rocks of Lissa,
she having first been rendered well nigh unmanageable. Hoste
thereupon wore his ships, and the enemy's weather division passed
under the stern of the line and engaged it from leeward, while the

480 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1811.

lee division tacked and remained to windward, hotly engaging the
Cerberus, Volage, and Active. Owing to the narrow waters in which
the battle was fought, and to the numbers of the assailants, the
British ships were frequently in positions which exposed them to
raking fire; but officers and men fought magnificently, and at
11.20 A.M. they were rewarded by seeing the Flore strike. At noon
her example was followed by the Bellona. The enemy to windward
then tried to make off, and was followed as closely as the disabled
state of the British ships would permit. At 3 P.M. the Active and
Cerberus succeeded in obliging the sternmost of the 'frigates, the
Corona, to surrender, and thus the battle ended with three frigates
taken and one on shore. The Favorite was set on fire by her crew,
and at 4 P.M. blew up.

" I must now," says Hoste, " account for the Flore's getting away after having
struck her colours. At the time I was engaged with that ship, the Bellona was
raking us ; and when she struck, I had no boat that could possibly take possession of
her. I therefore preferred closing with 'the Bellona and taking her, to losing time
alongside the Flore, which I already considered belonging to us. I call on the officers
of my own squadron, as well as those of the enemy, to witness my assertion. The
correspondence I have had on this subject with the French Captain of the Domae (now
their Commodore), and which I enclose herewith, is convincing ; and even their own
officers (prisoners here) acknowledge the fact. Indeed, I might have sunk her, and so
might the Active; but as the colours were down, and all firing from her had long
ceased, both Captain Gordon and myself considered her as our own. The delay of
getting a boat on board the Bellona, and the anxious pursuit of Captain Gordon after
the beaten enemy, enabled him to steal off, till too late for our shattered ships to come
up with him ; his rigging and sails apparently not much injured ; but, by the laws of
war, I shall ever maintain he belongs to us."

The losses on board the British ships in this most admirably
managed action were : —

Sbip.

Complement.!

Killed.

Wounded.

total.

Amphion .....

251

Active .....

300

Volage .....

175

Cerberus .....

160

QQC

886 45 145 1UO

1 On going into action.

The officers killed included Midshipmen John Eobert Spear-
man, Charles Hayes, Francis Surrage Davey, and John George,
and Purser Samuel Jeffery. Among the officers wounded were

r-I a,

5*1

w <=
» s

§•

1811. ] REWARDS FOR LIS8A. 481

Hoste, and Lieutenants David Dunn and George Cumpston. The
enemy suffered much more severely. In the Favorite, upwards
of 150 people were killed or wounded, and among the killed
were Dubourdieu1 and La Marre La Meillerie. The Corona is
believed to have sustained a loss of upwards of 200 in killed and
wounded. The Bellona lost 70, including Duodo, who was fatally
hurt. Captain Peridier, of the Flore, was badly wounded; but it
cannot be ascertained what were the total losses of his ship.

After the battle, the Corona, when in tow of the Active, caught
fire. In extinguishing the flames, the victors increased their losses
by 5 drowned and 4 injured.

Seeing that on this occasion 886 British seamen were opposed to
at least 2500 French and Venetians, and that the allies had a gun
superiority of more than 100 per cent., Hoste's victory off Lissa may
be regarded as one of the most creditable in British annals. Each
of the Captains present was given a gold medal, and the first Lieu-
tenants of the ships engaged, David Dunn of the Amphion, James
Dickinson (3), of the Cerberus, William Wilmot Henderson, of the
Active, and William Wolrige, of the Volage, were promoted to the
rank of Commander as from the day of the action.2

After the Favorite had been set on fire, about 200 of her crew
retired to Lissa, which was held by two Midshipmen of the Active,
James Lew and Eobert Kingston, who also had charge of two prizes
that lay in the port. These youngsters, assisted by a few privateers-
men, summoned the French, who actually laid down their arms.
Very different was the behaviour of the master of the Sicilian priva-
teer Vincitore, 14, who lay in San Giorgio. He was threatened by
a small Venetian schooner, probably the Lodola, previous to the
commencement of the action, and, in spite of the presence of the
British squadron, hauled down his flag without resistance. Lew 3
and Kingston4 presently drove off the schooner and retook the
privateer.5

The capture, on May 18th, 1809, of the Danish island of Anholt,
in the Kattegat, has been noticed in the previous chapter.6 The place

1 Bernard Dubourdieu, born 1773 ; entered navy as quartermaster, 1793 ; enseigne
de vaisseau, 1797 : one of the best French cruiser captains of his day.

2 James, v. 351 ; Randaccio, i. 171 ; Nav. Chron., xxv. 429 ; Moniteur, Apr. llth,
1811.

3 Lieut., June 2nd, 1812.

4 Lieut., Sept. 17th, 1811.

6 Nav. Chron., xxv. 436 ; James, v. 361. ' See p. 270.

TOL. V. 2 I

482 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1811.

was thenceforward garrisoned and held ; and, in the early part of
1811, its garrison consisted of 350 Koyal Marines and 31 Marine
Artillery, under Captain Eobert Torrens, E.M., the whole being
under Captain James Wilkes Maurice, the defender of the Diamond
Bock. For some time the Danes had meditated the reconquest of the
island, but circumstances did not appear to be favourable until after
the break up of the ice in the spring of 1811. In March, a flotilla of
twelve gunboats, each mounting two long guns and four howitzers,
and carrying from 60 to 70 men, together with twelve transports
carrying about a thousand troops and seamen, was assembled in
a convenient bay, which it quitted on the 26th. Early on the
following morning, in darkness and a thick fog, the troops were
disembarked, unopposed and unseen, on the westward side of the
island, four miles from the headquarters at Fort York. When, at
about dawn, Maurice was warned of the presence of the enemy's,
flotilla on the south side of the island, he found, on advancing, that
the Danes had already landed. To avoid being outflanked by them
he retreated ; but he was pursued, until a battery opened fire and
drove back the foe. As daylight increased, it was perceived that the
Danish flotilla had taken up a position within point blank shot of the
British works on the south side of the island. Before the combined
assault was fairly begun, Maurice signalled to the Tartar, 32, Captain
Joseph Baker, and Sheldrake, 16, Commander James Pattison
Stewart, which had arrived on the previous day from England,
and which were on the north side, that the enemy had landed, and
that the gunboats were opening. The Sheldrake remained on the
north side, while the Tartar, the presence of which was quite un-
suspected by the Danes, worked round to the south by the shortest
route. In the meantime, a most determined assault was made, and
repeated, by the troops, assisted by the gunboats. The fire from the
works, however, mowed down the advance, and killed several of the
Danish leaders ; and, to complete the discomfiture, a small armed
schooner, the Anholt, which was attached to the island, and which
was manned by volunteers under Lieutenant Henry Loraine Baker,
anchored at the critical moment on the flank of one body of the
besiegers ; the result being that, after some parley, this, and another
detachment of the Danes, surrendered unconditionally. They had,
indeed, no alternative, for their gunboats, perceiving the approach of
the Tartar, had abandoned them, and made sail to the westward.
The prisoners thus taken numbered 540, besides 23 wounded men.

1811.] DEFENCE OF AN HOLT. 483

The rest of the assailants, having fled to the west end of the island,
were there picked up by the gunboats and transports, Maurice and
Torrens not being strong enough to prevent their escape. The Danish
loss was between 30 and 40 killed, in addition to the wounded
and prisoners already mentioned. The British had 2 killed and
30 wounded, including Torrens, slightly. Neither the Sheldrake nor
the Tartar was able to molest the re-embarkation, but each pursued
a division of the escaping boats. The Sheldrake eventually took
No. 9, gunboat, and No. 1, lugger, and, it was believed, sank another
gunboat; and the Tar tor captured a couple of transports. Maurice
was somewhat strangely rewarded for this service by the pro-
motion of his brother, Lieutenant Ferdinand Moore Maurice,1 to the
rank of Commander. Lieutenant Henry Loraine Baker2 was also
promoted.3

On March 31st, the Ajax, 74, Captain Robert Waller Otway (1),
and Unite, 36, Captain Edwin Henry Chamberlayne, having been
detached by Sir Charles Cotton to intercept three French vessels
which had left Toulon with stores for Corfu, overtook and captured
the Dromadaire, 20, off Elba. The two other vessels, the 40-gun
frigates Amelie and Adrienne, got into Porto Ferrajo.4 They
proceeded thence to Genoa, and, in July, returned to Toulon in
circumstances which have been described in the previous chapter.5

At the end of April, the flutes, Girafe and Nourrice, together with
an armed merchantman, all three laden with ship timber for Toulon,
lay at anchor in the Gulf of Sagone, Corsica, under a battery of four
guns and a mortar, and with further protection from a martello
tower mounting one gun.

On the evening of the 30th, the Pomone, 38, Captain Eobert
Barrie, Unite, 36, Captain Edwin Henry Chamberlayne, and
Scout, 18, Commander Alexander Eenton Sharpe, arrived off the
coast to attack them. The French made all possible preparations,
the Nourrice landing some of her guns, and troops being posted on
the heights. The crews of the British ships volunteered either to
land or to cut out the enemy's craft ; but Barrie determined to
employ the vessels, and, on May 1st, there being no wind, the two
frigates and the brig were towed by their people into positions within
grape range, in spite of a severe raking fire. The action began at

1 Lost in the Magnet, 1812. * Nav. Chron., xxv. 428.

2 Com., Apr. 8th, 1811. 5 See p. 295.
James, v. 341 ; Nav. Chron., xxv. 343, 302.

2 I 2

484

MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1811.

8 P.M., and, after about an hour and a half, the French ships burst into
flames. The Pomone and consorts thereupon towed themselves out
of danger, and, in a short time, the Girafe and Nourrice blew up, the
battery and the tower sharing their fate. In this affair the British
loss was 2 killed and 25, including Lieutenant William Neame,
wounded.1

After the battle of Lissa, the French frigates Danae and Flore
took refuge in Eagusa, where, apparently, they soon began to lack
supplies. The Belle Poule, 38, Captain James Brisbane, and Al-

H.M.S. " YORK/' PRISON-SHIP IN PORTSMOUTH HARBOUR, 1828.

(A 74-gun ship, built in 1807.)
(From an etching by K W. Cooke, B.A.)

ceste, 38, Captain Murray Maxwell, cruising off the coast of Istria
on May 4th, sighted a French brig of war, which they suspected to
be the bearer of the wished for stores, and drove her into Parenzo,
where she anchored under a battery. Brisbane and Maxwell stood
in as close as they dared, and cannonaded her, until she hauled on
shore under the town, out of gunshot. In the mouth of the harbour
is the island of San Nicolo, from which the town can be commanded.
That night the boats, under Lieutenants John M'Curdy, Eobert

Ball Boardman, Edward A Chartres, Alexander Morrison, John

1 Nav. Chron., xxvi. 78.

1811.] MISCONDUCT OF NESB1T PALMER. 485

Collnian Hickman, and Eickard Lloyd, quietly took possession of it,
and by the early morning of the 5th, mounted two howitzers, two
9 prs., and a field piece there. At dawn the French opened on the
works, but, after a five hours' hot engagement, the brig having
been sunk and the object accomplished, the British re-embarked
with their guns and ammunition. Their loss was 4 killed and 4
wounded.1

On May 8th, the French gun-brig Canonnier, 11, was proceeding
with a convoy of five small craft from Perros-Guirec for Brest,
when, being off He de Batz, she was chased by the Scylla, 18,
Commander Arthur Atchison. After a brief action, the British
boarded, and, in three minutes, carried the enemy, losing only
2 killed and 2 wounded, but causing a loss of 6 killed and 11
wounded. One vessel of the convoy was also taken.2

On May 26th, Commander John Toup Nicolas, of the Pilot, 18,
found four settees drawn up on the beach midway between Neto
and Lipuda, in the gulf of Taranto, and sent in his boats, under
Lieutenants Alexander Campbell (3), and Francis Charles Annes-
ley (2), to bring them off. Although covered by the fire of about
150 troops, three of the craft were captured, and one was destroyed,
only 1 person being wounded on the British side.3

On May 26th, off Corsica, the Alacrity, 18, Commander Nesbit
Palmer, chased the Abeille, 20, Lieutenant A. E. A. de Mackau.4
The British brig mounted sixteen 32-pr. carronades and two long
6-prs. ; the French, twenty 24-pr. carronades. The Alacrity had
on board 100, and the Abeille 130, men and boys; so that the
forces were almost equally matched.5 The Frenchman shortened
sail and awaited the attack ; and, after about three quarters of an
hour's hot action, the Alacrity struck, having lost 5 killed, in-
cluding Lieutenant Thomas Gwynne Eees, and 13 wounded. The
Abeille, which lost 7 killed and 12 wounded, seems to have been
much more ably handled than her antagonist ; but that by no
means wholly explains the result. Palmer, early in the fight,
received a wound, not in itself serious, in the hand, and went
below, leaving the command to Eees, who fought the ship most
gallantly until he was severely wounded, and who, even then, sat

1 James, v. 363 ; Nav. Chron., xxvi. 166.

2 James, v. 332; Nav. Chron., xxv. 428.

3 James, v. 372.

1 Baron of the Empire, 1812 ; capt., 1819 ; died, 1855, an admiral.
6 Broadside weight of metal, Alacrity, 262, Abeille, 260 Ibs.

486 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1811.

on a carronade slide, and encouraged his men until he was killed.
There was no other Lieutenant on board ; and when the Master,
and the Master's Mate had been wounded, the command was
assumed by Boatswain James Flaxman, who, though himself
wounded, "did his best, until Palmer sent up word from below
that the colours were to be struck. No sooner, however, had he
done this than, apparently repenting, he rushed on deck, and, pistol
in hand, threatened to blow out the brains of any man who should
attempt to execute the order. A little later, nevertheless, the
colours were struck by the Gunner, while Flaxman's attention was
otherwise engaged. Fortunately, perhaps, for himself, Commander
Nesbit Palmer's slight wound induced lockjaw, from which he died
ere any inquiry could be held concerning the manner in which he
had lost his sloop.1

On the evening of May 26th, the Sabine, 16, Commander George
Price, detached her five boats, under Lieutenants William Usher-
wood and Patrick Finucane, to attempt to cut out five 2-gun French
privateers from the harbour of Sabiona, on the Cadiz station.
Although the enemy lay under a battery, each boat boarded and
carried a prize without loss ; but, during a subsequent successful
effort on the part of the French to drag two of the vessels
ashore, a Marine was wounded. The three other privateers were
brought off. Though Lieutenant Usherwood received high praise
for this exploit, he was not made a Commander until July 22nd,
1830.2

On June 27th, the Guadeloupe, 16, Commander Joseph Swabey
Tetley, being off Cape de Creus on the north-east coast of Spain,
chased two strange sail, which proved to be the Tactique, 18, and
Guepe, 8. At about 12.40 P.M. a spirited action opened ; and, fifty
minutes later, the Tactique made an ineffectual and costly attempt
to board. Soon afterwards, two batteries near the town of St. Andre
began to annoy the Guadeloupe ; but close action was continued
until 2.15 P.M., when both Frenchmen, having had enough of it,
bore up and stood in-shore for protection. The British sloop had
1 killed and 10 severely wounded, and was much cut about aloft.

1 James, v. 364 ; C. M., May 30th, 1814 ; Nav. Chron., xxv. 504. James ( vi. 53)
believes that at the time of the action Palmer had his }x>st commission in his pocket,
and may thus have lacked the hope of promotion as an incentive to do his best. I can
find no corroboration of this.

2 James, v. 380; Gazette, 1811, 1084.

1811.] SCIIOMBEHG OFF MADAGASCAR'. 486*

It is alleged that the Tactique had no fewer than 11 killed and
48 wounded.1

On February 2nd, 1811, the three 40-gun frigates Eenommee,
Commodore Francois Eoquebert, Clorinde, Captain Jacques St. Cricq,
and Nereide, Captain Fra^ois Lemaresquier, quitted Brest. Their
destination was Mauritius. On May 6th they made Isle de la Passe,
at the entrance to Grand Port ; and on the following morning they
not only found that the island was in British occupation, but also
sighted and were chased by the Phoebe, 36, Captain James Hillyar,
Galatea, 36, Captain Woodley Losack, and Racehorse, 18, Com-
mander James de Eippe, which, with other vessels, had been
specially detached to intercept them. Previous to going in chase,
the Galatea sent her gig, with the intelligence of the presence of
the French, to Captain Charles Marsh Schomberg, who, in the
Astreea, 36, was lying at Port Louis ; and, when their quarry
temporarily escaped them, the British ships also went thither.

Commodore Eoquebert eventually stood for Madagascar, in order
to obtain provisions ; and, on May 19th, he surprised the small
British force at Tamatave, which post had been captured from
the French, on the previous February 12th, by a little expedition
sent from Mauritius in the Eclipse, 18, Commander William Jones
Lye.

Schomberg, fearing for the safety of Tamatave, had left Port
Louis on the 14th ; and at dawn on the 20th he discovered
Eoquebert off Foul Point, and brought him to action. After the
squadrons had nearly passed one another on opposite tacks at long
range, and had exchanged fire, the breeze failed, and the leading
ship, the Astreea, in endeavouring to wear and renew the fight,
missed stays, the consequence being that the Clorinde and Renommee,
which, owing to their weatherly position, kept the wind longest,
were able to take up station nearly astern of the Phoebe and Galatea,
and to inflict considerable damage. The Nereide also was able to
annoy those frigates, while the Astrcea was for the time practically
out of the action. But at about 6.30 P.M. a light wind from S.E.
altered the complexion of affairs. The Galatea had by that time
been so terribly mauled that she was powerless to greatly help her
consorts ; but the Phcebe so disabled the Nereide as to oblige that
ship to make for the land ; and, when she had refitted, joined her

1 James, v. 3G8 ; Nov. Chron., xxiii. 166.

486** MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1811.

consorts for the final attack. At 9.50 the Renommee was brought
to close action, and, within half an hour, surrendered. The Clorinde,
which had disgracefully held aloof, managed to escape. Schomberg
and Hillyar returned to cover the captured ship and the disabled
Galatea ; but, ere they got up, Losack had deemed it wise to make
for Port Louis. The little prize party in the Renommee had not
been permitted by its numerous prisoners to hoist the British over
the French ensign ; and Losack, seeing other ships approaching in
the distance, feared to fall into the hands of enemies.

Not until Schomberg had removed the prisoners from the
Renommee did he learn of what had happened at Tamatave. He
then sent the Racehorse to that place. She returned on the 24th,
with news that the Nereide lay there prepared to defend herself.
On the following day the three British ships appeared off the
settlement, and summoned Lieutenant Ponee, who had succeeded
to the command on the death of Lemaresquier. Ponee obtained
advantageous terms, and, on the 26th, gave up his frigate and the
town.1 The Clorinde managed to reach Brest on September 16th.
In March, 1812, St. Cricq was tried for his misconduct, and was
deservedly sentenced to be dismissed the service, degraded from the
Legion of Honour, and imprisoned for three years. The Nereide
was added to the Navy as the Madagascar, and the Renommee as
the Java.

In this action, the Astrcea had 2 killed, and 16, including
Lieutenant John Baldwin, wounded. She received little material
damage. The Phoebe, which was very badly cut about, had 7 killed,
and 24, including Midshipman John Wilkie, wounded. The Galatea,
which was terribly battered, had 16 killed, including Lieutenant
Hugh Peregrine, E.M., and 46 wounded, including Lieutenant
Thomas Bevis, Lieutenant Henry Lewis, R.M., and Midshipmen
Henry Williams and Alexander Henning. The Racehorse had a
topmast carried away, but no one hurt. As for the French ships,
the Renommee had 145, and the Nereide 130 people put out of action.
Eoquebert was among the killed. Lieutenants John Baldwin,2 of
the Astrcea, and George Scott (2),3 of the Phoebe, were promoted
for their services ; but, owing to the tone, wholly unmerited, of
Schomberg's dispatch, in so far as it concerned the Galatea,

1 James, vi. 14 ; Chevalier, 384 ; Brentou, ii. 416 ; Nau. Chron. xxvi. 431, 435.

2 Com. Nov. 18th, 1811 ; died a Capt., 1840.

3 Com. March 24th, 1812; died a retired rear-admiral.

1811.] OPERATIONS OFF THE ITALIAN COAST. 487

Lieutenant Thomas Bevis, of that frigate, remained a Lieutenant
until the year 1829.

At daylight on July 4th, Captain Edwin Henry Chamberlayne,
of the Unite, 36, sent in his boats, under Lieutenant Joseph William
Crabb, to cut out an armed brig which lay in Porto Ercole, on the
Tuscan coast. The brig, which was the St. Francois de Paule,
mounted 8 guns, and was protected by a couple of 8-prs. on the
beach : and, as the wind was so variable that Chamberlayne could
not carry out his original intention of closing to co-operate, he
finally sent his launch, under Lieutenant - John M'Dougall (3), in
support ; but ere she was able to assist, the other boats, which had
suffered no loss, were bringing out the brig from under a brisk fire
of grape. That evening the Cephalus, 18, Commander Augustus
William James Clifford, joined ; and the two vessels stood along the
coast to the south-east. Early next morning they discovered several
vessels at anchor between Civita Vecchia and the mouth of the
Tiber. The ships closed and drove the garrison out of a 4-gun
battery ; and the boats, under Clifford and the officers already
named, then went in and brought out, again without loss, three
merchantmen.1

On July 21st, the Thames, 32, Captain Charles Napier (2), joined
the Cephalus, off Porto del Infreschi, into which the latter had, on
the previous day, driven a French convoy of 26 sail, of which 11
were gunboats, mounting among them 13 guns. The Cephalus,
followed by the Thames, stood in, anchored, and opened fire, being
replied to by the gunboats, a round tower on shore, and a body
of troops. The opposition was, however, soon silenced ; and the
boats, under Clifford, then took possession of the convoy, while
the Marines, under Lieutenant David M'Adams, E.M., landed and
stormed the tower, capturing 80 prisoners. The only loss was
4 wounded.'2

On July 27th, the Active, 38, Captain James Alexander
Gordon (1), anchored off Eogoznica, in the Adriatic, and sent
in her boats under Lieutenants James Henderson (1), George
Haye, and Eobert Gibson (I),3 to attack a grain convoy which

1 James, v. 370 ; Nav. Chron., xxvi. 345.

2 James, v. 371 ; $av. Chron., xxvi. 344 ; ' Life of Napier,' i. 41.

3 There were at the time two Lieuts. of the name, one of Aug. 6th, 1807, and the
other of Aug. 28th, 1807. This last was then in the Partridge ; but it is sometimes
extremely difficult to distinguish between them. See p. 396, where I have been unable
to discriminate.

488 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1811.

had run up a creek on the mainland behind the island, and which
was bound for Eagusa. At the mouth of the creek lay three gun-
boats ; and on each bank a force of armed men had been posted.
Part of the British detachment, therefore, was landed on the right,
to take possession of a commanding eminence ; and, this being
accomplished, the other part made for and boarded the gunboats,
while the first party descended and attacked the enemy in flank.
The convoy was then taken possession of, ten vessels being burnt,
and the rest brought out. The British lost only 4 wounded.1

On July 31st, off the- coast of Norway, the Algerine, 10, Lieu-
tenant John Aitken Blow, and Brevdrageren, 12, Lieutenant
Thomas Barker Devon, saw three Danish brigs standing towards
them. These were the Langeland, 20, Liigum,2 18, and Kiel, 16.
Blow, being thus vastly outmatched, -was justified in retreating ;
and, as the breeze was light, the two British craft endeavoured
to escape by sweeping. Early on August 1st, however, the Danes
had gained considerably. The Langeland being then about two
miles ahead of her consorts, Blow proposed to Devon to bear down
with him and cut off that vessel. Devon cheerfully agreed ; but
as soon as the intention was manifest, the Langeland bore away to
close her friends. The British, therefore, resumed their efforts to
escape ; but they had lost ground. Once more, when the Langeland
had drawn ahead of her consorts, the British turned upon her. On
that occasion the Dane awaited the attack ; and, at about noon,
the engagement began. The Brevdrageren fought most gallantly,
both with the Langeland and also with the Liigum, when that craft
got up ; but in the thick of the action, Blow ceased firing, swept
out of range, and signalled to Devon to do likewise. Devon con-
tinued fighting, and hoisted the recall ; but Blow paid no heed.
The Brevdrageren was consequently faring very badly when, a
light air springing up, she was able to free herself. She was chased,
but receiving two additional sweeps and 10 men from the Algerine,
she steadily increased her distance for some time ; and, when at
length the Liigum began to gain, the Algerine hauled up and
hove to, thus inducing the Danes to abandon the pursuit. The
Brevdrageren had 1 killed and 3 wounded ; the Algerine, 1 killed.
Devon behaved most creditably. On October 30th, following, in
consequence of a dispute with a Marine officer whom he challenged,

1 James, v. 371 ; Nav. Chron., xxvi. 492. 2 See note, p. 410.

1811.]

DLYTH OFF NOltDERNEY.

489

Blow was sentenced by court-martial to be dismissed from the
command of the Algerine. It is alleged by Brenton that this
sentence saved the officer from a serious investigation which would
have been otherwise inevitable.1

On August 1st, a British squadron, consisting of the Quebec, 32,
Captain Charles Sibthorp John Hawtayne, Raven, 16, Commander
George Gustavus Lennock, Exertion, 12, Lieutenant James

H.M.S. " PRINCE," 110, WITH STEBN BALCONIES, AS KITTED BEFORE CLOSK STERNS

WERE INTRODUCED.
Jury-rigged, Portsmouth Harbour, 1828.
(From an ctehiiuj by E. W. Cuokc, li.A.)

Murray (2), Eedbreast, 14, Lieutenant Sir George Mouat Keith,
Bart., and hired armed cutters Alert and Princess Augusta, was
cruising off the Elbe ; and, it becoming known that a division of gun-
boats lay at anchor inside the island of Norderney, Samuel Blyth,
first Lieutenant of the Quebec, volunteered, and was permitted,
1 James, v. 345 : Mins. of C. M.

490 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1811.

to try to cut them out. He took command of 10 boats, containing
117 seamen and Marines, with, among others, Lieutenants John
O'Neale, Samuel Slout, and Charles Wolrige, Lieutenant (R.M.)
Humphrey Moore, Sub-Lieutenant Thomas Hare, Master's Mates
Eobert Cook and John M'Donald (2), and Midshipman Richard
Millett. On the 2nd, the boats crossed the mouth of the Jade,
capturing a customs' vessel, and then passed within the islands of
Wangeroog and Spiekeroog, sighting in the afternoon the gunboats,
four in number, each mounting one long 12, and two long 6 or 8-prs.,
and carrying 25 men. One of the gunboats was quickly mastered
by Blyth ; but while he was employing the 12-pr. of the captured
craft against the other vessels of the enemy, the Gunner inad-
vertently brought about an explosion of cartridges, which killed
or wounded 19 persons, including Blyth himself, who had been
previously injured, but who was fortunately picked up. In spite
of this disaster, the remaining gunboats were soon taken. In
addition to the sufferers from the accident, the British lost 2 killed
and 9 wounded, the latter including Lieutenants Blyth and Slout,
Midshipman Millett and Mr. James Muggridge, who had piloted
the expedition, but who did not belong to the Navy. Several of
the wounded, including Lieutenant Slout, ultimately died.1 Blyth,
for his gallantry, was promoted.2

On August 19th, the Hawk, 16, Commander Henry Bourchier,
being off St. Marcouf, chased a convoy which was steering for
Barfleur, and which was soon made out to be under the protection
of three gun-brigs and two large luggers. These hauled out to give
battle, and the Haivk hove to to receive them. After a hot action,
the Haivk had succeeded in driving ashore the two luggers, two of
the brigs, and 15 sail of the convoy, when, in wearing to prevent the
third brig from raking her, she ran aground. This gave opportunity
for that brig, and some of the merchantmen which had struck, to
escape. While she was getting afloat, the sloop was exposed to a
heavy fire from the shore. When she was again free, Bourchier
sent his boats, under Lieutenant David Price, to bring out or destroy
as many of the enemy as possible. Price brought out the gun-brig
Heron, 10, and three merchantmen, but could not, on account of
the strength of the tide, approach the remaining craft. This credit-

1 James, v. 339 ; Nav. Chron., xxvi. 257.

2 Com., Sept. 5th, 1811 ; killed in action in the Boxer, Sept. 5th, 1813, aged 30.
Life : Nav. Chron., xxxii. 44.1.

1811.] FERRIS IN THE (1IRONDE. 491

able affair, which gained Bourchier his promotion,1 was conducted
with a loss of only 1 killed and 4 wounded. Mr. Henry Campling,
Purser of the Hawk, much distinguished himself by voluntarily
taking charge of the Marines and small-arm men.2

An interesting piece of work was done on August 24th, in the
mouth of the Gironde. On that day the Diana, 38, Captain William
Ferris, and Semiramis, 36, Captain Charles Eichardson, were
standing towards Cordouan lighthouse, when they discovered six
sail within the shoals. Five of these were small merchantmen,
under convoy of the Teazer (ex British), 14; and the convoy had
come from Eochefort. As the enemy was well protected amid
shallows and batteries, Ferris determined to try to effect his object
by stratagem ; and, accordingly, he and his consort stood in under
French colours, flying the signal for a pilot. A suspicious battery
fired a few shot at them, but ceased on being informed by the
commander of the Teazer that they were the Pallas and Elbe,
from Eochefort. In time, a pilot came alongside the Diana, and
was, of course, taken care of, and his boat secured astern. It was
then nearly dark, and, shortly afterwards, the British frigates
calmly anchored off Pointe de Graves, under the batteries close to
which lay not only the Teazer, but also the Pluvier, 16. A little
later, Ferris despatched seven boats under Lieutenants Francis
Sparrow, George B — - Eoper, Thomas Gardner, Percy Grace, and
Eobert Nicholson, and Master's Mates William Holmes and
Timothy Eenou, to cut out the convoy, which lay about four
miles further up the river. This business was duly accomplished ;
but, at daylight on the 25th, the boats and their prizes were still up
the river. As they could not well descend while the Teazer and
Pluvier remained uncaptured, Ferris ordered the Semiramis to stand
towards the latter, while he himself made for the former. The
Pluvier was laid on board, and quickly carried by a party under
Lieutenant Eobert White Parsons and Lieutenant (E.M.) Lewis
Pryse Madden. The Teazer hurriedly cut, and ran ashore under
the Eoyan batteries, where she was engaged by the Semiramis, until
some of the returning boats, under Gardner, boarded her. As
she could not be removed, she was set on fire ; and eventually she
blew up. This most gallant service cost the loss, on the British
side, of only 1 drowned, and 3 wounded. The success of Ferris's

1 Posted, Aug. 22nd, 1811. 2 James, v. 335 ; Nav. Ohron., xxvi. 255.

492 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1811.

ruse was so complete that in the early morning the captain of
the Pluvier unsuspectingly visited the Diana, where he was
detained.1

On September 2nd, off the coast of Norway, the Chanticleer, 10,
Commander Eichard Spear, and Manly, 10, Lieutenant Eichard
William Simmonds, fell in with and engaged the Danish Laaland, 18,
Alsen, 18, and Samso, 18, each of which would have been almost a
match for both the British vessels. The three Danish craft ulti-
mately concentrated on the Manly, which, after having been cut to
pieces aloft, and deprived of the use of four of her guns, struck,
although she had lost only 1 killed and 3 wounded. Lieutenant
Simmonds, upon trial, was honourably acquitted. When the Manly
was most pressed, the Chanticleer, to use Simmonds's words, " still
kept her course, steering from the enemy ; and seemed to decline,
on her part, to renew the action." Comment is unnecessary: but
it may be added that Spear, who had originally been a banker's
clerk in Dublin, though posted in 1813, appears to have never held
another command.2

On September 3rd, some movement was observed among the
vessels of the Boulogne flotilla ; and, hoping to be able to take
advantage of it if any of the craft ventured far from shore, the
Rinaldo, 10, Commander James Anderson (1), and Redpole, 10,
Commander Colin M'Donald, hovered about them to windward,
and eventually followed a 12-gun prame and a 4-gun brig within the
Basse Bank, where an action began between the British vessels and
the rear of that part of the flotilla which lay there. No very great
amount of harm seems to have been done on either side ; but the
behaviour of Anderson and M'Donald, in attacking a very superior
force, was so spirited as to deserve notice.3

On September 6th, an armed ketch was burnt under the walls of
Castella, in Calabria, by the boats of the Pilot, 18, Commander John
Toup Nicolas, under Lieutenant Alexander Campbell (3), in spite of
the opposition of a body of troops. The party also brought off
without loss a quantity of corn and flax.4

Early in September, Captain Pulteney Malcolm, of the Royal

1 James, v. 333; Nav. Chron., xxvi. 258.

2 James, v. 347 ; Simmonds to Sir H. B. Stanhope, Sept. 4th, 1811 ; Mins. of C. M.,
Jan. 6th, 1812; Holm, of Laaland, to K.-Ad. Lutkin, Sept. 16th, 1811.

3 James, v. 337.

4 James, v. 372 ; Nav. Chron., xxvi. 493.

1811.] BONAPARTE AT BOULOGNE. 493

Oak, 74, senior officer off Cherbourg, obtained through deserters
certain information, in consequence of which he detached the
Barbados, 28, Captain Edward Eushworth, and Goshawk, 16,
Commander James Lilburn, to the eastward of Barfleur. On the
7th those vessels fell in with seven French gun-brigs, each carrying
three 24-prs. and a mortar, and, attacking them, chased them among
the Calvados rocks, driving one ashore. On the 8th, the Hotspur, 36,
Captain the Hon. Josceline Percy, arrived off Les Calvados, and,
although she grounded under a heavy fire, managed to sink one of
the brigs and to drive two more ashore. Unhappily, ere, assisted by
the boats of the Barbados and Goshawk, she could get off again, she
lost 5 killed, including Midshipmen William Smith (5a) and Alexander
Hay, and 22 wounded, and was much cut up.1

On September 20th, Bonaparte having arrived at Boulogne, a
grand marine fete took place there, the Emperor, in his barge,
visiting several vessels of the flotilla. Off the road lay the Naiad, 38,
Captain Philip Carteret (3) ; and Bonaparte presently ordered a
division of seven 12-gun prames, under Rear-Admiral Baste, to stand
out and attack her. Carteret waited with springs on his cable, and,
for about half an hour, sustained a distant action with the foe. The
French were then reinforced by ten 4-gun brigs, and a bomb ; and
the engagement continued for two hours more, the frigate weighing
before the close of it with a view to repair slight damages and to
improve her position. At 4.45 P.M. the flotilla retired under the
batteries. The Naiad lost neither man nor spar. On the following
day the seven prames, with fifteen smaller vessels, renewed the
attack ; but, in the interval, the Naiad had been joined by the
Rinaldo, 10, Commander James Anderson (1), Redpole, 10, Com-
mander Colin M'Donald, Castilian, 18, Commander David Brainier,
and Viper, 8, Lieutenant Edward A — — d'Arcey. After some man-
oeuvring, the enemy was thrown into confusion by the British fire ;
Rear- Admiral Baste's prame narrowly escaped capture ; and the V-ille
de Lyon, 12, in endeavouring to succour her, was first badly mauled
by the Rinaldo and Redpole, and then boarded and carried, after she
had lost between 30 and 40 men, by the Naiad. The engagement
lasted for some time longer, until, the French being close under the
batteries, the British drew off. Their loss was 3 killed, including
Lieutenant Charles Cobb (2), of the Castilian, and 16 wounded.2

1 James, v. 336 ; Nav. Chron., xxvi. 260.

2 James, v. 337 ; Nav. Chron., xxvi. 241, 242.

494 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1811.

On October llth, the Imperieuse, 38, Captain the Hon. Henry
Duncan (3), discovered three gunboats, each mounting a long 18-pr.,
moored under the walls of a strong fort at Positano, in the gulf of
Salerno. The frigate anchored within grape-shot range, and soon
silenced the fort and sank one of the boats, but failed to dislodge the
enemy from the work. The boats, under Lieutenant Eaton Stannard
Travers and Lieutenant (E.M.) Philip Pipon, were therefore sent
in ; and, in face of a very heavy fire, the seamen and Marines
stormed the fort, took a number of prisoners, threw the guns over a
cliff, destroyed the magazines, and brought away the two remaining
giinboats, with a loss of only 1 killed and 2 wounded.1

On October 19th, the Imperieuse, 38, Captain the Hon. Henry
Duncan (3), and Thames, 32, Captain Charles Napier (2), anchored
near Point Palinuro, in Campania, and sent in boats, under Lieutenant
Eaton Stannard Travers. These brought off without casualty ten
armed polaccas, laden with oil, in spite of the fact that the craft
had been banked up with sand, and were in charge of a body of
Neapolitan troops.2

On October 21st, the same frigates came upon ten Neapolitan
gunboats, with a number of merchantmen, in the harbour of Palinuro.
The defences being strong, Duncan sent the Thames to Sicily with a
request to Lieut.-General Maitland for the loan of a detachment
of troops. The Thames returned on the 28th with 250 men of the
62nd Regt. under Major Darley. As soon as the weather proved
favourable, i.e., on the evening of November 1st, the troops, with
the Marines of both frigates, under Lieutenant Eaton Stannard
Travers, the whole commanded by Captain Napier, were landed at
the rear of the port. A commanding height was gallantly carried
under a heavy fire, while the Imperieuse occupied the attention of
the gunboats and a battery, although she was able to engage them
only at long range. On the morning of the 2nd, finding that little
could be accomplished from the land side, Duncan recalled Napier
from the shore, and, with both frigates, bore down and ran along
the line of gunboats, pouring in a tremendous fire at close range,
the result being that two were sunk, and the rest surrendered within
a, few minutes. The ships next silenced the fort, and obliged it to
haul down its flag, whereupon Travers took possession of it. Its
guns, 24-prs., were thrown into the sea ; and, in the course of that

1 James, v. 373; Nav. Chron., xxvii. 71. 2 James, v. 373.

1811.] CAPTURE OF THE "POMONE" AND "PERSANNE." 495

and the following day, two gunboats were destroyed, the six remain-
ing gunboats, 22 feluccas, and a number of valuable spars were got
off, and the troops and Marines were re-embarked, after all the
defences had been blown up. This important service was. ac-
complished with a loss of 5 killed and 11 wounded.1 Travers,
though warmly recommended by Vice- Admiral Sir Edward Pellew,
was not made a Commander until June 15th, 1814. He had then
been upwards of 100 times engaged with the enemy, and had been
in command at the capture of about 60 sail.

On November 27th, in the Adriatic, the Eagle, 74, Captain
Charles Rowley, discovered and chased three vessels which proved
to be the Uranie, 40, Corcyre, flute, and a brig, bound from Triest
for Corfu. The brig soon parted company. The other vessels were
chased, and, after about ten hours' pursuit, the Corcyre, being crippled
by the British fire, and by the carrying away of her fore top-mast,
struck. She was pierced for 40 guns, and had 28 mounted. Owing
to the disabled state of the prize, the Eagle had to stand by her, and
could not therefore continue the chase of the Uranie.2

On the morning of November 28th, when the Alceste, 38, Captain
Murray Maxwell, Active, 48, Captain James Alexander Gordon (1),
Unite, 36, Captain Edwin Henry Chamberlayne, and Acorn, 20,
Captain George Miller Bligh, were lying in Port St. Giorgio, Lissa,
they were apprised, from the signal station on the heights, of the
presence, to the southward, of three suspicious sail. Maxwell, who
believed the strangers to be the vessels which had escaped from the
battle of Lissa in the preceding March, unmoored his squadron,
in order to go in pursuit ; but, as he dared not leave the island
without any defence, seeing that a French force was at the time
assembled at no great distance on purpose to attack it, he trans-
ferred from the Alceste and Active to three prize gunboats which
lay in harbour, a Lieutenant, a Midshipman, and about 30 seamen,
and, at the same time, landed the whole of the Marines of those
frigates and of the Unite to garrison batteries on Hoste Island
near the mouth of the harbour. Then, leaving the A corn, with
Captain Bligh, in command of the place, he warped out, and by
7 1>.M. was at sea. On the morning of the 29th, the Active sig-
nalled three strange sail in the E.N.E. These were presently made
out to be, not the remnants of M. Dubourdieu's squadron, but the

1 James, v. 373 ; ' Life of Napier,' i. 46 ; dazette, 1812, 143.
1 Nav. Citron., xxvii. 160.
VOL. V. 2 K

496 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1811.

Pauline, 40, Commodore Frar^ois Gilles Montfort (1), Pomone, 40,
Captain C.C.M. Ducamp-Kosamel, and Persanne, 26, Captain J. A.
Satie, bound from Corfu to Triest. The wind was fresh from
E.S.E., and at first the enemy, formed in line on the port tack,
stood towards the British; but soon M. Montfort bore up to N.W.,
and was chased, all the ships setting every possible stitch of canvas.
At 11 A.M. the Persanne, being unable to keep up with her consorts,
stood to the N.E. The Unite was sent after her, and the pursuit of
the Pauline and Pomone was continued by the Alceste and Active.

The action began at 1.20 P.M., the Alceste, in the first fire, having
her main top-gallant mast splintered. Twenty minutes later she had
her main topmast carried away just above the cap by a shot from
the Pomone, which was then abeam of her. This bred great
enthusiasm in the French ships, and caused the Alceste to drop
astern a little; but at about 2 P.M. the Active placed herself upon
the Pomone's starboard or lee quarter, and brought her to close
action. The Pauline tacked, and, taking in sail, stood back to assist
her consort, and at about 2.30 was hotly engaged ; but, about half
an hour afterwards, perceiving that the Pomone was weakening, and
that the Kingfisher, 18, Commander Ewell Tritton, was approaching,
Montfort set all sail again, and stood to the westward. Some desultory
firing ensued between the Active and the Pomone, owing to the
former having accidentally shot ahead of her antagonist. The Pomone,
however, was beaten, and when, at about 3.40 P.M. the Alceste got
up, and opened her starboard broadside, the Pomone struck. Neither
the Alceste nor the Active was in a condition to pursue, so that the
Pauline escaped without difficulty ; but the Persanne was overtaken
at about noon by the Unite, and, after a running fight, which lasted
till four, struck when Chamberlayne drew near enough to use his
broadside. The loss of the Alceste, which had only 218 men and
boys on board, was 7 killed, including Midshipman Charles Nourse,
and 13 wounded. The Active, which also was short-handed, had
8 killed, including Midshipman George Osborne, and 27 wounded,
including Captain Gordon, and Lieutenants William Bateman
Dashwood and George Haye, each of whom displayed great
gallantry. Out of a crew of 332, the Pomone had 50 killed and
wounded. Two of her masts fell during the action, and the third
followed them soon afterwards. Captain Bosamel, who was wounded,
fought his ship bravely. As much cannot be said of Montfort, who
certainly deserted his colleague too hastily. The Unite, in her

1811.] LOSS OF THE "ST. GEORGE," "DEFENCE," AND "HERO." 497

conflict with the Persanne, had but 1 wounded ; the Persanne had
2 killed and 4 wounded.1 Lieutenant Andrew Wilson, first of the
Alceste, was made a Commander on September 17th, 1812. Dash-
wood and Haye, first and second of the Active, were similarly
promoted on May 19th, 1812. But Lieutenant Joseph William
Crabb, first of the Unite, remained in that rank until his retirement
in 1851.

CAPTAIN JAMES NEWMAN NEWMAN, K.N.
(From E. Scriven's engraving, after the painting by A, J. Oliver.')

The year 1811 closed with a series of wrecks, such as, happily,
had been unparalleled for a long period. In November, when part
of the Baltic fleet was returning for the winter to England, the
St. George, 98, Captain Daniel Oliver Guion, bearing the flag of
Eear-Admiral Eobert Carthew Eeynolds (1), encountered, off Seeland,
a violent storm which drove her ashore and dismasted her. The
same storm also caused the destruction of about 30 vessels of a

1 James, v. 375 ; Nav. Ghron., xxvii. 260, 342.

VOL. V.

2 L

498 . MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1811.

homeward-bound convoy. The St. George was got off, and fitted
with jury masts and a Pakenham's rudder. On December 17th, in
company with the fleet, she sailed again, and, in consideration of
her condition, the Cressy, 74, Captain Charles Dudley Pater, and
Defence, 74, Captain David Atkins, were ordered to attend her.
Upon clearing Cape Skagen, the ships met with terrible weather;
and, after five days of it, the St. George and Defence were driven
ashore near Ringkjobing, and soon went to pieces. Of the St. George's
ship's company of about 850 officers and men, all but 6 perished.
Of the Defence's complement of about 530, only 12 survived. Among
the lost were the Rear-Admiral and both Captains, besides fourteen
Lieutenants. The Defence might have escaped, had not Atkins
chivalrously refused to part company without permission or order.
On December 25th the same storm was fatal to the Hero, 74, Captain
James Newman Newman, which was returning from Goteborg, and
which was wrecked on the Haak Sand, off the Texel. In her case,
all on board, save 12, were lost, among the number being the Captain
and five Lieutenants. The Grasshopper, 18, Commander Henry
Fanshawe (2), was in company, and also struck, but, driving over
the bank, got into a less dangerous position, and, being helpless,
was ultimately surrendered to the enemy, having, however, suffered
no loss.1

One of the most significant events of the year 1811 was the
unfortunate encounter between the United States' frigate President
and the British sloop Little Belt. It was the prologue to a struggle
which began in the following year, and which lasted till 1815. But
the new conflict into which Great Britain was precipitated, although
it arose indirectly out of her difficulties with Napoleon, was a con-
flict totally distinct from that which raged among the Powers of
Europe. It was altogether a separate quarrel. The fact that
America was for the time Great Britain's enemy, and that France
was also Britain's foe, did not bring about alliance or co-operation
of any sort between the United States and France. On the contrary,
America's grievances against France were in those days almost as
acute as her grievances against Britain ; and, if they did not lead
her into hostilities with France as well as with Britain, it was
mainly because Britain was an active and vigorous sea power and
France had ceased to be one. The nature and origin of America's
grievances against both countries will be found set forth in brief at
1 James, v. 349; Nav. Chron., xxvii. 43, etc., 113; Mins. of C. M.'s.

3812.] DESTRUCTION OF THE "AKIANE" AND "ANDMOMAQUE." 499

the close of Chapter XXXVIII. of the present volume, and, more
fully, by Governor Roosevelt, in the Chapter which follows this.
Governor Eoosevelt also describes all the episodes of the conflict
during the three years of hostilities ; and it is, therefore, needless
to make any further reference to them in the present Chapter.

So far as the events of the great Napoleonic struggle are con-
cerned, the following were the most important minor naval actions
of the year 1812.

On January 9th, the French 40-gun frigates, Ariane and Andro-
maque, with the brig Mamelouck, 16, under Commodore Martin Le
Foretier, sailed from Nantes on a cruise in the Atlantic. On the
15th, they were in vain chased by the Endymion, 40, Captain Sir
William Bolton (2), and by the Leopard, 50, Captain William
Henry Dillon. The enemy then began a series of semi-piratical
depredations upon commerce ; and the Admiralty, receiving news
of this, directed that a force should be detached from the squadron
off Brest, to intercept the French on their return. In pursuance of
instructions, therefore, Kear-Admiral Sir Harry Burrard Neale
ordered the Northumberland, 74, Captain the Hon. Henry Hotham,
to part company from off Ushant on May 19th. Hotham was so
fortunate as to discover his quarry on the 22nd, the enemy then
crowding sail for Lorient, and he having the Groivler, 12, Lieutenant
John Weeks, within signalling distance. By smart manoeuvring he
was able to fetch to windward of Lorient ere the French could
reach it. He continued working into the Basse des Bretons,
occasionally exposed to the fire of the batteries on each side.
Foretier tried to push in between the Northumberland and Pointe
Talieu, but failed, owing to the magnificent way in which the line-
of -battle ship was handled. Indeed, her Master, Mr. Hugh Stewart,
betrayed greater familiarity with the charts than the French them-
selves, and, in spite of the smoke and the risky navigation, so
manoeuvred the vessel that he forced all his opponents upon the
rocks between Le Graul and the mainland. As soon as he saw
them thus fast, Hotham hauled off to repair his own damages ; and
the falling tide soon left the French on their beam ends, with their
masts towards the shore. In the meantime, the Growler annoyed
the unfortunate frigates. At 5.28 P.M., the Northumberland, having
refitted, anchored in a convenient position, and deliberately set to
work to blow the bottoms out of the enemy's ships. When it was
evident that they had been deserted by their crews, and when the

2 L 2

500 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1812.

headmost frigate was in flames, Hotham, who had been much
interfered with by a strong battery, weighed, but left the Growler
under sail near the foe to prevent the people from returning to their
vessels. At about 8 P.M., the burning frigate, the Andromaque, blew
up. Two hours later the second frigate was seen to be on fire, and
at 11 she was clearly doomed. The Northumberland and Growler
then stood to sea. Ere they were out of sight, the second frigate,
and also the Mamelouck, blew up. The Northumberland gained
this most creditable success at the cost of only 5 killed, and 28,
including Lieutenant William Fletcher, wounded. The Growler
had no one hurt.1 There can be little doubt that, had the French
made a fight for it, and tried to board the 74, one at least of them,
aided by the numerous batteries, might have got into port. For
this service Lieutenant John Weeks, of the Growler, and Lieutenant
John Banks, first of the Northumberland, were promoted.2

In February, 1812, a curious state of things prevailed in Hayti.
Two parties, one headed by Petion, and the other by Christophe,
held divided possession of the country ; and Captain Sir James
Lucas Yeo, of the Southampton, 32, who was off the coast, had
instructions to respect the flags of both. But a third party had
been formed from deserters from both the others ; and this party
had managed to possess itself of a frigate, a corvette and a brig-of-
war, which, under a certain M. Gaspard, an old privateer's man,
tended to become little different from pirates. On February 2nd,
Yeo, then at Port au Prince, learnt that Gaspard's squadron was
cruising outside. Unwilling to take the risk of allowing such
dangerous vessels to leave the bight of Leogane, and undeterred
by the representations that were made to him concerning the over-
whelming force of Gaspard's frigate, Yeo weighed at night, and
went in quest of the squadron. The Southampton, it may be
explained, was the oldest frigate in the Navy, dating from 1757,
and mounted 38 guns, including ten 24-pr. carronades and two
long 6-prs., with 12-prs. as the chief part of her battery. Gaspard's
frigate, the Amethyste, had been, until her capture by the Latona
in 1809, the French Felicite. Not being considered fit for the
British service, she had been sold, and bought for Christophe.
Thence she passed, probably by treachery, into the hands of one
Borgellat, Gaspard's principal, who headed a rebellion in the south
of the island, and who called her Heureuse Reunion, though the
1 James, vi. 48 ; Nav. Chron., xxvii. 508. " May 29th, 1812.

1812.] THE "SOUTHAMPTON" AND THE "AMETHYSTE." 501

name of Amethyste still stuck to her. She carried 44 guns, made
up of twenty-two long 12's, eight long 18's, and fourteen 24-pr.
carronades. Early on the 3rd, Yeo fell in with the three vessels,
and, getting unsatisfactory answers when he hailed them, ordered
Gaspard to accompany him to the Commander-in-Chief at Port
Royal. Gaspard said that he would rather sink than obey ; and,
after the Southampton had fired a warning gun ahead of the
Amethyste, she followed it with her entire broadside. Gaspard
replied, and made several fruitless efforts to board. After less than
half-an-hour's action, the enemy's main and mizen masts fell, and
she was terribly mauled ; but not until a further three-quarters of
an hour had elapsed was it ascertained that she had struck. Her
consorts had meanwhile made off. The Southampton had only
1 killed and 10 wounded, out of 212 people on board. On the
other hand, the Amethyste, out of a crew of nearly 700, had 105
killed, including Gaspard, and 120 wounded. She was taken under
jury masts to Jamaica, and eventually restored to Christophe.
Very naturally, Yeo's conduct was approved of.1

On February 13th, the Apollo, 38, Captain Bridges Watkinson
Taylor, while off Cape Corso, sighted and chased the French store-
ship Merinos and a corvette. The Merinos, which was pierced for
36 guns, but mounted only twenty long 8-prs., struck, after she
had lost 6 killed and 20 wounded. The corvette escaped. The
Apollo, although exposed for some time to the fire of works on
shore, had no one hurt.2

On February 16th, the Victorious, 74, Captain John Talbot, and
Weazel, 18, Commander John William Andrew, arrived off Venice
to watch the motions of the new 74, Eivoli, and of two or three
brigs which lay in the port ready for sea. It was foggy ; and when
the weather cleared on the 21st, the enemy's squadron, which had
come out, was seen, steering in line of battle for Pola. Talbot
chased, and soon began to gain on his foe. The hostile force
consisted of the Eivoli, Commodore J. B. Barre, Jena, 18,
Mercure, 18, Mamelouck, 10, and two gunboats. Very early on
the 22nd, perceiving that the Mercure had dropped behind her
consorts, and that the Eivoli had shortened sail to allow the brig
to close, Talbot ordered Andrew to endeavour to pass the Victorious
and bring the laggard to action. This Andrew promptly did, en-

1 James, vi. 76 ; Nav. Chron., xxviii. 451 ; Kingston Gazette, Feb. 29th, 1812.

2 Nav. Chron., xxvii. 434 ; James, vi. 64.

502 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1812.

gaging not only the Mercure, but also for a time, and distantly,
the Jena. After forty minutes' action the Mercure blew up, the
Weazel succeeding in saving three men only. In the interval, the
Jena made off. At 4.30 A.M. the Victorious brought the Rivoli to
action. A running engagement, interrupted at times by fog and
smoke, ensued. Talbot, nearly blinded by a splinter, had to hand
over much of his duties to Lieutenant Thomas Ladd Peake, who
fought the ship admirably until, after three hours, the enemy
became perfectly unmanageable, and both vessels were nearly
aground close under the Istrian coast. Peake, therefore, recalled
the Weazel, which, at 8 A.M., stood across the bows of the Rivoli,
and poured in a couple of broadsides at short range, the Victorious
also continuing the cannonade. At 9 o'clock the Rivoli, which had
lost her mizen mast, struck. Out of about 810 men * on board, she
had the huge number of 400 killed and wounded. Her hull was
shot to pieces ; and, a day or two after the action, her fore and
main masts fell over the side. The Victorious had 27 killed,

including Lieutenant (E.M.) Thomas H Griffiths ; and 99

wounded, including Captain Talbot, Lieutenant (E.M.) Eobert
S— — Ashbridge (mortally), and Master's Mates William Henry
Gibbons, and George Henry Ay ton. The Weazel fortunately
escaped with not a man hurt. The Rivoli, under Lieutenants
Edward Whyte and John Townsend Coffin, was escorted to Port
St. Giorgio, Lissa, and arrived there on March 1st. She was
subsequently added to the Navy. Talbot was given the gold medal
for his gallantry ; Lieutenant Peake was made a Commander on
May 8th ; and Commander Andrew was posted on September 26th
following.2

On March 27th, off Dieppe, the Rosario, 10, Commander Booty
Harvey, observed a division of twelve brigs and a lugger, part of
the Boulogne flotilla, standing along shore, and bound, as subse-
quently appeared, for Cherbourg. The Rosario gallantly tried to
cut off the leewardmost of the brigs, each of which mounted three
long 24-prs. and an 8-in. howitzer, and carried 50 men. Finding,
however, that she was exposing herself to be boarded by the other
brigs, which promptly bore down in support, the Rosario made for
a brig which she descried in the offing, and flew the signal for an
enemy. The new-comer was the Griffon, 16, Commander George
Barne Trollope ; and as soon as she had answered his signal, Harvey
1 Talbot says 862. * James, vi. 64 ; Nav. Chron., xxvii. 502.

1812.] DEFEAT OF GIUSEPPE BAVASTRO. 503

again hauled to the wind, and returned to his business of harassing
the rear of the flotilla, which was then striving to get into Dieppe.
After nearly an hour's d^ultory action, Harvey ran into the midst
of the enemy, drove two of the brigs on board one another, engaged
them and a third, which she partially dismasted, forced a fourth
brig on shore, and boarded and carried a fifth, all before the Griffon
could get within gunshot. When she did get up, the Griffon drove
another brig on shore near St. Aubin, and carried yet another by
boarding. The dismasted brig, which had been abandoned by her
crew, was later taken possession of by the Bosario ; so that in all
three were captured, and two driven ashore. The only British
losses were Midshipman Jonathan Widdicombe Dyer and four men
wounded, in the Bosario. Harvey was deservedly posted, and Dyer
made a Lieutenant, on March 31st, for this service.1

On April 16th, being off the town of Policastro, in Campania, the
Pilot, 18, Commander John Toup Nicolas, discovered nine coasting
vessels hauled up on the beach. Having anchored close in, and
opened fire in order to drive off any troops that might be in the
immediate neighbourhood, she sent in her boats, under Lieutenant
Alexander Campbell (3) ; and, in face of some slight resistance,
brought off all the craft without casualty. On the 28th, the same
sloop fell in with a large convoy protected by several gun-vessels ;
but, as it was quite calm, she could not manoeuvre, and they
escaped.2

On April 29th, -Captain Patrick Campbell (1), of the Leviathan,
74, sent his boats, under Lieutenant Alexander Dobbs, with those
of the Undaunted, 38, Captain Kichard Thomas (2), to attack a
privateer and several merchantmen in the road of Agay, near Frejus.
The vessels were carried ; but the privateer could not be got afloat ;
and, in the efforts to get her "off, 2 men were killed and 4 wounded.
Four of the merchantmen were, however, carried away.3

The end of April witnessed what was practically the conclusion
of the European exploits of one of the most famous of the Genoese
privateers, Giuseppe Bavastro, whose name to this day is a centre of
wondrous traditions in Italy. On April 29th, 1812, Captain Thomas
Ussher, of the Hyacinth, 20, with his own boats, and those of the
Goshawk, 16, Commander James Lilburn, and Besolute, Lieu-

1 Nav. Chron., xxvii. 346 ; James, vi. 45.

2 James, vi. 67; Nav. Chron., xxviii. 162.

3 James, vi. 68 ; Nav. Chron., xxviii. 75.

504 MINOR OPERATIONS,. 1803-1815. [1812.

tenant John Keenan, and with the gunboat No. 16, Lieutenant
Thomas Cull (2), attacked a flotilla of privateers commanded by
Bavastro, then lying within the mole *T Malaga, under the pro-
tection of two batteries. In his gig, supported by Lieutenant
Thomas Hastings, Ussher dashed at the larger battery, which
mounted fifteen long 24-prs., and carried it in less than five
minutes, turning its guns on the opposite castle of Gibralfaro. In
the meantime, the other boats had pulled into the harbour, and
taken several prizes ; but, when Ussher joined them, he found them
much exposed to the fire from Gibralfaro and from the French
57th Kegt., on the mole ; and, as the moon then shone brightly, the
position was so critical that he contented himself with bringing out
Bavastro's own vessel, the Intrepido, 10, and the Napoleone, of the
same force, and with leaving the rest as much damaged as possible.
In this most gallant affair the British, out of 149 people engaged,
had 15, including Commander James Lilburn, of the Goshawk,
killed, and 53 wounded.1 Among the officers who specially dis-
tinguished themselves, other than those already mentioned, were
Lieutenants Francis Brockell Spilsbury (wounded) and Allen Otty.

On April 29th, the boats of the Undaunted, 38, Captain Eichard
Thomas (2), Volontaire, 38, Captain Charles Bullen, and Blossom, 18,
Commander William Stewart, under Lieutenant John Eagar,
attacked a convoy of 26 French vessels at anchor near the mouth of
the Rhone, and, without loss, brought out 7, burnt 12, including a
4-gun man-of-war schooner, and left 2 stranded. The guns of the
Blossom covered the operations.2

On May 3rd, the Apelles, 14, Commander Frederick Hoffman,
and Skylark, 16, Commander James Boxer, went ashore to the
westward of Boulogne. The former was captured and floated by
the French. The latter was burnt by her people, who subsequently
escaped. News of the double misfortune was signalled from the
Castilian, 18, Commander David Braimer, off Dungeness, to the
Bermuda, 10, Commander Alexander Cunningham (2), and the
Einaldo, 10, Commander Sir William George Parker, Bart. ; and those

1 O'Byrne, 1223; Nav. Chron., xxvii. 515; Marshall, Supp., Pt. I. 345; Ran-
daccio, i. 189; Monitore delle Due Sicilie (Bavastro's account), May 21st, 1812,
Ussher translates Intrepido as Brave, and calls his opponent Barbastro. Eandaccio
confuses accounts. Bavastro, who is the hero of a novel published at Toulon in 1853.
was born in 1760. Bonaparte decorated him in 1804. After 1814 he fought for the
South American republics. In 1830 he served France in Algier. He died in 1833.

2 James, vi. 68 ; Nav. Chron., xxviii. 75.

1812.] JOSIAS ROWLEY AT LA1GUEGLIA. 505

two sloops at once got under way and made for the French coast, in
order, if possible, to render assistance. On the morning of the 4th,
they chased the Apelles, closed her, and drove her ashore under a
battery near Etaples. A little later, the Castilian and the Phipps,
14, Commander Thomas Wells (2), joined, and the four brig-sloops
stood in, and, with successive broadsides, drove the French out
of their prize. The British boats, under Lieutenant Thomas
Saunders (2), then went in, and, in spite of a hot fire from the
battery and from field pieces on the beach, floated the Apelles and
restored her to the service. Strange to say, not a man on the British
side was hit.1

On May 9th, the America, 74, Captain Josias Eowley, Levia-
than, 74, Captain Patrick Campbell (1), and Eclair, 18, Com-
mander John Bellamy, drove a French convoy of eighteen
vessels to take refuge under the batteries of Laigueglia, and, on
the 10th, early in the morning, landed the Marines, about 250
in number, from the two 74's, under Captains Henry Eea and
John Owen, E.M., to take possession of the works and bring
out or destroy the craft. Unfortunately, while the landing was
being effected, a chance shot from the shore sank the America's
yawl, and caused the drowning of 11 men. On land, however, all
went well. Captain Owen, E.M., carried a battery of five guns on
the right ; and the main body of the attack took a battery of four
guns and a mortar near the town, and turned the weapons on the
enemy, while the fire of the Eclair drove the French from the
houses facing the beach. A large force of seamen, under Lieutenants
William Eichardson (3), Bourchier Molesworth, Eobert Moodie,
Alexander Dobbs, and Eichard Hambly, was then despatched to
bring out the convoy. After considerable exertions, sixteen of the
vessels were towed off and one was burnt, the remaining one being
too much damaged to be floated. Thereupon, the Marines were
re-embarked under cover of the Eclair. Apart from the casualties
due to the sinking of the yawl, the losses on this occasion were only
5 killed and 20 wounded.2

In May, the boats of the Alcmene, 38, Captain Edwards Lloyd
Graham, under Lieutenant Edward Saurin, were despatched from
Lissa to intercept any of the enemy's convoys that might endeavour
to pass between Curzola and the mainland. A few prizes of no great

1 Nav. C'hron., xxvii. 505 ; James, vi. 47.

2 James, vi. 68; Nav. Chron., xxviii. 160.

506 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1812.

importance had been made when, on the 12th, two sail were dis-
covered, and chased by four of the boats. In the darkness the enemy
was overhauled, and was then found to be much stronger than had
been anticipated. In fact, there were thirteen vessels instead of only
two. Saurin, however, ordered his boats to make for the largest.
A deadly fire was opened on them ; but at length the British gained
a footing and carried the craft, though not until every one of her
crew had been killed or wounded. Her consorts then fired upon her
and did not desist until she had been towed out of gunshot. In this
bloody affair, theAlcmene's pinnace alone, Saurin's boat, lost 20 killed
or wounded. Saurin himself was shot through both arms, and had
to have the right one amputated.1 Strangely enough, the dispatches
relating to the matter were never published , but Saurin obtained his
promotion in the following December.

