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presented to
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THE
TURKISH BATH
ITS
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION;
WITH
CHAPTERS ON THE ADAPTATION OF THE BATH TO
THE PRIVATE HOUSE, THE INSTITUTION,
AND THE TRAINING STABLE.
BY
ROBERT OWEN ALLSOP,
ARCHITECT.
ILLUSTRATED WITH PLANS AND SECTIONS
From Scale Drawings by the A uthor.
E. & F. N. SPON, 125, STRAND, LONDON.
NEW YORK: 12, CORTLANDT STREET.
1890.
PREFACE.
THE present work originally appeared in the form of
a series of illustrated articles in the columns of the
Building News. It has been carefully revised and en-
larged with the addition of much new matter. The
object of the author in publishing the work in its
present form is to provide, in addition to a text -book
for the architect, a treatise which shall enable the
public to form their own judgment as to the relative
merits of the baths that compete for their patronage.
The principles, herein enunciated, upon which good baths
should be built, will be easily grasped by the ordinary
reader ; and the detailed plans and instructions will, it
is hoped, supply such information as will enable the
designer of baths to cope with the exigencies of any
and every case with which he may be confronted.
37, NORFOLK STREET,
STRAND, LONDON.
March 1890.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION .
CHAPTER II.
THE GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF A PUBLIC BATH .. .. 9
CHAPTER III.
THE GENERAL DISPOSITION OF PLAN OF PUBLIC BATHS .. 17
. CHAPTER IV.
A DETAILED CONSIDERATION OF FEATURES PECULIAR TO THE
BATH 32
CHAPTER V.
HEATING AND VENTILATION 59
CHAPTER VI. '
WATER-FITTINGS AND APPLIANCES 87
CHAPTER VII.
LIGHTING, DECORATING, AND FURNISHING .. .. .. 102
vi CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VIII.
PAGE
THE TURKISH BATH IN THE HOUSE 118
CHAPTER IX
THE BATH IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS, ETC. .. 134
CHAPTER X.
THE TURKISH BATH FOR HORSES 141
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
FIG. PAGE
1. Turkish Baths, Savoy Hill, London .. .. .. ,, 21
2. Turkish Baths, Charing Cross, London .. .. .. .. 24
3. Turkish Baths, Euston Road, London 28
4. A Plunge Bath .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 50, 51
5. Methods of arranging Couches in Cooling Room . . . . 56
6. View of a small Furnace Chamber, with portion of wall broken
away to show the " Convoluted " Stove 65
7. An Air Filter 67
8. Plans and Section of a Furnace Chamber, &c., for a Bath on the
ordinary Hot-air Principle . . . . . . . . . . 68
9. Section of Hot Room, showing Foul-air Conduit . . . . 72
10. A Fireclay Heating Apparatus .. .. .. .. .. 74
11. Longitudinal Section of Sudatory Chambers 84
12. A Shampooing Basin .. .. .. .. .. .. 90
13. Valve for Regulating Temperature of Water 91
14. A Needle Bath 94
15. Spray, Wave, and Douche Baths 95
16. Regulating Valves for Needle, Douche, &c. .. .. .. 96
17. Bather's Shower Bath 99
18. Section and Plan of an Enamelled Iron Ceiling .. .. .. 107
19. Plans of Plunge Baths 112
20. Section of Benches in Hot Rooms, and in Cooling Room Divans 115
21. Furniture of a Turkish Bath .. .. .. .. .. 117
22. Plan of Mr. Urquhart's Small Private Bath and of the Hot
Room at Sir Erasmus Wilson's Bath at Richmond Hill .. 119
23. Methods of constructing Turkish Baths in existing Houses .. 124
24. A complete Private Turkish Bath 126
25. Design for a Private Turkish Bath .. .. .. 130, 131
26. Plan of the Baths at the Hotel Mont Dore, Bournemouth .. 135
27. Plan of the Great Northern Railway Company's Turkish Bath
for Horses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
THE
TURKISH BATH
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
SINCE the revival of the bath of antiquity, and its
introduction into this country under the name of the
Turkish bath, this method of bathing has become very
generally adopted ; and although onward progress is
rendered less rapid than it might be, by the wide-spread
popular ignorance that ascribes an element of danger to
the bath, erroneous impressions are being gradually
removed, and the continual building of new baths testi-
fies to the manner in which the institution flourishes
on British soil.
To what extent the delusion concerning the supposed
danger connected with this form of bathing is to be
ascribed to popular ignorance and prejudice, or to the
fact that baths of unsuitable design and construction,
and of faulty heating and ventilation, are put before
the public, it would be hard to say. Certain it is that
the latter cause has done much — very much — injury.
I cannot but think that one of the chief obstacles to
the progress of the bath in this country, is that little
B
THE TURKISH BATH:
or nothing has been written or said about its proper
design, construction, and working, and that no full
inquiry has been made into the best possible method of
supplying heat to the bathers. As a consequence, we
have had, and still have, placed before the public, and
meeting with undeserved success, "Turkish baths"
which are such only in name — unhealthy, ill-ventilated
cellars, where the air, deteriorated at the outset by the
heating apparatus, stagnates in the sudatory chambers,
and becomes loaded with the exhalations and emana-
tions of the bathers, and not unfrequently charged with
a nauseating and disgusting odour. What wonder that
we so often hear persons remark that they have tried
the bath, but neither enjoyed it nor did it agree with
them ! The damaging effect of "baths " of this type on
the prospects of the true bath is incalculable.
In the absence of enlightenment, however, thousands,
convinced of the value and benefit of the bathing,
periodically attend these miserable substitutes for
properly-planned, hygienically-heated, and effectively-
ventilated Turkish baths. Viewing any self-evident
shortcomings as irremediable evils, ignorant of the
true principles of bath construction, and knowing little
or nothing of the physiological action of the bath, they
have neither the means of ascertaining, nor the power
to detect, the genuine article from the harmful substitute.
With the public the best bath will be the most elaborate
and most flashily decorated, and the moth-and-candle
principle comes into play with striking semblance to the
original type.
So much has been written and said about the arrange-
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTEUCTION. 3
ment, design, and working of the baths of the ancient
Romans, and of the Oriental nations of to-day, that it
will be superfluous and unnecessary here to enter upon
the subject, fascinating though it be to any one interested
in the building of modern baths. An intelligent study
of old plans, and of the writings of those who have
given their attention to the elucidation of the special
purposes to which the various apartments of the
Roman Thermce were devoted, serves in no small
degree to a complete understanding of the problems
involved in the perfecting of the bath in modern times.
So also with regard to the Hammam of the East, an
acquaintance with its plan and working is equally in-
structive. But to fully elucidate the history of thermo-
therapeutic architecture would require a volume of itself,
since the many questions that present themselves to the
student of ancient baths cannot be properly understood
without considerable and lengthy description. Those
desirous of studying the subject of the design of ancient
and Oriental baths will find many works within easy
reach. In his ' Manual of the Turkish Bath,' the late
David Urquhart has given a most complete account of
Eastern baths ; and in Sir Erasmus Wilson's ' Eastern
or Turkish Bath,' will be found a popular account of
the sumptuous baths of antiquity, which will serve as an
introduction to further researches with the aid of more
abstruse works, such as Wollaston's * Thermae Romano-
Britannicae,' Cameron's ' Baths of the Romans,' and par-
ticularly the careful description of the Pompeian Balnea
in Sir William Cell's ' Pompeiana.' In the admirable works
of Samuel Lysons, the Gloucestershire antiquary, will be
B 2
THE TURKISH BATH:
found interesting accounts of the remains of old Roman
baths in this country ; and in Daremberg and Saglio's
1 Dictionnaire des Antiquites Grecques et Romaines,' is
a most capable essay on ancient Balnea. In Eastern
travellers' books, desultory descriptions of the Oriental
bath will be found ; and in Owen Jones's work on the
Palace of the Alhambra, at Granada, plans and sections
are given of the elegant little bath that the Moorish
builders erected therein.
For the purposes of this work, and for the sake of
brevity and convenience, I have thought fit to adopt
the following terms from the old Roman vocabulary,
to designate the apartments of the modern bath. I
respectively term the first, second, and third hot rooms,
the Tepidarium, Calidarium, and Laconicum. Although
the exact nature of the ancient Roman laconicum is
still a question in debate, I have chosen to employ the
term to designate herein the hottest of the hot. The
washing room I call the Lavatorium ; the cooling room,
the Frigidarium ; and the separate dressing room, the
Apodyterium.
The modern " Turkish bath " is rather a revival of the
Roman bath, than that of the East. Among the Orientals,
the air of the sudorific chambers is charged more or
less heavily with vapour. In the ancient Roman bath,
the atmosphere must have been more or less dry. And
it has been decided by physiologists and physicians
of the hydropathic school, that the air of the bath can-
not be too free of all moisture. With a perfectly dry
atmosphere a high degree of heat can be borne, and the
dryness moreover is conducive to perspiration. This
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 5
absolute need for a dry atmosphere in the bath will be
found fully explained in an admirable work by Dr. W. B.
Hunter, M.D., entitled ' The Turkish Bath : its Uses and
Abuses.' But notwithstanding the fact that the type of
bath employed at the present day resembles, in point of
dryness of atmosphere, that of ancient Rome, the name
of Turkish bath, originally given to it by Mr. Urquhart,
has held good, and must now be accepted as the correct
modern designation.
Neither the term " Turkish," however, nor the desig-
nation " hot-air " bath, convey to the uninitiated any
idea of the true principle of " the bath," as I shall herein-
after call it for brevity's sake. More properly it is a
"heat bath" — a thermal cure. In the ordinary hot-air
bath, the heated air is simply a medium ; and, as I
have endeavoured to explain in the body of this little
work, the heat is best supplied to the body of the bather
by direct radiation. By the " Turkish bath," therefore,
I would be understood to mean a method of supply-
ing pure heat — not necessarily hot air — to the surface
of the human body for hygienic, remedial, and curative
purposes.*
In the following pages, however, I have, in this respect,
treated of the subject from the broadest point of view,
and have explained the method of designing the hot-air
bath pure and simple, looking upon the convected and
* The Germans, with more perception and accuracy than ourselves, term
the therapeutic agent that we called the Turkish bath, the "Roman-
Irish bath " — the Rdmisch-irische Bdder. Both the ancient Roman bath
and the old Irish " sweating-house," gave out radiant heat from the walls
to the bather, and did not depend on the supplying of hot air.
6 TEE TURKISH BATH:
radiating heat principles as both good of their kind,
and perfectly admissible modes of applying heat to the
human frame. I have adhered to this plan throughout,
because, even supposing that it were shown conclusively
to-morrow, that the principle of heating by convection
is absolutely wrong, baths of this type would, owing to
the slow march of improvement in this country, still
be built and require to be planned. Moreover, it has
been in the past, and still is, the generally accepted
idea that the Turkish bath is a hot-air bath pure and
simple.
Medical men of eminence who have studied the
question have thought fit to retain the term " hot air "
in descriptions of the Turkish bath. In deference to
their opinion I may hereinafter, in places, speak of the
hot-air bath. The arguments put forward in favour of
radiant heat, with a comparatively cool atmosphere, in
the sudorific chambers, are, for the most part, the result
of my own experience and study.
I treat of my subject in two sections, dealing with
public and private baths respectively. Chapters II. to
VII. are devoted to the elucidation of the principles
to be observed in the building of public baths, either
for true public purposes or as commercial speculations.
It is unnecessary to speak of these two classes of
baths under separate heads : what is required of the
one is required of the other. The only difference is
that one is the property of the people, and may be
required to be designed in a block of buildings con-
taining other kinds of baths ; and the other is owned by
a company of persons or by a single individual as the
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 7
case may be, and is generally an establishment complete
in itself.
It is not to the credit of the English nation that so
little has been done in connection with Turkish bath
building for the people. The attention given to the
question of supplying bath-houses of any kind is of the
most meagre character. The provisions of the Public
Baths and Wash-houses Act are entirely inadequate. In
these matters the German nation is far ahead of us.
Fortunately for the general health, the Englishman is
renowned for his morning " tub." But the cold tub is
merely a tonic bath, and the Turkish bath cleanses both
the inward and outward man, besides constituting a
most perfect tonic. The cleanliness of the vast body of
the English depends on the warm shallow bath, an in-
effective means at the best, and, often, when taken at a
high temperature, fraught with a real danger to certain
constitutions. Used, as customary, without a tonic
application of cold water, it is eminently conducive to
cold-catching. But one cannot blame the average
Englishman for his neglect of the health-giving habit of
scientific bathing, unless he sees the advantage of, and
has means to afford, a Turkish bath in his own house.
He looks in vain for an appropriate, comfortable, and at-
tractive bath-house provided for him by the Legislature,
and he dislikes the thought of the impure atmosphere
and odours of the so-called " Turkish baths " provided
by enterprising business men. He can do nothing but
fall back on his warm water bath and cold morning tub.
In the second section, comprised in Chapters VIII.
to X., I have dealt with private baths, including the
8 TEE TURKISH BATE:
bath in the house and mansion, in institutions of one
kind and another, and in connection with training stables.
In the chapter on the bath in the private house, will be
found plans of baths of several types, from the smallest
and least expensive to the most elaborate and costly.
It is my hope that this little work may lead to some
attention being bestowed on the question of providing
public Turkish baths worthy of the country ; that it
may add a stimulus to the building of high-class baths
as commercial speculations ; and that, from its pages,
those desirous of experiencing the luxury of a model
Turkish bath in their own homes, may learn the best
methods of its design and construction.
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.
CHAPTER II.
THE GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF A PUBLIC
BATH.
IN order to avoid unnecessary expense in working and
management, a public Turkish bath should be con-
venient and compact in plan. It should be as perfect
as possible in regard to heating and ventilation, in order
to insure patronage ; and, for the same reason, it should
be made a thing of beauty. A badly-ventilated, incon-
venient, and ill-adorned bath does harm, both to the
bather and the cause. It is its own enemy, and harm-
ful also to all other baths ; whereas every ably-designed
bath has in itself the elements of success, and assists
existing institutions by increasing the number of con-
verts to the process.
A good bath does not necessarily mean an elaborate
and expensive one, but primarily one where the heating
and ventilation are on the latest and most approved
principles, and where the shampooing and washing rooms
are kept sweet and clean, the bathing appliances effec-
tive, and the cooling rooms ample, and supplied with
an abundance of fresh air. This is not the result of
sumptuousness and elaboration, but of pure applied
science. Amplitude of space, however, facilitates its
10 TEE TUEKISE BATH:
attainment, as it is difficult to render a cramped bath
beneficial and attractive.
By an attractive bath, I would be understood to mean
one in which the visitor will feel interest in the design ;
where pleasant objects are presented to his eye, both
in the sudorific chambers and in the cooling rooms.
Artistic decorations have here a commercial value. The
bath requiring time, the bather is compelled to pass
some hours in the various apartments, and it is there-
fore highly desirable that his surroundings be rendered
pleasant and entertaining. In a Turkish bath, as in
other architectural matters, this is not the result of a
prodigal expenditure on costly decorations and fittings,"
but rather of a careful arrangement of necessary and
desirable features, and a knowledge of the methods of
obtaining piquancy of effect by their distribution on
the plan.
The arrangement of the modern bath is modified
from that of the Ancients and Orientals to suit the
accepted form of practice in this country, so that the
order of the different processes through which the bather
passes governs the disposition of the various apartments.
The chief object to be attained is to induce a more
or less vigorous perspiration by the application of heat.
This heat is now generally applied through the medium
of the air, which is raised to a high temperature by
being passed over and in contact with the heated sur-
faces of stoves of various designs, or by direct radiation
from hot metal or firebrick. Theoretically, the generally-
adopted - method of applying the heat to the bather
might be greatly improved, but practically it has been
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 11
found the best. Into these questions, however, I shall
enter when treating of the heating and ventilating of
the bath. For the present, it will suffice to say that the
chief object to be attained in the bath is the supplying
of an abundance of pure hot air to the various sudorific
chambers, and the rapid withdrawal of the foul air and
exhalations.
Since the disposition of the various apartments is
governed by the methods of bathing in vogue, it will be
necessary to first give the reader a brief account of the
various processes undergone by the bather. The object
of the profuse perspiration to be attained is twofold —
(i) To cleanse the blood of impurities ; and (2) to loosen
the dead scales of the epidermis, or scarf-skin, that
spreads itself everywhere over the true skin or cuticle.
Besides this, however, physiologists tell us that the heat
itself has a beneficial effect on the body in other ways,
and is, in cases of disease, a most powerful curative and
remedial agent. This latter fact explains the necessity
for the high temperatures employed, as mere perspira-
tion could be attained with a comparatively low degree
of heat.
The course of treatment to be undergone by the
bather, as given by Sir Erasmus Wilson, is— .(i)_.
Jkg3QSU|£_iiL_±he. naked body to hot dry air. (2)
Ablution_with warm and cold water. (3) Cooling and
drying the skin. In addition to these, however, there
sEould be added the process of " massage " or sham-
pooing before washing.
The perspiration is attained in the various hot rooms
— the Tepidarmm+ Calidarium, and Laconicum. The
12 THE TURKISH BATH:
nature of these apartments — which I shall hereinafter
consider in detail — must be determined by the preten-
sions of the establishment.
Perspiration having been induced, 'the bather submits
to the kneading of the muscles of the trunk and limbs
by the shampooer. For this operation, which restores
tone and vigour to the muscular and nervous system, a
separate and distinct apartment should, in high class
baths, be provided. Vigorous friction with a coarse
glove succeeds the shampooing. This detaches the
dead portions of the epidermis, and is an operation
generally practised in the^Lavafanum — a washing room
adjoining the shampooing room. In the same place
the bather receives copious ablutions with warm water.
The less robust conclude the cleansing process with a
douche, needle, spray, or shower Jbath, graduated from
warm to cold ; and the strong bather, by plunging into
a bath of cold water, the object of which is to contract
and close the sweat-glands and pores of the skin that
have been swelled and opened by the high temperatures
of the calorific apartments. For these purposes a_srnalL
room, with the various appliances named, and a large
chamber containing a more or less ample plunge bath,
must be provided. In small baths, provision for both
these operations is made in one general shampooing and
washing room, where the bather is " massed," rubbed
down, washed, and takes the plunge or shower bath. The
plunge may, if thought advantageous, be placed partly
in the cool apartment and partly in the hot rooms, in
which case, the bather dives under a glazed partition
of some sort, which, furnished with an india-rubber flap
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 13
dangling in the water, prevents the hot air of the
sudatorium from entering the cooling rooms.
The above description gives an outline of the
cleansing and hygienic processes, and of the nature of
the requirements of those portions of the bath devoted
to their attainment. I have named them first as being
the most indispensable portion of the necessary suite
of rooms, since the bath may exist if it be merely in
the form of an old Irish " sweating-house," or a some-
what similar construction of the North American Indian;
but without the heated chamber and its appurtenances
there can be no bath.
The next important features to be considered are
the dressing and cooling rooms. Before entering the
bath rooms proper, the bather must divest himself of
his clothing, and assume the bathing garment. The
dressing room or Apodyterium, and the cooling room or
Frigidarium^ are generally made one and the same ;
but they may, with advantage, be designed as separate
and distinct apartments, the. provision for dressing
and undressing consisting of a room or rooms with
small dressing-boxes around it. The frigidarium
will then be a simple apartment designed for the
economical reception of the reposing couches, it being
absolutely essential that the bather rest awhile, after the
bath, to allow the body to gradually assume its normal
temperature. Neglect of this precaution may cause a
renewal of perspiration, and possibly a "cold."
If a combined apodyterium and frigidarium be
adopted, it must be fitted with a number of divans to
accommodate a given number of persons, or be divided
14 THE TURKISH BATH:
into smaller spaces with dwarf screens, each space re-
ceiving a pair of couches. The divisions may be effected
by more or less elaborate and ornamental wooden par-
titions. In ladies' baths more privacy must be observed.
Each lady bather should have a private dressing and
reposing room, even if only formed by dwarf wooden
partitions.
An arrangement may be designed whereby the bather
enters first a room fitted with a number of dressing-
boxes, and then passes through the frigidarium on his
way to the hot rooms, whence he returns after his bath.
Where the establishment is on a large scale, the ar-
rangement may lead the bather first to a room fitted
with dressing-boxes, then to the hot rooms, and finally,
by way of the plunge bath, into a commodious and
separate cooling room.
Subsidiary to the cooling and dressing rooms should
be others for the attendants, manager, and also for the
hairdresser and chiropodist, or, at any rate, some sort
of provision made for them. A pay office, with counter
and a set of lockers for the receipt of the bather's watch,
money, and other valuables, should be the first object
that one meets on entering from the vestibule con-
necting the establishment with the street. In connec-
tion with this office may be the manager's room, and
provision for the supply of refreshments. If the bath be
the property of a company, a board room may be
required. As on entering a bath the visitor must
immediately divest himself of his boots and shoes, in
order that he may not pollute apartments that are
devoted to the attainment of that cleanliness which is
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 15
next to godliness, a_raised step must be provided at the
entrance to the apodyterium to warn him to enter un-
shod, or a portion of the combined cooling and dress-
ing room may be divided off by similar means. Pro-
vision for the boots and shoes must be in the form of
a set of pigeon-holes near the entrance, where, also,
racks for coats and hats must be placed.
Thejiair-dressing room and accommodation for the
chiropodist — if he does not practise his art at the couch
of the bather — must adjoin the frigidarium, as also
should the attendants' room. j\ lavatory must be placed
in the frigidarium when used as the dressing room.
