EX LIBRIS
JOHANNIS FLETCHER
PER DUO ET VIGINTI
ANNOS LINGUAE LATINAE IN COLLEGIO
UNIVERSITATIS
PROFESSORIS: QUI MENSE JULIO
A.D. MDCCCCXVII MORTUUS EST:
LI BROS QUOS ILLE PENITUS AMAVERAT
UXOR ET FILII EJUS COLLEGIO AMATO
DONAVERUNT.
DULCES EXUVIAE DUM FATA DEUS-QUE SINEBANT.
Virg: An: IV.
dlartnton fnss
RUDIMENTA LATINA
HENRY FROWDE, M.A.
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
LONDON, EDINBURGH
NEW YORK
LaL.Gr ass.Sem.
RUDIMENTA LATINA
COMPRISING
ACCIDENCE, AND EXERCISES OF A
VERY ELEMENTARY CHARACTER
FOR THE USE OF BEGINNERS
BY
JOHN BARROW ALLEN, M.A.
LATE SCHOLAR OF NEW COLLEGE, OXFORD
AUTHOR OF 'AN ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR'
' A FIRST LATIN EXERCISE BOOK '
'A SECOND LATIN EXERCISE BOOK,' ETC.
*...:-'
L : y
-.. .
OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
M DCCCC I
OXFORD
PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
BY HORACE HART, M.A.
PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY
PREFACE.
THIS rudimentary volume of Accidence and Exercises has
been written at the request of a considerable number of
Masters of large Schools, to whom even the * First Latin
Exercise Book* did not seem sufficiently elementary, or
rather did not supply a sufficient quantity of the very
elementary examples required to keep children employed
during the first year or so of their Latin training.
Personally, I should have preferred to exclude from an
Exercise Book all examples not containing a Verb. I am
aware, however, that an author writing a book by request is
under an obligation rather to comply with the wishes of his
friends, than to air his own particular fancies ; and I shall be
very glad, therefore, if Exercises 1-16 are found of use.
JOHN BARROW ALLEN.
CHELTENHAM :
March, 1885.
CONTENTS.
PART I. GRAMMAR.
PACK
Alphabet and Parts of Speech i
Substantives a
The First Declension 2
The Second Declension . . . . . . . 3
The Third Declension 4
The Fourth Declension 7
The Fifth Declension 7
Further Rules of Gender 8
Prepositions .......... 9
Adjectives 10
Comparison of Adjectives 13
Pronouns 14
The Verb 16
The Verb Sum 18
The First Conjugation 22
The Second Conjugation 28
The Third Conjugation 34
The Fourth Conjugation .... . . .40
Deponent Verbs 46
Conjugation of Possum 47
Notes on some Cases of the Third Declension .... 48
PART II. EXERCISES.
Declensions of Nouns 49
Prepositions 57
Adjectives 61
Pronouns 65
The Verb Sum 69
The First Conjugation 73
The Second Conjugation . . . . . . . .81
The Third Conjugation 89
The Fourth Conjugation 97
Deponent Verbs 101
Reported Speech 105
Ablative Absolute 105
Latin-English Vocabulary ........ 109
English-Latin Vocabulary . .115
By the same Author
AN ELEMENTARY LATIN GRAMMAR. New Edition, Revised
and Enlarged. Cloth, zs. 6d. (. 60)
A FIRST LATIN EXERCISE BOOK. Eighth Edition.
2s. 6d. (. 60)
A SECOND LATIN EXERCISE BOOK. Second Edition. 31. 6d.
(.90)
KEY TO FIRST AND SECOND LATIN EXERCISE BOOKS,
in one volume. Supplied to Teachers only, on application to tl
Secretary of the Clarendon Press ; price 55. net. ($i . 75)
LIVES FROM CORNELIUS NEPOS. Miltiades, Themistocles,
Pausanias. is. 6d. (. 40)
TALES: ADAPTED FROM LIVY. is. 6d. (.40) each.
(1) of Early Rome.
(2) of the Roman Republic, Part I.
(3) of the Roman Republic, Part II.
RUDIMENTA LATINA.
PART I. GRAMMAR.
ALPHABET AND PABTS OP SPEECH.
1. Alphabet. The Latin Alphabet is the same as the
English, without W.
2. Parts of Speech. There are eight Parts of Speech,
namely, the Noun-Substantive, Noun-Adjective, Pro-noun,
Verb, Ad-verb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection.
The Noun- Substantive is the name of any person or
thing, as, magister, a master, mensa, a table.
The Noun- Adjective expresses a quality, as, bonus, good.
The Pro-noun is used instead of a Substantive or Ad-
jective, as, ille, he; meus, my.
The Verb expresses an action, as, amo, / love ; or a
condition, as, amor, / am loved.
The Ad-verb is added to a Verb or Adjective, and shows
how, when, or where, a.s,vald.Q bonus, very good; scripsit
heri, he wrote yesterday ; hue veni, come hither.
The Preposition is put before Nouns, to show that they
are to be joined to Verbs, or sometimes to Nouns, as,
venit ad urbem, he comes to the city ; lupus inter oves,
a wolf among sheep,
The Conjunction joins together words or sentences, as,
Romulus et Remus, Romulus and Remus.
The Interjection is an exclamation, as, heu, alas I
B
RUDIMENTA LA TINA.
t3-
3. The Article. There is no Article, a, an, or the, in
Latin. Thus bellum may mean war, a war, or the war.
SUBSTANTIVES.
4. The five Declensions. Of Substantives there are
five Declensions, which are known by the endings of their
Genitive Case Singular. The ist Declension has Gen. Sing,
in -ae ; the 2nd in -i ; the 3rd in -is ; the 4th in -us ; the
5th in -ei.
5. Number, Gender, Case. Substantives have two
Numbers, the Singular and the Plural; three Genders, the
Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter ; and six Cases, the Nomi-
native, Vocative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, and Ablative.
6-
THE FIRST DECLENSION.
Nominative. The Nominative Case ends in -a.
Gender. Feminine ; except a few names of men, as, Pub-
licola, Publicola, or designations of men, as, poeta, a poet,
which are masculine.
SINGULAR.
Nom. Mensa, a table.
Voc. Mens-a, table.
Ace. M ens-am, a table.
Gen. Mens-ae, of a table.