On May 14th, the Thames, 32, Captain Charles Napier (2), ac-
companied by the Pilot, 18, Commander John Toup Nicolas, opened
a heavy fire upon a tower and battery at Sapri, in the Gulf of Poli-
castro, and, after two hours, obliged the small garrison to surrender.
When a landing had been effected, twenty-eight vessels, laden with
oil, were found and brought off, and the battery was blown up. The
Marines of the Pilot rendered good service under acting Master
Roger Langlands, who, apparently in consequence of Napier's
recommendation, was promoted to a lieutenancy on July 24th
following.2

The cause of the patriots in the south of Spain, and especially on
the coast of Grenada, was materially assisted by the operations of
the Hyacinth, 20, Captain Thomas Ussher, Termagant, 20, Captain
Gawen William Hamilton, and Basilisk, 6, Lieutenant George
French. The Hyacinth, on May 20th, destroyed the castle of
Nerja, the result being that on the 25th, the patriots occupied the
town, and informed Ussher that the enemy had retired to Almunecar,
a town about twelve miles to the eastward. Thither Ussher pro-
ceeded, and, on the 26th, silenced the castle in less than an hour.
As the guerillas did not advance to storm it, the French re-opened
fire on the 27th, but were again silenced and driven into the town.
Ussher was desirous of sparing the inhabitants, so, having destroyed
a 2-gun privateer in port, he ran back to Nerja to concert plans with
the guerilla chiefs there. At Nerja he embarked 200 patriots, and

1 Marshall, Supp., Pt. III. 394 ; O'Byrne, 1031.

2 James, vi. 67 ; Nau. Chron., xxviii. 163 ; ' Life of Napier,' i. 59.

1812.] GALLANT ACTION OF THE "SWALLOW." 507

arranged for the guerilla cavalry to advance through the mountains ;
but, ere he got back to Almunecar, the French had retired on Grenada.
All he could do was to demolish the works.1

Since April, 1811, the storeship Dorade had been lying at Arca-
chon, waiting for an opportunity to put to sea, when, on the night of
June 4th, 1812, the Medusa, 32, Captain the Hon. Duncombe Pley-
dell Bouverie, sent in her boats under Lieutenant Josiah Thompson,
to cut the vessel out. The Dorade had on board 14 guns and 86
men ; but, though perfectly prepared for resistance, she was carried
after a desperate struggle, in which all her people except 23 were
killed or driven overboard. While going down the harbour at dawn
on the following morning, the prize grounded ; and, as the tide ran
with great violence, Thompson had to destroy her. He lost only 5
men wounded. In spite of his gallantry, he was not promoted until
twenty-six years had elapsed after the capture of the Dorade.*

On June 15th, a French convoy of fourteen vessels, laden with
naval stores, and bound from Toulon for Genoa, under protection of
the Benard, 16, Lieutenant Charles Baudin, Goeland, 14, and some
gunboats, took refuge under Isle Ste. Marguerite from a British
squadron consisting of the America, 74, Captain Josias Kowley,
Curaqoa, 36, Captain John Tower, and Swallow, 18, Commander
Edward Reynolds Sibly. The last-named was sent in to reconnoitre.
Early on the 16th, the convoy was observed to be getting under way,
and eventually the Renard and Goeland, which had a light breeze,
went in chase of the Swalloiv, which was almost becalmed. When,
however, the enemy discovered that the breeze was reaching the
ships in the offing, they hauled their wind, tacked, rejoined their
charges, and stood with them towards the Bay of Frejus. The
JRenard and Goeland were reinforced with volunteers and soldiers,
and again stood out ; and towards 1 P.M., the Swallow, approaching
on the opposite tack, neared them rapidly. She passed them, indeed,
within thirty yards to windward, and gave and received a broadside
as she did so. Sibly then wore under the Eenard's stern, and en-
deavoured to keep her head off shore, but, being damaged aloft, he
could not effect his object. After a brisk fight of forty minutes'
duration, and the repulse of several attempts to board, the Swallow,
then not far from the shore and batteries, hauled off and rejoined the
squadron, having lost 6 killed and 17 wounded, and having been

1 James, vi. 63 ; Nav. Chron., xxviii. 75.

2 James, vi. 57 ; Nav. Chron., xxvii. 512.

508 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1812.

much cut up. The Renard lost 14 killed and 28 wounded. The
Gotland's loss does not appear.1 In this little action the Swalloiv's
twelve 32-pr. carronades and two long 6-prs. were opposed to twelve
18-pr. and fourteen 24-pr. carronades, and four long 6-prs. The
affair was, therefore, very creditable to Sibly, although French
writers, ignoring that the Goeland assisted the Renard, and laying
stress upon the presence of the America and Curaqoa in the offing,
claim it as one of the glories of their navy. M. Charles Baudin, of
the Renard, lived to become the hero of San Juan de Ulloa, and died
an Admiral of France in 1854. It is noteworthy that among the
Sivalloic's killed was a woman, the wife of one Phelan, a seaman on
board. Purser Eugene Eyan, who volunteered to serve on deck, and
Lieutenants Daniel O'Hea and John Theed (actg.) seem to have
specially distinguished themselves.

During part of the year 1812, a squadron, under Captain Sir Home
Biggs Popham, of the Venerable, 74, was stationed off the north
coast of Spain to co-operate with the Spanish patriots against the
French invaders of their country. In the middle of June, the French
held the town of Lequeitio and a hill fort commanding it ; and, as
Popham did not wish to damage the town, and could make no im-
pression on the fort with the Venerable 's guns, he decided to erect a
battery on a hill, supposed to be inaccessible, that dominated the
whole place. On the 20th, therefore, Lieutenant James Groves as-
sisting him, Captain the Hon. Duncombe Pleydell Bouverie, managed
to land a gun through a breaking sea, and drag it, with enormous
difficulty, to the top of the hill, from which it opened fire in the
afternoon. By sunset, the wall of the fort was breached, and that
evening some Spanish guerillas, after a preliminary repulse, stormed
it. At night, the sea having gone down a little, the island of San
Nicolas was occupied by seamen under Lieutenant Dowell O'Reilly,
of the Surveillante, 38, Captain Sir George Balph Collier, and by
Marines from that frigate and from the Medusa, 32, Captain the
Hon. D. P. Bouverie, and Rhin, 38, Captain Charles Malcolm, the
last mentioned officer taking command of the island, and Captain
Collier, of the Venerable's battery on the hill. Early on the 21st,
the landing of other guns induced the French garrison, of about 290
survivors, to capitulate.2

The squadron subsequently moved along the coast to the west-

1 James, vi. 70 ; Marshall, Supp., Ft. III. 240 ; Nov. Chron., xxviii. 194.

2 Nav. Chron., xxviii. 74.

1812.] THE "ATTACK" OFF CALAIS. 509

ward, destroying works at Bermeo, Plencia, Algorta, Bagona, Cam-
pillo las Queras, and Xebiles.1 On July 6th, 7th, and 8th, Castro
Urdiales was reduced. On July 10th, a projected attack upon
Puerto Galletta had to he abandoned owing to the unexpected
strength of the enemy ; but Commander Bobert Bloye, of the
Lyra, 10, landed with Marines and destroyed some guns at Bagona.
Early on July 18th, guns and men were landed near Guetaria, under
Captains Malcolm and Bouverie, Lieutenant James Groves, and
Lieutenant (B.M.A.) Thomas Lewis Lawrence ; and progress was
made towards the reduction of that place ; but the approach of a
large body of French troops necessitated the destruction of two of
the landed guns, and the hurried re-embarkation of the party, 3
Midshipmen and 29 men being even then left behind.2

Another French convoy of 18 vessels, assembled in Laigueglia
and Alassio, was attacked on June 27th, by parties from the
Leviathan, 74, Captain Patrick Campbell (1), Imperieuse, 38, Captain
the Hon. Henry Duncan (3), Curaqoa, 36, Captain John Tower, and
Eclair, 18, Commander John Bellamy. The loss was heavy,
amounting to 9 killed and 31 wounded. As the vessels could not
be brought off, they were destroyed by the guns of the squadron.3

On July 3rd, Commander George Gustavus Lennock, of the
Raven, 16, saw fourteen brigs belonging to the Schelde division of
the invasion flotilla exercising to leeward of the Wielings. Lennock
stood in, to endeavour to cut out some of them. He eventually got
into action with the seven rearmost, three of which he drove on
shore. On the following morning they appeared to be bilged, and
the sea was breaking over them. The Raven suffered no loss,
although she performed the service within sight of a large French
squadron which lay off Flushing.4

Towards evening on July 4th, Lieutenant Bichard William
Simmonds, in the Attack, 12, saw a transport-galliot, a sloop, and
a privateer leave Calais Harbour and begin to run along shore.
Anxious not to intimidate them either into putting back or into
beaching themselves, he made sail to windward, and when at some
distance from the enemy, detached his gig, containing six men
under the Second Master, Mr. — Couney. At midnight she found

1 Nav. Chron., xxviii. 78.

2 /&., xxviii. 164.

3 James, vi. 69 ; Nav. Chron., xxviii. 167
* James, vi. 51 ; Nav. Chron., xxviii. 78.

510 MINOS OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1812.

the galliot, in tow of the privateer, close under the French shore,
and boarded the transport on one side while a party from the
privateer did the same on the other. The French soon retreated,
leaving the seven British in possession of the prize, yet under fire
of the privateer and of the batteries on shore ; but Couney managed
to rejoin the Attack with his capture ; nor was anyone of his little
party hurt.1

On the evening of July ,6th, the Dictator, 64, Captain James
Pattison Stewart, Calypso, 18, Commander Henry Weir, Podar-
gus, 14, Commander William Eobilliard, and Flamer, 12, Lieutenant
Thomas England, discovered a Danish squadron inside some rocks
off Mardo, on the coast of Norway. This consisted of the
Nayaden, 40, Laaland, 20, Samso, 18, and Kiel, 18. Eobilliard,
who had on board a man who knew the locality, offered to lead in,
but ran aground in doing so. Stewart left the Flamer to attend
upon the Podargus, and stood on in the Dictator, with the Calypso.
At about 8 P.M. an engagement began, the Danes being aided by
several gunboats. At 9.30, after much difficult manoeuvring in the
narrowest waters, Stewart ran his ship, bows on, on shore in Lyngo
creek, in a position where her broadside bore at short range upon
the frigate and the three brigs. The Calypso was just astern of
the 64, and the two British vessels opened so heavy a fire that
in a very brief time the Nayaden was knocked to pieces, and the
brigs were compelled to strike, while the gunboats were either sunk
or driven off. But as soon as the Dictator had got afloat again,
the gunboats rallied, until they were once more beaten off by the
Calypso. In the meanwhile, the Podargus and Flamer, both of
which were aground, were warmly engaged with other gunboats,
and with some batteries on shore ; nor did they get off till they
had been severely mauled. At 3 A.M. on the 7th, as the Dictator
and Calypso, with their prizes, were working out, they were assailed
by fresh gunboats, which were so posted among rocks that not a gun
could be brought to bear upon them. In these circumstances the
prizes had to be abandoned, and, as they had wounded men on
board, they could not first be set on fire. The British loss was,
naturally, heavy. The Dictator had 5 killed and 24 wounded ; the
Podargus, 9 wounded ; the Calypso, 3 killed, 1 wounded, and
2 missing ; and the Flamer, 1 killed, and 1 wounded. The Danes,
however, acknowledged a loss of 300 officers and men. For this
1 James, vi. 56 ; Nav. Chron., xxviii. 77.

1812.] CAPTURE OF THE "VILLE DE CAEN." 511

gallant service Weir and Eobilliard were posted, and Lieutenant
William Buchannan, first of the Dictator, was made a Com-
mander.1

On July 16th, being off Helgoland, the Osprey, 18, Commander
Timothy Clinch, Britomart, 10, Commander William Buckley Hunt,
and Leveret, 10, Commander George Wickens Willes, detached a
boat from each, under Lieutenants William Henry Dixon, William
Malone (2), and Francis Darby Eomney, in chase of the French
lugger privateer Eole, 14 (only 5 mounted), which, after a determined
pursuit, and an obstinate final struggle, was boarded and carried
by Dixon and Malone, Eonmey's boat having dropped astern in
consequence of an accident. The British lost 2 killed and 12
wounded.2

On July 21st, the Sealark, 10, Lieutenant Thomas Warrand,
while cruising off the Start, was apprised by signal from the shore
of the presence of an enemy in the S.E. She chased in the direc-
tion indicated, and, after about three hours, came in sight of a
privateer lugger, the Ville de Caen, 16, in hot pursuit of two
merchantmen which were standing up Channel. The enemy,
perceiving the Sealark, soon quitted her quarry, altered course,
endeavoured to get away, and, finding that impossible, manoeuvred
to place herself to windward of the British schooner. Ere she
could do so, Warrand ran her on board, began a close and furious
engagement with her, and, when she set herself on fire by careless-
ness in the employment of hand-grenades, boarded and carried her,
the boarders being bravely, led by Master James Beaver (actg.).
The privateer's crew numbered 75, and the schooner's only 60 men
and boys. In this affair, which lasted for ninety minutes, the
Sealark had 7 killed, and 22, including Warrand, wounded. The
enemy suffered even more seriously, having 15 killed and 16 wounded.
Warrand received well merited promotion.3

On June 28th, the Briseis, 10, Commander John Eoss, stood
into Pillau road to communicate with the British merchantman
Urania, but found that she was in possession of French troops, who
intended to destroy her, should the Briseis approach. Eoss, there-

1 James, vi. 53 ; Nav. Chron., xxviii. 80. Weir's report mentions a ' Logan,' 20
(? Liigurn), as having been burnt, in addition to the Nayaden. Weir was posted,
July 22nd, 1812 ; Eobilliard, Dec. 14th, 1812.

2 James, vi. 55 ; Nav. Chron., xxviii. 164.

3 James, vi. 52 ; Nav. Chron., xxviii. 166. Warrand was made Com., Dec. 27th,
1812.

512 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1812.

fore, tacked and stood off, and at midnight detached his pinnace,
under Lieutenant Thomas Jones (2), with Midshipman William
Palmer and 18 men, to try to recapture the vessel. The French
on board had six guns and four swivels mounted, and fired as the
boat approached ; but Jones succeeded in boarding, and in driving
the enemy into their boats ; and he then took the Urania out,
having lost only 1 killed and 2 slightly wounded.1

On July 30th and August 1st an attack was made on Santander
and the castle of Ano by the Marines of the squadron under Captain
Willoughby Thomas Lake, of the Magnificent, 74, and Sir George
Ralph Collier, in conjunction with Spanish guerillas. The castle
was taken, but the garrison of the town, having been heavily re-
inforced, repulsed all attempts against it ; and the naval brigade had
to withdraw with loss, Lake and Collier being among the wounded.
On August 3rd, however, the French evacuated the place, and a
detachment of Marines from the British frigates took possession
of it.2

On August 1st, while the Horatio, 38, Captain Lord George
Stuart, was running down the coast of Norway, she saw an armed
cutter disappearing among some rocks. Three boats, with about
80 people, under Lieutenants Abraham Mills Hawkins and Thomas
James Poole Masters, were sent after her ; and on the following day
the Danish cutter No. 97, mounting six 4-prs., was found lying far
up a creek, together with the schooner No. 114, mounting six 6-prs.,
and their prize, an American vessel. These craft were favourably
disposed for resistance, and opened a warm fire as the boats
approached ; but, after a bloody conflict, they were carried. The
Danes, out of about 52 men engaged, had 10 killed and 13 wounded.
The British lost 9 killed, including Lieutenant (E.M.) George
Syder, and 16 wounded, including both Hawkins and Masters ;
and two of the wounded never recovered. Hawkins, for his
gallantry, was made a Commander on December 12th following.3

On August llth, the Menelaus, 38, Captain Sir Peter Parker (2),
Bart., saw several small craft and a large brig enter Port San
Stefano, below Mt. Argentario, on the Tuscan coast. The harbour

1 James, vi. 54 ; Nav. Chron., xxviii. 83 ; ' Letters of B. Martin,' ii. 206, perhaps
alludes to this, and a similar case.

1 Nav. Chron., xxviii. 171 ; James, vi. 61 ; Var. desps., etc., in Popham Papers
(Auth.'s Coll.)

3 James, vi. 56 ; Nav. Chron., xxviii. 251.

1812.] MICHAEL DWTEB AT BENIDORM. 513

was found to be defended by a 2-gun battery, a 4-gun battery, a
tower with one gun, and a citadel mounting 14 pieces, and the
enemy's craft lay close under the defences ; yet Parker resolved
to cut them out, and to lead the attack in person. Having stood
to sea in order to put the Italians off their guard, he returned at
night, and took in his boats, which, however, missed their way
in the darkness, and had to return under a heavy fire. On the
night of the 13th, nevertheless, he renewed the attempt, stormed
the 4-gun battery by means of his Marines, brought out the brig,
and scuttled the other vessels. The only loss was Midshipman
Thomas Munro killed, and 5 men wounded.1

On August 10th, three small French privateers entered the port
of Benidorm, near Alicante, where they lay under the protection of
a fort mounting 24 guns. For further safety they were themselves
hauled on shore, and a battery was formed near them with six of
their guns. In these circumstances, the Minstrel, 20, Captain John
Strutt Peyton, and Philomel, 18, Commander Charles Shaw (2),
which had noted their entrance, could only blockade them, and
send in a boat nightly to row guard near them, and watch the
motions of their people. On August 12th it fell to Lieutenant
Michael Dwyer, with seven seamen, to go away in the boat. Dwyer
had made private inquiries, and had, as he thought, ascertained that
there were but thirty men in the battery and twenty in the fort ;
and he courageously determined to attempt to carry the former by
surprise. At 9.30 P.M. he and his small party landed to the west-
ward of the town, and were almost immediately challenged ; but
Dwyer was able to reply in Spanish, and to divert suspicion. He
then advanced, seized the battery, in which were, not 30, but 80
Genoese ; and, ere he could do more, found himself surrounded by
200 French soldiers. Against these the British defended themselves,
until one was killed, two, including Dwyer, were wounded, and no
ammunition remained. By a rush, in which all the rest of the
defenders, except one, were wounded, the French recaptured the
work. They were then unable to conceal their admiration for
Dwyer and his associates, whom General Goudin treated with
exceptional kindness. The General further invited Captain Peyton
to dine with him ashore, and to carry back the prisoners with him.
Peyton accepted the invitation ; and thus closed an affair which was
equally to the honour of both sides.'2 Dwyer, though a Lieutenant

1 James, vi. 73. 2 James, vi. 71 ; Marshall, Supp., Pt. II. 441 ; O'Byrne, 320.
VOL. V. 2 M

514 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1812.

of March 21st, 1812, had not at the time received his commission,
and was still doing duty as a Midshipman. He was wounded in no
fewer than eighteen places, and permanently deprived of the use of
his right arm. He was, it is true, given a pension for wounds, and
was presented with a sword by the Patriotic Society ; but, though
he served with distinction on many subsequent occasions, he was
not promoted to be Commander until 1842, when, having attended
Queen Victoria to Scotland, he being then in the Fearless, he seems
to have owed his tardy advancement to her Majesty's admiration for
his gallantry of thirty years before.

On the night of August 18th, in the Kattegat, the Attack, 12,
Lieutenant Richard William Simmonds, observed the approach of
two craft which looked like gun-vessels. She cleared for action,
and, at about 11.20 P.M., when nearly becalmed, was attacked by
what were believed to be ten or twelve Danish gunboats. The
engagement lasted till 1.40 A.M. on the 19th, when the Danes ceased
firing. The A ttacJc then set all sail and got out her sweeps, hoping
to join the Wrangler, Lieutenant John Campbell Crawford, which
had been attacked by other gunboats ; but, owing to the current
and lack of wind, Simmonds could not gain his object, and soon
lost sight of the Wrangler. The A ttack had already suffered severely,
and had had two guns dismounted, so that when, while she was
refitting, fourteen Danish gunboats (each carrying two long 24-prs.
and two howitzers), and four large row-boats, enveloped her, she was
obliged to strike at 3.20 A.M., after having fought gallantly for an
hour and ten minutes. She was then in a sinking condition, and
had lost 2 killed and 12 wounded, A court-martial most honourably
acquitted Lieutenant Simmonds, his officers and men.1

On August 31st, Captain William Hoste, of the Bacchante, 38,
being at anchor off Eovigno, in Istria, learnt that several vessels
laden with timber were in the neighbouring Canale di Leme. That
evening, therefore, he sent away five boats, containing 62 officers
and men, under Lieutenants Donat Henchy O'Brien and Francis
Gostling. Two merchantmen were captured near the mouth of the
Canale, and from them O'Brien heard that the craft of which he was
in search were protected by a 3-gun xebec and two gunboats.
Leaving his prizes under Midshipman Thomas William Langton
and 6 men, O'Brien pressed on with the rest of his party, and,
without loss, took seven timber ships, besides the xebec Tisi-
1 James, vi. 57 ; Nav. Chron., xxviii. 433 ; Mins. of C. M., Sept. 19th, 1812.

1812.] THE "LAURA" AND THE "DILIGENTE." 515

phone, 3, and the two gunboats, one of which mounted 3 guns, and
the other, I.1

On September 2nd, off the mouth of the Mignone on the Eoman
coast, Captain Sir Peter Parker (2), Bart., of the Menelaus, 38, found
a large letter of marque at anchor under two strong batteries. At
night he despatched Lieutenant Eowland Mainwaring with two
boats, which, without any loss, brought out the St. Esprit.2 On the
following day the Menelaus drove three sloops of war into Porto
Ercole ; and on the 4th, her boats cut out from under a heavy fire the
Fidele, a large French storeship, from the mouth of the lake of Orbe-
tello, the only loss on that occasion being 1 killed and Sir Peter
himself wounded.3

On September 8th, the schooner Laura, 12, Lieutenant Charles
Newton Hunter, while taking possession of an American prize, off
the mouth of the Delaware, saw a large French armed brig about
three miles to leeward, and, having recalled her boat, bore up for
the stranger. She was the privateer Diligente, Grassin master,
then mounting 15 guns, 24-pr. carronades and long 12-prs., and
having 97 men on board. The Laura's guns were but 18-pr. carron-
ades and short 9-prs., and she had only 41 people on board. She
began the attack at 3.55 P.M. ; and the two vessels engaged with
varying fortunes, until, after an hour's fighting, Hunter was seriously
wounded. The officer on whom the command would have devolved,
Midshipman John C — - Griffith, was also wounded, and no other
was on board. The Diligente's crew then boarded and hauled down
the schooner's colours. The Laura had 15 killed or severely wounded,
the Diligente had 9 killed and 10 badly wounded. It is pretty
obvious, therefore, that a most creditable defence had been made ;
and such was the view taken when Lieutenant Hunter was subse-
quently tried by court-martial at Halifax.4

In consequence of calms, the Eagle, 74, Captain Charles
Eowley, lay at anchor off Punta della Maestra, at the mouth of
the Po ; and on the evening of September 16th, she detached her
three barges, under Lieutenant Augustus Cannon, to intercept the
enemy's coasting trade. Early on the 17th, Cannon saw a convoy
of 23 sail, protected by a couple of gunboats, making for Goro road.

1 James, vi. 74 ; Nav. Chron., xxix. 82.

2 James wrongly calls her St. Juan, and gives an incorrect date.

3 James, vi. 74 ; Nav. Chron., xxviii. 346.

4 James, vi. 139 ; Mins. of C. M.

2 M 2

516 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1812.

As the boats advanced, the convoy formed line, while the gunboats
moved forward between them and the British, who, however, quickly
carried the larger gunboat, turned her guns upon the second, and
eventually captured the entire convoy except two craft. Lieutenant
Thomas Colson Festing, who succeeded to the command when
Cannon was mortally wounded, burnt six of his prizes, which he was
utterly unable to man, and with the rest, including the gunboats,
rejoined Eowley on the 17th. Besides Cannon, 1 man was killed,
1 was mortally wounded, and 3 were slightly hurt.1 Cannon left
two brothers, Midshipmen, in the Eagle. One of them, Eoquier,
who had passed his examination, was made a Lieutenant on January
26th following, but, apparently, died in 1815.

On September 18th, having chased a convoy in the passage
between Vasto and the island of Tremiti, off the coast of Apulia,
Captain William Hoste, of the Bacchante, 38, despatched his six
boats, under Lieutenants Donat Henchy O'Brien and Silas Thomson
Hood, to follow up the enemy, the wind having failed the frigate.
The convoy, of eighteen merchantmen, anchored and hauled aground,
having outside of it eight armed vessels, carrying among them eight
long guns, six swivels, and 104 men. The attacking party numbered
only 72, but it rowed in with such determination, and boarded with
such dash, that the enemy fled incontinently, leaving the entire
convoy to the victors. On this and other occasions Lieutenant
William Haig (E.M.) greatly distinguished himself. Only two of
the Bacchante's people were hurt.2

On the evening of September 29th, having learnt that six French
vessels laden with shells for Peniscola lay in the harbour of Valencia,
Captain John Strutt Peyton, of the Minstrel, 20, sent in his boats
under Lieutenant George Thomas (2) and Midshipmen William

Lewis (2), B S — - Oliver, and Charles Thomas Smith, to bring

them out. Although the vessels were moored head and stern to the
beach between two batteries, Thomas brought out four of them.
He took a fifth, but a sudden squall drove her aground, and she was
retaken with three of his men in her. His further loss amounted
only to 1 man badly wounded.3

On December 18, 1812, the Gloire, 40, Captain A. E. Eoussin,
bound from Le Havre to the West Indies, was becalmed off the

1 James, vi. 75 ; Nav. Chron., xxix. 80.

2 James, vi. 75 ; Nav. Chron., xxix. 82.

3 James, vi. 73 ; Nav. Chron., xxviii. 431.

1812-13.] ACTIONS WITH THE "GLOIRE." 517

Lizard, and at daylight found herself in the midst of nine vessels,
most of which were merchantmen, but which included the Albacore,
18, Commander Henry Thomas Davies, and the schooner Pickle, 14,
Lieutenant William Figg. As soon as there was wind, the Gloire,
in spite of her overwhelming force, made sail to escape. The Alba-
core chased and fired at her ; but when, partially disabled in the
unequal action, she ceased the pursuit, the Frenchman, instead of
completing her discomfiture, wore, and proceeded westward. In this
affair the Albacore had Lieutenant William Harman (3) killed, and
6 or 7 men wounded. When the Pickle closed and the Albacore had
repaired damages, the Borer, 12, Lieutenant Eichard Coote, and the
cutter Landrail, 4, Lieutenant John Hill (3),1 joined, and the chase
was resumed. There was little firing, and, by midnight on Decem-
ber 19th, the frigate had run herself out of sight. On the 20th she
captured the Spy, armed storeship, bound from Halifax. Having
visited the West Indies, she returned to Europe, and, in the chops
of the Channel, on February 25th, 1813, fell in with the Linnet, 14,
Lieutenant John Treacy.2 Treacy tried to out-mano3uvre his huge
opponent, and handled his little vessel with extraordinary skill,
managing even to brush away the frigate's jib-boom ; but after a
little more than an hour's action, the brig was obliged to surrender.
On May 31st, 1814, a court-martial honourably acquitted Treacy,
and complimented him on his conduct, and, on June llth following,
the gallant Lieutenant was made a Commander.3

On December 21st, 1812, off the coast of Apulia, the Apollo, 38,
Captain Bridges Watkinson Taylor, and Weazel, 18, Commander
James Black, chased a trabacolo under the tower of St. Cataldo, a
work containing three carriage guns, three swivels, and a telegraph.
The boats were sent in, under Lieutenants George Bowen (4), and
Michael Quin, and the tower was carried without loss. It was then
blown up.4

At dawn on January 6th, 1813, when the Bacchante, 38, Captain
William Hoste, and Weazel, 18, Commander James Black, lay be-
calmed to the S.E. of Cape d'Otranto, at the mouth of the Adriatic,
five French gunboats 5 were discovered, three in the S.W. making for
Otranto, and two in the S.E., heading eastward. Hoste signalled to

1 Lieut., May 4th, 1810.

2 In some lists spelt Tracey and Tracy.

3 James, vi. 158; Nav. Chron., xxxi. 487; Mins. of C. M.

4 James, vi. 175 ; Nav. Chron., xxix. 507.
6 For names, see Appendix.

518 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1813.

the Weazel to attend to the smaller division, and sent after the
larger one his own boats, under Lieutenants Donat Henchy O'Brien,
Silas Thomson Hood, and Francis Gostling, with Lieutenant (R.M.)
William Haig, Master's Mates George Eyre Powell1 and James
M'Kean, and Midshipmen the Hon. Henry John Eous, the Hon.
William Waldegrave (3), Thomas Edward Hoste, James Leonard
Few, and Edward 0 — — Pocock. O'Brien, in the barge, overhauled
and captured the sternmost gunboat, and left it to young Hoste, who
secured his prisoners, and then worked the bow gun of his prize
against her late friends, which also were presently taken, astonishing
to say, without loss to the British. The Weazel, not being able to
get up with the smaller division, sent in chase two boats under
Lieutenant Thomas Whaley and Midshipman James Stewart (6),
and a boat belonging to the Bacchante, under Master's Mate Edward
Webb.2 This last boat, ere her consorts could overtake her, cap-
tured the two gunboats successively, and had no one hurt.3

On January 6th, on the Adriatic coast of Italy, some boats of the
Havannah, 36, Captain the Hon. George Cadogan, under Lieutenant
William Hamley, attacked and carried the French gunboat, No. 8,
in face of a heavy musketry fire from the shore to which she was
made fast. Three merchantmen were taken at the same, the British
loss amounting to Master's Mate Edward Percival killed, and 2 men
wounded.4

On January 18th, Bear-Admiral Thomas Francis Fremantle,
commanding in the Adriatic, sent the Apollo, 38, Captain Bridges
Watkinson Taylor, accompanied by the privateer, Esperanza, and
four gunboats, with 250 troops,5 under Lieutenant-Colonel Robert-
son, to attack the island of Lagosta, which surrendered on the 29th.
The conduct of Lieutenant George Bowen (4), Purser Thomas
Ullock, and Midshipmen William Henry Brand, William Hutchi-
son (2),6 and William David Folkes, on the occasion, was much
praised. Having garrisoned Lagosta, the Apollo and her consorts 7
sailed on February 1st for the neighbouring island of Curzola ; and
on the same night, a body of seamen, Marines, and soldiers, was

1 Lieut., Jan. 22nd, 1813.

2 Lieut., June 14th, 1813.

3 James, vi. 170; Nav. Chron., xxix. 336; Marshall, Supp., Pt. IV., 278; IV.
Ft. II. 245.

4 James, vi. 175 ; Nav. Chron., xxx. 76. ' Of 35th Regt.
6 Lieut., Feb. 8th, 1815.

1 Imogene, 14, Lieut. Charles Taylor (actg. Com.), and g. b. No. 43.

1813.] THE "AMELIA" AND THE "ARETHUSE." 519

landed near the principal town. Finding, when he had occupied
the suburbs, that the enemy still attempted to hold the place, Taylor
took off his seamen, and, on February 3rd, attacked and silenced the
sea batteries, whereupon the island capitulated. The conquest cost
the British 2 killed and 1 slightly wounded.1

On February 2nd, at daylight, Fano bearing S.S.E., the King-
fisher, 18, Commander Ewell Tritton, saw several vessels near
Merlera steering south. As there was but little wind, he detached

two boats, under Lieutenant George H Palmer (actg.) and

Gunner John Waller ; and these, after a five hours' chase, captured
a trabacolo, and drove ashore on Corfu nine others, five of which
were totally destroyed. The boats had 2 killed and 7 badly
wounded.2

It is convenient here to trace the adventures of two French
frigates, which sailed from Nantes on a cruise on November 25th,
1812. These were the Arethuse, 40, Commodore Pierre Fra^ois
Henri Etienne Bouvet, and Eubis, 40, Captain Louis Fra^ois
Ollivier. Having picked up a Portuguese prize, the Serra, they
made, in January, 1213, for the coast of Africa ; and, on the 27th of
that month, when off the Los Islands,3 the Eubis, being the leading
ship, discovered and chased the Daring, 12, Lieutenant William

B Pascoe. The latter, taking the Frenchman for a British

frigate, sent his Master in a boat to board her. The Master, on
discovering his error, tried to get away, but was captured. The
Daring, thus made aware of her peril, crowded sail for the Los
Islands, upon one of which she ran herself ashore, and was burnt by
her crew. That evening the frigates anchored in the road, and learnt
that a British frigate was at anchor in the river of Sierra Leone.
The French refitted in a leisurely manner, and did not weigh until
February 4th. That day the Ardthuse struck on a coral bank, and
lost her rudder ; and on the 5th, being still among the islands, the
Eubis also struck, and, as she was unable to free herself, began to
transfer her crew to the Serra. The Arethuse, in the interval,
repaired and reshipped her rudder. Such was the situation at dawn
on February 6th.

In the meantime, Lieutenant Pascoe, and some of his people, had
managed to reach Freetown, where lay the Amelia, 38, Captain the

1 James, vi. 175 ; Nav. Chron., xxx. 80.

2 James, vi. 174.

8 Properly Islas de los Idolos ; still a British dependency of Sierra Leone.

520 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1813.

Hon. Frederick Paul Irby, and had reported that he had left " three
French frigates " off the Los Islands. The Amelia at once began to
prepare for action. That evening she was joined by the merchant
schooner Hawk, with some more of the Daring's men ; and, on
January 30th, the Amelia's launch carronade having been put on
board the Hawk, Pascoe went away in that vessel to reconnoitre.
He returned on February 2nd with the names of the enemy's
frigates and their prize, and with news of Bouvet's intention to
put to sea immediately in order to prey upon commerce. On the
day following, a cartel, sent by Bouvet, with a few prisoners for
exchange, arrived, and confirmed the intelligence; and, without
further delay, the Amelia weighed, and proceeded in search of the
French, although her crew was sickly, and she was obviously no
match for the force which her Captain believed to be awaiting him.
Very early on the 6th she spoke the colonial schooner Princess
Charlotte, and, an hour or two later, she sighted the French vessels
in the N.E., one being about 12 miles from the islands, and the
other aground, transferring her people to the Serra. Irby there-
upon sent the Princess Charlotte to Sierra Leone to direct any
British man-of-war that might call there to join him instantly ; and
he himself bore away to reconnoitre. At 3.20 P.M. the Arethuse was
observed to weigh ; but, unaware that the Eubis was aground, Irby
did not invite an encounter, and kept on and off all night, and until
the evening of the 7th, when, having drawn the Arethuse to some
distance from her consorts, he wore, and steered to cross his oppo-
nent's stern. It was then 7.20 P.M., with a smooth sea, moderate
wind, and brilliant moon. Bouvet tacked to avoid being raked ;
but, a little later, the Frenchman was brought to close action.
Owing to injuries aloft, the Amelia unintentionally fell on board the
Arethuse, which opened a heavy musketry fire, and threw hand
grenades, with a view to preparing the way for an attempt to board.
This aim was, however, frustrated by the fire of the Amelia's
Marines ; and the Arethuse, throwing all aback, dropped clear. The
unmanageable state of the Amelia, nevertheless, presently brought
the two frigates again into contact, broadside to broadside ; and,
from about 9.15 P.M., the two crews fired, and slashed at one another
through the ports, until the concussion of the guns drove the ships
apart. They continued the engagement so long as they were within
gunshot; but all firing ceased at about 11.20 P.M. Irby says that
the Arethuse bore up, the Amelia being ungovernable. Bouvet says

1813.] THE "AMELIA" AND THE "ARETHUSE." 521

that the Amelia crowded sail, and abandoned the field to him. It
seems likely enough that the frigates merely drifted out of range of
one another. No matter what may have occurred to separate them,
the action was certainly well fought, as the following facts will
prove.

The Amelia appears to have had on board, including the people
of the Daring, 319 men and boys. Of these she lost no fewer than
51 killed or mortally wounded, including Lieutenants John James

Bate, John Pope, George Wells, and William E Pascoe (of the

Daring), Lieutenant (R.M.) Robert G — • — Grainger, Midshipman
Charles Kennicott, and Purser John Bogue. She had, moreover,
90 wounded, including Captain Irby, Lieutenant William Reeve,
Master Anthony de Mayne, Lieutenant (R.M.) John Simpson,
Purser John Collman, Boatswain John Parkinson, Master's Mate
Edward Robinson, and Midshipmen George Albert Rix, Thomas

D Buckle, George Thomas Gooch, and Arthur Beever. All her

masts and yards were badly wounded, and her hull was shattered.
As for the Arethuse, she apparently had on board about 340 men, of
whom 31 were killed and 74 wounded. She also was terribly cut
about aloft, and otherwise well mauled. The relative force of the
combatants, as stated by James, was : —

Amelia Arethuse

Broadside guns .

rNo.
1 ' ' \ Ibs.

24
549

22
463

Crew . . . .

319

340

Size .

tons.

1059

1073

At daylight on the 8th the frigates were about five miles apart.
When a breeze sprang up, the Arethuse stood back to the Los
Islands, and the Amelia made sail for Madeira and England. The
Arethuse was joined on the 10th by the Serra, with the crew of
the Rubis ; and, with the prize in tow, she steered for France.
On the way, however, Bouvet took the people out of the Serra
and destroyed her. On April 19th, having made in all about 15
prizes, he reached St. Malo. The Amelia had anchored at Spithead
on March 22nd.1

In the early morning of February 14th, the Bacchante, 38,
Captain William Hoste, sent her barge, armed and manned, under
Lieutenant Silas Thomson Hood, in pursuit of a vessel which was

1 James, vi. 183 ; Nav. Chron., xxix. 243, 256 ; Marshall, ii. 492.

522 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1813.

seen to be making for Otranto. Hood poured in a fire of round shot
and musketry, and then boarded and carried the French gunboat
Alcinoiis, 2, the only person hurt on the British side being Hood
himself. The French had 2 killed and 9 wounded. In this affair,
Lieutenant (E.M.) William Haig, and Master's Mates William Lee
Eees * and Charles Bruce distinguished themselves. The prize,
owing to her damaged condition, had to be destroyed.2

Works having been thrown up by the enemy at Pietra Nera,
on the coast of Calabria, and a convoy of about 50 armed vessels,
including many Neapolitan gunboats, with stores for Naples, having
been assembled there, Captain Eobert Hall (2),3 B.N., who com-
manded the Sicilian flotilla at Messina, volunteered to attack the
position. With two divisions of gunboats, and four companies of
the 75th Eegt., supplied by Lieutenant-G-eneral Lord William C.
Bentinck, at Palermo, he arrived off the port just before daylight on
February 14th, and landed about 150 men under Major Stewart,
and some seamen under Lieutenant Francis Le Hunte, who charged
and carried a well-defended height above the beach. The flotilla
cannonaded the batteries without much result, and Hall had to
order them also to be stormed by Le Hunte and some seamen. By
8 A.M., everything was in possession of the assailants, and about 150
of the enemy had been killed or wounded, and 163 made prisoners.
The best of the vessels were launched and brought off, and the rest
were burnt. Hall praised the behaviour of Captain Imbert, Nea-
politan Navy, and of Le Hunte, as well as that of Major Stewart
(75th Eegt.), who fell in the assault. The Navy's loss was 2 killed
and 7 wounded.4

On February 26th, acting in pursuance of orders from Vice-
Admiral Sir Edward Pellew, the Thames, 32, Captain Charles
Napier (2), and Furieuse, 36, Captain William Mounsey, with the
2nd Batt. of the 10th Eegt. on board, suddenly bore up for the
narrow entrance of the harbour of Ponza, on the island of that
name, off the coast of Naples, and, returning the fire of the batteries
on both side, anchored across the mole-head. Lieut. -Colonel J. P.
Coffin, with the troops, then landed. This demonstration, and the
heavy fire from the ships, induced the governor to hoist a flag of

1 Lieut., Sept. 15th, 1813.
* James, vi. 171.

3 Com'., June 27th, 1808 ; Capt,, March 4th, 1811 ; C.B. 1815 ; Kt. ; died, Feb. 7th,
1818.

4 James, vi. 169 ; Nav. Chron., xxis. 344.

1813.] BRITISH BBIOS IN THE ELBE. 523

truce, and eventually to surrender. In this dashing affair no British
life was lost, although the batteries mounted ten 24- and 18-prs.,
and two 9-in. mortars.1 It was in recollection of this exploit that
Napier assumed the name of Don Carlos de Ponza when, in 1833,
he accepted command of the Portuguese fleet.

On March 14th, Lieutenant Francis Banks (2), of the Blazer, 14,
who was senior officer of the small force stationed off Helgoland,
learnt that the French at Cuxhaveu were in a distressed condition,
and that the Eussians had entered Hamburg. He therefore took
the Brevdrageren, 14, Lieutenant Thomas Barker Devon, under his
orders, and proceeded up the Elbe in order to annoy the enemy to
the best of his ability. At Cuxhaven, 20 French gun-vessels were
found in the act of being destroyed. On the 16th, by invitation
from the shore, Banks landed with 32 soldiers, whom he had em-
barked at Helgoland, and took possession of the batteries there.
On the 20th, while the brigs were still off Cuxhaven, Devon volun-
teered to go up the river, with a boat from each vessel, in search of
a privateer which was believed to lie there. His offer being accepted,
he departed, and off Brunsbiittel, at daylight on the 21st, found two
large galliots at anchor. He at first believed them to be merchant-
men, but, on approaching, found them to be gunboats,2 and was
fired at, the craft hoisting Danish colours. Devon, however, boarded
the nearest galliot in the smoke of a second discharge, and, with his
brother, Midshipman Frederick Devon, and 8 men only, captured
without loss the Danish gunboat Unge Troutman, 5. The second
boat, under Master William Dunbar, arriving, the prisoners were
secured, and sail was made after the other galliot, which had cut
and made for Brunsbiittel. The prize gained upon the chase, but,
as the wind was light, Dunbar, with 11 men, was sent in a boat to
cut off the fugitive, which, on being captured without opposition,
proved to be the Liebe, 5. Devon was deservedly promoted on
May 4th following.3

On March 18th, the Undaunted, 38, Captain Thomas Ussher,
chased a tartan under a battery about fifteen miles to the westward
of Marseilles. Lieutenant Aaron Tozer offering to destroy the
work, a landing was effected under him, Lieutenant Thomas Salkeld
(actg.), Master Eobert Clennan, and Lieutenant (E.M.) Harry Hunt,

1 James, vi. 169 ; Nav. Chron., xxx. 71 ; ' Life of Napier,' i. 62.

2 Each of two long 18-prs., and three 12-pr. carrs., with 25 men.
8 James, vi. 156 ; Nav. Chron., xxix. 335.

524 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1813.

and the battery was carried in a few minutes, with a loss to the
British of but 2 killed and 1 wounded.1

Between that date and March 30th, the Undaunted joined the
Volontaire, 38, Captain the Hon. Granville George Waldegrave
(senior officer), and the Redwing, 18, Commander Sir John Gordon
Sinclair, Bart. On the day last named, the three vessels discovered
fourteen merchantmen at anchor in the little harbour of Morgiou,
between Marseilles and Toulon, and at night, Lieutenant Isaac
Shaw, and Lieutenants (E.M.) William Burton and Harry Hunt,
went in with the boats to cut out the convoy. Landing at Sour-
miou, to the westward of the port, the party marched across the
hills, and, on the morning of the 31st, carried two batteries in the
rear of the place, destroying the guns and ammunition. Other
boats, under Lieutenant Dey Eichard Syer, in spite of the opposi-
tion of two field-pieces, brought out eleven vessels laden with oil,
and destroyed some more. The service was performed with a loss
of 1 killed and 4 wounded. In addition to those already named,
Midshipman Christopher Wyvill 2 is mentioned in terms of great
praise.3

On March 22nd, the boats of the Havannah, 36, Captain the
Hon. George Cadogan, under Lieutenant William Hamley, assisted
by Lieutenant (E.M.) William Hockly, took a 3-gun trabacolo, and
destroyed another, in front of the town of Vasto, on the coast of
the Abruzzi. On the 26th of the same month, off the town of
Fortore, Hamley and Hockly took five armed trabacolos, and five
feluccas laden with salt, from under the protection of a strong body
of troops and some guns, and lost but 2 men wounded in the affair.
And on June 27th, Hamley led the Havannah's boats in an attack
on ten merchantmen lying under an 8-gun battery at Vasto, and
brought off all of them. On that occasion he had 3 men slightly
hurt.4

On the night of April llth, Captain Bridges Watkinson Taylor,
of the Apollo, 38, sent three boats of that frigate, and two of the
Cerberus, 32, Captain Thomas Garth, to take temporary possession
of Devil's Island, near the north entrance to Corfu. A grain-laden
brig and trabacolo were captured there. On the 14th of the same

1 James, vi. 166 ; Nav. Citron., xxx. 75.

2 Lieut., July 5th, 1813.

3 James, vi. 167 ; Nav. Chron., xxx. 74.

4 James, vi. 175 ; Nav. Chron., xxx. 238, 436.

1813.] THE "WEAZEL" IN BASSOOLINA BAY. 525

month the two frigates chased a vessel which escaped into Merlera.
The five boats above mentioned had already proceeded to attack her,
when Taylor, aware of the strength of the island, sent to order them
to wait until the Apollo should come up. The message, however,
arrived too late ; and, in the fight which ensued, Lieutenant Edward
Hollingworth Delafosse and Purser Thomas Ullock were wounded.
On the arrival of the Apollo the Marines were landed, the island,
after a little skirmishing, was taken, and eight grain-laden vessels
were found to have been scuttled to save them from falling into
British hands.1

On April 17th, the Mutine, 16, Commander Nevinson de Courcy,
fell in with the privateer Invincible, 16, in the bay. While chasing,
the Mutine was temporarily disabled, but, refitting, began a running
fight, which lasted for upwards of two hours. She then closed, and,
after fifty minutes' further action, reduced her enemy. The Mutine
had but 2 people wounded.2

A piece of gallant and excellently conducted work was done in
April by the Weazel, 18, Commander James Black. On the 22nd
of that month, at dawn, she was cruising E.N.E. of the island of
Zirona 3 when she saw and chased a convoy which was making for
the ports of Trau and Spalato,. in Dalmatia. As the brig-sloop
approached, the enemy separated, the greater number, with ten
gunboats, bearing up for the Bay of Bassoglina. The Weazel held
on after these, which ultimately anchored in line about a mile from
the shore, and hoisted French colours as they opened fire. She was
considerably damaged as she entered the bay, but at 6 A.M. she
anchored with springs within pistol shot, and began a furious action.
In twenty minutes she forced her opponents to cut, and run further
in ; but they opened fire again from their new position, aided by
three guns and about 200 troops on the heights above the Weazel.
So the fight continued until 10 A.M., when three of the gunboats
had struck, two were ashore, and one had been sunk. The remaining
four gunboats were then reinforced by four more, which came from
the eastward, and anchored outside the Weazel, thus obliging her to
engage on both sides for a time, though presently the outer gun-
boats ran in and joined their consorts. The whole then retired

1 James, vi. 176 ; Nav. Chron., xxx. 239.

2 James, vi. ICO ; Nav. Chron., xxix, 436.

3 James misspells many of these names, writing Zirana, Spalatro, Boscalina, etc.
The spelling given is after Andree.

526 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1813.

behind a point of land, and, while their hulls were protected by it,
fired at the sloop across it. This state of affairs lasted until 3 P.M.,
when the fire temporarily ceased ; but it was renewed at 3.40, and
carried on without further interruption until 6.30.

The Weazel was at that hour a wreck, a few yards from a lee
shore, her anchors destroyed or rendered useless, her hold half full
of water, and her pumps shot away. She had, moreover, already
lost 25 killed or wounded. Nevertheless, Black, in the darkness,
sent in his boats and destroyed such of the gunboats as had
struck or were ashore, besides eight of the convoy. His people
also brought off some anchors, by means of which the sloop was
enabled to warp herself out. Yet her troubles were not over.
At daybreak on the 23rd, ere she was well clear, she was again
attacked by the gunboats, which raked her, and to which she
could make no proper reply. All that day and the following
night she continued to warp out slowly and laboriously, her
people being half dead from fatigue. At noon on the 24th, the
enemy opened on her from a battery on a point close to which
she had to pass, and the gunboats pulled out astern of her ; but
at 5 P.M., after receiving a broadside, the boats sheered off, and
did not again molest the Weazel. The plucky sloop's total loss
was 5 killed, including Boatswain James Toby, and 25 wounded,
including Black,1 Lieutenant Thomas Whaley, Master's Mate
William Simkin, and Midshipman James Steuart.2

At daylight, on April 24th, Captain Taylor, of the Apollo, landed
thirty Marines at St. Cataldo, in southern Apulia, under Lieutenants
(R.M.) John Tothill and Colin Campbell, dislodged some troops who
had just before been disembarked there, made 26 prisoners, killed 1
and wounded several, and brought out the felucca which had dis-
embarked them, all without loss.3

On April 29th, the boats of the Elizabeth, 74, Captain Edward
Leveson Gower, and Eagle, 74, Captain Charles Rowley, under
Lieutenants Mitchell Eoberts, Eichard Greenaway, and Thomas
Holbrook, met with seven oil-laden merchantmen off Goro, near the
mouth of the Po. Pour were captured. The rest ran themselves
ashore under the protection of a 2-gun battery, two schooners,
and three gunboats, that opened a heavy fire ; yet one of the

1 Posted, July 29th, 1813 ; C.B., 1815; died 1835, still a Captain.

2 James, vi. 173; Nav. Chron., xxx. 169.

3 James, vi. 176; Nav. Chron., xxx. 239.

1813.] BOAT ATTACK IN CAVALAIBE BO AD. 527

craft was brought off, and another was destroyed, without
casualty.1

On May 2nd, the Marines of the Repulse, 74, Captain Eichard
Hussey Moubray, Volontaire, and Undaunted, under Captain (K.M.)
Edward Michael Ennis, were landed to destroy some newly erected
works near Morgiou, while the boats of the same ships, under
Lieutenant Isaac Shaw, covered by the launches, and by the
Redwing, brought out some craft from the port. A detachment
of French troops was driven to the heights, the batteries were
blown up, and nine small laden vessels were captured, all with a
loss of only 2 killed, and 4, including Lieutenant Shaw,2 wounded.3

On May llth, Captain William Hoste, of the Bacchante, received
information that an enemy's convoy was lying in the Canale di
Carlopago, on the coast of Croatia ; and he accordingly arrived off
the port on the 15th. By that time the convoy had disappeared,
but, since the works of Carlopago afforded excellent shelter, he
brought up within pistol-shot of the batteries, and opened a heavy
fire. Upon the surrender of the place, a party, under Lieutenant
Silas Thomson Hood, landed, blew up the fort, destroyed the public
buildings, and carried off eight guns. The Bacchante, on this
occasion, had 4 men badly wounded.4

Between May 10th and May 15th, largely owing to the careful
" shepherding " of the Euryalus, 36, Captain Charles Napier (2),
about twenty French coasters were collected in Cavalaire road,
between Hyeres and Frejus. Early on May 16th, Captain Edward
Brace, of the Berwick, 74, detached the boats of his ship, and of
the Euryalus, under Lieutenants Henry Johnston Sweedland and
Alexander Albert Sandilands, with the Marines of both vessels, under
Captain (E.M.) William T. J. Matthews, to take the convoy. The
covering batteries were stormed, the national xebec Fortune, 10,
was abandoned and captured, and all the craft in the road were
either carried off or destroyed, the total British casualties being no
more than 1 killed and 1 missing.5

On May 17th, in the absence of the Apollo, which was watering,
the Cerberus, 32, Captain Thomas Garth, discovered an enemy
under the land to the southward of Brindisi, and, chasing her,

1 James, vi. 177 ; Nav. Chron., xxx. 255. 2 Com., August 9th, 1813.

3 James, vi. 167 ; Nav. Chron., xxx. 79.

4 James, vi. 171 ; Nav. Chron., xxx. 255.

6 James, vi. 167 ; Nav. Chron., xxx. 77 ; ' Life of Napier,' i. 65.

528

MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1813.

caused her to run ashore under a martello tower. Three boats
from the Cerberus were at once sent in, under Lieutenant John
William Montagu, with two belonging to the Apollo, under
Lieutenant William Henry Nares ; and the vessel, which mounted
a 6-pounder and a swivel, was brought out without loss, the troops
who had come down to protect her being driven up country. On
the 18th, the boats carried off a gun from a martello tower some-
what to the southward.1

A BRITISH FRIGATE UNDER ALL SAIL.
(From an ctchingibu E. W. Cooke, R.A., 1828.)

On May 27th, observing in Otranto a convoy which, it was
expected, would make for Corfu with the first favourable wind,
Captain Thomas Garth, with the • Cerberus, took up a station off
Fano, having first sent in two boats from the Cerberus, and two
belonging to the Apollo, under Lieutenants John William Montagu
and William Henry Nares, to lie in wait under the Apulian shore.
At 1 A.M. on the 28th, the convoy came out, protected by eight
gunboats ; yet, in spite of the inequality of force, the boats attacked
them with great determination. Nares boarded and carried one ;
1 James, vi. 176 ; Nav. Chron., xxx. 257.

1813.] COLLIER ON THE COAST OF SPAIN. 529

Midshipman William Hutchison (2) mastered another. In attempting
a third, Master's Mate Thomas Richard Suett was shot through the
heart. He, and 1 seaman, were the only British killed, and but one
other person was wounded. Each of the captured gunboats mounted
three guns. Four of the convoy were taken also.1

The British squadron co-operating with the patriots on the
north coast of Spain was under the orders of Sir George Ealph
Collier, of the Surveillante, 38, who, in May, when Castro Urdiales
was pressed by the French, detached the Lyra, 10, Commander
Robert Bloye, Royalist, 18% Commander James John Gordon Bremer,
and Sparrow, 16, Commander Joseph Needham Tayler, to assist in
defending the place. The enemy, however, was in too great force,
and the British officers were fortunate in being able to bring off the
garrison of about 1150 men, and convey it safely to Bermeo. In
performing this service the squadron had 10 people wounded,
including Lieutenant Samuel Kentish, and Midshipman Charles
Thomas Sutton. Castro Urdiales was then rigorously blockaded,
until, on June 22nd, the French evacuated it, after committing
horrible excesses, and retired to Santona. Commander Joseph
Needhain Tayler2 took possession of, and garrisoned the castle.

Collier's force also co-operated with General Graham in the
reduction of San Sebastian, a detachment of seamen being landed
on July 10th, under the orders of Lieutenant Dowell O'Reilly.3 On
August 31st, two divisions of boats, under Commanders James
Galloway and Robert Bloye,4 were sent to make a diversion, while
some of the .men-of-war stood into the harbour, and a general
assault was made from the land side. These combined movements
resulted in the occupation of the town, early in the afternoon,
though the citadel still held out. That day Commander John
Smith (5), of the Beagle, and three or four seamen, were wounded.
On September 8th, the batteries opened on the citadel ; and, in a
very short time, terms of capitulation were proposed and agreed
to. In these operations, in addition to the vessels above named,
the Ajax, 74, Captain Robert Waller Otway (1), Bevolutionnaire, 38,
Captain John Charles Woollcombe, Freja, 36, Commander William
Isaac Scott, Andromache, 36, Captain George Tobin, President, 38,
Captain Francis Mason, Dispatch, 18, Commander James Galloway,
Challenger, 18, Commander Frederick Edward Venables Veriion,

1 James, vi. 177; Nav. Chron., xxx. 257. 3 Com., Sept. 23rd, 1813.

2 Posted, August 16th, 1813. * Posted, Sept. 23rd, 1813.

VOL. V. 2 N

530 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1813.

Magicienne, 36, Captain the Hon. William Gordon (2), Constant, 12,
Lieutenant John Stokes, schooners Holly, and Juniper, Lieutenant
Nathaniel Vassall, cutter Nimble, and two gunboats (Nos. 14 and 16)
took part. Among the officers mentioned as having distinguished
themselves were Lieutenants the Hon. James Arbuthnot and
Eobert Graham Dunlop, and Midshipmen Digby Marsh, George
Harvey, Henry Bloye, and William Lawson.1

More than once in the course of 1812 and 1813 did Lieutenant
George Canning, acting Commander of the Kite, 16, come into
conflict in the Mediterranean with Turkish subjects, whom, rightly
or wrongly, he believed to be pirates, but whom he failed to prove
to be so. His proceedings, dictated no doubt by somewhat mis-
directed zeal, ended on June 5th, 1813, in a serious catastrophe. He
attacked some supposed pirates on the island of Chiliodromia, in the
northern Sporades, and sent in his boats to destroy their vessels.
The natives, who had taken up positions on commanding heights,
attacked the party by rolling down huge boulders on it, the result
being that, out of 40 officers and men employed, no fewer than 20
were killed and 18 wounded, among the former being Lieutenant
C Williams. Canning was superseded on July 23rd, but pro-
moted on June 15th, 1814. a

On the forenoon of the llth, the Eagle, 74, Captain Charles
Kowley, attacked Farasina, on the island of Cherso. The works,
mounting five 18-prs., were cannonaded, and then stormed and
carried by seamen and Marines under Lieutenants Eichard Green-
away and William Hotham (3), and Lieutenant (E.M.) Samuel
Lloyd. The guns were disabled and the batteries ruined, with a
loss to the party of only Midshipman John Hudson (3) wounded.3

On June 8th, the town of Umago, on the Istrian coast, was
captured by a party from the Elizabeth, 74, Captain Edward
Leveson Gower, and Eagle, 74, Captain Charles Eowley, under
Captain (E.M.) John Hore Graham, and Lieutenants (E.M.)
Thomas Price and Samuel Lloyd, while the boats, under Lieu-
tenants Mitchell Eoberts, Martin Bennet, Eichard Greenaway, and
William Hotham (3), destroyed a 2-gun battery, and brought off
four vessels. Only 1 man was wounded.4

1 James, vi. 165; Nav. Chron., xxx. 77, 236, 240, 247, 259, 351.

2 Nav. Chron., xxxi. 26 ; Marshall, IV. Pt. I., 236.
8 James, vi. 179.

* James, vi. 178 ; Nav. Chron., xxx. 434.

1813.] OAPTUEE OF GIUPPANA • AND MEZZO. 531

At daylight on June 12th, the Bacchante discovered an enemy's
convoy under the town of Giulianova, on the coast of the Abruzzi.
The frigate being some miles to leeward, the wind light, and the
currents adverse, Captain Hoste detached his boats, under Lieu-
tenant Silas Thomson Hood, with discretionary orders, either to
attack or to await the Bacchante's arrival. Hood found the enemy
stronger than had been anticipated. There were seven large gun-
boats, each mounting a long 18-pr., three smaller gunboats, each
with a 4-pr., and fourteen sail of merchantmen, four of which were
armed ; and in rear of the convoy were troops with two field pieces.
In spite of this display of force, and although he himself was half
crippled from the effects of his injury of February 14th, Hood dashed
in under a withering fire, and drove the people from the vessels and
the troops from the beach, taking and destroying the field pieces.
The whole convoy was captured, only 3 men being killed and
6 wounded on the side of the attack. Among those mentioned as
having distinguished themselves were Lieutenants Francis Gostling,
and Edward Webb (acting), Lieutenants (E.M.) Charles Holmes
and William Haig, Master's Mates William Lee Eees and James
M'Kean, and Midshipmen James Howe, Thomas Edward Hoste,
Francis George Farewell, the Hon. William Waldegrave (3), and
Thomas William Langton, and Mr. Samuel Eichardson.1

On June 17th, Commander John Harper, of the Saracen, 18,
with Lieutenant William Holmes (2) 2 and Lieutenant (E.M.)
Edward Hancock, and boats containing 40 men, effected a landing
on the island of Giuppana,3 off the Dalmatian coast, and, after some
skirmishing, made himself master of the place, capturing 36 prisoners,
and the commandant of Giuppana and the neighbouring island of
Mezzo. No one of the attacking party received more than trivial
wounds.* Mezzo itself was taken by the Saracen, and Weazel, 18,
Commander James Black, on July 22nd.6

At dawn on June 20th, Captain Edward Leveson Gower, of
the Elizabeth, 74, landed a body of seamen and Marines, under
Lieutenants Mitchell Eoberts and Martin Bennet, and Captain

1 James, vi. 172 ; Nav. Ghron., xxx. 258. Mr. Richardson was not promoted to be
Lieut, till July 25th, 1828. James calls him a Mid.; but he was not one until
after 1813.

2 Com., August 19th, 1815 ; drowned in Arab, December 12th, 1823.

3 The Gazette wrongly says Zapano, and James follows it.

4 James, vi. 177 ; Nav. Ghron., xxx. 435.

5 Nav. C'hron., xxx. 511.

2 N 2

532 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1813.

(E.M.) John Hore Graham and Lieutenant (E.M.) Thomas Price.
Assisted by armed boats, under Lieutenant Henry Richard Bernard,
the party captured the town of Dignano, in Istria, and made
prisoners of its small French garrison, without losing a man.1

In 1813 Fiume was not a place of as much strength as it is now.
It was nevertheless of much local importance. On July 3rd, Rear-
Admiral Thomas Francis Fremantle, in the Milford, 74, Captain
John Duff Markland, with the Elizabeth, 74, Captain Edward
Leveson Gower, Eagle, 74, Captain Charles Rowley, Bacchante, 38,
Captain William Hoste, and Haughty, 12, Lieutenant James Harvey,
weighed from an anchorage about four miles from the port. Dropping
the Haughty and a division of boats to storm the mole-head battery,
the other ships proceeded to attack the sea-face batteries, which
mounted 15 heavy guns. Owing to a shift of wind, the arrange-
ments could not be entirely carried out as intended ; but, after the
Eagle had silenced one battery, Fremantle made the signal to storm.
Rowley, leading in his gig, took the fort, which he had silenced ;
Hoste, with Marines from the Milford, occupied another battery,
which had been evacuated after a cannonade by the Milford and
Bacchante. Having turned the guns of his battery against the
other works, Rowley dashed through the town, regardless of the
fire from the windows, and from a field piece in the main street,
and chased the defenders into a large house in the chief square.
By that time a party from the Milford, under Markland, had begun
to open with carronades upon the building, whereupon the French
gave way and fled. Hoste and Rowley joining, the remaining
batteries, with the field piece, stores, and shipping, were taken
possession of. In all this fighting, only 1 of the attackers was
killed, and but 6 were wounded. Of the 90 vessels captured, about
half were handed back to their owners, 13 sent to Lissa, and the
rest destroyed. Ere the place was abandoned the guns in the
batteries were rendered useless.2

On July 5th, the British squadron in the Adriatic moved to Porto
Re, at the mouth of the Canale di Maltempo. When Captains
Hoste and Markland landed, they found the forts abandoned, and
13 sail of vessels scuttled in a neighbouring creek. They rendered
the guns, 10 in number, useless, and destroyed the carriages and

works.3

1 James, vi. 178 ; Nav. Chron., xxx. 435.

2 James, vi. 178 ; Nav. Chron., xxx. 433.

3 James, vi. 179 ; Nav. Chron., xxx. 434.

1813.]

BLACK AT ROOOZNICA.

533

On the evening of August 2nd, as the Eagle, 74, Captain Charles
Eowley, and Bacchante, 38, Captain William Hoste, were standing
along the Istrian coast, they discovered a convoy of 21 sail in the
harbour of Kovigno. The Bacchante leading, both ships went in
and opened a brisk fire on the batteries, which, after some reply,
were abandoned ; whereupon Hoste landed with seamen and Marines,
cleared the town, disabled the guns, and brought out or destroyed
the vessels, suffering no greater loss than 1 Marine wounded.1

H.M. BRIG WOLF, 18, SIGNALLING TOE A PILOT.

(From an etching by E. W. Cooke, It.A.)

On the evening of August 4th, the boats of the Milford, 74, and
Weazel, 18, under Captain James Black, of the latter, assisted by
Lieutenant John Grant, and Lieutenant (E.M.) Kenyon Stevens
Parker, landed unperceived at the back of the island of Eogoznica,
off the Dalmatian coast ; and at daylight on the 5th, British cheers
from the top of the highest point of the island saluted the French
garrison, which was easily driven out of its works, where six 24-prs.
and two 7'5 in. mortars were found and disabled. The party

1 James, vi. 179 ; Nav. Chron., xxx. 510.

534 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1813.

returned without loss to the ships.1 On the 24th, off Otranto, the
Weazel captured the French gunboats Auguste, 2, and Tonnante, 2.2

On August 18th, an attack was made upon the batteries of Cassis,
between Marseilles and Toulon, by the Undaunted, 38, Captain
Thomas Qssher, Redwing, 18, Commander Sir John Gordon Sin-
clair, Bart., and Kite, 16, Commander the Hon. Eobert Cavendish
Spencer, with the boats of those vessels, and some from the Cale-
donia, 110, flagship of Vice-Admiral Sir Edward Pellew, Captain
Jeremiah Coghlan, Hibernia, 110, flagship of Vice-Admiral Sir
William Sidney Smith, Captain Charles Thurlow Smith, Barfleur,
98, Captain Sir Edward Berry, Bart., and Prince of Wales, 98,
Captain John Erskine Douglas. The Undaunted was unable to
reach her designed position, but the Eedwing and Kite took up an
excellent covering station. The Marines, led by Captain Coghlan,
stormed the citadel battery, and drove the French to the heights
behind the town, whereupon a division of boats, under Sir John
Sinclair, pulled within the mole, and captured or destroyed three
gunboats and twenty-five sail of merchantmen. The cost was some-
what serious, amounting, as it did, to 4 killed and 16, including
Lieutenant Aaron Tozer, wounded. Among those specially men-
tioned in Ussher's despatch were Lieutenants Joseph Eobert
Hownani and Joseph Grimshaw, Captains (R.M.) Thomas Sherman
and Thomas Hussey, and Lieutenants (R.M) Harry Hunt", first in
the battery, Eobert Turtliff Dyer, William Blucke, John Maule,
Thomas Eeeves, Alexander Jervis, Edward Mallard, and Samuel
Burden Ellis.3

On September 9th, off the Start, the Alphea, 8 (18-pr. carronades),
Lieutenant Thomas William Jones,4 chased the privateer schooner
Renard, 14, and, having overhauled her, fought her most gallantly at
close quarters for three hours and a half, at the expiration of which
time, it being 3.30 A.M. on the 10th, the unfortunate Alphea blew up,
all on board her perishing. The Renard admitted a loss of 5 killed
and 31 wounded ; and, as the entire crew of the Alphea numbered at
most only 41, the British must have fought magnificently.5

Early on September 16th, the Swallow, 18, Commander Edward
Eeynolds Sibly, being well in-shore between the mouth of the Tiber

1 James, vi. 179 ; Nav. Chron., xxx. 509.

2 Nav. Chron., xxx. 511.

3 James vi. 168 ; Nav. Chron., xxx. 436.

4 Born 1783, Plympton ; Lieut. 1801.

6 James, vi. 160 ; Moniteur, Sept. 21st, 1813 ; Nav. Chron., xxxi. 262.

1813.] OPERATIONS AT ANZIO. 535

and Anzio, discovered a brig and xebec between herself and the
latter. Three of the brig's boats, under Lieutenant Samuel Edward
Cook, Master's Mate Thomas Cole (2), and Midshipman Henry
Thomas, were despatched in chase, and, after a two hours' row, they
overhauled the French brig Guerrier, 4,1 which was then in tow of two
gun-vessels and numerous other boats that had been sent out from
Anzio to her succour. These held on until the British were actually
alongside. Cook and his party gallantly carried the enemy, losing,
however, 2 killed and 4 wounded.2

On the morning of October 5th, the Edinburgh, 74, Captain
George Heneage Lawrence Dundas, Imperieuse, 38, Captain the
Hon. Henry Duncan (3), Resistance, 38, Captain Meetwood Broughton
Eeynolds Pellew, Swallow, 16, Commander Edward Eeynolds Sibly,
Eclair, 16, Commander John Bellamy, and Pylades, 16, Commander
James Erskine Wemyss, assembled off Anzio, where lay a convoy of
29 sail, which had previously been watched for some days by Captain
Duncan. The place was defended by two batteries, each mounting
three heavy guns, on the mole, by a tower to the northward, with
one gun, and by a two-gun battery covering the mole. At 1.30 P.M.
the ships bore up and took station, the Imperieuse and Resistance
opposite the mole, the Swallow against the tower, and the Eclair and
Pylades against the covering battery, supported by the Edinburgh.
They opened fire simultaneously by signal ; and, soon afterwards, a
detachment of seamen, under Lieutenant Stannard Eaton Tr avers,
and Marines under Captain (E.M.) Thomas Mitchell,3 landed under
the south, or covering battery, which Travers immediately carried.
Another party, under Lieutenant David Mapleton, having taken
possession of the mole head, the entire convoy was brought out, and
the works were then blown up. The ships were but little injured,
and there was no loss of life on the British side. Duncan had been
provided with very valuable information concerning the strength of
Anzio by Lieutenant Travers, who, a few nights earlier, had landed
with a boat's crew, stormed a tower, and brought off the garrison as
prisoners.4

On October 9th, the Thunder, bomb, Commander Watkin Owen
Pell, being off the Owers, induced the privateer Neptune, 16, to hail

1 Apparently a privateer.

2 James, vi. 181 ; Nav. Chron., xxxi. 77.

3 There were then two captains (B.M.) of that name, one of July 1st, 1803, and
the other of May 19th, 1812.

4 James, vi. 181 ; .Nav. Chron., xxxi. 77 ; O'Byrne, 1196.

536 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1813.

her as a merchantman, and then to lay her on board. A party
then rushed on to the privateer's deck, and, after a hot struggle,
carried her, losing only 2 wounded. The Neptune had 4 killed and
10 wounded.1

On October llth, the Bacchante, 38, Captain William Hoste,
arrived off Eagusa, and was joined by the Saracen, 18, Commander
John Harper, and by three gunboats, with a detachment of troops
from the garrison of the island of Curzola. Learning from Harper
that the inhabitants were in revolt to the southward, Hoste pro-
ceeded at once for Castelnuovo, in the Bocche di Cattaro. On the
12th, the Bacchante and Saracen forced the passage, and, after some
firing, secured a capital anchorage about three miles above the town.
At 10 P.M. that day, Hoste detached Harper with two gunboats
(Sicilian), the launch and barge of the Bacchante, and the boats of
the Saracen, to seize such naval force as was lying off the town of
Cattaro. The expedition was heavily fired at as it passed the island
of San Giorgio ; but at midnight, when the enemy's four gunboats
were encountered, they were found to be in a state of revolt, and
were easily taken possession of. Harper landed near Cattaro, and
summoned the inhabitants to rise against the French. They did
so gladly, and armed themselves, whereupon Harper, having manned
his prizes, moved down to attack San Giorgio. Early on the 13th,
Lieutenant Francis Gostling, commanding the gunboats, opened
fire upon the island batteries, which replied ; but, in a quarter of
an hour, the French deserted their guns, and eventually they
surrendered.2

On October 5th, Rear-Admiral Thomas Francis Fremantle arrived
off Triest to co-operate with the Austrians who, under General Count
Nugent, invested the place on the land side. On the 10th, the
French opened a masked battery of two guns upon the stern of the
flagship Milford, which happened to lie towards the shore ; but, in a
few minutes, Captain John Duff Markland got a spring upon the
cable, and, in another quarter of an hour, put both guns out of
action, killing or wounding 9 of the men serving them. Later in the
day he landed with his Marines and a couple of field pieces. A
systematic siege was then laid to the castle, and by the 16th, the
British had twelve guns in battery. The besiegers made steady

1 James, vi. 164 ; Gazette, 1813, 2011.

2 James, vi. 180 ; Nav. Chron., xxxi. 72. The disps. of Hoste and Harper confuse
dates, but those given in the text seem to be correct. See Logs.