Closet accommodation should be accessible from the
same apartment, but should be perfectly cut off from
it by means of a passage or lobby. The greatest care
should be taken to prevent these conveniences from
becoming offensive. Returning from the bath, the
sense of smell is peculiarly sensitive, and the slightest
odour is detected. The worst position for the closets is
near the door by which the bather leaves the lavatorium.
Defects in this point may ruin an otherwise excellent
bath. If the cooling rooms and hot rooms be on
separate floors, the closets may be designed off a landing
on the staircase. In the separate accommodation for
attendants and shampooers the same caution must be
observed.
Adjoining, under, or partly under, thejaconicum must
be placed the heating apparatus in its chamber^ with
stokery and provision for fuel, &c. The stokery should
be large, light, and properly ventilated, and the atten-
dants should be able easily to communicate with the
16 'THE TURKISH BATH:
stoker. Of the arrangements for heating and supplying
the water to the lavatorium I shall speak in another
chapter. Laundry, linen and towel rooms, and a drying
room must be provided. They are important necessities,
and should not be cramped in dimensions.
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTBUCTION. 17
CHAPTER III.
THE GENERAL DISPOSITION OF PLAN OF PUBLIC
BATHS.
ALTHOUGH the process of the bath determines the
position of the various apartments in relation to one
another, the exact disposition of the plan must be
governed by the shape of the ground to be covered, the
nature of the site and surroundings, and — if the bath
be constructed in an existing building — the amount of
space allotted to it. The relative position of chamber
to chamber of the sudatorium, and of the latter to the
cooling rooms, must remain more or less constant ; but
the angle of connection with each other, their shape,
proportions, and floor levels, must, together with the
positions of the subsidiary apartments, be determined
by the exigencies of the site, and considerations of
convenience and economy. Frequently, the architect
will be called upon to design a bath in a given space
in the lower floors of some existing building. He may
be given the ground or basement floor to make the
most of as best he can. His plan is thus considerably
hampered. If the site includes the basement and ground
floor of an ordinary house, he may arrange the offices
and cooling and dressing rooms on the ground floor ;
and the hot rooms, shampooing room, and bath rooms,
c
18 THE TURKISH BATH:
in the basement. Where possible, the hot rooms should
be pushed out beyond the back wall of the houses,
and lighted from the top. In cities, the hot rooms will
often have to be in the actual basement. Where space
is valuable a whole house may be given up to baths if
the floors be made fire and heat proof. The basement
may be devoted to hot rooms and shampooing rooms,
the ground floor to offices and dressing rooms, and
the first floor to cooling rooms. Ladies' baths, again,
can be arranged on the floors above, and both baths
can be heated from one apparatus. In a bath where
three floors are available, the first floor may be devoted
to extra cooling and dressing rooms. In inexpensive
sites the bath may be all on one level. This is the
most convenient arrangement, but in large cities is
generally too costly. The Hammam and Savoy baths,
in London, are, however, all on one level, the former
being practically all above ground, and the latter con-
structed in the basement of an existing building.
The London Hammam was the first public Turkish
bath erected in this country, and owes its existence to
the fervid zeal of the late David Urquhart. It was
erected in 1862, from the designs of the late Somers
Clarke. The bath rooms proper are modelled on the
Eastern plan, and have quite an Oriental effect, with the
stars -of stained glass sparkling in the sombre domed
tepidarium. In this bath the office is arranged in the
old building in Jermyn Street, adjoining which is the
combined frigidarium and apodyterium, a structure of
wood, originally intended as a temporary building only.
This is covered with an open-timbered roof, and divided
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 19
into nave and aisles by cut-wood posts, and lighted by
a clerestory. These posts form the divisions of the
divans, which are separated from one another by orna-
mented wood partitions worked in an Eastern manner.
Connected by double doors with this apartment are the
hot rooms. The main room — a very moderately-heated
tepidarium — is a square on plan, with splayed angles,
over which rises a dome of brickwork. On either side of
this square, and connected with it by the horseshoe arches
supporting the dome, are transept-like apartments, used
as portions of the tepidarium, similar adjuncts existing
at the ends and joining on the one hand the frigidarium,
and on the other a heated smoking saloon, which occu-
pies a position corresponding to that of a Lady-chapel
in this very ecclesiastical-looking plan. On either side
of this saloon are two calidaria. A drying room and
laundry are arranged over the smoking saloon, and
w.c.'s, &c., are placed at the end of the latter apartment
In the splayed angles supporting the dome are doors
leading to four apartments — two used as hot rooms of
different temperatures, and the others as a washing-
room and a shampooer's waiting room. Under the
dome there is an extensive platform of marble slabs,
beneath which is the douche room, reached by a short
flight of steps. The plunge bath is placed partly in
the tepidarium, and partly in the frigidarium, with an
arrangement to prevent the transmission of the hot air,
such as I have herein before explained. In the centre
of the frigidarium is a little marble fountain. One of
the divans is partitioned off for the accommodation
of the chiropodist. A gallery is provided for the hair-
c 2
20 TEE TURKISH BATH.
dresser, and connected with a shop in Jermyn Street.
The ground sloping considerably, a descent of a few
steps has to be made to reach the frigidarium from the
street. A refreshment bar is placed in the frigidarium.
The manager's room is on the second floor, adjoining
the old building, and has a window overlooking the
frigidarium.
The Hammam was the first public Turkish bath
erected in this country, and the Savoy (Fig. i) is one
of the latest and largest, and also on one level. It was
designed by Mr. C. J. Phipps, F.S.A., to suit the base-
ment of an existing building. Entering from Savoy Hill,
a short passage conducts to a staircase leading to the
vestibule, where are provided rails for hats and coats.
The counter of the ticket-office is placed at the entrance
to the frigidarium, and near this office is the committee
room — the bath being the property of a private com-
pany. In vaults projecting under the street, provision
is made for an engine and dynamo. The frigidarium
serves also as the apodyterium, and is cut up into divans
by ornamental wood partitions. Connected with it is a
saloon for the hairdresser and chiropodist, and an atten-
dants' room. A lavatory is provided in a recess. Access
is gained to the hot rooms through double doors. The
plunge bath is placed partly in the hot rooms and partly
in the frigidarium. The tepidarium is divided by arcades
into miniature nave and aisles. Two subdivisions at the
end of the tepidarium lead to the calidarium, adjoining
which is the heating apparatus, fitted with two of Messrs.
Constantine's "Convoluted " stoves. Access to the stokery
is gained by a passage at the end of the tepidarium.
I
I
I
0}
22 ' THE TURKISH BATH:
The shampooing room is placed off the cooler end of the
tepidarium, dwarf walls separating it from the latter
apartment, as also from the lavatorium. Here, there are
six marble basins, corresponding with the six marble
slabs in the shampooing room. A small chamber is
screened off the lavatorium to accommodate the douche
and spray. A passage leads from the douche room to
the attendants' room, by way of the laundry. Off this
passage, and approached by doors from two of the
divans, are the w.c.'s, &c., for the bathers' use. Pro-
vision for the supply of refreshments is made at the
back of the office. This bath is designed in an Eastern
style.
In the generality of modern baths, the frigidarium
forms also the apodyterium. This arrangement is
economical of space, and has been found, in practice,
the most convenient for bathers ; but there is much to
be said in favour of a separate and distinct cooling
room, such as that at the Camden Town Turkish Baths.
Erected from the designs of Mr. H. H. Bridgman,
F.R.I.B.A., these baths are specially noteworthy for
their spacious frigidarium and ample plunge bath.
Entering from the street, a corridor conducts to a short
flight of stairs leading to the office. Adjoining this is
an apodyterium, fitted with two ranges of dressing-
boxes, one above the other, a gallery forming the floor
of the upper tier. From hence a short staircase leads
to the door of the tepidarium, at right angles to which
is the calidarium. Adjoining the tepidarium is a com-
bined shampooing and washing room, a door in which
opens into a chamber containing a plunge bath of quite
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 23
exceptional dimensions. A staircase leads to the door
of the lofty and spacious cooling room. This is lighted
from the top, and contains a fireplace, a feature usually
omitted in cooling rooms, and really superfluous, though
adding greatly to cheerfulness of aspect in the winter.
From this frigidarium the bather can return to his
dressing-box by way of a lobby. Thus he makes a
complete round, and does not meet the incoming
bathers on the staircase to the tepidarium.
The latest built elaborate commercial baths in London
are those of Messrs. Nevill in Northumberland Avenue
(Fig. 2). They were designed by Mr. Robert Walker,
F.R.I.B.A., and comprise both ladies' and gentlemen's
baths, though, as at the old Pompeian Balnea, the
former set are ungallantly cramped into a very small
space. They occupy a corner site, and the entrance to
the gentlemen's bath is formed at the rounded angle. In
the vestibule is the usual cashier's office, and provision
for hats and coats. From the vestibule the combined
cooling and dressing room is entered, after passing the
boot room on the left and the refreshment bar on the
right. Between the boot room and the staircase is the
hairdresser's room. Dwarf wooden partitions divide
the cooling room. Off a landing on the staircase are a
lavatory and w.c.'s and toilet-table. The staircase leads
to the first floor — where are provided extra couches —
and to the bath rooms in the basement. The first floor
is practically a gallery. In the basement are three
hot rooms, the tepidarium being an elegant apartment
elaborately adorned with marbles and rich faience. A
heated smoking room adjoins the second hot room.
FIG. 2
JYote, PolfiutUna*
Turkish Baths, Northumberland Avenue, Charing Cross.
THE TURKISH BATH. 25
There are in this bath three shampooing rooms — an
arrangement conducing greatly to privacy. A douche
room and plunge bath are provided in the angle of
the building. Vaults under the street are utilised as a
laundry, attendants' room, meter room, and engineer's
shop, and as store-rooms.
The ladies' baths partly adjoin the gentlemen's, and
are partly separated by an area. They are entered
from the side street. On the ground floor is the pay-
office and cooling room. Additional couches are pro-
vided on the first floor, where is also an attendants'
room. In the basement are three hot rooms and two
shampooing rooms. A washing room, shower bath, and
plunge bath adjoin the shampooing rooms. The hottest
rooms of both sets of these baths are within a few feet
of each other. Each, however, has its separate and
distinct furnace. A passage formed by the area allows
access to the stokery and furnace chambers.
In Messrs. Nevill's baths at London Bridge the cool-
ing rooms, &c., are in the basement, and the bath rooms
proper in a sub-basement.
Bartholomew's baths at Leicester Square are an
excellent example of a compactly-arranged double set
of baths. The various apartments are designed one
above the other on different floors, the area of the
building being limited. On the ground floor, as usual,
are the pay office and a combined cooling and dressing
room, and an attendant's room. In the basement
are the bath rooms, arranged en suite — first a sham-
pooing and washing room, containing, also, in a very
compact manner, the plunge and shower baths ; next
26 3HE TURKISH BATH:
is the tepidarium ; then the smaller second hot room ;
and, lastly, the smallest hot room of a very high
temperature. The heating chamber is placed adjoining
this. The principle of its construction is that generally
adopted in the baths erected under the late Mr. Bartho-
lomew's direction, viz. a furnace with a coil of thin iron
flue-pipes, radiating, in a measure, a certain amount of
heat directly into the hot rooms. The bath rooms are
divided from one another by glazed wood partitions,
as distinct from the solid walls dividing baths like the
Hammam and Savoy. A consideration of these two
methods of dividing the hot rooms, does not, however,
concern us here. A staircase from the entrance vesti-
bule leads to the ladies' baths on the second and third
floors, where also are manager's and other private
rooms.
Broadly speaking, baths may be divided into two
classes, viz. those in which the various apartments
are arranged en suite, and those irregularly planned.
Where possible the former arrangement is preferable,
as, with the hot rooms in a line, the circulation of air
is facilitated. Fig. n is a section of a set of hot
rooms arranged en suite; and the baths at Figs.
24 and 25, in Chapter VII L, are planned on this
principle.
As I have said above, where a basement and ground
floor are available, and a little space can be gained
at the back of the existing building, the office, cooling
and dressing rooms can be arranged on the ground
floor, and the bath rooms proper on the basement level,
but with light and air above. If the site be an ordinary
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 27
narrow-fronted town house, and the bath an unassuming
one, the plan may be arranged after the manner of
Mr. Joseph Burton's baths (Fig. 3), in the Euston Road,
London. Here a pair of ordinary town dwelling-houses
are pressed into the service of the bath. The basement
and ground floors are devoted to the baths, the upper
floors forming a private hotel. On one side are the
gentlemen's, and on the other, the ladies' baths. Entering
the former, we find a space on the ground floor, fronting
the street, serving as an office. Adjoining this is a
range of dressing-boxes, and further on a cooling room,
excellently lighted by a large window forming the whole
end of the apartment. From this little frigidarium a
marble staircase leads to the door of the tepidarium,
formed at basement level at the back of the houses.
This chamber is lighted by means of a ceiling-light
constructed in the form of a small, flat dome, with
stained-glass stars set therein. A marble seat runs
round the whole of this chamber. On one side of the
staircase is placed the calidarium, and, on the other,
the combined shampooing room and lavatorium, a door
from the latter forming an exit for the visitor who has
completed his bath. At one end of the shampooing
room is a chamber containing the cold plunge bath and
needle bath. A door from hence leads to a staircase
conducting to the furnace-chamber. A laundry is pro-
vided at the head of these stairs. The furnace-chamber
is placed under the further end of the calidarium. The
baths for ladies are arranged on a very similar plan.
The gentlemen's baths are among the earliest erected in
this country, and still form a most compact and con-
FIG. 3.
Cooling
Room
Hi
HI
nn
GROUND Fuoo« PLAN
BOUND BATHS SECTION ON
SECTION ON LiNtC-O C, - h
Turkish Baths, Euston Road, London.
THE TURKISH BATH. 29
venient institution. They were designed by Mr. James
Schofield. The illustration shows the ladies' baths.
The ceilings of the hot rooms are not indicated on
.the section.
The whole of the baths mentioned in this chapter are
the property of private individuals or companies. The
number of baths provided in this country under Act of
Parliament or by civic corporations is so small, and
their size and design so insignificant, that it would be
waste of space to describe them here. They are un-
worthy of the nation. One of the best is the pretty little
bath provided on the first floor of the public bath-house
recently erected by the Corporation of Stockport. The
fine new baths at Bath erected from designs by Major
Davis, the city architect, do not include a Turkish bath.
It must be admitted that some slight increase in the
amount of attention paid by corporate bodies to bath-
building is latterly to be noticed, and a few years may
possibly see a great advance in this direction. That
this may indeed be so should be our sincere hope, since
the lack of fine public baths is a standing disgrace to a
nation that prides itself upon its cleanliness.
In Germany, considerable attention has been bestowed
upon the design of the Turkish bath, many excellent
baths having been built in the more complete bath-
houses of the Empire. Well-arranged Turkish baths are
to be found in the baths at Nuremberg, Hanover, and
Bremen, the latter planned with both a first and second
class frigidarium to the one set of bath rooms. The
plan, however, has nothing to recommend it, and in this
30 THE TURKISH BATH:
country would be useless. The Nuremberg bath is
handsomely planned, and has a spacious frigidarium.
It is placed in a building comprising ladies' and gentle-
men's swimming baths, shallow baths, and a Russian bath.
In many of the hydropathic establishments (Kurbader}
of Germany, will be found excellent Turkish baths. A
sumptuous double set of bath rooms is provided in the
Friedrichsbad in Baden-Baden, which was erected at a
cost of about ioo,ooo/. The Turkish baths are placed
on the ground floor, and in other floors are provided
baths of every kind. Each set of rooms for the ladies'
and gentlemen's Turkish baths comprises undressing
room and cooling room, two sudorific chambers,
shampooing room, douche room with cold plunge bath,
and a separate chamber with warm plunge. Adjoining
the shampooing room are the warm and hot rooms of
the Russian bath. Between the two sets of bath rooms
is placed a handsome circular swimming-bath, and ad-
joining, the Wildbad—^ deep, full bath of warm mineral
water.
One of the most elaborate Turkish baths erected,
in modern times, is that on the Praterstern, at Vienna,
which cost, in round numbers, I25,ooo/. The build-
ing comprises ladies' and gentlemen's Turkish and
Russian baths, and includes a residential block for those
taking a course of baths. The whole of the arrange-
ments are on a most sumptuous scale. The cooling
room of the gentlemen's baths measures no less than
35-3 metres long, and 10-5 broad. There are both
warm and cold plunge baths, besides a fine circular
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 31
piscina, in a circular domed chamber. Similar provisions
are made for the ladies on a smaller scale. Though
plain and somewhat heavy in external design, the
building internally is resplendent with tiles, marble,
and ornamental woodwork.
32 THE TURKISH BATH
CHAPTER IV.
A DETAILED CONSIDERATION OF FEATURES
PECULIAR TO THE BATH.
IT is scarcely necessary to say anything more as to
the subsidiary apartments of a Turkish bath. Such
adjuncts as the entrance hall and vestibule, the pay
office, refreshment department, laundry and drying-
rooms, hairdressing and attendants' rooms, and other
minor provisions, are obviously simple matters, requiring
little or no detailed explanation. Sufficient has already
been said about them to enable the architect, assisted by
the drawings given, to design them with convenience and
economy. The features peculiar to the bath are those
requiring careful consideration. It is upon the design of
the hot rooms, the cooling rooms, and the washing rooms
that the success or non-success of a new bathing establish-
ment depends, and too much study cannot be given to
these apartments.
THE SUDORIFIC CHAMBERS.
These are now generally required in a suite of three —
" first, second, and third hot." The first is the tepidarium,
and must be by far the largest of the three, since in it
the greater number of bathers will assemble at one time.
The last must be the hottest room — the laconicum — and
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 33
need only be a very small one, as but few bathers use it,
and that, generally, for a very short time. The second
hot room should be about midway, in size and tempe-
rature, between the first and the third. Of a given area
allotted to the hot rooms, from one-half to two-thirds
may be devoted to the tepidarium, and from one-third to
one-half to the super-heated rooms, always remembering
that it is well to err on the side of providing a large and
roomy tepidarium. Of the space allowed for the smaller
rooms, one-quarter to one-third may be given to the
hottest, and the remaining space to the second hot-
room, or calidarium.
The hot rooms, it should be remembered, are strictly
bath rooms, and must be treated as such ; that is to say,
the whole of the floors, walls, ceilings, partitions, and
fittings, must be capable of being frequently cleansed
with water. The choice of materials to be employed for
lining the walls, &c., is therefore limited. And in two
ways. For not only must they be of this washable
nature, but they must be of a character to resist the
influence of the heat. Happily, this is an age of glazed-
ware and vitrified goods of every description. Glazed
and fire-burnt bricks and tiles, terracottas, faience, and
pottery generally, are now so extensively manufactured
that there is little excuse for not constructing a bath
throughout of materials at once washable and unaffected
by high temperatures. Still, in baths where rigid
economy must be studied, . and lowness of cost is the
great object, plaster may be placed upon the walls of
the hot rooms, and in its way will answer admirably,
and be fairly washable. It has even one advantage— it
D
34 THE TURKISH BATH:
does not become unbearably hot to the touch, should the
bather lean against the walls, whereas, with a highly
glazed surface the walls become burning hot, and need
lining with a dado of felt or other non-conducting sub-
stance. And since this latter method overcomes the
objection named, the best possible material for lining the
walls is glazed brickwork. In cases where elaboration
is desired, they may be lined with marbles and faience.
With a judicious selection of colours, however, a very
pleasing appearance can be given by the employment of
simple glazed brickwork, and at a very moderate cost.
The flooring in cheap baths is admirably formed by
simple unglazed tile pavement over concrete. A slight
roughness is very agreeable to the feet. Glazed tiles are
inadmissible, as they become too hot for the naked feet ;
and if the slightest moisture come upon them they are
rendered dangerously slippery. In elaborate baths,
marble, and marble mosaics may be used, but the
surface must not be too smooth. In providing floorings,
the greatest care should be taken to avoid anything
liable to become slippery to the tread.
Floors of ordinary-sized baths, where the soil is
reliable, may be of 6 in. of concrete, with mosaics or
tiles laid in cement. The benches for reclining and
shampooing must be built up from this with half-brick
risers and glazed fronts, having weathered marble slabs
with rounded nosings, as illustrated at Fig. 3.
The ceilings of the fire and heat-proof floors, which,
when there are other apartments above, must be provided
over the hot rooms, may be of plaster. But the heat at
the ceiling level is very great, and the plaster here
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 35
rapidly darkens and blackens, and in this state looks
anything but attractive in a place where the mere
uspicion of uncleanliness is nauseating. If employeds
(and this remark also applies to plaster on walls), it
should be used in the simplest manner possible, with-
out the slightest attempt at modelling the surface.
Enamelled iron may be used, with effect, for ceilings.
The little laconicum is best covered with a flat vault,
the soffit being of glazed bricks, and the springing
being brought down below the main ceiling level.
Fire-proof floors over hot rooms may be of any design
that is also heat-proof. The main point is to have a
sufficient thickness of concrete, and the iron joists
and cross girders well buried therein. Ordinary floors
may be rendered heat-proof by partially filling the
space between ceiling and floorboards with sawdust or
sheets of slag-wool laid on boarding nailed to fillets on
the joists. The sawdust should be filled up to the top
of the joists; over this a layer of thick felt, and the
boarding above. This, however, is only a makeshift
when compared with a solid floor of concrete.
When the hot rooms are in a basement in the open,
they may be top-lighted, and the ceiling above need not
be a heavy fire-proof construction. A sufficient air
space, however, must be provided between the ceiling
and roof, to prevent irradiation of heat — a remark that
applies also to anything in the shape of a window in
the sudatorium. It must be double, or look into
an area covered with pavement lights. In the case of
a top-lighted room there must be a ceiling-light and a
skylight.