Dat. Mens-ae, to or for a table.
AbL Mens-a, by, 'with, or from
table.
PLURAL.
Mens-ae, tables.
Mens-ae, O tables.
Mens-as, tables.
Mens-Arum, of tables.
M ens-is, to or for tables.
Mens-is, by, with, or from
tables.
-7-]
SUBSTANTIVES.
3
7. THE SECOND DECLENSION.
Nominative. The Nominative ends in -iis, -er, and -lira.
Gender, -us and -er generally Masculine, -urn Neuter.
SINGULAR.
Nom. Murus, a wall.
Voc. Mur-e, wall.
Ace. Mur-um, a wall.
Gen. Mur-i, of a wall.
Dat. Mur-o, to or for a wall.
Abl. Mur-o, by, with, or from a
wall.
SINGULAR.
Nom. Magister, a master.
Voc. Magister, O master.
Ace. Magistr-um, a master.
Gen. Magistr-i, a master's, or of a
master.
Dat. Magistr-o, to or for a master.
Abl. Magistr-o, by, with, or from a
master^.
PLURAL.
Mur-i, walls.
Mur-i, O walls.
Mur-os, walls.
Mur-Orum, of walls.
Mur-is, to or for walls.
Mur-is, by, with, or from
walls.
PLURAL.
Magistr-i, masters.
Magistr-i, O masters.
Magistr-os, masters.
Magistr-Orum, of mas-
ters. \ters.
Magistr-is, to or for mas-
Magistr-is, by, with, or
from masters 1 .
Some Nouns in -er preserve the e before -r through all
the cases, instead of dropping it, as, puer, a boy.
SINGULAR.
Nom. Puer, a boy.
Voc. Puer, O boy.
Ace. Puer-um, a boy.
Gen. Puer-i, a boy^s, or cf a boy.
Dat. Puer-o, to or for a boy.
Abl. Puer-o 2 , by, with, or from a
boy.
PLURAL.
Puer-i, boys.
Puer-i, O boys.
Puer-os, boys.
Puer-Orum, of boys.
Puer-is, to or for boys.
Puer-is 2 , by, with, or from
boys.
1 The Ablative of Nouns denoting a living thing, as, magister, puer,
judex, &c., usually requires a Preposition, as a (ab), by, from, cum,
with, etc.
a A Preposition must generally be used with the Latin word,
preceding footnote.)
B 2
(See
RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
[7-
Like 'puer* are declined, gener, socer, vesper, Liber,
and compounds of gero, I carry, and fero, / bear, as,
armiger 1 .
SINGULAR.
N.V.A. Bellum, war, or O war.
Gen. Bell-i, of war.
Dat. Bell-o, to or for war.
PLURAL.
Bell -a, wars, or O wars.
Bell-Orum, of wars.
Bell-is, to or for wars.
Abl.
Bell-o, by, wifh, or from Bell-is, by, with, or from
war. wars.
Note on Neuter Nouns. The Nominative, Accusative, and
Vocative Cases of all Neuter Nouns are the same in each
number, and in the Plural they always end in -a.
Note on the Genitive of the Second Declension. Nouns in
-ius, -ium often contract -ii into -i in the Genitive, as, films,
a son, Gen. filii, or fili ; ingenium, ability, Gen. ingenii, or
ingeni.
Note on the Vocative of the Second Declension. Filius, a son,
and names of men ending in -ins, make -i in the Vocative ;
as, filius, Voc. fili, son ; Virgilius, Virgil, Voc. Virgili,
Virgil. Deus, God, has Voc. Deus (not Dee), God.
8.
THE THIRD DECLENSION.
Nominative and Gender. The Nominative ends variously.
The Gender is also various. (See n, d, page 8.)
Divisions. Nouns of this Declension have two divisions,
namely, (i) Nouns which have -um in the Genitive Plural ;
(2) Nouns which have -ium in the Genitive Plural.
Nouns increasing (i. e. having more Syllables in the Gen-
itive than in the Nominative) make -urn in the Gen. PI.;
Nouns not increasing make -ium. (For exceptions see 47,*.)
1 Son-in-law ^father-in-law, evening, Bacchus, armour-bearer.
-8.]
SUBSTANTIVES.
Nouns in -um.
i. Masculine or Feminine.
SINGULAR.
N.V. Judex, a judge, or O judge.
Ace. Judlc-em, a judge.
Gen. Judic-is, of a judge.
Dat. Judic-i, to or for a judge.
Abl. Judic-e 1 , by, with, or from
a judge.
PLURAL.
Judic-es, judges, or O judges.
Judic-es, judges.
JudiC-um, of judges.
Judic-ibus, to or for judges.
Judic-ibus, by, with, or from
judges.
SINGULAR.
Law.
Lion.
Flower.
Soldier.
N.V.
Lex.
Leo.
Flos.
Miles.
A.
Leg-em.
Leon-em.
Flor-em.
Milit-em.
G.
-is.
-is.
-is.
-is.
D.
~i*
~ 1>
-i.
~i
Ab.
-e.
-e.
, -e.
-e.
PLURAL.
N.V.A.
Leg-es.
Leon-e3.
Flor-es.
Milit-es.
G.
-um.
-um.
-um.
-um.
D. Ab.
-ibus.
-ibus.
-ibus.
-ibus.
2. Neuter.
SINGULAR.
N.A.V. Opus, a work, or O work.
Gen. Oper-is, of a work.
Dat. Oper-i, to or for a work.
Abl. Oper-e, by, with, or from
a work.
PLURAL.
Oper-a, works, or O works.
OpeR-um, of works.
Oper-ibus, to or for works:.
Oper-ibus, by, with, or from
works.
Shore.
N.V.A. Lltus.
G. Litor-is.
D. -i.
Ab. , -e.
SINGULAR.
Song. Head.
Carmen. Caput.
Carmin-is. Capit-is.
Journey.
Iter.
Itiner-is.
-e.
1 A Preposition must generally be used with the Latin word.
p. 3, note i.)
(See
RUDIMENTA LATIN A.
K 8-
Shore.
N.V.A. Litor-a.
, -um.
G.
D. Ab.
-Ibus.
PLURAL.
Song. Head.
Carmm-a. Capit-a.
-um.
-Ibus.
Journey.
Itiner-a.
-um. -um.