1813.] DESTRUCTION OF THE "FLIBUSTIEB." 537

progress, and on the 29th, the French capitulated. In these opera-
tions Captains Charles Rowley, of the Eagle, and John Duff Mark-
land, of the Milford, Commanders Fairfax Moresby, of the Wizard,
and David Dunn, of the Mermaid, flute, Lieutenants William
Hotham (3), and Charles Moore, Acting Master William Watt
(wounded), and Midshipmen Edward Hibbert and Edward Young
(wounded), appear to have much distinguished themselves. The
total loss on the British side was 10 killed and 35 wounded.1

In October, the Flibustier, 16, with stores and a few troops on
board, lay in St. Jean de Luz, awaiting an opportunity to put to sea.
The near approach of Wellington's army obliged her to move ; and,
on the night of the 12th, she weighed and stood to the S.W. At
dawn on the 13th, being then becalmed near the mouth of the
Bayonne river, she was seen by the Telegraph, 12, Commander
Timothy Scriven, Challenger, 18, Commander Frederick Edward
Venables Vernon, and Constant, 12, Lieutenant John Stokes.
Before the Telegraph could close, the Flibustier had anchored
under some batteries, but at 6.45 P.M. the British vessel began to
rake the Frenchman. At about 7, seeing that the other British
vessels were approaching, the Flibustier set herself on fire, and, in
spite of efforts made to save her, blew up at 8.10. The Telegraph
had no casualties. Scriven was made a Commander, not, as James
says, in consequence of the action, but six days prior to it. For this
and other services he received a C.B. in 1815 ; but although he was
posted on August 12th, 1819, his commission in 'that rank was can-
celled on the 20th, in consequence of his having been wrecked in the
Erne, 20, on the previous June 1st. He was never again employed,
and died in 1824.2

On October 14th, the Furieuse, 36, Captain William Mounsey,
while running along the coast towards the Ponza Islands, discovered
in the harbour of Sta. Marinella, a little to the eastward of Civita
Vecchia, a convoy of 19 sail, under the protection of two gunboats,
a fort mounting two 24-prs., and a fortified tower and castle. Lieu-
tenants Walter Croker and William Lester, and Lieutenants (E.M.)
James AVhylock and William Davis, volunteered to storm the fort
on the land side, while the frigate engaged it from seaward ; and this
service was gallantly and promptly performed. The French, how-
ever, retreated to the strong position afforded by the castle and

1 James, vi. 180; Nav. Chron., xxx. 514.

2 James, vi. 161 ; Marshall, iv., Pt, i. 122 ; Nav. Chron., xxx. 506.

538 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1813.

tower, whence they kept up an annoying fire of musketry, and could
not be dislodged, even by the entire broadsides of the Furieuse.
Nevertheless, the landing party boarded and cut the cables of sixteen
vessels of the convoy, sank two, and brought out the remaining
fourteen, suffering a loss of no more than 2 killed and 10 wounded in
the three hours during which the affair lasted.1

On September 30th, the Franco-Batavian frigates Trave, 40, and
Weser, 40, put to sea from the Texel for a cruise to the Azores. On
October 16th, they were separated by a gale which dismasted both
of them. On the 18th, the Weser, then off Ushant, making for
Brest, was found by the Scylla, 18, Commander Colin M'Donald,
which repeatedly hailed, received a broadside, and then made sail
ahead.

On the 20th, the Scylla fell in with the Royalist, 18, Commander
James John Gordon Bremer ; and the two sloops together went in
search of the enemy. They discovered her in a few hours, and, at
3.30 P.M. brought her to action. In an hour and a half they were
so cut up that they had to haul off to refit ; but on the following
morning they renewed the action, and the Ripon, 74, Captain Sir
Christopher Cole, then nearing, the Weser struck, and was taken
possession of by the Royalist. The Scylla had 2 men wounded, and
the Royalist, 2 killed and 9 wounded, including Lieutenant James
Waring, and Master William Wilson. The Weser had 4 killed and
15 wounded.

On the same day, October 21st, the Achates, 16, Commander
Isaac Hawkins Morrison, fell in with the Trave, and made sail in
chase. The brig pluckily engaged the frigate, but finally lost her in
a squall at night. On the afternoon of the 23rd the Trave en-
countered the Andromache, 36, Captain George Tobin, and sustained
a running fight with her for about an hour, hauling down her colours
as the Eurotas, 38, Captain John Phillimore, approached from the
N.E. The Andromache lost only 2 wounded, including Lieutenant
Thomas Dickinson. The Trave had 1 killed and 25 wounded, besides
2 wounded in the fight with the Achates, which had no one hurt.
Both the Trave and the Weser were added to the Navy.2

On November 1st, off St. Valery en Caux, the Snap, 16, Com-
mander William Bateman Dashwood, sighted five armed luggers,
and stood for the three weathermost ones, which first separated,

1 James, vi. 182 ; Nav. Chron., xxxi. 78.

2 James, vi. 162 ; Nav. Chron., xxx. 441, 443.

1813.] FABQUHAR IN THE ELBE. 539

and then escaped by superior sailing. Dashwood next bore up after
the two leewardmost craft, and, by deception, enticed one of them
alongside, whereupon he opened fire, and in ten minutes was
master of the Lion, 16, of Boulogne. The capture did not cost him
a man, but the prize had 5 killed and 6 badly wounded.1

On the night of November 8th, the boats of the Revenge, 74,
Captain Sir John Gore (2), under Lieutenants William Richards
and Thomas Blakiston, went into the harbour of Palamos, on the
coast of Catalonia, and cut out a French felucca privateer, without
having a man hurt.2

On November 9th, Captain Thomas Ussher, of the Undaunted.
38, sent his boats, under Lieutenants Joseph Robert Hownam and
Thomas Hastings, into La Nouvelle, on the south coast of France.
The batteries were stormed and carried, and, of the craft in harbour,
two were captured and five destroyed. The force suffered no
casualties.3

On November 26th, off lie Rousse, on the north-west coast of
Corsica, the boats of the Swiftsure, 74, Captain Edward Stirling
Dickson, under Lieutenant William Smith (4 b.), were detached in
chase of the privateer schooner Charlemagne, 8, which tried to make
off by using her sweeps. She reserved her fire till the boats were
close upon her and had themselves opened ; but she was boarded
with the utmost determination and carried. Unhappily, 5 people,
including Midshipman Joseph Douglas, were killed, and 15, in-
cluding Lieutenants Rose Henry Fuller and John Harvey (2 a.),
(mortally), wounded.4

In October, Captain Arthur Farquhar (1), of the Desiree, 36,
arrived at Helgoland to take duty as senior officer. By that time
the French had regained possession of Cuxhaven ; and, on November
30th, Farquhar, with a small squadron, co-operated with a Russian
force in an attack upon the batteries defending the place. After
this had succeeded, he crossed the Elbe and pushed up to Gliick-
stadt, in the reduction of which he assisted the Crown Prince of
Sweden. The fortress capitulated on January 5th, 1814, after six
days' bombardment. In these operations there were engaged, in
addition to the Desiree, the Shamrock, 10, Commander John
Marshall (2), Hearty, 14, Commander James Rose, Blazer, 14,

1 James, vi. 165 ; Gazette, 1813, 2167.

2 James, vi. 183 ; Nav. Chron., xxxi. 79.
8 James, vi. 183 , Nav. Chron., xxxi. 79.
4 James, vi. 183 ; Nav. Chron., xxxi. 75.

540

MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1813-14.

Lieutenant Francis Banks (2), Piercer, 14, Lieutenant Joshua
Kneeshaw, Eedbreast, 14, Lieutenant Sir George Mouat Keith,
Bart., and gunboats, No. 1, Lieutenant Job Hanmer, No. 2, Master's
Mate Thomas Riches, No. 3, Lieutenant Charles Henry Seale,
No. 4, Lieutenant John Tulloh, No. 5, Midshipman John Hallowes,
No. 8, Lieutenant Richard Roper, No. 10, Lieutenant Francis
Darby Romney, and No. 12, Lieutenant John Henderson (2).
Among others employed and favourably mentioned were Commander
Andrew Pellet Green,1 Lieutenants Charles Haultain, and John
Archer (2), and Midshipman George Richardson. The loss sus-
tained was 3 killed and 16 wounded, including Commander James

A 24-PR. CARRONADE, CO,. 1820.
(From Ch. Dupin.)

Rose, Midshipman Richard Hunt, and Captain's Clerk John
Riches.2

On January 5th, the Niger, 38, Captain Peter Rainier (2), and
Tagus, 36, Captain Philip Pipon (1), with a convoy bound to the
westward, were off Sao Antonio, one of the Cape de Verde Islands,
when, at 10 A.M., they discovered nearly ahead of them the Ceres,
40, Captain Baron de Bougainville (2), which, in company with the
Clorinde, 40, Captain R. J. M. D. Lagarde, had quitted Brest in the
early part of December. The British chased, with a light E.S.E.
breeze, the Niger leading. By 11 P.M. she was near enough to open
from her bow-chasers ; but only distant and desultory shots were
fired until the morning of the 6th, by which time the wind had
drawn to the N.E., and had enabled the Tagus to pass her consort

1 Who commanded the Sliamrock before Com. John Marshall (2).

2 James, vi. 157 ; Nav. Chron., xxx. 513 ; xxxi. 72, 80.

1814.]

THE "EUROTAS" AND THE "CLORINDE."

541

and to begin a running fight with the Frenchman. This continued
until 9.30 A.M., when, having lost her main topmast, the Certs
struck. The Niger had just previously repassed her consort, and
was pouring in a heavy fire. No one was killed on either side,
neither did either party sustain a loss of more than one man
wounded. Both the Tagus and the Ceres, however, were somewhat
cut about aloft. The prize was added to the Navy as the Seine,
there being a G&res already in the service.

After having parted company with the Ceres, the Clorinde cruised

1- 1 -r°

feSO

A LONG 24-PB., ca. 1818.
(From Ch. Dupln.)

with some success until February 25th, when, being nearly due west
of Ushant, heading for Brest, she was sighted by the Eurotas, 38,
Captain John Phillimore. The latter at once went in chase. The
Eurotas, it should be explained, was one of certain frigates which
had been fitted with medium 24-prs., in order to prepare them to
meet the heavy American frigates on fairly equal terms. She
carried, it would seem, twenty-eight Congreve 24-prs., sixteen 32-pr.
carronades, two long 9's, an 18-pr. launch carronade, and a Blome-
field 24-pr. : in all, 48 guns. The Clorinde carried twenty-eight long
18-prs., fourteen 24-pr. carronades, and two long 8-prs., or 44 guns
in all.

Although the wind shifted to N.W., and fell considerably, the
Eurotas gained ; and her advantage in this respect was increased by
the apparent indecision of the French captain. At 4.45 P.M. fire
was opened, and at 5, having bore up, the Eurotas passed under the
Clorinde' 8 stern and discharged her starboard broadside. As she
luffed up under her opponent's quarter she received a close fire, and,
ere she forged forward on to her enemy's port bow, she lost her
mizen mast by the board. At about the same time the Clorinde lost

542 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1814.

her fore topmast. The Frenchman shot ahead and tried to cross
the British frigate's bows ; but the Eurotas evaded this by luffing
up ; and although she could not, as she desired, lay her enemy on
board, she passed close under her stern and gave her the port
broadside. Thenceforward, until the vessels separated at 7.10 P.M.,
the action was a very furious muzzle-to-muzzle engagement, the
Eurotas losing in succession her main and fore masts, and the
Clorinde her niizen and main masts. When the Clorinde stood out
of gunshot, her antagonist was temporarily unmanageable. Not
till then did Phillimore,1 who had been dangerously wounded early in
the affair, consent to go below, and to hand over the command to
Lieutenant Eobert Smith (2),2who, by immense exertions throughout
the night, got up jury masts of sorts, and was able, by the following
noon, to go at a speed of 6'5 knots through the water, and to gain
on the Clorinde. It was, therefore, most mortifying when the
Dryad, 36, Captain Edward Galwey, and Achates, 16, Commander
Isaac Hawkins Morrison, appeared on the scene. Their presence,
after some parley, and a single shot from the Dryad, caused the
Clorinde to surrender. She had had 20 killed and 40 wounded.
The Eurotas 's losses had been almost exactly the same. She had
had 21 killed, including Midshipmen Jeremiah Spurking and Charles

Greenway, and first-class Volunteer John T Vaughan, and 39

wounded, including Captain Phillimore, Lieutenant (E.M.) Henry
Foord, and Midshipman Thomas Robert Brigstocke. The com-
parative force of the combatants at the outset had been as follows
(omitting, in the Eurotas's case, the Blomefield gun, which may
possibly not have been on board at the time, and the launch
carronade) :—

Broadside guns .

Crew

Size

The mettle of the Eurotas's crew was shown not less in the celerity
with which the crippled ship was refitted than in the spirit with
which the action was fought. The British gunnery, however, left
much to be desired, or the slaughter in the Clorinde would have
been greater. The French, on the other hand, though they fought
well against a superior antagonist, evinced little resource, and no

1 A Capt. of 1807 ; C.B., 1815 ; Kt, 1820; died still a Capt, 1840.

2 Com., March 4th, 1814, for this service. Died in the same rank, 1840.

Eurotas

Clorinde

i No. 23

' ( Ibs. 601

463

. No. 329

344

tons. 1084

1083

1814.] CAPTURE OF THE "ALCMENE." 543

power of recuperation. Eighteen hours after the fight, the Clorinde
was still as dismantled as she had been at its close. She was towed
to Portsmouth, and added to the Navy as the Aurora, a Clorinde
already flying the pennant.1

On October 20th, 1813, the French 40-gun frigates Iphigenie,
Captain Jacques Leon Emeric, and Alcmene, Captain Alexandre
Ducrest de Villeneuve, had left Cherbourg for a six months' cruise.
They had subsequently made several prizes on the west coast of
Africa and off the Canary Islands. They were still cruizing off
those islands when, on January 16th, 1814, they fell in with the
Venerable, 74, Captain James Andrew Worth, Cyane, 22, Captain
Thomas Forrest, and Jason, 2, a privateer prize,2 Lieutenant
Thomas Moffat. The Venerable carried the flag of Bear-Admiral
Philip Charles Calderwood Durham, who was on his way to take
charge of the Leeward Islands station. When the Cyane had
reconnoitred and reported, the Venerable went in chase, and,
towards evening, got within hail of the Alcmene, which was the
leewardmost of the two frigates. As the French ship would not
answer him, Worth opened with such guns as would bear, where-
upon Villeneuve pluckily put his helm up, and, under all sail, laid
the 74 on board. Villeneuve, no doubt, expected to be supported
by Emeric, but the latter lost no time in hauling sharp up, and so
left his colleague at Worth's mercy. After a brief struggle, in which,
nevertheless, the Alcmene lost 32 killed, and 50, including Villeneuve,
wounded, the Frenchman's colours were struck by a boarding party
headed by the Venerable' 's Captain. The British had but 2 killed
and 4 wounded.

In the interval the Cyane and Jason had gone in chase of the
Iphigenie.

The Jason outsailed her consort, and at 10 P.M. had the
temerity to begin firing into the frigate with the only two guns
which were on board. It was nearly three hours later when the
Cyane drew close enough to co-operate ; and, by about 4.30 A.M. on
the 17th, she began to realise that her opponent was too big for her,
and to drop astern. Forrest soon afterwards despatched the Jason
in search of the flagship, and himself continued after the frigate,
which, though she did her best with guns as well as with sails,

' James, vi. 267; Logs of Eurotas and Dryad; Nav. Chron., xxxi. 183, 25C;
Marshall, Supp., Pt. I. 247.

2 Taken Dec. 31st, 1813 ; Nav. Chron., xxxi. 254.

544 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1814.

failed to shake him off. The chase was, in fact, persisted in until
the evening of the 19th, when the Venerable was fast coming up.
In vain did Emeric cut away his boats and anchors. The 74 over-
hauled him at 8 A.M. on the 20th, and having once fired her starboard
broadside for form's sake, the Iphigenie struck, before she had lost
a man. The Venerable and the Cyane also escaped casualties, and
even the bold little Jason had no one hurt. Both prizes were
added to the Navy.1

Another pair of 40-gun French frigates had set out on a cruise
at about the same time as the Iphigenie and Alcmene. These were
the Etoile, Captain Pierre Henri Philibert, and Sultane, Captain
Abel Dupetit Thouars,2 which sailed from Nantes at the end of
October, 1813. On January 18th, 1814, they were in nearly mid-
Atlantic, when they sighted the Severn, 40, Captain Joseph Nourse,
which was in charge of a convoy from England to Bermuda. After
ascertaining that the strangers were enemies, Nourse made all
possible sail from them, and signalled to the vessels in his company
to take care of themselves. At 10.30 A.M. the Severn began firing
her stern chasers at the Etoile, which was the leading Frenchman ;
but not till 4.5 P.M. did the Etoile reply. From that time until 5.30
there ensued a running fight ; but the Severn gradually drew ahead,
and, though the chase continued for some time, it was abandoned
at 8 A.M. on the 19th. The convoy got away in safety to the
westward.

The Etoile and Sultane proceeded to the Cape de Verde Islands,
and anchored in English Harbour, Ma'io. On January 23rd, they
were found there by the Creole, 36, Captain George Charles Mac-
kenzie, and Astr&a, 36, Captain John Eveleigh (1), which, making
them out to be enemies, wore, and made sail for the anchorage.
When the British vessels were about a mile distant, the Frenchmen
cut or slipped, and made sail free on the port tack, with a strong
N.E. wind. Thereupon the Creole and Astrcea set their topgallant
sails and chased. At about 12.45 the Creole, then leading, fired a
shot ahead of the Sultane, which was on her starboard bow, and
somewhat astern of the Etoile ; and she continued firing occasionally
until, at 1 P.M., she ranged up on the Sultane' s starboard beam, and

1 James vi. 259 ; Nav. Chron., xxxi. 254.

2 Son of Capt. A. A. Dupetit Thouars, who fell at the Nile. Born 1793 ; comd.
Venus in voyage round the world, 1837-39 ; E.-Ad., 1841 ; estabd. protect, over Tahiti,
1842 ; died Adm., 1864. His son, Abel (2), born 1832, died a V.-Ad., 1890.

1814.] ACTIONS WITH THE "SULTANE" AND "ETOILE." 545

exchanged broadsides. Soon afterwards the Astrcea crossed the
Sultane's stern, passed between the latter ship and the Creole,
poured in and received two broadsides at close quarters, and stood
on to engage the Etoile, which was half a mile ahead, with her
mizen topsail aback.

Twice was the Creole set on fire in the two hours during which
her action with the Sultane lasted. At the expiration of that time,
being cut to pieces aloft, and having 10 people killed and 26
wounded, Mackenzie abandoned the contest, put his helm a-lee,
and steered for Sao Thiago.

The Astrcea had quitted the Sultane at 2.15. She got alongside
of the Etoile a quarter of an hour later, exchanging broadsides,
ranging ahead, luffing up, and raking her enemy ; but, losing her
wheel, she fell round off; and the Etoile, wearing, raked her very
destructively. The Astrcea, however, backed round, and got her
starboard guns to bear ; and a yard-arm to yard-arm action began.
In a few minutes Eveleigh was mortally wounded, and the
command devolved on Lieutenant John Bulford. In spite of the
discouragement caused by the retirement of the Creole, by a fire in
the Astrcea' s mizen top, and by the approach of the Sultane,
Bulford fought on gallantly, and tried, though without success, to
board his immediate opponent. The Sultane, passing to leeward,
raked him, but then, fortunately, stood away before the wind. At
3.45 the Etoile had had enough of it, and wore round, subsequently
standing after her consort, while the Astrcea's mizen mast, in flames,
went by the board. Bulford, of course, could not follow. When
he had partially refitted, he made after the Creole, which he joined
at about 5.15 P.M. in Porto Praya Bay. The Astrcea had lost 9
killed, including Eveleigh, and 37 wounded ; so that the total loss
in the two British frigates was 19 killed and 63 wounded. The
enemy had about 40 killed and 60 wounded between them.1 It was,
all things considered, a tolerably well matched struggle, ending in
a draw.

On March 26th, the two French frigates, the Sultane having
jury topmasts and mizen mast, were about 35 miles N.W. of He
Batz, making for St. Malo, in thick weather, with a S.W. breeze,
when they fell in with the Hebrus, 36, Captain Edmund Palmer,
and Sparrow, 16, Commander Francis Erskine Loch. The latter
was so close to the enemy ere she discovered them that she received

1 James, vi. 261 ; Nav. Chron., xxxi. 495.
VOL. V 2 O

546 MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815. [1814.

several shots from each, sustained considerable damage aloft, lost
iier Master, killed, and had a seaman wounded. The Hannibal, 74,
Captain Sir Michael Seymour (1), Bart., was in the immediate
neighbourhood ; and the Hebrus, as she distantly engaged the
Frenchmen with her starboard battery, fired her port guns in hopes
of attracting the attention of her consort. At 9.40 A.M., as the fog
cleared, the Hannibal was seen coming down under a cloud of
canvas ; and soon afterwards the Hebrus crowded sail in chase. In
an hour, on the wind suddenly shifting to N.N.W., the French
separated, the Sultane changing course to E. by N., and the Etoile
hauling up to the S.E. Seymour signalled the Hebrus and Sparrow
to chase the latter, and himself followed the Sultane.

The Hebrus soon lost sight of the Hannibal, and, later, of the
Sparrow also, and, steadily gaining on the Etoile, overhauled her
soon after midnight in the Eace of Alderney. At 1.45 A.M. on the
27th, as the Etoile was wearing round the Nez de Jobourg, close to
the breakers, she opened fire upon the Hebrus, which was nearing
her on the port quarter. The Hebrus, being within pistol-shot,
replied, and then ran athwart the enemy's stern, to get between her
and the shore. The British frigate thus placed herself in very shoal
water; yet at 2.20 the Etoile crossed her bows to get inside her
again, and, while doing so, crippled her very seriously aloft. During
all this time it was nearly calm ; but, at 3 o'clock, a light breeze
sprang up from the land, and, taking full advantage of it, Palmer
was able to rake his antagonist several times, finally knocking away
her mizen mast close to the deck. At 4 A.M. the Etoile ceased
firing, and hailed to say that she had struck ; and, the heads of both
ships having been got off shore, and a battery which, in the semi-
darkness, had impartially annoyed both, having been placed out of
range, the Hebrus and her prize, not without difficulty, anchored in
Vauville Bay at 7 A.M., about five miles from the shore. The victor
sustained her principal damages aloft, but also lost 13 killed, in-
cluding Midshipman P A Crawley, and 25 wounded. The

Etoile 's main injuries were in her hull ; and she had, in consequence,
as many as 40 killed and 73 wounded. The comparative force of
the ships was :—

Hebrus

Etoile

Broadside guns .

i No. 21
' 'libs. 467

22
463

. . No. 284

315

Size .

tons. 939

1060

1814.] CHASE OF THE "ATALANTE." 547

Captain Palmer mentions with great approval the conduct in the
action of Commander William Sargent, a volunteer on board, and
of Lieutenants Eobert Milborne Jackson,1 and George Addis, as well
as of other officers.2

The Hannibal soon overtook the disabled Sultane, which, after
very little firing, surrendered at 3.15 P.M. on the 26th. Both prizes
were added to the Navy.3

On the morning of February 2nd, nearly midway between the
Azores and Madeira, the Majestic, 56, Captain John Hayes (1),
which was on the look-out for the American frigate Constitution,
chased the American privateer Wasp, 20, and continued doing so
until daylight on the 3rd, when she sighted three suspicious ships
and a brig in the south-south-east. Having made the private signal,
and getting no answer, she shortened sail to reconnoitre the
strangers, which proved to be the French Atalante, 40, Captain
Mallet, and Terpsichore, 40, Captain F. D. Breton, with their prizes,
the San Juan Baptista, 20, and an unarmed brig. Giving up his
chase of the Wasp, Hayes made after the hostile squadron. Al-
though apprised by Breton that the British ship was of force in-
ferior to the two French frigates, Mallet ordered his subordinate to
" make more sail " ; and both fled under a press of canvas. Towards
noon the Majestic gained on the Terpsichore, opened fire from her
bow guns at 3 P.M., and continued a running fight with the rearmost
Frenchman until 4.56, when the Terpsichore struck and brought to,
the Atalante not offering to aid her in the slightest. As the prize
was in a state of confusion, and the wind was increasing, Hayes did
not pursue the remaining vessels. In the action, the Terpsichore
had 3 killed and 6 wounded. The Majestic escaped scot free. As
for the A talante, she was subsequently chased into Concarneau Bay,
on March 25th, by the Menelaus, 38, Captain Sir Peter Parker (2),
Bart. Parker sent in Lieutenant James Seagrove and Midshipman
Frederic Chamier 4 with a challenge to Mallet to come out with his
ship, and not to allow her to be blockaded by a vessel of equal
force ; but the French captain, still not over-anxious for an
encounter, replied that his frigate could not leave a French port
without an order from his chiefs, adding, " Je le reclamerai, mais je

1 Com., March 31st, 1814. 2 James, vi. 265 ; Nav. Chron., xxxi. 417, 424.

3 James, vi. 267 ; Nav. Chron. xxxi. 422.

4 Frederic Chamier, the novelist; born 1796; Lieut., 1815; Com., 1826; retired as
a captain, 1856 : died 1870.

2 0 2

548

MINOR OPERATIONS, 1803-1815.

[1814-15.

ne peux pas assurer que je 1'obtiendrai." It is hardly necessary to
say that he did not secure permission. The prize, San Juan
Baptista, had already fallen into the hands of the Menelaus, on
February 14th, off Lorient.1

An exceedingly painful incident occurred in March. On the
12th, near the mouth of the Bay of Biscay, the Primrose, 18, Com-
mander Charles George Eodney Phillott, and the Falmouth packet,
Duke of Marlborough , John Bull, master, bound for Lisbon, mistook
one another for enemies. The error was facilitated by the smallness
of the flags supplied to the packet, by the end-on position of the two
vessels when the Duke of Marlborough hoisted the private signal,
and by the rather slovenly manner in which the packet was sailed
when first sighted. The Primrose fired the first shot at 6.50 P.M. ;
but nothing approaching to an engagement began until 7.55, ere
which time the packet had attempted to make the private night
signal, though it is probable that she did not make it correctly.
At 8.15, a close action commenced, the Primrose's repeated hails
not having been answered. Not until Phillott had hailed an
obviously beaten ship, did the unfortunate truth come out. The
packet had 2 passengers killed and 9 or 10 men wounded, and was
in an almost sinking state. The Primrose had 1 man killed and 14
people (2 fatally) wounded, including Master Andrew Leech, and
Master's Mate Peter Belches.'2

The brief revival of the war with France in 1815 witnessed no
naval events of any importance other than those which have been
described in the previous chapter.

1 James, vi. 279 ; Nav. Chron., xxxi. 423.

2 James, vi. 278 ; Mins. of C. of Inq. Mr. Belches, born 1796, retired with the
rank of com. in 1877, and survived until 1890.

IRON CARRIAGE FOR A 24-pr., <Xt, 1820.
The first iron gun-carriage used in the Navy. (From Ch. Dupin.')

BRITISH LOSSES, 1803-1815.

549

APPENDIX TO CHAPTEES XXXIX., XL., AND XLI.

LOSSES OF THE BELLIGERENT POWERS, 1803-15.

NOTE. — As most of the events referred to in the following tables occurred in the course
of the campaigns which have been described in the present volume, the tables are
inserted here. It should be noted, however, that they include the captures and
losses during the American War of 1812-15, a campaign which still remains to bo
dealt with.

A. — LIST OF H.M. SHIPS TAKEN, DESTROYED, BURNT, FOUNDERED OR WRECKED

DURING THE YEARS 1803-1810.

Year.

Date.

H.M. Ship.

Commander.
[* Lost his life on the Remarks,
occasion.]

1803

Mar. 26

Determinee . . .22

Capt. Alexander Becher Wrecked near Jersey.

May 31

Resistance ... 36

{ " Hh0ous™"P W<X!e"} Wrecked on Cape St. Vincent.

July 2

». 21

Minerve . . . .38
tieinc. . . . .38

„ Jahleel Brenton (2). Grounded and taken near Cherbourg.
„ David Milne. Wrecked off the TexeL

Surinam . . .18

{^ct'g.^om6).' Tuckerj Detained by the Dutch at Curacoa.

Aug.

Calypso . . . . 1 16
Redliridye, sch. . JJ

Com. William Venour.* Run down in the Atlantic.
Lieut. George Lempriere. Taken by French off Toulon.

>. 1'

Porpoise, storeship

{ Fowkr°bert Merrick} Wrecked in the S. Pacific.

Nov. 16

Circe . . . . 28

Capt. Charles K eliding (2). 1 \Vrecked on the Lemon and Ower.

Garland. . . . ; 22

„ Frederick Cottrell. Wrecked off Cape Francois.

Dec. 10

Shannon ... 36

{ Go\verWlrd LeTe8°n}! Wrecked and burnt near La Hongne.

„

Avenger . . . .14

I0™' FSnilC'8 Jack9°n}' Foundered off the Weser.

„ 15

Suffisante . . .10

„ Gilbert Heathcote. Wrecked in Cork Harbour.

„ 31

Grappler, g. v. . 12

(Lieut. Abel Wantneri (Grounded and burnt by French at
1 Thomas. / 1 Chausey.

1804

Jan. 2

Creole . ... 38

jCom. Austin BUsell (actg.j Foundered la the Allantlc.

„ 6 Raven . . . . < 18

,, Spelman Swaine. Wrecked near Mazari, Sicily.

„ York 64

Capt. Henry Mitford.* {Su££t08ed funndered m N" Sea" AU

Feb. Fearless .... 12

Lieut. George Williams (1). Wrecked in Cawsand Bay.

,, Hussar .... 38

Capt. Philip Wilkinson. Wrecked on the Suintes, B. of Biscay.

,, 19 Cerbere .... 10

Lieut. Joseph Patey. Wrecked on Berry Head.

Mar. 1 Weazel .... 14

{ (actg^omO Layman} Wrecked near Gibraltar.

„ 24 Wolverine . . . , 14

Com. Henry Gordon. {T A^. Fren°h ^^^ Blm^

„ 25 Magnificent. . . 74

(Capt. William Henryi (Wrecked near the Pierres Nolres,
\ Ricketts Jervis. } \ Brest.

April 2 Apollo .... 36

{ iorDixon.^mia'UTay"j Wrecked on coast of Portugal.

. ,, Hindostan, storeship

Com. John Le Gros. Accidentally burnt, Rosas Bay.

„ 3 Swift, hired cutter. ! 8

{ M* rtl L ^* r '•^a^ea ^y a French privateer, Medit.

May 8 Yencejo .... 16

Com. John Wesley Wright. !{T»^« by French gunboats, Quiberon

July 14 Demerara . . . 1 •

Lient. Thomas Dutton. {Ta^.nInbdLPriT- ^"^ 7'**K> ^

„ 15

Lily ... 16

Com. William Compton.* jTa(k™gbi'. ^ "^ *"***' 16> ""

.550

BRITISH LOSSES, 1803-1815.

'Year.

Date.

H.M. Ship.

Commander.
[* Lost his life on the
occasion.]

Remarks.

-1804

Aug. 26

Constitution, hired )
cutter . . . . /

Lieut. James Samuel)
Aked Dennis (1). j

Sunk in action, off Ambleteuse.

Sept. 3

DC Ruyter, storeship
Drake ....

64
14

,, Joseph Beckett.
Capt. William Ferris.

Wrecked at Antigua.
Wrecked off Nevis.

„ 25

Georgiana, hired)
. cntter . . . .)

Lieut. Joshua Kneeshaw. 1

Burnt to avoid capture, mouth of the

Oct. 24
Nov. 12

Conflict . . .
Lord Elian, hired)
A. 8 j

12
16

„ Charles Cults Onnsby.l Wrecked off Newport, I. W. «
„ ,- I (Taken by Spanish gunboats. Re-
Com. Francis bewcombe. j token ,^,r *

„ 19

Romney ....

Capt. Hon. John Colville.

Wrecked near the Texel.

,. 24

Venerable . . .

„ John Hunter.

Wrecked off Rouudham Head, Torbay.

„

Hannibal, hired A.S.

Com. Richard James Law-\
rence O'Connor. /

Wrecked near Sandown Castle.

Dec.

Duke of Clarence,}
. hired cutter . .1

Lieut. Nicholas Brent)
Clements. /

Wrecked on coast of Portugal.

Jtforne Fortunee, sch.

Lieut. John L Dale.

Wrecked on Atwood Key, W. Indies.

„

Constance, hired)
. cutter . . . . J

,, Duncan Menzies.

Lost off the Irish coast.

,, 15

Gertrude, hired sch.

„ Broad.

Run down by the Aigle, Channel.

„ 18

Starling. . .

„ George Skottowe.

Wrecked neir Calais.

„ 20

Tartarus, bomb .

Com. Thomas Withers.

Wrecked on Margate Sands.

Mignonne . .

Driven ashore in the W. Indies.

„ 21

Severn, flute . .

(Capt. Philip d'Auvergne,)
1 P. de Bouillon. /

Wrecked in Grouville Bay, Jersey.

„ 25

Mallard. . . .

Lieut. John William Miles, i Grounded and taken near Calais.

1805

Jan. 1

Sfteerness

Capt. Lord George Stuart.

Wrecked near Trincomale.

„ 21

Doris ....

„ Patrick Campbell (1).

Wrecked in Quiberon Bay.

„ 29

Raven ....

; Lieut. William Layman)
I (actg. Com.). j

Wrecked in Cadiz Bay.

Feb. 4

Arrow ....

fCom. Richard Budd) (Taken by the Hortense and Incor-
l Vincent. j I ruptible. Mediterranean.

i, ..

Acheron, bomb.

,,. (Taken by the Hortense and Incor-
„ Arthur Farquhar(l). { ruvtu&_ Mediterranean.

„

Arthur, hired cntter

Lieut. R — Cooban.

(Taken by a French squadron, Mediter-
i raneau.

,, 17

Cleopatra .

(Capt. Sir Robert Laurie,-) (Taken by the Ville de Milan, North
\ Bart. Jl America.

Bouncer ....

Lieut. Samuel Bassau.

Wrecked off Dieppe.

Mar. 1

Imogene ....

Com. Henry Vaughan.

Foundered in the Atlantic.

„

Redbridge, sch.

{L'mower Gibbes1 ranc18} Foundered near Jamaica.

(?) May

Hawk

Com. James Tippet.*

Foundered in the Channel. All lost.

Seagull ....
Mary, hired. .

18
16

,, Henry Burke.*
Lieut. T — S— Pacy.*

Foundered, date unknown. All lost.
Foundered, date unknown. All lost.

May

Fly

(Com. Pownoll Bastard)
I Pellew. /

Wrecked In the Gulf of Florida.

„ 12

Cyane ....

u „ r*~ r i~,.n (Taken by the Hortense and Hermione.
„ Hon. George Cadogan.} Retaken, 5 Oct., 1805.

July 12

Orestes ....

„ Thomas Brown.

Wrecked off Dnnquerque.

Plumper

(Lieut. James Henry)
I Garrety. j

Taken by five gun-brigs, off St. Malo.

Teazer ....

„ George Lewis Ker.

Taken by five gun-brigs, off St. Malo.

,, 17

Ranger ....

Com. Charles Coote.

(Taken and burnt by the Rochefort
( squadron.

„ 19

Blanche ....

Capt. Zachary Mudge.

(Taken and burnt by a French squadron,
( W. Indies.

Aug. 5

Dove, cutter. . .

Lieut. Alexander Bovack.

Taken by the Rochefort squadron.

Pigmy, sch. . .

„ William Smith (4).

Wrecked iu St. Aubin's Bay, Jersey.

(Althorpe, hired
\ cutter ....

„ William Scott (2).*

Foundered in the Channel.

Sept. 26

Calcutta. . . .

Capt. Daniel Woodriff.

(Taken by Allemand's squadron, off
i Scilly.

Oct. 2

Barracouta, sch. .

Lieut. Joel Orchard.

Wrecked on Jordan Key, Cuba.

„

Orquyo ....

( „ Charles Balderson)
1 (actg. Corn.). /

Foundered near Jamaica.

,1 11

Squib, hired. . .

Driven ashore and bilged, off Deil.

Nov. 10

Biter

( „ George Thomas

Wrecked near Calais.

„ 18

Woodlark . . .

1 Wlngate.
„ Thomas Innes (3).

Wrecked near St. Valery.

Pigeon, sch. . .

,, John Luckraft.

Wrecked off the Texel.

1806

Jan.

Manly ....

,, Martin White.

Seized by the Dutch in the Ems.

., 6

Favourite .

Com. John Davie.

Taken by a French squadron, Atlantic.

PapiUon . . .

„ William Woolsey.*

Foundered in the Atlantic. All lost.

(Lieut. James Glassford)'(Founderea at Demerara. Date un-

• •

Bcrbicc • • . .

( Gooding. ) \ known.

Feb.

Seaforth. . . .

„ George Steele.*

(Capsized, W. Indies. All lost save
I two.

„ 23

Unique '. . . .

/ „ George Rowley)
I Brand.* j

(Taken by a large French privateer,
{ W. Indies.

Mar.

Agnes, hired lugger

Lost off the Texel.

Apr. 12

Brave ....

(Com. Edmund Boger)
1 (actg. Capt.). J

Foundered off the Azores.

BRITISH LOSSES, 1803-1815.

551

Year.

Date.

H.M. Ship.

Commander,
t* Lost his life on the
occasion.]

Remarks.

1806

Dominica .

Lieut. Robert Peter.

(Seized by mutineers. Retaken by

\ Wasp, May 24.

Aug.

( Dover, prison .ship)
I (inord.) • • .)

Accidentally burnt off Woolwich.

Heureux

Oapt. John Morrison (1).*

Foundered in the Atlantic. All lost.

» I2

Belem, sch. .

Lieut. James Groves.

(Taken at the recapture of Buenos
I Aires.

Sept. 5

Wolf

(Com. George Charles Mac-i

\V recked among the Bahamas.

\ keuzie. /

Serpent ....

„ John Waller (1).*

(Foundered on the Jamaica station.
I All lost.

. .

Martin ....

,, Thomas Prowse.*

Foundered in the Atlantic. All lost.

Oct. 12

Constance .

(Capt. Alexander Saunder-l
1 son Burrowes.* /

Grounded and taken, near C. Frehel.

„ 18

Tobago, sch.

(Taken by priv. General Ernoufi
\ W. Indies.

Hannah, gunboat .

Lieut. John Foote (1).

(Taken by Spanish privateer, off
I Algeciras.

„ 27

Athenien . . .

Capt. Kobert Raynsford.*

Wrecked near Sicily ; many lost.

Zenobia, sch. .

Wrecked off Florida ; date unknown.

NOT.' 4

Redbridge, sch.

Lieut. Edward Burt.

Wrecked near Providence.

Dec. 9

Adder ....

{„ Molyneux Shuld-1

Driven ashore and taken near Abreval.

ham (2). /

„ 17

Netley, sch. . .

„ William Carr.

Taken by two French cruisers, W. Ind.

Clinker ....

„ John Salmon.*

Foundered off Le Havre ; all lost.

1807

Jan. 4

Nautilus . . .

Com. Edward Palmer (1).*

Wrecked on Cerigotto, Mediterranean.

i, 6

(United Brothers,}
1 hired tender . J

Lieut. W— M'Kenzie.

(Taken by a 12-gun priv., off the
I Lizard.

Jackdaw . .

,, Nathaniel Brice.

(Taken by a Spanish row-boat. Re-
( taken 15 Feb., 1807.

„ 22

Felix ....

„ Kobert Clarke (2).

(Wrecked near Sautander ; all lost save
I three.

,, 23

Orpheus ....

Capt. Thomas Briggs.

Wrecked on a coral reef, W. Indies.

St. Lucia .

(Lieut. Hon. Michael del
1 Courcy (2). /

Taken by the French ; W. Indies.

IRear-Adm. Sir Thomas

(?) Feb. 2

Blenheim . . .

{ Troubridge, Bart.* I

Foundered in Indian Ocean ; all lost.

(Capt. Austin Bissell.* )

(') .. 2

Java

Capt. George Pigot (1).*

Foundered in Indian Ocean ; all lost.

Feb. 13

Woodcock . . .

i l.t.-iit. Isaac Charles Smith)
I Collett. /

Wrecked at St. Michael's, Azores.

„ 13

Wagtail. . . .

„ William Cullis.

Wrecked at St. Michael's, Azores.

i. 14

(Capt. Hon. Henry Black-}

Accidentally burnt, Mediterranean.

1 wood. )

„ 18

Prospero, bomb
Inveterate . . .

8
12

Com. William King (1).*
Lieut. George Norton.

Foundered off Dieppe.
Wrecked off St. Valery eu Caux.

„ 18

Griper ....

„ Edward Morris.*

Foundered off Osteud ; all lost.

„ 18

Speedwell .

( „ William Robertson)
1 en i

Foundered off Dieppe.

„ 19

Ignition, fire vessel

i iy« >
„ Philip Griffin.*

Wrecked off Dieppe.

,. 19

Magpie ....

„ Edward Johnson.

Driven into and taken at Perros.

Busy . . .

Com. Richard Keilly.*

Foundered, Halifax station ; all lost.

„

Atalante. . . .

( Lieut. John Bowker (actg. )
1 Corn.). /

Wrecked off Rochefort.

Mar. 2

Pigmy ....

1 ,. George Montagu)
t Higginson. . /

Wrecked off Rochefort.

„ 4

Blanche ....

Capt. Sir Thomas Lavie.

Wrecked off Ushaut.

Crafty ....

Lieut. Richard Spencer.

(Taken by three privateers, south of
t Gibraltar.

Cesar

Wrecked off the (Jironde.

,, 31

Ferreter ....

Lieut. Henry Weir.

(Taken by seven Dutch gunboats, River
I Ems.

April 20

Pike .

,, John Ottley.

Taken by a French priv. AV. Indies.

May 26

Dauntless .

Com. Christopher Strachey.

Taken at the surrender of Danzig.

„ 29

Jackal ....

Lieut. Charles Stewart.

Wrecked near Calais.

Cassandra .

„ George Le Blanc.

Foundered off Bordeaux.

Sept. 10

Explosion . .

Com. Edward Ellicott.

Wrecked near Helgoland.

{Taken by priv. General Ernouf, 14,

„ 17

Barbara

Lieut. Edward d'Arcy.

W. Indies. As Peraty, retaken,

17 July, 1808.

. .

Moucheron .

Com. James Hawes.*

Wrecked in the Mediterranean.

Oct. 16

Pert . .

,, DonaM Campbell (2).

Wrecked off Sta. Margarita.

,. 26

Subtle ....

Lieut. William Dowers.

Wrecked off Bermuda.

Nov. 10

Leveret ....

(Com. Richard James Law-)
I reuce O'Connor. )

Wrecked on the Galloper.

,. H

William, storeship

Master John Foxtou.

Wrecked in the Gut of Canso.

„ 17

Firefly ....

Lieut. Thomas Price.*

Foundered off Curacoa ; nearly all lost.

Dec. 5

Boreas ....

Capt. Robert Scott.*

Wrecked near Guernsey ; many lost.

Anson ....

,, Charles Lydiard.*

Wrecked off Mount's Bay.

Elizabeth . . .

Llent. John Sedley."

Foundered in the W. Indies ; all lost.

••

Maria ....

„ John Henderson (1).*

Foundered in the W. Indies ; all lost.

552

BRITISH LOSSES, 1803-1815.

Year.

Date.

H.M. Ship.

Commander.
[* Loet his life on the
occasion.]

Remarks.

1808

Jan. 12

Sparkler 12 i

Lieut. J am es Samuel
Aked Dennis (1>

Wrecked on the Dutch coast.

„ 15

{Lord Keith, hired)'
I cutter . . . ./

„ Mitchell Roberts.

Driven into, and seized at Cuxhaveu.

KingfisTi, sen. . .

„ Charles Hunter.

[Taken by a French priv., W. Indies.
I Retaken by Pheasant.

Jtacchus, cutter.

„ Henry Murray.

Taken by the French, Leeward Islands.

„ " 19

flora ....

Capt. Loftus Otway Kland.

Wrecked and destroyed on Dutch coast.

„ 31

fleiipAt ....

(Com. Philip Cosby Haud-i
. field.* /

Wrecked and burnt on Calabriau coast.

)» 31

Leda

Capt. Robert Houyman.

Wrecked at mouth of Milford Haven.

Feb. 15

Rapota ....

Lieut. Jamea Violett.

[Destroyed to prevent capture, near
I Cartagena.

Mar.

Jlirondelle . . .

„ Joseph Kidd.*

Wrecked near Tunis ; nearly all lost.

,, 24

Jturos ....

Capt. Archibald Duff.

Wrecked in Honda Bay, Cuba.

„ 25

Electro, ....

[Com. George Barne Trol-l
1 lope. }

Wrecked on coast of Sicily.

MUbrook. . . .

Lieut. James Leach.

Wrecked on the Hurling.-.

April 20

Widgeon. . . .

„ George Elliot (2).

Wrecked on Scots coast.

Bermuda

/Corn. William Henry)
I Byam. )

(Wrecked on Memory Rock, Little
{ Bermuda.

May 18

Ilapid ....

Lieut. Henry Baugh.

Sunk by batteries in the Tagus.

„ 24

Astraa ....

Capt. Edmund Heywood.

Wrecked off Anegada, W. Indies.

June 4 Tickler ....

Lieut. John W— Skinner.*

(Taken by four Danish gunboats, Great
( Belt.

Turbulent .

„ George Wood.

Taken by a Danish flotilla, Malmo Bay.

i, 18

Seagull ....

Com. Eobert Cathcart.

Taken by a Danish flotilla, off the Naze.

„ 30

Captlin ....

Lieut. Josias Bray.

Wrecked off Brest Harbour.

July 10

JVeWey ....

„ Charles Burman.

Wrecked on Leeward Islands station.

,. 27

PicWe ....

., Moses Cannadey.

Wrecked off Cadiz.

„ 30

Meleager.

Capt. Frederick Warren.

Wrecked on Barebush Key, Jamaica.

Aug. 2

Tigress ....

(Lieut. Edward Nathaniel )
i Greeusword. }

(Taken by sixteen Danish gunboats,
Great Belt.

Delphineii .

Com. Richard Harward.

Wrecked on the Dutch coast.

„ 18

Tfoofc .

Lieut. James Lawrence.*

(Taken by two French privs., off San
\ Domingo.

Sept. 15

Laurel ....

„„ (Capt. John Charles Wooll-)
1 combe.

(Taken by the Canonniire, 40, Indian
1 Ocean.

„ 29

Jtfario ....

Lieut. James Heuuett.*

(Taken by Dept. des Landes, 22, off
I Guadeloupe.

Oct. 3

Carnation .

(Com. Charles Mars)
{ Gregory.* /

(Taken by Palinure, 16, off Martin-
: ique.

.» *

Greyhound .

(Capt. Hon. Williami
1 Pakenham. J

Wrecked on coast of Luconia.

„ 24

Voladur ....

Com. Francis George)
Dickins. /

Wrecked in Gulf of Coro, W. Indies.

„ 26

Crone .

Lient. Joseph Tindale.

Wrecked off West Hoe.

Ilec. 4 Banterer . . .

Capt. Alexander Shippard.

Wrecked in the St. Lawrence.

„ t> Crescent ....

„ John Temple (2).*

W recked on the coast of Jutland.

Jupiter ....

{ „ Henry Edward)
( Reginald Baker. j

Wrecked in Vigo Bay.

Flying Fisli, sen. .

(Lieut. James Glassford)
I Goodmg. j

Vi recked off San Domingo.

/"awia .... 16

„ Charies Tapping.

Wrecked in the Baltic.

Hustler ....

„ Richard Welch.

Wrecked on coast of France.

Tctng .

Foundered in the Atlantic.

1809

Jan.' 9

J/WK« /britinee .

Lient. John Brown (2).*

Wrecked off Martinique.

J/ajnet ....

Com. George Morris.

Wrecked in the ice, Baltic.

Pigeon ....

Lieut. Richard Cox.

Wrecked near Margate.

„ 20

Claudia ....

j „ Anthony Bliss WH-)
1 liarn Lord. J

Wrecked off Norway.

,, 22

Primrose

Com. James Mein.*

(Wrecked on the Manacle, near Fal-
\ mouth.

„

Proselyte, bomb .

,, Henry James Lyford.

Wrecked in the Baltic.

Haddock. . . .

(Lieut. Charles William)
( Selwyn. J

Taken by the Genie, 16, Channel.

Feb. &

Carrier ....

„ William Milner.

Wrecked on the French coast.

Vtyer, sch. . . .

Supposed foundered off Gibraltar.

„ 28

Proserpine .

Capt. Charles Otter.

(Taken by Penelope and Pauline, off
1 Toulon.

Mar.

Harrier ....

Com. John James Ridge.* ', Supposed foundered, Indian Ocean.

April 11

(Mediator, t.s. as.f.1
1 ship

' 36

„ James Wooldridge.

Expended in Basque Road.

„ 29

Alcmene ....

(Capt. William Henry
I Brown Tremlett.

W'recked off Nantes.

May 31 Unique ....

Lieut. Thomas Fellowes.

Burnt at Basseterre, Guadeloupe.

June 18 Sealark ....

„ James Proctor.

Wrecked in the North Sea.

» 20

Agamemnon .

Capt. Jonas Rose.

Wrecked in the River Plate.

July 11

Solebay ....

j „ Edward Henry
( Columbine. ,

Wrecked on the coast of Africa.

Aug. 8

iarfc. . ' .

Com. Robert Nicholas.*

Foundered off San Domingo.

BRITISH LOSSES, 1803-1815.

553

Commander.

Year.

Date.

H.M. Ship.

[* Lost bis life on the

Remarks.

_5_

occasion.]

1809

Aug. 10

Alaart ....

Com. James Tillaril.

Taken by a Danish flotilla.

Lord Ifelson, cutter

. (

Wrecked near Flushing.

Hurd, cutter . .

Wrecked near Flushing.

Dominica .

Lieut. Charles Welsh.*

Capsized off Tortola.

,. 31

Foyfliound . .

/Com. James M'Kenzie)
( (2).* 1

Foundered in the Atlantic; all lost.

Sept. 2

Minx

Lieut. George I.e Blanc.

Taken by six Danish gunboats.

Nov. 2

Victor ....

Com. Edward Stopforci(l).

Taken l>y the Bellone, 40, B. of Bengal.

„ 3

Carieux ....

l Lieut. Henry George Moy-)
1 sey. 1

Wrecked in the W. Indies.

Dec. t

(ilommen
Harlequin . .

16
16

Com. Charles Pickfurd.
Lieut. P— C — Austruther.

Wrecked in Carlisle Bay, Barbados.
Wrecked near Seaford.

„ 13

Junon ....

Capt. John Shortlaud.*

Taken by the Renommce and Clorinde.

,, "

Itefendcr . . .

Lieut. John George Nops.

Wrecked near Folkestone.

., 22

Salorman .

. Andrew Duncan.

Wrecked in the Baltic.

Contest ....
Shamrock, sch, .

Lieut. Jobn Gregory (la).*
,, Abram Bow en.

Supposed foundered in the Atlantic.
Lost in the Atlantic.

Dec'.'

Pdter ....

„ William Evelyn.*

Lost in the Atlantic.

1810

Feb.

Achates ....

Com. Thomas Pinto.

Wrecked in the W. Indies.

Wild Boar . . .

., Thomas Burton.

Wrecked within the Sdlly Isles.

Apr. 4

Cuckoo ....

(Lieut. Silas Hiscutti
1 Paddon. )

Wrecked off the Dutch coast.

May 24

Heche ....

Com. George Hewson.

Wrecked off the mouth of the Elbe.

>» ,»

Alban ....

Lieut. Samuel Thomas.*

Taken by a flotilla of Danish gunboats.

», i>

Racer, cutter .

• „ Daniel Miller.

Wrecked on the coast of France.

Aug. 24

Nernie ....

(Com. Nisbet Josiah W11-)
I loughby (actg. Capt.). j

(Taken by a French squadron, off Grand
I Fort.

,. 25

Magicienne .

Capt. Lucius Curtis.

(Destroyed to avoid capture, off Grand
I Port.

., .,

Sirius ....

„ Samuel Pym.

(Destroyed to avoid capture, off Grand
I Port.

., 26

Lively ....

Capt. George M'Kinley.

Wrecked near Malta.

,, 28

Iphigenia .

,, Henry Lanilwrt (2).

(Taken by a French squadron, near
\ Grand Port.

Nov. 9

Conflict ....

Lieut. Joseph B— Batt.*

Foundered in the B. of Biscay.

• •

Mandarin .

(Wrecked on Red Island, Strait of
( Singapore.

Plumper

,, W— Frissel.

Foundered in the St. Lawrence.

Dec. 18

Pallas ....

Capt. George Paris Mouke.

Wrecked off the Firth of Forth.

„ 18

Nymphe ....

„ Edward Sneyd Clay.

Wrecked off the Firth of Forth.

.1 22

JUinittaur

„ John Barrett.

Wrecked on the Haak Sand, Texel.

„ 25

Monkey ....

Lieut. Thomas Fitzgerald.

Wrecked near Belle Isle.

1811

Jan. 8

Fleur de la Her .

„ John Alexander^).

Foundered in the Atlantic.

„ 19

Satellite . . . .

(Com. Hon. Willoughbyl
I Bertie.* J

Foundered in the Channel.

Feb. 13

Pandora . . .

( „ Jobu Macphersoni
I Ferguson. }

Wrecked in the Kattegat.

„ 16

Amethyst . . .

Capt. Jacob Walton.

Wrecked in Plymouth Sound.

„ 25

Sliamrock .

(Lieut. Wentworth Parsons)
I Croke. )

Wrecked on C. St. Mary.

Mar. 6

Thistle ....

„ George M'Phereon.

Wrecked near New Yorl:.

„ 12

Challenger . . .

(Con?.. Goddard Blenuer-l
1 hassett. I

(Taken by a French fr gate, etc., off
1 He Hat'z.

May 2

Dover ....

(Lieut. Charles Jenerisi
I (actg. Capt.). /

Wrecked in Madras Road.

Chichester, storeship
Alacrity . . .

32
18

Master William Klrby.
Com. Nesbit Palmer.

Wrecked in Madras Road.
Taken by the Abeille, 20, off Corsica.

Mar. 2

Olympia . . .

Lieut. Henry Taylor.

Taken by French privs., off Dieppe.

(lilack Joke, hiredl
1 cutter . . . .)

„ Moses Cannadey.

Taken by the French in the Channel.

June 28

Firm

„ John Little (2).

Wrecked on the French coast.

,. 29

Safeguard .

., Thomas England.

Taken by the Danes in the Baltic.

Staunch ....

„ Hector Craig.*

Wrecked off Madagascar i all lost.

July 15

Snapper.

„ Henry Thrackston.

Taken by the Rapace, off Brest.

„ 29

iduet-apens (•• Gua-)

Michael Jenkins.

Wrecked off Antigua.

\ chapin ") . . . )

Ang. 18

Tartar ....

Capt. Joseph Baker.

Wrecked in the Baltic.

Sept. 2

Manly ....

( Lieut. Richard William)
' Simmouds. 1

Taken by three Danish brigs.

Swan, cutter .

Taken by Duuish gunboats.

Oct." 14

Pomone ....

Capt. Robert Barrie.

Wrecked on the Needles.

.. 21
Dec. 4

Grouper ....
Saldanka .

4
36

Lieut. James Atkins (2).
(Capt. Hon. William)
\ Pakenbam.* j

Wrecked off Guadeloupe.
{Wrecked off Lough Swilly ; nearly all
lost.

Bloodhound .

Lieut. Thomas Warrand.

Wrecked near Trevose Head.

» 24

Fancy ....

(f Alexander Sinclair.*

Foundered in the Baltic i all lost.

„ ,.

St. George . . .
Defence ....

98
»4

|Rear-Adm. Robert Car-)
! thewReynolds(l).* j.
leapt. Daniel OliverGulon.'l

„ David Atkins.*

{Wrecked on the coast of Jutland;
nearly all lost.
(Wrecked on the coast of Jutland;
{ nearly all lost.

554

BRITISH LOSSES, 1803-1815.

Year.

Date.

H.M. Ship.

Commander.
[* Lost his life on the
occasion.]

Remarks.

1811

Dec. 25

[Capt. James Newman)

Wrecked on the Haak Sand ; all lost.

I Newman.* /

Grasshopper
Ephira ....

18
10

Com. Henry Fanshawe (2).
Lieut. Thomas Everard.

Taken In Nieuwe Diep, Texel.
AV recked near Cadiz.

1812

Jail. 28

Manilla ....

Capt. John Joyce.

Wrecked on tlie Haak Sand, Texel.

( „ Samuel Campbell)

{Wrecked on the Govivas Rock,

....

I Rowley. /

Teigneux Passage.

Feb. 29

fly

Com. Henry Higman.

Wrecked off Auholt.

May 3

Skylark ....

„ James Boxer.

(Grounded and was destroyed, near
\ Boulogne.

Apdles ....

„ Frederick Hoffman.

(Grounded and was taken, near
t Boulogne. Retaken, 4 Mar., 1812.

July 8

Exertion . . .

Lieut. James Murray (2).

(Grounded and was destroyed In the
I Elbe.

., 11

Encounter .

. , James Hugh Talbot.

Wrecked off San Lucar, Spain.

Aug. 3

Emulous

(Com. William Howe Mul-l
\ caster. f

Wrecked on Sable Island.

i, 13

Alert

(Com. Thomas Lamb)

Taken by the TJ. S. S. Essex, 32.

I Polden Laughame. /

,. "

Chubb ....

Lieut. Samuel Nisbett.*

Capsized off Halifax ; all.lost.

,. 19

Attack ....

(Lieut. Richard William)
I Simmonds. /

(Taken by fourteen Danish gunboata,
1 offAnholt.

„ „

Guerriere .

/Capt. James Richard)
I Dacres (2). 1

Taken by U. S. S. Constitution, 44.

,, 22

Whiting . . .

Lieut. Lewis Maxey.

Taken by the French priv. Diligente.

Sept. 8

Laura ....

• „ Charles Newton)
I Hunter. ]

Taken by the French priv. lUligente.

„ 28

fiarbados

Capt. Thomas Huskissou.

Wrecked on Sable Island.

Oct. 8

Avenger ....

Com. Urry Johnson.

Wrecked off St. John's, Newfoundland.

( „ Ferdinand Moore)

(Supposed foundered in the Atlantic ;

Magnet ....

I Maurice.

t ilflost.

„ 10

Sentinel ....

(Lieut. William Elletson)
\ King. /

Wrecked off Rtlgeu.

„ 18

Frolic ....

Capt. Ihomas Wbinyates.

Taken by U. S. S. Wasp, 20.

„ 25

Macedonian.

,, John Surmau Carden.

Taken by U. S. S. United States, 44.

Nov. 6

Nimble ....

Lieut. John Reynolds (3).

Foundered in the Kattegat.

„ 24

Bellette ....

Com. David Sloane.*

(Wrecked in the Kattegat; nearly all
t lost.

., 27

Southampton . .

(Capt. Sir James Lucas)
I Yeo. J

(Wrecked off Conception Island, Ba-
l hamas.

„ 30

Subtle, sch.

Lieut. Charles Brown (2).*

Foundered in the W. Indies ; all lost.

Dec. 5

Plumper

„ James Bray.

Wrecked in the B. of Fundy.

.. 8

Fearless ....

„ Harry Lord Richards.

Wrecked off the coast of Spain.

t, n

Alban, cutter .

( „ William Sturgesl
i Key.»

(Wrecked off Aldborough j nearly all
( lost.

„ 29

Java .

Capt. Henry Lambert (2).*

Taken by U. S. S. Constitution, 44.

Porgey ....

Foundered in the W . Indies.

1813

? Jan. 1

Sarpedon

Com. Thomas Parker.*

Supposed foundered ; all lost.

., 1

Ferret ....

i ,. Francis Alexander)
( Halliday. /

Wrecked near Leith.

„ 27

Daring ....

(Lieut. William R— Pas-)
t coe.* /

Destroyed to prevent capture by Kubit.

„ 21

Khodian. . . .

Com. John George Boss.

Foundered in the Atlantic.

,, 24

Peacock ....

„ William Peake.»

Taken by U. S. S. Hornet. Sank.

„ 25

Linnet ....

„ John Treacy.

Taken by the Gloire, 40, off Madeira.

Mar. 22

Captain ....

(in ordinary).

Accidentally burnt in Hamoaze.

May 20

Algerine.

Lieut. Daniel Carpenter.

Wrecked in the W. Indies.

June 16

Persian ....

Com. Charles Bertram.

Wrecked on Silver Keys, W. Indies.

July 2

Doxtalus.

Capt. Murray Maxwell.

Wrecked off Ceylon.

Aug. 5

Dominica .

(Lieut. George Wilmot)
I Barrete.* j

Taken by U. S. priv. liecatur.

„ 22

Colibri . . .

Com. John Thomson.

Wrecked at Port Royal, Jamaica.

Sept. 5

Boxer ....

„ Samuel Blyth.*

Taken by U. S. S. Enterprise, 16.

„ »

Highflyer . . .

(Lieut. William Hutchin-)
t son (1). j

Taken by U. S. S. President.

„ 10

Alphea,sch.. . .

( „ Thomas William)
I Jones.* j

(Blew up in action with priv. lienanl ;
\ all lost.

„ 21

Goshawk

(Com. Hon. William John)
t Napier. j

Wrecked in the Mediterranean.

„ 27

Bold . . .

., John Skekel.

Wrecked on P. Edward's Island.

Oct. 22

Laurestimis . .

( ,. Alexander Gordon)
I (2)- J

Wrecked on the Silver Keys.

Nov. 5

Tweed ....

„ William Mather.

(Wrecked in Shoal Bay, Newfounii-
{ land.

,. 6

Woolwich, en flute.

( „ Thomas Ball Suli-)
I van. . j

Wrecked off Barbuda.

„ 10

Atalante. . . .

„ Frederick Hickey.

Wrecked off Halifax.

? Dec.

Lieut. Thomas Allen (.3).*

Foundered in the Atlantic.

18U

Jan. 29

Holly, sch. . . .

( ,. Samuel Sharpei
I Treacher.* - J

Wrecked off San Sebastian.

Feb. 14

Pictou ....

„ Edward Stephens.

Taken by the U. S. S. Constitution.

BRITISH AND FRENCH LOSSES, 1803-1815.