D 2
36 THE TURKISH BATH:
Where the hot rooms are constructed quite above
ground, consideration must be given to the prevention
of loss of heat by radiation. This may be effected by
providing thick hollow walls, the cavity being often
usefully employed for the extraction of the vitiated
air.
Heat permeating other apartments and neighbouring
premises is a frequent source of trouble to the builder
of a Turkish bath, but is always the result of want of
study of the subject on the part of the designer. The
evil may be successfully combated if it be resolved that
no hot room, shampooing room, or lavatorium shall be
constructed without a thick concrete floor above, and
that the furnace chamber be perfectly and completely
insulated. Should the walls of the hot rooms adjoin
apartments to which it is urgently necessary that
the heat should be prevented from being transmitted,
they may be rendered heat-proof by building them
hollow and filling the cavity with soot.
Double doors and lobbies must be employed to prevent
the transmission of the heated air to rooms where its
presence would be injurious. To keep the hot air of the
bath-rooms from the cooling-rooms, &c., should be the
great aim of the architect. Many baths are rendered
quite repulsive by what I may perhaps term the
" sudorific smell " that assails the nostrils of the visitor
entering the vestibule.
The space allotted to the sudatory chambers may be
divided into the various rooms, either by glazed brick
walls or by framed and glazed partitions ; or again,
they may be formed by a combination of solid brick-
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 37
work and glazed woodwork. Any piers in these rooms
must be of brickwork, iron columns being inadmis-
sible. Masonry, too, must be discarded throughout,
or used with caution. Some stones — such as red
Mansfield — become black with exposure to the heat, and
others fare still worse. The employment of porous and
absorbent materials must be guarded against throughout
this portion of the bath, as it should be remembered that
effete matters, particles of waste tissue, and possibly
the germs of disease, are continually being given off
by the perspiring bathers, and must be prevented from
finding a lodgment.
The best woods for use in the hot rooms are close-
grained and free from essential oils. Mahogany is
excellently adapted for the purpose, and so, also, is
teak. Pitch pine must be discarded altogether. Deal,
when employed, should be perfectly seasoned,
and may then give trouble from the exudation of
turpentine.
The partitions, and the doorways in them, must be
so placed as to govern the flow of hot air. So long as
the main divisions be planned with this end in view, the
separate rooms may be divided and broken up as the
architect may fancy. But the constant flow of the
heated air from the inlet in the hottest room towards
the lavatorium must not be interfered with by recesses,
nooks, and corners, or anything that would cause the
current to stagnate. And here we may see the practical
advantage possessed by a bath where the hot rooms are
en suite, and in a line with one axis. For here the
air sweeps uninterruptedly through the different
38 • THE TURKISH BATH:
chambers without eddying around corners and stag-
nating in recesses far out of the main stream.
The doorways in the partitions should not be too lofty.
They should not be hung with doors, as anything
necessary in this way will be amply supplied by
depending curtains.
Glazing in the hot rooms requires care. The glass
will expand considerably with the heat, and, what is
more, if the furnace fire die out rapidly at any time,
will contract and fracture. This difficulty, however, is
the result of bad management, and does not concern the
architect, unless, indeed, it be the result of improper
fixing. Even moderate-sized sheets of glass should be
carefully fixed in chamois leather with screwed beading,
putty being wholly inadmissible. The sheets of glass
should not be of too large dimensions. Rolled glass
will be found the cheapest in the end, as inferior
qualities, where homogeneity of texture is wanting,
will crack and split in all directions. Lead glazing
should be altogether discarded.
No provision for draining the hot rooms is necessary,
as they must, when in use, be kept free from moisture.
The floor may, however, if thought desirable, be laid
with an imperceptible fall the way the water would be
swept when cleansing — viz. towards the lavatorium.
As the best position for a bather to assume in the
sudatorium is one approaching to the horizontal, a bath
cannot be considered complete unless a liberal number
of marble-slabbed benches be provided. These should
run round the solid walls, the risers of the benches being
formed of brickwork— glazed, faced with tiles, or
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 39
plastered — and white marble slabs set thereon. These
slabs cannot be less than 24 in. wide, and must be of
the ordinary seat height — not lower. In the risers must
be provided a liberal number of "hit-and-miss" venti-
lator gratings, the vitiated air finding its way from the
space beneath the slabs in the way designed, which
may be into surrounding areas, into hollow walls, or
into a flue or flues running the whole height of the
building.
The air at the floor line and that at the ceiling level
being of vastly different temperatures, it follows that an
arrangement might be designed whereby the benches
might be stepped in three or four rows, and, by
ascending, the bather could select any temperature he
might choose. Such an arrangement was often employed
in the baths of the ancient Romans, and has been tried
in modern institutions ; but it should be avoided. The
expirations from the lungs and the exudations from the
bodies of the bathers /#//, and it therefore follows that
all below the first tier would be breathing air polluted
by those above them. The system, therefore, stands
condemned.
As regards height, the sudorific chambers should not
be too lofty, or they cannot, on the ordinary hot-air plan,
be heated with due economy. The vastness of the old
Roman tepidarium would have been impracticable under
this system ; but with the heat radiating direct from the
walls and the floors, there was no difficulty. It is far better
to have a comparatively low chamber with a constant
stream of freshly-heated air passing through it, than a
lofty one with a sluggish current. From 10 to 15 or
40 • THE TURKISH BATE:
1 6 ft. may be taken as moderate extremes of height in a
public bath. The small third hot room will be less lofty
if the heating-chamber be placed under it ; for by
raising the floor of the laconicum a few feet, so as to
necessitate ascending to it by a few steps from the level
of the tepidarium, one can more economically construct
the furnace chamber.
This latter, which I have more particularly described
and illustrated in the chapter on heating and ventilation,
should, if the system adopted be on the ordinary hot-air
principle, be so placed that an abundant supply of fresh
pure cold air can be obtained for the furnace, which,
when heated, can be delivered into the hottest room
above, not less than 5 ft. from the level of the floor of
that chamber, and, also, where a smoke flue of ample
section can be constructed. The heated air may be
delivered through the gratings in the walls of the
laconicum, or a shaft of glazed brickwork, of rectangular
section, may be constructed against the end wall and
coped at the required level — 5 ft. or more above the
floor line. Should the exigencies of the site separate
the furnace chamber from immediate connection with
the hottest room, the heated air must be conducted
from the former to the latter by means of a large shaft
or shafts of glazed brickwork. Similar means may have
to be employed to bring the cold air to the heating-
chamber, and at the mouth of this shaft some provision
must be made for filtering the air before it is brought
into contact with the heating surfaces of the furnace.
Horizontal and inclined flues for conducting hot or
cold air may be carried from point to point on rolled
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 41
iron joists having tooled York slabs set thereon, the
flues being constructed of 4^ in. brickwork with glazed
face internally, and covered with tooled York slabs.
Provision must be made, in such flues, for effective
cleansing, by means of iron air-tight doors.
THE LAVATORIUM AND SHAMPOOING ROOM.
The lavatorium and shampooing room ' now engage
our attention. In elaborate baths they may, for the sake
of effect, be distinct apartments, while, where strict
economy must be studied, they may be comprised in
one room ; and where, again, space is extremely valuable,
the plunge bath and douche may be also included. If
the first arrangement be adopted, the shampooing room
must be connected with the tepidarium, and the lava-
torium placed next. Where the combination apartment
is used, it will take the position of the shampooing
room. Practically, the combination arrangement is the
best. It is putting the bather to needless and undesir
able trouble to require him to move from one apartment
to another during the washing process.
The suite of washing and shampooing rooms may be
arranged in either one of the following ways, according
to the pretensions and requirements of the establish-
ment : — (i) A shampooing room, a lavatorium, a douche
room, and a plunge bath chamber; (2) 'a combined
shampooing and washing room, and a combined douche
and plunge bath chamber ; (3) several small combined
shampooing and washing rooms, a douche room, and a
plunge bath chamber; (4) an apartment comprising
42 TEE TURKISH BATH:
shampooing slabs, washing basins, douche, &c., and a
plunge bath.
A single shampooing room does not present a very
complicated problem to the designer. The chief object
to be borne in mind is that the shampooers require " elbow-
room," and their patient in a convenient position to allow
of their practising their art. As this is no light task — if
properly performed — it becomes of urgent moment that
the apartment should be no less perfectly ventilated than
a sudorific chamber. In a vitiated atmosphere, no
shampooer can work well for a prolonged period, and,
moreover, pure air is as necessary for the bathers when
in these places, as when they are in the hot rooms.
The shampooing benches may be similar in descrip-
tion and size to those in the hot rooms. A width of 2 ft.
is an ample provision, since the shampooer can more
conveniently work with the bather as near him as pos-
sible. The benches may be constructed in a similar man-
ner to those before described. They must be arranged
on plan so that the shampooer has ample room, whilst
at the same time space is not extravagantly wasted.
The benches must be topped with white marble slabs.
They may run round the wall, or be placed at right
angles to them ; or, again, if found more convenient,
they may be altogether isolated. Similar means of
ventilating the shampooing and washing rooms as the
hot rooms must be provided. The vitiated air must
be extracted at the floor level, as the temperature here
must be maintained considerably above that of respired
air.
Movable wooden-framed marble-topped benches may
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 43
be substituted for those of a permanent type ; but the
plan has nothing to recommend it except lowness of
cost.
The separate lavatorium need not be so large as its
adjoining shampooing room, as here the bathers will not
recline, but sit or stand before washing-basins, to which
must be conducted the flow pipes of hot water, and
branches from the cold water supply pipe. These basins
— which may be of glazed earthenware if solid marble
cannot be afforded — should be large and capacious.
Of water-fittings I shall speak under the head of
" Appliances."
In a combined shampooing and washing room the
benches and basins will be required together. The
basins may be fixed under a hole in the marble slabs,
or affixed to the walls, as may be convenient. Whilst
arranging the position of the benches with regard to
the room, and the basins with regard to the benches, it
will be as well to remember the postures that the bather
assumes whilst being shampooed — viz. 1st, sitting; 2nd,
on the back ; 3rd, reverse. The basin must be so placed
with respect to the slab that the shampooer may, without
altering his position, take water from the basin with his
handbowl, and pour it over the bather. A shampooer
cannot well work with less than 5 ft. 6 in. between his slab
and that of his adjoining fellow, when the slabs are at
right angles to the wall and the adjoining shampooer is
also working in the same space between the two benches.
Where the room is long and a row of benches are placed
at right angles to the wall, the shampooers have each
their separate space to work in. Each one can then
44 . THE TURKISH BATH:
manage in 4 ft, and the slabs can be set out 6 ft. from
centre to centre. Where the long sides of the slabs are
against the walls and the basins are sunk into the slabs,
there must be at least 7 ft. 6 in. from basin to basin. In
the case of slabs at right angles to the walls, the basins
are best placed between the slabs.
It is an excellent plan to provide a slight screen in
one corner of the washing room, behind which the enter-
ing bather may, if he chooses, have a warm spray from
a large rose before proceeding to the hot rooms.
In ladies' baths it is well to provide private shampoo-
ing recesses by means of partitions of sufficient height,
which may be of wood and obscure glass. In this way
any shampooing room may be rendered more private.
Upright marble slabs will often be found useful in
dividing the benches.
The walls and ceilings of the apartments now under
consideration may, so long as there be a dado of glazed
ware, be lined in the same way as the hot rooms. But
as regards flooring, still more care is required to prevent
slipperiness. The soap and water that will be plentifully
spilt around, renders this precaution needful. More-
over, provision must be made for drainage.
The flooring may be of rough tile mosaic, or simple
tiles. Marble is too slippery, and glazed tiles are wholly
inadmissible. Marble mosaics, roughly set, may be
employed. The fall to which the floor is laid must be
determined by the position of the gullies.
The drainage system of a hot-air bath is a most im-
portant consideration. In a place where the occupants
are, literally, breathing at every pore, it is obvious that
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 45
too much care cannot be taken to prevent all possible
odours, and the slightest suspicion of an escape of
deleterious sewer gases. The traps employed in
the washing rooms should be of the best possible
design and material, and proof against the evil known
as " siphoning." The gullies above them are best placed
adjoining one of the ventilators in the walls, at the floor
level, as then a current of air sweeps over them and up
the extraction flues. It is not always that an oppor-
tunity is afforded to cut off the waste water from the
drainage; where the bath rooms are above ground,
however, this should be done if practicable. Where
possible, an excellent plan is to construct a culvert
under the basement floor. In this the whole of the
pipes can be placed — the soil-pipes, the lavatorium
and plunge bath wastes, &c., and access gained to them
by a manhole. By this means a cut-off could be effected
between waste-pipes and the sewerage system. The
culvert itself could be ventilated by connecting it with
an extraction flue. This is all costly ; but the builder
of a Turkish bath will do well to be prepared to lay
out a liberal sum to perfect the system of drainage of
the establishment, and in the end, when the public have
appreciated the attention bestowed, he will thank his
architect for having impressed upon him the necessity
for this extra expenditure.
THE DOUCHE ROOM.
The douche room should be a small chamber adjoin-
ing the lavatorium, and fitted with a circular needle bath
46 THE TURKISH BATH:
with shower or douche above, and any other kind of
spray bath that may be required. It should not be a
dark, cold, uninviting hole. For this reason, and also
because a corner is admirably adapted to receive an
appliance of the shape of a needle bath, it is better,
often, to fit it up in an angle of the lavatorium. But
of these additions I shall have much to say anon, as
one of the most important points about a bath is the
arrangement of the water-fittings. Needle baths will be
found indicated, on the plans given in these pages, by an
incompleted circle.
THE PLUNGE BATH.
Though, according to medical authorities, this does
not form a necessary appendage to the hot-air bath, it is
yet a feature that must be provided in the least pre-
tentious of public establishments. Ever since, and long
before, Cicero observed, in a letter to his brother Quintus,
" Latiorem piscinam voluissem ubi jactata brachia non
offenderentur," men who have taken the hot-air bath
have loved the ample plunge. But although it should
be sufficiently large for any bather to take a dive, and
for an expert to take a true " header," it is a vast mistake
to overdo it, and construct a small swimming bath, out
of all proportion with the other features of the establish-
ment. One does not look for such an adjunct : it is a
great expense to keep up, requires a lot of space, and
tempts many to stay too long in the cold water. All
purposes will be served by a bath which will allow the
bather to swim without touching the sides with his hands,
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 47
and to dive along under water without danger of striking
his head at the other end before he rises to the surface.
Wherever possible, the bath should be quite 25 ft. in
length and at least 7 ft. wide. In inferior institutions it
may be as narrow as 4 ft. and proportionately shorter ;
but in such a bath one can only flounder about, and
healthy bathers will go elsewhere.
In deciding the position of the plunge bath there
is one point to be strongly guarded against, and that is,
that it be not stowed away in a damp, cold-looking,
cellar-like place. Such a position may be all very well
when the proprietor wishes to conceal dirty water ; but
from every other point of view it is highly objectionable.
The wise man will bring his bath forward into the lightest
possible position, where its clear, limpid waters will look
enticing instead of repelling. For preference, it should
be placed where the bather will take it naturally, en route
_to_the.frigidarium, as at the Charing Cross baths, pre-
viously illustrated. In baths all on one level, it is
convenient to place the bath partly in the lavatorium
and partly in the frigidarium ; but, to most persons,
the necessity for passing under the inevitable par-
tition and flap spoils the full enjoyment of the plunge.
Iff^piaced within the frigidarium, and approached by a
door from the lavatorium, some sort of a screen should
be provided over the bath, as, at times, the apparition
appearing at the above door, in full view of the occupants
of the cooling-room, is somewhat ludicrous.
The demands of decency must be borne constantly in
mind by the architect of a Turkish bath. If the bather,
on leaving the plunge bath, finds himself in the frigi-
48 THE TURKISH BATH:
darium, he must ascend the steps under hanging towels.
The arrangement that will be found the most convenient
a direct importation from the East — is to suspend a
hoop from the ceiling, and from this hang cords -.attached^
to towels. The hoop can be swung by an attendant
over the end of the bath, and in it the bather can dry
himself and be wrapped in towels before proceeding to
his couch.
Whether the plunge bath be placed in a separate
chamber, in the lavatorium, or partly in the frigidarium,
its construction will remain essentially the same. If not
in shape and size, in other respects it .is a small swim-
ming bath. The weight and pressure of the water must
be remembered. A good foundation must be prepared
for the bath, with a thick layer of concrete passing well
under the side walls and covering the whole floor.
The side walls should be built of concrete and lined with
white glazed bricks. In certain soils, the excavation for
the bath may be puddled with advantage, but if properly
constructed, this should be unnecessary. The bottom of
the bath need not be flat, as the most economical method
of constructing a plunge bath is to make its deepest part
about two-thirds of its length from the end at which the
bather enters. This may be about 4 ft. 6 in. in depth
from bottom to water-line. From this point the floor will
slope towards either end, gradually towards the entering
end, and more rapidly towards the exit. At either end,
where the depth of water should be about 3 ft, must be
provided steps for ascent and descent. If the bath be
not more than 6 ft. wide, these should occupy the whole
width, and be of marble or slabs of some cheaper material
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 49
on brick bearers, or they may be built solid. A coping
of marble, stone, or purpose-made bricks must be placed
on the side walls ; and, if the bath be in the cooling room,
this may advantageously be raised several inches to
protect from splashing. On the coping may be required
metal standards and a neat hand-railing. A water-supply
pipe and screw-down tap, an overflow and a waste-pipe
will be needed, all of which I have more particularly
specified hereinafter.
The plunge bath is at times a source of two difficulties
— it may leak, and it may be below the level of drain.
The first evil is the result of an error in design, or of bad
workmanship ; the latter is unavoidable. The following
method of constructing a plunge bath has been adopted
with perfect success : — On the bed of concrete prepared
for its floor, erect side walls of concrete, and on the floors
and walls thus formed spread two distinct layers of
asphalt, covering all and running up to the underside
of coping. Against the sides build half-brick walls in
cement, with glazed face, and lay the floor with glazed
bricks flat. The general principles of this construction
I show in the accompanying illustration.
Where the bath is lower than the drain, all that can be
done is to drain out as much as possible and pump the
remaining water from a " sump " provided in a suitable
position. By raising the plunge bath chamber a few feet,
the bottom of bath may, in some cases, be just kept
above the drain level ; but steps must then be placed
between it and the washing-room, and steps in such
places are dangerous, being very liable to become
slippery.
, 9 9 --
4
to
0
E 2
52 . THE TURKISH BATH:
THE FRIGIDARIUM OR COOLING ROOM, AND DRESSING
ACCOMMODATION FOR BATHERS.
Dressing and cooling accommodation in a public bath
may be provided in one of the following ways : — i. A
separate frigidarium and distinct dressing room, arranged
(a) in direct communication with one another, or (b) con-
nected by a lobby, corridor, or ante-room ; — 2. A com-
bination apartment arranged (a) with dressing-boxes
around the walls, and couches in the centre, or vice versd ;
(b) with Oriental divans ; (c) with couches screened off
in pairs or singly by dwarf wood screens ; (d) with a
few private dressing-boxes, a few couches, and a few
lounges, and easy cushioned chairs ; and (e) as a simple
room with couches placed therein, by the side of which
the bather will undress, and on which he will recline
after his bath.
The first of these arrangements may be admirably
adapted to unpretentious establishments, where, how-
ever, it is wished to employ separate rooms ; the second
(i, b) is only suitable for elaborate baths of the highest
class, in which it may be adopted with excellent and
with practical results. Of the combination arrange-
ments (a) has little to recommend it ; (b) is expensive
and extravagant of space, though it may be made very
effective in appearance and very pleasing and com-
fortable ; (6-) is suitable for ladies' baths ; (d) is very
practicable, and gives the apartment a pleasant, homely
look ; and (e) is best for cheap baths, being the simplest
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 53
arrangement possible, wholly unsuited, however, to
establishments of any pretension.
If the plan include a separate cooling room, it is
nothing more than a spacious, cheerful apartment, de-
signed with a view to the reception of couches, and the
usual accessories designed in connection with it — the
refreshment room, hairdresser and chiropodist's saloon.
If this separate cooling room be provided, a distinct
apodyterium, with little dressing-boxes, must be de-
signed. If the bath be small and easily managed, cur-
tains may be employed to screen those undressing ; but
if it be a large establishment, with a number of bathers
constantly dressing and undressing, doors must be pro-
vided, and these must be under lock and key in charge
of an attendant. Each dressing-box must be fitted with
a seat, rack, and shelf ; and looking-glasses, toilet-tables,
and lavatories for general use must be placed in the room,
which must be designed in direct connection with the
frigidarium.
This should be spacious, light, lofty, and perfectly
ventilated, the vitiated air being here extracted at the
ceiling level, since the temperature at which the apart-
ment will be kept is an ordinary one — over that of the
exterior air when the weather is cold, and under when
it is at all hot.
Where the cooling room and dressing room do not
immediately adjoin, the means of communication should
be carefully studied, so that it may be free from cross
draughts of cold air, and so that it may be dignified and
room-like — not a mere passage. It may have the air
of an ante-room, but must not be crossed by entering
54 . THE TURKISH BATH:
bathers who have not divested themselves of their boots
or shoes. Slamming doors should be avoided, having
regard to the exposed condition of the bathers.
In spite of the theoretical and sentimental advantages
of separate cooling and dressing-rooms, a combined
frigidarium and apodyterium seems to have found favour
latterly.
Personally, I would gladly enter a protest against the
employment of the combined cooling and dressing room
as a decidedly uncleanly habit. It is certainly not
pleasant to know that, having obtained perfect physical
cleanliness, both inwardly and outwardly, one must
return to couches whereon previous bathers may, as
likely as not, have, however temporarily, deposited more
or less of their underclothing or superimposed raiment.