-Ibus. -Ibus.
Nouns in -ium.
I. Masculine or Feminine.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N. V. Vallis, a valley, or O valley.
Ace. Vail- em, a valley.
Gen. Vail -is, of a valley.
Dat. Vall-i, to or for a valley.
Abl. Vail e, by, -with, or from a
valley.
Vall-es, valleys, or valleys.
Vall-es, or -is, valleys.
Vail -Ium, of valleys.
Vail -Ibus, to or for valleys.
Vail -Ibus, by, with, or from
valleys.
SINGULAR.
K.V. Nubes, a cloud, or O cloud.
Ace. Nub-em, a cloud.
Gen. Nub-Is, of a cloud.
Dat. Nub-i, to or for a cloud.
Abl. Nub-, by, with, or from a
cloud.
PLURAL.
Nub-es, clouds, or O clouds.
Nub-es, or -is, clouds.
Nub-Ium, of clouds.
Nub-Ibiis, to or for clouds.
Nub-Ibus, by, with, or from
clouds.
2. Neuter.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
N.A.V. Mare", the sea, or O sea.
Gen. Mar-Is, of the sea.
Dat. Mar-i, to or for the sea.
AbL Mar-i, by, with, or from
the sea.
Note. For lists of exceptional terminations to certain Cases
of the Third Declension, see 47, page 48.
Mar-ia, seas, or O seas.
Mar-Ium, of seas.
Mar-Ibus, to or for seas.
Mar-Ibus, by, with, or from
seas.
-JO.] SUBSTANTIVES. J
9. THE FOURTH DECLENSION.
Nominative. The Nominative ends in -iis and -TL
Gender, -us generally Masculine, -u Neuter.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N.V. Gradus, a step, or O step. Grad-us, steps, or steps.
Ace. Grad-um, a step. Grad-us, steps.
Gen. Grad-us, of a step. Grad-Uum, of steps.
Dat. Grad-ui, or -u,/0or/0r #.$/<?/. Grad-ibus, to or for steps.
Abl. Grad-u, by, with, or from a Grad-ibus, by, with, or from
step. steps.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N.A. Germ, a knee. Gen-ua, knees.
Voc. Genu, O knee. Gen-ua, knees.
Gen. Gen-us, of a knee. Gen-Uum, of knees.
D.A. Gen-u, to, for, by, with, or Gen-ibus, to, for, by, with, or
from a knee. from knees.
Note. The Dat. and Abl. PI. of the Fourth Declension are
sometimes written -iibus instead of -ibus, as, genubus.
10. THE FIFTH DECLENSION.
Nominative. The Nominative ends in -es.
Gender. Feminine, except dies, a day, which is Common
in the Singular, Masculine in the Plural.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N.V. Dies, a day, or O day. Di-es, days, or days.
Ace. Di-em, a day. Di-es, days.
Gen. Di-ei, of a day. Di-Erum, of days.
Dat. Di-ei, to or for a day. Di-ebus, to or for days.
Abl. Di-e, by, wither from a day. Di-ebus, by, etc. t days.
R UDIMENTA LA TINA . [ 1 1-
11. FURTHER RULES OP GENDER.
(a) Males, Mountains, Months, the "Winds, the Stream,
And People Masculine we deem :
Isles are Feminine ; to these
Add Females, Cities, Countries, Trees :
Indeclinables we call
Neuter Gender, one and all.
(b) i. Common are to either sex
2. Artifex, and opifex,
3. Convlva, vates, advena,
4. Testis, civis, incola,
5. Parens, sacerdos, custos, vindex,
6. Adolescens, infans, index,
7. Judex, heres, comes, dux,
8. Princeps, municeps, conjux,
9. Obses, ales, interpres,
10. Auctor, exul ; and with these
11. Bos, dama, talpa, tigris, grus,
12. Canis and anguis, serpens, sus.
(c) The rules of Gender for Declensions I, 2, 4, and 5, have
been given above in 6, 7, 9, 10.
(d} The Gender of Nouns of the Third Declension may
usually be known by the terminations of the Nom-
inative Case, viz. :
(1) Masculine terminations
Masculines -er, -or, and -o,
-os, and -es increasing, show.
(2) Feminine terminations
Feminines -do, -io, -go,
is, -as, -aus, and -x, will show,
-es, if no increase is needed,
-s by Consonant preceded.
(3) Neuter terminations
Neuters end in -a, -c, -e,
-ar, -ur, -us, -1, -n, and -t.
-13.] PREPOSITIONS. 9
PREPOSITIONS.
12. The following Prepositions govern an Accusative
Case :
ante, apud, ad, adversus,
circum, circa, citra, cis,
contra, erga, extra, infra,
inter, intra, juxta, ob,
penes, pone, post, and praeter,
prope, propter, per, seeundxun,
supra, versus, ultra, trans.
And unto these, if motion be intended,
Let in, sub, super, subter, be appended 1 .
13. The following Prepositions govern an Ablative
Case :
a (ab), absque, coram, de,
palam, clam, cum, ex or e,
sine, tenus, pro, and prae.
And unto these, if rest at be intended,
Let in, sub, super, subter be appended*.
1 The meanings are: ante, before; apud, at, near, and when used
of an author in, as, apud Homerum, in Homer, apud Platonem, in
Plato, etc.; ad, to or at; adversus (or adversum), against; circum,
circa, round, aboiit ; citra, cis, on this side of; contra, against ; erga,
towards ; extra, outside of; infra, beneath ; inter, between, among; intra,
within; juxta, near, next to; ob, on account of, and when used of
place before ; penes, in the power of; pone, behind ; post, behind,
after, since; praeter, beside, except, beyond, contrary to; prope, near;
propter, beside, on account of; per, through, by means of, during;
secundum, next after, according to; supra, above; versus, towards
(placed after its case); ultra, beyond; trans, across ; in, to, into, upon,
against (always with a notion of motion to}, for (of time), in or after
(of manner, as, in hunc modum, 'after this manner'), towards; sub,
under, up to, and when used of time -just after, just before, about ;
super, over, above, and when used of number besides ; subter, under.