555

Year.

Date.

H.M. Ship.

Commander.
[* Lust his life ou the
occasiou.]

Remarks.

1814

Feb. 23

Anacreon

Com. John Davies (2).

Foundered in the Channel.

Mar. 22

Decoy .... 10

Lieut. John Pearse.

Taken by French in the Channel.

. .

Rapide, tenJcr . . 6

Wrecked on the Saintes.

Vaatour. . . .16

Com. Paul Lawless.*

Supposed foundered ; all lost.

Apr. 2»

Epermer . . . | 18

(Corn. Richard Walter)
( Wales.

Taken by U. S. S. Peacock.

•> ..

Ballahou

Lieut. Norfolk King.

Taken by U. S. priv. Perry.

May 19

Halcyon ....

(Com. John Houlton Mar-1
\ shall. |

Wrecked on a reef, W. Indies.

June 28

Reindeer . .

„ William Manners.*

Taken by U. S. S. Wasp, Channel.

'> »

Leopard, troopship.

/Capt. Edward Lowtherl
) Crofton. /

Wrecked off Anticosti.

July 12

Landrail, cutter .

( Lieut. Robert Daniell Lan-i
I caster. f

Taken by U. S. priv. Siren, Channel.

Aug.

Peacock .... 18

Capt. Richard Coote.

Fomi Jered off S. Carolina j all lost.

Sept. 1

/Com. Hon. James Arbuth-)
I not. 1

Sank after action with U. S. S. Wasp.

„ 15

Hermes . . . 20

/Capt. Hon. William Henry i /Destroyed in attacking batteries at
I Percy. }'\ Mobile.

,, 30
Oct.

Crane . . . . j 18
Elizabeth ... 10

Com. Robert Standly.*
(Lieut. Jonathan Widdi-1
I combe Dyer. /

FouudeieJ in the W. Indies.
Foundered in the W. Indies.

Oct. 10

Racer .... 14

/Lieut. Henry Freeman!
I Young Pogson. /

Wrecked in the Gulf of Florid*.

Nov. 24

Fantime. ... 18

Com. Thomas Sykes.

Wrecked on the Halifax station.

Cuttle .... | 4

Foundered on the Halifax station.

Herring .... | 4

Lieut. John Murray (3).

Foundered ou the Halifax station.

1815

Jan. IT

Sylph . . . . | 18

Com. George Dickins.*

(Wrecked on Southampton Bar, North
( America.

Feb. 26

Statira . . . .38

Capt. Spelman Swaiue.

Wrecked off Cuba.

„ 26

St. Lawrence . . U

(Lieut. James Edwardl
1 Gordon. /

Taken by U. S. priv. CluuKur, 24.

Mar. 20

Levant . . . . n

Capt. Hon George Douglas

/Taken by U. S. S. Constitution. Re-
l taken.

„ 20

Cyane .... 20

/ ,, Gordon Thomasi /Taken by U. S. S. Constitution. Re-
l Falcon. }\ taken.

„ 23

Penguin ... 18

/Com. James Dickinsonl /Taken by U. S. S. Hornet, off Tristan
I (3).* 1 1 d'Acuuha.

May 1

Aug. 15

Penelope, troopship
Dominica . .

36 ,, James Galloway.
14 Lieut. Richard Crawford.

Wrecked off Newfoundland.
Wrecked off Herniuda.

Cygnet ....

16 1 Com. Robert Russell (1).

Wrecked off the R. Courantyn.

LISTS OF ENEMY'S MEN-OF-WAR TAKEN, DESTROYED, OR BURNT, AND, so FAR AS

CAN BE ASCERTAINED, WRECKED OR FOUNDERED DURING THE YEARS 1803-15.

FRENCH LOSSES,

Year.

Date.

Name.

[* Added to the Eoyal Navy.]

Fate.
M Medals granted in 1849, in pursuance of Gazette
notice of June 1st, 184Y.
M Flag-ofBcers' and Captains' gold medals.

1803

May 18

/ AJfnnteur (*as Caroline,)
( hired) ..... .]

Taken by Con's, 36, Capt. K. H. Pearson, off Ushnnt.

» 28

", 29

Kmbuscade (*as Ambuscade).
Impatiente
Betsy

32
10

Retaken by Victory, 100, Capt. Sam. Suttou, Atlantic.
Taken by Naiad, 36, Capt. Jas. Wallis (1).

.. 7
',, 14

Vertu, sch
Ami de Colonnot ....
Inabordable, sch

2
2
4

Takeii by Racoon, 18, Com. Austin Bissell, Sail Domingo.
Taken by boats of Immortalite, 36, etc., Cape Grls Nez.

ii 18

Colombe* .

„ 24

i Enfant Prodigue (* as Sta. \
( Lucia') . . . /

Taken by £mcraH36,Capt. Jas. 0'Bryen,offSt. Lucia.

„ 25
•i 2?
,, 23

Bacchante*
Venteux

18
10
2

Taken by Endymion, 44, Capt. Hon. Chas. Paget.
(Cut out by two boats of Loire, 36, Capt. Fred. L. Mait-
1 laud (a), lie Batz. M

it;

',', 29

Dart

Taken by Apollo, 36, Bay of Biscay.

556

FRENCH LOSSES, 1803-1815.

Year

1803

D»te.

June 30

July 4

„ 11

,, 16
„ 25

[* Added to'the Koyal N»vy.]

Aiguille .......

Vigilante (• tn yuffisante) .

Superieun* ......

(Poitten Volant (*as flying
{ fiih) ... .....

Creole* .......

Providence, sen .....
Alcwn (' as Halcyon) . .

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.
1804 ! Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

1805

Apr.
July 12

Adour

Duquesm* ....

Oiseau, sch

Epervier* ....

Deux Amis, sch.

Trois Freres, sen. . .

A schooner ....

Mutine

Papilltm* ....
Courier de Kantes, sch.
Sagesse

Two chasse-marees .
A schooner ....
Gotland (*as Goelan~) .

A cutter

Petite Mile, gun-brig .
Jeune Adile ....

Amilie

No. 86 (gunboat) . .

Messager, lugger

Jtenard *

Yautour

Aug. 23

Oct. 1

• • 21

Feb. 14

„ 23

Apr. 9

June 10

„ 18

Eayonnaise .

Surveillavte*
Clorinde * .
Pertu * . .
Cerf . . .
Decouverte * .

No. 436 (gunboat) . . .

No. 432 (lugger) ....

Passe-Partout, chasse maree
Chameau ......

No. 43 (g.-brig) ....

No. 47 (g.-brig) ....

No. 51 g.-brig) ....

No. 411 (lugger) . . .

Curieux *

Coquette, sch

Colombf, cutter ....

Penriche

Terreur, cutter ....

Hirondelle*

No. 360 (gunboat) . . .

Charente

Joie

Laurette, scb

Hasard

Gracieuse*

Psyche (* as Psyche) .

rilled* Milan*

Cleopatra (• formerly British)

A schooner

Amitie, sch

Colombe

Fate.
M Medals grmted in 1849, in pursuance of Gazette

notice of June 1st, 1847.
M Flag-officers' and Captains' gold medals.

Taken by squadron of Capt. Hy. Wm. Btyntun, off San
>• „ .» it [l.'omingo.

Taken by boats of Kaiad, 36, under Lieut. Wm. Dean,
i off lie de Seins.

(Taken by Narcissus, 36, Capt. Koss Donnelly, off Sar-
1 dinia.

/Taken by Racoon, 18, Ccm. Austin Bissell, Leogane
i Road.

/Taken by Endymion, 44, Capt. Hon. Chas. Paget,
jl Atlantic.

(Taken by Belterofhcn, 74, Vanguard, 74, Tartar, 32,
\ etc., San Domingo.

/Taken by Fgyptiinne, 40, Capt. Hou.Chas. E. Fl'eeming,
l Atlantic.
Taken by Kacoon, 16, Com. Austin Bissell, off Cuha.

Destroyed „ ,, ,, ,,

Taken by Vanguard, 74, St. Marc, San Domingo.

,, „ off San Domingo.

Taken by JJieseus, 74, Port Dauphin, San Domingo.
Taktu by boats of Sheerness, 8, Lieut. Henry Kowed,
: near Brest,

Taken by Jackal, sch., Lieut. C.P. Leaver, off Nieuport.
[Taken by Pique, 36, and 1 Mean, 18, at Anx Cayes,
I San Domingo.

Taken by i.acoon, 16, Com. Austin Bissell, off Cuba.

Taken by Conflict, 14, Lieut. Dav. Chambers, off Calais.

Taken by boats of VMe de Paris, 110, under Lieut. —
Watts, off (Jthant.

Taken by Lord Nelson's squadron, Mediterranean.
(Taken by h'oadicea, 38, Capt. Jno. Maitland (2), off
1 Finisterre.

/Destroyed to prevent capture by Ardent, 64, Capt.
I Eobt. Winthrop.

Surrendered to C'ommod. John Loriug at Cape Francois.

Taken by Basilisk, 14, Lieut. Wm. Shepheard, Home

station.

Taken by Archer, 14, Lieut. Jno. Sherriff.
Taken by boats of Kt. Fiorenzo, 40, K. Indies.
Taken by Cerberus, 32, off La Hougue.
Taken by Tribune, 36.

Taken by Hydra, 38.

Cut out by boats of Centaur, 74, under Lieut. Robt.
Carthew Reynolds (2), Martinique. M

Taken by Mori, 18, Com. Geo. Le Gcyt, Jamaica slation.
;Cut out of Sluys by boats of Cruiser and Jtattler and
I burnt.

Taken byllarpy, 18, Com. Edm. Heywood, near Calais.

Taken by Pique, 40, Jamaica station.

Taken by Bittern, 18. Com. Robt. Corbett, Med.

Taken by boats of Doris, 36, Audierne Bay.
(Driven ashore and burnt off the Gironde by Aigle, 36,
L Capt. Geo. Wolfe.

(Taken'by Pelican, 18, Coni! Jno. Marshall (1), Jamaica
' station.

Taken by Echo, 16, Com. Edm. Boger, off Cnra9oa.

Taken by Jilanclie, 36, off Curacoa.

Taken by St. Fiorenzo, 36, Com. Hy. Lambert (2)
(actg. Capt.), E. Indies. M [station.

Taken by teander, 60, Capt. John Talbot, Halifax

Retaken ,, „ ., »

Sunk by Gracieuse, 12, Mids. Johne Bemhard bmith,
Jamaica station.

Taken by Blanche, 36, Jamaica station.

Taken by JSndymian, 44, Capt. Hon. Cbas. Paget.

FRENCH LOSSES, 1803-1815.

557

Year.

1806

Date.

Aug. 10

„ 16

» 16

Sept.

Oct. 2

i, 5

„ 13

„ 25
Nov. 3

Dec. 24
Feb. 6

„ 21

., 27

Mar. 4

.. 12

., 13

„ 21

„ 26

„ 28

Apr. 5

,, IT

... 19

May 1

„ 28

.. 24

June 9

July 15

Name. g

[* Added to the Royal Navy.1 §

Fate.
M Medals granted iu 1849, iu pursuance of Gazette

notice of June 1st, 1847.
M FUg -officers' and Captains' gold medals.

Didon* 40

Torche* {is

HypMte 4

Action* I 16

Oyane(* formerly British). . 31

JVaiode(»as Melville) . .
Svii/tmre*

AchiUe .

Fouffueux
Aiglc

31
M
II

71
74

Intrepide [74

IlfdoutaWe

Berwick 74-

Buctntaure 80

Algetiras 74

IndomptaMf 80

formidable (* as Brave) . . I 80

iDuguay Trauin («as Implac-\ ,

I able) / •*

Mont Blanc * 74

Scipion * 74

Libre ! 38

Atalante i 40

Alexandre * (ex Iwlivitible) . 80

74
T4

Imperial (ex Vengeur)

(Taken by Pluxnix, 36, Capt. Thomas Baker (1), off
\ C. Finisterre. M

Taken by Goliath, 74, and Camilla, 20, Channel.

» t. Channel.

(Driven ashore and destroyed by Duncan, 38, Lieut.
I Clem. Sneyd (actg. Capt.).

Taken by Egyptienne, 40, off Rochefort.
(Taken by Princess Charlotte, 38, Capt. Geo. Tobin, off
I Tobago.

(Taken by Jason, 32, Capt. Wm. Champalu, Leeward
1 Islands.

(Taken by the fleet of Lord Nelson at Trafalgar
I (formsrly British).

(Takeu by the fleet of Lord Nelson at Trafalgar,
\ but blew up.
(Taken by the fleet of Lord Nelson at Trafalgar,

. but wrecked.

Taken by the fleet of Lord Nelson at Trafalgar,

. but wrecked.

(Taken by the fleet of Lord Nelson at Trafalgar,
I and burnt.

(Taken by the fleet of Lord Nelson at Trafalgar,
I but sank.

(Taken by the fleet of Lord Nelson at Trafalgar,
I but wrecked.

(Taken by the fleet of Lord Nelson at Trafalgar,
I retaken, and wrecked.

(Taken by the fleet of Lord Nelson at Trafalgar,
I but retaken.

Wrecked off Rota, Cadiz.

Taken by the squadron of Sir Richard John
Strachan.

' M

Taken by the lain, 40, and Eyyptienne. 40, off Roche-

M M

(Taken
I fort.

llioatede
Rolla * . .
Furet . . .
Volontaire * .

Tremcute, sch.

Wrecked off the Cape of Good Hope.
(Taken by squadron of V.-Aci. Sir Jno. Thos.
1 Duckworth, off San Domingo.

120 Destroyed
72

16
M

M M

Marengo* ...... '74

Belle Poule ' ...... 40

Lutinelfus Hawk). . . . i is

Phaeton (* as Itignonne) . . 16

VoUigeur (* as Pelican) . . j 16

Ifearque ....... 15

Tapageuse ...... n

Malicieuse ...... ' ig

Garonne

Oloire ........

Bergere' ....... 19

Two chasse-marees ......

Pandour ....... ' ig

Diligent (• as Wolf) . . . , 16

Imperials, sch ...... 3

Obsenatear* ..... ] is

Cesar ........ 18

Charles, ketch ..... 3

Taken by squadron of Sir Home R. Popham, C. of
\ Good Hope.

Taken by Uydra, 33, Capt. Geo. Mundy, off Cadiz.
(Surrendered to squadron of Sir Home R. Popham, C. of
i Good Hope.
(Taken by Wolverine, 18, Com. Fras. Aug. Collier,
I W. Indies.

{Taken by squadron of V.-l
Ad. Sir Juo. B. Warren, !../r .,
Atlantic. ( M (£»»*»! and Amazon).

(Taken by Carysfort, 28, anil Agamemnon, 64, Leeward
( Islands.

(Taken by the Pique, 36, Capt. Chas. B. H. Ross,)
I Jamaica station. I [VI

(Taken by Ifiobe, 38, Capt'.' Jno. Wentworth Loriug, off

I Lorient.

(Cut out of R. Garonn3 by boats of Pallas, Capt. Lord

I Cochrane.

( Driven ashore in the Garonne by Pallas, 32, Capt. Lord

I Cochrane.

Taken by Sirius, 36, Capt. Wm. Prowse (I), Medlt.

Cut out by boats of Colpvys and Attack, DoSlan.
(Taken by squadron of R.-Ad. Chas. Stirling (1), Irish
\ station.

(Taken by Jtenard, 18, Com. Jer. Coghlan, Jamaica
I station.

(Taken by Cygnet, 18, Com. Robt. Bell Campbell, off
I Dominica.

Taken by Tartar, 32, Capt. Edw. Hawker, W. Indies.

Taken by boat* of squadron of Sir Sam. Hood (2),) . .
under Lieut. Ed. Reynolds Sibly. - ) M

Taken by Seaflowcr, 14, off Rodriguez.

558

FRENCH LOSSES, 1803-1815.

Year.

1807

1808

Date.

July 18

.. 27

Sept. 14

., 25

.. 2?

Oct. 2

',', "i

„ 12

Nov. 12

Jan. 2

„ 21

„ 28

Feb. 14

July 10

Aug. 23

Oct. 7

Nov. 6

Feb. 13

Mar. 8

„ 13

„ 26

May 2

June

July
Aug.

Oct. 8

„ 20

„ 31

Nov. 11

Dec.
J.n.

Name.
[* Added to the Eoyal Navy.]

Guerrieic* ......

Rhin*

Impetueux

Gloire*

Infatigable

Minerve (* as Alceste} . .

Armide*

Emilien (ex Br. Trincomale') .

Ifafolton, sch

fPresidenle (*as Piemontaise,
I 1815)

Maiieitc,t\p

Dauphin, sip

Chiffonne, sch

Salamandre, flute ....

/:> a ninn, sch

Creole

Lynx (* as Heurevx} . . .
Favourite (ex British) . . .

Dauphin, sch

faseur

Mosquito

Sttfo (Venetian)

Succes, cutter

Gunboat No. 1

Pie'mtntaise

Apropos

Friedland (Italian). . . .
Konco (Italian) (*as Tuscan).

Griffon *

Nettuno (Italian) (*as Cretan*)
Teblie (* as Roman)

Jfeptune

Algesiras

Pluton

Hirot

Argonaitte

Cornelie

Atlas

Volpe (Neapolitan) . . . .

Leger

Ortenzia ^ Venetian) . . .
Serpent (*&& Pert) . . . .

Hequin

Vigilante. . . . j .

bylphe (* as Seagull) . . .

Arttmise

Mouche, scb

Sspiegle (* as Electro) .
Jtna (*as Vic/or) ....

Pilade

Palinure

Thetis (* as Z runt) ....

Colibri

Cygne

Gauloise, cutter

Julie, lugger

Iris (* as Jiainlow) ....
hibe (*as Ganymede") .

Colibri . ...

Fate.
M Medals granted in 1849, in pursuance of Gazelle

notice of June 1st, 1847.
M Flag-officers' and Captains' gold medals.

.„ [Taken by Blanche, 38, Capl. Thos. Lavie, off) ,,
0 ( Faroe isle*. } M

(Surreudered to JIars, 74, Capt. Eobt. Dudley Oliver, off

Rocliefort.

;T«ken and burnt by Kelleiile, 74, fellma, 74, and
Melampus, 36, off C. Henry.

/Taken by squadron of Commod. Sir Sam. Hood (2) off
I Rochefort.

Taken by Culloden, Capt. Christ. Cole, E. Indies.

Taken by Viligente, 16, Jamaica station.
(Struck to Dispatch, 18, Capt. Edw. Hawkins, with
\ squadron of Sir Thos. Louis.

(Cut out by boats of Dominica, 14, Lieut. Wm. Dean,
I St. Pierre, Martinique.

Taken by Dominica, Litut. Win. Dean.

Taken and burnt at St. Malo by Ccnstance, Sheldrake,
( KtrentLovs, and Britannia.

(Taken by boats of Galalm, 32, Capt. Geo. Sayer (1), off
( Guadeloupe.

(Taken by it boat of the Circe, 32, under Lieut. —
\ Thomas, Leeward Island*.

(Taken by boats of Galatea, 32, under Lieut. Wm.
( Coombe, off Caracas. M

(Taken by Jason, 32, Capt. Thos. Jno. Cochrane, off
1 Guiana.

Taken by Bacchante, CO, Capt. Jas. Rich. Dacres (2),
. Jamaica station.

Taken by Bombay, 38, Capt. Wm. Jones Lye, E. Indies.

Taken by Iiark, 18, and Ferret, 18, Jamaica station.

Cut out by boats of Porcupine, 22, Ginppaua.

Taken by Volage, 22, Capt. Phil. Lew. J. Rosenhagen,
Medit.

Cut out by boats of Canfiance, 20, mouth of the Tagus. M

Taken by St. Fiorenzo, 36, Capt. Geo. Nicholas Hanl-
: Inge, £. Indies. M

(Driven ashore and burnt by Emerald, 36, Capt. Fredk.
i Lewis Maitland (2), Vivero. M

Taken by ftandatd, 64, and Active, 38, off C. Blanco.

Taken by Unite, 40, Capt. Pat. Campbell (1), off C. Pro-
monturo.

Taken by Bacchante, 20, Capt. Sam. Hood Inglefield,
offC. Antonio.

Taken by Lnite, 40, Capt. Pat. Campbell (1), Medit.

Surrendered to the Spanish patriots, Cadiz harbour.

Surrendered to the Spanish patriots, Vigo.
Taken by boats of Standard, 64, off Corfu.

Taken by Minstrel, 18, Com. Jno. Hollinworth, Medit.

Taken by Acasta, 40, Capt. Ph. Beaver, off La Guaira.

Taken by F<.la0e,22,Capt. ph. Lew. J. Rosenhagen, Medit.

Taken Iry boats of Kent, 74, and Wizard, 16, Noli.

'Taken by Comet, 18, Com. Cuthbert Featherstone Daly,
: Channel. M

(Driven ashore near Brest and burnt by blockading
\ squadron.

Taken by Cossack, 22, Capt. Chas. Geo. Digby, Channel.

Taken by Sibylle, 38, Capt. Clotworthy Upton, Channel.

Taken by Modeste, 36, B. of Bengal.

Taken by Pompie, 74, off Barbados.

Taken by Circe, 32, off 1 'iamond Rock. .

Taken by Amethyit, 36, Capt. Mich. Seymour (1), ofl
Lorient. M M

Taken by boats of Polyphemus, 64, San Domingo.1

Destroyed at, St. Pierre by Amaranthe, 18. etc.

Takeu by Imperieufe, 3», Capt. Lord Cochrane, Medit.

Taken'by Aimable, 32, Capt. Lord c'eo. Stuart'/N. Sea.

Taken by Imre, 38, Capt. Alex. Wilmot Schomberg.
(Taken by ilelampus, 36, Capt. Edw. Hawker, Halifax
t station.

FBENCH LOSSES, 1803-1815.

Year.

Date.

Jan. 22
Feb. 4

Mar. 10

Apr. 1

» 6

,. IT

May 4

,, 28

June 10

„ 18

July 6

„ 28

Ang. 16

,, 27

Sept. 1

»• ~

„ 18

,, 21
Oct.

NOT.

„ 19

Dec. 3

i, 6

Name.
[* Added to the Royal Navy.]

Topaze (*as Jeicel) .
Amphitrite .

Junon * .

Far(«as<7/ucto(er) . . .
Italienne

Calypso ....

Cybele

Rossollis

Carnation

Diligente (* as St. Pierre). .

Joseph, felucca

Leda

Kiemen*

Ville de Varsovie ....

Tonnerre

Aquilm .

Calcutta, en flute ....
Indienne

d'Hautpoult (» as Abercrombie')

Cftampenoite

Beau Narcissi

Moucke

Felicite,* en flute ....

Rejouie

No. 7, sch

Notre Dame

Furieuse (* as 36) ....

(Six Italian gunboats (2 gunsi

I each) )

Pidele (*as Rourbonnaise)
fFour gunboats (Venetian, eacb>

\ 1 gun) )

(Two gunboats (Venetian, each)
I 2 guns) /

Jason

Jean Bart

Pugliese

Aurore

Caroline

Zephyr

Amethyste

Incomparable, brig ....

Hirvndelle, sch

Robuste

Lion

Milan.

Btoile. . . .

Fanfaron

Basque . . .
Revanche .

Grand Napoleon

Intri'pide . . .

Comtcssc Laure .
Heureuse Etoile .
Grand Kodeur .

Beau Marseille .

Nisus (* as Guadaloupti)

liearnais (*ae Curieux")
Aigle

(Taken by Cleopatra, 32, Jason, 32, and Hazard, 18, off
I Guadeloupe.

Destroyed at the attack on Martinique.
(Taken by fforatto, 38, Superieure, 14,| ., ,„ ..
I Latona, 38, and Driver, 18, Halifax V M, (.Horaho >nd
I station. | Supeneure.)

Fate.
M Medals granted in 1849, In pursuance of Gazette

notice of June 1st, 1847.
M Flag-officers' and Captains' gold medals.

Taken liylielle Poule, 38, Capt. Jas. Brisbane, off Valona.
(Driven ashore by squadron of R.-Ad. Hon. Kobt. Stop-
l ford, Sables d'Olonne.

Burnt to avoid rapture at the taking of Martinique. \ , .

» .. „ M „ I "*

Taken at the capture of Martinique.
(Cut ont by boats of Argo, 44, under l.ieut. Chaa. Fraser,
I San Domingo.

Cut ont by boats of Mercury. 28, Rovigno.
(Taken by Amethyst, 36, Capt. Mich. Seymour (1), coast
t of France. M

(Destroyed by fleet of Ad. Lord Gambler, Basque
t Road.

(Taken by Pompee, 74, Castor, 32, and Jlecruit, 18, off
t Puerto Rico. M

(Taken by Renown, 74, Capt. Phil. Chas. Durham, off
I Toulon.

Taken by Moselle, 18, Com. Henry Boys (1), W. Indies.

Taken by the Amelia, 38, and Ktatira, 38, off Santander.

Taken by Latona, 38, Capt. Hugh Plgot (3), VV. Indies.

Taken by the Amelia, 38, and Statira, 38, off Santander.

(Taken by Rtmne Citoyenne, 20, Com. Wm. Monnsey,
I Atlantic. M

Cut out by boats of squadron, Duino.
Taken at the surrender of Flushing.
Cut out by boats of Amphion, 32, Cortellazzo.

(Taken by Helena, 18, Com. Jas. And. Worth, coast of
i Ireland.

Taken by Nassau, 64, off the Start.

Cut out by boats of Mercury, 28, Barletta.

Taken by Plover, 18, Com. Philip Browne (2), off
Beachy Head.

Taken by a military and naval force, Reunion.

Taken by Seine, 36, Capt. Dav. Atkins, Channel.

Taken by Minerva, 32, Capt. Rich. Hawkins.

Taken by Emerald, 36, Capt. Fredk. Lewis Maitland

(2), off Ireland.

(Taken by Plover, 18, Com. Philip Browne (2), off
i Falmouth.

Destroyed to avoid capture by Brit, fleet, off Frontlgnau.

(Taken'by Surveillante, 38,"capt. Sir Geo. Ralph Collier,
{ off TJshant.

Taken by Euryalut, 36, Capt. Hon. Geo. H. L. Dundas,
off Cherbourg.

Taken by Emerald, 36, Capt. Fredk. Lewis Maitland,
off Guadeloupe.

Taken by Druid, 32, Capt. Sir Wm. Bolton (2).'

Taken by Helena, 18, Com. Jas. And. Worth.

Taken by Royalist, 18, Com. Jno. Maxwell, off
. Dungeness.

(Taken by Vestal, 28, Capt. Edwards Lloyd Graham, off
1 Newfoundland.

Taken by Surveillante, 38, Capt. Sir Geo. Ralph Collier.

Taken by Royalitt, 1 8, Com. Juo. Maxwell.

Taken by Kedpole, 16, Com. Colin M'Donahl.
(Taken by Royalist, 18, Com. Jno. Maxwell, Downs
I station.

'Taken by boats of Thetis, 38, Capt. Geo. Miller, etc.,
at Guadeloupe. M

Taken by Melampus, 36, Capt. Edw. Hawker, W. Indies.

Taken by Pylades, 18, Com. tieo. Ferguson.

560

FRENCH LOSSES, 1803-1815.

Year.

Date.

Name.

[* A'dded to the Royal Navy.]

Seine, en flute . . . .
Papillon *

Jan. 12
Feb. 3

Oreste(*&& Wellington) . .

fConJiancc (ex Canonniere), em
\ flute /

14
40

Mar 21

Apr. 12
May 1

<E*perance (ex Brit. Laurel*)}
\ (*a« Laurestinus") . . ,)
Entafette .

Sparviero (Neapolitan) . .

July 25
Sept. 18
Dec. 6

t> 91

Six gunboats (Neapolitan)
Venus (»as Nereidt) . . .

Astree (*as Pvmone) . . .
Hellone (*as Junon) . . .

" **

" "

Jphigenie * (ex British) . .
Nereide (ex British) . . .

Victor

36
36

' "

1 »

A brig

1 "

Ceylon, pris. ship ....
Ckarlton, pris. ship
United Kingdom, pris. ship .

30
30
3i)

Feb. 12

Mar 13

A trabacolo (Venetian) . .

(Corona (Venetian) (*as Daeda-}

1
40

>» >*

Jicllona (Venetian) (*as Dover}

„ 31
May 1

Dromadaire, en flute .
Girafe, en flute

A'ourrt'ce, en flute ....

n 8
20

Canonnier

11
40

., 26
July 21

Nereide

Aug. 2

/Gunboats 22, 28, 31 and 71)
i (each) .1

.» 25

Teazer (ex British) ....

14
16

Sept. 21
Oct. 11

VilU de Lyon, praam .
Two gunboats (each of) . .

1
12
1
1

Nov. 2
Nov. 27

Fonr gunboats (Neapolitan) .
Six gunboats (Neapolitan)

»» 29

Fate.
M Medals granted In 1849, in pursuance of Gazette

notice of June 1st, 184!.
M Flag-officers' and Captains' gold medals.

Destroyed by a squadron at Anse La Barque, G uadeloupe.

/Taken by Rosamond, 18, Com. benj. Walker, off

Guadeloupe.

Taken by hoyalM, 18, Com. Jno. Maxwell.
Taken by Topcue, 36, Capt. Hy. Hope, Mediterranean.

Taken by Scorpion, 18, Com. Francis Stanfell, off
. Guadeloupe. M

Taken by Valiant, 74, off Belle Isle.

Taken by Horatio, 38, Capt. Geo. Scott (1), Atlantic.

Retaken by Unicorn, 32, Capt. Alex. Robt. Kerr.

Taken at Jacolet by NeriMe, 36.
[Taken by Spartan, 38, Capt. Jahleel Brenton (2), G. of
; Naples. M

[Taken by Nonpareil, 14, Lieut. Jas. Dickinson (3) off
1 the Vllaine.

Taken by Bustard, 16, Com. Jno. Duff Markland.
(Taken by squad, of Capt. Hon. G. G. Waldegrave,
I Amantea.

[Taken by Boadicea, 38, Capt.l M (Boadicea,
( Josias Kowley, off Reunion. / Otter, and Staunch.)
(Taken by squadron of V.-Ad. Albemarle Bertie at
I capture of Mauritius.

(DestroyeJ by boats of Diana, 38, Capt. Cbas. Grant,
I near La Hongue. M

Taken by boats of Cerberus and Active, Ortona.
/Destroyed by squadron (Amphion, Active, Cerbe-
rus, and Volage'i of Capt. Wm. Hoste, off Lissa.

Taken

/Burnt to avoid capture by Pomone, 38, Capt. Robt.
I Barrie, Monte Crislo.
Burnt to avoid capture by Berwick, 74, Capt. Jas. Mafr

namara (2), near Barfleur.
Taken by Ajax, 74, and Unite, 36, off Elba.
Blew up in action with boats of Pomone, Unite and
Scout, off Corsica.

Destroyed by Belle Poule and Alceste, Parenzo.
/Taken by ScyUa, 18, Com. Arihur Atcliison, off Isle
( lot/.

[Taken by squadron of Capt. Cbas.}
Marsh Schomberg, off Mada- 1 M (Astma, Phoebe,
goscar. > Gakitea and Jiace~

Taken by squadron of Capt. Chas. I fcoi-se.)

Marsh Schomberg, atTamatave.I
Taken hy Thames and Cephalus, Porto del Infreschl.
Taken by boats of Active, 38, Capt. Jas. Alex.
Gordon (1), Kagoznica.

Taken off Norderney by boats under Lieut. Sam. Blyth.

Taken by Hawk, 16, Com. Henry Bourchler, Channel. M
/He-taken by Itiana, 38, and Semiramis, 36, mouth of
I Gironde.

/Burnt by Diana, 38, and Semiramis, 36, mouth of
1 Giroude.

Taken by squadron of Capt. PhiL Carteret (3).

Taken by boats of Imperieuse, 38, Positano.

Sunk by Imperieuse, 38, Capt. Hon. Hy. Duncan (3).

Destroyed by Impth'ieuse and Thames, Palinuro.

Taken by Imperieust and names, Palinuro.

Taken by Eagle, 74, Capt. Chas. Rowley, Adriatic.

Taken by Alceste, Unite, and Active, Adriatic. M

FRENCH LOSSES, 1803-1815.

561

Year.

Date.

Name.
[* Added to the Koyal Navy.]

Fate.
M Medals granted In 1849, in pursuance of Gavtte
notice of June 1st, 1847.
M Flag-officers' and Captains' gold medals.

1811
1812

1813

1M1

Nov. 29
Dec. 4

Feb. 13

„ 22

„ 29

Mar. 27
Apr. 29

May 22

June 4
Aug. 31

Sept. '9
•i U
„ 20

Dec. 23
Jan. 6

,, 6

.. 29
Feb. 5

1
„ 14

Apr. 22
May 16

., vt

June 8
,, 12
July 18
Aug. 18
,. 24

Oct. "l
„ 13

„ 21
„ 23
„ 31

Dec. 20

., 23

Jau. 6
» 16

Persanne, storeship. . . .
A settee

8
6
16
40
20

74
18

4
4

40
16

3
1
40
1

6
22

2
2
1

l Taken ^by Alceste, Unite.andActiiie.jM (Alceste. Active,
I Adriatic. { a£ | Uniti_
f Taken off Bastia by boats of Sultan, U, Capt.l
\ Jno. West. 1 M

(Taken by Zephyr, 16, 'bom. Fras. Geo.' Dlcklus, off
t Dieppe.
Wrecked in the Adriatic, date unknown
;laken by Apollo, 38, Capt. Bridges \V. Taylor, off

Taken by Victorious, 74, Capt. Jno. Talbot, and Weazel
( 18, Coin. Jno. Wm. Andrew M M
Blown np by ,,
Taken by boats of ifenelaus, 38, under Llent."Rowland
Mamwaring, off Frejus.
Taken by Kosario, 10, and Griffin, 16, off Dieppe M
Burut by boats of Undaunted.etc., mouth of the Rhone
Destroyed by Northumberland. U, Capt. Hon. Hy 1
I Hotham, and Growler, 12, Lieut. Jno. Weeks I
" " •• » ii 1

T'keu by boats of Medusa, 32,"nnder Lieut. Josiah
Jbompson, at Arcachon. Burnt.
Cut out by boats of Bacchante, 38, under Lieut.)
1 Dount Henchy O'Brien, Canale di Lerne.
„ „ „ >( > M

Accidentally burnt at Venice. " "
Taken by boats of Eagle, 74, under Lieut. Aug. Cannon,
laken by Apolto, 3s, Capt. Bridges W. Taylor, off
I Corfu.
Driven ashore by Dryad, 36, Capt. Edw. Galwey, Isle
d Yen.
Taken by boats of Bacchant t, 38, and
1 Weazel, 18, off C. Otrauto.

" M (Bacchante.)

A brig.

Victoire

Merinos, eu flute ....
Kimli*

Mercure
St. Joseph (pierced for 16). .

Three brigs (each) ....
A schooner

Ariane ....

Andromaque

Dorade, storeship ....

Tisiphone, xebec ....
A gunboat

A gunboat

Jtanae
Two gunboats (each of) . .
Ulysse, xebec

A brig

Indomptable ....

Diligtnte
Arrogante

Salamine ....

Calypso .

No. 8 (gunboat)

Cut out by boats of Havannah, 36, nnder Lt. Wm.
Hamley.
Taken by Cerberus, 32, Capt. Thos. Garth.
Wrecked off Los Islands.
Destroyed by boats of IlavannaK, 36, under Lieut. Wm.
Harnley, off Manfredonla.
Taken by barge of Bacchante, 38, under Lieut. Silas
Thos. Hood, off Otranto.
Taken by Bacchante, 38, Capt. Wm. Hoste.
Destroyed by Weazel, 18, Cum. Jas. Black, Bassogllna
bay.
Taken by boats of Ferwick, 74, and Kuryalus, 36.
Taken by boats of Apollo, 38, and Cerberus, 32.
Taken by Alcmene, 38, Capt. Edwards LI. Graham.
Taken by bnats of Bacchante, 38, under Lieut. Silas
Thomson Hood, Giulianova.
Taken by ffavannah, 36, and Partridge, 16.
Taken or destroyed at Cassis by boats of squadron
Taken by Weazel, 18, Capt. Jas. IJlack.

Taken by Wolverine, 16, Com. Charles Julius Kerr.
Destroyed by Telegraph, 12, Com. Tim. Scriven.
Taken by boats of Bacchante, 38, etc., under Com. Jno.
I Harper, of Saracen, 18.

Taken by Scnlla',18, Com. Colin M'Donald, and SoyaUtt,
\ 18, Com. Jas. Jno. Gordon Bremer.
Taken by Andromache, 36, Capt. Geo. Tubin.
/Taken by boats, etc., under Com. Jno. M'Kerlie, in
I the Weser.

(Taken by Andromache, 36,' Capt. Geo. Tobin/'coast of
\ France.
/Driven ashore near Calvi by Euryalus, 36, Capt. Chas.
( Napier (2).
Taken by Alcmene, 38, Capt. Jerem. Coghlan.
Taken by Niger, 38, and Tar/us, 36, off Cape Verde.
/Taken by the Venerable, 74. and Cyane, 22, offt .,
( Madeira. } M

Velace . . .

Kubis

Four gunboats . . .

Alcinous ....

Vigilante, dtsp. boat .
Six gunboats

Fortune, xebec
Two gunboats (each) . . .
Agile
Ten gunboats (Neapolitan),!
(each) /

10
3

1
1

2
6
22

2
1
1

40
40

Two gunboats (each) . . .
Three gunboats
Tonnante

Augusts .

No. 961 (lugger). .

Flibustier

A gunboat

A gunboat ....

A gunboat

Weser* . , .

Trave* ....

Two corvette*, building
Two gun brigs . . .

Prospire, sch. . . .

12
40

Baleine, storeslilp ....
Fleche, sch. . .

Certs (* as Seine') ....
Jphiginie(*t£ Gloire'). . .

VOL. V.

2 p

562

FRENCH AND SPANISH LOSSES, 1803-1815.

Year.

Dat

Name.
[* Added to the Koyal Navy.]

Fate.
M Medals granted in 1849, in pursuance of Gazette
notice of June 1st, 1847.
M Flag-officers' and Captains' gold medals.

1814

J&n.
Feb

30
3

lAlcmene (*as (a) Dunira,)
( (b) Immortalite). . . .1

40
40

(Taken by the Venerable, 74, and Caane, 22, off) „.
( Madeira. ) M

i>
Mar.

3ft

Terpsichore
Clorinde (* as Aurora') . .

40
16

Taken by Majestic, 56, Capt. JNO. Hayes (1).
fTaken by Eurotas, 38, Capt. Jno. Phillimore, and
» Dryad, 36, Capt. Edw. Galwey. M (Eurotas.)
Taken by Ajax 74 Capt Robt Waller Otway (1")

fTaken by Hannibal, 74, Capt. Sir Mich. Seymour (1),

Anr

Etotte (*as Topaxc). . . .

I off Cherbourg.
fTaken by Hebrus, 36, Capt. Edm. Palmer, off La
I Hougue. tvl
fTaken by boats under Lieut. Robt. Graham Dunlop, in

I the Gironde.

" " " "

Three chasse-marees .

A cha?se-maree
Regulns (and other vessels) .
Brillant (* as Genoa) . . .

74
74

Burnt to avoid capture in the Giroude.
Taken at the surrender of Genoa.

11 a v

(Taken'by boats of Elizabeth, 74, under Lieut. Mitchell

1815

Anr

I Roberts, off Corfu. M
(Taken by Rivoli, 74, Capt. Edw. Stirling Dickson, off

1 Ischia.

SPANISH LOSSES.

Year.

Date.

Name.
[* Added to the Royal Navy.]

2
O

Fate.
M Medals granted in 1849, In pursuance of Gazette
notice of June 1st, 1817.
M Flag-officers' aud Captains' gold medals.

1804
1805

1806

Oct. 5

Nov. 25
Dec. 7

Feb. 4
„ 8
Apr. 3

May
July 22

Aug. 13
Sept. 30
Oct. 11
,, 21

',, 24
Nov. 29

Jan. 7

Medea (*as Imperieuse} .

40
34
34

40
36

16
28

4
18
10

36
80
74
12
14
1
74
74

74
130
74
74
74
74
112
100

7
16

(Taken by Indefatigable, 40, Capt. Graham
1 Medusa, 38, Capt. Jno. Gore (2), Lively, 38,
j Graham Eden Hamond, and Amphion, 32,
( Sam. Sutton.
fBlown up in action with Amphion, 32, Capt.
I Sutton.
fTaken by Medusa, 38, Capt. Jno. Gorj (2), and
I gal, 80.
Taken by Donegal, 80, Capt. Sir Rich. Jno. Stra(
{Taken by Polyphemus, 64, and Lively, 38, off
Mary.
Taken by Diamond, 38, Capt. Thos. Elphinstone.
Taken by Diana, 38, and Pique, 40, off Altavela
/Taken by Mercury, 2d, Capt. Duucombe P
I Bouverie.
Taken by Pique, 40, Capt. Ch is. Bayne Hodgson
raken by Bacchante, 20, Capt. Chas. Dashwo<
Havana.
Wrecked in the River Plate.
Taken by squadron of V.-Ad. Sir Robt. Calder.

fTaken by Mariamne, 6ch., Lieut. Jas. Smith
\ Truxillo.
Taken by Part Mahon, IS, Com. Sam. Chambers.
fTaken by Iiexterous, 14, Lieut. Robt. Tomliusou,
t Gibraltar.
Taken by the fleet of Lord Nelson, at Trafalgar, i

„ ,, ,, and destroyed.
,, ,, ,, and burnt.
,, ,, „ but sank.
,, „ ,, but was wrecked.
,, ,, ,, but was retaken.

Taken by the fleet after Trafalgar.but was wrecked.,
iTaken by boats of Serpent, 16, Com. Jno. Wale
1 Jamaica station.
fTakeu by boats of Franchise, 3S, Capt. Chas. Dash
t off Campeche.

Moore,
Capt.
Capt.

Sam.
Done-

han.
C. St.

eydell

Ross.
>d, off

3), at
(2)off

r(0.
wood,

Clara (* as Leocadia) .
Mercedes

Matilda (* as Hamadryad) .
Amfitrite (* as Blanche') . .

Infanta Don Carlos* .
Diligencia (* as Ligara') .

Fuerte de Gibraltar . . .
Orquijo *

Asuncion

Firme*

Caridad Perfecta, sch. . .
Galgo (pierced for) . .

Bahama *
(San Juan Xepomuceno (*asi
\ Herwick') . . i

San Ildefonso *
fantisima Trinidad .

Neptuno
Santa Ana
Kayo

San Cristovil 1'ano
Raposa * (pierced for) .

SPANISH LOSSES, 1804-1808.

563

Year.

Date.

Jan. 29
Feb.

Apr.
May

June

July
Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

•180?

Nov.

Jan.

Feb.

Aug.

Dec.
Feb.

Apr.

May 7

Name,
t* Added to the Royal Navy.]

Carmen (pierced for) .

Two gunboats, each of .
No. 4 (gun-brig) . .

Vigilante (* as Spider) .

Argonauta ....
Virgen del Carmen, Bch.

Giganta

Belem*

Dolores

Six gunboats.
Arroganle ....

Pomona (* as Cuba) ,

Twelve gunboats

A schooner ....

A felucca ....

A schooner ....
Three vessels, each of .

No. 2 (gunboat). . .
A schooner ....

A tartan ....

Two settees, each of
A settee ....
relax ....

Dolores ....
A schooner .
PoitiUin ....

Carmen ....
A schooner .

Paula . . . .

Fuerte * ....

Heroe

Dolores ....
raz « .

Reina Ltiua.

A frigate

Three gunboats . . .

Principe Eagenio .

Bella Carolina .
Carmen del Rosario .
No. 5, No. 9 (gunboats)
Cautela (pierced for 12)

San Josef ....
Two gunboats . .
One gunboat ....
Two gunboats .
Two gunboats .
Two gunboats .

Amistico

Four gunboats . . .

Fate.
M Medals granted in 1849, in pursuance of Gazette

notice of June 1st, 1847.
M Flag-officers' and Captains' gold medals.

[Taken by Maqicienne, 32, Capt. Adam Mackenzie,
Moua Passage.

gstone,

Medit.

. uner eu. r m. eo. arker.

Taken by Commod. Sir Home Riggs Popham, at Buenos

Aires.

Taken by Diadem, 64, off Montevideo.
'Taken by Arethusa, 38, Capt. Chas. Brisbane, and
. Anson, 41, Capt. Chas. Lydiard, off Cuba. M
Destroyed by Arethusa, 38, Capt. Chas. Brisbane, and
. Anson, 44, Capt. Chas. Lydiard, off Cuba.

Tnkeu by Pike, 4, Lieut. Chas. Spence, Jamaica station.
[Taken by Superieure, 14, Hying Fish, 12, and Pike, 4,
off Batabano.

(Taken 'by birge of IKni'na, 32, Capt. Geo" Ralph

I Collier, Arosa Bay.

(Cut out by boats of Galatea, 32, under Lieut. Rich.

[ Gittins, Barcelona.

(Taken by boats of Renommie, 3i, under Lieut Sir Wm

I Geo. Parker, Port Colon.

». ,. ,. off tower of Falconara.

Taken by NerOde, 30, Capt. Robt. Corbett, Atlantic.
(Taken by boats of Orpheus, 32, Capt. Thos. liriggs. off
\ Campeche.

Capsized while chased by Lark, 18, Com. Robt. Nicholas
[Taken by Lark, 18, Com. Eobt. Nicholas, W. Ind.
I Subsequently destroyed.

Cut out by iMrk, 18, Com. Robt. Nicholas, Cisp'ata Bay.
fTaken in Rattou^s Harbour by R.-Ad. Cha... Stirling
I (1), and Brig.-Geul. Auclimuty.

Destroyed to prevent capture by ,.

(Taken by ffydra, 38, Capt. Geo. iiuujy, from
I under forts of Bagur. Catalonia.

Taken off Majorca.

Taken by Narcissus, 32, Capt. Chas. Malcolm, Atlantic.

•Taken by Grasshopper, 18, Com. Thos. Searle, off Cape

Sunk by Imperieuse, 38, Capt. Lord Cochraue, near

Cartagena.
Taken by Imperieuse, 38, Capt. Lord Cochrane, near

Cartagena.

(Destroyed by sqnadron of Capt. Murray Maxwell, off
I Cadiz.

(Taken by Grasshopper, 18, Com. Thos. Searle, and
I Kapid, 14, Lieut. Hy. Baugh.

(Driven ashore by (Irassltojiper, 18. Com. Thomas
\ Searle, and Rapid, 14, I.ieut. liy. B.mgh.
Taken by the Redwing, 18, Com. Thos. Ussher, near

Trafalgar.

(Destroyed by the Redwing, 18, Com. Thos Ussher, near
I Trafalgar.

2 P 2

564

DUTCH LOSSES, 1803-1810.

DUTCH LOSSES.

Year

Date.

Name.
[* Added to the Royal Navy.]

Kate.

M Medals granted in 1849, In pursuance of Gazette
notice of June 1st, 1847.
M Flag-officers' aud Captains' gold medals.

•(Tnken by Caroline, 36, Capt. BenJ. Win. Page, off C. of

I Good Hope.
(Taken by Commod. Sam. Hood (2) at surrender of

I Demerara.
/Taken by Ifcurevx. 24, Capt. Loftus Otway Eland, at

Mar 1

(Taken by boats of Stork, 18, Com. Geo. Le Gejt, W.

, ' Indies.

May 4
„ 16

Proserpine (*as Amsterdam')

Pylades (*as Surinam.") .
George, sch
Seven gunboalB

No. 98 (a schuit) ....
Five Bchuits

32
18

(Taken by Commod. Sam. Hood (2), at surrender of
I Surinam.

/Taken by squadron of Commod. Sir Wm. Sidney Smith,
I N.Sea.
Punk „ „ „ „

1805

Apr. 24

rTaken by squadron of Capt. Kobt. Honyroau, off C.

., 25

Two gunboats

Taken by Archer, 14, Lieut. Wm. Price, offC. Gris Nez.
1 Destroyed by Dutch at surrender of C. of Good Hope to

May 28

Schrikverwekker ....

\ Commod. Sir Home Riggs Popham.
j Wrecked in the E. Indies.
rTaken by Greyhound, 32. Capt. C'has. Elphinstone, and

„ 26

Palla* (*as Celebes) . . .

,1 Harrier, 16, Com. Edw. 1 hos. Troubridge.
/Taken" by Caroline, 36, ' Capt. Pet! Rainier"(2), E.

'Maria Keijgerslergen (* as

1 Indies.
/Taken by Caroline, 36, Capt. Pet. Rainier (2), off
1 Batavia.

Nor 27

Phoenix .... .

fTaken or destroyed at Batavia by squadron of R.-Ad.

I Sir Edw. Pellew.

11 »!

» >»

1807

Jan. 1

Maria Wilhelmina. . . .
Kenau ffasselaar (*as Jfal-}

14
86

{Taken at capture of Cura^oa by tquadron oh
Capt. Chas. Brisbane.

„ „

Suriname (*as Surinam').

., M M

tl »

" ,'.' ',', ',', }

Utrecht .

Aug 31

A schooner

rTaken by Psyche, 36, Lieut. Fleetwood B. K. Pellew

Sept 1

;>4

Taken by Psyche, 36. Lieut. F. B. R. Pellew (actg.

Revolutie

rBurnt by squadron of R.-Ad. Sir Edw. Pellew, at

Pluto

1808
1809

May 19
Aug. 6

Oct. 8

Jan. 1

May 20

Gelderland (* &3 Jlelder') . .
Vlieff

Hoop, armed transport .

Manly* (ex-British) . . .
Piet Ifein, sch

86
6

16
t

Taken by Viryinie, 38, Capt. Edw. Brace, N. Sea. M
Taken by Diana, 14, Lieut. Wm. Kempthorne, off Java.
I Taken by Lightning, 16, Com. Beiitinck Cavendish
» Doyle.
Retaken by Onyx, 10, Com. ChaB. Gill, N. Sea. M
Taken in the Vlie by boats of Princess Caroline, 74.

Taken in the Jade.

July 15

(Cut out by boats of Afodeste and Barracouta, under

Sept 11

Zcfir

(Taken by THana, 10, Lieut. Vim. Kempthorne, oif

rSunk by Dutch at capture of Amboyna (Mandarin

Sunk by Dutch at capture of Amboyna.

Feb. 6

Taken by Dover, 38, Capt. Edw. Tucker, E. Indies.

Hoop
Ilavik

Taken'by Thistle, 10, Lieut. Pet. Proctor. M "

Mar. 1
Apr 26

Jfaryarctta (pierced for 14) .
Echo

8
8

fTaken at Amblaw by boats of Cornwallis under Lieut.
I Hy. Jno. Peachey.
fTaken by Sylvia, 10, Lieut. Aug. Vere Drury, off

Aug.

Claudius Seurlis ....

fTaken at the reduction of Java by R.-Ad. IIoli. Eobt.
I Stopford.

DANISH LOSSES, 1807-18K?.

565

DANISH LOSSES.

Year

Date.

Name.
[« Added to the Koyal Navy.]

Fate.
M Medals granted in 1849, in pursuance of Gazette
notice of June let, 1847.
M Flag-officers' and Captains' gold medals.

1807

Aug. 16
Sept. 7

Frederikscoarn* . . . .
Christian VII.'

rTaken by Comus, 22, Capt. Edm. Heywood, off Mar-
l strand. M
fTakt-n by British Navy (Lord Gambier)
(, and Army at surrender of Copenhagen.

•• " " "

'Prindsesse Sophie Frederike
( (*as Princess Sophia) . .j

'Arveprinds Frederik (* as,
'. He ir Appa ren t) . . . J
'Kronprindsesse Marie (* as]
, Kron Princessen) . . ,J
Fyen*
Odin *

14
71

Trekroner (*as Tre Kronen}
Skjold (* M Skiold) . . .
Kronprinds Frederik (* asi
Kron Princen} . J
Dan-mark (* as Dannemark).
Iforge*

74
74

Prindsesse Caroline (* as/
Princess Caroline) , . ./

„

Mars . . .

" " " " ^

Heierhem (*«s Syeren)

ffavfrue (*as Har-Fruen] .
Freija (* as Freya) ....

61
38
36

',; ;.'

.Rota*

. , ,. ..

T'enw* *

t t it n

Nayaden (* as Nyaderi)
Nympfen (* as -A'ymp/ien) .

36
36

,, , „ ,.

fVedertfcsfeen (*&a Frederick-}

Lille Belt (•Little Belt) . .
St. Thomas ....
Pylla*
ELven *

24
124

" " " "

Gluckstad (• as Gluckstadt*) .
Sarp€n *

„

Glommen
Nid ELven* .

„

Delphinen

" "

flyvendtjiske (*as Flewende)
Fisk) . .

Allan

Mercurius * . ....
Coureer (*as Q. Mab. and!

18
18

Ornen, sch.*

" " " "

1808

M«r. 2

Three gunboats, each of . .
Twenty-two gunboats, each of

„ „ „ „ and destroyed.
Taken by Sappho, 18, Com. Geo. Langford, off Flam-

„ 23
May 15

Prinds Christian Frederik .

borongh Head. M
Burnt by Stately, 64, Capt. Geo. Parker, ana Nassau, 64,
Capt. Robt. Campbell (1). M
(Sunk off Bergeu by Tartar, 32, Capt. G. E. B. Bettes-

i, 24

A cutter .

{ worth.

June 16

Taken bv boats of Euryalus, 36, ami Cruiser, is, under

Aug. 11

Lieut. Michael Head, Great Belt.
("Taken off Nyborg by boats under Capt. Jas. Mac-]

[ namara(2). \ M

Oct. 1

Acertif (pierced for 12) . .

Takrn by Daphne, 22, Capt. Fras. Mason, Baltic.
fTaken by Cruiser, 18, Lieut. Thos. Wells ('2), off

1809

Mar. 2

( G.teborg.

May

JSdderkop. .

566

DANISH AND RUSSIAN LOSSES, 1807-1813.

Year.

Date.

Name.
t* Added to the Royal Navy.]

a
p
O

Fate.
M Medals granted iu 1849, in pursuance of Gazette
notice of June 1st, 1847.
M Flag-officers' and Captains' gold medals.

1809

1810
1811

1812
1813

May 31

June 13
Sept.
Oct.
Nov. 6
July 23

6
6

•

2
2

8
4

8
8
»

Taken by Cruiser, 18, Com. Thos. Klch. Toker, off
Bornholm.
Destroyed by boats of Melpomene, 38, Capt. Pet. Parker
(2), off Jutland.
'Taken by Earnest, 14, Lieut. Rich. Templar, WingS
L Sound.

Taken by Talliot, 18, Com. Hon. Alex. Jones, N. Sea.
/Taken by Strenuous, 14, Lieut. Juo. Nugent, off the
Naze.
Taken by Snake, 18, Com. Thos. Young, off Bergen.
Taken by llriseis, 18, Com. Jno. Miller Adye, off
Helgoland.
Taken by boats of Relvidera and Xemesis, Studtland.

Burnt ,, ,, ,.
Taken by Sheldrake, 16, Com. Jas. Pattison Stewart.
Taken by Rifleman, 18, Com. Jos. Pearce. Retaken.
(Taken by Sheldrake, 16, Com. Jas. Pattison Stewart,
) ami consorts.
Taken by boats under Lieut. Sam. Blyth, Jade. M
Taken by boats of Victory, loo, under Lieut. Edw.
Purcell, Wingu Sound. M
•Destroyed by a squadron on coast of
Norway. M (Dictator,
[Taken by a squadron on coast of Nor- Podargus,
1 way, but abandoned. [ Calypso, and
, /tamer.)

(Taken' by boats of Horatio, 38, under Lieut. Abr. Mills
1 Hawkins.

(Taken'by a boat 'of the Dictator, 74, under Lieut. Tbos.
\ Duell.
Taken by Hamadryad. 36, Capt. Edw. Cbetham.
(Taken by two boats of Blazer, 14, and Breodrageren, 1 4,
i under Lieut. Thos. Barber Devon.

Fire Bredre ( ? priv.) . . .
Makrcl

Ijoven (? priv.)
Dorothea Catherine ( ? priv.) .

Keciprodte (? priv.) .

Thor

Mar. 27
May 11

July 5
Aog. 2
Sept. 20

July 6

Aug. 2

Dec. 12

Mar. 21

A gunboat (No. 5) ....

Four gun-vessels, cacb of .

18
18

6
4

famso
Kiel

No. 114 (schooner) ....
No. 97 (cutter)

Abigail
Unge Troutman ....

5
5

RUSSIAN LOSSES.

Year.

Date.

Name.
[* Added to the Royal Navy.]

Fate.
M Medals granted in 1849, in pursuance of Gatette
notice of June 1st, 1847.
M Flag-officers' and Captains' gold medals.

Apith

Taken by Salsette, 38, Capt. Walt. Bathurst, off Nargen.

Aug 26

Taken and burnt by Centaur, 74, and Implacable, 74. M

1809

Speshnoi
Wilhemia

44
10

Detained at Plymouth, but not proceeded against.

July 1

Six gunboats (2 guns each) .

Taken by boats of squadron, Barb' Sound.

„ 25

(Gunboats No. 62, 65 aud 66)
\ ('2 guns each) J

Taken by boats of squadron, Frederikshainn.

TURKISH AND UNITED STATES' LOSSES, 1807-1815.

567

TURKISH LOSSES.

Year.

Date.

Name.
[* Added to the Royal Navy.]

Fate.
M Medals granted in 1«49, in pursuance of Gazette
notice of June 1st, ls47.
M Flag-officers' and Captains' gold medals.

1807

Feb. 19

/Taken off Point Pesquies by fleet of V.-Ad. Sir Jno.

I Thos. Duckworth.

A ship of the line ....

64
40

Destroyed ,, „ ,

A frigate

" " '

A frigate

36
30

„

Three corvettes, in all .

Feb. 2T

Two gunboats, each . . .

2
2

fTakeiToff Prota' by fleet" of V.-Ad Sir Jno. Thoe.

Mar. 1

A brig

\ Duckworth.
rTaken by boats of Glatton, 50, and Ilirondelle, under

„ 21

A frigate

1 Lieut. Edward Watson, at Sigri,
(Taken by squadron of Capt. Benj. Hallowell, at sur-

A frigate ...

{ render of Alexandria.

1808

July 6

fTaken by Seahorse, 38, Capt. Jno. Stewart, Archipelago.

I M

UNITED STATES' LOSSES.

>«

Date.

Name.
[• Added to the
Royal Navy.]

1
O

Commander.
[* Lost his life on
the occasion.]

Fate.
M Medals granted in 1849, in pursuance of
Gazette notice of June 1st, 1847.
M Flag-offlcers' and Captains' gold medals.

1812

j°*16 {-™sj;a!i i«

Lieut. Crane.

Tafeen by squadron of Capt. Phil. Bowes Vere Broke.

**» {'"h-fi io

Taken by Barbados, 28, Capt. Thos. Huskisson.

<«• w CW"*"1:}. »

Capt. Jacob Jones.

Taken by Poictiers, 74, Capt. Sir Jno. Poo Beresford.

Nov. 22

Vixen .

Lt. Geo. U. Read.

Taken by Southampton, 32, but lost off the Bahamas.

1813

Jan. 17 ! Viper .

„ J. D. llenly.

Taken by Narcissus, 32, Capt. Jno. Rich. Lumley.

June 1

Chesapeake* .

Capt. Jas. Lawrence.*

fTaken by Shannon, 38, Capt. Phil. Bowes Vere
t Broke. M

July 14

Asp ....

Mr. Sigonrney.*

Taken by boats of Contest and MohawTc,

.. 29

llfo. 121 (gun-V ,
1 boat). . .)

Sailg.-Mast. Shead.

(Taken by boats of Junon, 38, under Lieut. Phil.
{ Westphal.

Aug. 14

Argus * . .

Lieut. Wm. Hy. Allen.*

(Taken by Pelican, 18, Com. Jno. ForJyce Maples.
1 M

1814

Mar. 28

Essex * ...

Capt. David Porter.

(Taken by Pkoibe, 36, Capt. Jas. Hillyar, and
( Cherub, 20, Capt. Tuos. Tudor Tucker. M

Apr. 20

Frolic . . .

(Mast. Com. Jos.l
( Bainbridge. /

Taken by Orpheus, 36, Capt. Hugh Pigot (3).

June 22

Rattlesnake .

Lieut. Kenshaw.

Taken by Leander, 50, Capt. Sir Geo. Ralph Collier.

July 12

Siren . . .16

,, N.J.Nicholson.

Taken by Medway, 74, Capt. Aug. Brine.

1815

Jan. 15

President *

(Commod. Steph. De-1
{ catur. j

Taken by Kvdymion, 40, Capt.) . . /P«J,_..._ •,
Hy, Hjpe, and consorts. j M (*•*•*""•)

INDEX

VOLUME V.

NOTE.— The names of executive officers of the Royal Navy are, so far as possible, entered
ivith the rank and style attaching to their owners at the time when, by death or
retirement, they ceased to belong to the Active List. Rank attained only on or
after final retirement is not noticed in this Index.

AALBEBS, Capt. N. S., 386

Aalborg, 215, 565

Abdy, Capt. Anthony, 254, 255 n.

Abeille, 379, 485, 553

Abercrombie, 290, 436, 559

Abercromby, Maj.-Genl. Hon. John, 294

Aberdour, Capt. James, 213

Abigail, 566

Aboukir, 231

Abreval, 551

Abruzzi, The, 477, 524, 531

Abuses in the Navy, 2

Abydos, 218, 222

Acasta, 186 n., 187, 189, 192, 283 n., 424,
435 n., 558

Acertif, 565

Achates, 446, 538, 542, 552

Acheron, 76, 352-355, 550

Achilla, 75, 85 n., 107, 112, 120 n., 121 n..
131 (2), 150, 151, 154, 155, 156, 157,
160, 242, 390, 453, 454, 557

Achilles (see also Achille), 154 n.

Aeklom, Capt. George, 158

Acorn, 442, 472, 495

x'Court (later Repington), R.-Ad. Edward
Henry, 81, 330 and n., 331

Actieon, 294 n.