But economy o# construction is nowadays a question
that must be considered at every step, and the combina-
tion apartment saves both space and materials, and is
also economical as regards attendance. Moreover, it
must be confessed that a cooling room provided with
elegant and spacious divans, wherein the bather dresses
and undresses, may be made very pleasing to the eye
and withal comfortable and convenient. The dressing-
boxes, too, of the separate apodyterium are not con-
ducive to the general sense of comfort.
In arranging the plan of a combined cooling and
dressing room it is necessary to first decide as to how
the apartment will be furnished — viz. which of the plans
above mentioned shall be adopted. This is much a
matter of individual taste, though, as I have said above,
the divan is to be preferred in many cases. It is often
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 55
well to provide a cooling room of what may be called
the " picturesque " order, or the reverse of stiff formality.
By this I mean such an arrangement as 2, d. The
bather can then choose between reclining in semi-privacy
or in the open, or, again, resting in an easy chair.
With a handsome plunge bath and a pretty little
fountain, such rooms may be rendered very attractive.
Whatever be the plan adopted, it must, I repeat,
be carefully thought out previously, and not left as an
afterthought. The size of the reclining couch will be
found to be the governing feature. This should be 6 ft.
6 in. long by 2 ft. 6 in. wide, or 6 ft. by 2 ft, according
as luxury or economy is the end in view. Next to this
must be considered the space allowed for each bather to
dress in, and also the routes for bathers and attendants.
Four feet between the couches is a sufficient space where
couches are screened off in pairs.
Couches may be arranged in pairs or singly. Two
pairs of couches screened off with only a small space
between of 4 ft. or so is an objectional arrangement. It
is difficult to explain why this is so ; but the bather who
has made one of four strangers thus closely penned up
will appreciate the objection. An arrangement of four
couches must expand into a spacious divan.
At Fig. 5 are shown different ways of arranging
couches in the frigidarium. A shows the objectionable
arrangement spoken of; B is the comfortable, spacious
divan ; G the method of placing couches in pairs ; and
D is a private couch suitable for ladies' baths.
The floor of a cooling room must be boarded. In a
bath where cost is subordinate to excellence, a parquetry
56
THE TURKISH BATH:
floor may be provided, and mats employed, as cleaner
than fixed carpets. The walls and ceilings may be
treated in any manner that may be chosen — plastered,
papered, or decorated with colour.
FIG. 5.
r
/
Tvro
• H
couches
HT
T
-aamftfo/ *roo<l j ere fas ajt
I
t
'
B.
z
?» D Ivan
four* coucfies
3
*
CM
?/n<
^
\ 1
i*
D.
^ Coucfi
n" '
Methods of arranging Couches in Cooling Room.
Any shaped room may be adopted as a combined
frigidarium and apodyterium so long as it fulfils the
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 57
essential points — i.e. that it be spacious, capable of easy
and perfect ventilation, and of being kept cool, light,
and cheerful. In the cooling room the bather will often
stay longer than in any other apartment, and no pains
should be spared to render it healthy, comfortable, and
attractive. The hygienic points to be attended to are,
that there be an abundant supply of fresh cool air and an
effective withdrawal of vitiated air ; for the cold-air bath
in the cooling room is, in its way, as all-important as
the bath of hot air. The freshness of the air is of
equally vital importance, as much of the invigorating
effect of the bath — that effect which to the minds of the
uninformed is weakening — results from submitting the
heated skin to volumes of cold air.* In arranging any
screens or screen walls in the cooling room, therefore,
regard must be had to the method of ventilation, that
there be no stagnant corners and recesses. The scheme
of ventilation must be decided by the nature of the
apartment and its position. In most cases the air is
best admitted through the windows, fitted with fan-
lights falling backwards from the top, and extracted
by a powerful self-acting exhaust at the ceiling level.
In some positions extraction flues will have to be built,
and, in others, flues of large area must conduct to the
source from which the fresh air is drawn. Under
certain circumstances perfect ventilation will not be
obtainable without the aid of a powerful blowing fan-
* Not draughts. The ancient Romans, it is curious to note, would
walk in the open air after the bath ; and both the Frigidariutn of the
Romans and the Mustaby of the Turks were, and are, open to the
heavens.
58 TEE TUBKISH BATH:
wheel driven by a motor of some sort, and running so
as to exhaust the vitiated air. The means does not
so much matter so long as the end be gained, and an
ample supply of cool air obtained. A warm, close
" cooling room " is worse than useless. In such places
the bather will break out into renewed perspiration,
and lie perspiring for hours, and become greatly
weakened thereby, with a good chance of taking a chill
on leaving the establishment.
Cooling rooms will always remain sufficiently warm
in all weathers if they be in any ordinary relation to
the heated apartments ; but in the height of summer
care is required to keep them sufficiently cool. Where
simple, everyday precautions will not suffice, the air
itself must be cooled, either by passing it through a cold
chamber or over ice-boxes in inlet tubes, or through
a water-spray. Only in exceptional cases, however, is
it necessary to resort to such measures, as, contrary to
the teachings of theorists, it has been found in practice
that the proper temperature for the cooling room of
a hot-air bath varies in different states of the weather,
and should not remain constant all the year round.
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 59
CHAPTER V.
HEATING AND VENTILATION.
OF the many questions that merit attention and study
in connection with the Turkish bath, all sink into insig-
nificance by the side of that of the heating' and the
nature of the heat supplied in the sudatory chambers.
Other things being equal, it is, after all, the heating that
distinguishes one bath from another on the score of
excellence. The heating of the " bath " is the Alpha
and Omega of the whole matter.
There are two ways in which heat may be applied
to the body — by direct radiation, as from the sun or
an open fire ; and by convection, as through a volume
of air.
The ancient Roman bathers, with floors below them
which rested upon piles, or little pillars of brick or tile,
around which the flames and hot gases from the furnace
played, and surrounded by heated, hollow walls, evidently
submitted themselves to the action of a heat that must
have been of a purely radiating character.
So, also, in a less perfect manner, the Turks, who
employ flues running beneath the floors, and the Moors,
who adopt stoves visible to the bathers.
Theoretically, radiant heat in a bath is vastly superior
to that which is transmitted to the body through the
60 THE TURKISH BATH:
medium of the air. Its virtues have been extolled by
David Urquhart and other eminent authorities on the
bath. " There is a difference," says Mr. Urquhart,
"between radiating and transmitted caloric. ... I
cannot pretend to treat of this great secret of nature ;
to work out this problem a Liebig is required. This I
can say, that such heat is more endurable than common
heat. There is a liveliness about it which transmitted
heat lacks. You are conscious of an electrical action. It
is to transmitted heat what champagne is to flat beer.
. . . Let us drop, if you please, the word * bath ' : it is
' heat.' Let us away with that absurdity ' hot-air ' : it is
the application of heat to the human frame." Elsewhere
this writer has pointed out that the terms thermce, sejac,
and hammdm—\hz names given to the bath by the
Romans, Moors, and Orientals proper — mean heat, and
not " hot-air " or " hot-air bath."
My own studies, observations, and experience lead me
to the conclusion that the direction in which we shall
improve the "Turkish bath" will be in the way of
providing sudatories that shall give off pure, radiant heat
in such a manner that the whole surface of the body may
be sensible of a degree of heat, while the lungs may
breathe comparatively cool air— air that has not passed
over the sides of a fiery furnace and been suddenly raised
to an enormous temperature, but which has received
its heat by a gentle and gradual process of warming.
Under this system the heat of which we are sensible is as
the gentle Zephyr to rude Boreas or the biting eastern
winds. If we go into a kiln of brickwork, such as is
employed in firing clay goods, after the charge has been
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 61
removed and all fumes and odours have disappeared, we
shall note the soft and balmy nature of the heat that
radiates directly from the walls and vaulting. We are,
to all practical intents and purposes, in a Roman laconi-
cum. The thick walls have been highly charged with
caloric during the firing of the bricks or other articles.
They have absorbed vast quantities of heat, and are now
giving off the same to the enclosed air and to ourselves
standing within. In the old Roman bath the walls were
charged with caloric by means of innumerable earthen
tubes lining the sides of the laconicum, and covered
with a peculiar plaster. But in both cases the nature of
the resultant heat is identical. It radiates to one from
all sides. There is no acrid biting of the face such as
one feels in the worst type of hot-air baths ; no
unpleasant fulness or aching of the head ; and no
panting or palpitating. Such is the " bath " of pure
radiant heat, a thing totally distinct from, and
altogether of a different genus to, the bath of heated
air. And one might be pardoned for the enthusiasm
which would lead one to suggest that it is only in the
supplying of this kind of radiant heat in the modern
bath that true and rapid progress can be expected, and
possibly that not until this great or partial — according as
the system of radiation and convection pertains in existing
baths — revolution has been effected, will the bath, at
present used by the few, become the custom of the many.
Some day, peradventure, this hypothetical method of
employing pure radiant heat may be rendered possible
and practicable, and we may be placed in a bath where
we shall receive great heat whilst breathing a compara-
62 THE TURKISH BATH:
tively cool atmosphere, and thus receive a measure of
that electrical invigoration we experience when, in some
sheltered bathing cove, we have exposed our bodies to
the fiercest rays of the morning sun whilst yet we breathe
the fresh, cool, ozone-laden air.
Till modern invention, however, has provided us with
this desideratum in the heating of the bath, we must be
satisfied with existing methods. And unless something
really practical is perfected, it is far wiser to rely upon
the system of heating by convection through the air —
the principle, generally adopted, of continuously pass-
ing large quantities of freshly-heated air through the
sudatory chambers ; exposing, however, the heating ap-
paratus, so that a maximum of radiant heat may be
obtained ; and carefully guarding against injuring the air
whilst raising its temperature. If only existing baths
were in perfect harmony with this principle, one would
have little cause for complaint, and might the more
leisurely await the perfecting of the true radiating prin-
ciple of heating, which I am satisfied is the one upon
which we must base all our hopes for the future of
the "Turkish "bath.
For practical purposes, it will suffice if the method of
heating and ventilating a bath on the hot-air principle
be explained. This I shall now do, and subsequently
give plans and instructions for methods of heating
and ventilating on systems where, by the exposure of
the heating surfaces of furnaces, a large proportion of
radiant heat is thrown into the hot-rooms.
The necessary appliances and arrangements for the
heating and ventilation of a bath on the ordinary hot-air
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 63
principle comprise a furnace in its chamber, with flues
or shafts supplying cold, and drawing off the heated air,
and a stokery with provisions for firing and storing coke,
&c. Too often the stokery is unscrupulously cramped,
and the life of the stoker thereby rendered anything
but pleasant. Its design is a simple matter, and perhaps
for this reason neglected. The arrangement and con-
struction of the furnace chamber requires care, and the
selection of a stove or furnace great j udgment. As regards
the latter feature, the most important point to consider is
the nature of the heating or radiating surfaces. What will
raise the air to the required temperature, without in the
process depriving it in any way of its vitalising elements,
and without adulterating it with either smoke and
fumes from leakage, or with particles of foreign matter
given off from the material employed in its construc-
tion ?
There is nothing really better as a radiating surface
than ordinary firebrick. From this material a soft heat
is given off, differing in quality from that obtained from
iron. An iron furnace, however, requires less thought
in design, gives less trouble in fitting up, and is cheap,
economical, and expeditious. Stoves, therefore, with an
iron radiating surface, have been largely adopted in the
past, in spite of the objection that, when super-heated,
particles of metal are thrown into the air of the hot
rooms. Of iron furnaces there are many placed before
the public ; but though all are doubtless suited to
ordinary requirements, there are few that are capable of
creditably fulfilling the conditions indispensable for the
hygienic heating of the air of a Turkish bath.
64 THE TURKISH BATH:
. 1
These conditions may be summarised as follows : —
1. A maximum of heating-surface, with a minimum of
grate space.
2. Perfect immunity from the danger of leakage from
the furnace into the hot-air chamber or conduit.
3. Freedom from the defect of liability to over-heat
the air.
4. Inability to adulterate the air by throwing off
matter from the heating surfaces.
Such primary essentials must be constantly borne in
mind by the designer of furnaces for the Turkish bath.
Their importance must be obvious to all.
Of the many iron stoves, Messrs. Constantine's
" Convoluted " stove has been adopted the most
frequently, as an eminently practical furnace for the
effective heating of the sudatory chambers. The
appearance of this stove is familiar to all architects,
and it will be unnecessary, in these pages, to minutely
describe its construction.
The method of constructing a furnace suitable for a
small public bath is, however, shown at Fig. 6. The
excavations for stokery and heating chamber being
completed, and the position of the furnace determined,
a solid foundation of concrete must be prepared, upon
which the brickwork to support the stove must be laid.
At the same time, the foundations for walls of furnace
chamber, stokery, coke store, and the side walls for the
horizontal cold-air conducting flues will be prepared.
These latter must then be built in half-brick with glazed
interior face, and the furnace inclosed in similar work, as
shown in perspective sketch. The flues must be covered
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.
65
with York stone slabs 3 in. thick, up to within three inches
or so of the convolutions of the stove, at which distance
the side walls of the furnace must be erected, the back
one similarly, and the front one round the four projecting
doors, which are, respectively, the ash-pit door, the fire
FIG. 6.
View of a small Furnace Chamber, with portion of wall broken away
to show the " Convoluted " Stove.
door, and two doors for cleansing the horizontal smoke-
box and interior of convolutions. The furnace walls
must be continued up to a few inches ' above the bend
of iron smoke flue, and then — if, as shown, the furnace
be small — covered with a 4-in. York slab in one piece.
If the furnace be large, a flat brick arch must form the
F
THE TUBKISH BATH:
covering, as at Fig. 8, where this arch supports the
flooring of the laconicum. The openings for the ad-
mission of the heated air into the conduit leading into
the hot rooms may be either directly above, as shown in
the last-named illustration, or in the side, as in Fig. 6,
with inclined flues. As a rule, it is more economical, in
heating on the principle now under consideration, to
place the furnace below the level of the hot rooms ;
but if desirable to place both on one level, the back wall
of the furnace chamber becomes the party wall of the
laconicum, and it must be stopped short of the ceiling,
and the air debouched over it.
In cheap baths the interior face of furnace chamber
may be of stock brickwork ; but best glazed work should
be adopted in good ones. All hot and cold-air ducts
should be similarly lined with glazed ware. In first-
class work the floors of horizontal and inclined flues
should be of white glazed tiles set in cement. Manholes
must be provided for cleaning when necessary. Every
portion of furnace chamber, flues, shafts, and conduits
for hot and cold air must be " get-at-able " either by
means of manholes or by long brushes. Air-tight doors
must be indicated on the plans wherever this necessity
demands them.
The iron smoke-pipe from furnace must be conducted
to the smoke flue, and the connection between furnace
chamber and flue hermetically sealed. The walls for a
small furnace chamber need not be more than 4! in.
thick. Large furnaces require walls one-brick thick.
The cold-air flues leading from either side of the
furnace must be conducted to their respective kilets.
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.
67
If possible, at least two inlets should be provided, facing
different ways : this with regard to the possibility of
certain winds drawing the air out where it is wanted to
enter. The openings should be vertical, like windows,
and, in cities, furnished with a solid frame and casement,
fitted with louvres of plate glass with polished edges.
Between the rebate and the casement it is a good plan
FIG. 7.
An Air Filter.
to leave a space of an inch and a half for a movable
stretcher-frame holding several layers of " cheese-cloth "
to filter the air. The construction of such an air filter
is shown at Fig. 7. The glass louvres keep out the
wet, and throw off coarse particles of falling soot ;
and the provision of a movable stretcher permits the
cloths to be frequently changed for clean ones— a very
F 2
68
TEE TURKISH BATH:
important point, though little heeded, if not, perhaps,
wholly ignored.
FIG. 8.
.SectLon on Ltne A
Plans and Section of a Furnace Chamber, &c., for a Bath on the ordinary
Hot-air Principle.
The position of air intake is a matter of great import-
ance, especially in large towns. It evidently is bad to
draw a supply of air from the bottom of an area. Even
the position shown in Fig. 8 is not good : the shaft
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 69
should be carried higher. The best places for the in-
takes are where there is always a current of pure air
blowing, and away from smoky chimneys. Theoreti-
cally, it would seem that the higher the level of intake
the better ; but in cities, by going high we get among
the belching chimney-tops, even if we escape the stag-
nation below. Moreover, a high inlet with a strong wind
tending to exhaust the air in the shaft might find the
architect with the cold air sweeping through his bath, and
all the heated air rushing up the supply-shaft. A large
" lobster-back " automatically turning towards the wind,
would in many cases prevent such a disastrous result.
Even in low-level intakes, as I have said, trouble will
sometimes arise from the same cause. This may be
remedied by providing more than one inlet, so that only
the one facing the current of air will be employed, the
other being closed, which could be effected by fixing the
glass louvres, spoken of above, on pivots, and connecting
them with a rod and adjustable rack. It would be a very
simple matter to make the wind itself automatically open
and shut the louvres.
The theory of the heating and ventilation of the hot
rooms requires most careful study, and the particular
scheme to be adopted in any new bath must be well con-
sidered with respect to the restrictions of the site. At
Fig. 8, I have endeavoured to show how to make the
best of what is perhaps a bad job : the site only admits
of ventilation at a back area, it is impossible to construct
flues anywhere else, and the fresh air must be drawn
from the same area. On the ground floor are cooling
and dressing rooms ; the bath r-ooms are in the basement
70 THE TURKISH BATH:
and the furnace in a sub-basement, reached from a
passage at the end of the stairs for the bather. Two
convoluted stoves are shown in a vault ; three air-inlets
are provided, and the foul air is drawn up into the smoke
flues, two in number, which, above, could join one another.
Let us follow the air in its passage through the bath.
Entering at the intakes, any coarse impurities are thrown
off by the smooth louvres, and the tendency of finer
particles to rush in is checked by the stretched canvas
cheese-cloths. Thus deprived of its actually visible im-
purities, the air passes through a longer or shorter conduit
of glazed brickwork until it reaches the horizontal flues
running to beneath the furnace walls, along which it is
rapidly drawn, and, ascending between the walls and
heating surfaces and between the two adjacent heating
surfaces, absorbs the radiating heat and enters the
laconicum by way of the rectangular shaft constructed
above the vault spanning the two stoves.
Questions of temperature I will omit for the present.
The air, on passing through the laconicum, will be
practically pure, as it is in such great bulk compared
with the number of occupants of this highly-heated
chamber, and it will not be absolutely necessary to
provide ventilators. These should commence in the
calidarium, and should, in the scheme of ventilation
here considered, be so disposed that the nearer
they are to the lavatorium and shampooing-room,
the more frequent will they become. The object of
this disposition of outlets for vitiated air is, that the
cross currents thus created may not interfere with the
main flow from the heating chamber to the lavatorium.
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 71
Were too many ventilators to be placed near the hotter
end of the sudatorium,this stream would be diverted. Too
much of the freshly-heated air would flow out at these
points, and the onward movement of the air would be
enfeebled. There would then be difficulty in maintaining
the temperature in the tepidarium and lavatorium.
In passing onward through the various rooms, two
changes are wrought in the air : it loses so much of the
caloric with which it is charged for every foot it travels,
and it becomes laden with the exhalations from the
lungs of the bathers. A large proportion of carbonic
acid is thrown into the air, and as the normal
temperature of the human body remains, in a healthy
person, at about 98° Fahr., and rises but a few points
even when submitted to the action of heat, these
exhalations, in addition to being heavier than air, are
very much below the average temperature of a sudatory
chamber. Consequently they fall, and must be extracted
at the floor level.
The total area of the outlets for vitiated air should be
about equal to the area of the narrowest part of the
shaft that conducts the fresh, hot air from the heating
chamber. Thus, supposing the latter to be 5 superficial
feet, and the size of outlet ventilators a clear 12 in.
by 3 in., there may be 20 ventilators disposed round
the bath-rooms, say 4 in the calidarium, 7 in the
tepidarium, and 9 in the combined shampooing room
and lavatorium.
In the diagrams at Figs. 8 and 9 the foul-air conduit is
the space comprised under the marble-topped benches
running round the hot rooms. At the end of the laco-
72
THE TURKISH BATH:
nicum they enter flues, which I have shown as running
side by side with the smoke flues.
Other methods of heating the air, besides those
mentioned, include coils of iron flue-pipes in a brick
chamber — a principle that has been frequently adopted
in the past— and plain cylindrical iron radiating stoves,
such as employed at the Hammam in Jermyn Street.
FIG. 9.
Cross Section oj Tepldorluro
Section of Hot Room, showing Foul-air Conduit.
In the latter plan, however, a great expense is created
by the large number of furnace-fires to be kept con-
stantly burning. An exposed stove in a hot room,
has, moreover, the objection to its use that it re-heats
the air in the bath, which should never on any account
be done.
If the iron stove-pipe system is adopted, a furnace
similar to the one shown at Fig. 10 must be provided, and
after an additional few feet of brick flue the iron pipe
would commence and turn back upon itself much as the
flue in the fire-brick furnace. Proper supports must be
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 73
provided, and the pipes must be stout and jointed together
with expansion joints, otherwise considerable difficulty
will be found in keeping a long length of flue pipe
perfectly free from leakage. Furnaces on this principle
may be designed so that they throw a certain amount of
radiant heat direct into the hot-rooms, and they possess
this advantage over a mere stove, that they warm the
air more gradually. The furnace should be built adjoin-
ing the laconicum, the partition wall being of 4j-inch
glazed brickwork, having a large number of small
openings made therein by leaving void spaces as de-
scribed further on for the fireclay heating apparatus.