2 The meanings are: a, 0)0, from, by, on the side of; absque, without
^this preposition is seldom used] ; coram, in the presence of; de, down
from, from, of, concerning; palam, in view of; clam, without the know-
ledge of; cum, with ; ex, e, out of, from ; sine, without ; tenus, as far
as (placed after its case) ; pro, before (of place), in behalf of, for, ac-
cording to; prae, before, owing to, compared with; in, in, amidst,
among ; sub, under ; super, over ; subter, under [only used with Abla-
tive in poetry].
10
RUDIMENTA LATIN A.
[ 14-
14. ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives are divided into two classes, the First Class
having endings like those of the First and Second Declen-
sions, and the Second Class like those of the Third
Declension, of Nouns Substantive.
15. Adjectives of the First Class. Adjectives of the
First Class have three terminations to each Case, denoting
the Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter Gender, as, bonus, bona,
bonum, good ; niger, nigra, nigrum, black. The Masculine
and Neuter endings are like those of the Second Declension
of Substantives, the Feminine like those of the First.
SINGULAR.
if.
F. N.
Nom. Bonus,
-a, -um.
Voc. Bon-e,
-a, -um.
Ace. Bon-um,
-am, -um.
Gen. Bon-i,
-ae, -i.
Dat. Bon-o,
-ae, -o.
Abl. Bon-o,
-a, -o.
PLURAL.
F.
-ae,
-as
N.
-a.
M.
Bon-i,
Bon-os, -as, -a
Bon-Orum, -Arum, -Orum.
Bon-is (of all Genders).
N.
M.
PLURAL.
F.
-ae,
-as,
N.
-a.
-a.
SINGULAR.
M. F.
N.V. Niger, nigr-a, nigr-um. Nigr-i,
Ace. Nigr-um, -am, -um. Nigr-os,
Gen. Nigr-i, -ae, -i.
Dat. Nigr-o, -ae, -o.
Abl. Nigr-o, -a, -o.
Note. Some Adjectives in -er preserve the e throughout,
like puer, as tener, tenera, tenerum, tender.
Nigr-Orum, -Arum, -Orum.
Nigr-is (of all Genders).
SINGULAR.
M. F. N.
N.V. Tener, -a, -um.
Ace. Tener-um, -am, -um.
Gen. Tener-i, -ae, -i.
Dat. Tener-o, -ae, -o.
Abl. Tener-o, -a, -o.
PLURAL.
M. F. N.
Tener-i, -ae, -a.
Tener-os, -as, -a.
Tener-Orum, -Arum, -Orum.
j Tener-is (of all Genders).
-16.]
ADJECTIVES.
II
Like ' tener ' are declined lacer, liber, asper, miser ; com-
pounds of gero and fero, as corniger, frugifer; and sometimes
dexter 1 .
16. Adjectives of the Second Class. Adjectives of
the Second Class are called Adjectives of Two Terminations,
and have endings like those of the 3rd Decl. of Substantives;
as, tristis, gloomy ; melior, better; felix, happy ; ingens, vast.
SINGULAR.
M. F. N.
N.V. Tristis, triste.
Ace. Trist-em, triste.
Gen. Trist-is.
Dat. Trist-i.
Abl. Trist-i.
N.V. Melior, melius.
Ace. Melior-era, melius.
Gen. Melior-is.
Dat. Melior-i.
Abl. Melior-e.
N.V. Felix.
Ace. Felic-em, felix.
Gen. Felic-is.
Dat. Felic-i.
Abl. Felic-i (rarely -e).
N.V. Ingens.
Ace. Ingent-em, ingens.
Gen. Ingent-is.
Dat. Ingent-i.
Abl. Ingent-e (or 4).
PLURAL.
M. F. N.
Trist-es, trist-ia.
Trist-Ium.
Trist-ibus.
Melior-es, melior-a.
MelioB-um.
Melior-Ibus.
Felic-es, felic-ia.
Felic-Ium.
Felic-Ibus.
Ingent-es, ingent-ia.
Ingent-Ium.
Ingent-ibus.
Some Adjectives in -er belong to this class, but have a
Feminine form in the Nominative Singular, as, acer, keen.
1 Torn, free, rough, miserable ; horn-bearing, f ruit -bear ing ; on the
right hand.
12
RUDIMENTA LATIN A.
SINGULAR.
M. F. N.
N.V. Acer, acr-is, acr-e.
Ace. Acr-em, -e.
Gen. Acr-is.
D.A. Acr-i.
PLURAL.
M. F. N.
Acr-es, -ia.
Acr-es, -ia.
Acr-Ium.
Acr-ibus.
Like 'acer' are declined, alacer, celeber, equester, pede-
ster, volucer, saluber, celer l . Celer keeps the e throughout,
as, Sing. N.V. Celer, celeris, celere.
17. Unus, and Quasi-Numeral Adjectives. These
are alms, another, and,
Unus, solus, totus, ullus,
Uter, alter, neuter, nullus 2 .
They make -ius in Gen. Sing., and -i in Dative.
PLURAL.
F.
N.
SINGULAR.
M. F. N. M,
Nom. Unus, -a, -urn. Un-i, -ae, -a.
Ace. Un-um, -am, -um. Un-os, -as, -a.
Gen. Un-ius (of all Genders). Un-Orum, -Arum, -Drum.
Dat. Un-i (of all Genders).
Abl. Un-o, -a, -o.
Un-is (of all Genders).
-ae,
Nom. Uter, utr-a, utr-um. Utr-i,
Ace. Utr-um, -am, -um. Utr-os, -as,
Gen. Utr-ius (of all Genders). Utr-Orum, -Arum,
Dat. Utr-i (of all Genders). ) T .
.,. TT4 . v [ Utr-is (of all Genders).
Abl. Utr-o, -a, -o. )
-a.
-a.
-Orum.
Alter keeps the e throughout, as, Sing. N. Alter, altera,
alterum. Alius makes N. Alius, alia, aliud, G. Allus, D.
Alii, etc.
1 Brisk, celebrated, equestrian, pedestrian, -winged, healthful, swift.
2 One, alone or the only, the -whole, any at all ; which of two, the other
or one oft-wo y neither, none.
-21.] ADJECTIVES. 13
18. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives have three degrees of Comparison, the Positive,
Comparative, and Superlative.
19. Rule for Comparison of Adjectives. The Com-
parative is formed from the Positive by changing -i or -is of
the Genitive into -ior; the Superlative by changing it into
-issimus, as,
Positive. Comparative. Superlative.