Acteon, 93, 182, 557

Actions, Principal : Defence of the Vincejo,
63, 64 ; attack on Ver HuelPs flotilla, |
65-67 ; Owen off Boulogne, 67-68 ; cata-
marans at Boulogne, 70-71; attempt on j
Curayoa, 80-82 ; capture of Surinam,
82-84; defence of the Diamond Rock,
106; Calder's action, 111-120; battle of
Trafalgar, 129-168; Strachan's action,
170-174 ; Honyman off Boulogne, 176 ;
Adam off Fecamp, 177 ; capture of the
Plumper and Teazer, 177 ; with Ver

Huell off Gravelines, 178, 179 ; Bromley
with Hamelin, 179, 180; Duckworth's
off San Domingo, 188-192; capture of
Capri, 199 ; capture of the Cape of Good
Hope, 201-204; capture of Buenos Aires,
205 ; defence of Danzig, 207, 208 ; cap-
ture of the Frederikscoarn, 211, 212 ;
Gambler's attack on Copenhagen, 209—
217; capture of Helgoland, 217; Duck-
worth in the Dardanelles, 219-230 :
capture of Alexandria, 230-231 ; taking
of Montevideo, 234, 235 ; capture of
Curacoa, 236-239; capture of Rosily's
squadron, 246 ; capture of the Sewolod,
248-250; capture of Marie Galante and
Desirade, 251; Stopford at Sables d'O-
loune, 2">3, 254; destruction ol' shipping
in Aix Road (Cochrane), 255-270; ex-
pedition to the Schelde, 271-278; de-
struction of the jRobuste and Lion, 278,
279 ; Hallowell in Rosas Bay, 280, 281 ;
capture of Senegal, 282 ; capture of Mar-
tinique, 283, 284; capture of Cayenne,
285-287 ; capture of Guadeloupe, etc.,
290 ; capture of Amboyna, etc., 290-292 ;
capture of Banda Neira, 292, 293 ; reduc-
tion of Mauritius, 293-295 ; conquest of
Java, 297-302 ; defence and loss of the
Minerve, 318-320; Lieut. Rowed near
Audierne, 326, 327; cutting-out of the
Harmonic, 331 ; seizure of the Diamond
Rock, 332, 333; cutting-out of the
Curieux, 334, 335; Dance and Linois,
336-339; defence of the Wolverine, 341,
342 ; cutting-out of the Athalante, 342,
343 ; the Wilhelmina and the Psyche,
343, 344 ; boat attack at Lavandou, 345,
346 ; loss of the Lily, 346 ; futile attack
on the General Ernouf, 347, 348; de-

570

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

fence of the Centurion, 348-350; attack
on the Spanish treasure ships, 350-352 ;
defence of the Arrow and Acheron, 352-
355 ; the San Fiorenzo and the Psyche,
355-357 ; the Cleopatra and the Ville de
Milan, 357-359; Yeo at Muros, 362,
363 ; defence of the Blanche, 364, 365 ;
'1 roubridge and Linois, 367 ; the Phoenix
and the Didon, 368-370 ; cutting-out of
the Baposa, 372, 373; capture of the
Marengo, 373, 374; capture of the
Phaeton and Voltigeur, 375; cutting-out
of the Tapageuse, 376, 377 ; the Pallas .
and the Mi'nerve, 377-379; the Sirius '
and a French flotilla, 379-380; the
Tremendous and the Canonniere, 380,
381; defence of the Warren Hastings,
382-384 ; the Blanche and the Guerriere,

385, 386; capture of the Pallas, etc.,

386, 387 ; capture of the Shin, 387 ;
capture of the Salamandre, 389, 390;
Commod. Hood and Commod. Soleil,
3fiO, 391; the Caroline and the Maria
Reijgersbergen, 392; Pellew in Batavia
roads, 392, 393 ; cutting-out of the Lynx,
395-397 ; Lieut. Watts at Las Palmas,
398; the Hydra at Bagur, 401; the
Windsor Castle and the Jeune Richard,
402 ; the San l-'iorenzo and the Piemon-
taise, 407-410; the Childers and the
Liigum, 410, 411 ; the Seagull and the
Lugum, 411 ; the Terpsichore and the
Semilltmte, 412, 413; the Virginie and
the Otlderland, 418 ; chase of the Requin,
418, 419 ; the Seahorse and the Badere-
i-Za/e'r, 421-423; the Laurel and the
Cnnonniere, 425, 426; the Amethyst and
the Thetis, 427, 428 ; destruction of the
Uygne, 429, 430; the Onyx and the
Manly, 430; capture of the Junun, 431,
432 ; the Amethyst and the Niemen,
433-435 ; the Bonne Citoyenne and the
Furieuse, 436, 437 ; action with the
Cerere, 440, 441 ; the Diana and the
Kefir, 443, 444; defence of the J-unon,
446; Willoughby at Jacolet, 452; the
Spartan with the Cerere, etc., 453-455 ;
Maxwell at Frejus, 455 ; Hoste at Grado,
455, 456; capture of Reunion, 457, 458;
Waldegrave oft' Amantea, 458, 459; pro-
ceedings at Grand Port, Mauritius, 460-
465; defence and recapture of the Afri-
caine, 467, 468; defence and recapture
of the Ceylon, 468, 469 ; Hoste's action
off Lissa, 478-481 ; defence of Anholt,
481-483 ; Schomberg off Madagascar,
486*-487 ; Samuel Blyth off Norderney,
489, 490; Ferris in the Gironde, 491;
destruction of the Ariane and Andro-
maque, 499, 500; the Southampton and
the Amethysle, 500, 501 ; the Victorious
and the Jtii:oli, 501, 502 ; defeat of
Bavastro, 503, 504; Saurin off Curzola,

505, 506 ; the Swallow with the Renard
and Goeland, 507, 508 ; action off Mardo,
510, 511; the Sealark and the Ville de
Caen, 511 ; Michael Dwyer at Benidorm,
513, 514 ; the Laura and the Diliyente,
515; the Amelia and the Arethuse, 519-
520 ; capture of Ponza, 522, 523 ; Black
in Bassoglina Bay, 525, 526 ; reduction
of San Sebastian, 529; Hood at Giulia-
nova, 531; storming of Fiume, 532;
reduction of Triest, 536, 537 ; the Tele-
graph and the Flibustier, 537 ; capture of
the Weser and Trare, 538 ; the Eurotas
and the Clorinde, 541-543; capture of
the Alcmine, 543; capture of the IpJii-
genie, 543, 544; actions with the Etoile
and Sultane, 544-547; capture of the
Terpsichore, 547

Active, 54, 63, 73, 88, 89, 90, 91, 97, 218,
219, 220, 222, 224, 228, 243, 455, 456,
472, 477-481, 487, 495, 496, 558, 560,
561

Acts of Parliament, 6, 7, 8

Adair (Mar.), Capt. Charles William, 157

Adair, Mids. James, 455

Adam, Admiral Sir Charles, 177

Adamant, 382

Adams, shipbuilder of Bucklershard, 15

Adamson, Boatswain William, 159

Adder, 69, 551

Addington Ministry, Fall of the, 6

Addis, Lieut. Edward Brown, 298

Addis, Lieut. George, 547

Aden, Town and Gulf of, 367

Administration, Naval, 2

Administrative officers of the Navy, 3, 4, 5

Admiral Jawl, 407, 565

Admiral Mitchell, 51, 52, 71, 72

Admirals, 9, 32, 39-13

Admirals of the Fleet, 32, 39-43

Admiralty, 3, 4, 5, 7, 125, 164

Admiralty Courts, 8

Adour, 556

Adour, Passage of the, 307

Adriatic Sea, 244, 245, 304, 306, 419, 433,
437, 471, 472, 478, 487, 495, 517, 518,
531, 560, 561

Adrienne, 295, 296, 306, 483

Adye, Oapt. John Miller, 566

jEolus, 171, 174, 283 n., 284, 321, 322, 367

^tna, 213, 255 n., 258, 260 and n., 264,
265, 266, 267 and n., 268, 293 n.

Affleck, Lutwidge, 325

Alfonso de Albuquerque, 233 u.

Affronteur, 314, 315, 555

Africa, 128, 131, 148, 149, 158, 160, 247 n.,
250, 420, 519, 552

Africa, Coast of, 77, 84, 98, 99, 197 n., 201,
243, 391, 543

Africaine, 210, 234 n., 294 n., 467-469 ^

Agamemnon, 112, 114, 116, 129, 131, 149,
158, 186 n., 389, 191, 192, 194, 210, 233,
376, 552, 557

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

571

Agay, 503

Agile, 561

Ayincourt, 54, 282

Agincourt Sound, 54 and n., 55, 72, 73, 79,

86, 88, 91
Aglae, 405
Agnes, 550
Aigh, 49, 77, 99, 112, 120 n., 122, 131, 132,

150, 151, 152, 153, 155, 156, 163, 255 n.,

260, 265, 266, 268, 275, 346, 413, 550,

556, 557, 559, 562
Aiguille, 556

Aikenhead, Mids. John, 158
AinuMe, 65, 66 and n., 430, 442, 558
Aimable Nelly, 449
Aix, Island and Road, 93, 183, 241, 252,

254, 255, 256, 257 n., 260-270, 304, 377,

378

Ajacoio, 91, 244
A'jax, 112, 114, 115, 116, 125, 131, 149, 158,

168, 219, 220, 221, 241, 289 (2), 290, 433,

476, 483, 529, 551, 560, 562
Akbar, 13, 298 n., 301
Alaart, 553
Alacrity, 485, 553
Alarm, 555
Alassio, 509
Alava, V.-Ad. Don I. M. de, 121, 130, 131,

136, 137, 150
Albacore, 71, 517
Allan, 553, 554, 566
Albanais, 271 n.
Albania, 432
Albatross, 31

Albion, 316, 329, 330, 338, 555
Alcedo, Capt. Don J., 131
Alceste, 234 n., 278, 414, 455, 484, 495, 496,

558, 560, 561
Alcide, 373, 452
Alcinoiis, 522, 561
Alcion, 320, 556, 562
Alcmene, 505, 506, 552, C61
Alcmene, 543, 562
Aldborough, 554
Alderney, 470, 546
Alert, 489, 554

Alexander, Com. John (3), 421, 553
Alexander, Admiral Thomas (1), 303
Alexander, Capt. Thomas (2), 242, 262

and n.
Alexandre, 122, 123, 184, 189, 190, 191,

192, 557
Alexandria, 91, 92, 98 n., 230, 231, 320,

567

Alexandria, 388
Alfred, 210, 233, 336, 337
Algeciras, 128, 551
Algerine, 488, 489, 554
Algesiras, 107, 112, 120 n., 131, 152, 162,

246 n., 557, 558
Algier, 72, 88, 353
Algorta, 509
Alicante, 513

Alis Fezzan, 421-423

Allart, 215, 565

Allemand, V.-Ad., 95, 118, 120, 121, 124,

169, 170, 186, 241, 242, 259-270, 288,

303, 304, 367, 368, 371, 377, 550
Allen, Lieut. Samuel, 293 and u.
Allen, Lieut. Thomas (3), 554
Allen (U.S.N.), Lieut. William Henry, 567
Allen, Purser William, 159
Alliance, 122
Alligator, 83
Almeria, 405, 476
Alms, V.-Ad. James (2), 39
Almunecar, 506, 507
Aloft, Cause of accidents to men, 30
Alphea, 534, 554
Alsen, 492
Altavela, 562
Althorpe, 550
Amager Island, 214, 420
Amantea, 458, 560
Amaranthe, 283 n., 429, 430, 558
Amazon, 72, 73, 74, 102, 104, 195 n., 373,

374, 557

Amazone, 474, 477, 560
Ambassador in Paris, Recall of the British,

315

Amblaw, 292, 564

Ambleteuse, 62, 68, 176, 177, 179, 180, 550
Amboyna, 290, 291, 292, 564
Ambuscade, 53 n., 76, 94, 555
Amelia, 254, 255 n., 258 and n., 438, 478,

519-520, 559

Amelie, 289, 295, 296, 328, 483, 556
America, 84, 120, 208, 233
America, 505, 507, 508
America, 99, 112, 114, 120 n.
American cruisers, 13, 14, 15
American War, 1812-15, 3, 18
Amethyst, 186 n., 187, 253, 254, 275, 427,

428, 433-435, 553, 558, 559
Ame'thyi-te, 500, 501, 559
Amfitrite, 102, 562
Ami de Colonnot, 555
Amitie, 556
Amity, TO
Ammunition, Shortness of, 409, 465, 476,

513
AmpUon, 53, 54, 102, 200, 350-352, 419,

432, 437, 443, 455, 456, 472, 478-481,

559, 560, 562
Ampltitrite, 283, 284, 559
Amsterdam, 303
Amsterdam, 564
Amurang, 443
Anacreon, 555
Anchoring, after Trafalgar, 135, 145, 146,

161

Ancona, 472, 478
Andaman Islands, 400
Andero, 433

Anderson, Lieut. , 345

Anderson, Capt. James (1), 475, 492, 493

572

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

AndreBselles, 179

Andrew, Capt. John William, 501, 502, 561

Andrews, Capt. George (2), 283 n.

Andrews, Mids. John, 462

Andromache, 529, 538, 561

Andromaque, 499, 500, 561

Andromeda, 15

Anegada, 552

Anholt, 270, 481-483, 554

Anholt, 482

Anne, 403, 404

Annesley, Coin. Francis Charles (2), 459,
485

Annibal, 52 n., 89, 94 and n., 400

Ano, 512

Anse a Mire, Guadeloupe, 347

Anse la Barque, 448, 560

Anson, 195 and n., 236, 237, 238 and n.,
388, 551, 563

Anstruther, Lieut. P C , 553

Antelope, 05, 66 and n., 72

Anthony, of the Cornwallis, 426

Anticosti, 555

Antigua, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 345, 424,
446, 448, 550, 553

Antigua, 342

Antilles : see West Indies

Antilope, 360, 407, 564

Antioche Passage : see Pertuis d'Antioche

Antwerp, 209, 241, 271, 272, 277, 287, 295

Anversois, 271 n.

Anzio, 535

Apelles, 504, 505, 555

Apith, 566

Apollo, 230, 243, 244, 280, 281, 306, 352,
501, 517, 518, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528,
549, 555, 561

Appleton (Mar.), Lieut. Thomas, 358 n.
Appruague, 285
Apropos, 558
Apulia, 516, 517, 526, 528
Aquilon, 122, 252, 259, 263, 264, 265, 260

and n., 559

Arab, 178, 179, 531 n.
Arabe, 555

Arabin, Capt. Septimus, 224
Arbuthnot, Com. Hon. James, 470, 530, 555
Arbuthnot, Ambassador to the Porte, 218,

219, 222, 224, 225, 226, 230
Arcachon, 395, 507, 561
Archbold, Lieut. William, 50
Archer, Lieut. John (2), 540
Archer, 67, 68, 176, 556, 564
Archipelago, The Greek, 219, 281, 421,

567

Ardent, 235, 332, 556
Ardeseer, 336 n.
Arendal, 215
Arethusa, 185, 186, 189, 236-238 and n.,

388, 433, 435, 563
Arethu.se, 519-521
Argles, Capt. George, 178
Argo, 56 n., 559

Argonauta, 99, 112, 114, 120 n., 131, 151,

154, 163, 562, 563

Argonauts, 120 n., 131, 154, 246 n., 558
Argumosa, Capt. Don T., 131
Aryits, 99, 106, 131, 397, 567
Ariadne, 178, 179, 405
Ariane, 499, 500, 561
Ariel, 298 n.
Armada, 305

Armament of ships, 13, 14, 16, 17
Armide, 93, 182, 371, 378, 390, 391, 471
Armstead, Lieut. John, 281
Arnous, Lieut., 316
Arosa Bay, 384, 563
Arrogante, 561, 563
Arrow, 94, 352-355, 550
Arsachena, Gulf of, 54 n.
Arscott, Lieut. James, 287
Artemise, 558

Arthur, V.-Ad. Richard, 213, 449
Arthur, 550

Articles of War, The, 28, 31
Artillery, Royal Marine, 36
Aruba, 237

Arveprinds Frederik, 215, 565
Aserraderos, 372
Ashbridge (Mar.), Lieut. Robert S ,

502

Asia, Castle of, 220
Asp, 431, 567
Assens, 215
Astell, 456, 457

Astrxa, 486*, 486**, 544, 545, 552, 560
Astree, 294, 452, 465, 466, 467, 468, 560
Asuncion, 562
Atalante, 49, 59, 324 and n., 328, 348-350,

390, 547, 551, 554, 557
Atcherley (Mar.), Gapt. James, 148
Atchison, Capt. Arthur, 158, 485, 560
Athalante, 342, 343
Athenien, 199 and n., 551
Atkins, Capt. David, 361, 498, 553, 559
Atkins, Lieut. James (2), 283 n., 553
Atlantic Ocean, The, 49, 99, 101, 175, 182,

193, 244, 303, 348, 382, 40o, 436, 499,

544, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, 556,

557, 559, 563
Atlas, 52 n., 89, 112, 115, 120 n., 186 n.,

188, 189, 191 and n., 192, 558
Attack, 241, 242, 374, 509, 510, 514, 554,

557

Attentive, 446
Atwood Key, 550
Auchmuty, Genl. Sir Samuel, 234, 235,

298, 563
Audacieuse, 177
Audacieux, 271 n.
Audacious, 196, 242, 270
Audierne, 326, 345, 556
Augereau, Due de Castiglione, Marshal, 78,

Auguste, 271 n., 534, 561
Aurora, 298 n., 428, 441, 468, 543, 562

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

573

Aurore, 559

Austen, Adm. of the Fleet Sir Francis Wil-
liam (1), 94 and n., 163, 186

Austerlitz, 35, 175

Austin, Gunner George, 174

Austria, 46, 181, 198, 209, 305, 536

Autumn, 51, 67, 68

Aux Cayes, 317, 556

Avenger, 549, 554

Aviles, 374

Avon, 450, 555

Avonturier, 336, 392, 564

Ayamonte, 128

Aylmer, Admiral John (1), 39, 316

Ayscongh, Admiral John, 27 n., 393, 451,
453

Ayton, Lieut. George Henry, 502

Azire Bay, 218

Azores Islands, 189, 361, 538, 547, 550,
551

BABAQU£, Senegal, 282

Babet, 11

Bacchante, 306, 316, 360, 389, 397, 419,

514, 516, 517, 518, 521, 527, 531, 532,

533, 536, 555, 558, 561, 562
Bacchus, 283 n., 446, 552
Backhouse, Brig.-Genl. T. J., 206, 234
Badcock, Oapt. William Stanhope (later

W. S. Lovell), 8, 25 and n., 34
J3adere-i-Za/e>; 421-423, 567
Baerlandt Channel, 275
Bagona, 509
Bagur, 401, 563

Bahama, 131, 153, 154, 161 n., 163, 562
Bahama Bank, 194
Bahama Islands, 551, 554, 567
Bahia, 233
Baia, 454

Baie de La Foret, 195
Bale Robert, 284
Baigno, 433

Bailey, Mids. John P , 158

Bain, Capt. Henderson, 298 n.

Bainbridge (U.S.N.), Mast. Com. Joseph,

567

Baird, Mids. Daniel, 410
Baird, Maj.-Genl. Sir David, 201, 202, 204
Baker, Capt. Henry Edward Reginald, 552
Baker, Capt. Sir Henry Loraine, Bart., 398,

482, 483

Baker, Capt. Joseph, 438, 482, 553
Baker, V.-Ad. Sir Thomas (1), 121, 170,

171, 195, 247 n., 368, 369, 370 and n.,

557

Balder, 458, 566
Balderson, Lieut. Charles, 550
Baldwin, Capt. Augustus, 249 n.
Baldwin, Capt. John, 148, 486* and n.
Balearic Islands, 97
Balcine, 419, 561
Balfour, Capt, Robert, 213
Balfour, Com. William, 358 and n.

Ball, R.-Ad. Sir Alexander John, Bart.,

5,40

Ball, R.-Ad. Henry Lidgbird, 43, 255 n.
Ballahou, 252, 555
Ballard, R.-Ad. Samuel James, 43, 290,

448

Ballard, R.-Ad. Volant Vashon, 447, 449
Baltic Sea, 207, 209, 231, 233, 247-251,

270, 288, 405, 441, 497, 552, 553, 565
Banda Islands, 292, 293
Bandol, 289, 290

Banker's clerk made a Post-Captain, 492
Banks, Com. Francis (2), 523, 540
Banks, Com. John, 500
Bant, Mids. Thomas, 159
Bantam, 179
Banterer, 552
Baracoa, 393

Baratovich, Capt., 472, 478
Barbados, 86, 102, 104, 107 and n., 183,
184, 185, 187, 195, 196, 239, 283, 341,
352, 355, 364, 376, 402, 404, 426, 427,
553, 554, 558

Barbados, 15, 108, 493, 567
Barbara, 402, 551
Barbate River, 471
Barbier de Seville, 475
Barbuda, 431, 554
Barcelona, Spain, 54, 93, 94 n., 97, 278,

281, 406, 407, 430, 563
Barcelona, Venezuela, 388
Barclay, Lieut. John, 50
Barebush Key, 552
Barfleur, 112, 114, 116, 534
Barfleur, Cape : see Cape Barfleur
Bargeau, Lieut., 317
Barham, Admiral Charles Middleton, Lord,

3, 110 and n., Ill n.
Barletta, 443, 559
Barlow, Admiral Sir Robert, 4 (2), 41, 51,

351

Barnaby, 348, 349
Barii Sound, 441, 566
Barques, Fort of, 263
Barraconta, 292, 298 n., 301, 550, 564
Barralier, M. L. C., 13 n.
Barre, Capt. (Mil.). 57
Barre, Commod. J. B., 501
Barrete, Lieut. George Wilmot, 554
Barrett, Capt. John, 247 n., 420, 553
Barrie, R.-Ad. Sir Robert, 278, 279, 400,

439, 483, 553, 560
Barrow, Sir John, Bart., 4
Barton, V.-Ad. Robert, 42, 234, 283 n., 365
Bashford, Com. James, 158
Basilisk, 556
Basins, 22
Basque, 559

Basque Road, 241, 252, 253, 255, 256, 257 n.,
260, 261, 266, 267, 268, 269, 308, 448,
471, 552, 559

Bassun, Lieut. Samuel, 550
Basse Bank, 492

574

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

Basse des Bretons, 413, 499

Basseterre, Guadeloupe, 182, 436, 447, 449,

450 552

Basseterre, St. Kitts, 183, 187
Bassoglina Bay, 525, 561
Bastard, Capt. John, 385
Baste, R.-Ad., 493
Bastia, 561
Batabano, 389, 563
liatave, 122

Batavia, 59, 239, 299, 300, 336, 392, 5R4
Batavian Republic : (see also Holland), 47 n.,

48, 85, 86
Batavier, 386, 387
Bate, Lieut. John James, 521
Bate (Mar.), Lieut. William, 460
Bath, Order of the, 33, 34, 56 n., 168, 174,

193, 251, 270 and n., 293
Bathurst, Capt. Walter, 250, 373, 412, 566
Bathz, or Bath, Fort, 273, 275
Bato, 203, 564

Batt, Lieut. Joseph B , 255 n., 553

Battersby, Capt. Henry Robert, 439

Batto-Gautong Battery, Amboyna, 291
Batz, or Bas, He de, 317, 327, 485, 545,
553, 555, 500

Baudin, Admiral Charles, 507, 508

Baudin, R.-Ad. Frangois Andre", 278-281,
364

Baudoin, Capt. L. A., 131, 321

Baugh, Capt. Henry, 416, 552, 563

Baumgardt, Com. William Augustus, 437,
453, 454

Bausan, Capt. Giovanni, 440 and n.

Bavastro, the privateer, Giuseppe, 503, 504
and n.

Bayntuu, Admiral Sir Henry William, 42,
73, 89, 131, 147, 148, 317, 318, 322, 556

Bayonet, The, 200, 202, 286

Bayonnaise, 332, 556

Bayonne, 346, 537

Beachy Head, 559

Beagle, 255 n., 258, 260, 264 and n., 265
and n., 266, 267, 529

Beak-heads, 12

Bearnais, 448, 559

Beasley, Mids. Frederick, 174

Beatty, Lieut. George, 331

Beatty, Dr. William, 142 n., 143

Beau Marseille, 559

Beau Narcisse, 559

Beauclerk, Admiral Lord Amelius, 42, 272

Beaver, Master (actg.) James, 511

Beaver, Capt. Philip, 283 n., 284, 294 and
n., 298 n., 424, 435 n., 558

Beaver, 342, 564

Becher, Capt. Alexander, 549

Beckett, Lieut. Joseph, 550

Beckwith, Genl. Sir George, 283, 290

Bedford, Capt. John, 159

Bedford, V.-Ad. William, 42, 255 n., 324

Bedford, 232, 233

Beever, Midst. Arthur, 521

Begbie, Lieut. James, 281
Belair, Capt. Joseph Le Yeyer, 184
Belches, Lieut. Peter, 548 and n.
Belchier, Com. Nathaniel, 446
Belem, 415
Belem, 551, 563
Belgica, 564
Belier, 59, 363

Bell, R.-Ad. Christopher, 475
Bell, Capt. George, 240 n.
Bell, Master Henry, 455
Bell Rock Lighthouse, 17
Bella, Carolina, 401 ill, 563
Bellairs, Mids. Henry, 158
Bellamy, Com. John, 505, 509, 535
Bellanger, Capt. C., 112, 131, 171, 174
Belle Isle, 195, 197, 253, 450, 553, 560
Belleisle, 54, 74 n., 76, 89, 102, 110, 128,
131, 136, 137, 138, 146, 150, 151, 154,
155, 159, 160, 196, 239 n., 272, 275,
283 n., 558
Belle-Poule, 49, 288, 307, 336, 367, 373,

374, 432, 484, 557, 559, 560
Bellerofhon, 131, 152, 153, 155, 159, 160,

168, 308, 321, 322, 440, 441, 556
Belhtte, 283 n., 554

Belli, Lieut. George Lawrence, 227 n., 229
Bdliqueux, 201, 202, 204 n., 392
Bellona, 171-174, 185, 196, 255 n., 264,

268, 472, 478-480, 481, 558, 560
Bellone, 294, 325, 373, 385, 412, 439, 445,'

452, 456, 461-465, 553, 560
Bells, Ships', 21
i Beloidera, 458, 566
i Bengal, and Bay of, 298, 427, 439, 445,

553, 558
Benidorm, 513

i Bennet, Lieut. Martin, 530, 531
Bennett, Com. Charles, 152, 162 n.
Bennett, Lieut. James, 426, 552
Bennett, Capt. Richard Henry Alexander,

195 n., 407

; Benson (Mar.), Lieut. John, 159
i Bentham, Capt. George, 472
Bentinck, V.-Ad. William, 40
Bentinck, Genl. Lord William C., 522
Berar, Com. C. R., 418
Berbice, 56, 564
Herbice, 550
Berceau, 59, 336

Beresford, Admiral Sir John Poo, Bart., 43,
252, 253, 254, 255 n., 259, 266 n., 270,
303, 363, 567
Beresford, Marshal W. C. (Lord Beresford),

202, 204, 205, 206, 234, 307
Bergen, 416, 417, 418, 565, 566
Bergen-op-Zoom, 277
Bergere, 379, 557

Bergeret, Capt. Jacques, 259, 355, 356
Berlin Decrees, The, 36, 37
Bermeo, 509, 529

Bermuda, 357, 359, 363, 450, 504, 544,
551, 552, 555, 564

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

575

Bermuda, 552

Bernadotte, Prince of Pontecorvo, Marshal:

later, Crown Prince of Sweden, 288, 539
Bernard, Lieut. Henry Richard, 532
Berry, E.-Ad. Sir Edward, Bart., 131, 18G,

534

Berry, Lieut. John (2), 160
Berry Head, 549
Bertheaume Bay, 101, 122
Berthier, Genl., 56, 401
Bertie, Admiral Sir Albemarle, Bart., 39,

293, 294 n., 560
Bertie (formerly Hoar), V.-Ad. Sir Thomas

(2), 41, 185

Bertie, Com. Hon. Willoughby, 553
Bertram, Capt. Charles, 410 ;md n., 554
Berwick, 52 n., 89, 10G, 112, 120 u., 131,

155, 156, 163, 477, 527, 557, 560, 561
Betsy, 555
Bettesworth, Capt. George Edmund Byron,

110, 334, 335, 355, 416-418, 565
Bevians, Com. William, 255 n.
Bevis, Com. Thomas, 487
Biche, 89
Bickerton, Admiral Sir Richard Hussey, 48,

52, 53, 54, 74, 89, 101, 123
Bigot, Lieut., 331
Bigot, Capt. Julien Gabriel, 184
Billiet, Capt. S., 353
Bingbam, R.-Ad. Joseph, 393
Bird, Lieut. John Gibbs, 174
Biscay, Bay of, 170, 204, 233, 242, 316,

324, 391, 401, 424, 433, 445, 450, 525,

548, 549, 553, 555
Biscuit, 23
Bissell, Capt. Austin, 321, 326, 328, 367,

395, 549, 551, 555, 556
Bissell, Com. William, 261 and n.
Bisset, Lieut. Alexander, 424
Bissett, R.-Ad. James, 43, 185, 276
Biter, 550
Bittern, 556
Black, Capt. James, 159, 517, 518, 525, 526,

531, 533, 561
Black Joke, 438, 553
Black list, 22
Black Hocks, Brest, 100
Blackler, Com. Robert Tom, 464, 465
Blackwood, V.-Ad. Hon. Sir Henry, Bart.,
43, 125, 131, 132, 135, 145, 147, 220,

221, 222, 289, 290, 551
Blake, 276

Blakiston, Com. Thomas, 539
Blarney, Capt. George William, 272
Blanche, 81 and n., 329, 330, 364, 365, 385,

386, 550, 551, 556, 558, 562
Bland, Capt. Loftus Otway, 56 n., 552, 564
Blankenberghe, 66
Blauwberg Bay, 201, 202
Blaye, 307

Blazer, 71, 523, 539, 5R6
Blenheim, 331, 339, 367, 395, 551
Blennerhassett, Coin. Goddard, 428 n., 553

Bligh, Capt. George Miller, 157, 495

Bligh, R.-Ad. John (2), 56, 80-82, 210,
233, 255 n., 264, 266 and n., 321, 450

Bligh, V.-Ad. William, 41, 100

Blockade : of Cadiz, 23, 99, 123, 124, 126-
130, 186, 197; of Cherbourg, 28, 318,
470, 474 ; of the British Islands, 36 ; of
Brest, 49, 60, 96, 99-101, 122 and n.,
197; of Toulon, 54, 55, 295; of Ferrol,
77, 110 n., Ill, 119 ; of San Domingo,
80; of Rochefort, 110 n., 253, 387; of
Montevideo, 205; of Seeland, 213; of
Stralsund, 214 ; of the Dardanelles, 231 ;
of Lisbon, 232, 246; of the Schelde, 271,
274, 303 ; of Port Louis, 294 ; of Lorient,
303 ; of Corfu, 402 : of Cayenne, 431 ; of
the Saintes, 435 ; of San Domingo, 441 ;
of La Rochelle, 448 ; of Castro Urdialcs,
529

Blomefield, Genl. Sir Thomas, Bart., 16 and
n., 217, 541

Blonde, 341, 342, 348, 447, 448. 449, 549

Bloodhound, 67, 68, 553

Blossom, 415, 473, 504

Blow, Capt. John Aitken, 420, 488, 489

Bloye, Mate Henry, 307, 530

Bloye, R.-Ad. Robert, 509, 529

Blucke (Mar.), Lieut. William, 534

Bluett, Capt. Buckland Stirling, 185, 342,
382

Blyth, Com. Samuel, 285, 286, 489, 490 and
u., 554, 560, 566

Boadicea, 170, 185, 186, 294 and n., 323,
331, 444, 457, 458, 466-469, 556, 560

Boardman, Lieut. Robert Ball, 484

Boatswains, 28 n.

Boatswains' Mates, 22, 23, 28 and n., 29,
30

Boger, R.-Ad. Edmund, 550, 556

Boger, Admiral Richard, 39

Bogue, Purser John, 521

Boileau, Lieut. Lestock Francis, 224

Bold, 554

Bolognini, Com., 478

Bolton, Capt. William (1), 65, 237, 238

Bolton, Capt. Sir William (2), 272, 499,
559

Bolton, Mrs. (Susannah Nelson), 167 and n.

Bolton, Mr. Thomas, 167

Bombardment: of Dieppe batteries, 50; of
St. Valery-en-Caux, 50 ; of Granville, 50,
51 ; of Calais, 51 ; of Le Havre, 67 ; of
the Diamond Rock, 107 ; of Copenhagen,
213-215; of Flushing, 275, 276; of
Pesaro, 437

Bombards, 279, 280

Bombay, 13

Bombay, 400, 466, 558

Bombay Castle, 336

Bombs, 50, 67, 70, 73, 76, 79, 176, 213,
214, 220, 222, 247 n., 255 n., 256, 258,
260, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 275,
276, 352, 379, 474, 493

576

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

Bombs, Number of, 10

Bonaire, 81

Bonami, Capt. Eustache Marie Joseph, 278

Bonaparte, Capt. Jerome (later King of j

Westphalia, and Marshal), 184, 194 and ;

n., 195 and n., 324
Bonaparte, Joseph, King of Naples, King of

Spain, 199 n., 402, 424
Bonaparte, Louis, King of Holland, 271
Bonaparte, Maria Letitia Bamolino, Madame

(Madame Mere), 309 and n.
Bonaparte, 345, 352
Bones, Lieut. Robert, .282
Bonne Citoyenne, 11, 15 and n., 436, 437,

559

Boompjes Island, 298, 300
Booms, 71, 250, 260 and n., 261, 262, 273,

275 282

Bordeaux, 48, 244, 307, 324, 341, 3S7, 551
Boreas, 551

Boree, 52 n., 278, 279, 288
Borer, 517

Borgellat, the Haytian rebel, 500
Borneo, 298, 301
Bornholm, 419, 438, 566
Boss, Capt. John George, 554
Bougainville, Capt. Baron de (2), 540
Bouillon, Prince de : see d'Auvergne, V.-Ad.

Philip
Boulden, Thomas : see Thompson, V.-Ad.

Sir Thomas Boulden, Bart.
Boulogne, 51, 60 n., 62, 63, 67, 68, 70, 75,

85 n., 95, 96, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181,

492, 493, 504, 539

Boulogne Flotilla : see Invasion Flotilla
Boulton, Mr. M., 168
Bouncer, 550
Bounton, Lieut. John, 370
Bounty, 253 n.

Bourayne, Capt. C. J., 380, 425
Bourbon : see Reunion
Bourbonnaise, 444 n., 445 n., 559
Bourchier, R.-Ad. Henry, 478, 490, 481,

560

Bourde, M., 16
Bourne, Com. Henry, 454
Bourne, Lieut. Richard (2), 93
Bouru, 29 1
Bouverie, V.-Ad. Hon. Buncombe Pleydell,

235, 507, 508, 509, 562
Bouverie, Hon. Edward, 4
Bouvet, Capt. Pierre Franyois Henri Etienne,

456, 461, 464, 466, 519-521
Bowater, Admiral Henry, 39
Bowen, Lieut. Abram, 553
Bowen, Com. George (4), 517, 518
Bowen, Capt. James (2), 317
Bowen, Capt. John (1), 251
Bowen, Lieut. William (2), 358 n.
Bowker, Capt. John, 551
Bowles, Adm. of the Fleet Sir William, 213
Bows, Round, 11, 12
Bovvyer, Genl., 239

Boxer, Capt. James, 230, 504, 554

Boxer, 285 n., 490 n., 554

Boyack, Lieut. Alexander, 550

Boyart Shoal, 255, 258, 260 and n., 261,

264, 265, 266
Boycott of Great Britain, 36, 37

Boyd (Mar.), Capt. , 221 n.

Boyd, Lieut. Walter S , 331

Boyle, V.-Ad. Hon. Sir Courtenay, 5, 88,

89, 345, 361

Boyles, V.-Ad. Charles, 41, 112, 220, 390
Boyne, 305, 306
Boys, 18

Boys, Capt. Charles Worsley, 275
Boys, Capt. Henry (1), 559
Braam's Point, 83
Brace, V.-Ad. Sir Edward, 121, 418, 527,

564

Bradley, Com. James, 298
Bradley, R.-Ad. William (1), 42, 232
Bradshaw, Capt. James, 283 n.
Brady, Mids. William Hollinshed, 281
Braganza, House of, 233
Bragge, Rt. Hon. Charles, 4
Braimer, Capt. David, 493, 504
Brand, Lieut. George Rowley, 83, 84, 550
Brand, Com. William Henry, 518
Brandy, 22 n.

Brathwaite, Lieut. William, 81 n., 329
Brattle (Mar.), Lieut. Jeremiah, 456
Braund, Mids. Thomas, 158
Brave, 15, 122, 174, 184, 189, 191, 192,

504 n., 550, 557 (2)
Bray, Lieut. James, 554
Bray, Com. Josias, 160, 552
Brazil, Coast of, 193, 197 11., 233
Bread-rooms, 27
Breakfast, 22
Bremer, R.-Ad. Sir James John Gordon, 529,

538, 561
Brenton, Capt. Edward Pelham, 283 n., 329,

332, 429
Brenton, V.-Ad. Sir Jahleel (2), Bart., 243,

281, 318-320, 400, 406, 437, 453, 454,

549, 560
Breskens, 274
Brest, 48, 49, 53, 58, 59, 60, 75, 78, 85 n.,

93, 95, 96, 99-101, 107, 111, 117, 119,

120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 127, 175, 183,

184, 196, 197, 208, 241, 252, 253, 255,

287, 295, 301, 303, 304, 315, 317, 320,

325, 326, 344, 373, 389, 431, 448, 450,

485,486*, 486**, 499, 538, 540, 541, 549,

552, 553, 556, 558
Bretel, Capt., 184
Breton, Capt. F. D., 547
Brevdrageren, 215, 488, 523, 565, 566
Brice, Lieut. Nathaniel, 551
Briggs, Admiral Sir Thomas, 294 n., 393,

551, 563

Brigs, Number of, 10
Brigstocke, Com. Thomas Robert, 542
Brillant, 307, 562

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

577

Brilliant, 56 n.

Brimstone Hill, St. Kites, 183, 193

Brinclisi, 527, 562

Brine, Capt. Augustus, 567

Brisbane, B.-Ad. Sir CliarleH, 185, 186, 236-

239, 317, 332, 388, 563, 564
Brisbane, Capt. Sir James, 288, 305, 432,

484, 559

Briseis, 442, 472, 511, 565, 566
Britannia, 131, 149, 158, 168, 389, 558
British Tar, 404 n.
Britomart, 511
Brittany, 195, 375, 404

Broad, Lieut. , 550

Broad, Lieut. George, 213

Broke, B.-Ad. Sir Philip Bowes Vere, Bart.,

567

Brokenshaw, Master Luke, 160
Bromley, Admiral Sir Bobert Howe, Bart.,

180, 195

Brooks, Mids. Edward F , 160

Brooks, Boatswain John, 157

Brothers, 371

Broughton, B.-Ad. John, 407

Broughton, Captain William Bobert, 65,

195, 255 n., 284 n., 298 and n., 300

Brown, Lieut. , 283 n.

Brown, Lieut. Charles (2), 554

Brown, Lieut. Jeremiah, 158

Brown, Lieut. John (2), 429, 552

Brown (H. E. I. Co.), Bobert Hunter, 336

Brown, Com. Sir Samuel, 370

Brown, Admiral Thomas, 550

Brown, B.-Ad. William (1), 4, 5, 42, 112,

] 14, 131 n.

Brown, Mids. William (3a), 159
Browne, B.-Ad. Philip (2), 275, 559
Browne, Mate Bobert, 160
Browne, V.-Ad. Thomas, 303
Bruce, Lieut. Charles, 522
Bruce, Admiral Sir William Henry (2), 458
Bruillac, Capt. A. A. M., 336, 367
Bruiser, 68, 69, 176, 565
Bruix, V.-Ad. Eustache, 62, 63, 68, 76, 86,

Brune, 558

Brunei, Lieut. C., 364

Brunsbiiltel, 523

Brunswick, Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of,

442

Brunswick, 210, 247 n., 250, 261 u.
Brunton, V.-Ad. Nathan, 40
Brussels, 320

Brutality, 23, 31, 467, 468
Bryant, Mids. Edward, 287
Buceiitaure, 52 n., 73, 76, 77, 89, 112, 120

n., 131, 136 and n., 139, 140, 141, 147,

148, 162, 557
Bucephalus, 298 n., 301
Buchanan, Com. Archibald, 292
Buchannan, Com. William, 511
Buck, Capt. Bichard, 240 n.
Buckle, Mids. Thomas D -, 521

VOL. V.

Bucklershard, 15

Buenos Aires, 204, 205, 206, 234, 235, 551,

563

Bulford, Lieut. John, 545
Bulkeley, Mids. Richard, 157
Bull, of the Duke of Marlborough, John,

548
Bullen, Admiral Sir Charles, 131, 278, 280,

504

Buller, V.-Ad. Sir Edward, Bart., 40, 112
Bulley, Com. George, 159
Bulteel, V.-Ad. Bowley, 41
Bulwark, 15, 303
Bumboats, 26 and n.
Bunce (Mar.), Capt. Bichard, 199, 300
Buoying of the coasts, 17, 275
Burdou, B.-Ad. George, 42
" Burgoo," 22

Burke, Com. Henry, 325, 326, 550
Burlings, The, 552
Burlton, B.-Ad. Sir George, 43, 210, 255 n.,

305, 306

Burman, Lieut. Charles, 552
Burning of the Achilh, 156, 157; of the

Aj'ax, 221, 222; of the Dover, 551
Burns, Lieut. John, 443, 464
Burrard, Harry: see Neale, Admiral Sir

Harry Burrard, Mart.
Burrard, Genl. Sir Harry, Bart., 217
Burrowes, Capt. Alexander Saunderson, 389,

399, 551

Burstal, Master Bichard, 328
Burr, Com. Edward, 551
Burton, Capt. Thomas, 553
Burton (Mar.), Lieut. William, 524
Bury (formerly Incledon), V.-Ad. Bichard

Incledou, 41

Bury, Com. Thomas (2), 283 n.
Busigny (Mar.), Capt. Simeon, 157
Bustamente, B.-Ad. Don Jose, 351
Bustard, 442, 560
Bustler, 552
liusy, 551
Butter, 23

Butterfield, B.-Ad. William, 203
Buttons, Uniform, 35
Byam, Capt. William Henry, 552
Byng, George (2) ; later, Torrington, V.-Ad.

George Byng, Viscount ; q.v.
Byron, B.-Ad. Bichard (2), 458

CABINS, 23

Cable, Mids. Charles P., 158

Cables, 260 and n., 262

Cadiz, 23, 49, 75, 77, 85, 88 and n., 95, 97,
99, 101, 111, 120, 121, 123-130, 134,
135, 141, 161, 162, 163, 168, 175, 186,
197, 198, 208, 218, 219, 233, 241, 242,
246, 350, 351, 414, 486, 550, 552, 554,
557, 558, 563

Cadmus, 15

Cadogan, Admiral the Hon. George, Lord
Oakley, Earl Cadogan, 518, 524, 550

2 Q

578

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

Cadzand, 272, 274, 275, 277

Csesar, 123, 170-174, 185, 196, 241, 242,

253, 254, 255 n., 262, 265, 266, 268,

272

Cagigal, Capt. Don F. X., 131
Cagliari, 86, 90, 92, 93
Cahuac (Mar.), Lieut. Bertrand, 81, 82
Caiger, Com. Herbert, 417
Calabria, 199, 201, 246, 451, 458, 492, 522,

552
•Calais, 51, 62, 65, 72, 85 n., 176, 178, 179,

307, 329, 475, 509, 550, 551, 556
Calais, 564
Calcutta, 252, 255 n., 259, 260, 263, 264,

265 and n., 270, 371, 550, 559
Caldagues Bay, 430
Calder, Admiral Sir Robert, 95, 99, 108,

110-120, 124, 128, 131 u., 181, 323, 367,

368, 562

•Caldwell, Mate James, 280
Caledonia, 15, 255 n., 257 n., 262, 263,

267, 305, 306, 471, 534
Calibre of guns, 16
•Call, Boatswain's silver, 327
Callenan, Lieut. John James, 442
Calliope, 473
€alot Sand, 273
Calvados, Les, 493
Calvi, 561

Cahjpso, 179, 254, 510, 549, 559, 561, 566
Camaret Bay, 101, 122
Camariuas, 362

Cambrian, 359, 363, 381, 382, 476
Cambridge, 216
•Cameron, Com. Hugh, 283 n., 431, 435,

445, 447, 448

€ameron (H. E. I. Co.), John, 203
Camilla, 250, 251, 365, 557
Campania, 494, 503
Campbell, Lieut.-Col., 457
Campbell, Capt. Alexander (3), 485, 492,

503

Campbell (Mar.), Lieut. Colin, 526
Campbell, Capt. Colin (1), 476
Campbell, Capt. Colin (2), 405
Campbell (Port. Navy), E.-Ad. Donald,

102 and n.
Campbell, E.-Ad. Donald (1), 43, 210, 247

n., 276

Campbell, E.-Ad. Donald (2), 551
Campbell, Admiral Sir George, 54, 73, 74
Campbell, Lieut. John (3a), 158
Campbell, V.-Ad. Sir Patrick (1), 344,

416, 503, 505, 509, 550, 558
Campbell (H. E. I. Co.), Peter, 439
•Campbell, Capt. Eobert (1), 210, 303, 414,

565

Campbell, Capt. Robert Bell, 557
Campeche, 372, 394, 562, 563
Campillo las Queras, 509
Campling, Purser Henry, 491
Canada, 193
Canaille de Bois, Mauritius, 460

Canary Islands, 95, 96 n., 186, 196, 373,

397, 398, 543

Candlesticks on mastheads, Gold, 362
Cannadey, Lieut. Moses, 438, 552, 553
Cannes, 308

Canning, Com. George, 530
( 'anning, Et. Hon. George, 4, 230 and n.
Cannon, Lieut. Augustus, 515, 516, 561
Cannon, Lieut. Roquier, 516
Canonnier, 485, 560
Canonniere, 320, 380, 381, 385 n., 412, 425,

426, 450, 552, 500 (2)
Canopus, 86
Canopus, 11, 54, 73, 74 n., 89, 91, 94, 102,

126, 163, 186, 189, 191 and n., 192, 193 n.,

197, 218, 220, 222 n., 227, 228, 231, 243,

244, 279, 391, 440
Canso, 551
Canton, 336
Cape Antonio, 558
Cape Barfleur, 477, 490, 493, 560
Cape Blanc Nez, 49, 176, 179
Cape Blanco, 558
Cape Bon, 243
Cape Carbonara, 91
Cape Cepet, 73, 89, 97, 289
Cape Corso, 73, 309, 501
Cape Croisette, 439
Cape de Creus, 486
Cape de Gata, 98, 376, 563
Cape de La Heve, 332
Cape de Verde, 561

Cape de Verde Islands, 96 n., 187, 540, 544
Cape Finisterre, 88 and n., 108, 110, 111,

118, 170, 242, 332, 557
Cape Frances, 389
Cape Francois, 53, 56-58, 321, 329, 549,

556

Cape Frehel, 389, 551
Cape of Good Hope station, 27 n., 184, 185,

193, 201-204, 206, 207, 290, 293, 367,

380, 381, 465, 466, 557, 564
Cape Gris Nez, 68, 176, 179, 555, 564
Cape Henry, 196, 558
Cape Janissary, 220, 221, 228, 230, 231
Cape La Hougue, 332, 474, 549, 556, 560,

562

Cape Malheureux, 467
Cape May si, 322
Cape Miseno, 440
Cape Negrete, 403
Cape Nicolas Mole, 317
Cape Ortegal, 121, 170 n., 323
Cape Palos, 406, 563
Cape Passaro, 244
Cape Promontoro, 558
Cape St. Mary, 553, 562
Cape St. Sebastian, 55, 79, 88, 93, 278
Cape St. Vincent, 102, 109, 121, 549
Cape St. Vito, 244
Cape San Antonio, 352, 419
Cape San Martin, 395
Cape Santa Maria, 197

INDEX TO VOLUME T.

579

•Cape Sicie, 53, 54, 55, 73, 97, 245, 278, 280,

29U, 305, 432, 473
Cape Skagen, 498
Cape Solomon, Martinique, 284
Cape Town, 202, 294

Cape Trafalgar, 133, 146, 161, 416, 471, 563
Capelin, 552

Capell, Admiral Hon. Sir Thomas Bladen,
54, 74, 91, 97, 131, 218, 219, 220,
225

•Caprera, 54, 72
Capri, 199, 453

Captain, 119, 210, 234, 283 n., 554
Captains, 9, 10, 20, 27, 28, 30, 32, 35
Caracas, Venezuela, 395, 558
•Caraceas, Cadiz, 246
Caracciolo, Com. Giovanni, 459
•Carafa, Com. Sozi, 440
Carcasses, 258

•Garden, R.-Ad. John Surman, 197, 554
Carew (formerly Hallowell), Admiral Sir
Benjamin Hallowell, 41, 55, 56, 89, 163,
164, 230, 279, 280, 567
Carew, Com. Thomas (1), 293 and n.
Caridad Perfecta, 370, 562
Carlisle Bay, Barbados, 104, 187, 196, 283,

553

•Carlopago, Canale de, 527
Carmen, 397, 563 (2)
Carmen del Rosarvi, 401 n., 563
•Carmichael, Maj.-Genl., 441
Carnation, 283^ 284, 426, 427, 552, 559
•Caro, Lieut., 316
Carolina, 472, 478-480
Caroline, 239, 240 n., 292, 297, 298 n., 392,

439, 444, 446, 555, 559, 564
•Carp, Com. G. S., 342, 343
Carpenter, Lieut. Daniel, 554
Carpenter, Admiral James, 42
Carpenter, Capt. John Cook, 262
•Carr, Lieut. Robert, 446
Carr, Lieut. William, 335, 339, 551
Carrega, Com., 239
Carri, 440
Carrier, 552

•Carroll (Mar.), Lieut. George P., 199 and n.
Carroll, R.-Ad. Sir William Fairbrother,

224

C'arron, 336 n.
-Carronades, 15, 36 and n., 62, 264, 268,

346, 347, 354, 405, 411
•Cartagena, Spain, 79, 85, 88, 95, 97, 99,
120, 121 n., 124, 127, 129, 198, 208, 376,
403, 405, 552, 563
Cartels, 24, 334
•Carter, Admiral John, 224
Carteret, 50
Carteret, Philip (3) : see Silvester, Capt. Sir

Philip Carteret, Bart.
•Carthew, Admiral James, 283 n.
Cary, Hon. Charles John: sue Falkland,

Capt. Viscount
•Carygfort, 557

Cas des Navires, 284

Cashman, Lieut. William (2), 424

Cask, Practice with the cat on a, 28 n.

Cassandra, 551

Costard, 122, 184, 197, 255 n., 259, 263,

264, 265, 267 n., 268 .
Cassis, 534, 561
Casteel Belgica, 293
Casteel Nassau, 293
Castella, Calabria, 492
Castelnuovo, 536
Castiglione, 451
Castilian, 493, 50 i, 505
Castlereagh, Robert, Viscount, 38
Castor, 414, 436, 447, 559
Castro Urdiales, 509, 529
Castries, 56
Cat, The, 20, 28, 29

Catalonia, 278, 281, 401, 406, 476, 539, 563
" Catamarans," 69-71, 72
Catanzaro, 200

Cathcart, Capt. Robert, 411, 552
j Cathcart, Genl. Lord, 210 and n , 217
Cattaro, 306, 472, 536
Caulfeild, Capt. James (1), 294 n., 420
Caulfield, Lieut. Edward, 405 n.
Caulfield, Capt. James, 255 n.

Cautela, 401, 563
Cavalaire Road, 527
Cawsand Bay, 49, 242, 255 n., 549
Cayenne, 77, 84, 184, 193, 282, 285-287,
431

Celebes, 291, 386, 443

Celebes, 5H4

Centaur, 55, 56 and n., 83, 84, 185, 210,
234, 274 n., 248-250, 307, 333, 334, 385,
390, 391, 556, 566

Centaur Battery, Diamond Rock, 333

Centurion, 31, 348-350

Cephalonia, 281

Cephalus, 487, 560

C'erbere, 549

Cerberus, 50, 51, 251, 395, 442, 455, 456,
472, 477, 478-481, 524, 527, 528, 556,
560, 561

r-erere, 440, 441, 453, 454

Ceres, 239, 352

Ceres, 540, 541, 561

Cerf, 556

Cerigo, 281

Cerigotto, 551

Cervera, in 1898, Strategy of Napoleon
compared with that of Adrn., 96 n.

Cesar, 271 n., 385, 403, 473, 551, 557

Cesenatico, 437

Cette, 279, 288, 406

Ceuta, 109

Ceylon, 343, 385, 407, 554
I Ceylon, 294 n., 295 and n., 456, 461, 463,
468, 469, 560

Chads, Admiral Sir Henry Dude, 460

Chairman of the Commissioners of the
Transport Service, 5

2 Q 2

580

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

Chairmen of the Commissioners of Victual-
ling, 4

Challenge from ship to ship, 547

Challenger, 529, 537, 553

Chalmers, Master William, 158

Chamherlayne, Capt. Edwin Henry, 483,
487, 495, 496

Chambers, Lieut David, 556

Chambers, Capt. Samuel, 384, 562

Ohameau, 556

Chamier, Com. Frederic, 547 and n.

Champain, Capt. William, 371, 557

Champenoite, 559

Champion, 180, 195

Chanak Kaleh, 220

Changuion, M. Pierre Jean, 238

Channel, The, 53, 78, 95, 96, 99, 119, 120,
121, 175, 181, 287, 404, 437, 449, 473,
517, 550, 553, 555, 557, 558, 559, 560

Channel Fleet, The, 21, 48, 95, 98, 110,
111, 119, 241, 295, 308, 316, 367

" Channel gropers," 28

Chanticleer, 492

Chaplains, 23 and n., 32

Chapman, Mids. Edmund Andrew, 160

Chapman (Mar.), Sergt. John, 427

Charente, 346, 556

Charente, River, 255 n., 258, 263, 264, 266,
267, ^68

Charenton rocks, 263

Charyer, 420

Charlemagne, 271 n., 539

Charles, 207, 214, 557

Charleston, 325

Charlotte, 336 n.

Charlton, 295 and n., 560

Charnley, of the Thetis, John, 352

Chartres, Lieut. Edward A r, 484

Char well, 50

Chase, General, 338

Chasseur, 555

Chassiron Light, 242, 253, 254, 378

Chatham, 4, 12 and u., 15, 36

Chatham, 164, 277

Chatham, Uenl. the Earl of, 271, 277, 278

Chaunay-Duclos, Com. C. J. C., 379

Chausey Isles, 177, 332, 549

Cheese, 23

Chequer-painting, 24

Cherbourg, 28, 241, 283, 295, 304, 318, 319,
399, 429, 436, 470, 474, 477, 493, 502,
549, 559, 562

Cheribon, 302

Cherokee, 449

Cherso, Island, 530

" Cherub " log, 17

Cherub, 283 n., 567

Chervet, Capt., 199 n.

Chesapeake, 15, 567

Chesapeake, River and Bay, 196, 241

Cheshire, Lieut. John, 307

Chesneau, Capt. M. J. A., 131, 387

Chest at Chatham, 32

Chester, 15

Chetham, Edward : see Strode, Admiral Sir

Edward Chetham
Cheyne, Com. George, 307
Chic/tester, 56 n., 553, 559
Chico Bay, 234
Chiffon, 318, 319
Chi/onne, 177, 445, 558
Chitders, 410,. 411

Children of seamen, Provision for, 32, 33
Chiliodromia, Island of, 421, 530
Chillingching, 300
China, 382
Chioggia, 472
Choc Bay, St. Lucia, 56
Christian, R.-Ad. Hood Hanway, 275
Christian VII., King of Denmark, 211, 213,

214

Christian VII., 215, 216, 565
Christiar>l>org, 438, 566
C'hristiania, 566
Chrutiansund, 215
Christophe, of Hayti, Genl., 500, 501
Christopher (H. E. I. Co.), Henry, 203
Chronometers, 17
Chub, 554

Church (Mil.), Lieut.-Col. R , 281, 306

Churruca, Capt. Don Cosine, 131

Cintra, Convention of, 246

Cine, 194, 251, 283 n., 415, 427, 429, 549,

558

CisTieros, R.-Ad. Don B. H. de, 131
Cispata Bay, 563
Ciudadela, 405

Civita Vecchia, 379, 421, 487, 537
Civitella del Tronto, 198
Clara, 351, 562
Clarence, H.R.H. Adm. of the Fleet the

Duke of: see William IV., H.M. King
Claridge, Com. Charles, 431
Clark, Lieut. John (2), 160
Clarke, Maj. Charles William, 281
Clarke, Boatswain John, 158
Clarke, Lieut. Robert, 551
Clarke (Mar.), Lieut. William, 305
Clarke (H. E. I. Co.), William Stanley, 336
Claudia, 552
Claudius Seurlis, 564
Clavell, Capt. John (1), 158, 401
Clay, R.-Ad. Edward Sneyd, 553
Clearing for action, 23, 91, 132
Clement, Capt. Benjamin, 152
Clement, Lieut. L. M., 424
Clements, R.-Ad. John, 43
Clements, Com. Nicholas Brent, 261 and n.,

550

Clements (Mar.), Capt, William, 174
Clennan, Master Robert, 523
Cleopatra, 283 n, 284, 287 n., 357-359,

431, 550, 556, 559
Clephaue, Capt. Robert, 174 and n., 207,

442, 472
Cleveland, 255 n., 258

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

581

Oleverley's Yard, Gravesend, 154 n.
Clifford, Admiral Sir Augustus William

James, Bart., 487
Clinch, Capt. Timothy, 108, 511
Clinker, 111, 180, 551
Cloriniie, 57, 294 n., 446, 486*, 486**,

540-543, 553, 556, 562
Clyde, 274, 276, 402
Cobb, li.-Ad. Charles (1), 40
Cobb, Lieut. Charles (2), 493
Cocault, Com. Raymond, 184
Cocherel. Lieut. J. M., 415, 427
Cochrane, Admiral Hon. Sir Alexander

Forester Inglis, 39, 87, 93, 103 n., 104,

105, 106, 111, 185, 187, 188, 193, 194,

239, 25], 283 n., 284,290, 435
Cochrane, Capt. Hon. Archibald, 240 n.
Cochrane, B.-Ad. Nathaniel Day, 188, 193
Cochrane, Thomas, Lord : see Dundonald,

Admiral the Earl of
Cochrane, Adm. of the Fleet Sir Thomas

John, 283 n., 397, 558
Cockburn, Adm. of the Fleet Rt. Hon. Sir

George, 42, 272, 275, 283 n., 284, 308,

427

Cockpit, The, 23
Cocks, Capt. George, 213
Cocoa, 22 n.

Codd, Capt. John, 283 n.
Codrington, Admiral Sir Edward, 43, 131,

276

Coercion of Portugal, 232
Coffee, " Scotch," 22
Coffin, Admiral Sir Isaac, Bart., 4, 39
Coffin, Lieut.-Col. J. P., 522
Coffin, Capt. John Townsend, 502
Coffin, Lieut. Thomas, 244 and n.
Coffin, Nelson's, 164
Coghlan, Capt. Jeremiah, 305, 359, 382,

534, 557, 561
Cohorns, 141

Colby, Com. Thomas, 224, 229
Cole, Capt. Sir Christopher, 292, 293, 297,

298 n., 538, 558
Cole, Com. Thomas (1), 331
Cole, Lieut. Thomas (2), 535
Colibri, 429, 431, 554, 558 (2)
Collard, R.-Ad. Valentine, 176, 470
Collet, Capt. Joseph, 309, 378, 390
Collett, Lieut. Isaac Charles Smith, 551
Collier, V.-Ad. Sir Edward (1), 459
Collier, R.-Ad. Sir Francis Augustus, 283 n.,

394, 429, 557
Collier, Capt. Sir George Ralph, Bart., 217,

384, 445, 470, 50^, 512, 529, 559, 563,

567
Collingwood, V.-Ad. Cuthbert, Lord, 27, 86,

10.), 121 and n., 123, 124, 125, 120, 131,

135, 136, 137, 145, 146, 150, 161, 1(32,

163, 165, 166, 168, 186 and u., 197 and

n., 11)8, 199, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222,

243-245, 278, 280, 281, 287, 288, 376,

406

Collingwood, Com. Francis Edward, 144

Collins, Capt. James, 220

Collman, Purser John, 521

Colombe, 316, 555, 556 (2)

Colonels-Commandant, 36

Colonia, 205, 235

Colosse, 305

Colossus, 121 n., 131, 144, 153, 154, 159,

160, 242, 303
Colpoys (formerly Griffith), V.-Ad. Sir

Edward Griffith, 42, 102, 112, 119, 121,

279

Culpoys, Admiral Sir John, 48
Colpoys, 374, 557
Columbia, 389

Columbine, Capt. Edward Henry, 282, 55?
Colville, Admiral Hon. John, Lord, 210,

550

Comet, 203, 421, 424, 558
Comete, 122, 184, 189, 192
Comino, 46

Commanders, 9, 10, 33, 35
Commanders on foreign stations, 47, 48
Commerce, 1803-15, 38, 169, 310
Commerce de Lyon, 271 n.
Commerce de Marseille, 11
Commissioners of Civil Affairs (1806), 7
Commissioners of the Navy, 4, 5
Commissioners of the Transport Service, 5
Commissioners of Victualling, Chairmen of

the, 4

Commissions, Long, 31
Commode, 49, 555
Commons, House of (see also Parliament)

18, 229

Compensation balance for chronometers, 17
Complements of ships, 17, 18
Compton, Com. William, 346 and n., 549
Comtesse d'Hambimry, 473
Comtesse Laure, 559
Comus, 211, 212, 398, 565
Concarneau, 303 n., 547
Concentration, Tactics of, 103, 104
Concentration of the Invasion Flotilla, 175,

176, 177

Conception Island, 554
Conchas, 205
Conde Henrique, 233 n.
Confiance, 232, 285, 363, 401, 407, 450,

558, 560
Conflict, 71, 72, 255 n., 260, 264, 267, 268 n.,

550, 553, 556
Congreve, Sir William, Bart., 16 and n.,

256 and n., 258, 541
Conil, 128

Conn, Capt. John, 54, 73, 89, 94, 131
Connolly, Lieut. Matthew (1), 477
Conquerant, 122, 271 n.
Conqueror, 76, 89, 102, 131, 147, 148, 158,

160, 232, 233, 289, 296, 385
Constance, 389, 390, 550, 551, 558
Constant, 470, 530, 537
Constantinople, 218, 220, 223-230

582

JKDEX TO VOLUME V.

Constitution, 69, 547, 550, 554, 555
Contest, -255 n., 267, 268 n., 377, 553, 567
•Continental System, The, 36, 37
Contre-Amiral Magoii, 352
Controllers of the Navy, 4
Convention: of Paris (1805), 84, 85; of

Cintra, 246

Convoys, 102, 107, 108, 109, 121, 182, 185,
186, 189, 193, 194, 195, 278, 279, 289,
317, 332, 336-339, 341, 352, 353, 354,
367, 371, 376, 380, 406, 414, 415, 420,
458, 459, 470, 476, 485, 487, 490, 491,
498, 503, 504, 505, 507, 509, 515, 516,
522, 524, 525, 527, 528, 531, 533, 535,
537, 544
Conyers, Lieut. John, 262 and n.

Cooban, Lieut. R , 550

Coode, V.-Ad. Sir John, 307

Cook, Capt. Hugh, 158

Cook, Mate Robert, 490

Cook (later Widdrington), Samuel Edward :

see Widdrington
Cook, Master Thomas. 159
Cook, Mids. William John, 159
Cooke, Capt. John (1), 131, 152, 153, 159
Cookesley, Capt. John, 262 and n.
Cooks, 22

Coombe, Com. William, 386 and n., 429, 558
Coote, Capt. Charles, 371, 550
Coote, Genl. Sir Eyre, 272
Coote, Capt. Richard, 517, 555
Coote, Com. William, 395
Copenhagen. 211-217, 248, 405, 565
Coquette, 556
Corbett, Capt. Robert, 444, 44o n., 467,

468, 556, 563

Corbyn, Mids. Edward, 159
Corcyre, 495, 560
Cordier, Com. J. M. E., 334, 335
Cordoba, Argentine, 205
Cordouan lighthouse, 491
Corfu, 198, 231, 242, 244, 288, 401, 421,
472, 483, 495, 496, 519, 524, 528, 558,
561, 562
Cork, 185, 549
Cornelia, 294 n., 298 n.
Corneiie, 89, 90, 92, 112, 131, 246 n., 558
Cornelius, Boatswain William, 327
Cornwallis, Admiral Hon. Sir William, 48,
49, 53, 60, 75, 77, 86, 99, 100, 109, 110,
119 and n., 122, 123, 124, 120, 181, 184,
186, 197, 314, 315, 327, 344, 351
Cornwallis, 13 and n., 95, 97, 291, 294 and

n., 393, 426, 564
Coro, Gulf of, 552
Coron, 92

Corona, 472, 478-480, 481, 5CO
Corruption, 5, 8 ,
Corsica, 72, 91, 98, 419, 483, 485, 539, 553,

560

Cortellazzo, 443, 559
Corunna, 87, 119, 120, 323, 324 325
Corvo, Azores, 103

Cosa, Capt. Giuseppe de, 453
Cosa, Com. Raffaele de, 453
Cosmao-Kerjulien, R.-Ad. Baron Julie»
Marie, 106, 112, 131, 162 and n., 305,
306

Cossack, 421, 558
Costerton, Lieut. Samuel, 464
Cote o? Or, 49, 58 n.
Cotrone, 201
Cotta, Com., 478
Cottell (Mar.), Lieut. James, 460
Cotton, Admiral Sir Charles, 100, 246, 247,.

288, 289, 290, 295, 483
Cottrell, Capt. Frederick, 549
Couch, Capt. James, 158
Couche (Mar.), Lieut. John, 471
Coude, Capt. Louis Marie, 184
Coulter (Mar.), Lieut. John, 471
Cov.ney, Second Master, 509, 510
Countess, R.-Ad. George, 41
Courageux, 55, 56 n., 171-174, 185, 435
Courand, R.-Ad. Jean Francois, 180
Courantyn, River, 555
Cotmer, 215, 565 (2)
Coureur, 307
Courier, 405, 565

Courier de Nantes, 556
Courland, 438

Courtney, shipbuilder of Chester, 15
Courts Martial, 28, 29, 31, 39 n., 80 n., 117,
118, 174, 206, 207, 222 and n., 236, 257
n., 267, 269, 270, 365, 368 n., 379, 380,
382, 399, 400 n., 404, 427, 448 n., 466
488, 514, 515, 517
Courts of Inquiry, 304, 548 n.

Courts, 336

Cowan, Com. John Smith, 381

Cowardice, 427, 485, 486

Cowell (Dut. Navy), Capt., 240 and n.

Cox, Lieut. Richard, 552

Cox (Mar.), Lieut. Thomas S- , 464

Crabb, Lieut. Joseph William, 487, 497

Crache River, 470

Cracker, 180

Crafty, 551

Craig, Lieut. Hector, 553

Craig, Genl. Sir James, 102 n., 198 and n.

Craig, Lieut. (R.M.) William Henry, 81

Crane (U.S.N.), Lieut., 567

Crane, 552, 555

Craufoid, Brig.-Genl., 235

Crawford, Capt. J^mes Coutts, 298 n.

Crawl ord, Lieut. John Campbell, 514

Crawford, Lieut. Richard, 555

Crawley, Admiral Edmund, 41

Crawley, Com. George, 280, 281

Crawley, Lieut. James, 199

Crawley, Mids. P A- , 546

Creole, 544, 545

Creole, 318, 549, 556, 558

Crescent, 552

Cressy, 498

Cretan, 558

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

583

Cribb, Com. Richard William, 108

Crimean War, 165

Crispin, Capt. Benjamin, 174 and n.

Croatia, 527

Crucodil, 179 n.

Croft, Coin. John, 158

Crofton, Capt. Edward Lowther, 252, 555

Crofton, V.-Ad. Hon. George Alfred, 283 n.

Croke, Lieut. Wentworth Parsons, 553

Croker, Bt. Hon. John Wilson, 4

Croker, Com. Walter, 224, 537

Crooke, Com. Charles Henry, 429

Crooke, Lieut. James, 358 n.

Crosses hoisted by Spanish ships, 1 36

Crossman, Lieut. Richard, 255 n.

Crow, of the slaver Mary, Hugh, 394

Crown Prince of Denmark, 211

Cruiser, 49, 65, 66, 71, 72, 213, 214, 352,
420, 438, 556, 565, 566

Cuba, 58, 328, 360, 372, 384, 389, 393, 419,
550, 552, 555, 556, 563

Cuba, 388, 563

Cuckoo, 413, 553

Cuddalore, 58

Cul-de-Sac Marin, 450

Cull, Lieut. Richard, 421

Cull, Lieut. Thomas (2), 501

Cullis, Lieut. William, 551

Cullodiai, 240 and n., 323, 392, 558

Cumberland, R.-Ad. William, 210

Cumberland, 242, 279, 280, 281, 317, 318,
322, 336

Cumby, Captain William Pryce, 159, 429, '
441

Cuming, R.-Ad. William, 112

Cumpston, Lieut. George, 477, 481

Cumpston, Lieut. William, 339

Cunningham, Capt. Alexander (2), 174 and
n., 504

Cuppage, Capt. William, 305

Curacoa, 79-82, 236-239, 375, 549, 551,
55(5, 564

Curafoa, 507, 50S, 509

Curieuse, 339

Curieux, 109, 110, 111 n , 334, 335, 348,
355, 376, 404, 553, 556, 559

Curioza, 233 n.