Behind this wall the iron flue-pipe should be placed,
turning back upon itself, as described above, for perhaps
half-a-dozen times, and ending in the vertical brick flue.
The furnace itself should be of fire-clay, and so designed
that its utmost heating power may be economically
employed in warming the incoming air, which should
pass over the furnace and iron flues, through the holes in
partition wall, and thus into the hot rooms. The flue,
if of wrought iron, should be rectangular in section, but
if of cast-iron it should be round.
The most economical way of obtaining a high tempe-
rature in a small, inexpensive, and unpretentious private
bath is by means of a common laundry stove, with a
longer or shorter length of iron flue in the apartment.
This is the cheapest and quickest method of raising the
temperature of a room for sudorific purposes.
To turn to methods of heating from a radiating
surface of firebrick, at Fig. 10 I have given the plan,
elevation, and sections of a fireclay heating apparatus,
74
THE TURKISH BATH:
It is constructed wholly of fireclay— fireclay bricks,
quarries, and cement In the main it consists of a long
FIG. 10.
'«• - *' ~ -"- f^* ••f-'-'. •*. .f^ri ., .*•* fcw~^-.f^< q.-^.> -,-.i.i
Looattudtnal , Section
A Fireclay Heating Apparatus.
flue of firebricks and slabs, which coils backwards and
forwards over itself till the desired amount of radiating
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTEUCTION. 75
surface is gained. Between the coils are spaces for
super-heating the air already warmed by passing over
the actual furnace and into the warm air chamber, the
air passing through by means of perforated bricks. The
illustration shows a simple furnace ; but it would be an
easy matter to improve upon this by providing iron air-
tight doors lined with fireclay, for cleansing flues and
air-chambers. The example given is only suited to heat
a small public bath. For a large set of hot rooms, a
compound apparatus could be constructed by placing an
additional furnace in a sub-basement, the one on the
level of the sudatory supplying radiant heat, and the
lower one hot air. Two such apparatus might be placed
one behind the other, end to end, or might form the
sides of the laconicum ; the last plan, however, being
the least to be recommended, as in such positions they
would not directly radiate their heat into the adjoining
hot rooms.
The advantage of such a furnace as that shown is
that it supplies radiant heat of a most exhilarating kind,
besides a proportion of heated air, and from a fireclay
surface, the employment of which renders it absolutely
impossible to overheat the air, or to contaminate it by
deleterious particles resulting from the decomposition of
metal. Moreover, the stoking of this class of furnace
requires less arduous attention than an iron stove. Its
disadvantage is that, should the temperature of the bath
be allowed to fall markedly, it requires some time for
the extra heat to be made up again. Inasmuch, how-
ever, as fires at public baths must be kept banked up
overnight, this is not a matter of importance. It is this
76 TEE TURKISH BATH:
very slowness of increase in temperature that constitutes
the safeguard against that overheated air, the presence of
which we can, with practice, detect by the smell in so
many baths. The difficulties involved in the construction
of a furnace of this nature relate to the prevention of
cracking and consequent escape of sulphurous fumes and
carbon into the air. The very simplicity of the con-
struction of the flues and air-chambers constitutes the
chief danger, as the chances are that, unless the architect
stands by and sees every joint made, the work will be
done badly. Absolutely faultless workmanship must be
employed throughout, and the fireclay materials must
be literally of the very best and soundest description.
Every single joint must be perfectly made with fireclay
cement or paste. The fireclay bricks, &c., must be
selected with regard to the amount of indestructible
silica in the clay, consistent with hardness and toughness.
Homogeneity of material must be obtained, having
regard to expansion and contraction. The same
material used for the bricks, &c., worked into a paste,
must be employed for the joints.
The design for a furnace on the principle shown at
Fig. 10 must be prepared with constant regard to ex-
pansion and contraction in heating and cooling. Should
this warning be disregarded, fractures will result. It
will be seen, upon reference to the plans, that the block
of flues and air spaces is left quite free, to allow of any
expansion, the connection with the smoke-shaft being by
means of an iron flue-pipe, which, being provided in
considerable length before passing through the party-
wall of laconicum and stokery, by its flexible nature
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 77
permits any slight movement in a vertical direction. If
an " expansion " joint were provided, there would be a
sufficient length of iron pipe if it passed direct from the
junction with the heating apparatus into the stokery.
So much of the iron flue as is in the laconicum must be
coated with asbestos or some composition, or the heating
will not be wholly by firebrick. The junction of iron
flue and heating apparatus is shown by a cast-iron cap
sliding over a projecting rim of fireclay, moulded into
the last quarry cover, similar to the way in which cast-
iron mouthpieces are fitted to retorts.
This heating apparatus is shown visible in the laco_
nicum, but if thought desirable it could be screened by
a wall of glazed bricks — 9 in. and miss 4^ in. The 4^ by
3 in. holes can be arranged in diamond patterns. This
screen wall, however, cuts off a large quantity of radiant
heat.
The first flue past the actual furnace— shown with
ordinary dead-plate, raking fire-bars, ashpit, fire-door,
and ashpit door for regulating draught — has walls 4^ in.
thick ; above, smaller bricks, 3 in. wide ; but in a larger
apparatus, 9 in. and 4^ in. respectively would be
required. The quarries between flues and air spaces
are 24 in. by 24 in. by 3 in., with rebated joints.
Larger covers would be more liable to crack at any
provocation.
In addition to heating by means of furnaces, steam-
heating may be employed, if found, as in many cases
it would be, convenient and economical. The chief
disadvantage of this method of heating Turkish baths,
is the constant danger, however slight, of bursting a
78 THE TURKISH BATH:
pipe in the heating coil, which, by immediately filling
the highly-heated atmosphere with vapour, might prove
most disastrous to the occupants of the hot rooms, who
would be seriously scalded. Nevertheless, the principle
has been largely employed in the heating of the most
recent Turkish baths in Germany.
If adopted it may be either on the hot-air or radiating
plan, as in heating by means of furnaces. In the first
method the fresh air is introduced into a chamber con-
taining a coil of steam-pipes, and passes thence into the
laconicum by a shaft or conduit, as in the case of air
heated by a stove. In the second method, steam
radiators — compact batteries of pipes — must be placed
in recesses in the hot rooms, fresh air being introduced
over them. The steam-pipes employed should be of
the " small bore " type, about | inch internal diameter,
and of wrought iron or copper. In order to ensure as
far as possible against the danger of explosion, the
system of pipes should be tested, when fixed, by severe
hydraulic pressure.
It is certainly a great advantage, in point of ease
and economy, to be able to warm a building, drive
machinery, and heat Turkish and Russian baths
from one boiler, which can readily be done, very
ordinary pressures of steam giving sufficient heat to
keep the radiators of the requisite temperature. But
the nature of the heating accomplished by means of
steam-pipes is very inferior to that from large radiating
surfaces of firebrick.
The average temperatures of a public bath should
range from about 110° in the shampooing rooms to
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 79
250°-26o° in the hottest part of the laconicum, taking
the readings of the thermometer at a level of 6 ft. 6 in.
above floor-line. Between the entrance of the heated
air and its point of furthest travel in the shampooing
rooms, the bather should be able to select any tempera-
ture that may be most agreeable to him, and as many
find by experience that a certain degree of heat is best
suited to themselves, it shows attention to the habitues
of the bath, if the hot rooms are carefully maintained at
the same uniform temperatures throughout the year.
This may be Iio°-I2o° in the shampooing rooms, 140°
in the tepidarium, 180° in the calidarium. and 250° in
the laconicum. These must be the maxima of the
average temperatures of each room at 6 ft. 6 in. above
the floor. In a pure atmosphere the highest tempera-
tures are comfortable, but in a foul one they become
insupportable.
In a good bath, where there is a rapid and continuous
flow of air, there will be comparatively little difference
between the temperature at say 4 ft., 6 ft., and 8 ft.
above the floor. In badly-ventilated rooms, where the
air stagnates, there will be a considerable difference.
And here we may note a serious objection to the heating
of a bath by convection ; for while the head may be in
a high degree of heat the feet are in comparatively
cool air, whereas, if possible, it should be just the
reverse. In convected heat, this of course applies in its
entirety, as where so-called radiant heat is employed the
evil is not quite so marked. And here, too, we may note
the admirable nature of the Roman system of heating,
where the floors radiated the majority of the heat, and
80 THE TURKISH BATH:
the walls a slightly less amount. The fresh air under
the ancient system must have entered through the
cooler rooms, and being drawn towards the calidarium
found its exit through the ceilings, at times by way of
the regulating device mentioned by Vitruvius. Thus
the ancient bather would not suffer the inconvenience
that accrues to the bather in the modern hot-air
bath, whose head, when he is standing upright, is in a
considerably higher temperature than any other portion
of his body.
The temperature of a bath should not be regulated
by the firing of the furnace. This should be regularly
stoked, and kept at one uniform heat-giving condition.
Bad firing and forced firing may crack the stove should
it be of iron, and the air may be overheated. The
temperature should be regulated by means of the
hit-and-miss ventilators at the floor level. Fanlights
between the various hot rooms, with screw-rod adjust-
ment, serve as a means for regulating their relative
temperatures.
The heating power of furnaces must be studied.
Having calculated the cubical contents of the rooms to
be heated, and given the heating power of the stove or
apparatus to be employed per cwt. of metal or super-
ficial foot of radiating surface, we arrive at the necessary
size.
Messrs. Constantine give the following tables to
show the heating power of the " Convoluted " stove.
The figures give the requisite size of stove to raise the
air to about the relative temperatures I have mentioned
before, and with ordinary firing.
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 81
Weight of
metal.
Sq. ft. of
heating surface.
Area capable
of heating.
cwt.
sq. ft.
cub. ft.
14
35
500
20
55
I,2OO
22
69 ...
2,000
34
119
3,500
36
139
5,000
45
180
8,000
50
231
12,000
56
.. 296 ..
16,000
When different kinds of heating apparatus are em-
ployed, their heating power must be carefully ascer-
tained and calculations entered into, or it may be
found necessary to resort to the costly and humiliating
process of dragging out the stove or pulling down
the furnace and refitting a larger one. This point is
worth attention. Such mistakes are not unfrequently
made.
As regards the amount of air that should flow through
the hot rooms, an allowance of 40 cubic feet per head
per minute should be the minimum, if purity of atmo-
sphere is to be maintained. In a bath, the importance
of perfect ventilation cannot possibly be over estimated,
as not only has the respired air from the lungs to be
removed, but also the deleterious exhalations from the
skin which are produced by perspiration.
The allowance of 40 cubic feet per head per minute
should not, if properly distributed, cause an unpleasant
draught in any part of the hot rooms ; for it must be
remembered that even in a highly-heated atmosphere
a waft of air of the same temperature is felt to be cold.
The main thing to be studied in this provision of a large
volume of air is that the cold inlet be ample, and the
G
32 TEE TURKISH BATE:
passage from this intake to the point where the air is
debouched into the laconicum equally roomy and un-
obstructed. The rapidity of flow will depend upon the
means provided for the extraction of the foul air. With
large horizontal flues, and a capacious and tall shaft, the
so-called natural system of ventilation will be as effec-
tive as could be desired. Greater extraction power is
gained if in the brick stack a smoke-pipe can be placed
running up the whole height. In many cases mecha-
nical ventilation could be employed with the greatest
benefit. A powerful air-propeller fixed at the end
of a system of horizontal flues under the floors of the
hot rooms, and running so as to exhaust, would do away
with all the objectionable odours and nastiness of many
baths.
The purity or foulness of the air in the hot rooms
forms all the difference between a good bath and a bad
one, which latter is infinitely worse than no bath at all.
There exist, at the present time, scores of baths where
the odours of the sudatory chambers are nauseat-
ing. Such foulness arises from stagnation of the air.
There is no continuous flow, and the respirations and
exhalations of the bathers are not removed. A sys-
tem of ventilation may be pointed out, but it is on the
wrong principle, and does not act. There is no change
of air. The atmosphere of such places becomes pesti-
lential.
Owing to the expansion by heat, a relatively greater
volume of air enters the laconicum than the cold intake.
This fact, however, does not practically affect the
arrangements for ventilation, &c. Theoretically, how-
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 83
ever, it would seem to demand that the shaft conducting
from furnace to hot rooms should be of greater sectional
area than that to the furnace from the intake — about
one-third larger — and that the total area of outlets for
the escape of vitiated air should be about midway
between the two.
__The whole principle of the ventilation of the hot rooms
^.ofLaJTurkish bath resolves itself, primarily, into the fact
that we have to continually remove the bottom layer of
^cdr. The provision of the foul-air conduits below the
floor level is equivalent to providing a suspended floor
__witk a. hollow space under. This is just the reverse of
the principle of ventilating rooms of ordinary tempera-
jture, where we require to constantly remove the top
layer, and often actually do so when we provide false
ceilings to passages, &c.
The ventilators placed at the floor level of the hot
rooms should be actually so, and not 3 in. or 6 in. above.
Long, wide gratings 6 in. deep are preferable to those of
deeper and narrower design. In theory, indeed, the
whole circumference of the hot rooms should be lined
round with gratings, thus making the sudatorium like a
lidless box inverted, into which hot air is thrown and
escapes all round the bottom edges.
There is one point about the circulation of air in a set
of hot rooms that requires considerable attention, and
that is the back-flow along the floor. In any bath where
hot air is supplied, if the bather will hold his linen
"check" across the top of the doorway between the
rooms he will find that the air is flowing from the laco-
nicum to the shampooing room. If, however, the sheet
G 2
THE TURKISH BATH:
be held across the lower portion of the doorway, he will
find that there is a current of air setting in an opposite
direction — from the shampooing room to the laconicum.
This is shown at Fig. 1 1.
o'
£
5
I
It will be seen from the diagram that the bather is
really in this back-flow when he is standing between and
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. • 85
in a line with the doors of the hot rooms. All the air
appears to be travelling along the top of the bath, and
the bather reclining on the marble-topped benches would
seem to be bathed in air that has passed along the top
of bath, round the shampooing rooms, and back along
the floor. In reality, however, it is only from door to
door that the currents exist exactly as shown at the
diagram, Fig. n, there being a secondary circulating
process in each room.
This circulation of air will exist in any bath heated on
the modern system — that is to say, where freshly-heated
air is passed in in sufficient quantity. It is a natural
result, and tends to distribute the heat more equally.
The back-flow is only objectionable when a door is
opened direct from the heated shampooing rooms to a
cooler apartment, as the plunge bath chamber. The
bather standing in a line between the doorways may
then feel a cold draught. To guard against this, double
doors, with a small lobby between, should be provided
to any means of communication .with a cold chamber.
A set of hot rooms could be constructed so that the
bather would be in the top current of air that flows from
the heating apparatus. By reference to Fig. II the
reader will understand that by the provision of a plat-
form or grating midway between the floor and ceiling
this end would be attained.
The atmosphere of the sudatorium must be perfectly
free from vapour. "Perfect dryness of the air," says
Mr. Urquhart, " is indispensable to the enduring of a
high temperature. . . . This dryness is further requisite
for electrical isolation. With vapour in the chamber an
86 TEE TURKISH BATH:
atmosphere is created injurious to health and conducive
to disease. It is the very condition in which low, putrid,
and typhus fevers flourish. The electrical spark will not
ignite in such an atmosphere, and the magnet will lose
its attractive power. We all know the difference of our
own sensations on a dry and on a damp day."
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 87
CHAPTER VI.
WATER FITTINGS AND APPLIANCES.
THE water-fittings of a Turkish bath include a boiler
of some form for heating the water, a cold-water cistern,
and a hot-water tank; supply-pipes, flow and return
pipes, and branch pipes ; lavatorium fittings, comprising
bowls, basins, and cocks ; douche room fittings, as the
" needle " bath, shower, douche, spray, and " wave "
baths ; a warm shower-bath for bathers entering the
bath, or desiring such a shower at intervals ; and the
fittings of the plunge bath. In addition to this there
may be required a drinking fountain in the tepidarium,
and an ornamental fountain in the frigidarium ; lava-
tories in various positions ; and, possibly, fittings and
appliances for the laundry.
Premising an ample supply of pure water, it must be
brought into the building through a water-meter to the
cold water cistern, which should be at a sufficiently high
level to obtain a good "head." This cistern must be
capacious and properly connected, on the ordinary circu-
lating principle, with a hot water tank and boiler. Of
suitable boilers there are several in the market, of many
and varied designs. Simplicity of construction should
be the guide to a selection. The boiler will perhaps its
most conveniently placed in the stokery, and have be
88 TEE TURKISH BATH:
separate furnace and flue, any scheme for combining the
heating of the hot rooms and of the water being out of
the question. In small baths, however, the hot-water
tank may, for economy's sake, be placed near the ceiling
in the laconicum. Where waste steam can be obtained,
a water super-heater, with steam coil, may be employed
with advantage ; but in the majority of cases the
ordinary circulating system will be found the most
suitable.
The supply-pipes must be of large section, and
indeed, the whole scheme of water-fitting should be
liberal. It must be remembered that, in addition to
the wants of the lavatorium and douche room, plunge,
&c., there will be a large amount of water required
for laundry purposes, if washing be done upon the
premises.
The cold supply cistern may, by the exigencies of
the case, be kept down as low as the ceiling of the bath-
rooms, and be placed over some subsidiary apartment
This does not give much pressure of water. For all
purposes it is best to have the cistern at a minimum
height of about 20 ft. above the draw-off taps and
valves of the various bathing appliances. This will
ensure a good head of water, and make the douche a
formidable affair.
The pipes, unions, tees, valves, and cocks should all
be of the best description in so important a work as the
fitting-up of a public bath. Ordinary bungling plumbing
is here out of place. Lead piping should be discarded
for all but very cheap work, and iron employed in its
stead, with proper screwed joints, angles, and tees.
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 89
Should there be sufficient means, copper piping should
be employed for anything under I in. internal diameter,
and gunmetal should be used for unions, &c., and for
cocks and valves.
Handsome, large, and well-made water-fittings con-
duce, in no small degree, to the effect of a bath. There
should be no attempt at hiding away of pipes, &c.
They should be made features of the bath, and be
designed with care and neatly finished. Every pipe,
joint, and connection should be prearranged, and the
means of fixing and supporting the same carefully
designed. Boxings, and the like, should be discarded,
and everything frankly exhibited. The day for mys-
terious plumbing has gone by. There is some beauty
even in a pipe.
To consider the fittings, we will commence with the
lavatorium. Branches from the hot and cold water
supply pipes must be conducted to each shampooer's
basin. These may be finished separately, with in-
dependent nozzles, as at Fig. 12; or the pipes may be
connected with the valve shown at Fig. 13, about 18 in.
above the basin, the outlet of the valve being fitted with
a foot or 1 5 in. of indiarubber hose. In the latter case
the pipes and valve would stand some 9 in. from the
wall, and depend from the horizontal supply pipes,
which in their turn could be carried on wrought-iron
brackets affixed to the wall, or be hung by iron ties, as
indicated by dotted lines at Fig. 16. The internal
diameter — the measurement given in all the figures — of
these branch pipes to taps over shampooing basins
should be f in.
90
THE TURKISH BATH:
Cocks and valves for the purposes of the Turkish
bath are best of the " gland" pattern. They should
have bold handles. Those of the screw-down type are
useless, except as stop-cocks. Roundways should be
used, and, to insure freedom of running, the turning
part should be equal to the inner diameter of the pipes.
The whole should be of gunmetal, and, if the pipes to
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.
91
be used be of iron, screwed at the end. Fig. 13 shows
the type of valve to be employed to regulate the
temperature of water for shower baths, &c. To be
FIG. 13.
Valve for Regulating Temperature of Water.
useful, as well as bold and effective in appearance, the
handles should be large.
In every case, the cold water must be placed on the
right hand, and the hot on the left.
The earthenware basin is provided to hold water
92 THE TURKISH BATH:
mixed to the required temperature. A waste and over-
flow are not shown in the illustration, but they should
be provided. The basin is best wide and shallow-
shallower than shown. There should be no over-
hanging ledge to catch the shampooer's hand-basin ; for
this reason I have shown, at Fig. 12, the basin sunk into
the marble slab, instead of the marble being on top, as
ordinary. The copper hand-basin is provided for the
shampooer to take water from the earthenware basin
and throw over the shampooing slab, or over the bather.
In addition, a wooden, copper-banded soap-bowl must
be provided.
Should there be a row of shampooing basins and
benches, the horizontal supply-pipes must be continued
along the wall, and branches dropped to each basin.
The basins are most conveniently placed when raised
somewhat higher than the benches. In the illustration
given, I have shown how to arrange horizontal foul-
air flues under the basins. In other cases the fixing of
the basins will be much simpler. For pure lavatorium
purposes these basins, cocks, &c., are all the water-
fittings to be considered ; but in an apartment com-
bining the purposes of douche room — and perhaps a
plunge bath chamber — as well as a washing and mas-
sage room, more or less of the fittings about to be
described will have to be accommodated.
The tonic appliances for treating the bather subse-
quently to the shampooing, the soaping, and the cleans-
ing, are various. The most useful is the simple shower
bath, with a very large rose, and amply supplied with
water through a regulating valve. It is employed for
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION, 93
thoroughly cleansing the bather before he enters the
plunge, whose waters are for the common use of all.
In many small baths its place is efficiently taken by
an ordinary hand rose or spray of the kind shown at
Fig. 15. The shower proper is usually fixed above
the "needle" bath, as at Fig. 14, or formed by a con-
tinuation of the " backbone " of the needle. It is best
to have separate regulating valves for the needle and
shower, as at Fig. 16 ; but at Fig. 14 it is shown with a
branch from the pipe conducting to the needle, and with
stop cocks. The needle-bath is a skeleton-like structure
having a large hollow backbone and branching ribs.