Durus, hard, G. duri, durior, harder, durissimus, hardest,
or very hard.
J*>rev\s,short, G. brevis, brevior, shorter, brevissimus, shortest,
or very short.
Audax, bold, G. audacis, audacior, bolder, audacissimus, boldest,
or very bold.
20. Irregular Comparison.
w
Positive.
Comparative.
Superlative.
Bonus, good,
melior,
optimus.
Malus, bad,
pejor,
pessimus.
Magnus, great,
major,
maximus.
Parvus, small,
minor,
minimus.
Multus, much,
plus,
plurimus.
(b) Adjectives in -er, as pulcher, acer, make -errimus in the
Superlative, as, pulcherrimus, acerrimus.
(c) Facilis, easy, difficilis, difficult, similis, like, dissimilis,
unlike, gracilis, slender, humilis, lowly, make -illimus
in Superlative, as, facillimus.
21. Comparison of Adverbs. Adverbs derived from
Adjectives usually make -ius in the Comparative, and -issime
in the Superlative, as :
Digne, worthily, dignius, dignissime.
Gravtter, heavily, gravius, gravissime.
RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
l **-
SINGULAR.
Nom. Ego, 7.
Ace. Me, me.
Gen. Mei, of me.
Dat. Mihi, to or /0r me.
Abl. Me, y, wz//j, or from me 1 .
22. PRONOUNS.
Pronouns are (i) Personal, (2) Reflexive, (3) Possessive,
(4) Demonstrative, (5) Definitive, (6) Relative, (7) Interrog-
ative, and (8) Indefinite.
23. Personal Pronouns. The Personal Pronouns are
ego, /, and tu, thou, which are thus declined :
PLURAL.
Nos, we.
Nos, us.
Nostrum or Nostri, of us.
Nobis, to or for us.
Nobis, by, with, or from us 1 .
N.V. Tu, thou or you.
Ace. Te, thee or you.
Gen. Tui, of thee or yott.
Dat. Tibi, to or for thee or you.
Abl. Te, fry, with, or from thee
oryott 1 .
Note. Ille, ilia, illud, and is, ea, id, are often used as
Personal Pronouns, and translated he, she, it.
24. Reflexive Pronoun. The Reflexive Pronoun is
se, himself^ herself, itself, or themselves.
Nom. (wanting).
Ace. Se or sese, himself, herself, itself, or themselves.
Gen. Sui, of himself, herself, itself, themselves.
Dat. Sibi, to or for himself, herself, itself, themselves.
Abl. Se or sese, by, with, or from himself, etc. *.
25. Possessive Pronouns. The Possessive Pronouns
are meus, my, tuus, thy, suus, his own, her own, its own, or
their own, and cujus, whose, which are declined like bonus ;
noster, our, and vester,>'0#r, which are declined like pulcher.
Note. Meus has mi in the Vocative Singular Masculine.
Tuus and suus have no Vocative.
Vos, ye or you.
Vos, you.
Vestrum 0rVestri, of you.
Vobis, to or for you.
Vobis, by, with, or from you*.
1 A Preposition must be used with the Latin word. (See p. 3, note I.)
- 27 .]
PRONOUNS.
26. Demonstrative Pronouns. The Demonstrative
Pronouns are hie, this, is, that, ille, that, iste,
SINGULAR.
M. F.
Hie, haec,
N.
Nom. Hie, haec, hoc.
Ace. Hunc, hanc, hoc.
Gen. Hujus (of all Genders).
Dat. Huic (of all Genders).
Abl. Hoc, hac, hoc.
Nom. Is, ea, id.
Ace. Eum, earn, id.
Gen. Ejus (of all Genders).
Dat. Ei (of all Genders).
Abl. Eo, ea, eo.
Nom. Ille, ilia, illud.
Ace. Ilium, illam, illud.
Gen. Illms (of all Genders).
Dat. Illi (of all Genders).
AbL Illo, ilia, illo.
M.
Hi,
Hos,
Horum,
PLURAL.
F.
hae,
has,
harum,
N.
haec.
haec.
horum.
His (of all Genders).
li,
Eos,
Eorum,
eae
earum,
lis or eis (of all Genders).
ea.
ea.
eorum.
Illi, illae,
Illos, illas,
Illorum, illarum,
Illis (of all Genders).
ilia.
illorum.
Iste is declined like ille.
Note. Hie means this near me, or this of mine, iste, that
near you, or that of yours, and ille, that yonder or thai other.
27. Definitive Pronouns. The Definitive Pronouns
are idem, the same, and ipse, self.
SINGULAR.
M. F. N.
N. Idem, eadem, Mem.
A. Eundem, eandem, idem.
G. Ejusdem (of all Genders).
D. Eldem (of all Genders).
A. Eodem, eadem, eodem.
PLURAL.
M. F. N.
Ildem, eaedem, eadem.
Eosdem, easdem, eadem.
Eorundem, earundem, eorundem.
lisdem (of all Genders).
Ipse is declined like ille, except that it makes ipsum in
the Neuter Nom. and Ace.
RUD1MENTA LATIN A.
[ 3 8-
,
28. Relative Pronoun. The Relative Pronoun is qui,
who or which.
SINGULAR.
M. F. N.
Nom. Qui, quae, quod.
Ace. Quem, quam, quod.
Gen. Cujus (of all Genders).
Dat. Cui (of all Genders).
ALT f Quo, Qua, quo.
Abl. i ~ .
qui, qui.
I Qui,
PLURAL.
M. F. N.
Qui, quae, quae.
Quos, quas, quae.
Quorum, quarum, quorum.
Quibus or queis or quis (of all
Genders).
29. Interrogative Pronoun. The Interrogative Pro-
noun is Nom. quis, quid, who ? declined in other Cases
like qui, except Neut. quid instead of quod.
30. Indefinite Pronoun. The Indefinite Pronoun is
quis, (qua), quid, any, declined in other Cases like qui,
except Neut. Sing, quid for quod, and Neut. Plur. qua or
quae.
THE VERB.
31. Voice. Verbs have two Voices, the Active, as,
amo, / love ; the Passive, as, amor, / am loved.