Curtis, Adm. of the Fleet Sir Lucius, Bart.,
457, 462, 553

Curtis, Admiral Sir Roger, 269

Curzola, 505, 518, 536

Curzon, Admiral Hon. Henry, 41, 232

Cut-down vessels, 12, 13

Cutrield, Com. William, 159

Cutting-out expeditions, 49, 50, 84, 298, 339,
340, 342, 347, 348, 359, 360, 361, 362,
363, 372, 373, 374, 376, 384, 385, 389,
393, 395, 401, 403, 407, 415, 420, 421,
424, 432, 438, 440, 441, 442, 443, 446,
448, 449, 451, 453, 455, 456, 458, 470,
471, 473, 476, 485, 486, 487, 490, 491,
503, 505, 507, 513, 515, 518, 523, 524,
531, 539, and Appendix

Cuttle, 283 n., 555

Cuxhaven, 442, 523, 539, 552

Cyane, 56 n., 101, 107, 371, 440, 543, 544,.

550, 555. 557, 561, 582
Cybeh, 254, 559
Cygne, 399, 429, 430, 558
Cygnet, 447, 555, 557

DA ORES, Capt. Barrington, 323

Dacres, V.-Ad. James Richard (1), 105, 185,.

236, 393
Dacres, V.-Ad. James Richard (2), 389, 397,.

554, 558

Dacres, V.-Ad. Richard, 43, 210, 220
Daedalus, 428, 554, 560
Dale (H. E. I. Co.), John, 439

Dale, Lieut. John L , 550

Dalmate, 271 n.

Dalmatia, 403, 43?, 525, 531, 533

Dalrymple, Mr. Alexander, 5

Daly, R.-Ad. Cuthbert Featherstone, 421V

424, 558

Dame Ambert, 346, 347, 549
Dame Ernouf, 355, 376
Danae, 11, 433, 478-480, 484, 561
Dance, Sir Nathaniel, 33U-339
Daniel, Capt, William Westcott, 160
Danmark, 215, 216, 276, 565
Dannemark, 276 n., 565
Dantziy, 271 n.
Danzig, 207, 208, 551
Daphne, 415, 565
Darby, Admiral Sir Henry d'Esterre, 39

d'Arcey, Lieut. Edward A , 493

d'Arcy, Lieut, Edward, 402, -103, 551

Dardanelles, 218, 219-230

Daring, 519-521, 554

Darley, Maj., 494

Darrac, Capt. Don Juan, 112

Dart, 394, 534, 555

Dasher, 298 n., 301

Dashwood, V.-Ad. Sir Charles, 209, 360,

428, 562
Dashwood, Capt. William Bateman, 496,

497, 538, 539

Daugier, Capt. Francois Henri Eugene, 180
Dauntless, 208
Dauntless, 551
Dauphin, 397, 558 (2)
D'Auvergne, Prince de Bouillon, V.-Ad.

Philip, 40, 550

Davey, Mids. Francis Surrage, 480
David Scott, 336 n.
Davie, Capt. John, 550
Davies, Capt. Henry Thomas, 386, 517
Davies, Com. John (2), 418 n., 555
Davis, Lieut. Samuel, 473
Davis, Lieut. Thomas John James William,

459

Davis (Mar.), Lieut. William, 537
Davout, Duo d'Auerstadt, Prince d'Eckmiihl,

Marshal, 175, 179, 180
Daws, Lieut. Thomas, 174, 476

584

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

Dawson, Ca.pt. William, 409 and n.
Deacon, Capt. Henry Colins, 461, 462, 463,

464

Deal, 550

Dean, Com. William, 320, 556, 558
Death penalty, The, 31, 270, 427
Debenham, Com. John, 307
Decade, 102, 123, 19G
Decaen, GenL, 48 n., 49, 58, 294, 295, 462
Decatur (U.S.N.), Comniod. Stephen, 567
Decatur, 554

De Courey, Admiral Hon. Michael (1), 40
De Courey, Com. Hon. Michael (2), 551
De Courey, Capt. Nevinson, 525
Decouverte, 405, 556
Decoy, 555
Decres, V.-Ad.,60n.,84, 101, 183, 259 and n.,

339

Dataignetise, 412
Deecker, Capt. Samuel Bartlett, 426 n.,

448 n.
Defence, 131, 155, 156, 160, 161 n., 210,

211, 233, 498, 553
Defender, 399, 553
Defiance, 112, 114, 116, 127, 131, 151, 155,

156, 160, 253, 254, 255
Degras de Cannes, 285, 286
Dehen, Lieut. N. P., 364
Delafosse, Com. Edward Hollingworth, 525
Delaware, River and Bay, 197, 515
DeJiyht, 245, 552
Del2>Mnen, 215, 552, 565
Demata Bay, 438
De Mayne, Master Anthony, 521

Demerara, 56, 550, 564
Demerara, 283 n., 549

Dendermonde, 277

Denieport, Capt, G., 112, 131

Denmark, 209, 210, 239, £47, 305, 405, 415,
416, 419, 425, 438, 443, 455, 458, 481,
510, 514, 523, 553, 565, 566

Dennis, Lieut. James Samuel Aked (1), 69,
550, 552

Denton, Mids. George, 159

Departement de La Manche, 399

Departement des Landes, 364, 365, 366,
426, 552

Deperonne, Capt. I/., 112

Deptford, 15

Deputy Controllers of the Navy, 4

De Rippe, Com. James, 486*

De Ruyter, 550

Derwent, 282

Descorches, Capt. H., 372

Desertion (see also Renegades), 28, 30, 82,
493

Deshaiee, Guadeloupe, 339, 340, 446

Desirade, 251, 447

Desiree, 539

Desmontils, Lieut. R. J. H., 364

Desperate, 213

Dessaliues, Jean Jacques, Emperor of
Hayti, 56, 57, 183

De Starck, R.-Ad. Mauritius Adolphus

Newton, 329
Detention of Britisli property by Denmark,

213; of French and Dutch vessels in

1803, 314 ; of British residents in France,

315

Deterioration of the personnel, 18
Determinee, 549
Deux Amis, 556
Devil's Island, Corfu, 524
Devon, Mids. Frederick, 523
Devon, Capt. Thomas Barker, 488, 523, 566
Devonport (see also Plymouth), 6, 15, 49,

174

Devonshire, 70

De Willetts, Lieut. Moses, 424
Dexterous, 562
d'Hautpoult, 435, 436, 559
Diadem, 201, 204, 205, 235, 563
Diagonal timbering, 12
Diamond, 328, 562
Diamond Rock, The, 101 and n., 106, 107,

162 n., 183, 333, 427, 482, 558
Diana, 303, 443, 444, 474, 475, 491, 492,

560, 562, 564

Dick, Admiral John, 283 n.
Dickins, Capt. Francis George, 552, 561
Dickins, Com. George, 555
Dickinson, Com. James (3), 456, 477, 481,

555, 560

Dickinson, Capt. Thomas, 538
Dickson, R.-Ad. Sir Archibald Collingwood,

Bart., 210, 247 n.
Dickson, V.-Ad. Edward Stirling, 84, 309,

539, 562

Dictator, 210, 247 n., 510, 511, 566
Didon, 107, 108, 112, 120, 121 and n., 124,

367, 368-370, 557

Dieppe, 449, 503, 550, 551, 553, 561
Dieu, Isle : see Yeu, Isle d'
Digby, Capt. Charles George, 421, 558
Digby, Admiral Sir Henry, 131, 148, 149
Digby, Capt. Stephen Thomas, 178
Dignano, 532
Dijkshoek, 276
Diiigencia, 562
Dilir/ent, 382, 557
Diligente, 122, 184, 189, 192, 283, 284, 424,

4'Z5, 515, 554, 558, 559, 561
Dilkes, Capt. Charles, 283 n., 435
Dilkes, Admiral John, 40
Dillon, Lieut. James, 71
Dillon, V.-Ad. Sir William Henry, 410, 411

and n., 499

Dimensions of ships of war, 10
Diomede, 122, 184, 189, 190, 191, 192, 201,

202, 204, 205, 557
Dios de los Mares, 395
Discharge of seamen, 18
Discipline, 2, 28
Disease : see Sickness, Yellow fever, Scurvy,

Syphilis, etc.
Disguised, Men-of-war, 371

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

585

Dfsguised as a man, Woman, 24

Dispatch, 391, 529, 558

Dispatches : Editing of, 117 ; destruction of,

343
Disposition of the British squadrons (1805),

87, 88, 95

Dithmarschen, 215, 216 and n., 565
Dix, Capt, Edward, 447
Dixon, Capt. John William Taylor, 352,

549

Dixon, Admiral Sir Manley, 41
Dixon, Lieut. William Henry, 511
Dobbs, Capt. Alexander, 503, 505
Dockyards, Commissioners at the, 4
Doctor's examination, 21
Dod, Com. Michael, 67
Doelan, 374, 557
Dog Sand, 276
Dog-watches, 23
Dolly, 350
Dolores, 393, 563 (3)
Dom Juao de Castro, 233 n.
Domett, Admiral Sir William, 39
Dominica, 77, 93, 105, 182, 183, 557, 558
Domiinm, 382, 551, 553, 55!, 555
Donalan, Mate George, 370
Donegal, 54, 73, 74 n., 89, 128, 163 and n.,

186 n., 189, 191, 192, 193 n., 242, 253,

254, 255 n., 351, 474, 562
Donnelly, Admiral Sir Ross, 43, 55, 72,

201, 234, 235, 320, 345, 556
Donovan, Master William, 427
Dorade, 405, 507, 561
Doris, 294 n., 298 n., 315, 316. 344, 550,

555, 556

Dorothea Catherine, 566
Dorsetshire, 336

Doterel, 254, 255 n., 260, 267, 268
Douarnenez Bay, 326
" Double-yellow '' painting, 24, 26
Douglas, Capt. Hoii. George, 555
Douglas, Admiral John Erskine, 43, 185,

196, 534

Douglas, Mids. Joseph, 539
Douglas, V.-Ad. Peter John, 372 and n.
Douglas, 11.- Ad. Stair (2), 'Z55 n.
Douglas, V.-Ad. Sir William Henry (1),

Bart., 39

Douglas, Com. William Henry (2), 180
Dove, 550

Dover, 290, 551, 553, 560, 564
Dover: and Strait of, 78, 181, 307, 404,

475
Dowers, Capt. William, 283 n., 429 and n.,

447, 448, 551

Down, R.-Ad. Edward Augustus, 432
Downman, Admiral Hugh, 201, 203, 204
Downs, The, 48, 62, 95, 178, 180, 216,

258 n., 271, 559

Doyle, Capt. Sir Bentinck Cavendish, 564
Draak, 564
Dragon, 102, 112 and n., 114, 116 and n.,

119, 121, 316, 370, 555

Drake, 31, 83, 331, 339, 340, 393, 550
Drake's Bay, Tortola, 194
Draper, Capt. John (2), 210, 233
Dreadnourjht, 49, 109, 121 n., 131, 152, 155,

156, 160, 470
Dress of seamen, 35, 36
Drew, Capt.'s Clerk Nicholas, 249
Driver, 381, 382, 431, 432, 559
Droits de I'Homme, 62 n.
Dromadaire, 483, 560
Druid, 559

Drummond, Lieut.-Col., 457
Drummond, Admiral Sir Adam, 170
Drunkenness, 27, 81 n., 383
Drury, Capt. Augustus Vere, 451, 564
Drury, Capt. Edward O'Brien, 401
Drury, Capt. Henry, 298 n., 301
Drury, Capt. Joseph, 298 n.
Drury, Admiral Thomas, 39
Drury, V.-Ad. William O'Brien, 39, 290,

292, 297, 300
Dry rot, 365

Dryad, 170, 275, 542, 561, 562
Dubois, Enseigne, 345
Dubourdieu, Commod. Bernard, 432, 471,

472, 478-481 and n.
Ducamp-Rosanjel, Capt. C. C. M., 496
Duchess of Gordon, 203
Duckworth, Admiral Sir John Thomas, 48,

80, 82, 186-193, 219-231, 255 n., 258,

557, 567

Dudman, shipbuilder of Deptford, 15
Duell, Lieut. Thomas, 566
Duelling, 88 n.
Duff, Mate Alexander, 159
Duff, R.-Ad. Archibald, 552
Duff, Capt. George, 121, 131, 152, 159
Duguay Trouin, 120 n., 131, 149 n., 161 n.,

171-174, 321-323, 557
Duguesclin, 271 n.
Duijveland, 277
Duino, 442, 559
Duke, Lieut. William, 393
Duke of Clarence, 550
Duke of Marlborough, 548
Dumanoir Le Pelley, R.-Ad. P. R. M. E.,

76, 112, 130, 131, 141, 144, 148, 149, 150,

152, 161, 169-174
Dumaresq, Capt. Philip, 50, 247 n.
Dumay, Lieut., 131
Duubar, Master William, 523
Duncan, Lieut. Andrew, 553
Duncan, Capt. Henry (1), 4
Duncan, Capt. Hon. Sir Henry (3), 243,

403, 420, 433, 437, 443, 494, 509, 535,

560

Dnnciin, Lieut. James, 272
Duncan, 557
Dundas, R.-Ad. George, 43, 194, 321,

322
Dundas, R.-Ad. George Heneage Lawrence,

275, 289, 535, 559
Dundas, V.-Ad. Sir Thomas, 131, 253

58(5

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

Dundonald, Admiral Thomas, Lord Coch-
rane, Earl of, 8, 18, 31, 255 n., 256, 257
and n., 258, 260-270, 3(H, 362, 376-
379, 395, 405-407 and n., 430, 557, 558,
563

Dungeness, 476, 504, 559

Dunira, 562

Dunlop, Com. Robert Graham, 307, 530,
562

Dunn, R.-Ad. Sir David, 481, 537

Dunn, Purser James, 455

Dunn, Capt. Richard Dalliug, 81, 186, 219,
220, 471

Dunquerque, 62, 85 n., 170, 177, 179, 550

Duodo, Capt., 472, 478, 481

Duperre, Admiral Baron Victor Guy, 413,
456, 461, 462, 464

Dupetit Tliouars, Capt. A. A., 544 n.

Dupetit Thouars, Admiral Abel (1), 544
and n.

Dupetit Thouars, V.-Ad. Abel (2). 544 n.

Dupotet, Capt. J. H. J., 433

Duquesne, 32], 322, 426, 556

Duragardi Ali, Cnpt., 421

Durban, R.-Ad. William, 94

Durham, Admiral Sir Philip Charles Colder-
wood Henderson, 41, 112, 131, 156, 160,
279, 309, 543, 559

Duthoya, Lieut. M. A., 314, 315

Dutton, Com. Thomas, 549

Dwyer, Com. Michael, 513, 514

Dyer, Lieut. Jonathan Widdicombe, 603,
555

Dyer (Mar.), Lieut. Robert Turtliff, 534

Dysentery, 82

EAGAR, Com. John, 504

Eagle, 199, 242, 495, 515, 516, 526, 530,

532, 533, 537, 560, 561
Earl Camden, 336 and n., 338
Earl of Abergavenny, 336
Earnest, 566

Earnshaw, the chronometer-maker, 17
East Goodwin lightship, 17
East India Company, 338, 383, 446, 468
East Indies (see alsn India, etc.), 31, 48, 95,

98, 187, 239, 240, 290, 297, 392, 412,

556, 558, 564

Eastman, Lieut. James Edwards, 208
Eastman, Mids. John, 157
Ebro, River, 406
Echo, 451, 556, 564
Eclair, 283 n., 335, 336, 339, 340, 505, 509,

535

Eclipse, 294 n., 486*
Economies, Pernicious, 7
Ecureuil, 304
Edderkop, 565
Eden, 15

Edgar, 247 n., 250

Edgcumbe, Capt. John, 294 n., 298 n.
Edgell, R.-Ad. Henry Folkes, 294 u., 298 n.
Edinburgh, 535

Edmonds, Capt. Joseph, 201

Edward, 458

Edwards, Boatswain Thomas, 174

Efficiency, Advance in, 2

Ef/eria, 565

Egmont, 307

Egremont, 294 n.

Egypt, 46, 86, 88, 91, 92, 96, 98 and n.

101
Egyptienne, 112, 113, 116 n., 324, 341, 342,

372, 373, 556, 557

Ekins, Admiral Sir Charles, 210, 211, 233
Elba, 73, 308, 483, 560
Kibe, 252, 259, 263, 267, 491
Elbe, River, 48, 68, 442, 489, 523, 539, 553,

554

Elboog Sand, 274
E/ectra, 246 and n., 552, 558
Elephant, 194, 321, 322, 323
Eling, 50
Elite, 387
Eliza, 474, 560
Elizabeth, 232, 233, 526, 530, 531, 532,

551, 555, 562 (2)
Ellicott, R.-Ad. Edward, 213, 551
Elliot, Lieut. George (2), 552
Elliot, Admiral Hon. Sir George (3), 298 n.,

34S, 427

Elliot (Mar.), Lieut. Henry, 300
Elliot, R.-Ad. Robert, 220
Elliot, Capt. Sir William (2), 446
Elliott, Com. George, 307
\ Ellis, Capt. John (2), 158, 168 and n.
Ellis (Mar.), Lieut. Samuel Burden, 534
Elmhurst, Lieut. Philip James, 158
Elphinstone, Capt. Charles, 386 and n.,

395, 564
Elphinstone, Hon. Charles : later Fleeming,

Admiral Hon. Charles Elphinstone, q.v.
Elphinstone, Capt. Thomas, 328, 562
Elven, 211, 215, 565
Embargo on French and Dutch shipping,

315

Embarkation of the French army of in-
vasion, 180, 181
Embuscade, 53 and n., 555
Emerald, 56 n., 83, 254, 255 n., 260, 265,

266, 269, 340, 410, 433, 555, 558, 559
Emeriau, V.-Ad. Maurice Julien, Comte,

295, 296, 297, 304, 305
Emeric, Capt., J. L., 543, 544
Emilien, 558
Emma, 294 n.

Ems, River, 430 n., 550, 551
Emulous, 554, 567
Encounter, 201, 202, 204, 205, 255 n., 257

n., 267, 268 n., 554
Endymion, 14, 218, 220, 222, 224, 226,

228, 229, 307, 316, 499, 555, 556, 567
Enette Island, 263
Enfant Prvdigue, 555
England, Com. Thomas, 510, 553
English Harbour, Mai'o, 544

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

587

Enlisted men, Treatment of, 21

Ennis (Mar.), Capt. Edward Michael, 527

Ensenada, 205, 206, 388

Enterprise, 554

Entreprenant, 405

Entreprenante, .131, 157, 294, 452, 465,

466, 476, 560
Envy, 563

Eole, 122, 184, 196, 511
Epaulettes, 35
Epervier, 15, 186 n., 188, 189, 324, 429,

555, 556
Ephira, 442, 554

Epron, Capt. J., 131, 382, 391, 407
Epworth, Capt. Farmery Predam, 304
Equivoque, 355-357
Erne, 537

Erquy, Bouche d', 389
Erskine, Minister to Washington, Mr., 38
Escano, E.-Ad. Don Antonio, 112, 131
Escort, 71

Espana, 99, 112, 114, 115, 120 n.
Esperanfa, 362
Esperance, 343, 451, 560 (2)
Esperanza, 518
Espieqle, 122, 424, 558
Espoir, 201, 202, 204, 440, 451, 453
Essequibo, 56
Essex, 554, 567
Essington, V.-Ad. Sir William, 39, 210,

213
"Establishment" of 1786: Shipbuilding,

10,11

Estafette, 452, 560
Estimates : see Expenditure
Etaples, 51, 62, 67, 68, 180, 505
Etlialion, 194, 283 n.
Etoile, 544-546, 559, 562
Etourdie, 560
Euyenio, 478
Europe, Castle of, 220
Europe, 439 and n., 444
Eurotas, 538, 541-543, 562
Emyalus, 15, 125, 126, 127, 129, 131,

132, 161, 162, 275, 289, 527, 559, 561,

565

Eurydice, 163 n., 283 n.
Evans, Capt. Andrew Fitzherbert, 321
Eveleigh, Capt. John (1), 544, 545
Evelyn, Lieut. William, 553
Kverard, Capt. Thomas, 554
Evertsz, Capt. Cornelis G., 237, 238
Excellent, 54, 74 and n., 198, 199 and n.,

407, 442

Exertion, 420, 489, 554
Exeter, 336
Exmouth, Admiral Sir Edward Pellew,

Viscount, 39, 187, 239, 240 and n., 295,

296, 297, 304, 305, 306, 308, 323, 326,

332, 392, 393, 495, 522, 534, 564
Expenditure on the Navy, 8, 9
Explosion, 551
Explosion vessels, 258, 261, 262

Exports during the war, 38
Express, 251 and n., 283 n., 429
Eyderen, 211, 215, 565
Eylau, 303

Eyles, V.-Ad. Thomas, 43
Eyre, V.-Ad. Sir George, 288

f'aaborg, 215

Fahie, V.-Ad. Sir William Charles, 283 n.,.

290, 435

Falcon, 177, 207, 208, 416
Fiilcon, R.-Ad. Gordon Thomas, 555
Falconara, 563
Falkland, Capt. Hon. Charles John Cary,.

Viscount, 217
Falmouth, 548, 552, 559
Fama, 250, 351, 440, 441, 453, 454, 552V

562, 565

Fame, 195 n., 391, 407
Fancourt, V.-Ad. Robert Devereux, 40
Fancy, 553

Fane, H.-Ad. Francis William, 476
Fanfaron, 559
Fano, 528

Fanshawe, Capt. Henry (2), 498, 554
Fanshawe, Capt. Robert (1), 4
h'antome, 555
Farasina, 530

Farewell, Lieut. Francis George, 531
Farjenel. Lieut. J. M., 396
Faro, Portugal, 416
Faro, Spaiu, 476
Faroe Islands, 558
Faron, Mt., 93
Farqular, 294 n.
Farquhar, R.-Ad. Sir Arthur (1), 353, 405,.

539, 550
Farquhar, Sir Robert Townshend, Bart.,

458, 460

Farquharson (H. E. I. Co.), James, 336
Farrant, Lieut. John, 158
Fnner (H. E. I. Co.), William Ward, 336
Faulknor, R.-Ad. Jonathan (2), 39
Faune, 364, 365, 557
Faure, Capt. Gilbert Aimable, 184, 255
J'avori, 50

Favorite, 471, 478-480, 481, 560
Favourite, 397, 550, 558
Fawn, 283 n.

Fayerman, V.-Ad. Francis, 41, 242
Fearless, 514, 549, 554
Fecamp, 177, 180, 402
Fees in Admiralty Courts, 8
Feilding, Capt. Charles (2), 549
Felicite, 122, 184, 189, 192, 436, 437, 500,.

559

Felicity, 563
Felix, 93, 122, 5£l
Fellowes, V.-Ad. Edward, 43, 230, 243, 244,.

289, 296

Fellowes, V.-Ad. Sir Thomas, 552
Fennell, Com. John, 112
Ferdinand VII., of Spam, 246

588

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

Ferdinand, King of the Two Sicilies, 198,

199

Ferguson, E.-Ad. George, 559
Ferguson, Capt. John Macpherson, S53
Ferrand, Genl., 58, 77, 93, 183, 184, 189
Ferret, 554, 558
Ferreter, 551

Ferretier, Lieut. J. B. H., 439
Ferrie, Com. William, 159, 283 n., 431
Ferrier, V.-Ad. -lohn (1), 41
Ferrier, Lieut. John (2), 441
Ferris, R.-Ad. Abel, 418
Ferris, Capt. William, 83, 303, 331, 339,

424, 458, 491, 550
Ferrol, 49, 75, 77, 85, 87, 88, 93, 95, 96,

99, 101, 103 n., 107, 103, 110 n., Ill

and n., 112-120, 121, 124, 12:> n., ifO,

175, 186, 208, 242, 323, 332, 410
Fervent, 255 n., 267, 268 n.
Festing, Lieut. Thomas Colson, 516
Festing, R.-Ad. Robert Worgau George,

298 n., 300
Feteris, Com. P., 386
Few, Mids. James Leonard, 518
Fidele, 277, 515, 559
Fife, Capt. Thomas, 159
Figg, Lieut. William, 517
Pilhol-Camas, Capt. J. G., 112, 131
Finance Committee, The, 5 n.
Fine, 106

Finisterre, 331, 367, 384, 556
Finland, 248, 441

Finmore (Mar.), Lieut. William, 224
Finucane, Lieut. Patrick, 486
Fir, 14, 15
Fire Bredre, 566
Firefly, 551
Fireships, 10, 70, 72, 247 n., 250, 255 n.,

256, 257, 258, 260, 261, 2S2, 265, 266

and n., 270. 551
Firm, 176, 452, 553
Firms, 99, 112, 115, 116 n., 562
First Lords of the Admiralty, 3
Fishguard, 76, 237, 238 n., 272
Fitton, Lieut. Michael, 80, 81, 352, 393
Fitzburgh, Mids. Henry, 417
Fitzgerald, Thomas : see Nugent, T. F.
Fitzmaurice, Lieut. James, 426 n.
Fitzroy, Admiral Lord William, 171, 283 n.,

367, 3H8 and n.
Fiume, 532
Fladstrand, 415
Flag-officers, 9, 10, 32, 39-43
Flags, 136, 163, 364 n., 548
Flamborough Head, 404, 405, 565
Flamer, 566

Flat-bottomed boats, 48, 60
Flat Island, 453

Flaxman, Boatswain James, 486
Fleche, 179, 553, 561
Fleeming, Admiral Hon. Charles Elphin-

stone, 20, 25 and n., 42, 112, 344, 556
-" Fleet in being," The, 118

Fleets at Trafalgar, 131

Fleets of the Empire in 1807, 208

Fleming, Com. John (2), 372, 373

Flensborg, 215

Fletcher, Capt. William, 500

F/eur de la Mer, 553

Flewende Fisk, 565

Flibustier, 537, 561

Flin, Capt. Edward, 445

Klintoft, actg. Lieut. William, 262

Floating batteries, 62, 415

Flogging, 22, 28 and n., 29

Flora, 552

Flore, 433, 478-480, 481, 484, 561

Flores, 204

Flores, Capt. Don Luis de, 131

Florida, 363, 550, 554, 555

Florida, 15

Flushing, 27. 48, 64, 65, 209, 271, 272, 274,

275, 276, 295, 509, 553, 559
Fly, 550, 554

Flying Fish, 389, 552, 556, 563
Flyvendefiske, 215, 565
Fog, 109, 111, 113-116, 129, 303, 318, 370,

482, 501, 545, 546
Foley, Admiral Sir Thomas (3), 40
Folkes, Mids. William David, 518
Folkestone, 553
Fontenelles, The, 263
Food : see Victuals
Foord (Mar.), Lieut. Henry, 542
Foot, French, 10
Foote, Capt. Charles, 292
Foote, V.-Ad. Sir Edward James, 42
Foote, Capt. John (1), 551
Forage allowance to Marine officers, 36
Forbes, Com. Johu (3), 229
Forder, Lieut. George, 285
Forder, Com. Robert, 294 n., 467
Foreign languages. Usefulness of, 513
Foreigners in British warships, 34, 35, 345,

395
Foreigners in French ships, 352, 396, 409,

452

Foreigners in Spanish ships, 382
Foreman, Com. Walter, 403
Forester, 283 n.
Formidable, 52 n., 89, 112, 120 n., 131,

149 n., 161 n., 171-174, 242, 557
Forrest, Capt. Thomas, 340, 441, 4 12 and n.,

543

Forster, Capt. John, 280
Forster, Capt. Matthew, 179
Forster, Lieut. William (2), 159
Forster, Boatswain William, 160
Fort Amsterdam, Curajoa, 81, 237, 238
Fort Bouton, 280

Fort de France : see Fort Royal, Martinique
Fort Desaix, Martinique, 284
Fort Diamond, 340
Fort Diamant, Cayenne, 285, 286
Fort Dunquerque, Martinique, 331
Fort Edouard, Martinique, 334

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

589

Fort Knocke, 202

Fort Liberte, Cherbourg, 318, 319, 320

Fort Melville, Dominica, 182

Fort Nieuw Amsterdam, Surinam, 83

Fort 1'iscadero, Curacoa, 81, 82

Fort Rammekens, 272, 274

Fort Kepubliek, Curacoa, 82, 237, 238

Fort Roquette, Arcachon, 895

Fort liouge, Calais, 72

Fort Royal or Fort de France, Martinique,

101, 106, 107, 182, 183, 193, 283, 284,

331, 333, 334
Fort St. Joseph, Hayti, 57
Fort Ste. Marie, Reunion, 458
Fort Trinidad, Rosas, 280, 407
Fort Trio, 28(5
Fort York, Anholt, 482
Fort Young, Dominica, 182
Forth, Firth of, 553
Forth, 14

Fortifications, French coast, 101, 405
Fortore, 524
Fortuna, 361
Fortune, 527, 561
Fortunes, 350
Forward, 415
Fos, Gulf of, 406
Fothergill, Capt. William, 235
Foudre, 177
Foudroyant, 122, 184, 185, 195, 197, 232,

233, 252, 259, 263, 264, 268, 373, 374
Fow/ueux, 120 n., 131, 136, 137, 138, 146,

147, 150, 152, 162, 557
Foul Point, Madagascar, 486* .
Fouras, Chateau Le, 264, 267, 268
Fourre, Lieut. L. F. H., 385
Fowler, R.-Ad. Robert Merrick, 337, 549
Fox, 31, 240 n.
Foxhound, 255 n., 260, 267, 268, 403 n.,

553

Foxton, Master John, 551
France, 46, 48

France, Isle of: see Mauritius
France, Prohibition of trade with, 37
Frances, 177, 180

Franchise, 209, 316, 372, 428, 555, 562
Franfois, 560
Franklin, 11

Franks, Mids. Charles Henry, M)9
Fraser, V.-Ad. Alexander (1), 41, 210, 380
Fraser, Col., 84

Fraser, Maj.-Genl., 230, 231 and n.
Fraser, Com. Charles, 559
Fraser, Com. Henry Tillieux, 450
Fraser, Capt. Percy, 4, 5 (2)
Frazier, Lieut.-Col., 457, 458
Frederic! battery, Surinam, 83
Frederickstein, 565
Frederik (later King Frederik VI.), Crown

Prince of Denmark, 211, 216
Frer/erikscoarn, 210, 211, 212, 565
Frederikshamn, 442, 566
Frederiksteen, 215, 565

Frederiksmid, 215

Freetown, Sierra Leone, 519

Freja, or Freija, 215, 448, 449, 529, 565

Frejus, 307, 455, 503, 507, 527, 561

Fremantle, V.-Ad. Sir Thomas Francis, 41,

131, 147, 306, 518, 532, 536
French, Capt. George, 50, 506
French navy, Strength of the, 48, 95
French officers of 1793-1802, 2
French shipbuilding, 10, 11
Freya : see also Freja, 565
Freycinet, Lieut. L. H. Saulces de, 375
Friedland, Battle of, 208
Fried/and, 271 n., 287, 558
Friendship, 336 n.
Frigates, 13, 14, 17, 79, 88, 103 n., 163,

245

Frigates, American, 13, 14, 17
Frigates, Number of, 10
Frisk, 112,377

Frissel, Lieut. W , 553

Frolic, 14, 15 and n., 283 n., 554, 557

Frontignan, 279, 406, 559

Fuerte, 563

Fi-erte de Gibraltar, 562

Fuller, Com. Rose Henry, 539

Fundy, Bay of, 554

Fiinen, 209, 248, 250

Funeral, Nelson's, 88 n., 164

Furber, Com. Thomas, 331, 339

Furet, 74, 89, 112, 131, 197, 198, 557

Furituse, 435-437, 522, 537, 538, 559

Fyen, 215, 565

Fyfle, Capt. John, 375

Fylla, 215, 565

GABRIEL, Capt. James Wallace, 400

Gaeta, 198, 199, 201, 379

Gagging, 30

Galatea., 194, 347, 387, 388, 395, 396, 486*,

486**, 558, 560, 563
Galet, River, 452
Oalgo, 67, 562

Galiano, Capt. Don D. A., 131
Gallant, 176

Gallaway, Lieut. Alexander, 160
Galleons; 108, 112, 113, 114
Galloper, The, 551
Galloway, Admiral George Stewart, Lord

Garlies, Earl of, 41
Galloway, Com. James, 529, 555
Galwey, R.-Ad. Edward, 275, 542, 561,

562
Gambler, Adm. of the Fleet James (2), Lord,

209-217, 241, 252, 253, 255 and n., 256-

270, 287, 559, 565

Ganges, 209, 210, 233, 336 (2), 337, 338
Gaujam, 355
Gauteaume, V.-Ad. Honore, 60 and n., 77,

78, 86, 94, 95, 96, 97, 101, 106, 107, 111,

119, 122, 123, 243-245, 278, 281, 288,

419
Ganymede, 431, 558

•590

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

Gardner, Admiral Sir Alan Gardner, Lord,
48, 100, 101, 110, 410

Gardner, V.-Ad. Hon. Sir Alan Hyde Gard-
ner, Lord, 40, 112, 114, 171, 185, 271 n.,
276

•GardnerJ B.-Ad. Hon. Francis Farington, 42

Gardner, Lieut. Thomas (2), 491

Gardoqui, Capt. Don Jose, 131

Garland, Lieut. Abraham, 72

Garland, Capt. James, 265 n.

Garland, Ca|it. Joseph Gulstone, 71

Garland, 549

Garlies, Lord: see Galloway, Admiral the
Earl of, 41

Garonne, River, 557

Oaronne, 377, 557

Garreau, Capt. Pierre Elie, 184

Ganety, Com. James Henry, 177, 550

Garrota, 415

Garrett, Com. Edward William, 159, 430 n.

Garrett, V.-Ad. Henry, 242

Garth, Capt. Thomas, 276, 524, 527, 528,

561
•Gaspard, the Haytian rebel, 500, 501

Gaston, Capt. Don M., 131

•Gaudin-Beauchene, Capt. C. C. A., 348

Gaudran, Capt., 419

f'aulois, 271 n.

Oauloise, 430, 558

Gazette, 'Jhe London, 33, 34, 38

Geall, Lieut. Ebenezer, 159
•Geesteudorf, 442

Gelderland, 417, 564

General Erm.uf, 347 and n., 359, 403, 551

Genie, 552

Genoa, 48, 92, 241, 295, 303, 306, 503

Genoa, 307, 483, 507, 513, 562
•Geoghelian, Mr. George, 157

George III., H.M. King, 48, 59

George IV., H.M. King, 274 n.

George, Mids. John, 480

George, Capt. Sir Rupert, Bart., 5

George, 282, 564

Georgia, 549

Georgiana, 550

German mercenary troops, 209 n., 210
•Germany, 217, 442

Gerona, 406

Gertrude, 550

Gibbes, Lieut. Francis Blower, 550

Gibbon, Lieut. Philip, 469

Gibbons, Lieut. William Henry, 502

Gibralfaro, 504

•Gibraltar, 5, 24, 25, 52, 53, 73, 75, 98, 99,
101, 109, 120, 124, 126, 127, 128, 163,
169, 186, 219, 242, 244, 471, 549, 551,
552, 562

Gibraltar, 54, 76, 195, 255 n., 262

Gibson, Boatswain Andrew, 159

Gibson, Lieut. Robert (1), 487 and n.
•Gibson, Lieut. Robert (1 or 2), 396, 487 n.

Giflenga, Col. A., 478
•Qiganta, 376, 563

Gill, Capt. Charles, 193 n., 276, 430 and n.,

564

Hillespie, Col. Robert, 297
Gilliland, Lieut. Brice, 358
Gilwall, 336 n.
Gipsy, 80, 81, 82, 352
Girafe, 483, 484, 560
Girardias, Capt. J. M., 390
Gironde, River, 304, 307, 346, 376, 377,

385, 433, 491, 551, 556, 560, 562
Gittins, Lieut. Richard, 388, 563
Giulia, 416 n.
Giulianova, 531, 561
Giuppana, 403, 531 and n., 553
Gladiator, 206, 257 n.
Glasgow, 14

Glutton, 245, 398, 402, 567
Glen, Com. Nisbet, 177, 180
Glenan Isles, 252, 413
G/enmore, 12
Gloire, 93, 182, 283 n., 377, 379, 390, 391,

516, 517, 554, 557, 558, 561
Glommen, 215, 553, 565
Glorioso, 121 n.
Glory, 88, 112, 114
Gluckstad, 211, 213, 215, 565
Gliickstadt, 539
Gluckstadt, 565
Goate, Capt. William, 442
Godfrey, Lieut. George, 477
Godfrey, Capt. William, 160, 213, 255 n.
Goeland, 507, 50rf, 556
Goes, 277
Goldfinch, 438
Goldie, Lieut. John, 389
Goletta, 419
Golf Juan, 308
Go/finho, 233 n.
Goliath, 13 n., 210, 213, 247 n., 250, 317,

332, 365, 555, 557
Gonave Island, 321
Gooch, Capt. George Thomas, 521
(j coding, Lieut. James Glassford, 389, 5~>0,

552

Goodwin Sands, 17
Gordon, Capt. Alexander (2), 554
Gordon, R.-Ad. Charles (1), 294 n., 446,

468, 469

Gordon, V.-Ad. Henry, 341, 549
Gordon, Admiral Sir James Alexander (1),

414, 455, 477, 478-481, 487, 495, 496,

5UO

Gordon, Lieut. James Edward, 555
Gordon, Com. Robert James, 433
Gordon, V.-Ad. Hon. William (2), 530
Gore, V.-Ad. Sir Jolin (2), 20, 25 and n.,

43, 303, 350, 390, 539, 562
Goree, 77, 84, 186, 282, 283 n.
Gorix, 414, 415
Goro, 515, 526
Gorontale, 291
Gorrete Island, 206, 234
Gory, M., 335

INDEK TO VOLUME V.

591

Goshawk, 478, 493, 503, 504, 554
Gosselin, Admiral Thomas Le Marchant,

43, 196

Gostling, Lieut. Francis, 514, 518, 531, 536
Giiteborg (Gothenburg), 209, 420, 498, 565
Goudin, Genl., 513
Gould, Admiral Sir Davidge, 40
Goulet, Brest, The, 101, 183, 326
Gourdon, R.-Ad., 95, 120
Gourrege, Capt. P. P., 112, 131
Gover, the artillerist, 16 and n.
Govivas Hock, 554
Gower, R.-Ad. Edward Leveson, 43, 332,

526, 530, 531, 532, 549
Gozo, 46

Grace, Capt. Percy, 491
Gracieuse, 360, 388, 556 (2)
Grado, 456
Graham, Genl., 529
Graham, Capt. Kdwards Lloyd, 505, 559,

561
Graham, Rt. Hon. Sir James Robert George,

Bart., 2, 7

Graham (Mar.), Capt. John Hore, 530, 532
Graham, Capt. Thomas, 203

Grainger (Mar.), Lieut. Robert G , 521

Grand Bourg, Marie Galante, 251

Grand Cane, 285

Grand Decide, 335, 549

Grand Napoleon, 559

Grand Pert, Mauritius, 459-465, 466, 470,

486*, 553

Grand Bodeur, 559
Grandallana, V.-Ad., 95, 120
Grande Baie, Mauritius, 294
Grande Chaloupe, Reunion, 457, 458
Grande Passe, Toulon, 74
Grande Riviere, 460
Grant, Capt. Charles, 305, 474, 560
Grant, Com. John, 533
Granville, 49, 50, 177, 452
Grape-shot, 226, 286
Grappler, 332, 444 and n., 549
Grasshopper, 403, 414, 415, 416, 498, 554,

563

Grassin, a privateersman, 515
Graul, Le, 499

Gravelines, 63, 176, 178, 329
Graves, Battery at, 377, 491
Graves, Admiral Sir Thomas (3), 60, 92,

93, 182

Graves, Capt. Thomas (4), 210, 247 n., 331
Gruvesend, 154 n.
Gravina, Admiral Don Federico, 85, 86, 95,

99, 107, 110, 112, 114, 118, 125, 129,

130, 131, 132, 135 n., 149, 150, 152, 161,

162 n.
Great Belt, The, 209, 217, 414, 419, 420,

438, 552, 565
•Greathead's lifeboat, 17
Green, R.-Ad. Sir Andrew Pellet, 540
Green, Maj.-Genl. Sir Charles, 83
Green, Capt. James, 160

Green, Lieut. John, 396

Green (Mar.), Sec. Lieut. Robert, 158

Green Island, 201

Greenaway, Com. Richard, 526, 530

Greene, Capt. Pitt Burnaby, 255 n.

Greensword, Lieut. Edward Nathaniel, 71,

420,552

Greenway, Mids. Charles, 542
Greenwich, 164

Greenwich Hospital, 15, 19, 32, 164
Greenwich Hospital School, 32
Gregory, Com. Charles Mars, 426, 552
Gregory, Admiral George, 41
Gregory, Lieut. John (1). 255 n.
Gregory, Lieut. John (la), 553
Grenaa, 414

Grenada Island, 105, 107
Grenada, Spain, 506, 507
Grenville, Rt. Hon. Thomas, 3
Grenville, William Wyndham Grenville,

Lord, 229 and n., 230 and n.
Grey, Rt. Hon. Charles, Earl (sometime

Lord Howick), 3, 31
Grey, Capt. Hon. Sir George Grey (1), Bart.,

4 (2), 164

Greyhound, 386, 387, 552, 564
Grier, Mids. Thomas, 160
Griessee, 239, 240, 564
Griffin, see also Griffon, 71, 72, 561
Griffin, Lieut. Philip, 551
Griffith, Edward, see Colpoys, Y.-Ad. Sir

Edward Griffith

Griffith, Mids. John C , 515

Griffiths, R.-Ad. Anselm John, 288, 433,

438

Griffiths (Mar.), Lieut. Thomas II , 502

Griffon, 414, 419, 502, 503, 558

Grimshaw, Lieut. Joseph, 534

Grindall, V.-Ad. Sir Richard, 40, 131, 156

Grinfield, Lt.-Genl., 56

Grint, Com. William, 158

Griper, 551

Grog, 22 and n., 23, 30

Groix Isle, 253, 254, 413, 427

Grandeur, 280

Gros Nez, 71

Groube, Capt. Thomas, 240 n.

Grouper, 553

G rouville Bay, 550

Groves, Com. James, 205, 508, 509, 551

Growler, 255 u., 260, 264, 2S7, 268 n., 499,

500, 561

Guachapin (Guet-apens), 83 and n., 553
Guadeloupe, 77, 93, 107, 108, 182, 184,

251, 287 u., 290, 309, 324, 339, 340, 347,

382, 388, 396, 426, 429, 431, 436, 445,

446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 552, 553, 558,

559, 560

Guadeloupe, 486, 559
Guantanamo, 328
Guepe, 486

Guerin, Mids. George, 159
Guernsey, 318, 551

592

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

Guerrier, 535

Giterriere, 321-324, 375, 385, 386, 554,
558

Guet-apens, see Guachapin

Guetaria, 509

Guiana, 285, 287, 397, 558

Guilhmard, 303

Guion, Capt. Daniel Oliver, 497, 553

Guion, Capt. Gardiner Henry, 290, 448

Gulf of Lions, 92

Gulf of Paria, 105, 400

Gull lightship, 17

Gunboats (see also under Number), 49, 73,
83, 106, 126. 176, 177 and n., 178, 199,
200, 211, 216, 246, 288, 298, 299, 345,
388, 392, 397, 403, 405, 406, 411, 414,
416, 419, 420, 425, 438, 440, 441, 442,
443, 444, 453, 454, 455, 459, 482, 487,
488, 489, 494, 495, 501, 507, 514, 515,
517, 518, 522, 523, 525, 526, 531, 534,
536, 537, 540, 549, 559, 560, 564

Gun-locks, 409

Gunn, Mate Alexander, 473

Gunnery, Exercise in, 19, 20, 344, 369, 380,
385, 542

Guns, 16, 541

Gun-vessels, 48, 51, 60, 65, 214

Gustavus IV., King of Sweden, 247

HAAK SAND, 498, 553, 554

Haasjt, 564

Haddock, 552

Haig (Mar.), Lieut. William, 306, 516, 518,

522, 531

Halcyon, 121, 321, 394, 395, 555, 556
Half-pay, 35
Hainan, Com. E., 330
Halifax, Nova Scotia, 5, 196, 436, 515, 517,

551, 554, 555, 556, 558, 55!)
Halkett, Admiral Sir Peter, Bart., 42, 210,

233

Hail, Com. James, 441
Hall, Lieut. John Netherton O'Brien, 276
Hall, V.-Ad. John Stephens, 40
Hall, V.-Ad. Robert (1), 372
Hall, Capt. Sir Robert (2), 471, 522 and n.
Halliday, Com. Francis Alexander, 554
Halliday, John : see Tollemache, V.-Ad. John

Richard Delap
Hallowell, Benjamin : .see Carew, Admiral

Sir Benjamin Hallowell
Hallowes, Capt. John, 540
Hahtitar, 564
Halsted, Admiral Sir Lawrence William,

41, 171, 185

Halstead (Mar.), Lieut. William, 471
Hamadryad, 562, 566
Hambly, Lieut. Richard, 473, 505
Hamburg, 442, 523
Hainelin, R.-Ad. J. F. E., 177, 179, 180,

465, 468

Hamilton (H. E. I. Co.), Archibald, 336
Hamilton, Capt. Arthur Philip, 471

Hamilton, Admiral Sir Charles, Bart., 41

Hamilton, Emma, Lady, 135, 167

Hamilton, Capt. Gawen William, 506

Hamilton, Admiral Sir R. Vesey, quoted, 6

Hamilton, Mr. Thomas, 4

Hamilton, V.-Ad. Thomas, 41

Hamley, Capt. William, 518, 524, 561

Hammond, Lieut. Charles, 438

Hamoaze, 554

Hamon, Lieut. J. P. M., 371

Hamond, Capt. Sir Andrew Snape (1), Bart., 4

Hamond, Adm. of the Fleet Sir Graham

Eden, Bart., 276, 324, 350, 562
Hanchett, Capt. John Martin, 274 and n.
Hancock (Mar.), Lieut. Edward, 531
Hancock, R.-Ad. John (1), 49, 65, 66, 67

and n., 71, 243, 352
" Hand-bibles," 22

Handcock, Mids. Alexander Bell, 160
Handfield, Com. Philip Cosby, 245, 372,

552

Hand-grenades, 143, 261, 412, 511
Hango, 248, 440
Hanmer, Capt. Job, 540
Hannah, 551

Hannibal, 15, 546, 547, 550, 562
Hanwell, Admiral Joseph, 42
Harbour-duty, Incompetent men on, 19

and n.
Harcourt, F. E. V. V. : see Vernon, Capt.,

F. E. V.
Hardinge, Capt. George Nicholas, 50, 203

and n., 342, 343, 408, 409 and n., 558
Hardy, V.-Ad. Sir Thomas Masterman, Bart.,

53, 54, 89, 131, 135, 139, 140, 142, 143

and n., 144, 145, 168, 196, 252, 427
Hardyman, R.-Ad. Lucius Ferdinand, 235,

255 n., 360, 361

Hare, Lieut. John Edward, 255 n.
Hare, Sub-Lieut. Thomas, 490
Har-Fruen, 215, 565
Hargood, Admiral Sir William (1), 41, 76,

89, 131, 138, 150, 196
Harlequin, 553

Harrnan, Lieut. William (3), 517
Harmonie, 331
Harouka, 291

Harper, Capt. John, 306, 531, 53fi, 561
Harpy, 51, 67, 68, 69, 176, 272, 298 n., 556
Harrier, 366, 386, 387, 411, 552, 564
Harrington, Lieut. Daniel, 229
Harris, Capt. George, 298 and n., 298 n.,

301, 302, 307
Harris, Com. James, 192
Hart, R.-Ad. George, 41, 54, 217
Hart, R.-Ad. Sir Henry, 240 n.
Hartley, Mate Edward, 159
Hartwell, Capt. Sir Francis John, Bart., 4
Harvey, Capt. Booty, 476, 502, 503
Harvey, Admiral Sir Eliab, 39, 131, 134,

146, 257 n.

Harvey, Lieut. George, 530
Harvey, Lieut. James, 532

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

593

Harvey, Admiral Sir John (2), 43, 112,

194, 279

Harvey, Lieut. John (2a), 539
Harvey, Lieut. Robert, 250
Harvey, V.-Ad. Sir Thomas (1), 218, 220,

243, 421
Harward, Capt. Richard, 108, 193 n., 552

Harwell, Mids. , 22G

Harwood (Mar.), Lieut. Earle, 81, 82

Hasard, 556

Hastings, R.-Ad. Sir Thomas, 504, 539

Haswell, Com. John, 376, 377 and n.

Haswell (Mar.), Lieut. John Stepney, 300

Hatley, Capt. John, 444

Hatslaar, 81

Haughty, 283 n., 532

Haultain, Com. Charles, 540

Havana, 195, 197, 332, 388, 562

Hnvannah, 518, 524, 561

Havfrue, 565

Havik, 450, 451 n., 564

Havock, 451 n.

Havre, Le, 50. 67, 85 n., 177, 180, 474,

477, 516, 551
Havves, Com. James, 551
Hawk, 478, 490, 491, 520, 550, 557, 560
Hawker, Admiral Edward, 431, 448, 557,

558, 559

Hawkey, Lieut. Joseph, 441
Hawkins, Capt. Abraham Mills, 512, 566
Hawkins, Capt. Edward, 391, 558
Hawkins, Lieut. John, 328
Hawkins, Capt., Richard, 559
Hawtayne, V.-Ad. Charles Sibthorpe John,

473, 489

Hay, Mids. Alexander, 493
Hay, Capt. James, 283 n., 430
Hay, Lieut. Matthew, 158
Hay (H. E. I. Co.), Robert, 456, 457
Haye, Capt. George, 477, 487, 496, 497
Hayes, Mids. Charles, 480
Hayes (Mar.), Lieut. John, 401
Hayes, R.-Ad. John (1), 448, 449, 547,

562

Hayman, Lieut. Charles, 347, 348
Hayti : see also San Domingo, 58, 321, 350,

359, 500, 501

Hazard, 283 n., 431, 435, 445, 447, 559
Head, Capt. Michael, 565
Hearty, 539

Heathcote, Capt. Gilbert, 549
Heathcote, Admiral Sir Henry, 298 n., 305,

347

Hebe, 178, 179, 213
Hebe, 15, 430, 431, 558
Ifebruf, 545, 546, 562
Ifecate, 294 n., 298 n.
Heir Apparent, 565
Helder, 564
Helena, 559
Helgoland (Heligoland), 217, 511, 523, 539,

551, 566
Hellard, Capt. William, 160

VOL. V.

Hellevoetsluis, 64

ffehinr/oer, 215

Helsingor (Elsinore), 210 and n., 211, 213

Heming, Com. Samuel Scudamore, 398

Henderson, Maj., 284

Henderson, R.-Ad. George, 294 and n.

Henderson, Lieut. James (1), 487

Henderson, Lieut. John (1), 551

Henderson, Lieut. John (2), 540

Henderson, R.-Ad. Robert, 84, 329

Henderson, R.-Ad. William Wilmot, 481

Henly (U.S.N.), Lieut. J. D., 567

Hennali, Capt. William, 159

Henniker, R.-Ad. Hon. Major Jacob, 71

Henning, Mids. Alexander, 486**

Henri, Capt. Antoine, 184

Henry, Capt. Jean Baptiste, 184, 192

Henry Addi/tgton, 336

Herald, 403

Hercule, 57, 81, 82 n., 210, 317, 318

Hercules, 15

Hermes, 555

Hermione, 94 and n., 108, 131, 197, 348,

387, 550
Hero, 112, 113, 114, 116, 171-174, 185,

255 and n., 498, 554
Heroe, 563
Heroine, 275
Heron, 490, 560
Heron, 120 n., 131, 246 n., 558
Herring, 555

Herringham, Capt. William Allan, 159
Hesper, 294 n., 298 n.
Hesseu-l'hilippsthal, Prince of, 199
Heureuse Eh.ile, 559
Heureuse Reunion, 500
Heureux, 56 n., 376, 396 n., 429, 551, 558,

564

Hewsou, Capt. George, 553
Heywood, Capt. Edmund, 67, 68, 69, 176,

211, 552, 556, 565

Heywood, Capt. Peter, 235, 253 and n.
Hibbert, Com. Edward, 537
Hibernia, 100, 232, 233, 534
Hickey, Capt. Frederick, 554
Hickman, Com. John Collman, 484, 485
Hidden Port, Cuba, 393
Higginson, Lieut. George Montagu, 551
Higginson, Lieut. James, 188
Hignflyir, 554
High Islands, The, 298
Higman, Capt. Henry, 238 n., 554
Hill, Lieut. John (3), 517
Hill, Capt. William, 435 n.
Hills, Lieut. Alexander, 145

Hills, Lieut. John B , 81, 317

Hillyar, R.-Ad. Sir James, 294 n., 298 n.,

486*, 563, 567
Hilton, Lieut. Stephen, 276
Hindustan, 380, 549
Hinton, Lieut. John, 71
Hippomenes, 56, 83, 342, 345, 414, 564
Birondette, 347, 398, 552, 556, 559, 567

2 E

594

1HDEX TO VOLUME V.

Hoar, Thomas : see Bertie, V.-Ad. Sir j

'1 honias

Hoare, R.-Ad. Edward Wallis, 298 n.
Bookings, Capt. Robert, 262 and n.
Hockly (Mar.), Lieut. William, 524
Hodge, Com. Andrew, 415
Hodge, First Cl. Vol. J. T., 159
Hodge, Mids. John, 160
Hodgakins, Lieut. Thomas, 458
Hoffman, Com. Frederick, 504, 554
Holbek, 215

Holbrook, Com. Thomas, 526
Hole, R.-Ad. Lewis, 160, 565
Holland, 78, 175, 295, 564
Hollinworth, R.-Ad. John, 558
Hollis, V.-Ad. Aiskew Pafford, 270
Holly, 530, 554

Holmes (Mar.), Lieut. Charles, 531
Holmes, Com. William, 491, 531 and n.
Holsteen (Holstein), 210, 211
Holt (Mar.), Lieut. David, 224
Holy-stoning decks, 21, 22
Honda Bay, Cuba, 552
Honey, Capt. George John, 403
Honyman, Admiral Robert, 51, 67, 176 and

n., 201, 235, 552, 564

Hood, V.-Ad. Sir Samuel (2), Bart., 40, 48,
55, 80, 83, 185, 210, 234, 247 n., 248,
249, 333, 334, 390, 391, 557, 558, 564
Hood, Com. Silas Thomson, 516, 518, 521,

522, 527, 531, 561

Hood's battery, Diamond Rock, 106, 333
Hook -pots, 22
Hoop, 564 (2)
Hope, Capt. Cha'les (1), 4
Hope, Capt. David, 450
Hope, George (1) : see Hope, R.-Ad. Sir

George Johnstone

Hope, R.-Ad. Sir George Johnstone (for-
merly George Hope), 41, 131, 247 n.
Hope, Admiral Sir Henry, 280, 560, 567
Hope, Genl. Sir John, 272
Hope, William: see Hope, V.-Ad. Sir;

William Johnstone

Hope, V.-Ad. Sir William Johnstone (for-
merly William Hope), 42
Hope, 336, 337

Horatia (Mrs. Ward), 135, 167 and n., 168
Horatio, 431, 432, 451, 512, 559, 560,

566

Hore, Capt, Don Rafael, 112
Hornby, Admiral Sir Phipps, 478-481
Hornet, 56 n., 554, 555
Hortense, 89, 92, 99, 108, 112, 131, 197,
255 n., 260, 262, 263, 267, 353-355, 387,
550

Hoste (R.E.), Capt. George, 454
Hoste, Capt. Thomas Edward, 518, 531
Hoste, Capt. Sir William, Bart., 200, 306,
419, 432, 437, 443, 455, 472, 478-481,
514, 516, 517, 521, 527, 531, 532, 533,
536, 560, 561
Hoste Island, 4.95

Hotham, V.-Ad. Hon. Sir Henry, 43, 171,
253, 499, 561

Hotham, Admiral Sir William (2), 42

Hotham, Capt. William (3), 530, 537

Hotspur, 493

Hottentot Holland's Kloof, 202

Hour-glasses, 21

Howe, 12 and n.

Howick, Lord : see Grey, Earl

Howitzers, 72, 435, 457, 485

Hownam, Lieut. Joseph Robert, 534, 539

Hubert, Capt. J. J., 112. 131

Hubert, Capt. P. M., 385

Hudson, Com. John (3), 530

Hudson, Master William, 151

Hughes, Brig. Genl., 83

Hughes, Com. William James, 387

Hugues, Genl. Victor, 77, 285, 286

Hunt (Mar.), Lieut. Harry, 523, 524, 534

Hunt, Mids. Richard, 540

Hunt, Com. William Buckley, 511

Hunter, Lieut. Charles, 552

Hunter, Com. Charles Newton, 515, 554

Hunter, V.-Ad. John, 40, 550

Hurd, Capt. Thomas, 5

Hurd, 553

Hurrell, Purser Richard, 158

Hurry, Wastefulness of, 15

Hussar, 298 n., 302, 549

Hussey, V.-Ad. Sir Richard Hussey (for-
merly Moubray, Richard Hussey), 54, 73,
88, 89, 97, 218, 220, 224, 243, 288, 472,
527, 555

Hussey (Mar.), Capt, Thomas, 534

Huskisson, Capt. Thomas, 445, 554, 567

Hutchinson, Com. William (1), 554

Hutchison, Lieut. William (2), 518, 529

Hveen Island, 216

Hyacinth, 503, 506

Hydra, 50, 126, 127, 197, 198, 401, 556,
557, 563

Hydrographers of the Navy, 5

Hyeres, 74, 296, 306, 346, 527

Hypolite, 557

Idas, 272

Idolos, Islas de los, 519 n.

Ignition, 551

lie de la Passe, Mauritius, 459-165, 466,

486*

lllingworth, Lieut. John, 470
Illustre, 271 n.

Illustrious, 255 n., 294 n., 298 and n.
Hot aux Ramiera, 284
Imbert (Neap. Navy), Capt., 522
Immortalite, 49, 60, 67, 6s, 69, 178, 179,

555, 562

Imogene, 288, P50
Impatiente, 316, 555
Impeachment of Lord Melville, 7
Imperial, 122, 184, 189, 190, 191, 192,

557
Imperials, 557

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

595

Imperieuse, 255 n., 256, 257, 2GO, 263, 264,

265 and n., 266, 267, 268, 276, 395, 405-

407, 430, 494, 509, 535, 558, 560, 562,

563

Imp&ueux, 122, 184, 196, 413, 558
Implacable, 174, 247 n., 248-250, 441, 557,

566

Imports during the war, 38
Improvements, Naval, 11-17
Inabordable, 49, 555
Incledon, Richard : see Bury, V.-Ad.

Richard Incledon
Incomparable, 559
Inconstant, 84
Incorruptible, 74, 89, 92, 94 and n., 296,

353-355, 400, 550
Indefatigable, 122, 123, 255 n., 260, 265

an'dn., 266, 350-352, 385, 562
Indemnities, 182, 183, 309
India: see also East Indies; 49, 58, 59, 96,

373, 395, 409, 452, 551, 552
Indiamen, 201, 295, 324 n., 325, 336, 337,

348, 367, 380, 382, 386, 391, 408, 425,

444, 456, 461, 462
Indienne, 122, 252, 260, 262, 263, 265, 267,

268, 270, 559
Indignant, 213
Indivisible, 184 n., 557
Indomptablc, 52 n., 89, 91, 92, 112, 120 n.,

131, 137, 138, 139, 150, 155 and n., 162,

163, 557, 561

Indramayo River, 298, 299
Infanta Don Carlos, 562
Infante, 285

Infatigable, 93, 182, 378, 3GO, 391, 558
Infernet, Capt. L. A. C., 131
Inflexible, 210

Inglelield, Capt. John Nicholson, 5
Inglefield, R.-Ad. Samuel Hood, 419, 558
Inglis, Capt. Charles (2), 244, 279, 440
"Inman, Capt. Henry, 112, 185
Innes, Lieut. Thomas (3), 550
Inquiry of 1803, 6
Insolent, 255 n., 264
Inspector, 07
International Law, 196
Intrepid, 199 and n., 234 n., 283 n.
Intrepide, 52 n;, 89, 112, 120 n., 131, 139

and n., 148, 149, 163, 557, 559
Intrepido, 504 and n.
Invasion Flotilla, The, 49-52, 59-72, 76, 77,

85 n., 94, 125, 175-181, 492, 502, 50'J
Inveterate, 551
Invincible, 122, 525
Ionian Islands, 46, 243, 281, 288, 401,

'402
Iphigenia, 294 n., 452, 457, 458, 459-465,

466, 553
Jphigenie, 294, 466, 467, 468, 543, 560,

561

Irby, Capt. Hon. Charles Leonard, 235
Irby, R.-Ad. Hon. Frederick Paul, 254, 255

n., 258, 478, 520, 521

Ireland, 60, 75, 78, 94, 102, 118, 418, 550,

557, 559

Iris, 121, 215, 385, 430, 558, 565
Irish Channel, 49
Irish in French ships, 452
Iron knees, 13
Irons, Men in, 22, 30
Irwin, Mids. David, 285
Irwin (Mar.), Lieut. Robert, 320
Ischia, 309, 440, 453, 562
Issehoved, 443

Istria, 484, 502, 514, 530, 532, 533
Halienne, 254, 413, 559
Italy, 198, 201, 245, 420, 433
Ithaca, 281

Jackal, 551, 556

Jackdaw, 551

Jackson, Envoy to Denmark, Mr., 210

Jackson, Master of Malta Admiralty Court,

Jackson, Com. Robert Milborne, 547
Jackson, R.-Ad. Samuel, 51, 67, 242, 247 n.
Jacolet, 452, 560
Jade, The, 490, 564, 566
.lager, Capt. Claas, 392
Jago, Lieut. Samuel, 159
Jalouse, 49.
Jamaica, 48, 56, 5S, 80, 82, 105, 184, 185,

194, 195, 236, 360, 364, 425, 441, 501,

550, 551, 552, 554, 556, 557, 558, 562,

563

James, Capt. Joseph, 213
James Matiion, 567
Jameson, of the Fame, James, 391
Jance, Com. P. F., 415, 426
Janssens, Governor of Java, 300, 302
JansBeus, Lieut.-Geul. J. \V., 202
Janus, 379
Jaroslav, 247 n.
Jaseur, 240 n., 400, 558
Jason, 307, 371, 397, 431, 543, 544, 557,

558, 559 (2)

Java, 297-302, 392, 451, 564
Java, 13 n., 15, 395, 48(3**, 551, 554, 564
Java Sea, 292

Jean B»rt, 122, 252, 255, 203, 559
Jeanne, 315

Jefferis, Lieut. Charles, 291, 553
Jefl'ery, Com. Samuel, 238 n.
Jeffery, Purser Samuel, 480
Jemmapes, 92, 182, 241, 242, 255 n., 259,

263, 264, 265, 267 n., 268
Jena, 427, 469 n., 472, 501, 558
.Jenkins, Lieut. George, 448
Jenkins, Lieut. John, 159
Jenkins, Master John, 465
Jeremie, 322

Jerniy, Com. Charles Deyman, 283 n., 446
Jenkins, Lieut. Michael, 553
Jersey, 71, 549, 550
Jervis (Mar.), Lieut. Alexander, 534

2 E 2

596

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

Jen-is, Sir John : see St. Vincent, Adm. of

the Fleet, Earl of
Jervis, Capt. William Henry Ricketts

(previously W. H. Ricketts), 549
Jessen, Capt., 414
Jeune Adele, 328, 556
Jeune Isabelle, 63
Jeune Louise, 473
Jeune Ridiard, 402
Jeivel, 559

Jewell, Lieut. William Xunn, 159
Jewers, Lieut. Richard Francis, 262 and n.
Joao, Regent of Portugal, Dom, 232, 233
Johnson, Com. Edward, 551
Johnson, Com. Urry, 554
Johnston, V.-Acl. Charles James, 383
Johnstone, Capt. James (2), 298 n.
Joie, 346, 556

Jones, R.-Ad. Hon. Alexander, 560
Jones, Com. Henry, 262 and n.
Jones (U.S.N.), Capt. Jacob, 567
Jones, Capt. Jenkin, 467
Jones, Lieut. John (3), 400
Jones, Admiral Theophilus, 39
Jones, Lieut. Thomas (2), 512
Jones, Lieut. Thomas William, 534 and u.,

554

Jordan Key, 550
Jorgenson, Com. Jorgen, 407
Joseph, 559
Joubert, 560

Joyce, Capt. John, 255 n., 262, 554
Jugan, Capt., 131
Julie, 430, 558
Juniper, 530
Juno, 128, 199, 325
Jnnon, 431, 432, 446, 448 n., 553, 559,

560, 567

Junot, Due d'Abrantes, Genl., 232, 233
Jupiter, 27 n., 122, 184, 189, 191 and n.,

192, 552, 557

Jurien, Commod. Pierre Roch, 254, 316
Justitia, 215, 565
Jutland (Jylland), 209, 210, 211, 438, 552.