The water ascends the backbone, and, passing into
the ribs, squirts out of small holes punctured in their
internal circumferences. The bather stands in the
centre of the apparatus, with the ribs encircling him.
The ribs should be of J-in. copper piping, the backbone
and lesser supports being of iron, 2j and ij in. diameter
respectively. In a convenient position for the attendant
must be placed the regulating valve.
A more elaborate contrivance may be made, which
will include needle, shower, ascending shower, spinal
douche, and back shower ; but this should be left for
hydropathic institutions and invalids. Simplicity in
these matters should be the great desideratum. The
above-named additions, however, may be briefly de-
scribed. At Fig. 14 I have indicated the position of
ascending shower. It would be connected with the
pipe supplying needle and shower, and have a stop-cock.
The spinal douche is a little nozzle behind the shower
proper, and should have similar connection with the
94
THE TURKISH BATH:
supply-pipe. The back shower or spinal spray would
be a rose placed ab.out half-way up the iron backbone,
and be connected in the same manner. Avoid these
complications in a bath for healthy persons.
The needle bath is best left exposed, but it may be
FIG. 14.
A Needle Bath.
enclosed in a metal shield if desired. This bath may
be placed in one of three positions— (i) in the shampoo-
ing room, (2) in a separate chamber, (3) in the plunge
bath chamber. It is most conveniently placed where the
bather passes it en route from the washing room to the
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.
95
plunge. For this appliance a good head of water is
absolutely essential, as with a low pressure it is very
ineffective. The illustration shows the bath standing on
iron shoes. If fixed in a corner, as ordinarily, it can be
secured to the wall by such cramps or brackets as may
be necessary.
Besides the needle and shower, as above, the tonic
bathing appliances may include an ordinary horizontal
douche that can be pointed in any direction, a
spray, or large rose, and a " wave." These three
appliances may be placed together as at Fig. 15. They
are connected to the pipes from the regulating valves
FIG. 15.
ft Ware Douche
fit fttjalafur)
FRONT
Spray, Wave, and Douche Baths.
by means of a foot or so of flexible hose. To this is
secured a tapering copper pipe. The douche has a gun-
metal nozzle. It is directed against the back and spine,
but must not be used upon the head or chest. With a
good head of water this is a most powerful appliance,
feeling more like a rod of some solid substance pressing
against one than a stream of water. The "wave"
96
TEE TURKISH BATH:
is formed by a copper spreader. The spray is simply a
large rose, 6 in. or 8 in. diameter.
It may be found convenient to arrange the valves for
the whole of the above-mentioned appliances together,
as at Fig. 16. Each pair of hot and cold handles
are here brought together. These handles should be
long, so as to admit of easy regulating of the tempera-
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 97
ture of the water ; they may well be 9 in. in length,,
The douche, wave, and spray should be kept as close as
possible to the handles that regulate their temperature.
I would repeat the caution that it is very necessary
to beware of complications in these water-fittings and
appliances. Some of the more " fussy " contrivances —
as, for example, the elaborated needle bath as above
described — require so much regulating, and so many
valves and stop-cocks, that it is quite an undertaking for
the attendant to set them going. Simplicity in design
and construction should be observed in this work :
the pipes as few as need be ; the valves as simple as
possible ; and the whole put together in a manner
that will permit of their being easily examined and
repaired.
I have before hinted at the desirability of making
some sort of provision whereby the bather may, on
entering the bath, have a warm spray or shower, of any
temperature that may be agreeable to him. In high
class baths this feature should always be provided, as it
is a great luxury, and, moreover, to certain constitutions
a necessity, thus to be able to take such a shower before
entering the hot rooms, or at such intervals during the
sojourn in these apartments as may be desired. The
proper position for this shower-bath requires some con-
sideration. Were it only for the entering bather that it
should be provided, it would be best placed in a lobby
near the entrance to the hot rooms ; but as the occupants
of the hot rooms may frequently desire some such shower,
it must be arranged with regard to this fact. It should be
convenient for the entering bathers and for those in the
H
98 TEE TURKISH BATH:
bath. A small chamber entered by doors from the lobby
to the tepidarium, and also from the tepidarium itself,
would be convenient. At times it may be placed in a
nook off the shampooing room. Wherever it be placed,
the apparatus provided for the purpose of the shower
must be such as can be managed by the bather himself,
so as not to take up the time of the attendants ; and for
this reason it must be capable of easy regulation, and
free from liability of scalding the user, unless through
gross carelessness. A valve with one handle only must
be employed, as, unless the bather has had some prac-
tice, it is difficult to obtain this immunity from danger
of scalding when two handles are used. A valve such
as that shown at Fig. 17 should be employed. This
valve must be so designed as to supply cold, tepid,
and hot water in regular gradation — not intermittently,
as do some valves of this description. It must be so
placed that any one taking the shower may, whilst be-
neath the rose, be able to easily reach the handle. The
rose should not be less than 6 in. or 7 in. diameter.
Fig, 12 illustrates the complete fitting up of this bather's
shower-bath.
In hydropathic establishments it might be an improve-
ment to add a small foot-bath, formed by a sinking of
about 6 in. in the floor, and filled with hot water ; for
physiologists tell us it is bad for invalids to enter the
hot rooms with cold feet. Supply pipes, a waste, and
overflow would have to be provided for this bath, and
a marble seat might be placed round it. A marble
coping and mosaic flooring would render it pleasing in
appearance.
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.
99
I have hereinbefore, at Fig. 4, given plan and sections
of a plunge bath, and shown its water-fittings. The
FIG. 17.
<3. y 6 3 o
~Co/>per bell
Gjiamctol Rose,
ON
Bather's Shower Bath.
overflow and waste run into cast-iron drainpipes, which
should be employed till outside the building. On the
H 2
100 THE TURKISH BATH:
end of the overflow pipe is screwed a gunmetal rose with
leather packing, the screw-holes being drilled into the
flange of pipe. For the waste I have shown a " disc "
valve of gunmetal. This is similarly screwed to flange
of pipe, and with leather packing. The valve is opened
and closed by a movable rod. If fixed, it might catch
the toes of the swimmer, and for this reason it would
perhaps be best to set the valve itself back in a recess.
Instead of this valve, an ordinary 4-in., 5-in., or 6-in,
" plug " waste could be employed, but it is rather clumsy
on such a scale. When practicable, a screw-down valve,
with wheel and spindle outside the bath, is the best
means of letting out the waste water. The supply-pipe
should be connected with the main supply just after
the water meter. The valve should be of the " screw-
down " pattern, either with a thumbscrew, wheel and
spindle, or a key.
In coast towns, where a sea-water plunge may be
employed, a little rose on a bracket should be provided
in a convenient position, for cleansing the hair from
salt water.
Of the lavatory fittings in the cooling room, and of
the rt sanitary " water-fittings, it is unnecessary to speak,
except to say that, in a place devoted to the attainment
of cleanliness, plumbing of this nature should be as
perfect as possible.
A drinking fountain is a desirable feature in the
tepidarium of a bath of any pretension. It should be
placed at the coolest end of the room, affixed
to a, wall, and provided with a supply-pipe, waste,
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 101
and tap of some sort. The bowl is best formed of
glazed earthenware.
If an ornamental fountain be required in the frigi-
darium, it should be of terra-cotta or modelled glazed
ware, and must be provided with supply-pipe, waste,
and means of regulating the jet of water. A fountain
is a very desirable addition to a cooling room, as it is
restful to the ear, and may be made pleasant to the
eye by means of flowers and plants arranged around
and upon it.
102 THE TURKISH BATH:
CHAPTER VII.
LIGHTING, DECORATING, AND FURNISHING.
LIGHT and shade being the soul of all ornamental effect,
we may well consider first the methods of lighting the
bath. As a rule, much artificial light will be required.
The hot rooms, being often in a basement, are_as-^a
rule but feebly illumined from areas and the like.
Seeing that purity of atmosphere in these apart-
ments is of so vital importance, the method of artificial
lighting adopted should not be such as impregnates the
air with obnoxious and harmful, if unnoticeable, fumes.
Gas, for this reason, used in the ordinary manner, is
objectionable, as the ventilation being by means of low-
level exits for the foul air, the products of combustion
must of necessity pass by and envelop persons below
the burners, though, of course, in a diluted state.
Should, therefore, gas-lighting be employed in a suda-
tory chamber, it should for preference be on one of
those systems whereby the burner is cut off from the
atmosphere of the room, and provision made for carrying
off the fumes. Happily, the use of electric lighting is
at last increasing with marked rapidity ; and the incan-
descent light is admirably adapted for all purposes of
the Turkish bath. Where it can possibly be adopted
it is a great addition to a bath.
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 103
For cooling room purposes gas is not so objectionable,
except that it is heating, and assists in vitiating the
atmosphere. But inasmuch as the fumes in this case
will ascend with the general body of air, the objection
to gas is much lessened in these apartments. Never-
theless, the electric light is the illuminant to be
coveted.
•^Pfee-qualitY of the lighting in the cooling room should
be_^tojned and softened. It is not a place for brilliant
general illumination, but rather for a soft light pervading
the whole, and auxiliary lights where required, such as
near couches, &c.— a system, in fact, diametrically
opposed to sun-burner illumination. Nothing more
objectionable of its kind can well be imagined than a
glaring light in the ceiling of a cooling room. It would
be found intolerable.
For practical purposes, the greatest amount of light
required in any part of a frigidarium is that at the
heads of the couches, where it must be of such strength
as will admit of comfortable reading. One gas-burner,
or one small incandescent lamp, to every two couches
is a fair allowance. If effect be desired, there is, of
course, much in the distribution of the illuminating
agent that affects for good or evil, and the placing
and the relative powers of the lamps or burners must
be considered. The dominant point of light might
be a prettily-designed lantern with a few brilliant points
of colour in it, depending from a chain over a fountain,
throwing its rays downwards on to the falling waters,
and not in the eyes of those bathers who may be
reclining upon the couches.
104 THE TURKISH BATH:
Throughout the bath, in either natural or artificial
lighting, by windows or lamps, it should be the aim
not to throw strong light in the eyes of the bather — a
principle of universal application, but especially to be
regarded in a place where, more often thaa not, the
occupants of the various apartments are reclining, face
upwards, on benches or couches. In the hot rooms,
as in the cooling room, little general illumination is
required. A bright artificial light in such places seems
especially painful to the eyes. What light, therefore,
may be provided in the sudatory chambers, should
be as diffused as possible, the additional lights for the
few who practise reading in these apartments being so
arranged as not to be objectionable to the majority of
bathers. The lights should be shaded so as to throw
their rays downwards in a very small compass.
Considerably more light is required in the lavatoria
and shampooing rooms. In scheming the plan of
bath rooms in a basement, where daylight can only be
obtained at one point, it is desirable, if practicable, to
arrange the shampooing room so that it may enjoy the
benefit of this light.
For effect, the scale of lighting in the bath rooms
may be a rather dark laconicum, and a gradually- .
increased amount of light from thence to the sham-
pooing room. The plunge-bath chamber shoukl__be__
well lighted, but not above the tone of the frigidarium,
^ or the bather will feel to be going from cheerfulness to
comparative gloom, which would be unpleasant. A
bright, warm light should be that in the plunge-bath
chamber, with perhaps an ornamental lamp over~the
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 105
bath itself; and if the intermediary staircase — should
there be such a feature — be lighted on a lower scale, the
effect on entering the frigidarium will be a cheerful
one.
DECORATING.
Under this heading, I would speak of the means of
obtaining effect in a bath, of the materials to be
employed, and of the design of features — of the effect
of the whole and the proportions of its parts, rather
than of anything implying the laying on of so-called
ornament.
The architecture of a bath is interior architecture as
distinct from that involving external work. Much of
this, moreover, can often only be seen by artificial light.
These two restrictions point to the employment, for the
most part, of surface decoration, rather than of model-
ling— of tiles, mosaics, marbles, in place of mouldings,
cornices, and pilasters.
There are three features of the bath that are fit
subjects for handsome designing, and they are the
frigidarium, the tepidarium, and the plunge bath. There
is an excuse for elaborating the first two, in that these
are the apartments in which the bather remains the
longest time ; and as for the plunge, it is in itself an
object capable of giving a very pleasing effect. Over-
elaboration — in respect to added ornament — in the hot
rooms, however, gives an air of incongruity. Simplicity,
with good proportions, seems here the most pleasing.
The general effect of the hot rooms should be light, a
106 THE TURKISH BATH:
statement which is wholly in harmony with what I have
said on their lighting, though it may not at first sight
appear to be so. The tone of the ceilings and walls and
floors should be light, the darkest portions being a dado.
A generally dark and heavy tone of colouring is very
oppressive in a sudatory chamber. Keep them light :
light ceilings of plaster for cheap baths, and of lightly
decorated, large, thin tiles, or lightly-tinted enamelled
iron, for more expensive establishments ; light walls of
white, ivory, cream, or buff glazed bricks, without start-
ling bands of a vulgar, as distinct from a really bold,
contrast ; and mosaic floors of a light filling-in and not
too dark pattern. The risers to marble-topped benches
may be of another tone, but not too dark ; and, in place
of a dado of bare glazed bricks, it is perhaps best to
stretch Indian matting to keep the bather from the
burning wall, as at Fig. 20. This will necessitate fillets
affixed to plugs in the brickwork. Woodwork looks
best dark and polished, affording an agreeable contrast
to the lighter materials.
Bright points of colour may be obtained by stained
glass in ceiling-lights or windows, and at night by
coloured glass shades over lamps, &c.
The use of iron joists with glazed brick arches
between is not to be recommended for the ceilings of
the hot rooms. To say the least, it is a heavy-looking
arrangement. Enamelled iron may be made to look
very well if affixed in sheets of delicate tint with light
patterns, and affixed with "buttons" with enamelled
heads to the fireproof floors, as at Fig. 18. Large thin
tiles make an admirable ceiling for small baths. They
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.
107
may be fixed with ornamental wood fillets, or made
with screw-holes and affixed to ceiling joists.
Glazed brickwork for the walls of hot rooms, &c.,
should be specified to be executed with an extra neat
joint, and should bond to less than 12 in. to the foot ;
otherwise the effect of the unwieldy mortar joints is
FIG. 1 8.
Sec r ion,
3-0' — .
Plan., looking up.
Section and Plan of an Enamelled Iron Ceiling.
clumsy. This applies equally to walling and to arches
and vaults. Work which may pass as fair in ordinary
cases, looks coarse and rough in the glazed interior walls
of a bath. In selecting glazed bricks there is some
difficulty in obtaining really delicate tints ; much of the
work produced is unfortunately of a very crude
colouring.
108 THE TURKISH BATH:
One portion of the tepidarium, and other bath rooms,
admits of being rendered very attractive ; and that is
the flooring. Mosaic work is always pleasing, if it be
designed with taste and executed artistically. Marble
and tile mosaics are both good, the former admitting
of a richness of effect quite its own, and the latter of
brilliant colouring. In designing marble-mosaic floors,
however, one may well fight shy of including that
senseless, purposeless description which is nowadays so
often employed as a filling-in between borders. I refer
to the heterogeneous jumble of every colour mixed
without regard to one another, and giving at a distance
a dirty grey tone, and near at hand an effect like a
gravel walk covered with faded cherry-blossom — to be
flattering. Despite the fact that this method of design
is of antique origin, and has a real classical designation,
I cannot but think that it is to be avoided, and that
fillings-in should be made with tesserae of one tint, or
that mosaic should be abandoned altogether.
Given the means, it is easy to render a set of bath
rooms elaborate, with fai'ence and modelled glazed ware,
marbles and painted encaustic tiles, and many other
suitable but expensive materials ; but for my own part
I prefer to see comparative simplicity in a sudatory
chamber, though by this I do not mean monastic
severity of style.
The general air of the frigidarium requires some
consideration. It should have an effect of its own,
quite distinct from anything else. It should have
something of the conservatory in it. It should be
richly carpeted, have much woodwork about it, and
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 109
be pleasant with plants and laden with the murmur of
falling waters. It should be light, certainly ; cheerful,
cool, and airy looking ; and as lofty as possible within
reason and common sense. The ceiling should be of
a light tone. A lantern-light where the light may come
in, rather than be seen, and where the vitiated air may
go out, is a pleasant and useful addition.
Points for emphasising with a view to ultimate effect
are the stairs to hot rooms — if a staircase be needed —
the divans or screens for couches, and an ornamental
fountain as above described. The staircase may be
rendered attractive with bowl newels, and perhaps white
marble treads to the stairs. The divans may be
rendered things of beauty by designing ornamental,
open-work wood partitions, in either an Oriental style
or otherwise. It is not easy to make small dwarf
partitions, enclosing a couple of couches, look handsome.
As a rule, they are of a flimsy and gimcrack order of
architecture. They should be made as solid as possible.
For effect there is nothing better than prettily-designed
divans.
As regards style, I do not see why one method of
design should be more suited than another for the bath.
Having become popularly known as the " Turkish " bath,
an Eastern or Saracenic style has been often adopted
in the past. And, inasmuch as such style is essentially
an interior style of architecture, there is something to be
said on this score. It is, moreover, a style in which
surface decoration pertains rather than modelled work,
or, at least, the modelling is in very low relief. There
is yet ample scope for the display of skill in the design
110 THE TURKISH BATH:
of a bath in an Oriental style, as hitherto such attempts
have only been made in a half-hearted manner ; and in
many smaller commercial baths the unskilful use of
the style has vulgarised it to no small extent*
Considering that the old Romans brought the bath
to a great pitch of excellence — far, very far, I should
be inclined to say, in advance of our present knowledge
of the subject — their style of architecture would seem
fitted to its design at this day ; and for large public
baths, larger than any yet erected in this country, one
can imagine that a very interesting design could be
made in the Roman style, founded on a study of the
old baths, and, for the sake of the interest attaching to
them, reproducing many of the original mosaics, pictures,
details, &c., of the public baths of the time of the Empire.
In a like manner in the Moorish style one could obtain
a very elegant effect by a careful study of old baths in
Eastern countries,! drawing, perhaps, some inspiration
from the courts of the palaces of the Moors, with their
pleasant retired air, for the frigidarium. I have often
thought, when looking at the late Owen Jones' splendid
model at the Crystal Palace, what an admirable frigi-
darium the Court of the Lions would make, with its
* I do not know of any building— bath or otherwise, civil or domestic
—in this country where the true spirit of Oriental colour decoration has
been grasped. One of the chief principles which seems to have been
missed is that in real Saracenic art the colours are employed in very
small portions only, and no colour becomes insubordinate to the general
effect.
t Here is a branch of architectural design absolutely unstudied. Few
architects visit the East, and none enter the baths there, either in Egypt,
Turkey, or Morocco. The ordeal of the true Oriental shampooing
doubtless deters the few who might be curious about these buildings.
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. Ill
spacious central area, and retired nooks suitable for
couches, and its pretty sparkling fountain and green
plants, its brilliant colouring, and general cheerfulness
of effect Similarly, in a Roman style, a Pompeian
court seems suggestive of the arrangement of a fine
frigidarium, with its cubicula for couches, and its central
area and fountain.
The above are but theoretical suggestions as to what
might be done should the bath make such progress in
this country as may necessitate the provision of hand-
some public baths for the people. In every-day
practice there is not a great field for elaborate design-
ing in baths. Although only the Roman and Eastern
styles have been mentioned, there can be no manner of
reason why an architect should not design his bath in
whatsoever style he may please.
I have spoken of the plunge bath as a feature capable
of being rendered a thing of beauty. This is in reference
as much to its plan as to the materials of the sides and
floor, &c. There is no reason why a plunge should
always be a plain oblong on plan. It may be of any
of the shapes indicated at Fig. 19. Many bathers,
especially in warm weather, like to stay some minutes
in the plunge, and not go straight through ; they may
like to swim up and down the bath, and thus require
room to turn, and a keyhole plan, such as at A, is suit-
able, and especially useful where the bather has to return
to the end of bath he entered. Another shape is shown
at B. In ladies' baths still more margin for novel
planning is allowable, as here the true dive seldom
pertains. A delicate semi-oval plan, such as that at D,
112
THE TUBKISH BATH:
which is much after the pattern of the Roman bath
recently discovered at Box, could be employed ; or a
plain, circular bath with steps around, such as that of
FIG. 19.
-t — U-,
V
R — *s
1
Z '
-
1 ' rfr^V
— r
IU-V r
Plans of Plunge Baths.
the Pompeian Balneum, shown at C ; or, again, such a plan
as that at E, after the classic one at Bognor in Sussex.
For inspirations as to the plans of plunge baths, we
cannot do better than refer direct to the old Roman
remains, either in Italy itself, or in Great Britain and
other provinces and colonial dependencies of the old
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 113
Empire. The Romans were fully alive to the possibilities
of the plunge bath as a subject for artistic design, and
often produced baths of great beauty.
The flooring and sides of these baths should be of a
light tint, and there should always be more or less
pure white. Nothing really is better than plain white
glazed bricks, with neat joints. With this bottom the
water always looks clean when it is clean, and shows
contamination when it exists. Marble-mosaic floorings
should be chiefly of white tesserae, any simple patterns
being executed in light tints. Delicate tints, such as
strawberry, pea green, and peacock blue, look well
through the water. The floor of the plunge bath may
thus be made very pretty. The sides are best of glazed
brickwork, neatly executed, and coping and treads of
steps of so-called white marble.
FURNISHING.