32. Transitive and Intransitive Verbs. Transitive
Verbs are those in which the action passes on directly to
some person or thing, which is called the Object, as, amo te,
I love ihee. Intransitive or Neuter Verbs are those in which
the action does not pass on directly to an Object, as, sto,
/ stand. Intransitive Verbs have no Passive Voice, except
in what is called the Impersonal Passive Construction, as,
statur, it is stood, or a stand is made.
-38.] THE VERB. 17
33. Moods. There are four Moods, the Indicative,
Subjunctive, Imperative, and Infinitive. The first three con-
stitute the Verb Finite, the last one the Verb Infinite.
34. Tenses. There are seven Tenses, four Primary,
namely, the Present, Future Simple, Perfect, Future Perfect ;
and three Historic, namely, the Imperfect, Aorist, and Plu-
perfect.
35. Number and Person. There are in each Tense
two Numbers, Singular and Plural, and in each Number
three Persons, First, Second, and Third.
36. Conjugation. Verbs have four different kinds of
Flexion, which are called the Four Conjugations.
The First takes -are in the Infin. Mood, as, amare, to love.
The Second takes -ere in the Infin. Mood, as, monere, to
advise.
The Third takes -ere in the Infin. Mood, as, regere, to rule.
The Fourth takes -ire in the Infin. Mood, as, audlre, to hear.
37. Principal Parts of the Verb. The parts of the
Verb from which all the other Tenses may be formed are the
Present, Perfect, and Supine in -um. These, together with
the Infinitive Mood (which shows the Conjugation), are to be
named when the principal parts of a Verb are required, e.g.:
Pres. Indie. Infinitive. Perfect Indie. Supine.
1st Conj. Amo, amAre, amavi, amatum.
2nd Conj. Moneo, monEre, monui, monitum.
3rd Conj. Rego, regEre, rexi, rectum.
4th Conj. Audio, audlre, audlvi, audltum.
38. The Verb Sum. Before other Verbs are con-
jugated it is necessary to learn the Auxiliary Verb Bum,
esse, fui, to be.
C
i8
RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
[39-
39. THE VERB
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRIMARY TENSES.
S. ist Pers.
2nd
yd
P. ist
2nd
PRESENT TENSE.
sum, I am.
gs, Thou art.
est, He, she, it is.
sumus, We are.
estis, Ye or you are.
s-unt, They are.
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE.
S. ist Pers. gro, I shall be.
eris, Thou wilt be.
erit, He, she, it will be.
erfmus, We shall be.
erftis, Ye or you will be.
erunt, They will be.
2nd
P. ist
2nd
yd
PERFECT TENSE.
S. ist Pers. fui, I have been.
2nd fuisti, Thou hast been,
yd fuit, He, she, it has been.
P. ist fuftnus, We have been.
2nd fuistis, Ye or you have been,
yd fuerunt or fuere, They have been.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
S. ist Pers. fugro, I shall have been.
2nd fueris, Thou wilt have been,
yd fuerit, He, she, it will have been.
P. \st fuerimus, We shall have been.
2nd fuerftis, Ye will have been,
yd fuerint, They will have been.
39-] THE VERB 'SUM? 19
INDICATIVE MOOD.
HISTORIC TENSES.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
5". ist Pers. gram, Twos.
2nd ,, eras, Thou wast,
yd ,, erat, He, she, it was.
P. ist eramus, We were.
2nd eratis, Ye or you were.
yd erant, They were.
AORIST TENSE.
S. ist Pers. fui, I was.
2nd ,, fuisti, Thou wast.
yd fuit, He, she, it was.
P. ist furnius, We were.
2nd fuistis, Ye oiyou were,
yd fuerunt 0rfuere, They were.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
S. ist Pers. fugram, I had been.
2nd fueras, Thou hadst been,
yd fuerat, He, she, it had been.
P. ist ,, fueramus, We had been.
2nd ,, fueratis, Ye we you had been,
yd fuerant, They had been.
Note. The Pronoun you may be used to translate the Second
Person Singular also, if the reference is to one person only.
c 2
20 RUDIMENTA LATIN A. [ 39~
SUBJUNCTIVE or CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRIMARY TENSES.
PRESENT TENSE.
S. 1st Pers. sim, I may be, or may I be.
2nd sis, Thou mayst be, or mayst thou be.
yd ,, sit, He, she, it may be, or let him be.
P. ist slums, We may be, or let us be.
2nd sitis, Ye may be, or may ye be.
yd sint, They may be, or let them be.
(But often translated as a Present Indicative.)
PERFECT TENSE.
S. 1st Pers. fuerim, / may have been.
2nd fueris, Thou mayst have been,
yd fuerit, He, she, it may have been.
P. ist fuerimus, We may have been.
2nd fueritis, Ye may have been,
yd fuerint, They may have been.
(But often translated as a Perfect or Aorist Indicative.)
HISTORIC TENSES.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
S. ist Pers. essem 1 , I should be.
2nd esses, Thou wouldst be.
yd esset, He, she, it would be.
P. ist essemus, We should be.
2nd essetis, Ye would be.
yd essent, They would be.
(But often translated as an Imperfect or Aorist Indicative.)
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
S. ist Pers. fuissem, / should have been.
2nd fuisses, Thou wouldst have been,
yd fuisset, He, she, it would have been.
P. ist ,, fiiissemus, We should have been.
2nd fuissetis, Ye would have been,
yd fuissent, They would have been.
(But often translated as a Pluperfect Indicative.)
1 Oi forem, fores, foret, foremus, foretis, forent.
-4-] THE VERB 'SUM.' 21
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
S. ^nd Pers. es, be thou, esto, thou must be.
yd esto, he must be.
P. 2nd este, be ye, est5te, ye must be.
yd sunto, they must be.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
PRESENT and IMPERFECT, esse, to be.
PERFECT and PLUPERFECT, fuisse, to have been.
FUTURE, fore or futurus esse, to be about to be.
FUTURE PARTICIPLE, futurus, about to be.
40. Compounds of Sum. Like sum are declined its com-
pounds :
absum, / am absent. possum, I am able.
adsum, I am present. praesum, I am set over.
desum, I am wanting. prosum, I am of use.
insum, / am in. subsum, / am under.
intersum, / am present. supersum, / am surviving.
obsum, I am in the 'way.
as,
Present, ab-sum, ab-es, ab-est, ab-sumus, ab-estis, ab-sunt.