553, 566

KADIKIOI, 226

Kallundbory, 215

Kattegat, 216, 270, 481, 514, 553, 554

Keating, Lieut.-Col. Henry S., 444, 457,

458, 459
Keats, Admiral Sir Richard Goodwin, 40,

54, 72, 89, 186, 209, 210, 214, 247 n.,

250, 251, 271 n., 273, 275, 277, 387
Keenan, Com. John, 504
Keilly, Com. Richard, 551
Keith, Admiral Hon. George Keith Elphin-

stone, Viscount, 48, 62, 70, 95, 308
Keith, Com. Sir George Mouat, Bart., 201,

489, 540
Kelly, Capt. Benedictus Marwood, 298 n.,

301
Kelly, Com. Edward, 443

Kelly. V.-Ad. William Hancock, 40
Kenah, Com. Richard, 292, 293 and n.
Kenau Ilasselaar, 237, 238, 564:
Kennedy, Com. Alexander (1), 283 n.
Kennedy, Capt. Thomas Fortescue, 146,

157

Kennicott, Mids. Charles, 521
Kennicott, Com. Gilbert, 158
Kent, 12, 54, 76, 226, n.. 242, 424, 476, 558
Kent (Mar.), Lieut. Bartholomew, 332

Kent (Mar.), Capt. R , 227 and n., 229

Kentish, Lieut. Samuel, 529

Ker, Lieut. George Lewis, 177, 550

Kerimel, Lieut. F. L., 316

Kerr, Capt. Alexander Robert, 20, 253, 255

n., 451, 560

Kerr, Capt. Charles Julius, 561
Kersteman, Lieut. Lambert, 239
Kerverseau, Genl., 58
Key, Lieut. William Sturges, 554
Khrom, Capt. Joseph Hyacinthe Isidore,

184, 241

Kidd, Lieut. Joseph, 552
Kiel, 211

Kiel, 488, 510, 566
Kilid Bahr, 220

King, Capt. Andrew, 168 and n.. 276
King, Capt. Hon. Edward, 178, 388
King, Lieut. Norfolk, 224, 555
King, V.-Ad. Sir Richard (2), Bart., 42,

121 n., 131, 154, 242, 305, 380
King, Signal-quartermaster of the Victory,

143 n.

King, Com. William (1), 84, 339, 340, 551
King, Capt. William (2), 201, 204, 205
King, Lieut. William Elletson, 554
King George, 255 n., 260, 267
Kingdom, Lieut. John, 470
Kingfish, 552
Kingfisher, 108, 186 n., 188, 189, 288 n.,

377-379, 433, 496. 519
Kingston (Mar.), Lieut. John, 157
Kingston, Lieut. Robert, 481
Kirby, Master William, 553
Kirkpatrick (H. E. I. Co.), John, 336
Kissataio, 336 n.
Kite, 50, 213, 425, 530, 534
Kjerteminde, 215
Kjogo Bay, 213
Knapman, Lieut. Edward, 158
Knees, 13

Kneeshaw, Com. Joshua, 540, 550
Knight, Com. Hood, 212
Knight, Admiral Sir John (2), 102
Knives, 22
Holding, 211
Kolduii, 247 n.
Kortenaar, 240, 264
Koum Kaleh, 220
Krakatoa, 451
Kron Princen, 565
Kron Princessen, 565
Kronborg Castle, 210

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

597

Kronprindsesse Marie, 215, 565
Kronprinds Frederik, 215, 565
Kronstadt, 209, 248, 250
Kynaston, Mids. Charles H., 192

Laaland, 492, 510, 566

Labrobse, Capt. G., 391

Lacaille, Capt. Charles Nicolas, 270

Lacedemonian, 15

La Ciotat, 406

Lacroix, Capt. Louis Gilles Prevost de, 184

Lacrosse, R.-Ad. Jean Haimond, 62 and n.,

70, 177, 178
Lacuee, Lieut., 320
Lady Nelson, 553
Lafon, Capt. Jean Baptiste, 270
Laforey, Admiral Sir Francis, Bart., 41, 106,

131, 242
Laft, 446

Lagarde, Capt. R. J. M. D., 540
Lagos Bay, 102
Lagosta, 518

Lagrange, Genl. Joseph, 93, 182
La Guaira, 424, 558
La Guardia, 384, 401
Lahalle, Capt. P. N., 431
Laignel, Capt. Gaspard, 184, 278
Laigueglia, 505, 509
Lake, Capt. John, 176, 283 n.
Lake, Capt. Hon. Warwick, 330
Lake, Admiral Sir Willoughby Thomas, 195,

512

Lamarque, a privateersman, C., 346
La Marre La Meillerie, Capt. A. F. Z., 471,

478-481
La Marre La Meillerie, Capt. L. C. A., 103,

112, 131, 197, 353, 387
Lambert, Capt. Keury (2), 343, 344, 355,

457, 459, 462, 405, 466, 553, 554, 556
Lamproie_, 280
Lancaster, 235

Lancaster, Lieut. Itobert Daniell, 555
Landrail, 517, 555
Langdon, Lieut. John, 229
Langeland, 488
Langeland, 248, 251
Langesund, 215
Langford, Capt. Frederick, 186
Langford, Capt. George, 407, 565
Langlands, Lieut. Roger, 506
Lauglois, Capt. J. J. J., 390
Langridge, 141

Langston (Mar.), Lieut. Joseph, 332
Langton, Lieut. Thomas William, 514, 531
Langton, Lieut. William, 299
Lanier, Capt. F. J. B. Margolle, 471
Lannes, Due de Montebello, Marshal, 180
La Penotiere, Capt. John- Richards, 131,

168, 473
La Pinede, 40G
La Plata, Rio de, 203, 20G, 207, 234-236,

388, 552, 562
Lapoype, Genl., 57

Larcom, Capl. Joseph, 5

Lark, 51, 186, 397, 552, 558, 563

Larkins (H. E. I. Co.), Thomas, 336, 382,

383

Laroche, Capt. Christopher, 399 and n. 400
La Romana, Marques de, 250
La Ronciere, Capt. Clement de, 270
Lascars, 409
Lasey, Genl., 198
Las Palmas, 398
Lafona, 236, -237, 238 and n., 431, 432,

436, 500, 559
Latouche-Treville, V.-Ad. Rene Madeleine

de, 52 n., 54, 73, 74, 75, 76, 321, 322
Laugharne, \f.-Ad. John, 41
Laugharne, Capt. Thomas Lamb Polden,

554

Laugharne, Lieut. Thomas (2), 240 n.
Laura, 515, 554

Laurel, 278, 425, 426, 451, 552, 554, 560
Laurestinus, 451, 554, 560
Lnurette, 556
Laurie, Admiral Sir Robert, Bart., 357-359,

550

Lauriston, Genl., 77, 89, 94
Lavandou, 346

Lavender, Gunner William, 327
Lavie, Capt. Sir Thomas, 385, 386, 551,

558

La Villegris, Capt. G. J. X., 112, 131, 171
Lavinia, 243, 275
Lawford, Admiral Sir .Tohn, 42
Lawless, Cum. Paul, 249 and n., 555
Lawrence, Capt. Daniel, 429
Lawrence (U.S.N.), Capt. James, 567
Lawrence, Lieut. James, 425, 552
Lawrence (Mar.), Lieut. Thomas Lewis,

509

Lawrie (Mar.), Lieut. William, 224
Lawson, Lieut. William, 530
Layman, Com. William, 549, 550
Leach, Com. James, 552
Leake, Lieut. William Thomas Martin, 343,

549
Leander, 13 n., 350, 359, 381, 556, 567

Leaver, Lieut. C P , 556

Lebastard, Capt, J. M. P., 318

Le Blanc, Lieut. George, 551, 553

Leblond-Plassan, Capt., 332

Le Bozec, Capt. C., 345

Lechmerc, V.-Ad. William, 40, 112, 131 n.

l.eda, 433, 559

Leda, 51, 67, 68, 170, 201, 202, 204, 235,

298 n., 299, 552

Leddon (Mar.), Lieut. William, 160
Lee, Admiral Sir Richard, 42, 171, 232, 390
Leech, Master Andrew, 548
Leech, Mids. Robert, 467
Leeward Islands, 48, 187, 543, 552, 557,

558

Lefebvre, Due de Dantzic, Marshal, 207
Le Foretier, Commod. Martin, 499
Leyer, 421, 558

598

1XDEX TO VOLUME V.

Legtre, 309, 379, 555, 559

Le Geyt, Capt. George, 283 n., 359, 389,

429, 556, 164
Legge, Admiral Hon. Sir Arthur Kaye, 41,

111, 112, 185, 220, 244, 276
Legge, Hon. Henry, 4
Leghorn, 3-1
Legion of Honour, The, 75 and n., 270,

486**

Legrange, Genl., 77
Legras, Capt. Francois, 278
Le GroB, Com. John, 549
Le Hunte, Com. Francis, 522
Leijden redoubt, Surinam, 83
Leiesegues, V.-Ad. Corentin TJrbain, 184-

192, 193, 197, 373, 375
Leith, 554

Leith, Genl. Sir James, 309
Lely (Mar.), Capt. Peter, 160
Le Marant-Kerdaniel, Lieut. G. E. L., 397
LemareBquier, Capt. Franfois, 486*, 486**
Leme, Canale di, 514, 561
Lemnos, 226 n., 231
Lemon and Ower, The, 549
Lempriere, Lieut. George, 549
Lennock, Capt. George Gustavus, 489, 509
Leocadia, 562
Leogane, 321, 500, 556
Leonidas, 288
Leopard, 68, 452, 499, 555
Lcqueitio, 433, 508
Le Ray, Capt. Julien, 68, 180
Lesby, Master William, 464
Lester, Lieut. William, 537
Letellier, Capt. J. M., 112, 131, 171
Le Tourneur, Capt, 112, 131
Letters of Marque and Reprisals, 47
Levant, The, 98, 220
Levant, 555
Leveret, 511, 551

Le Vesconte (Mar.), Sec. Lieut. Janus, 158
L'Eveque, Com. Charles, 180
Leviathan, 73, 89, 90, 93, 98, 102, 127,

131, 147, 148, 158, 160, 279, 503, 505,

509

Leyden,_ 210
Lew, Lieut. James, 481
Lewis (Mar.), Lieut. Henry, 486**
Le« is, Lieut. Joseph, 388
Lewis, skipper of the Leander, 350
Lewis, Mids. William (2), 516
L'Hermite, Capt. P., 197 n., 321, 322, 397
Liebe, 523, 566
Liberty, 283 n.
Libre, 233 n., 372, 557
Liefkenshoek, 277
Lieutenants, 9, 10, 32, 33, 35
Lifeboats, 17
Liffey, 14
Ligsera, 562

Lighting of the coasts, 17
Lightning, 564
Lights, 261, 270

Lilburn, Com. James, 160, 478, 493, 503r

504

Lille Belt, 215, 565
Lillo, 273, 275, 277
Lily, 251 and n., 346, 347 and n., 359, 549,.

564

Lind, Capt. Sir James, 348 n., 349
Lindesnas, 455
Lindsay, Lieut. James, 424
Line, Cutting the, 127
Line, Number of ships of the, 10
Line of battle, Traditions of the, 130, 132
Lingeh, 446

Liniers, Col. Santiago, 205 and n , 235
Linnet, 405, 517, 554
Linois, V.-Ad. Charles A. L. Durand, Comte-

de, 58, 59, 309, 336-339, 348-350, 367,.

373, 374, 380
Lint, 7
Linzee, V.-Ad. Samuel Hcoc1, 42, 112,

210
Lion, 92, 182, 241, 278, 279, 286, 298 n.,.

539, 559

Lions, Gulf of, 92
Lipuda, 485
Lisbon, 31, 98, 111, £32,233, 247, 366,415,

548
Liswi, 472, 478-481, 484, 495, C02, 505r

532

Little, Lieut James, 401
Little, Com. John (2), 553
Little, Boatswain Richard, 159
Little (Mar.), Lieut. Robert John, 471
Little Belt, 498, 565
Littlehales, V.-Ad. Bendall Robert, 55
Lively, 15, 350-352, 553, 562
Liverpool, 14
Liverpool, 325, 402, 404
Livingstone, Admiral Sir Thomas, Bart.,

179, 376, 403, 563
Lizard, The, 111, 517, 551

Lloyd, Lieut. James L , 160

Lloyd, Lieut. Rickard, 485

Lloyd, Lieut. Robert (3), 158

Lloyd (Mar.), Lieut. Samuel, 530

Lloyd's Coffee House, 32, 449

Loans raised, 1793-1815, 310

Lobb, Capt. William Granville, 5 (3)

Loblolly men, 23

Loch, V.-Ad. Francis Erskine, 545

Locbner (II. E. 1. Co.), John Christopher,

336

Locke, V.-Ad. AValter, 43
Lockhait, Lieut.-Col., 240
Lockyer, Capt. Nicholas, 347
Locust, 176
Lodi, 321, 556
Lodola, 478, 481
Log, Heaving the, 21
Log, Massey's, 17
Log-books, 21, 28, 30
Loire, 11, 317, 348, 362, 363, 372,430,431,

446-448, 555, 557, 558, 560

INDEX. TO VOLUME V.

599

London, 47

London, 185, 195 n., 232, 233, 373, 374,
557

Long, Lieut. R , 213

Lord, Lieut. Anthony Bliss William, 552
Lord Castlerearjh, 336 n.
Lord Eldon, 550
Lord Keith, 439, 552
" Lord Mayor's Men," 21
Lord Nehon, 325, 32G
Lords, House of, 7 : see also Parliament
Lorient, 48, 95, 107, 184, 208, 241, 252,
253, 254, 287, 295, 303 and n., 324, 376,
413, 427, 499, 548, 557, 558
Loring, Capt. John, 56-58, 321, 556
Loring, Admiral Sir John Wentworth, 376,

474, 478, 557

Los Islands, 519 and n., 521, 561
Losack, V.-Ad. George, 27 n., 41
Losack, Capt. Woodley, 48G*, 486**
Losses in 1803-15, 549 et seq,
Lougen, 410 n.

Louis XVIII., King of France, 307, 309
Louis, Admiral Sir John, Bart., 320
Louis, R.-Ad. Sir Thomas, Bart., 39, 08, 94,

126, 128, 103, 169, 186, 193, 197, 218,

219, 220, 227 n., i'31, 391, 558
Loup Oarou, 473
Louro, Mt., 362
Lovell, Capt. William Stanhope : see Badock,

Capt. William Stanhope
Loven, 566

Lower-deck, Life on the, 20-31
Lucas, Capt. J. J. E , 131, 141, 143
Lucas, Lieut. Mark Robinson, 419, 565
Lucien Charles, 439
Lucifer, 220, 222, 226, 228
Luckraft, Capt. Alfred, 1 59
Luckraft, Lieut. John, 550
Luconia, 552
Luyn, 410 n.

Lugum, 410 and n., 411, 488, 511 n.
Luke, V.-Ad. William, 41
Lukin, William : see Windham, V.-Ad.

William.

Lumley, Capt. John Richard, 346, 567
Lumsdaine, V.-Ad. George, 40
Lundholm, 416
Lutine, 557

Lyall, Capt. William, 564
Lydiard, Capt. Charles, 195, 236, 238, 388,

551, 563
Lye, R.-Ad. William Jones, 294 n., 298 n.,

400, 486*, 558

Lyford, Capt. Henry James, 552
Lyn, 410 n.
Lyngo, 510

Lynne, Com. Henry, 294 n.
Lynx, 93, 182, 378, 390, 395, 396, 397

443, 558
Lyons, V.-Ad. Sir Edmund Lyons, Bart.

Lord, 224, 293 and n., 298, 299 and n.
Lyra, 255 n., 260, 307, 509, 529

M' ADAMS (Mar.), Lieut. David, 487
tf'Culloeh, Com. Andrew, 160, 387
M'Curdy, Lieut. John, 484
M'Donald, Capt. Colin, 492, 493, 538, 559,

561

VI'Donald, Lieut. John (2), 473, 490
Vtacdonel, Capt. Don Enrique, 131
M'Dougall, V.-Ad. John (1), 39
M'Dougall, R.-Ad. John (3), 487
Macedonian, 554

Mackau, Admiral Baron A. R. A. de, 485
M'Kean, Lieut. James, 518, 531
Mackenzie, Capt. Adam, 188, 210, 563
Mackenzie, Capt. George Charles, 372, 544,

545, 551

Mackenzie, Com. James (2), 403 and n., 553.
M'Kenzie, Capt. Kenneth, 83, 345 and n.

M'Kenzie, Lieut. W- , 551

M'Kerlie, R.-Ad. John, 158, 473
M'Kinley, Admiral George, 553
M'Lachlan (Mar.), Capt. Archibald, 471
Maclean, Com. Rawdon, 159
M'Leod, Lieut.-Col., 200, 458
M'Leod, Capt. Donald, 50, 210
Macnamara, R.-Ad. James (2), 43, 247 n.,

250, 477, 478, 560, 565
Macnamara, a negro seaman, 152
M'Pherson, Com. George, 553
Macquet, Lieut. J. J., 430
Madagascar, 486*, 553
Madagascar, 480**
Madame, Isle, 255, 259, 203
Madame Mere (Madame Bonaparte), 309
Maddalena Islands, 54
Madden (Mar.), Lieut. Lewis Pryse, 491
Madeira, 104, 185, 186, 195 n., 196, 201,

234, 621, 547, 554, 561, 562
Madras, 59, 204 n., 239, 292, 297, 367, 467,

468, 553
Madrid, 129, 168
Madura, 240, 301, 302
Magendie, Capt. J. J., 112, 131
Magicienne, 186 n., 188, 189, 192, 382, 452,

456 n., 457, 462-465, 466, 530, 553, 503
Magnanime, 92, 182, 241, 371
Magnet, 483 n., 552, 554
Magnificent, 288, 508, 549
Magon de Mediue, R.-Ad. Charles, 66, 95,

107, 130, 131
Mar/pie, 252, 253, 551
Maliaut, 429, 450
Mahe, Capt., 131
Malie, Lieut. Jean Michel, 84
Mahuy, River, 285, 286
Maida, Battle of, 200
Maida, 192, 210, 557
Maidstone, 345, 555
Mainwaring, Capt. Rowland, 515, 561
Ma'fo, 544

Maistral, Commod. E. T., 112, 131
Maitland, R.-Ad. Sir Frederick Lewis (2),

255 n., 269, 308, 317, 348, 362, 363, 372,

410, 433, 555, 558, 559

600

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

Maitland, Genl. Frederick, 83, 283, 494
Maitlaud, R.-Ad. Jolin (2), 170, 185, 323,

331, 556

Majestic, 13 n., 217, 547, 562, 565
Majestueux, 92, 182, 241
Majorca, 376, 406, 419, 563
Majoribanks, Lieut. George, 299
Majors of Marines, 36
Makrel, 566
Malabar, 298 n., 372
Malabar coast, 355, 391
Malacca, 298, 336, 338
Malaga, 476, 504
Malaria, 277

Malbon, Capt. Micajah, 178
Malcolm, Y.-Ad. Sir Charles, 401, 508, 509,

563
Malcolm, Admiral Sir Pulteney, 42, 72, 89,

163, 186, 191, 253 n., 255 n., 474, 492
Maldonado, 206, 234
Malicieuse, 377, 557
Maling, V.-Ad. Thomas James, 305
Mallard, 550

Mallard (Mar.), Lieut. Edward, 534
Mallet, Capt., 547
Mai mo, 552

Maloue, Lieut. William (1), 283 n.
Malone, Lieut. William (2), 511
Malta, 5, 8, 46, 47, 88, 91, 218, 244 n., 353,

401, 553

Malta, 112, 115, 116, 119 n., 243, 244
Maltempo, Canale di, 532
Mamelouck, 476, 499, 500, 501, 561
Manacle Rocks, 552
Manche, 294, 413, 439, 452, 465, 466, 468,

560

Mandal, 455

Mandarin, 291, 292, 553, 564
Manderston, Lieut. Patrick, 65
Manette, 558
Manfredonia, 443, 561
Mangin, R.-Ad. Reuben Caillaud, 208
Manilla, 554
Manipa, 291

Manley, Admiral Isaac George, 41
Manley, V.-Ad. John (1), 39
Manly, 430 and n., 492, 550, 553, 564
Manners, Lieut. Charles, 385
Manners, Com. William, 34, 555

Mansell, Lieut. E W , 565

Mansfield, Capt. Charles John Moore, 131,

210,315, 316

Mant (Mar.), Lieut. Robert M., 199
Mantor, the hydrographer, 237
Maples, Capt. John Fordyce, 567
Mapleton, Com. David, 395, 535
Maraii, 456
Maraudeur, 475
Marcouf : see St. Marcouf
Mardo, 510
Marengo, 48 n., 49, 58, 59, 303, 336, 348-

350,367,373,3(4,557
Mareotis, Lake, 230

Margaretta, 292, 564

Margate, 550, 552

Maria II., Queen of Portugal, 232, 233

Maria, 363, 426, 551, 552

Marianne, 370, 562

Maria Antonia, 471

Maria Reijyersbergen, 392, 564

Maria Wilhelmina, 392, 564

Marie Franfoise, 49, 58 n.

Marie Galante, 251, 414

Mariel, 360

Marin, Martinique, 283, 284, 331, 414

Marines, Royal, 8, 9, 21, 28, 31, 33, 36, 81,
82 and n., 143 n., 144, 148, 168, 199,
202, 203, 204, 214, 224, 226, 227, 234,
251, 269, 270, 282, 285, 291, 293, 294,
300, 302, 307, 331, 332, 334, 401, 442,
443, 444, 445, 446, 460, 471, 476, 482,
486, 487, 490, 491, 494, 495, 505, 506,
503, 509, 512, 513, 518, 520, 524, 527,
530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536

Marittimo, 243, 244

Markham, Admiral John, 39

Markham, Mr. Osborne, 4

Markland, R.-Ad. John Duff, 442, 532, 536,
537, 560

Marks, Boatswain John, 326, 327

Marlborouffh, 232, 233, 346 n.

Marmont, Due de Raguse, Marshal, 78, 175

Marmora, Sea of, 220

Maroni, River, 287

Marques, Lieut.-Col. Manoel, 285, 286

Mai-rack, 298, 299

Marrett, Com. Joseph, 255 n.

Mars, 108, 109 n., 121, 131, 146, 148, 150,
151, 152, 159, ItiO, 168, 210, 211, 215,
216 and n., 247 n., 250, 387, 390, 391,
558, 565

Marsden, Mr. William, 4

Marseilles, 48, 75, 279, 406, 523, 524, 534

Marsh, Capt. Digby, 530

Marsh, Mr. John, 4

Marshall, Capt. James, 176

Marshall, Lieut. John (4), 473

Marshall, Com. John (1), 556

Marshall, Capt. Sir John (2), 539, 540 u.

Marshall, Com. John Houlton, 555

Marshall, Capt. John Willoughby, 443

Martello towers, 62, 360, 528

Martial, 255 n., 307

Martin, 551

Martin, Master Andrew, 411

Martin, Adm. of the Fleet Sir George (2),
40, 112, 243, 244 and n., 278, 279,
288, 440

Martin, Adm. of the Fleet Sir Thomas
Byam, 42, 247 and n., 249, 441

Martinenq, Capt. de, 131

Martinique, 77, 93, 95, 96, 99, 101, 106, 108,
110, 183, 184, 193, 194, 252, 282, 283,
309, 316, 332, 333, 339, 340, 357, 396 n.,
413, 414, 424, 425, 426, 427, 429, 430,
435, 552, 556, 55:), 559

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

601

Martina de Freitas, 233 n.

Mary, 394, 550

Masefield, Com. Joseph Ore, 241, 328, 390

Mason, V.-Ad. Sir Francis, 65, 66, 67 and
n., 415, 529, 565

Massey's mechanical log, 17

Masters, 9, 10, 32, 35

Masteri--, Lieut. Thomas James Poole, 512

Masters-at-Arms, 22, 28, 29

Matamano, Gulf of, 389

Matcham, Mrs. (Catherine Nelson), 167
and n.

Matcham, Mr. George, 167

Mates, 35

Mather, Com. William, GO, 238 n., 554

Matilda, 108, 112, 113, 363, 562

Matthews (Mar.), Capt. William T. J., 527

Maude, Capt. Hon. Sir James Ashley, 281

Maude, K.-Ad. William, 431

Maule (Mar.), Lieut. John, 534

Maumusson Passage, 266, 267

Maunsell, Capt. Robert, 298 n., 299, 300

Maurice, Com. Ferdinand Moore, 483 and n.,
554

Maurice, Capt. James Wilkes, 106, 107, 333
and n., 482, 483

Mauritius, or Me of France, 59, 293, 294,
309, 366, 373, 380, 409, 412, 413, 425,
433, 439, 443, 444, 450, 452, 453, 457,
458, 459-165, 466, 467, 469, 486*, 560

Maxey, Lieut. Lewis, 554

Maxwell, Maj. Charles William, 282

Maxwell, Capt. John, 437, 559, 560

Maxwell, Capt. Keith, 178, 179, 275, 347

Maxwell, Capt. Sir Murray, 83, 278, 333,
414, 455, 484, 495, 554, 563

Mayotte, 456

Mazari Bay, 99, 101, 109, 549

Mead way, Lieut. John Allen, 276

Mears, Lieut. James, 456

Measurement of ships, 11

Meat, Fresh, 99

Medals, 34, 168, 174, 238, 293, 428 n., 481,
502, 555 et seq.

Medea, 351, C62

Mediator, 255 n., 258, 261, 262, 397, 398,
552

Medical officers : see Surgeons

Medicines, 7

Mediterranean, The, 48, 52-55, 72-79, 88-
94, 95, 97-99, 101, 102, 125, 126, 128,
168, 175, 198, 219, 230, 233, 278-281,
287, 295, 303, 361, 439, 530, 549, 550,
551, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 560, 563

"Medium" guns, 16

Medusa, 233 n., 235, 350-352, 507, 503,
561, 562

Medu.se, 300

Medway, 567

Meester Cornells, Java, 303

Mein, Com. James, 552

Melada, 432

Melampus, 196, 431, 448, 558, 559

Meleager, 407, 552

Melpomene, 34, 163 n., 437, 438, 441, 566

Melpomene, 67, 309, 562
j Melville, 557

Melville, Henry, Viscount, 2, 3, 7

Melville, "Robert, Viscount, 3

Memory Rock, 652
; Menado, 291, 443

Menard, Lieut. C. L., 371

Mendel (Kuss. Navy), Lieut. Philip, 153

Mends, Capt. Sir Robert, 433, 435

Menelaus, 294 n., 304, 512, 515, 547, 548,
561

Men-of-war, 10

Mentor, 560

Menzies, Lieut. Duncan, 550

Mequet, Capt. H., 413

Mercedes, 351, 352, 400, 562

Mercer, Mate , 255 n.

Mercier, Mids. Charles, 467

Mercure, 478 n., 501, 561

Mercurio, 472

Mercurius, 215, 565

Mercury, 414, 433, 437, 443, 559, 562
i Merinos, 501, 561

Meriton (H. E. I. Co.), Henry, 336, 456

Merle, Genl., 421

Merlera, 519, 524

Merlin, 329, 332

Mermaid, 537

Merton, Surrey, 86, 124, 125

Mess, A lower-deck, 22

Messager, 556

Messina, 92, 198, 199, 230, 522

Meteor, 220, 222, 228, 229 and n.

Metherell, Master Anthony, 426 n.

Mexico, 366, 372

Mezzo Island, 531

Midby, 410

Middelburg, 272, 277

Middelfart, 215

Middleton, Cnpt. Robert Gambler, 4, 5

Midshipmen, 23 and n., 3i, 35, 168

Mignone, River, 515

Mignonne, 317, 375, 550, 555, 557

Milan, 105

Milan, 359, 445, 559

Milbanke, Mate Henry, 159

Milbanke, Admiral Mark, 48

Milbrook, 329, 552

Miles, Lieut. John William, 550

Mi/ford, 532, 533, 536, 537

Milt'ord Haven, 552

Militia, 62

Milius, Capt. P. 13., 367

Miller, Com. Daniel, 553

Miller, Capt. George, 446, n59

Millett, Lieut. Richard, 490

Mills, Lieut. George, 252

Milne, Admiral Sir David, 43, 549

Milner, Lieut. William, 552

Minchin, V.-Ad. Paul, 40

Minden, 298 n., 299

602

INDEX TO VOLUME F.

Minerva, 199, 233 n , 336 n., 379, 384, 452,

559, 563
Minerve, 294, 318-320, 378, 379, 390, 391,

452, 456, 461, 463, 549, 558, 560 (2)
Mingaye, V.-Ad. William James, 203
Minorca, 297, 305, 306, 405
Minotaur, 131, 150, 158, 160, 210, 315, !

442, 553, 555

Minstrel, 476, 513, 516, 558
Minx, 65, 553

Mismanagement, Naval, 268
Misselburg, Curafoa, 237
Missiessy/V.-Ad., 77, 78, 92, 93, 96, 103 n.,

Ill, 182, 183, 271, 273, 275, 295, 362
Mistake of the Leander, 350 ; of the Dart,

394 ; of the Primrose, 548
Mitchell, Admiral Sir Andrew (1), 48
Mitchell, Capt. Charles, 358 n.
Mitchell, Com. Edward James, 67
Mitchell, Lieut, John (2), 283 n.

Mitchell, Lieut. , 221 n.

Mitchell. (Mar.), Capt. Thomas, 535 and n.

Mitchell, V.-Ad. Sir William, 41

Mitford, Capt. Henry, 549

Mitford, R.-Ad. Robert, 440, 451, 453

Mitylene, 398

Mobile, 555

Mochnoi, 247 n.

Models at Greenwich, 15

Modeste, 298 n., 427, 558, 564

Mofl'at, Lieut. Thomas, 543

Moflat (H. E. I. Co.), William, 336

Mohawk, 567

Moldavia, 218

Mole St. Nicolas, 56, 58 and n., 318, 325

Molesworth, Com. Bourchier, 506

Molesworth, Lieut. Francis, 459

Moluccas Islands, 290

Mona Passage, 382, 563

Monarca, 121 n., 131, 138, 152, 163, 562

Monarch, 70, 232, 233, 385, 390, 391

Mondragon, Capt. Don F., 112

Mongat, 406

Monke, Capt. George Paris, 553

Monkey, 176, 443, 653

Monmou/h, 54

Mont Blanc, 52 n., 89, 112, 115, 120 n.,

131, 149 n., 161 n., 171-174, 557
Montagu, 123, 196, 243, 244, 245, 288, 472
Montagu, Admiral Sir George, 48
Montagu, Capt. Juhn William, 528
Montagu, V.-Ad. Sir William Augustus,

291, 294, 412

MonfaXez, 121 n., 131, 153, 154
Monte Argentario, 512
Monte Christi, 329
Monte Circeo, 421, 453
Monte Cristo, 560
Monies, Commod. Don F., 112
Montevideo, 204, 205, 206, 234, 235, 351,

563

Montfort, Comte de, 194 n.
Montfort, Capt. F. G. (1), 432, 496

Montfort, Lieut., 317

Montpellier, 406

Montresor, Capt. Henry, 262 and n.

Montreuil, 180

Montserrat, 183, 193

Moodie, Lieut. Robert, 505

Moore, Com. Charles, 537

Moore, Admiral Sir Graham, 42, 232, 233,

350, 351, 562

Moore (Mar.), Lieut. Humphrey, 490
Moore, Genl. Sir John, 247
Moore, Lieut. Ojle, 346
Moore (Mar.), Lieut. Thomas, 450
Moorsom, Admiral Sir Robert, 20, 25, 41,

131, 160

Morality of the Navy, 26, 27
Morbihan River, 63, 470
Morea, The, 92
Moreau, Lieut. Charles, 383
Morell, Com. John Arthur, 199
Moresby, Ad. of the Fleet Sir Fairfax, 424

537

Morgan, Mids. Henry, 159
Morgiou, 524, 527

Morice, Com. N., 427, 456, 461, 469 n.
Moring (H. E. I. Co.), James, 203
Morlaix, 169
Morne Fortunee, 56
Morne Fortunee, 236 n., 290 n., 414, 429,

550, 552

Mornington, 298 n.
Moro Castle, Havana, 195 n., 388
Morris, Lieut. Edward, 551
: Morris, Capt, George, 340, 552
Morris, V.-Ad. Sir James Nicoll, 42, 121 n.,

131, 154, 159, 242
Morris, Com. John Row, 255 n.
Morrison, Lieut. Alexander, 484
Morrison, Capt. Isaac Hawkins, 538, 542
Morrison, Capt. John (1), 187 and n., 551
Morrison, Lieut. John (2;, 235
Morrison (Mar.), Sec.-Lieut. Robert, 174
Mortar boats, 213, 246
Mortars, 62, 65, 66, 222, 267 n., 268 n.,

284, 395, 460, 462, 493
Mozambique, 340
Moselle, 197, 198, 559
Mosquito, 442, 558
Motard, Capt. L. B., 336, 348, 366, 411,

412, 413

Moubray, Capt. George, 160 •
Moubray, Richard Hussey: later Hussey,

V.-Ad. Sir Richard Hussey Hussey, q.v.
MoucJie, 294 n., 438, 558, 559
Moucheron, 551
Mould, Capt. James, 157
Mounet, Gen'. 276
Mounsey, Capt. William, 324, 436, 437,

522, 537, 559

Mounsher, Capt. Eyles, 158
Mount's Bay, 551
Moyase, Master James, 214
Moysey, Lieut. Henry George, 553

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

603

Mozambique, 251 and n., 283 n.

Muddle, Capt. Richard Henry, 81

Mudge, Admiral Zachary, 81, 241, 329, 330,

364, 365 and n., 550
Mugg, Mids. Francis John, 160
Muggeridge, Mr. James, 490
Muir, Lieut. Thomas (2), 404
Mulcaster, Capt. Sir William Howe, 285,

286, 384, 554
Mulgrave, 305

Mulgrave, Henry, Lord, 3, 36, 256
Muller, Lieut. Henry, 347
Mundy, Admiral Sir George, 50, 197, 198,

401, 557, 563

Munos, Capt. Don Bernardo, 112

Munro, Mids. Thomas, 513

Murat, King of Naples, Joachim, 305, 459,

472

Muros, 362, 363, 373
Muros, 552
Murray, V.-Ad. Sir George (3), 39, 54, 89,

235

Murray, Lieut. Henry, 552
Murray, Lieut. James (2), 489, 554
Murray Lieut. John (3), 555
Murray, Admiral Robert, 39
Muscat, 59
Musette, 375

Muston, Com. Thomas Goldvvyer, 262 and n.
Mutine, 213, 326, 524, 556
Mutiny, 31, 382, 551
Myers, Genl., 105

NAGARA BURUK, 222

Nagle, Admiral Sir Edmund (1), 39

Nagle, Lieut. Edmund (2), 388

Naici'J, 128, 131, 132, 253, 254, 316, 320,
493, 555, 556

Ndiade, 89, 107, 112, 371, 557

Nairne, Com. John, 381

Nakskov, 215

Namur, 12, 171-174, 185

" Nancy Dawson," 22

Nantes, 48, 300, 316, 458, 499, 519, 544,
552

Xapier, Lieut. Charles (la.), 176

Napier, Admiral Sir Charles (2), 283 n.,
424, 435, 436 and n., 487, 494, 506, 522,
523, 527, 561

Napier, Capt. Hon. William John : later
Lord Napier of Murchiston, 554

Naples, 53, 73, 91, 92, 95, 198, 199, 243,
244, 245, 303, 305, 379, 401, 421, 439,
440, 453, 494, 522, 560, 561

Napoleon, 372, 382, 558

Napoleon Bonaparte, 36, 37, 46, 47, 52, 60,
68, 75, 77, 78, 85, 92, 93, 94, 96, 98 n.,
101, 105, 107, 110, 119, 120, 121, 122,
124, 169, 175, 180, 181, 182, 183, 198,
207, 208, 209, 232, 233, 240, 246, 250,
259, 269, 271, 281, 287, 297, 303, 307,
308, 309, 310, 315, 320, 339, 350, 400,

402. 426, 493, 498

Napoleo-ne, 504

Narcissus, 54, 55, 72, 201, 204, 205, 320,

345, 401, 413, 556, 563, 567
Nares, Com. William Henry, 528
Nargen, 566

Nash, Capt. John, 83

Nassau, 209, 210, 414, 559, 565

Nasso-Laut, 291

Natal, 380

Nautilus, 218, 298 n., 376, 551, 563, C67

Naval Architecture, 11-15

Naval Warfare, Napoleon's misapprehension

of, 96

Navy Board, 2, 4, 7
Nay'adeti, 215, 304, 510, 565, 566
Naze, The, 411, 455, 552, 566
Neale {formerly Burrard), Admiral Sir

Harry Burrard, Bart., 41, 158, 255 n.,

268, 373, 471, 499
Neame, Com. William, 484
Nearque, 376, 385, 557
N&essite, 451, 560
Needles, The, 553
Nehrung, Danzig, The, 203
Nelson, Catherine, 167
Nelson, V.-Ad. Horatio, Viscount, 23, 24, 26,

27, 48, 52-55, 72-79, 86, 88-157, 161,

] 63-168, 181, 211, 245, 258, 343, 345,

346, 351, 354, 364, 556, 557, 562
Nelson, Frances Herbert, Viscountess, 166

and n., 167 and n.

Nelson, Susannah, 167

Nelson, Thomas Bolton, Karl, 167 n.

Nelson, Rev. William ; Earl Nelson, 166,
167 and n.

Nemesis, 458, 566

Nepean, Sir Kvau, Bart., 4

Neptune, 26, 52 n., (-9, 112, 120 n., 131 (2),
139, 140, 146, 147, 150, 155 and n., 156,
158, 162 (2), 163, 246 n., 283 n., 336 n.,
395, 435, 436, 535, 536, 558

Neptuno, 120 n., 131, 132, 134, 149 n., 150,
163, 562

Neptunos, 215, 216, 565

Nfreide, 79, 294 and n., 295, 444, 450, 452,
456, 459-465, 466, 470, 4S6*, 486**,
553, 560 (3), 563

Nerja, 506

Nes, Capt. Jan van, 237, 238

Nesham, V.-Ad. Christopher ' John Wil-
liams, 283 n.

Nestved, 215

Netley, 50 n., 108, 551, 552

Neto, 485

" Nettle," Three-yarn, 29

Nettuno, 416, 558

Neufahrwasser, 207, 203

Neutral Waters, 196, 323, 419

Neutral-, 37, 198

Neville, Capt. Hon. Ralph, Viscount, 294 n.

Nevis, 166, 183, 193, 510

New South Wales, 427

New York, 381, 553

604

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

Newcastle, 13 n.

Newcombe, Capt. Francis, 255 n., 202, 550
Newfoundland. 184, 341, 554, 555, 559
Newman, Capt. James Newman, 255 and n.,

498, 554

Newport, I. of Wight, 550
Newspaper reports, Misleading, 98 n.
Ney, Due d'Elchingen, Prince de la Mos-

kova, Marshal, 180
Nez de Jobourg, 546
Nice, 500

Nicholas, Com. Robert, 393, 397, 552, 563
Nicholls (R.M.), Capt. Edward, 81, 224,

270, 329, 330, 421
Nicholls, Admiral Sir Henry, 4, 40
Nicholson (U.S.N.), Lieut. N. J., 567
Nicholson, Lieut. Richard St. Lo, 276
Nicholson, Lieut. Robert, 491
Nicolas, R.-Ad. John Toup, 309, 458, 485,

492, 503, 506

Nicolas, Com. William Keigwin, 309
Nicolson, Com. James, 112
Nidelven, 215, 565
Niemen, 433-435, 559
Nieuport, 556
Nieuwe Diep, 554
Niger, 76, 128, 540, 541, 561, 563
Nile 112
Nimble, 530, 554
Nimrod, 255 n., 260, 267
Nind, Mids. George, 159
NMe, 109, 376, 474, 478, 557
Nisbet, Dr., 166 n.
Nisbett, Lieut. Samuel, 458, 554
Nisus, 252, 294 and n., 298 n., 302, 440,

559

Nixon, Capt. Christopher, 262 and n.
Noailles, Genl., 56, 58
Noble, Lieut. Francis, 300
Noli, 424, 558
Nonpareil, 560
Noord Beveland, 272
Noordland, 272

Nops, Lieut. John George, 553
Norbec, M. Texier de, 16
Norderney Island, 489, 490, 560
Nore, The, 21, 62
Norge, 215, 216, 565
Norman, Surg. Charles, 307
Norman (Mar.), Capt. Thomas, 159
Norman, torn. William, 458, 460
Normande, 280
Normandy, 71, 401

North American Station, The 48, 195, 550
North Sand Head Lightship, 17
North Sea, 49, 209, 295, 405, 430, 449, 472,

473, 549, 552, 558, 564
Northern Coalition, The, 209
Northesk, Admiral William Carnegie, Earl

of, 39, 131, 168, 395
Northumberland, 87, 105, 106, 186 n., 187,

189, 190, 191, 192, 193 n., 194, 308, 499,

509, 561

Norton, Com. George, 551

Norton, Lieut. John (2), 398

Norway, 211 and n., 405, 410, 415, 455, 458,
488, 492, 510, 512, 552, 506

Notre Dame, 559

Nourrice, 483, 484, 560

Nourse, Mids. Charles, 496

Nourse, Capt. Joseph, 103, 544

Nouvelle, La, 539

Novella, a privateersman, 563

Nowell, R.-Ad. William (1), 42

Nuestra Sefiora de los Dolores, 382

Nugent, Genl. Count, 530

Nugent, Com. John, 389, 566

Nugent (formerly Fitzgerald), Com. Thomas
Fitzgerald, 443, 553

Number (usually distinguishing gunboats),
360, 345; 23, 467; 9, 483; 1, 483; 16,
504; 97, 512; 114, 512; 8, 518; 14,
530 ; 16, 530 ; 1, 540 ; 2, 540 ; 3, 540 ;

4, 540; 5, 540; 8, 540; 10, 540; 12,
540; 86, 556; 436, 556; 432, 556; 43,
556; 47, 556; 51, 556; 411, 556; 360,
556; 1, 558; 7, 559; £#,560; 28, 560;
31, 560 ; 71, 560 ; 961, 561 ; 4, 562 : 4,
563; 2, 563; 5, 563; 9, 563; 98, 504;

5, 566 ; 1 14, 560 ; 97. 506 ; 28, 566 ; 62,
566 ; 65, 566 ; 66, 566 ; 121, 567

Nyaden : see also Nayaden, 565

Nyborg, 248, 250, 425, 565

Nykjiibing, 215

Nympfen, 565

Nymphe, 209, 300, 415, 553

Nymphen, 215, 275, 565

Nysted, 215

GATES (Mar.), Lieut. Mark, 224

Gates, Boatswain Martin, 192

Oatmeal, 22

O'Brien, Capt. Donat Henchy, 456, 514, 516,

518, 561

O'Bryen, R.-Ad. Edward (1), 40, 54
O'Bryen, James : later Thomond, Admiral

James, Marquis of, q.v.
Observaleur, 446, 447, 557
Ocean, 243, 244, 330
Ocean, 85 n., 252, 259, 262, 203, 204, 205,

266, 267, 208
O'Connor, Capt. Richard James Lawrence,

550, 551
Odense, 215
Odin, 215, 505
Ogilvie, Lieut. David, 144
O'Hea, Lieut. Daniel, 508
Oiseau, 84, 556
Olerou, 253, 254, 265

Oliver, Mids. B S , 516

Oliver, Com. James, 360
Oliver, Com. Robert, 451
Oliver, Admiral Robert Dudley, 67, 387, 471,

558

Oliver, Master William, 469
Oliver, Lieut. William Sandford, 360 n.

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

605

Olliver, Capt. Louis Francois, 519

Ollivier, Lieut., 355

Olympia, 553

O'Neale, Lieut, John, 490

Oncle Thomas, 84

Ons Island, 384

Onyx, 430, 564

Oporto, 384

Orange, William VI., Prince of, 305

Orbetello, 515

Orchard, Lieut. Joel, 550

Orde, Admiral Sir John (1), 88 and n., !)5,

97, 99, 102

Orders in Council, 5, 7, 37, 38
Orebro, Treaty of, 303
O'Reilly, Capt. Dowell, 307, 508, 529
Oreste, 449, 560
Orestes, 473, 550
Oresund, 248
Orient, 164
Orion, 131, 145, 148, 149, 154, 158, 160,

209, 210, 247 n.
Orkney Islands, 564

Ormsby, Lieut. Charles Cutts, 71, 72, 550
Ornen, 215, 565
Orpheus, 393, 551, 563, 567
Orquijo, 550, 562
Ortenzia, 558
Ortona, 477, 560

Osborn, V.-Ad. Kdward Oliver, 41, 226 n.
Osborn, V.-Ad. John, 41, 380
Osborn, Admiral Samuel, 39
Osbome, Mids. George, 496
Osborne, Lieut. Thomas, 174
Osprey, 56 n., 108, 329, 341, 342, oil
Ostend, 48, 49, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 71, 85 n.,

176, 177, 352, 551
Oswald, Brig.-Genl. John, 281, 288
Otranto, 401, 403, 517, 522, 528, 534, 561
Otter, 300 n., 443, 444, 467, 468, 469, 560
Otter, Capt. Charles, 245, 432, 552
Ottley, Lieut. John, 389, 551
Otty, Com. Allen, 50 1
Otway, Admiral Sir Robert Waller (1), 43,

123, 196, 244, 245, 289, 476, 483, 529,

562
Otway, V.-Ad. William Albany, 5, 40, 271

n., 272

Outrage by Frenchmen, 383
Over-guuned vessels, 15
Overton, Master Edward, 159
Owen, Admiral Sir Edward William Camp-
bell Rich, 49, 50, 67, 68, 69, 178, 274,

276

Owen Glendower, 270
Owen (Mar.), Capt. John, 151, 159, 505
Owen, V.-Ad. William Fitzwilliam, 240 n.,

298 n., 301

Owers lightship, 475, 535
Oyapok, 285, 287

PACIFIC OCEAN, 425, 549

Pacification, 271 n.

Pacy, Lieut. T S , 550

Paddon, Com. Silas Hiscutt. 553
Page. Admiral Benjamin William, 564
Page't, V.-Ad. Hon. Sir Charle-, 20, 252,

316, 373, 474, 555, 556
Paimpeni, a privateersman, 345
Painting of ships, 24, SJ5, 26
Paissance, 433

Pakenham, Capt. Hon. William, 552, 553
Pakenham's rudder, 498
Palamos, 476, 539
Palermo, 92, 98, 198, 199, 242, 243, 244

and n., 245, 343, 522
Palinure, 93, 183, 283, 378, 415, 426, 427,

552, 558

Palinuro, 494, 560
Pallas, 255 n. (2), 260 (2), 263, 265, 266,

267, 361, 362, 376, 377-379, 380, 387.

491, 553, 557, 564
Palles Shoal, 255, 259, 263, 264, 265 n.,

266

Palma Bay, 55, 76, 94, 97
Palmer, Mids. Alexander, 157
Palmer, Capt. Kdmund, 230, 545-547, 562
Palmer, Com. Edward (1), 218, 376, 551
Palmer, Lieut, Edward Gascoigne, 475
Palmer, Admiral George, 39

Palmer, Lieut, (actg.), George H , 519

Palmer, Mids. Joseph, 82

Palmer, Capt. .John, 234

Palmer, Com. Nesbit, 485, 486 and n., 553

Palmer, Lieut. William, 512

Panama, Isthmus of, 397

Pandora, 405, 553

Pandour, 83, 340, 557

Panka Point, 240

Papillon, 360, 448, 550, 556, 560

Parejo, Capt. Don A., 131

Parenzo, 484, 560

Paria, Gulf of, 105, 400

Paris, 46, 47, 6*, 74, 84, 111, 168, 307, 308,

314

Paris, Admiral, referred to, 11
Parish, Capt. John, 238 n.
Parker, Com. Frederick, 2e2
Parker, Com. Frederick Augustus Hargood,

438

Parker, Admiral Sir George, 43, 414, 565
Parker, Admiral Sir Hyde (2), 213
Parker, V.-Ad. Hyde (3), 346
Parker (Mar.), Lieut. Kenyon Stevens, 533
Parker, Capt. Sir Peter (2), Bart., 294 n.,

304, 437, 441, 512, 513, 515, 547, 566
Parker, Master Samuel, 467
Parker, Com. Thomas, 554
Parker, Adm. of the Fleet Sir William (2),

Bart., 72, 73, 74, 373
Parker, Capt. Sir William George, Bart.,

504, 563

Parkinson, Boatswain John, 521
Parkyns, Lieut. George, 224
Parliament (see also Acts of Parliament), 17,

31, 37, 48, 168, 174, 193, 217, 2(i(J and u.

<J08

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

Parry, William Henry Webley : see Webley

(later Parry), R.-Ad. William Henry
Parsons, Capt. Robert White, 491
Partridge, 561

Pasco, R.-Ad. John, 135, 157, 168
Pascoe, Lieut. William R , 518-521,

554

Pasley, Admiral Sir Thomas, Bart., 48
Pasqualigo, (/apt. Nicola, 472, 478
Passage Island, 194
Passage du Raz, 60, 252, 320
Passe-Partout, 566
Pater, R.-Ad. Charles Dudley, 43, 171, 438,

442, 498

Paterson, Admiral Charles William, 42
Paterson, Cnpt. David, 294 n.
Patey, Lieut. Benjamin, 159
Patey, Com. Joseph, 549
Patfull, Lieut. William, 65
Patriarch, Lieut. Charles, 192
Patriot, 392, 5C5
Patriote, 122, 184, 196, 241, 255 n., 259,

263, 264, 267

Patriotic Fund, The, 32, 327
Paul, Com. Robert, 50
Paula, 563

Paulet, V.-Ad. Lord Henry, 42, 185, 196
Pauline, 278, 279, 304, 432, 496, 552
Paxo, Island of, 306
Pay, Officers', 31, 32, 36
Payment of seamen, 31

Payne, Lieut. Samuel J , 157

Payne, Lieut. William, 564

Paz, 563

Peace : of Tilsit, 207, 103 ; with Spain, 246 ;

of Paris, 308-310
Peachey, Hon. Henry John : later Selsey,

Lord : q.v.

Peacock, 14, 554, 555 (2), 567
Peake, Sir Henry, 4, 15

Peake (Mar.), Lieut. James G , 157

Peake, Capt. Thomas Ladd, 502

Peake, Com. William, 554

Pearce, Capt. Joseph, 193 n., 566

Peard, V.-Ad. Shuldham, 43

Pearl, Com. Sir James, 262 and n.

Pearl Rock, Martinique, 429

Pearlen, 565

Pearse, Capt. Henry Whitmarsh, 394, 395

Pearse, Com. John, 555

Pearson, Lieut. George (1), 159

Pearson, Com. Hugh, 433

Pearson, V.-Ad. Richard Harrison, 314,

555

Pearson, Mate William Henry, 159
Pechell, R.-Ad. Sir Samuel John Brooke,

Bart., 283 n., 431
Pederneira, 398
Pegge, Mate George, 160
fegyy, 70
Pelagic, 316
Pehiyoso, 472
Pelican, 251 n., 375, 556, 557, 567

1 Pell, R.-Ad. Sir Watkin Owen, 414, 433,

443, 535
Pellew, Sir Edward : see Exmouth, Admiral

Viscount
Pellew, Admiral Hon. Sir Fleetwood Brough-

ton Reynolds, 239 and n., 240 n., 297,

298 n., 301, 302, 535, 564
Pellew, Admiral Sir Israel, 41,89,131, 148,

232, 305, 308
Pellew, Capt. Hon. Pownall Bastard (later

Lord Exmouth), 550
Felly, Capt. Charles, 298 n., 301 and n.,

342

Pelorus, 283 n., 445
Pelter, 552
Pembroke, 13
Pembroke, 305
Penang, 292, 297, 298
Pender, V.-Ad. Francis, 40, 102, 163
Pendergrass (H. E. I. Co.), James, 336
Penelope, 65, 66, 195, 283 n., 352, 555
Penelope, 244, 432, 552
Penerf Estuary, 328
Pengelly (Mar.), Lieut. Edward, 401
: Penguin, 340, 555
" Peniches," 62 and n., 70, 71
Peniscola, 516
Penriche, 556
Penrose, V.-Ad. Sir Charles Vinicombe, 42,

307

Penruddock, Com. George, 459
Pensioners, 32
Peraty, 551

Percival, Mate Edward, 518
Percival, Com. Thomas, 262 and n.
Percy, V.-Ad. Hon. Josceline, 204, 493
Percy, Capt. Hon. William Henry, 555
Peregrine (Mar.), Lieut. Hugh, 486*
Peridier, Capt, J. A., 478, 481
Perkins, Capt. John, 321
Perlen, 215, 275, 296, 297, 565
Perquisites, Cooks', 22
Perros-Guirec, 485, 551
Perrot (Mir.), Lieut. Samuel, 81, 82
Perry, 535

Persanne, 496, 497, 561
Persano, Admiral C. P. di, 258
Perseus, 50
Persian, 554
Persian Gulf, The, 446
Pert, 428, 551, 558
Pertuis Breton, 332, 377
I'ertuis d'Antioche, 253, 255
Pesaro, 437
Pescara, 477

Pesquies, Point, 220, 222, 224, 228, 230, 567
Peter, Lieut. Robert, 382, 551
Petion, of Hayti, Genl., 500
Petite Fille, 328, 556
1'ettet, Com. Robert, 109, 442
Petticoats, Seamen's, 35
Pettman, Capt, Thomas, 470
Petty Officers, 27, 31, 33

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

607

Pevrieu, Capt. Etienne, 68

Peyman, Genl., 211, 213, 214, 215, 21G

Peyton, K.-Ad. John, 39

Peyton, Capt. Sir John Strutt, 513, 516

Phaeton, 297, 298 n., 30], 3G6, 411

Phaeton, 52 n., 375, 557

Pheasant, 234, 552

Phelan, Mrs., 508

Philadelphia, 197

Philibert, Capt. I'. H., 544

Philippine Islands, 366, 411

Phillimore, Capt. Sir John, 533, 541, 542,

562

Phillips, R.-Ad. James Robert, 348
Phillott, Capt. Charles George Rodney, 437,

443, 548

Philomel, 280, 281, 290, 513
Phipps, 475, 505
Phoebe, 54, 74, 91, 97, 98, 128, 131, 132,

294 n., 298 n., 302, 486*, 486**, 560, 567
Phoenix, 392, 564
Phoenix, 121 and n., 169, 170, 171, 173,

174, 241, 242, 357, 368-370, 357
Phosphorus, 387
Physician of the Fleet, 98
Pianosa, 421
Piave, Kiver, 443
Pickernell, Lieut. Thomas, 249
Pickford, Com. Charles, 84 and n., 553
Pickle, 131, 157, 168, 517, 552
Pickmore, V.-Ad. Francis, 40, 185, 296,

374

Pirtou, 554
Pied du roi, 10
Piedmontaise (name of Piemontaise after

capture), 292
Pidmontaise, 203 n., 382-384, 391, 392,

407-410, 558 (2)
Pierce, John, 381
Piercer, 420, 540
Pierrepont, R.-Ad. William, 42
Pierres Noires Rocks, 549
Piet Hein, 438, 564
Pietra Nera, 522
Pis-tails, 36
Pigeon, 355, 550, 552
Pigeon Island, 284 and n.
Pigmy, 550, 551
Pigot, Capt. George (1), 395, 551
Pigot, Capt. George (2), 203, 363, 415
Pigot, Admiral Sir Hugh (3), 251, 283 n.,

427, 431, 436, 559, 567
Pike, 389, 551, 563
Pilade, 415, 427, 558
Pilch, Com. Robert, 440
Pilfold, Capt. John, 131
Pillau, 511

Pilot, 309, 458, 485, 492, 503, 506
Pilots, 218, 318, 462
Pincher, 213

Pine : see also Pitch-pine, 14
Pines, Isle of, 389
Pinsum, Capt. Jacques, 390, 427

Pinto, Maj. Joaquim Manosl, 285

Pinto, Com. Thomas, 446, 553

Pipers, Ships', 22

Pipon, Capt. Philip (1), 50, 540

Pipon (Mar.), Lieut. Philip, 494

P ii>ue, 27, 58 n., 81, 82, 375, 556, 557,

Pirates, 393, 500, 530

Pitch-pine, 13, 14

Pitt, 13 n., 373, 393, 412

Pitt, Rt. Hon. William, 6

Pitts, Mids. William, 157

Plampin, V.-Ad. Robert, 43, 186, 385

Plan of attack, Nelson's, 103

Plantagenet, 232, 233, 324

Plate, River : see La Plata, Rio de

Plates, 22

Plencia, 509

Plover, 275, 559

Plowman, Lieut. George, 399

Plumper, 177, 550, 553, 554

Pluto, 239, 240, 564

Pluton, 52 n., 94 and n., 106, 112, 115,

120 n., 131, 151, 152, 162 and n., 246 n.,

558

Pluvier, 491, 492, 560
Plymouth, 4, 6, 27, 28, 36, 48, 110, 118,

119, 125, 174, 186, 196, 232, 256, 257,

258 n., 308, 325, 370, 553, 560
Po, River, 515, 526

Pocock, Mids. Edward 0 , 518

Podaryus, 510, 566

Pogson, Com. Henry Freeman Young, 555

Poictiers, 303, 567

Point Quilmes, 205

Pointe-a-Pitre, 251

Pointe Bombe, 68

Pointe de 1'Aiguillon, 377

Pointe de 1'Eguille, 263

Pointe de Graves, 491

Pointe des Baleines, 252

Pointe des Chats, 413

Pointe des Galets, 444

Pointe des Medes, 296

Pointe du Diablo, 460

Pointe du Che, 471

Pointe du Raz, 252, 326

Pointe Noire, Guadeloupe, 431

Pointe Ste. Luce, Martinique, 283

Pointe Talieu, 499

Poisson Volant, 556

Pola, 501

Polder fever, 277 and n.

Pole, Hon. H. W. W., 4

Poles entered as Royal Marines, 82 n.

Policastro, 503, 506

Pollard, Lieut. John, 142 n., 143 n.

Polonais, 307, 435

Polyphemus, 131, 151, 155, 157, 160, 186 n.,

235, 385, 429, 435, 441, 558, 562
Pomona, 388, 563
Pomone, 278 (2), 279, 400 (2), 432, 433,

439, 483, 484, 496, 553, 560 (2)

608

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

Pompee, 11, 199 and n., 210, 219, 220, 222,

224, 283 n., 303, 305, 427, 435, 436, 558

559

Pondicherry, 49, 58, 59
Ponee, Lieut., 486**
Pontevedra, 384
Pcmtra rock, 263
Ponza, 522, 523, 537
Pool, Capt. Bartholomew Jacobus, 418
Pope, 402

Pope, Lieut, John, 520
Popham, ]t.-Ad. Sir Home Riggs, 43, 72,

185, 201-207, 210, 234, 272, 275, 508,

557, 563, 564

Popham, Capt. Stephen, 473, 474
Porcupine, 243, 307, 403, 420, 421, 558
Poryey, 554
Porpoise, 549
Porquelle Rock, Brest, 123
Porquerolles, 74, 306
Port Augusta, 246 n.
Port au Prince, 500
Port Baltic, 249
Port Colon, 563
Port Dauphin, 556
Port d'Espagne, 283 n., 400
Port Louis, France, 413
Port Louis, Mauritius, 294, 373, 425, 426,

459, 460, 461, 462, 465,466, 467, 468,

486*

Port Mahon, 56 n., 384, 562
Port Royal, Jamaica, 80, 236, 501, 554
Port St. Giorgio, Lissa, 472, 481, 495, 502
Port Sambar, 298
Port San Stefano, 512
Port Vendres, 406

Porte, The Sublime, 217 : see also Turkey
Portel, Le, 51, 68
Porter (U.S.N.), Capt. David, 567
Portland, William Henry, Duke of, 230 n.
Porto del Infreschi, 487, 560
Porto d'Anzio, 421
Porto Krcole, 487, 515
Porto Ferrajo, Elba, 308, 483
Porto Praya, 545
Porto Re, 532
Porto Torres, 76
Portsmouth, 4, 15, 25, 27, 36, 48, 49, 53

and n., 62, 110, 117, 206, 232, 234, 257 D.,

269, 543
Portugal, 59, 175, 232, 233, 271, 285, 305,

352, 415, 416, 519, 549, 550
Portuguese Bay, Amboyna, 291
Portuguese navy, 102
Positano, 494, 560
Postilion, 397
Postilion, 563

Poulain, Capt. J. B. J. R., 131
Poursuivante, 317, 318, 325
Powell, Com. George Eyre, 518
Powerful, 186 n., 187, 240 and n., 385, 392
Poyntz, Admiral Stephen, 196
Pozzuoli, 440

Frames, 62, 65, 66, 70, 71, 178, 179, 211,
492, 493

Pratt, Com. George, 293 and n.

Prescott, Admiral Sir Henry, 458, 459 and n.

President, 15, 324, 498, 529, 554, 567

Presidente, 298 n., 302, 391, 392, 558

Pressburg, Treaty of, 198

Preston, Capt, Robert, 431

Prevost, Brig.-Genl. Sir George, 182, 284

Price, Lieut. , 213

Price, R.-Ad. David, 490

Price, Lieut. Francis Svvaine, 157

Price, Capt. George, 403, 486

Price, Com. John (3), 67, 68, 416

Price, Lieut, Thomas, 551

Price (Mar.), Lieut. Thomas, 530, 532

Price, Com. William, 176, 564

1'rieur, Lieut. Peter Stephen, 360

Primrose, 548, 552

Prince, 131, 149 n., 156, 160

Prince Edward's Island, 554

Prince's Isles, 224, 226

Prince of Asturias, 182

Prince if Wales, 111, 112, 114, 116, 117,
128, 210, 323, 385, 534

Princess Augusta, 327, 489

Princess Caroline, 438, 442, 564, 565

Princess Charlotte, 348, 349, 371, 520,
557

Princess Sophia, 565

Princesse, 437

Principe de Asturias, 120 n., 131, 132,
134, 155, 156

Principe de Brazil, 233 n.

Principe Eugenia, 401 n., 563

Principe Beale, 233 n.

Principessa Augusta, 478, 479
: Principessa di Bologna, 478

Prinds Christian Frederik, 414, 565

Prindsesse Caroline, 215, 216, 565

Prindsesse Sophia Vrederike, 215, 565

Pringle, Capt. George, 283 n.

Pringle, Capt, James, 476

Prisoners, naval, 22

Prisoners of war, 37

Privateers, 108, 251, 316, 324, 325, 329,
330, 331, 335, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343,
345, 346, 347, 348, 352, 355, 360, 362,
363, 372, 373, 376, 382, 384, 385, 387,
388, 389, 393, 395, 397, 398, 400, 401,
402, 404, 405, 407, 412, 425, 426, 429,
437, 438, 439, 445, 449, 452, 458, 471,
472, 473, 475, 47 , 481, 486, 503, 509,
510, 511, 513, 515, 518, 523, 525, 534,
535, 539, 543, 547, 549, 550, 551, 552,
553, 554, 555, 563

Prize Agency, Frauds in, 6, 8

Prize money, 32, 448

Proas, Malay, 299, 451

Procida, 440

Procris, 298 n., 299

Proctor, Lieut. James, 552
Proctor, Com. Peter, 450, 564

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

609

Proctor, H.-Ad. Sir William Beauohamp,

Bart, 412

Prometheus, 441, 442
Prophalow, Lieut. Col. van, 202
Proselyte, 552

Proserpine, 83, 245, 432, 552, 564
Prospers, 561
Prospero, 551
Prota, 226, 227, 229, 567
Proteau, Capt. Guillaume Marcellin, 270
Protector, 201, 202
Providence, 551
Providence, 70, 320, 556
Prowse, Com. Thomas, 551
Prowse, R.-Ad. William (1), 112, 114, 131,

135, 379, 557

Prussia, 198, 207, 208, 209, 232, 305
Prvnn, Lieut. Parkins, 160
Psyche, 239, 294 n., 298 n. (2), 556, 564
Psyche, 343, 344, 355, 356, 556
Puercos rocks, 162
Pueridon, the Argentine leader, 206
Puerto de Banes, 384
Puerto Bello, 397
Puerto Cabello, 388
Puerto Cispata, 397
Puerto Colon, Majorca, 376
Puerto Galletta, 509
Puerto de Haz, 398

Puerto Rico, ]08, 359, 361, 364, 375, 559
Puerto Santa Maria, 163
Puget, R.-Ad. Peter, 210, 213, 247 n.
Pufiliese, 443, 559

Pulla, Cagliari, 76, 86, 90, 93, 94, 98
Pulo Laut, 301
Pultusk, 271 n., 283 n., 446
Punishments, 22, 28-31
Punta del Corralete, 376
Punta Catalana, 192
Punta del Maestra, 515
Punta Nisao, 192
Punta Paleuque, 189
Purcell, Capt. Edward, 566
Purchase of seamen's discharge, 19
Pursers, 23, 35
" Pursers' names," 31
Purvis, Admiral John Child (1), 39, 233,

242, 246

Pylades, 83, 535, 559, 564
Pym, Admiral Sir Samuel, 188, 191, 444,

457, 459, 460, 461, 462-465, 466, 553

QUARTER-GALLERIES, 12

Quarter-ports, 369

Quebec, 194

Quebec, 217, 473, 489

Queen, 102, 126, 163

Queen Charlotte, 470

Queen Mob, 565

Queen's Battery, Diamond Rock, 333

Querengal, Commod. P. M. J., 321

Quevedo, Capt. Don Jose, ]31

Quiberon Bay, 93, 328, 549, 550

VOL. V.