The work of the upholsterer in fitting up a Turkish
bath comprises the complete furnishing of the cooling
room with couches, lounges, ottomans, carpets, mats,
and any chairs and tables that may be required, besides
the usual furniture common to all rooms. In the
sudatory chambers may be required easy chairs of
peculiar construction, with stretched canvas seats ;
in some cases movable wooden benches in lieu of fixed
marble-topped ones ; and any carpeting, matting, felt
for benches, curtains (if any), and Indian matting for
dadoes. These are the principal requirements that need
consideration, the remaining furnishing of subordinate
I
TEE TURKISH BATH:
apartments being, of course, of commonplace and ordi-
nary description. The refreshment department requires
possibly a coffee-maker, refrigerator, ice-box, and shelf
fittings; but, as a general rule, no arrangements for
actual cooking.
The cooling room couches are usually made 6 ft. by
2 ft. ; but 6 ft. 6 in. by 2 ft. 6 in. is a more liberal
allowance. They should be made of polished wood,
strongly framed, stuffed with horsehair and covered
with a red Turkey twill, as at A, Fig. 21. Where divans
are adopted, on the Eastern model, the benches must
be framed of wood, permanently fixed, and covered
with mattresses kept in their places by a wooden fillet,
as Fig. 20. Above the couch thus formed it is well to
stretch a dado of Indian matting, affixed above to a
moulded rail.
The carpets employed in the cooling room should be
soft to the tread. Nothing, of course, equals a Persian
or Turkey carpet, and one .or the other should be pro-
vided when their cost can be afforded. A rich carpet
adds greatly to the effect of the room. In cases where
a polished wood floor is adopted and shown, soft durable
matting or strips of carpet must be placed along any
routes, such as from and to the hot rooms and the boot-
room, by the sides of couches, to lounges and tables, &c.
— anywhere, in fact, where the bather may require to
tread. Anything in the nature of fastenings likely, by
any possibility, to injure the feet, must be carefully
avoided.
A table or two for books, papers, magazines, &c.,
should be provided in the cooling room. The provision
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.
115
FIG. 20.
<Sec£Lon of Bench
en tfot
Indian Mat-liny
'JL
Section of Benches in Hot Rooms and in Cooling Room Divans.
I 2
TEE TURKISH BATH:
of lounges, &c., must depend upon the design of the
room, and whether nooks or angles are available for
their accommodation. Little wooden or metal tripod
tables must be placed by the heads of the couches
(Fig. 2 1, B).
The chairs in the hot rooms must be designed upon
some such lines as at C and D, whereat are shown an
iron, and a wooden, framed chair. Beechen frames are
best, and the seat formed of rather closely-woven canvas
fixed at top and bottom and hanging in a curve. A few
of these seats should always be provided in the hot
rooms. Movable wooden benches are constructed of
beech, oak, or well-seasoned yellow deal, as at E. The
head end is best raised as shown. Very carefully-
seasoned wood should be employed, for all joinery
purposes, in the hot rooms.
In the boot room, the pigeon-holes must not be for-
gotten, and a cushioned seat, perhaps, for taking off
boots and shoes. A shelf or shelves for linen checks is
useful in this position.
Sometimes the floor of the calidarium is carpeted all
over, but strips of matting or carpet are better. The hot
laconicum is best carpeted throughout. The tepidarium
should have strips of carpet where the bathers must
necessarily tread. In some baths it is the custom to
provide, instead of carpet, felt sandals for use in the hot
rooms. For similar reasons to the carpeting — the non-
conduction of heat — fine white felting is sometimes
placed in strips along the marble benches, as at Fig. 20.
Of the Indian matting for a portion of the walls above
the benches, I have already spoken.
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.
117
In the shampooing rooms, little blocks of wood shaped
as at E, Fig. 5, are required as head-rests. They should
be about 12 by 5 by 4 in., and hollowed to fit the head.
FIG. 21.
A.
Furniture of a Turkish Bath.
118 THE TURKISH BATH:
CHAPTER VIII.
PRIVATE BATHS.
THE Turkish bath in the house may be designed on any
scale, from a single room heated to the required tem-
perature by a common laundry stove, to an elaborate
suite of apartments, providing all that is found in the
public bath, and even added luxuries. It may be an
addition to an existing building or a feature designed at
one and the same time as the house.
There are, of course, many expedients for producing
perspiration by heated air much simpler than by the
special construction of a suite of bath rooms ; but as
they will be familiar to all studying the subject of baths,
I will pass them over here as mere makeshifts. For
although there is something to be said in their favour, in
that the head is free and one can breathe cooler air,
there are serious objections to their use, as the lamps
employed burn the air, and there is also an absence of
that rapid aerial circulation which is so much to be
desired. Besides the actual objections to their use, more
or less inconvenience attends the employment of the
sheet and lamp (or cabinet and lamp) baths, and there
is little of the luxury of a true sudatorium about the
extemporised bath, admirable as it may be as a hydro-
pathic expedient.
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.
119
The bath in the house may consist of one of the
following arrangements : — (i) A single room used as a
sudatory chamber and for washing ; (2) a hot room and
a washing, room ; (3) a combined hot room and washing
room, and a cooling room ; (4) a cooling room, washing
room, and hot room ; or (5) a suite of chambers of such
extent as to provide every possible luxury, such as even
the old Roman gentlemen would have coveted. Where
there is no second room the bather must use his bed
FIG. 22.
Ontc fioom
B
Plan of Mr. Urquhart's Small Private Bath and of the Hot Room at Sir
Erasmus Wilson's Bath at Richmond Hill.
room as a cooling and reposing room, as he must also
in the cases where only a washing room and a hot room
are provided.
For a simple sudatory chamber, where washing opera-
tions are also conducted, all that is required is a room
with brick walls and fire- and heat-proof floor and
ceiling, with an adjoining lobby, a flue to conduct
smoke from a simple stove, and a sunk washing tank
or lavatrina. Allowance must be made for a couch
120 THE TURKISH BATH:
opposite the stove. Fig. 22 (A) shows the simplest form
of a bath room possible ; it is that which Mr. Urquhart
constructed, and has described in his ' Manual of the
Turkish Bath.' It was erected by him to show how
cheaply an effective bath room might be built, the
whole arrangement, with water fittings and building of
three of its walls, only costing 37/.
The room or rooms forming the Turkish bath in a
private house should be cut off by a lobby from the
other apartments of the house, with carefully-fitting
self-closing doors at either end ; and in the case of an
elaborate bath, another little lobby with double doors
and heavy curtains, should be placed between the
cooling room and the two bathing rooms, as at Fig. 24.
Tha air of the hot rooms should, of course, be perfectly
and absolutely cut off from that of the house.
The position of the bath in a house will depend upon
the size of the bath and the house and its situation.
In town houses, where the bath consists of only a wash-
ing and a hot room, the first floor will be the most con-
venient. Where a cooling room is provided, the ground
floor is as handy as anywhere ; and this position allows of
the easier construction of the heating apparatus. In the
country, the bath is best built away from the house,
connected by a short lobby, which may be utilised for
boots, &c., as at Fig. 24. The main difficulties to be
overcome are the heating of the bath, and the non-con-
duction of heat to places where it is not wanted.
The heating apparatus of a private bath may be, for
the simplest, a common laundry stove, as at Fig. 22 (A)
and at Fig. 23 ; for bigger baths, a small convoluted
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 121
stove, as at Fig. 24 ; or a furnace of firebrick with an
iron flue, as at B, Fig. 22 — a plan of the hot room
(15 ft by 12 ft.) of the bath which Sir Erasmus Wilson
built at Richmond Hill. For elaborate baths, a
small furnace wholly constructed of fireclay, such as
that of which I have given complete plans in the
chapter on " Heating and Ventilation," would be the
best. A furnace of this description is shown in the
design for an elaborate private bath, at Fig. 25.
Should the bath be heated regularly every day, a fire-
brick furnace is certainly the best, as such furnaces
retain their heat a long time. It should be " banked "
at night. A bath only required at times, and quickly,
is best heated with a thin iron stove. A portable iron
stove and a long length of iron flue will rapidly raise
the temperature. The simple baths illustrated at Figs.
22 (A) and 23, are therefore very convenient and
effective. The principle of heating by the transmission
to the hot rooms of freshly-heated air is also a very con-
venient one for private purposes, as on this system the
bath may be on an upper floor, and yet have its heating
apparatus conveniently stowed away below, as at Fig. 24.
A small furnace chamber, such as that at Fig. 6, ante,
must be constructed, and a hot-air flue of large section
built up to the hot room. If the bath be on the ground
floor, the construction of any form of heating apparatus
is rendered easier.
To prevent the transmission of heat to other apart-
ments of the house, the precautions hereinbefore men-
tioned must be observed. Hollow walls must be provided
round the heated chambers, to prevent loss of heat on
122 THE TUEKISH BATH:
the external side, and the transmission of heat through
internal walls. The floors above and below should —
if not of solid fireproof construction — be formed as
described in the section dealing with the design of the
sudorific chambers, with puggings of slag-wool, as-
bestos, sawdust, or materials having similar properties.
Windows should be double. Wherever possible, con-
crete floors should be provided to the hot rooms and
washing rooms, so that they may be covered with tiles or
mosaics, and on account of the spilling of water. It
should be needless to point out the necessity of having
most careful regard to safety from fire by the stoves or
furnaces.
The ventilation of private baths should receive as much
careful attention as those for public use. The hollow
external walls may often be used with advantage for the
extraction of the vitiated air, which must be let into the
cavity at the floor level. If the bath be constructed
on the ground floor, with nothing beneath, the system
of carrying off the vitiated air by horizontal conduits-
recommended for public baths — should be employed,
as in the accompanying design for a large private bath,
where the whole of the foul air is drawn into one vertical
shaft of sufficiently wide section. Much that I have
said on the heating and ventilation, and, indeed, on
many matters in connection with the design of public
baths, applies in the case of the private one, and the
reader is therefore referred to preceding pages for many
hints as to its construction.
In the accompanying figures I have endeavoured to
explain the arrangement and construction of private
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 123
baths, from those formed by converting existing rooms
into bath rooms, to an elaborate and complete design.
Fig. 22 (A) is a plan of Mr. Urquhart's cheap private
bath, an apartment only measuring n ft. by 16 ft,
yet forming an effective sudatory chamber, with simple
iron stove, couch, seat, and sunk tank or lavatrina. On
this principle I have arranged the plans of the baths
adapted to existing rooms in a house, shown at Fig. 23.
One plan shows a hot room built on to an existing
ordinary bath room. A doorway is formed in the old
external wall, and the new chamber constructed with
hollow walls, with glazed bricks internally. An extra
room would, of course, be thus formed on the floor
below. A fireproof floor would be provided, and the
pipes from iron stove conducted to old fireplace in
bath room, which would become the lavatorium, and
undressing room if necessary. A double-doored lobby
is formed in the latter apartment, and the slipper bath
used as ordinarily. It will be seen that by appropriating
the adjoining bed room, a frigidarium is obtained, by
taking away the flue-pipe to a new chimney, and
knocking a doorway through the old partition wall, thus
making a complete set of bath rooms.
The other plan, given at Fig. 23, shows an existing
room divided into a combined hot room and washing
room, and a cooling room. Three of the walls being
ordinary external walls, the hot room is lined
with lath and plaster on quartering, leaving an air-
space between to prevent loss of heat by absorption
and radiation. One or two of the spaces between the
quarters should be formed into lath and plaster flues,
124
TEE TURKISH BATH:
for the withdrawal of the vitiated air, being connected
below with the hot room, and above lead into the open
air. A pugged partition and double-doored lobby
,«-,*» -*"'•<
to njd //reflect
Plan of portion /-' F/oor o/ Mouse
^froyring *Sudatory chamber Auilt or? f and
ordinary bathroom u&ed 03 L
I / ,, lWww^
Flan of ffoom ffo'x /oj divided
into Frigiffartum and combined
Calidarium and Layatorium
of
Methods of constructing Turkish Baths in existing Houses.
separate the rooms. Space is left in the hot room for
a full-length couch opposite the radiating stove, which
has a metal screen around to protect the more adjacent
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 125
walls from the heat. A lavatrina is provided, as shown
at the enlarged section. A nook is formed for a shower.
This recess could be fitted with enamelled iron screen
and hood, as at the end of elaborate slipper-baths. A
couple of couches, lavatory, and toilet table are com-
pactly arranged in the little frigidarium.
Where these plain iron radiating stoves are employed,
the fresh air should be admitted as near the stove as
possible, and if the inlet be connected with a space
formed round the stove by a sheet-iron jacket, the air
will enter the room at a considerably raised temperature.
The temperature of the incoming air in a bath where
the heat radiates directly from the stove or furnace to
the body of the bather, is not a matter of such vital
importance as it is in cases where the heat is transmitted
through the agency of the air itself.
Cost of construction being now so constant a factor
in every consideration, I have been led to give the
above plans and descriptions of cheaply -formed baths
as suggestions for the adaptation of other rooms. But
plans of more elaborate baths are occasionally required,
and at Fig. 24 I give the plan and cross section of a
bath constructed as an appendage to, and at one and
the same time as, the house. In this plan all necessaries
are liberally provided for, but there is no extravagant
outlay on elaboration of features and decoration. It
is arranged on the first floor of a projecting wing off
the main building. The frigidarium is cut off from the
corridor or landing of the house by a lobby, which
provides a w.c. and a space for boots and shoes and
linen and towels. Between the frigidarium and bath
126
THE TURKISH BATH:
rooms is a double-doored lobby of a kind that is very
useful in both public and private baths. Hung with
FIG. 24.
A complete Private Turkish Bath.
heavy curtains over the inner face of either door, it
forms a perfect preventive against the entry of the air
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 127
of the hot rooms into the cooling room. Between the
combined tepidarium and lavatorium and the laconicum
is a glazed partition with a doorway, fitted with a
curtain if necessary. The walls are 18 in. — 9 in. and
4^ in., with 4J- in. cavity, used for ventilation. The
bath rooms are lined with glazed brickwork. The floor is
of fireproof, iron and concrete, construction. Enamelled
iron sheets are screwed to the ceiling joists in the hot
rooms, and pugging placed over. Under the laconicum is
the stokery and furnace chamber, fitted with a small con-
voluted stove, a hot-air shaft leading to the bath room.
Fresh air comes to the stove by horizontal flues from
either side of the building. The windows in the bath
rooms are double. In the laconicum are two felt-covered
wooden benches, as at Fig. 21 (E), ante, and a similar
bench occupies one side of lavatorium, opposite which
is the lavatrina, 18 in. deep, partly sunk into the floor and
partly raised. The shower should be placed over this.
In the frigidarium are two couches, hooks for clothes,
lavatory, and toilet tables, &c. This would be a very
effective plan for a comfortable private bath.
The ordinary " slipper," " length," or " shallow " bath is
out of place in the rooms of a Turkish bath ; but where
the bath has to be adapted with economy to an existing
bath room, as at Fig. 23, and in cases where, say, some
members of a family take the Turkish bath and others
the ordinary warm bath, it may remain as at the last-
named figure, and serve the purposes of a lavatrina. The
lavatrina, as designed in the plan of the large Turkish
bath appended, however, is the most convenient appara-
tus to facilitate the orthodox method of lathering and
128 THE TURKISH BATH:
washing oneself in this style of bathing, as distinct from
the ordinary method of immersion in a large body of
water ; and as the former manner is the most economical
of water, it is unnecessary, in providing a Turkish bath
in a house, to make any increased provision for the
supply of hot and cold water over and above that which
would be allowed for an ordinary slipper-bath.
In a private bath the lavatorium will also serve the
purpose of a tepidarium. This chamber should therefore
be as large as possible. In it may be required a sham-
pooing slab, and, possibly, a small plunge bath, in addi-
tion to the lavatrina, reclining-bench, and what water
fittings are to be provided. All that will be required
are hot and cold water taps over the edge of the lava-
trina, which should also have a waste and overflow.
Having to be worked by the bather himself, the shower
arrangement should be such as shown at Fig. 17, ante.
This will serve all purposes, unless a douche and a needle
are desired, when the regulating valve of this appliance
must be placed conveniently within the bather's reach
while standing in the bath.
The private bather, unless he can afford to engage a
bath-man, must look upon shampooing as a luxury but
not a necessity of the bath. Dr. W. J. Fleming, in a
lecture on the "Physiology of Turkish Baths," read
before the Glasgow Physiological Society some years
back, said that the accessories of shampooing, &c., are,
despite the popular opinion to the contrary, non-essential.
A shampooing slab — which must be of marble — is there-
fore not a necessary provision in any but very elaborate
private baths.
ITS DESiaN AND CONSTRUCTION. 129
A complete private bath must contain the piscina, or
plunge. Unless space and expense be no object, this
cannot well be made capable of affording a vigorous
dive ; but endeavours should be made to secure a bath
of such dimensions as will admit of a refreshing immer-
sion of the whole body. It will be constructed and fitted
exactly as a small public plunge bath.
The frigidarium of a private bath should be as pleasant,
cheerful, and comfortable as possible. It should be a
cosy place where the bather may recline and cool, and
smoke and read, or otherwise divert himself to his heart's
content. If so preferred, it might be arranged like an
Eastern divan ; or it might be a simple, homely room,
fitted with one or two comfortable couches. A fireplace
may here be a desirable feature, for appearance sake,
during the winter months. The room should be really
ventilated — viz. well supplied with pure, fresh air, and
with effective means of withdrawing the vitiated atmo-
sphere, since, as I have pointed out in the chapters on
public baths, the cooling process is, in its way, as important
as the heating, it being essential that the bather should
expose the whole surface of his skin to volumes of pure
cool air.
At Fig. 25, pages 130 and 131, I give plans of a large
private Turkish bath. It is such a building as would be
a most desirable and pleasing addition to a country
mansion ; and considering the money prodigally lavished
over the appurtenances of the modern mansion house, it is
indeed surprising that more has not been attempted in
the way of appending a feature that is at once a talisman
of health, a cure for disease, and an untold luxury. The
K
132 THE TURKISH BATH:
i — —
public bath may be a blessing, but for comfort and
luxury it cannot compare with the well-appointed private
bath.
The design I give as a suggestion, to be modified
and adapted to any style of design. The building
could be connected to the house by a corridor, or by a
glazed xystos, either abutting on to the main wall of
house or a little detached. Off the lobby to the fri-
gidarium are recesses for boots and for linen. The
frigidarium — about 1 5 ft. square — has benches fitted up
like one side of a divan, bay windows with space for
plants and flowers, lavatory and toilet-table, and an
ornamental fountain. A lobby separates this apartment
from the bath rooms, and off it are a w.c. and a towel
closet, which latter could be supplied with hot air.
The combined lavatorium and tepidarium — 14 ft. square
— is a domed chamber, with semicircular recesses
containing the plunge bath and lavatrina. A sham-
pooing bench is shown. A marble dado surrounds the
walls, and marble corbels are provided to pendentives of
dome — which could be of brick or terracotta and con-
crete— and marble springers to horse-shoe arches. The
shower is placed over the lavatrina. Plenty of space is
left for a bench or chair in this chamber. Adjoining is
the laconicum with a firebrick furnace, after the nature of
that of which I have before given full detailed drawings.
The vitiated air is drawn through flues in the floor, to a
shaft on the opposite side to the chimney. The stokery
and coke-store adjoin the laconicum. Fresh air would
be admitted to the furnace as explained in the detailed
description of the furnace illustrated at Fig. 10. If there
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 133
were no available supply of water from house, a boiler
and tank could be placed in the stokery, and a cistern on
the flat roof. The flat roof, if of iron and concrete, would
form an abutment to dome. If thought desirable, the
same flat roof could be carried over the combined tepi-
darium and lavatorium. An air space should be left
between the masonry of dome and covering of copper
or other material. The lights should be double glazed.
With the radiating stove there is no objection to the
loftiness of the dome. This bath could be perfectly
ventilated and supplied with pure heat of a most hygienic
character.
134 THE TURKISH BATH:
CHAPTER IX.
THE BATH IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS,
ETC.
THE bath for the hydropathic establishment will
generally be required in connection with, and — what
is of greater moment — in harmony with, other baths,
such as medicated baths, Russian or vapour baths, and
the ordinary douche, wave, spray, and needle baths,
which, where the Turkish bath is included, may often
be efficiently administered with the appliances usually
provided in the shampooing and washing room. More-
over, if the establishment include the pumilio-pine
treatment, or system of pine-therapeutics, there will
be required rooms or halls for the inhalation of dry
pine and pinal vapour. The nature of the communica-
tion between these different baths, as the medicated,
Russian, &c.^ and the Turkish bath, and their relative
positions, must be carefully studied. It should^e com-
pact and the various passages and corridors as short as
possible, these passages and corridors being provided
with means for maintaining them at a suitable, and
uniformly equable, temperature. This latter point we
do not find so carefully studied in hydropathic establish-
ments as its importance would warrant. The conse-
quence is that, in passing backwards and forwards to
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION.
135
and from the different bath rooms, the delicate invalid
contracts a serious chill.
I give herewith, at Fig. 26, a plan of the baths at the
FIG. 26.
Plan of the Baths at the Hotel Mont Dore, Bournemouth.