Perfect, de-fui, de-fuisti, de-fuit, de-fuimus, etc.
Insum and subsum want the Perfect, and tenses derived
from it. Prosum inserts d before e, as Ind. Pres. prosum,
proves, protest, prosumus, pro^/estis, prosunt. Possum (for
pods-sum) I am able is fully Conjugated below, p. 47.
RUDIMENT A LATINA.
.41. FIRST CONJUGATION.
[.41
INDICATIVE MOOD. PRIMARY TENSES.
Active Voice.
Passive Voice.
PRESENT TENSE.
PRESENT TENSE.
7 love, am loving, do love.
/ am loved, am being loved.
S. am-o,
S. am-or,
-as,
-aris or -are",
-at,
-atur,
P. -amus,
P. -amur,
-atis,
-ammi,
-ant.
-antur.
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE.
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE.
/ shall love.
I shall be loved.
S. am-abo,
S. am-abor,
-abis,
-aberis or -abSre,
-abit,
-abltur,
P. -abtmus,
P. -abYmur,
-abltis,
abtmlni,
-abunt.
-abuntur.
PERFECT TENSE.
PERFECT TENSE.
/ have loved.
/ have been loved.
S. amav-i,
S. am-atus sum *,
-isti,
es,
-it,
est,
P. -Trims,
P. am-ati sumus,
-istis,
estis,
-erunt or -ere.
sunt.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
/ shall have loved.
/ shall have been loved.
S. amav-Sro,
S. am-atus Sro 2 ,
-eris,
eris,
-erit,
erit,
P. -erfmus,
P. am-ati erTmus,
-ends,
erltis,
-erint.
erunt.
1 or fui. etc. * or fuero. etc.
41.]
FIRST CONJUGATION.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
HISTORIC TENSES.
Active Voice.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
/ was loving^ I loved*.
S. am-abam,
P.
-abas,
-abat,
-abamus,
-abatis,
-abant.
AORIST TENSE.
/ loved) did love.
S. amav-i.
-isti,
-it,
P. -ftnus,
-istis,
-erunt or -ere.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
/ had loved.
S. amav-eram,
-eras,
-erat,
P. -eramus,
-eratis,
-erant.
Passive Voice.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
I 'was being loved) I was loved*.
S. am-abar,
-abaris or -abare,
-abatur,
P. -abamur,
-abammi,
-abantur.
AORIST TENSE.
/ iv as loved.
S. am-atus sum 8 ,
es,
est,
P. am-ati sumus,
estis,
sunt.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
I had be en loved.
S. am-atus eram *,
eras,
erat,
P. am-ati eramus,
eratis,
erant.
1 Amabam may also mean / used to love, or 7 began to love.
* Or / used to be loved, or / began to be loved.
f or fui, etc. * or fueram, etc.
RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
[41
SUBJUNCTIVE or CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRIMARY TENSES.
Active Voice.
PRESENT TENSE.
7 may love, may 7 love.
(But often translated as a
Present Indicative.)
S. am-em,
-es,
-et,
P. -emus,
-etis,
-ent.
PERFECT TENSE.
7 may have loved.
(But often translated as a Per-
fect or Aorist Indicative.)
S. amav-erim,
eris,
-erit,
P. -enmus,
-entis,
-erint.
Passive Voice.
PRESENT TENSE.
7 may, may 7, be loved.
(But often translated as
Present Indicative )
S. am-er,
-eris <?r-ere,
P.
-etur,
-emur,
-emmi,
-entur.
PERFECT TENSE.
7 may have been loved.
(But often translated as a Per-
fect or Aorist Indicative.)
S. amatus sim 0rfuerim,
sis or fueris,
sit or fuerit,
P. amati simus or fuerimus,
sitis or fueritis,
sint or fuerint.
FIRST CONJUGATION.
SUBJUNCTIVE or CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
HISTORIC TENSES.
Active Voice.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
/ should love.
(But often translated as an Im-
perfect or Aorist Indicative.)
S. am-arem,
-ares,
-aret,
P.
-aremus,
-aretis,
-arent.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
I should have loved.
(But often translated as a
Pluperfect Indicative.)
S. amav-issem,
-isses,
-isset,
P. -issemus,
-issetis,
-issent.
Passive Voice.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
/ should be loved.
(But often translated as an Im-
perfect or Aorist Indicative.)
S. am-arer,
-areris or -arere,
-aretur,
P. -aremur,
-aremini,
-arentur.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
/ should have been loved.
(But often translated as a
Pluperfect Indicative.)
S. amatus essem or fuissem,
esses or fuisses,
esset or fuisset,
P. amati essemus 0^fuissemus,
essetis 0rfuissetis,
essent or fuissent.
26 RUDIMENT A LATIN A. [4^
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (continued).
Active Voice.
Future Simple Tense. The Future Simple in this Mood is
formed by combining the Future Participle with sim or essem,
as amaturus sim or essem. The form with sim belongs to the
Primary Tenses, the form with essem to the Historic.
Aorisi Tense. The Aorist Subjunctive is rendered variously
by amaverim, amarem, and amavissem.
Passive Voice.
Future Simple Tense. Wanting.
Aorist Tense. Rendered variously by amalus sim, amarer,
and am a/us essem.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Active Voice.
S. 2nd Pers. am-a, love thou, am-ato, thou mitst love.
yd , am-ato, he must love.
P. ind am-ate, love ye, am-atote, ye must love.
yd am-anto, they must love.
Passive Voice.
S. 2nd Pers. am-are, be thou loved, am-ator, thou must be loved.
yd am-ator, he must be loved.
P. ind am-amlni, be ye loved.
yd am-antor, they must be loved.
54I-]
FIRST CONJUGATION.
VERB INFINITE.
Active Voice.
Infinitive
Mood.
fPRESENT AND
IMPERFECT,
< PERFECT AND
PLUPERFECT,
[FUTURE,
{ACCUSATIVE,
GENITIVE,
DAT., ABL.,
Supines.
in -um,
in -u,
PRESENT,
Participles.
PERFECT,
FUTURE,
) am-are, to love (or loving, in the
) sense of { the act of loving ')
amav-isse, to have loved.
amaturus esse, to be about to love.
am-andum, loving.
am-andi, of loving.
am-ando,y0?' or by loving.
amat-um, in order to love.
amat-u, in loving.
am-ans, loving (declined like
ingens).