Quilliam, Capt. John, 157
Quimper, 315
Quin', V.-Ad. Michael, 517
Quintana, Don Josef de La, 205

Racehorse, 486*, 486**, 556

Racer, 553, 555

Racoon, 321, 326, 328, 329, 555, 556

Radstock, V.-Ad. Hon. Granville George

Waldegrave, Lord, 296, 458, 459, 524,

560

Raggett, Capt. Richard, 210
Raggio, Com., 478
Ragoznica, 487, 533, 560
Ragusa, 97, 306, 403, 484, 488, 536
Railleur, 176
Railleuse, 341
Rainbow, 430, 450, 558
Rainha de Portugal, 233 n.
Rainier, Admiral Peter (1), 48, 58, 59,

293
Rainier, Capt. Peter (2), 239, 392, 540,

564
Raisonnable, 112, 201, 204, 205, 235, 365,

366, 444

Raitt, Capt. William, 280, 439
Raleigh, 241

Ram, Lieut. William, 157
Ramatuelle, Capt., 453
Rambler, 471
Ramillies, 185, 374
Hanger, 371, 550

Raoul, Commod. Francois, 300, 301
Raoul, Com. J. F., 426
Rapace, 553
Rapid, 4Hi, 552, 563
Rapide, 555

Raposa, 372, 373, 552, 562
Ras-el-Khyma, 446
Bathborne, Capt. Wilson, 171
Rats, 21

Ratsey, R.-Ad. Edward, 366 and n.
Rattler, 65, 66, 556
Rattlesnake, 31, 385, 567
Rattones, 563
Ratoizan, 247 n.
Raven, 274, 489, 509, 549, 550
Ravenshaw, Com. George, 193 n.
Raynsford, Capt. Robert, 551
Rayo, 131, 149, 162, 163, 562
Rea (Mar.), Capt. Henry, 505
Read (Mar.), Lieut. John, 285
Read (U.S.N.), Lieut. George U., 567
Ready. Mate Henry, 159
Rear-Admirals, 32, 39-43
Receiving ships, 21
Reciprocite, 566
Recruit, 283 n., 284, 424, 425, 435, 436,

559

Red, Admirals of the, 32
Red Island, 553
Redbreast, 489, 540
Sedbridge, 549, 550, 551

2 S

<310

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

Reding, Lieut. Edward, 199

Eedmill, Capt. Robert, 131

RedoutaWe, 120 n., 131, 139-144, 146, 147,

162, 557
Redpole, 255 n., 258, 260, 267, 492, 493,

559
Redwing, 41f, 432, 524, 527, 534, 563

Reece, Mids. Thomas G , 159

Rees, Lieut. Thomas G-wynne, 485
Rees, Lieut. William Lee, 522, 531
Reeve, Lieut. William, 521
Reeves (Mar.), Lieut. Lewis Buckle, 157
Reeves (Mar.), Lieut. Thomas, 534
Reform of the Admiralty, 5, 6, 7
Reggio, 245

Regiments: 78th, 200; 24tt, 201; 93rd,
202; 38th, 202 n. ; Queen's, 204; 54th,
204 ; 71s*, 204 ; 35th, 281, 518 ; Madras
European, 291, 292; Uth, 299; 89th,
299; 6th (French), 402; 24tt, 256 and
n. ; Madras Artillery, 459; 69tt, 459,
464, 469; 33ro!, 459, 464; 86^,466, 467,
469: 62nd, 494; 57th (French), 504 ;
75th, 522 ; 10th, 522
Regulus, 197 and n., 252, 255 n., 259, 262,

263, 264, 265, 267, 268, 304, 307, 562
Reina Luisa, 563
Reindeer, 375, 428, 555
Reitrada, 401
Rejouie, 559
Rembang, 298
Rembang, 564
Renard, 307, 359, 382, 407, 507, 508, 534,

554, 556, 557
Renaud, Capt. J. M., 357
Renegades, Irish, 295, 452
Rennes, 169

Reunie, Lieut. George, 276, 438
Rennie, Oapt. George Lucas, 294 n.
Renommee, 11, 84, 179, 340, 376, 403, 446,

486*, 486**, 553, 560, 563
Renou, Lieut. Timothy, 159, 491
Renown, 54, 242, 279, 559
Renshaw (U.S.N.), Lieut. 567
Repington, R.-Ad. Edward Henry a'Court :

see a'Court, R.-Ad. Edward Henry
Reprisals, 246 n.
Republicain, 122

Repulse, 111, 112, 185, 195 n., 219, 220,
222, 224, 226, 228, 243, 244, 276, 290,
374, 527

Requin, 418, 419, 558
Resistance, 535, 549
Resolute, 503
Resolutie, 239

Resolution, 210, 255 n., 262, 268
Resource, 329
Reunion, 388, 558

Reunion, or Bourbon, 59, 382, 393, 409,
444, 452, 457, 458, 460, 465, 466, 467,
468, 559, 560
Reval, 209
Revanche, 375, 386, 404, 559

Revenge, 20 and n., 21, 23, 24, 25, 131, 153,
155, 156, 160, 252, 253, 254, 255 n., 262,
264, 265 and n., 266, 268, 385, 390, 474,
539

Revolutie, 239, 240, r>64
Revolutionnaire, 122 n., 171, 173, 174,

529

Rewards and honours, 166-168, 174 and n.,
217, 238, 270, 293, 325, 327, 338, 428 n.,
454, 481
Reynolds, V.-Ad. Sir Harrington, 298 n.,

300, 376

Reynolds, Capt. George, 455
Reynolds, Capt. John (3), 554
Reynolds, R.-Ad. Robert Carthew (1), 40,

497, 553
Reynolds, Lieut. Robert Carthew (2), 334

and n., 335, 556
Rhe, Isle, 253, 332, 451
Shin, 89, 112, 131, 197, 387, 508, 558
Rhodian, 554

Rhone, River, 406, 504, 561
Richard, 381

Richards, Com. Harry Lord, 554
Richards, Com. William, 539
Richardson, V.-Ad. Sir Charles, 83, 185, 196,

242, 253, 255 n., 272, 276, 491
Richardson, Lieut. George, 540
Richardson, Capt. Henry (1), 199
Richardson, Lieut. Henry (2), 67, 68
Richardson, Lieut. Samuel, 531
Richardson, Capt. William (3), 506
Riches, Capt.'s Clerk John, 540
Riches, Lieut. Thomas, 540
Richmond, 398
Ridge, Com. John James, 552
Kidgway, Mids. David, 192
Rifleman, 566
Rigby, Lieut. Peter, 213
Rinaldo, 475, 492, 493, 504
Ringdove, 283 n., 447
Ringkjobing, 498
Rio Chuelo, 205
Rio de Janeiro, 233
Ripon, 538

Rivers, Lieut. William, 157
Riviere des Pluies, 457
Riviere Noire, 443, 452, 462
Rivoli, 309, 501, 502, 561, 562
Rix, Lieut. George Albert, 521
Robben Island. Table Bay, 201
Roberts, Com. Mitchell, 526, 530, 531, 552,

562

Roberts, Mr. T., 13
Roberts, Capt. William, 436, 447
Robertson, Lieut.-Col., 245, 518
Robertson, Lieut. James (2), 445
Robertson, Lieut. William (1), 551
Robilliard, Capt. William, 510, 511
Robinson, Lieut. Edward, 521
Robinson, Boatswain James, 158
Robinson, Admiral Mark (2), 40, 89
Robinson, Boatswain Thomas, 159

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

611

Robson, Mate William, 454

Robuste, 278, 279, 559

Rochambeau, Genl., 56

Roche Bonne, 241

Roche, Mids. Thomas Owen, 346

Rochefort, 48, 49, 53, 75, 76 n., 77, 85 n.,
92, 95, 110, 111, 118, 119, 120, 124, 125,
127, 169, 170 n., 182, 184, 18fi, 187, 197,
208, 241, 242, 243, 252, 253, 255, 268,
287, 295, 304, 316, 318, 365, 367, 371,
372, 387, 390, 491, 550, 551, 557, 558

Rochelle, La, 255, 448

Rockets, 256 and n., 258, 260, 265, 267,
272, 406, 467, 474

Rddby, 215

Rodd, V.-Ad. Sir John Tremayne, 122, 255
n., 265, 266

Rodi, 433

Rodriguez Island, 294, 309, 395, 444, 457,
467, 557

Roeskilde, 215

Rogers, of the Windsor Castle, William,
402

Rogers, R.-Ad. Thomas, 43, 242, 424, 476

Roggersvik, 249, 250

•" Rogue's March," The, 28

Rolla, 557

Holland, Capt. P. N., 112, 306

Holies, V.-Ad. Robert, 43

Roman, 558

Rome, 515

Romney, 550

Romney, Lieut. Francis Darby, 511, 540

Romulus, 306

Roncn, 416, 558

Roodneff, Capt., 248

Rook, 425, 552

Roompot, The, 272

Roper, Lieut. George B , 491

Roper, Lieut. Richard, 540

Rope's end, Use of, 30

Roquebert, Commod. Franfois, 486*, 486**

Rorie, Lieut. John James, 236 n.

Jlosalie, 84

Rosamond, 448, 560

Rosario, 324, 476, 502, 503, 561

Rosas Bay, 280, 407, 419, 549

Rose, 339

Rose, Rt. Hon. George, 4

Rose, Mate Hector, 470

Rose, Com. James, 539, 540

Rose, Capt. Jonas, 194, 210, 233, 552

Roseau, Dominica, 182

Rosehill, Mids. George, Lord, 395

Rosenhagen, Capt. Philip Lewis J , 419,

558

Rosenquest, Lieut., 478

Rosensgen Island, 292

Rosetta, 231

Rosia Bay, Gibraltar, 101

Rosily, V.-Ad. Francois Etienne, 76, 77,
125, 129, 168, 246

Roskruge, Lieut. Francis, 158

Ross, V.-Ad. Charles Bayne Hodgson, 81,

308, 375, 557, 562
Ross, Capt. Sir John, 511
Rosslyn, Lieut.-Genl. Earl of, 277
Rossollis, 559

Rota, 131 n., 161, 163, 414, 557
Rota, 215, 275, 565
Rotheram, Capt. Edward, 121 n , 131
Roundham Head, 550
Rons, Admiral Hon. Henry John, 27 and n.,

518

Rousse, He, 539
Rousseau, Genl., 274
Rousseau, Capt. B. L., 478
Rousseau, Capt. J. B. A., 431
Roussiri, Capt. A. R., 516
Routine, Ships', 21, 22
l.'ovigno, 433, 514, 533, 559
Rowe, Lieut. James, 531
Rowe, Com. Thomas, 475
Howe, Purser Thomas, 309
Rowed, Com. Henry, 326, 327 and n., 556
Rowley, V.-Ad. Sir Charles, 43, 199, 242,

495, 515, 516, 526, 530, 532, 533, 537,

560
Rowley, Admiral Sir Josias, Bart., 43, 112,

201, 235, 294 and n., 306, 365, 444, 457,

462, 466, 467, 468, 469, 470, 505, 507,

560

Rowley, R.-Ad. Samuel Campbell, 554
Royal Commission of 1803, 6
Royal George, 219, 220, 222, 225, 226, 227,

228, 229, 231, 336, 337, 338
Royal Naval Asylum, 32, 33
Royal Oak, 272, 492, 493
Royal Sovereign, 72, 89, 102, 128, 131, 136,

137, 145, 146, 150, 158, 160, 161, 162,

168, 222 n., 242, 307
Royal Warrants, 32
Royalist, 437, 529, 538, 559, 560, 561
Royan, 491

Rubis, 519-521, 554, 561
Ruby, 210, 233
Rugen, 210 and n., 554
Rule, Sir William, 4, 13 n., 15
Rum, 22 and n.

Runciman, Mids. , 84

Running the gauntlet, 29

Ruppelmonde, 277

Rushworth, Capt. Edward, 389, 493

Russell, 31, 392, 555

Russell, Com. Robert (1), 555

Russell, Admiral Thomas Macuamara, 217

Russell, Com. William (2), 415

Russia, 35, 46, 47, 198, 207, 209, 218, 231,

232 233, 234, 216 and n., 247, 278, 281,

288, 303, 305, 401, 441, 523, 539, 566
Russians in the Britisli service, 34, 35, 395
Rasthof, 240

Rutherfurd, Capt. William Gordon, 131
Ryan, Purser Eugene, 508
Ryves, R.-Ad. George Frederick (1), 54,

2 S 2

612

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

SABA, 290

Sabben, Lieut. James, 160

Saline, 486

Sabiona, 486

Sable Island, 554

Sables d'Olonne, 254, 332, 400, 559

Safeguard, 213, 553

So/o, 403, 558

Sagesse, 556

Sagone, Corsica, 483

St. : nee also Ste., San, Sao, etc.

St. Andre, 486

St. Anne, Cura9oa, 80, 81, 82, 237

St. Aubin, 503, 550

St. Cataldo, 517, 526

St. Christopher : see St. Kitts

Saint Cricq, Capt. J., 375, 486*, 486**

St. Croix, 239

St. Denis, Reunion, 457, 465, 467

St. fisprit, 515

St. Eufemia, Gulf of, 19i)

St. Eustatius, 290

St. Francois de Paule, 487

St. George, 185, 497, 498, 553

St. George, Lieut. William M , 158

St. Gildas, 470

St. Giorgio, Cattaro, 536

St. Giorgio, Lissa : see Port St. Georgio

S. Helena, 247 n.

St. Helena, 77, 169, 184, 185, 204, 308, 338,

371, 373
St. Helen's, 163
St. Jacques, 470
St. Jean de Luz, 537
St. John of Jerusalem, Order of, 40
St. John's, Newfoundland, 554
St. Joseph, 561

St. Kitts (St. Christopher), 183, 187, 193
St. Lawrence, 555
St. Lawrence, River, 552, 553
St. Louis, Senegal, 282
St. Lucia, 50, 77, 182, 309, 555
St. Lucia, 551

St. Malo, 48, 389, 390, 521, 545, 550, 558
St. Marc, San Domingo, 556
St. Marcouf, 474, 490
St. Martin, 252, 290
St. Mary, Biver, 363
St. Michael, Azores, 551
St. Nicolas Mole : see Cape St. Nicolas Mole,

and Mole St. Nicolas
St. Paul, Keunion, 393, 444, 445, 458, 462,

466, 467, 468, 469, 470
St. Paul's Cathedral, 164
St. Pierre, Island, 558
St. Pierre, Martinique, 283, 284, 339, 340,

395, 429, 558
S. Rafael, 247 n.
St. Stefano, 54
St. Thomas, 188, 194, 239
St. 'J?/.omas, 211, 215, 216 and n., 565
St. Vaast, 471, 477
St. Valery-en-Caux, 50, 180, 538, 550, 551

St. Valery-sur-Somme, 68

St. Vincent, Adm. of the Fleet Sir John
Jervis, Earl, 2, 3, 6, 7, 27, 35, 88 n., 197,
232, 270, 407 n.

St. Vincent, West Indies, 107

Ste. Marguerite, Isle, 507

Sainte Marie, Guadeloupe, 445

Sainte Marie, Reunion, 457

Ste. Susanne, Col., 458

Saiutes, The, 415, 431, 435, 447, 549, 555

Salafael, 247 n.

Salamandre, 558

Salamine, 501

Salatiga, 302

Salcedo, R.-Ad., 95, 97

Saldanha, 553

Saldanha Bay, 202

Salerno, Gulf of, 494

Salgado, Com., 285

Salkeld, Lieut. Thomas, 523

Sally, 207, 208

Salmon, Master John, 340

Salmon, Lieut. John, 551

Salorman, 250, 553, 565

Salsette, 13 and n., 202 n., 250, 566

Salt River, 202

Saltholm, 420

Saltholmen, 215

Salutes, 126, 228

Salvages, The, 186

Samana Bay, 397, 428

Samarang, 239, 56 1

Samarang, 240 n., 291, 292, 298 n., 302

Sambilangan, 240

Samso, 492, 510, 560

San Agustin, 121 n., 131, 148, 163, 562

San Bernardino Strait, 366

San Cristovil Pano, 562

San Domingo, 48 n., 49, 56-58, 77, 80, 82 n.,
93, 95, 183, 184, 186, 188-193, 316, 318,
321, 322, 329, 331, 347, 360, 372, 375,
397, 405, 428, 429, 430, 441, 450, 552,

555, 556, 557, 558, 559
San Domingo, 276, 317

San Fiorenzo, 203 n., 355-357, 403-410,

556, 558

San Francisco de Asis, 121 n., 131, 149,

162

San Fulyencio, 121 n., 129
San Ildefonso, 121 u., 131, 156, 161 n., 163,

562

San Jacinto, 366

San Josef, 100, 305, 384, 403, 563
San Juan, 515 n.
San Juan Baptista, 547, 548
San Juan Neporauceno, 121 n., 131, 150 n.,

152, 155, I,j6, 163, o62
San Juan de Ulloa, 503
San Justo, 131, 137, 139, 150, 155 n.
San Leandro, 131, 137, 139, 150
San Lucar, 163, 554
San Nicolas, 508
San Nicolo Island, 484

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

613

San Pan, 564

San Pedro, 135, 361

San Pietro, 89, 94

San Rafael, 99, 101, 112, 115, 116 n., 562

San Salvador, 193, 196, 201

San Sebastian, 529, 554

Sand Castle, 220 n.

Sand for cleaning decks, 21

Sanders, Capt. George, 177, 207, 283 n.

Sanders, Com. William, 193 n.

Sandilands, Com. Alexander Albert, 527

Sandown, 550

Sans Souci, 472, 473

Santa Ana, 26, 131, 136 and n., 137, 138,

139, 141, 150, 151, 163, 562
Sta. Gertrudis, 562
Sta. Lucia, 555
Santa Magdalena, 107, 112
Santa Margarita, 170, 174
Sta. Margarita, 551
Sta. Marinella, 537
Santa Marta, 389
Santa Maura, 288, 438
Santander, 421, 438, 512, 551, 559
Santiago, Canary Islands, 95, 96 and n.
Santiago, Cuba, 96 n., 326, 407
Santiago, San Domingo, 58
Santisima Trinidad, 26, 131, 136 n., 138,

139, 141, 147, 148, 149 and n., 163, 562
Santoua, 529
Sao Antonio, 540

Sao Thiago, Cape de Verdes, 96 n., 545
Saona, 347
Saparoua, 291
Sappho, 407, 565
Sapri, 506

Saracen, 306, 531, 536, 561
Sardinia, 54, 72, 89, 90, 91, 92, 97, 98, 243,

245, 320, 556

Sargent, Capt. William, 547
Sarpen, 215, 565
Sarpedon, 554
Sarsfield, Mate Barry, 396
Sartorius, Ad. of the Fleet Sir George Rose,

451, 453
Satellite, 553
Satin, Capt. J. A., 496
Saturn, 13 n., 413
Saumarez, Admiral Sir James Saumarez,

Lord de, 50, 86, 247 n., 248, 250, 258,

270, 288, 318, 441
Saunders, Lieut. Thomas (2), 505
Saurin, Capt. Edward, 505, 506
Savanna La Mar, 360
Savary, R.-Ad. Daniel, 180
Savory, Purser Thomas, 285, 286
Sawyer, .Admiral Sir Herbert (2), 40
Saxton, Capt. Sir Charles, Bart., 4
Sayer, R.-Ad. George (1), 298 n., 299, 300,

387, 395, 558

Scandril Kichuc Ali, Capt., 421
Scarborough, 407
Sceptre, 31, 288, 290, 338, 393, 448

Schank, Admiral John, 40

Schelde, River, 48, 271, 272, 273, 277, 287,

295, 303, 304, 509
Schleswig-Holstein, 217
Schomberg, V.-Ad. Alexander Wilmot, 430,

431, 558
Schomberg, Capt. Sir Charles Marsh, 232,

486*, 486**, 560
Schomberg, Capt. Isaac, 4
Schoneveld, 65
Schoolmasters, 32
Schouwen, 272, 277
Schrikmrwekker, 564
Schuyts, 176 and n.
Scilla, 200, 201, 245, 459
Scilly Islands, 102, 170, 550, 553
Scipio, 239, 564
Scipion, 52 n., 89, 112, 120 n., 131, 149 n.,

161 n., 171-174, 298 n., 300 n., 305, 557
Scorpion, 342, 447, 449, 560, 564
" Scotch coffee," 22
Scotland, 60, 78, 514, 552
Scott, V.-Ad. Sir George (L), 431, 432, 451,

560

Scott, Capt. George (2), 486**
Scott, Lieut. Isaac William, 327
Scott, Nelson's secretary, Mr. John, 157
Scott, V.-Ad. Matthew Henry, 42
Scott, Capt. Robert, 551
Scott, Capt. William Isaac, 529
Scott, Lieut. William (2), 550
Scourye, 333, 334
Scout', 163 n., 280, 439, 483, 560
Scrapers, 22

Scriven, Master Thomas, 159
Scriven, Com. Timothy, 537, 561
Scurvy, 248

Scylla, 485, 538, 560, 561
Sea Power, Influence of, 2, 181, 281, 310
Sea sickness, 331
Seaflower, 240 n., 392, 557
Seaford, 553
Seaforth, 550

Seagrove, Lieut. James, 471, 547
Seafjull, 325, 326, 411, 550, 552, 558
Seahorse, 54, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 345, 361,

421-423, 567
Sealark, 511, 552
Scale, Capt. Charles Henry, 540
Seamen, 31

Seamen, Grievances of, 18, 19, 20-31
Seamen voted, Number of, 8, 9
Searching neutrals, 381
Searle, R.-Ad. Thomas, 403, 414, 415, 416,

563

Searle, R.-Ad. John Clarke, 4
Sebastian!, Marshal Comte, 225 n., 227
Seccombe, Capt. Thomas, 245, 398, 402
Seeker (Mar.), Serg., 143
Secretaries of the Admiralty, 4
Sedil Bahr, 220
Sedley, Lieut. John, 551
Seeland (Zealand), 209, 214, 215, 497

614

INDEX TO VOLUME V,

Segges, Gunner James, 202

Seierherre, 215, 565

Seine, 194, 361, 413 n., 446-448, 549, 559,

560, 561

Seine, Hiver, 67, 550
Seins, He de, 320, 556
Selby, Ca.pt. William, 50, 251, 270, 395
Self-confidence, Unjustifiable, 2, 3
Sellabar, 59
Selsey, Capt. Hon. Henry John Peacliey,

Lord, 292 and n., 298 n., 564
Sehvyn, Com. Charles William, 552
Semaphores, 406
Semillante, 49, 336, 348-350, 366, 373, 393,

411-413, 425
Semiramis, 491, 560
Senegal, 77, 84, 282, 283, 316, 340
Seniavine, V.-Ad. Dmitri Nicolaevitch, 219,

226 n., 230, 231 and n., 233, 234, 247
Sentinel, 554

Seppings, Sir Robert, 4, 12 and n.
Sept Freres, 329
Seraglio Point, 218
Serapis, 83
Seron, 340

Serpent, 372, 424, 551, 558, 562, 564
Serpentina, 91
Serra, 519-521
Settee, 395 n.
Seuneville, 180
Seven Islands (Ionian Islands), Republic of

the, 281

Severn, 14, 544, 550
Sevilla, 246
Sewolod, 248-250, 566
Seychelles Islands, 309
Seymour, Adm. of the Fleet Sir George

Francis, 192, 255 n., 266, 377-379
Seymour, R.-Ad. Sir Michael (1), Bart.,

253, 275, 427, 433-435 and n., 546, 558,

559, 562

Seymour, Lieut. Richard, 374
Shamrock, 539, 540 n., 553 (2)
Shannon, 234 n., 332, 428, 549, 567
Sharpe, V.-Ad. Alexander Renton, 483
Sharpshooter, 389, 452
Shaw, 336 n.

Shaw, Capt. Charles (2), 513
Shaw, Com. Isaac, 524, 527
Shaw, Lieut. James, 398
Shead (U.S.N.), Sailg. Master, 567
Shearwater, 289
Sheerness, 4, 164, 550
Shetrness, 326, 556

Sheldrake, 389, 390, 482, 483, 558, 566
Shells, 69, 123, 214, 222, 261, 264, 275,

276, 384, 516

Shepheard, Capt. William, 556
Sheridan, Rt. Hon. Richard Brinsley, 4
Sherman (Mar.), Capt. Thomas, 471, 534
Sherriff, Com. John, 404, 556
Shield, Admiral William, 4 (2), 42, 244
Shiels, Lieut. David, 415

Shipley, Charles, 415

Shipley, Capt. Conway, 83, 209, 342, 398,

415

Shippard, R.-Ad. Alexander, 51, 552
Ships of the Navy, Active List of, 10, 85
Shirley, Lieut. Thomas (2), 176
Shirreff, R.-Ad. William Henry, 251
Shivers, V.-Ad. Thomas Revell, 40
Shoal Bay, 554

Shortland, Capt. John, 446, 553
Shortland, Capt. Thomas George, 218, 220'
Shot, Enormous Turkish, 228, 229, 230
Shot, Red-hot, 56, 274, 419
Shrapnel, Lieut.-Genl. Henry, 277 n.
Shuldham, Lieut. Molyneux (2), 551
Shuldham, Midn. William, 83
Sibly, Capt. Edward Reynolds, 289, 385-

and n., 507, 508, 534, 535, 557
Sibrell, Lieut. John, 420

Sibthorpe, Lieut. , 221 n.

Sibi/lle, 209, 424, 558

Sicily, 91, 92, 98, 198, 200, 220, 243, 244,

245, 306, 440, 481, 494, 522, 536, 551,

552

Sick-bays, 28

Sickness, 248, 277, 290, 298, 318, 322
Sierra Leone, 519 and n.
Signals, 103 and n., 104, 113, 114, 116, 126,

129, 132, 133, 135, 136 and n., 149, 172,

189 and n., 263 and n., 264, 267, 319,

377, 405, 406, 429, 430, 446, 452, 461,.

467, 517, 547, 548
Sigourney(U.S.N.), Mr., 567
Sigri, 398, 567
Silnoi, 247 n.
Silva, 430
Silver Keys, 554
Silvester {formerly Carteret), Capt. Sir

Philip Carteret, Bart., 493, 560
Simens, Lieut. Thomas, 160
Simkin, Lieut. William, 526
Simmonds, Lieut. Richard William, 492,

509, 514, 553, 554
Simmons, Mids. John, 159
Simon's Bay, 203, 381
Simpson, Capt. John, 283 n.
Simpson (Mar.), Lieut. John, 521
Sinclair, Lieut. Alexander, 553
Sinclair, Mate David, 224
Sinclair, Admiral Sir John Gordon, Bart.,

524, 534

Singapore, 292, 298, 553
Sir Francis Drake, 298 and n., 301, 392
Sir William Pulteney, 203
Siren, 555, 567
Sirtne, 74, 89, 106, 107, 108, 11?, 113, 114,

376, 386, 413
Sirius, 112, 113, 114, 116 n., 128, 129, 130,

131, 132, 186 n., 379, 380, 444, 457, 458,

459-465, 466, 553, 557
Skekel, Capt. John, 174, 554
Skene, Capt. John: formerly Smith, Capt..

John (5), g.v.

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

615

Skinner, Com. FitzOwen George, 438
Skinner, Lieut. George Augustus Elliott,
898

Skinner, Lieut. John W- , 420, 552

Skiold, 565

Skjold, 215, 565

Skoroi, 247 n.

Skottowe, Lieut. George, 550

Skylark, 504, 554

Slaughter, Capt. William, 443, 456

Slavers, 394, 404

Sleeping on watch, 31

Slenner, Master Henry George, 455

Sloane, Com. David, 554

Sloe Channel, 274

Sloops, 14, 15, 17,

Sloops, number of, 10

Slops, 21, 35

Slout, Lieut. Samuel, 490

Sluys, 556

Smith, Mids. Charles Thomas, 51G

Smith, Capt. Charles Thurlow, 534

Smith, Lieut. Francis, 421 and n.

Smith, Mids. Henry (la), 235

Smith, Lieut. James Edward, 83

Smith, Lieut. James (3), 370, 562

Smith (later Skene), Capt. John (5), 149,
158, 529

Smith, Mate John (lOa), 330 an' I n.

Smith, Com. John Bernhard, 360, 556

Smith, Lieut. John Samuel (2), 158

Smith, Lieut. Marmacluke, 458

Smith, Mids. Rohert (1), 157

Smith, Com. Robert (2), 542 and n.

Smith, Capt. Thomas (7), 224

Smith, Lieut. William (4a), 388

Smith, Mids. William (5a), 493

Smith, Com. William (4), 550

Smith, Lieut. William (4b), 539

Smith, Com. William Robert, 262 and n.

Smith, Admiral Sir William Sidney, 40, 64,
65, 66, 176, 199, 220, 222, 22J, 224, 232,
233, 234, 285, 287, 534, 564

Smithies, Lieut. Thomas, 6S, 69

Smugglers, 28, 37

Smuggling by naval officers, 27, 28

Snake, 322, 566

Snap, 283 n., 538, 565

Snapper, 553

Snell, Capt. Francis Jackson, 519

Snell, Lieut. John Coxetter, 160

Suellgrove, Lieut. Henry, 159

Sneyd, Capt. Clement, 557

Snow, Mids. William J., 160

Soho ironworks, 168

SoMmy, 282, 552

Soleil, Commod. E. J. N., 390

Sombrero Island, 330

Somerset House, 28 and n.

Somerville, Cart. Philip (1), 275

Sotlieby, Admiral Thomas, 40, 470

Sotheron, Admiral Frank, 42, 54, 198

Soult, Duo de Dalmati^, Marshal, 180

Sound, The, 209, 419, 420

Sourabaya, 239, 240, 300

Sourmiou, 524

South America, 401

South Carolina, 346, 555

South Sand Head lightship, 17

Southampton, 500, 501, 554, 567

Southampton Bar, N. America, 555

Spain, 46, 55, 78, 79, 84, 87, 94 and n.,

175, 245, 246, 247, 250, 271, 305, 307,

323, 351, 361, 362, 374, 395, 419, 421,

424, 433, 486, 506, 508, 529, 562, 563
Spalato, 525

Spanish patriots, 245, 246, 247, 558
Spanish seamanship, 1793-1802, 2
Spar-decked frigates, 13
Spargi, 54
Sparkler, 552
Sparrow, 529, 545, 546
Sparrow, Lieut. Francis, 491
Sparrowhawk, 476
Spartan, 243, 281, 400, 406, 437, 453, 454,

560
Spartiate, 105, 106, 131, 136 n., 140 n.,

150, 158, 242, 440
Sparviero, 453, 454, 560
Spear, Capt. Joseph, 194, 283 n., 296, 31)4,

414

Spear, Capt. Richard, 162 n., 492
Spearing, Lieut. George Augustus, 252
Spearman, Mids. John Robert, 480
Speedwell, 551

Spence, Lieut. Charles, 393, 563
Spence, Capt. Henry Hume, 405
Spencer, Capt. Sir Richard, 291, 551
Spencer, Capt. Hon. Sir Robert Cavendish,

534
Spmcer, 76, 89, 9% 102, 126, 163, 186 n.,

189, 190, 191, 192, 193 n., 210
Speshnoi, 566
Spezzia, 241, 303, 306
Sphinx, 307
Spice Islands, 292
Spider, 563
Spiekeroog, 490
Spies, 34, 35

Spilsburg, Capt. Francis Brockell, 504
" Spit and Polish," 19
Spithead, 27, 28, 53, 86, 100, 110, 125, 185,

1D5 n., 475

" Splicing the main-brace," 23
Sponges, Surgical, 7
Spoons, 22
Sporades, The, 530
Spottiswoode, Robert, 325
Spranger, R.-Ad. John William, 43, 186,

281

Spratt, Lieut. James, 160
Spring detent escapement for chronometers,

Spurking, Mids. Jeremiah, 542
Spy, 517
Squib, 550

616

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

'Stay, 65
Staines, Capt. Sir Thomas, 440

Staines, Mida. William H , 160

Standard, 218, 220, 222, 224, 227, 228, 229,

243, 244, 270, 421, 558
Standly, Com. Robert, 555
Stanfel'l, Capt. Francis, 447, 449, 560
Stanhope, Admiral Hon. Sir Henry Edwyn,

Bart., 210, 217

Stanuus (Mar.), Capt. John, 199
Star, 283 n.
Starling 176 n., 550
Start, the, 511, 534, 559
" Starting," 30
Stately, 414, 565
Statira, 275, 438, 555, 559
Staunch, 294 n., 459, 460, 402, 467, 468,

469, 553, 560
Staoxrn, 215
Steele, Lieut. George, 550
Stege, 215

Stephens, Com. Edward, 554
Stephens, R.-Ad. George Hopewell, 42
Stephens, Admiral Philip (formerly Philip

Wilkinson), 42, 549
Stephens, Capt. William, 168 n., 288
Sterns, Round and square, 12
Steuart, Capt. Hew, 213
Steuart, Lieut. James, 526
Stevenson (Mar.), Sec.-Lieut. Cornelius

James, 174

Stewart, Com. Allan, 414
Stewart, Lieut. Charles, 551
Stewart, Hon. Edward, 4
Stewart, Lieut. George (2), 235
Stewart, Master Hugh, 499
Stewart, Lieut. James (6), 518
Stewart, Capt. James Pattison, 283 n., 400,

482, 510, 566

Stewart, Capt. John, 89, 421-423, 567
Stewart, (H. E. 1. Co.), John, 456
Stewart, Maj., 522

Stewart, Capt. William, 305, 473, 504
Stiles, Capt. John, 382
Stirling, V.-Ad. Charles (1), 39, 110, 111,

112, 119, 206, 234, 235, 557, 563
Stirling, Lieut. James, 441
Stockhani, Capt. John, 131
Stoddart, R.-Ad. Pringle, 213
Stokes, Lieut. John, 470, 530, 537
Stone, Mids. James (2), 159
Stopford, Capt. Kdward (1), 300 and n., 445,

553
Stopford, Admiral Hon. Sir Robert, 40, 89,

163, 186, 192, 210, 253, 254, 255 and n.,

265, 266, 298 n., 300, 301, 302, 559,

564

Stores, Lack of, 79
Storeships, 94

Stork, 283 n., 359, 389, 429, 556, 564
Storms, 49, 54, 76, 92, 129, 162, 184,

189, 195, 196, 242, 252, 292, 293, 343,

538

Strachan, Admiral Sir Richard John, Bart.,

40, 54, 73, 123, 131 n., 161 n., 170-174,

175, 185, 195, 196, 197, 241, 242, 244,

271, 276, 287, 557, 562
Strachey, Capt. Christopher, 49, 208, 551
Stralsund, 210 n., 214
Strangford, P. C. Sydney Smythe, Viscount,

232
Strategy of Barham in 1805, 110 and n.,

Ill and n. ; of Calder in 1805, 118 ; of

Cornwallis in 1805, 119
Straw hats, 35
Streatham, 439 and n., 444
Street, Com. Benjamin, 294 n., 459, 467
Strenuous, 389, 390, 558, 566
Striking a superior officer, 31
Strode, Master Edward, 249
Strode (formerly Chetham), Admiral Sir

Edward Chetham, 207, 208, 566
Stromboli, 91

Strong, Capt. Charles Bunough, 274
Strong, Boatswain John, 464
Strorjg, Lieut. Thomas, 402
Stuart, R.-Ad. Lord George, 430, 442, 512,

550, 558

Stuart, Capt. James (1), 158
Stuart, Genl. Sir John, 198 n., 199
Stuart, Capt. John James, 196
Stuart, Com. Richard, 281
Stuart, Capt. Lord William, 275, 276
Stubbekjobing, 215
Studtland, 458, 566
Sub- Lieutenants, 35, 235, 490
Subsidy demanded from Spain by Prance,

Subtle, 252, 283 n., 551, 554
Succes, 558

Success, 234 n., 393, 451, 453
Suett, Mate Thomas Richard, 529
Svffisante, 549, 556
Suffren, 93, 182, 241, 433
Sugar, 22

Sulivan, Capt. Thomas Ball, 238 n., 554
Sullivan, Admiral Sir Charles, Bart., 239
Sulphur, 50, 51
Sultan, 279, 296, 561
Sultan of Turkey, H.M. the, 46, 218
Sultane, 544—547, 562
Sultanieh, Castle of, 220 n.
Sumenap, 301, 302
Sunda, Strait of, 564
Superb, 54, 72, 79, 88,89, 99, 101, 102, 110,

186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193 n., 210,

242, 247 n., 250
Superbe, 271 n., 393
Superieure, 283 n., 389, 415, 431, 432, 556,

559, 563
Supper, 23

Suppression of pails of dispatches, 117
Surf, 201, 202
Surgeons, 23, 28, 32, 35
Surinam, 77, 82-84, 564
Surinam, 80, 283 n., 549, 564 (2)

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

617

Suriname, 237, 238, 564

Surly, 452

Surridge, V.-Ad. Thomas, 42

Surveillante, 57, 445, 470, 508, 529, 556,

559

Surveyors of the Navy, 4
Susannah, 72

Sutton, Lieut. Charles Thomas, 529
Button, Admiral Sir John, 39
Sutton, R.-Ad. Samuel, 53, 54, 350, 555,

562

Svendborg, 215
Swabbing decks, 21

Swain, Lieut. Thomas (2), 241, 242, 374
Swaine, Capt. Spelman, 549, 555
Swallow, 507, 508, 534, 535
Swan, 27 n., 419, 470, 553, 565
Sweden, 209, 247, 288, 303, 305, 539
Sweedland, Lieut. Henry Johnston, 527
Sweeps employed, 177, 329, 382, 396, 411,

440, 476, 488, 514, 539
Swift, 331, 343, 370, 371, 549
Swiftsure, 52 n., 79, 89 (2), 102, 112, 120

n., 131 (2), 144, 145, 151, 152, 153, 154,

155, 157, 160, 161 n., 162, 163, 539, 557
Swilly, Lough, 553
Swinger, 283 n.
Swiss mercenaries, 453
Syder (Mar.), Lieut. George, 512
Syer, Lieut. Dey Richard, 281, 524
Syeren, 565

Sykes, Com. Thomas, 438, 555
Sylph, 555

Sylphe, 378, 390, 424, 558
Sylvia, 451, 564
Symes, Capt. Joseph, 437
Syphilis, 7
Syra, Island of, 421
Syracuse, 243, 244

TABLE BAY, 201, 203

Tactics, 103 and n., 104, 106, 108, 127, 128,

130, 132

Tactigue, 486, 486*
Taggal, 302
Tagm, 540, 541, 561
Tagus, River, 208, 232, 233, 407, 552,

558

Tahaungeer, 336 n.
Tahiti, 544 n.
Taillard, Lieut., 131
Tailour, Capt. John, 280
Tait, Lieut. Dalhousie, 280
Talbot, 565
Talbot, Lieut. James Hugh, 201, 255 n.,

554
Talbot, Admiral Hon. Sir John, 218, 220,

242, 359, 501, 502, 556, 561
Tallemont, 307
Tamatave, 486*, 486**, 560
'I'ang, 552
Tangier, 121
Tapageuse, 376, 377, 557

Tape-h-bord, 361

Tapley, Mate Edward, 255 n.

Tapping, Lieut. Charles, 552

Taranto, Gulf of, 485

Tarifa, 403

Tarpaulin hats, 35

Tartar, 321, 322, 347, 416-418, 438, 482,

483, 553, 556, 557, 565
Tartarus, 415, 550
Tatihou Island, 332
Taupier, Lieut. P. T., 321
Tause, Mids. Charles, 158
Tayler, Capt. Joseph Needham, 529
Taylor, Capt, Bridges Watkinson, 280, 306,

365, 501, 517, 518, 519, 524, 525, 526,

561

Taylor, Com. Henry, 553
Taylor, Admiral William, 42
Taylor, Carpenter William, 285
Teak, 12, 13

Teazer, 177, 491, 550, 560
Teigneuse rock, 63
Teigneux Passage, 554
Telegraph, 537, 561
Temeraire, 131, 134, 141, 143, 146, 147,

157, 160, 296

Templar, Lieut. Richard, 566
Temple, V.-Ad. Francis, 317
Temple, Capt. John (2), 552
Temple prison, Paris, 64
Tenedos, 218, 219, 220, 221, 231
Tenerife, 186 n.
Termagant, 109, 506
Ternate, 291

Ter Neuze, 272, 274, 276, 295
Terpsichore, 392, 312, 313, 547, 562
Terracina, 453
Terreur, 556
Terrible, 99, 112, 114, 120 n., 128, 129, 185,

196, 318, 319
Terror, 50

Terry, Mids. George, 306
Tetley, Capt, Joseph Swabey, 282, 296,

486

Tetuan, 99, 101
Teulie, 416, 558
Texel, The, 60 n., 77 n., 78, 85 n., 95, 209,

295, 303, 327, 498, 538, 549, 550, 553,

554

Thames, 458, 487, 494, 506, 522, 560
Thames, The, 62, 164
Thanksgiving for victory, 162
'I 'heed, Capt. John, 467, 503
Theft, 29

Themis, 89, 108, 112, 131, 197, 244, 387
Theses, 271 n.
Theseus, 56, 80, 81, 242, 252, 253, 254, 255

n., 262, 265, 266, 321. 556
Thetis, 298 n., 352, 446, 447, 448, 559
Thetis, 390, 427, 428, 558
Thevenard, Lieut. V., 382
Thevenard, the artillerist, M., 16
Thicknesse, Com. John, 389

618

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

Thistle, 450, 451, 553, 564
Thistlewayte, Micls. Frederick, 1 59
Thomas, Com. Abel Wantner, 332 and n.,

549

Thomas, Lieut. Edward Funning, 159
Thomas, Lieut. George (2), 516
Thomas, Mids. Henry, 535
Thomas, Master Joseph, 327, 470
Thomas, Admiral Richard (2), 244, 503,

504
Thomas, Lieut. Samuel, 553

Thomas, Lieut. , 558

Thomas and John, 325

Thomond, Admiral Lord James O'Bryen,

Marquis of, originally James O'Bryen,

83 and n., 340 and n., 555
Thompson, Lieut. Granville, 158
Thompson, Capt. John (3), 174 and n.
Thompson, Lieut. John (3a.), 346
Thompson, Com. Josiah, 507, 561
Thompson, V.-Ad. Norborne, 232, 275
Thompson (formerly Boulden), V.-Ad. Sir

Thomas Boulden, Bart., 4, 41
Thomson, Capt. John, 554
Thomson, Mr. John Deas, 4
Thar, 458, 566
Thornbrough, Admiral Sir Edward, 242,

243, 244, 245, 377, 378
Thrackston, Lieut. Henry, 553
Three mile limit, 381 and n.
Thunder, 213, 255 n., 268, 420, 535
Thunderer, 112, 116, 125, 131, 156, 160,

168, 218, 220, 222, 224, 228, 220, 242,

316, 324, 555
Tiber, River, 487, 534
Tickler, 176, 420, 552
Tiemey, Rt. Hon. George, 4
Tiger, 126
Tigre, 11, 76, 89, 91, 102, 126, 163, 230,

279, 280, 281
Tigress, 71, 213, 420, 552
Tigris, 282

Tillard, Com. James, 553
Tillers, Unworkable, 15
Tilsit, 207, 208, 209, 401
Tilsit, 271 n., 287
Timbering of ships, 12
Timins (H. E. I. Co.), John Kara., 336
Timmins, Mids. George, 464
Tindale, Lieut. Joseph, 552
Tippet, Com. James, 550
Tisiphone, 514, 515, 561
Titterton, Purser Thomas, 174
Tobago, 56, 105, 309, 371, 394, 557
Tobago, 551
Tobin, R.-Ad. George, 371, 529, 538, 557,

561

Toby, Boatswain James, 526
Todd (Mil.), Capt., 459, 460
Toker, Capt. Thomas Richard, 159, 438,

566
Tollemache (formerly John Halliday),

V.-Ad. John Richard Delap, 290

Tomkinson, Capt. James, 294 n., 467

Tomlinson, Com. Robert (2), 562

Tonnage, Measurement of, 11,

Tonnage of the Navy, 10

Tonnant, 131, 152, 155, 159, 160, 257 n.,
323

Tonnante, 534, 561

Tonnen-e, 252, 259, 263, 265, 270, 559

Topaze, 280, 287, 364, 365, 366, 431, 433,
438, 559, 560, 562

Torbay, 314, 550

Torche, 99, 107, 364, 365, 366, 557

Torin (H. E. I. Co.), Robert, 336

Toro, 98

Torpedoes, 69, 70 and n., 72

Torquay, 308

Torre Bermeja, 162

Torre de Estacion, 403

Torrens (Mar.), Capt. Robert, 482, 483

Torrington, V.-Ad. George Byng (2), Vis-
count, 43, 201, 202

Tortola, 193, 194, 335, 553

Tothill (Mar.), Lieut. John, 526

Touffet, Capt. Claude, 131, 171, 174

Touffet, Com. Nicolas, 309

Touffet, Com. , 445

Toulon, 13 n., 48 and n., 52-55, 72-76, 77,
79, 85 n., 88, 89, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98,
101, 111, 125, 169, 183, 198, 208, 241,
243, 244, 245, 278, 279 n., 287, 288, 289,
290, 295, 296, 297, 303, 304, 305, 306,
320, 345, 402, 418, 419, 432, 483, 507,
524, 534, 549, 552, 559

Touque, River, 50

Tourneur, Lieut. Laurent, 63

Tourville, 122, 252, 259, 262, 263, 265,
266, 267 and n., 268, 270

Tower, R.-Ad. John, 507, 509

Tozer, Capt. Aaron, 523, 534

Tracv, Lieut. Francis M'Mahon, 50

Tracy, Mids. John, 334

Tracy : see also Treacy

Trade during the war, State of, 38

Trafalgar, Battle of, 1, 2, 23, 24, 75-78, 86,
87, 94-97, 122, 123, 127, 128, 129-161,
165, 168, 169, 175, 183, 186, 197, 198,
281, 335, 393, 557, 562

Training ships, 174

Trajan, 271 n.

Transport Service, Chairman of the Com-
missioners of the, 5

Transportation, 427

Trapani, 244 and n.

Trau, 525

Trave, 538, 561

Travers, Captain Sir Eaton Stannard, 276,
494, 535

Treacher, Lieut. Samuel Sharpe, 554

Treacy, or Tracy, Com. John, 405 and n.,
517 and n., 554

Treasure-ships, Attack on Spanish, 79 and
n., 85, 108, 350-352 ; on Turkish, 398

Treasurers of the Navy, 4, 7

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

Treaty : of Amiens, 46, 49, 58, 84; of San

lldefonso, 78 ; between France and Spain,

84, 85 ; of Pressburg, 198 ; of Tilsit, 207,

208, 209, 231, 401 ; of Orebro, 303 ; of

1814, 307, 308 ; of Paris, 1815, 308-310
Tre Kronen, 565
Trekroner, 215, 565
Trekroner batteries, 211, 213, 214
Tremendous, 12, 303, 380, 381, 385 n.
Tremeuse, 557
Tremiti, 516
Tremlett, V.-Ad. William Heury Brown,

552

Trente et Quarante, 405
Treslong, Capt. Willem Otto Bloijs van, 83
Trevose Head, 553
Tribune, 195, 455, 556
Trident, 288, 2li6

Triest, 198, 442, 455, 495, 486, 536
Trincomale, 343, 550, 558
Trinidad, 85, 105, 329, 389
Trinite, Martinique, 339
Trinity House, 17
Triplet, Boatswain William, 427
Tiist, Lieut. Robert, 407
Tristan d'Acunha, 555
Triton, 215, 216 and n., 565
Tritton, Com. Kwell, 288 n., 433, 496, 519
Triumph, 54, 76, 112, 114, 116, 185, 196,

252, 255, 351, 427, 428
Trogoff, the privateersman, 343
Trots Frtres, 556
Trollope, Capt. George Barne, 245, 246,

502, 552

Tromper Wiek, 210 n.
Troops available for the invasion of England,

95; for the Walcheren Expedition, 271
Troubridge, R.-Ad. Sir Edward Thomas,

Bart., 386, 564
Troubridge, R.-Ad. Sir Thomas, Bart., 39,

367, 395, 551
Troude, R.-Ad. Aimable Gilles, 252, 253,

254, 435

Trounce, Master Stephen, 158
Trousers, Seamen's, 36
Truce, Firing on a nag of, 286
Truguet, V.-Ad., 60
Trusty, 178, 179
Truxillo, 371, 372, 562
Tryon, Lieut. Robert (1), 475
Tucker, Mr. Benjamin, 4
Tucker, Admiral Sir Edward, 290, 291,

564

Tucker, Mr. Joseph, 4
Tucker, Com. Robert, 80 and u, 549
Tucker, Capt. Thomas Tudor, 283 n., 429,

567

Tuijncelaar, 564
Tullidge, Com. Joseph Crew, 467
Tulloh, Lieut. John, 540
Tunis, 419, 552
Turbulent, 420, 552
Turkey, 217, 218-231, 567

Turner, Mate Abraham, 158

Tuscan, 280, 558

Tuscany, 487, 512

Toerdoi, 274 n.

Tweed, 554

Two-decked " frigates," 13

Tyler, Admiral Sir Charles (1), 40, 131,

152, 159
Tynmore (Mar.), Captain James, 158

ULI.OCK, Purser Thomas, 518, 524
Ulterior object ; Napoleon's sacrifices to-

the, 96

Ultimatum to France, 46, 47
L'lysse, 122, 561
Ulysses, 56 n., 283 n., 414
Umago, 530
Undaunted, 307, 503, 504, 523, 524, 527,

534, 539, 561
L'nge Troutmun, 523, 566
Unicorn, 235, 255 n., 260, 265, 266, 360,

451, 560
Uniform, 35, 36
Union, 328

Union Jack, The, 136, 155
Unique, 83, 84, 550, 552
Unite, 416, 483, 487, 495, 496, 558, 560,

561

United Brother*, 551
United Kingdom, 295 and n., 560
United States, 554
United States: see also America: 17, 37,

38, 302, 308, 363, 381, 382, 498, 567
Upton, Capt. Clotworthy, 209, 424, 558
Urania, 233 n., 511, 512
Uranie, 89, 94 and n., 399, 471, 495, 562
Urgent, 213

Uriarte, Commod. Don F. X. de, 131
Ushant, Cape, 49, 53, 99, 100, 109, 110,

119, 122, 124, 186, 252, 303, 314, 316,

371, 470, 499, 538, 541, 551, 555, 556,

559

Usherwood, Com. William, 486
Ussher, R.-Ad. Sir Thomas, 303, 374 and n.,

416, 503, 506, 523, 534, 539, 563
Utrecht, 564

VALDES, Capt. Don H. Cayetano, 131

Valencia, 516

Valetta, 53, 219

Valeureuse, 122, 184, 197

Valiant, 210, 214, 252, 254, 255 n., 264,

265 and n., 266, 450, 471, 560
Valona, 432, 559
Valorous, 208
Vanguard, 80, 81, 82, 209, 210, 247 n., 318,

321, 322, 556
" Vansigo," 403 n.
Vansittart, V.-Ad. Henry, 350
Var, 432, 559

Varga, Capt. Don Jose de, 131
Varna, Battle of, 231 n.

620

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

Varsovie, 252, 259, 263, 264, 265 and n.,

266 and n.

Vasco da, Gama, 233 n.
Vashon, Admiral James, 39
Vaesall, Com. Nathaniel, 530
Vasto, 516. 524
Vaudree Rock, Brest, 252
Vaughan, Capt. Henry, 550

Vaughan First-Cl. Vol. John T , 542

Vautour, 331, 555, 556
Vauville Bay, 546
Veere, 272, 274, 277
Veere Gat, 272, 274
Vegetables, 99
Veloce, 561
Vdoz, 563

Vencejo, 63, 64, 403, 404, 549
Vendee, La, 378, 400
Venerable, 272, 276, 508, 543, 544, 550,

561, 562

Venezuela, 388, 396
Veni/cur, 122 n., 184 n., 393, 557
Venice, 198, 241, 303, 403, 416, 443, 456,

471, 477, 481, 501, 559, 560, 561
Venour, Com. William, 549
Venteux, 317, 555
Vemts, 56 n., 215, 5C5
Venuf, 294 n., 324, 439, 452, 456 n., 465,

466, 468-470, 560

Ver Huell, Graaf van Sevenaer, Marshal
(and Admiral) Carel Hendrik, 65, 66 and
n., 67, 86, 177, 178, 179, 180
Ver Huell, Jonkheer Q., 179 n.
Vermin, 21
Vernon (later Vernon Harcourt), Capt.

Frederick Edward Venables, 529, 537
Vertu, 555, 556
Vestal, 178, 179, 298 n., 559
Vesuvius, 213

Veteran, 122, 184, 194, 303
Vice- Admirals, 32, 39-43
Victoire, 280, 561
Victor, 240 n., 294, 445, 456, 461, 462, 463,

467, 469 and n., 553, 558, 560
Victoria, 386, 387

Victoria, H.M. Queen, 514

Victoria Castle, Amboyna, 291

Yidorieuse, 400

Victorious, 276, 501, 502, 561

Victory, 53, 54, 74 n., 86, 89, 90, 91, 102,

109, 110, 125, 126, 131, 133-136, 138,

145, 146, 14V, 148, 157, 160, 165, 164,

_168, 247 n., 250, 555, 566
Victualling, Chairman of the Commissioners

of, 4

Victuals, 22

Vidal, the privateersman, 404
Vieille Josephine, 475
Vieja, 376
Vigie, 84

Vigilante, 376, 556, 558, 561, 563
Vigo, 117, 120, 121, 208, 552, 558
Vilaine, River, 560

Villaret-Joyeuse, V.-Ad., 182, 283, 284

Villavicencio, Capt. Don. R., 112

Ville (PAix, 65, 178

Ville d'Anvers, 65-67, 178

Ville tie Berlin, 271 n.

Vilh de Caen, 511

Ville de Geneve, 178

Ville de Lyon, 493, 560

Ville de Mayence, 70, 178

Ville de Milan, 357-359, 550, 556

Ville de Paris, 49 n., 100, 110, 123, 281,
556

Ville de Varsovie, 559

Villefranche, 289

Villemadrin, Capt. C. E. 1'Hopitalier, 112,
131

Villeueuve, Capt. A. Ducrest de, 543

Villeneuve, V.-Ad. P. C. J. B. S., 60 n., 76,
77, 78, 86, 89-92, 93, 94 and n., 95, y6
and n., 97-99, 101, 102, 103 and n., 106-
109, 111-122, 124-148, 168, 169, 175,
181, 182, 183, 335, 353, 355, 364, 367,
370, 416

Villon, Capt., 478

Vimeira, 246

Vimereux, 62, 68, 179, 180

Vincejo, 63 n. : see also Vencejo

Vincent, Corn., 453

Vincent, Capt. Richard Budd, 352, 550

Vinci/ore, 481

Vine, Lieut. George Ballard, 393

Vinganza, 233 n., 286

Violett, Lieut. James, 552

Violette, Capt. P. P., 371

Viper, 493, 552, 567

Virgtn de Koledad, 395

Virgen del Carmen, 563

Virginie, 418, 564

Vistula, River, 208

Vivaz, 395

Vivero, 410, 558

Vixen, 567

Yizagapatam, 348, 349

Vlie, The, 333, 334, 342, 343, 438, 473, 564

Vtieq, 564

Vliegende Visch, 237, 564

Voador, 233 n., 285

Volador, 552

Volage, 419, 478-481, 558, 560

Volontaire, 122, 184, 186 n., 187 n., 204,
278, 280, 296, 297, 504, 524, 527, 557

Volpe, 421, 558

Voltigeur, 375, 557

Volunteers (military), 62

Voorzichtigheid Battery, Banda Neira, 293

Vrignault, Capt. J. M , 336, 367, 374

Vulcain, 122

WAGES, 31

Wagoo Battery, Amboyna, 291
Wat/ram, 288, 305
Wagtail, 551

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

621

Wainwright, R.-Ad. James Francis Ballard,

27 n.
Waimvright, Capt. John (1), 446

Walcheren, 27, 271, 272, 274, 276, 277
Waldegrave, Hon. Granviile George : later
Radstock, Lord : g.v.

Waldegrave, Capt. Hon. William (3), 518,
531

Waldemaar, 215, 564

Wales, Capt. Richard Walter, 555

Walker, Capt. Benjamin, 448, 560

Walker, Lieut. Henry, 388, 396

Walker, K.-Ad. James (2), 80, 232, 318,
321

Walker, Com. Robert, 293 and n.

Walker, Lieut. William Hovenden, 401

Wallace, Lieut. John (2), 147

Waller, Com. John (1), 372, 551, 562

Waller, Com. John (2), 224, 229

Waller, Gunner John, 519

Wallis, Capt. Jan.es (I), 316, 320, 555

Walpole, Capt. Hon. William, 318

Walton, R.-Ad. Jacob, 553

Wanderer, 252

Wangeroog, 490

Wannetoo Battery, Amboyna, 291

War declared with France, 47, 315 : by
Spain against Britain, 79, 84 ; by Den-
mark, 217 ; with Russia, 231, 246 n. ;

. by Spain against France, 246 ; by Russia
against France, 303

Warapee Creek, Surinam, 83

Wardrooms, 23 n.

Waring, Com. Henry, 83

"Waring, Lieut. James, 538

Warley, 336

Warrand, Capt. 'Ihomas, 511, 553

Warrant officers, 31, 32, 33

Warren, V.-Ad. Frederick, 438, 552

Warren, Admiral Sir John Borlase, Bart.,
185, 195 and n., 197, 373, 557

Warren, K.-Ad. Sir Samuel (2), 112, 235,
298 n., 440, 441

Warren, First Cl. Vol. William Smith, 160

Warren Hastings, 336, 382-384

Warrior, ICO, 112, 281, 440

Warspite, 12, 280

Wasp, 14, 185, 186, 382, 444, 547, 551,
554, 555, 567

Watchful, 176

Water, 99, 124, 187, 188, 194, 333, 406

Waterloo, Battle of, 308

Watermen, 26, 27

Waters, Territorial, 381 and n.

Watkins (H. E. I. Co.), Mr., 444

Watkins, Admiral Frederick, 43, 79

Watling, Capt. John Wyatt, 457, 458, 460,
462, 465

Watson, Lieut. Edward, 398, 567

Watson, Mids. J W , 158

Watson, Capt. Joshua Rowley, 210

Watson, V.-Ad. Robert, 40

Watson, Mate William (2), 158

Watt. Lieut. William, 537

Wattignies, 122

Watts, R.-Ad. George Edward, 212 and n.,

398 and n., 442

Watts, Lieut. 556

Wauchope, V.-Ad. Robert, 466
Wearing (Mar.), Lieut. Thomas, 158
Weazel, 401, 402 and n., 458, 501, 502,

517, 518, 525, 526, 531, 533, 534, 549.

561

Webb, Com. Edward, 518 and n., 531
Webley (later Parry) R.-Ad. William Henry,

210, 234, 247 n., 249
Webster, Mate John, 281
Wedbeck Bay, 213
Weeks, Com. John, 499, 500, 561
Weichselmiinde, 208
Weight of service guns, 16

Weir, Lieut. , 400

Weir, Capt, Henry, 510, 511, 551
Weich, Lieut. Richard, 452, 552
Wellington, 560
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of,

Field Marshal, 246, 537
Wells, Lieut. George, 521
Wells, Admiral Sir John, 39
Wells, Com. Thomas (2), 199, 420, 505,

565

Wells, Lieut. Thomas (3), 290 n.
Wells, V.-Ad. Thomas (]), 39
Welsh, Lieut. Charles, 553
Wemyss (Mar.), Capt. James, 159
Weiuyss, Capt. James Erskiue, 535
Weser, River, 48, 538, 549, 561
West, Com. Henry (2), 158
West, Adm. of the Fleet Sir John, 296,

407, 442, 561

West, Com. William, 262 and n.
West Hoe, 552
West Indian merchants, Assistance to the,

22 n.
West Indies, 77, 86, 93, 94, 95, 98, 101, 102,

104-110, 111, 124, 175, 182 and n., 185,

193, 194, 197 n., 208, 236, 251, 283, 290,

309, 352, 360, 364, 373, 387, 390, 391,

39:1, 396, 403, 416, 516, 517, 549, 550,

551, 552, 553, 554, 555, 557, 559, 563,

564

West-Kapelle, 272
Western, R.-Ad. Thomas, 43, 232
Westminster, 269 n.

Westphal, Capt. Sir George Augustus, 157
Westphal, Capt. Philip, 567
Wrestphalia, King of : see Bonaparte,

J6r6me

Westropp (Mar.), Capt. Palmes, 160
Wetherall, Maj. Genl., 297
Wetherall, Capt. Frederick Augustus, 446
Wexford, 336
Weymouth, 28
Whale-fisheries, 376, 385
Whaley, Lieut. Thomas, 518, 526
Wharrie, Mids. George, 159

622

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

Whinyates, Capt. Thomas, 283 n., 554
Whipple, Capt.'s Clerk Thomas, 157
Whitby, Capt. Henry, 381, 455, 477, 478-

481

Whitby, Capt. John, 54
White, Lieut. Abraham Harcourt, 411
White, Com. Frederick, 158
White, V.-Ad. Sir John Chambers, 54, 185,

307, 373

White, Capt. Martin, 550
White, Capt. Thomas (1), 179
White ensign, The, 136
Whitehall Stairs, 164
Whitelocke, Lieut. Genl. J., 235, 236
Whitiny, 255 n., 2tt>, 267, 554
Whitworth, Lord, 46, 47, 315
Whylock (Mar), Lieut. James, 537
Whyte, Com. Edward, 502
Wiborff, 215
Widdrington {previously Cook), Com.

Samuel Edward, 535
Wi.dyeon, 552
Wielings, The, 65, 66, 509
Wight, Isle of, 164
Wild Boar, 553
Wildey, Com. Henry, 255 n.
Wilhelmina, 31, 343, 344, 349
Wilhemia, 566
Wilkie, Lieut. John, 486**
Wilkinson, Boatswain Isaac, 158
"Wilkinson, Philip : later Stephens, Admiral

Philip (q.v.)
Willaumez, V.-Ad. Jean Baptiste Philibert,

123. 184, 185, 186 n., 187 and n., 193,

194, 195, 196, 197, 204, 252, 253, 254,

255, 259, 270, 317, 325, 373, 391
Willes, Lieut. Cornelius, 403
Willes, Capt. George Wickens, 224, 437,

454, 511

William, 386, 387, 392, 551, 564
William I., King of the Netherlands, 305
"William IV., H.M. King, Admi-al of the

Fleet, 166 n., 307

Williams, Lieut. C , 530

Williams, Lieut. Charles, 340
Williams, Com. Edward (2), 168 and n.
Williams, Lieut. George (1), 549
"Williams, Mids. Henry, 486**
Williams, Capt. John (2), 213, 214
Williams, Lieut. John (2a), 63
Williams, Com. Peter, 476
Williams, Lieut. Richard (la), 71
Williams, Admiral Sir Thomas (4), 41
Williams, Lieut. Woodford, 400
Williamson, Mids. James, 160
Willoughby, R.-Ad. Sir Nisbet Josiah, 57,

81, 82, 229, 443, 444. 445 and n., 452,

453, 457, 459-466, 470, 553
Wilmington, 325
Wilson, Com. Andrew, 455, 497
Wilson (H. E. I. Co.), Henry, 336
Wilson, Capt. John (3), 280
"Wilson, Master William, 538

Windham, 456 and n., 461, 462, 466
Windham (formerly Lukin), V.-Ad. Wil-
liam, 43, 210, 247 n., 390
Windham, Sec. for War, Rt. Hon. William,

229 and n.
Windsor Castle, 112, 114, 115, 116 aud n.,

119 n., 219, 220, 222, 227, 228, 229, 390,

402

Wine, 23, 28

Wingate, Com. George Thomas, 550
Wingo Sound, 566
Winthrop, V.-Ad. Robert, 332, 556
Wise. R.-Ad. William Furlong, 397, 398
Wissant, 179

Withers, Capt. Thomas, 550
Wives on ship-board, 27 and n.
Wizard, 230, 418, 419, 424, 536, 568
Wodehouse, V.-Ad. Hon. Philip, 5, 242,

279, 280, 549
Wolf, 372, 551, 557
Wolfe, Capt. George, 122, 255 n., 268, 275,

346, 413, 556

Wolley, V.-Ad. Thomas, 42
Wolley, Capt. Isaac, 5, 210, 234
Wolrige, Lieut. Charles, 490
Wolrige, Capt. William, 481
Wolseley, Admiral William, 39
Wolverine, 283 n., 341, 342 n., 348, 394,

415, 549, 557, 561
Women on ship-board, 24 and n., 26,

508

Wood, Lieut. George, 69, 420, 552
Wood, R.-Ad. Sir James Athol, 236, 238,

283 n., 303, 305
Wood, Capt. John (2), 366
Woodcock, 551
Woodford, Lieut. John, 214
Woodin, Lieut. John, 159
WoodlarTe, 307, 550
Woodriff, Capt. Daniel, 371, 550
Wooldridge, Capt, James, 255 n., 261, 262,

450, 552

Wooldridse, Capt. William (1), 333, 334
Woollcombe, Capt. Edward, 283 n.
Woollcombe, Capt. John Charles, 425, 529,

552

Woolsey, Com. William, 81, 360, 550
Woolwich, 15, 36, 277, 551
Woohvich, 554
Worcester, 240 n.

Wordsworth (H. E. I. Co.), John, 336
Worsley, V.-Ad. Richard, 234 n.
Worth, Capt. James Andrew, 543, 559
Wraak, 328
Wrangler, 514

Wrecks : see also Appendix : 352, 497
Wright, Com. John (3), 370
Wright, Capt. John Wesley, 63, 64, 549
Wulff, Com., 410
Wyborn, Com. John, 276
Wyvill, R.-Ad. Christopher, 524

XEBILES, 509

INDEX TO VOLUME V.

623

YACHTS, 307

Yarmouth, 209, 216

Yates, Capt. Richard Augustus, 473, 474

Yelland, Capt. John, 176

Yellow fever, 318

Yeo, Mids. George, 286

Yeo, Capt. Sir James Lucas, 232 and n.,

285-287 and n., 362, 363, 401, 407, 500,

501, 554

Yeu, Isle d', 242, 253 and n., 561
York, 234, 283 n., 435, 549
Yorke, Et. Hon. Charles, 3
Yorke, Admiral Sir Joseph Sydney, 41, 448
Young, Mids. Edward, 537
Young, V.-Ad. James (2), 43, 210
Young, Mids. John (2), 159
Young, Com. Robert Benjamin, 131
Young, Capt. Thomas, 566

Young, Admiral Sir William (1), 269, 295
Younghusband, Com. George, 329, 341
Yule, Com. John, 168 and n.

ZANTB, 281, 288

Zealous, 126

Zebra, 213

Zeeploeg, 392, 564

Zeerob, 392, 564

Zefir, 443, 444, 564

Zendbia, 551

Zephyr, 559

Zephyr, 561

Zierikzee, 272

Zirona, 525

Zuid Beveland, 272, 273, 274, 277

Zwellendam, 202

Zwickau, 442

LONDON:
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,

STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.

PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
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