H6tel Mont Dore, at Bournemouth, which, though
not confessedly a hydropathic institution, has yet a fine
136 THE TURKISH BATH:
bathing establishment of the hydropathic type, as well
as complete arrangements for the administration of the
pine cure. These baths include a Turkish bath, with
three hot rooms, a shampooing room, and cooling room,
connected by an anteroom with the suite of miscella-
neous bath rooms of the gentlemen's department. The
latter comprise a room for the tonic water baths, such
as the needle, douche, sitz, hip, and wave ; a room or
" hall " for the inhalation of pine vapour, whilst in a bath
of condensed steam ; and a room for the administration
of the Mont Dore cure, consisting of the application of
pulverised Mont Dore water, or spray, to the eye, nose,
or ear, as may be required, this room being also used
for the inhalation of dry pine. In addition are arrange
of slipper baths, in comfortably fitted bath rooms, for the
purposes of electric and medicated baths, such as those
of pine extract, sulphur, iodine, &c., &c., and for ordinary
hot and cold spring-water and salt-water Laths. In
connection are arranged dressing and reposing rooms,
besides necessary subsidiary apartments. A somewhat
similar suite of rooms is arranged for ladies on the other
side of the block. There is no separate Turkish bath,
however ; certain days of the week are set apart exclu-
sively for ladies' use. The steam boilers, which supply
the steam to the vapour baths and pine- vapour baths,
and the water super heaters, as well as the hotel lift and
pumping machinery, are arranged in a basement under
the stairs, anteroom, tepidarium, and shampooing
room.
It will be seen that the compact little Turkish bath,
which was arranged under the direction of the late
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 137
Mr. Charles Bartholomew, is in direct communication with
the other baths, allowing the bather to pass from the hot
rooms, or shampooing room, to medicated or pine bath,
or vice versa. In designing the plan of baths of the
type of those at the Mont Dore, this intercommunication
between the various baths is the point to be most care-
fully studied. Direct communication is required between
the Turkish, and the Russian, bath, inhalation hall, and
medicated baths, as some methods of treatment render
this an absolute necessity.
In a small establishment the hydropathic appliances
are movable, and used in ordinary bath rooms, the
Turkish bath being the only feature requiring special
design.
A true hydropathic establishment of any size should
be provided with two Turkish baths, one for ladies and
one for gentlemen, as the power and efficiency of the
treatment may depend upon the regularity and persis-
tency with which it is carried out. Where there is only
one bath, it has to be set apart on different days for the
use of ladies and gentlemen, and it is evident that the
benefit of a course of baths may be greatly lessened
by the occasional unreadiness of the bath. Two suites of
rooms should, therefore, be provided. It may be that
they will be most economically constructed and worked
if arranged side by side, so that they may have their
furnaces together, and be stoked with economy.
Where, as in country establishments, there is plenty
of room, it is often convenient to arrange the Turkish
and other baths on the ground floor adjoining the main
building, a corridor of connection being placed, if neces-
138 THE TURKISH BATH:
sary. It should be remembered, however, that invalids
have to be taken — often carried or wheeled in movable
chairs — to the baths, and allowance should therefore be
made for the passage of such a wheeled chair from the
top story, by way of a lift, to the door of the baths.
In a large establishment, a full complement of rooms
should be provided for the Turkish bath — viz. three
hot rooms, a washing and shampooing room, and a cool-
ing room. They will, of course, be on a small scale ; but
the whole number should be provided. A plunge bath
should also be added, but in small hydropathics may be
dispensed with altogether.
For hydropathic purposes the lavatorium is generally
required to have rather more elaborate water-fittings
than other baths. The needle bath should include the
ascending shower, the back shower, and the spinal douche
— a small nozzle behind the rose of the vertical shower.
The regulating appliances for these various showers,
sprays, &c, should be brought together, and conveniently
placed for the attendant. A very ingenious appliance,
suitable for a hydropathic bath, is a thermometer regu-
lating valve, which indicates the temperature of the
water being supplied to the bather. The waters mix
in a ball, into which is inserted the bulb of a sensitive
thermometer, which rises and falls as the hot or cold
handles are turned.
If the shampooing and washing room of the Turkish
bath is to be used for the administration of the tonic
water baths to other bathers besides those taking the
Turkish bath, it must be made of ample dimensions. So,
also, if the cooling room is to be used as a reposing
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 139
room for other bathers, it must be made of large
size.
Perfect ventilation is of paramount importance in baths
used for the treatment of disease. Purity of atmosphere
in the hot rooms is a vital necessity, and so also is it in
the miscellaneous bath rooms of a hydropathic establish-
ment.
Unreadiness is a great vice in the Turkish bath
appended to these institutions. Hot rooms beneath their
proper temperature, and lukewarm water, are unpardon-
able delinquencies, either in the early morning, in the
evening, or during the day. For this reason I would
recommend a furnace of fireclay, as it retains its heat for
a long time, and is not subject to the rapid changes of
iron stoves.
Much of that which I have said with respect to the
hydropathic bath will apply to the design of the bath
for hospital and asylum purposes. Here, however,
efficiency is all that is required, and everything need be
but of the plainest description. The conditions and
exigencies of each case must determine the size, position,
and nature of the suite of bath rooms. All that has been
said upon the subject of the design and construction of
the bath must be studied, and the principles, herein
given, applied to the peculiar circumstances. So also in
regard to Turkish baths for hotels, and for residential
blocks of buildings, and for clubs.
There is a wide field for activity in Turkish bath
building, in the increased provision of baths in hospi-
tals, asylums, and public and private institutions of one
kind and another ; and also in hotels, " flats," and clubs.
140 ZEE TURKISH BATH:
The hydropathic establishments have long adopted the
Turkish bath as a powerful remedial and curative agent
in perfect harmony with the principles of the Water
Cure. But it is only occasionally that such provision
has been made in hospitals and asylums ; and although
within the last few years noticeable innovations have
been made in this respect, the subject has heretofore
been greatly neglected. Seeing, too, the immense extent
to which co-operative living has developed, and the
consequent enormous increase in size of large hotels,
residential blocks, &c., I cannot but think that the
builders of such tenements could with advantage turn
their attention to the supplying of small Turkish baths
for the visitors and residents.
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 141
CHAPTER X.
THE TURKISH BATH FOR HORSES.
ANIMALS of many kinds, including horses, dogs, cows,
sheep, and pigs, have been experimented upon with
regard to the bath, and with much success. But for prac-
tical purposes all we need here consider is the design of
the bath for horses, since a bath for a horse will evidently
be suitable for a cow, and might not be wholly beneath
the dignity of a pig. It is, after all, only in connection
with the training of horses that anything of practical
importance has been accomplished in this direction.
Several Turkish baths for horses have been erected
in this country in connection with hospitals for horses,
attached to large businesses, and appended to training
stables. In the development of race-horses the treat-
ment has, according to the opinion of several authorities,
been found eminently beneficial.
The bath must be arranged in connection, and in direct
communication with the stables. It may consist, as
Fig. 27 — a plan of a bath built for the Great Northern
Railway Company's hospital for horses — of a washing,
and two hot, rooms. An airy shed will do for a place
for the animals to cool, and in fine weather they will
derive more benefit from being turned out in the open.
In the plan given it will be seen that the horse is led
142
THE TURKISH BATH:
through the washing room into the first hot room.
Without turning round, he may be led into the second
hot room and thence into the washing room again. In
the hot rooms, which are heated by a convoluted stove,
are stocks, wherein, if restive, the animal can be secured.
A similar arrangement is made in the washing room,
where, after undergoing the sweating process, the horse
is groomed down, an operation that should be per-
formed in part with an iron strigil, much after the
FIG. 27.
Plan of the Great Northern Railway Company's Turkish Bath
for Horses.
pattern of those employed upon their own bodies by
the ancient Romans.
These equine Turkish baths need be very inexpensive
and simply constructed, though, where it is desired to
do the thing well, glazed bricks should, for the sake
of cleanliness, be used for lining the walls. All that
will be required in the washing rooms is a couple of
draw-off taps with hot and cold water, some pails, a
ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION. 143
scraper, and wash-leather. On leaving the sudatory
chamber, the horse should first be well scraped with
the scraper, carefully sponging, or dousing him, if neces-
sary, with warm water. Buckets of hot, tepid, and cold
water should then be thrown over him, and having been
well rubbed down with the leather, he should then be
covered with a cotton sheet, and his legs bandaged with
cotton bands, the sheets, &c., being gradually removed
after an interval of about a quarter of an hour, and the
animal turned into a shed, or into the open, to cool.
THE END.
( 144 )
INDEX.
A.
PAGE
AIR, allowance of, in hot rooms .. .. .. .. 81
„ backflow of 83
„ circulation of, in hot rooms .. .. .. .. 85
„ expansion in heating . . . . . . . . . . 82
„ filters 67
„ flues for vitiated .. .. .. .. .. .. 92
„ inlets for cold . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
„ intake, position of . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
„ „ arrangement of . . . . . . . . 69
„ its changes in the bath . . . . . . . . . . 71
,) of bath, necessity for dryness of . . . . . . . . 85
„ overheated .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 76
„ passage of, through bath rooms 70
„ rapidity of flow of .. .. .. .. . .. .. 82
Apodyterium, the .. .. .. .. .. .. .*. 4, 13
„ and frigidarium, combined .. .. .. 13
B.
BATH, architecture of .. .. .. .. .. 105
„ ascending shower . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
„ back shower . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
„ decoration of .. .. .. .. .. .. 105
„ elaborate needle .. .. .. .. .. .. 138
„ foot 98
„ materials for .. .. .. .. .. .. 105
„ Mr. Urquhart's cheap private .. .. .. 120,123
INDEX. 145
PAGE
Bath, needle 93,94
„ position of private .. .. .. .. .. .. 120
„ preliminary shower .. .. .. .. .. 97
„ primary object of .. .. .. .. .. .. 10
„ public, general requirements of .. .. .. 9
„ shower .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 92
„ style of design for .. .. .. .. .. .. 109
„ subsidiary apartments of .. .. .. .. .. 14
„ the, in asylums .. .. .. .. .. .. 139
„ the, in hospitals .. .. .. .. .. .. 139
„ the "slipper" 127
„ wave .. .. .. 95
Baths, ancient and modern, difference between .. .. 10
„ „ Roman and Oriental .. .. .. .. 2
„ „ „ „ „ works on.. 3
„ cheap 66
„ „ private .. .. 125
„ complete private .. .. .. .. .. 125-127
„ construction of, in private houses .. .. 123,124
„ Eastern .. .. .. .. .. .. .. no
„ elaborate private .. .. .. .. .. 129,132,133
„ importance of double sets of .. .. .. .. 137
„ importance of intercommunication between various .. 137
„ in crowded sites .. .. .. .. .. .. 18
„ nature of private .. .. .. .. .. .. 119
„ objections to extemporised hot air .. .. .. 118
„ Old Roman .. .. .. .. .. .. no
„ on one level .. .. .. .. .. .. 18
„ private .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 118
„ public and commercial .. .. .. .. .. 6
„ public, lack of, in England . . . . . . . . 7
„ supply of water for private .. .. .. .. 128
„ two classes of .. .. .. .. .. .. 26
„ ventilation of private .. .. .. .. .. 122
Bath-rooms arranged en suite, advantage of .. .. .. 37
„ drainage of .. .. .. .. .. .. 44
Balnea, the Pompeian .. .. .. .. .. .. 112
„ ancient .. .. '.. ,. .. .. .. 4
L
146 INDEX.
PAGE
Benches, felting for marble ... .. .. .. .. 116
Bignor, Roman bath at .. .. .. .. .. .. 112
Boilers .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 87
Boot-room, fittings for .. .. .. .. .. .. 116
Box, Roman bath at . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
C.
CALIDARIUM, the 4, 33
„ floor of 116
Ceilings of enamelled iron .. .. .. .. .. 106
Checks, shelves for .. .. .. .. .. .. 116
Cisterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87, 88
Cleansing process, ways of concluding 12
Cold plunge, object of .. .. .. .. .. .. 12
Combined cooling and dressing room, its arrangement . . 54
Cooling and dressing rooms combined, their merits and
demerits .. .. .. .. .... .. 54
Cooling room, carpets for .. .. ., .. .. 114
» » couches in .. .. .. .. .. 114
„ „ furniture of .. .. ... .. .. 113
« „ importance of ventilating .. .. .. 57
„ method „ „ 57
„ ,, lighting of .. !03
„ „ the separate .. .. .. .. .. 53
Cooling rooms in hydropathic establishments .. .. 138
:? »> fireplaces in .. .. .. .. .. 23
» » methods of arranging .. .. .. .. 52
„ „ temperature of 53, 58
D.
DIVANS, construction of .. .. .. .. .. u^
Douche, horizontal g$
„ room, the .. .. .. .. fm tt ^r
» spinal 93
Drainage, importance of perfect 44
Dressing and cooling rooms I3
Dry atmosphere, necessity for, in bath
INDEX. 147
F.
TACK
FIRING, evil of bad and forced .. .. .. .. .. 80
Floorings for cheap baths . . . . . . . . . . 34
Flues, hot and cold air, construction of . . . . . . 40
Foul air conduits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Frigidarium, design of . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
„ divans in .. .. .. .. .. .. 109
„ fountain in .. .. .. .. .. .. 101
„ of private baths .. .. .. .. .. 129
„ the .. .. 4,13
„ the old Roman .. .. .. .. .. 57
Furnace, advantage of a fireclay .. .. .. .. 75
„ fireclay, for private bath .. .. .. .. 132
„ „ method of constructing . . . . . . 74
„ „ expansion and contraction of . . . . 76
Furnaces for private baths .. .. .. .. .. 121
„ heating power of . . . . . . . . . . 80
„ with iron flues .. .. .. .. .. .. 72
Furnace chamber, position of . . 40
G.
GAS, objections to, in bath .. .. .. .. .. 102
Glazed earthenware, its suitability for baths . . . . . . 33
Good and bad baths, difference between . . . , . . 82
Good bath, what it is, and how gained . . . . . . 9
H.
HAIR-DRESSER and chiropodist 15
Hammam, the, Jermyn Street .... 18
Ha,mmam, the Oriental . . 3
Heat, convected and radiant .. •• 5> 59
„ methods of applying to bather .. ..10,56
„ prevention of transmission of .. .. .. 122
Heating apparatuses for private baths . . 120
„ „ screen walls to . . 77
Heating by fireclay furnaces .. 73
148 INDEX.
PAGE
Heating by iron flue-pipes 72
„ „ ordinary stoves ... .. .. .. .. 72
„ „ convection, objection to .. .. .. .. 79
„ „ steam.. .. .. 77
„ „ „ arrangements for . 78
„ „ „ dangers attendant upon .. . . . . 77
„ of small baths .. .. .. .. .. .. 73
„ of the bath, its importance . . . . . . . . 59
„ „ „ „ by the ordinary method . . . . . . 62
„ on the hot-air principle .. .. .. .. 62
„ and ventilation .. .. .. .. .. .. 59
„ „ „ theory of.. .. .. 69
High temperatures, beneficial effect of in cases of disease . . 1 1
„ „ necessity for II
Horses, bathing of .. .. .. .. .. ., 142
" Hot-air bath," a misleading term .. .. .. .. 5
Hot-air bath, the .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6
„ „ appliances and arrangements for . . . . 63
Hot air, height of delivery of, into laconicum 40
„ „ manner „ „ „ ;, .. .. 40
„ „ principle, objections to.. .. .. .. .. 61
Hot rooms, benches in .. .. .. .. .. .. 38
„ „ brickwork in .. .. .. .. .. .. 107
„ „ ceilings of 34
„ „ chairs and benches in .. ,„ .. .. n6
„ „ decoration of .. .. .. .. .. 105
„ „ doorways in 38
„ „ firepropf floors over.. .. .. .. .. 35
„ „ glazing in 38
„ „ height of .. 39
„ „ Indian matting in .. .. .. .. .. 106
„ „ joinery in 37
„ „ lighting of 102
„ „ materials for,. ... .. 38
„ „ objection to stepped benches m 39
„ „ proportional area of . . . . . . . . 33
„ „ position of partitions in . . . . . . . . 37
„ „ radiation of heat from .. 35
INDEX. 149
PACK
Hot rooms, windows in .. .. .. .. .. .. 35
„ „ treatment of woodwork in ... .. .. .. 106
Hydropathy and the Turkish bath .. .. .. .. 140
Hydropathic establishments, the bath in .. .. .. 134
INVALIDS, consideration for, in bathing establishments .. 138
Irish " sweating houses," old .. .. .. .. .. 5, 13
L.
LACONICUM, the 4,32
„ ceiling of 35
„ floor of .. .. .. .. .. .. 116
Ladies' baths 14,44,111
Laundry .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16
Lavatorium, the .. .. .. .. .. .. 4, 43
„ and shampooing room .. .. .. .. 41
„ the hydropathic 138
„ of private bath .. .. .. .. .. 128
„ washing basins in . . . . . . . . . . 43
„ water fittings of .. .. .. .. .. 89
Lavatrina, the .. .. .. .. .. .. 119, 127
M.
MONT DORE, baths at the Hotel .. .. .. .. 135
„ „ cure, the .. 136
Moorish bath, heating of the .. .. .. .. .. 59
Mustaby, the Turkish 57
O.
OBSTACLES to! the progress of the bath •• •' •• i
Oriental colour decoration .. «. .. .. .. no
P.
PAY office, the 14
Perspiration, object of .. .. .. .. .. .. u
150 INDEX.
PACK
Plumbing 88, 100
Plunge bath, the 46
„ „ between hot rooms and frigidarium .. .. 12
„ „ chamber, lighting of • . . . . • • 104
„ „ construction of . . . . 48
„ „ decoration of .. .. .. .. .. 113
„ „ depth of 48
„ „ for private baths .. .. .. .. .. 129
„ „ in hydropathic establishments .. .. .. 138
„ „ water fittings of . . . . . . . . . . 99
Popular ignorance and the bath . . . . . . . . I
Processes of the bath . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
Public Baths and Wash-houses Act, inadequacy of . . . . 7
Public baths in England, unworthy of the nation . . . . 29
„ „ general disposition of plan of .. .. .. 17
R.
REST after bath, necessity for .. .. .. .. .. 13
Roman baths, method of heating the old .. .. .. 59
„ „ nature of heat in old . . . . . . . . 79
s.
SANITARY accommodation, necessity for care in providing.. 15
Shampooer, space required by each . . . . . . . . 43
Shampooing and the private bath .. .. .. .. 128
„ benches . . . . . . . . . . . . 34, 42
„ positions of bather during .. .. .. , 43
„ value of .. .. .. .. .. .. 12
„ and washing room combined, arrangement of.. 43
» room 42
„ „ ventilation of . . . . . . . . 42
», „ lighting of .. 104
Shower for head .. .. .. .. .. .. .. IQO
„ preliminary warm . . . . . . . . . . 44
So-caUed " Turkish baths," their harmfulness ,. .. 2
Stokery, the I5
Stoves, attributes of good 64
INDEX. 151
PAGE
Stoves, " Convoluted " .. .. 64
„ „ heating power of . . . . . . 80
,, „. method of constructing furnace
chamber for . . . . . . . . 64
„ iron 63
„ objections to exposing in hot rooms .. .. .. 72
„ plain iron radiating .. .. .. .. .. 125
„ radiating surfaces of .. .. .. .. 63
Subsidiary apartments of the bath .. .. .. .. 32
Sudatorium, best position for bathers in .. .. .. 38
Sudatory chamber, a simple .. .. .. .. .. 119
T.
TANK, hot water .. .. 87
Temperature, importance of maintaining . . . . . . 79
„ of bath rooms .. .. .. .. .. 78
„ regulating 80
„ variations in .. .. .. .. .. 79
Tepidarium, the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 32
„ drinking fountain in .. .. .. .. 100
„ mosaic floors in .. .. .. .. .. 108
„ of private bath .. .. .. .. ..128
„ old Roman .. .. .. .. .. 39
Thermce, old Roman . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Tonic baths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Transmission of heated air, prevention of . . . . 36
„ „ heat .. 36
Treatment, course of, in the bath . . . . . . . . 1 1
Turkish bath, association of miscellaneous hydropathic
baths with the .. .. .. .. 134
„ „ building, field for activity in .. .. .. 139
„ „ for animals .. .. .. .. .. 141
„ „ for horses .. .. .. .. .. 141
„ „ „ „ Great Northern Railway Company's 141
„ „ heating of the true . . . . . . . . 59
„ „ the, a misnomer t . . . . . . . . 5
„ „ „ what it is .. .. 4
152 INDEX.
Turkish bath, direction in which improvement may be
made in the . . . . . . . . . . . „ . . 60
Turkish baths, Baden-Baden .. .. .. .. .. 30
„ „ Bartholomew's, Leicester Square .. .. 25
„ „ Bremen 29
„ „ Burton's, Euston Road . . . . . . . . 27
„ „ Camden Town . . . . . . . . . . 22
„ „ foul atmosphere of some so-called . . . . 2, 82
„ „ in Germany .. .. .. .. .. 29
„ „ lukewarm .. .. .. .» *. 139
„ „ Nevill's, London Bridge .. .. .. 25
„ „ „ Northumberland Avenue . . . . 23
„ „ Nuremberg 30
„ „ Savoy Hill 20
„ „ Vienna .. .. .. .. 30
V.
VALVE, thermometer regulating 138
Valves and cocks .. .. .. .. .. .. 90
„ regulating, for shower bath, &c. .. .. .. 96
Ventilation * .. 139
„ importance of, in hot rooms .. .* .. 81
„ in cramped sites .. .. .. .. .. 69
„ mechanical .. .. .. .. .. .. 82
Ventilator gratings . . . . * . . . . . . . 83
Ventilators, disposition of, in hot rooms . . . . . . 70
„ . number and size of.. .. .. .. .. 71
„ position of .. .. .. .. .. .. 71
W.
WASHING and shampooing rooms, various ways of arranging 4 1
Water, pressure of 88
Water fittings 87
„ „ of private bath .. .. .. .. .. 128
„ „ value of simplicity in .. .. .. .. 97
LONDON : PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.
BINDING SECT. SEp
1974
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