(wanting),
am-aturus, about to love.
Passive Voice.
("PRESENT AND
IMPERFECT,
Infinitive J PERFECT AND
1 PLUPERFECT,
LFUTURE,
'PRESENT,
Mood.
Participles. -
PERFECT,
FUTURE,
L GERUNDIVE,
am-ari, to be loved.
amatus esse or
fuisse,
to have been
loved.
amatum iri, to be about to be loved.
(wanting) . The meaning ' whilst
being loved' may be
rendered by dum with
Present Indicative, as,
dum amatur.
amatus, loved, being loved, or
having been loved.
(wanting).
am-andus, that must be loved.
28
RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
[42.
42. SECOND CONJUGATION.
INDICATIVE MOOD. PRIMARY TENSES.
Active Voice.
PRESENT TENSE.
7 advise, am advising ', do advise.
S. mon-eo,
-es,
-et,
P. -emus,
-etis,
-ent.
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE.
7 shall advise.
S. mon-ebo,
-ebis,
-ebit,
P. -ebimus,
-ebitis,
-ebunt.
PERFECT TENSE.
7 have advised.
S. monu-i,
-isti,
-it,
P. -mius,
-istis,
-erunt, or ere.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
7 shall have advised.
S. monu-ero,
-eris,
-erit,
P. -erimus,
-eritis,
-erint.
1 or fui, etc.
Passive Voice.
PRESENT TENSE.
7 am advised, am being advised.
S. mon-eor,
-eris, or -ere,
-etur,
P. -emur,
-emini,
-entur.
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE.
7 shall be advised.
S. mon-ebor,
-eberis, or -ebere,
-ebltur,
P. -ebimur,
-eblmmi,
-ebuntur.
PERFECT TENSE.
7 have been advised.
S. monitus sum 1 ,
es,
est,
P. moniti sumus,
estis,
sunt.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
7 shall have been advised.
S. monitus ero 2 ,
eris,
erit,
P. moniti erimus,
eritis,
erunt.
a or fuero, etc.
SECOND CONJUGATION.
2 9
INDICATIVE MOOD.
HISTORIC TENSES.
Active Voice.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
I was advising^ I advised^.
S. mon-ebam,
-ebas,
-ebat,
P. -ebamus,
-ebatis,
-ebant.
AORIST TENSE.
/ advised, did advise.
S. monu-i,
-isti,
-it,
P. -Imus,
-istis,
-erunt, or ere.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
/ had advised.
S. menu-gram,
P.
-eras,
-erat,
-eramus,
-eratis,
-erant.
Passive Voice.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
/ -was being advised^ I was
advised 11 .
S. mon-ebar,
-ebaris, or -ebare,
-ebatur,
P. -ebamur,
-ebammi,
-ebantur.
AORIST TENSE.
/ was advised.
S. monitus sum 3 ,
es,
est,
P. moniti sumus,
estis,
sunt.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
I had been advised.
S. monitus eram 4 ,
eras,
erat,
P. moniti eramus,
eratis,
erant.
1 Monebam may also mean I used to advise, or I began to advise.
2 Or / used to be advised, or / began to be advised.
3 of fui, etc. * or fueram, etc.
RUDIMENT A LA TINA.
[42.
SUBJUNCTIVE or CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRIMARY TENSES.
Active Voice.
PRESENT TENSE.
/ may advise, may I advise.
(But often translated as a
Present Indicative.)
S. mon-eam,
-eas,
-eat,
P. -eamus,
-eatis,
-eant.
PERFECT TENSE.
/ may have advised.
(But often translated as a Per-
fect or Aorist Indicative.)
S, rnonu-Srim,
-eris,
-erit,
P. -enmus,
-ends,
-erint.
Passive Voice.
PRESENT TENSE.
/ may, may /, be advised.
(But often translated as a
Present Indicative.)
S. mgn-ear,
-earis, or -eare,
-eatur,
P. -eamur,
-eamlni,
-eantur.
PERFECT TENSE.
I may have been advised.
(But often translated as a Per-
fect or Aorist Indicative.)
S. monitus sim or fuerim,
sis or fueris,
sit or fuerit,
P. moniti simus or fuerimus,
sitis or fueritis,
sint or fuerint.
42.]
SECOND CONJUGATION.
SUBJUNCTIVE or CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
HISTORIC TENSES.
Active Voice.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
/ should advise.
(But often translated as an Im-
perfect or Aorist Indicative.)
S. mon-erem,
-eres,
-eret,
P. -eremus,
-eretis,
-erent.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
/ should have advised.
(But often translated as a
Pluperfect Indicative.)
S. monu-issem,
-isses,
P.
-isset,
-issemus,
-issetis,
-issent.
Passive Voice.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
/ should be advised.
(But often translated as an Im-
perfect or Aorist Indicative.)
S. mon-erer,
-ereris, or -erere,
-eretur,
P. -eremur,
-eremini,
-erentur.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
/ should have been advised.
(But often translated as a
Pluperfect Indicative.)
S. monitus essem or fuissem,
esses or fuisses,
esset or fuisset,
P. monitiessemustfrfuissemus,
essetis or fuissetis,
essent or fuissent.
32 RUDIMENTA LATIN A. [ 42.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (continued).
Active Voice.
Future Simple Tense. The Future Simple in this Mood is
formed by combining the Future Participle with sim or essem,
as moniturus sim or essem. The form with sim belongs to the
Primary Tenses, the form with essem to the Historic.
Aorist Tense. The Aorist Subjunctive is rendered vari-
ously by monuerim, monerem, and monuissem.
Passive Voice.
Future Simple Tense. Wanting.
Aorist Tense. Rendered variously by monitus stm, monerer,
and monitus essem.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Active Voice.
S. 2nd Pers. mon-e, advise thou, mon-eto, thou must advise.
yd mon-eto, he must advise.
P. 2nd mon-ete, advise ye, mon-etote, ye must advise.
yd mon-ento, they must advise.
Passive Voice.
6". 2nd Pers. mon-ere, be thou advised, mon-etor, thou must bead-
vised.
yd mon-etor, he must be ad-
vised.
P. 2nd mon-emmi, be ye advised.
yd mon-entor, they must be
advised.
42.]
SECOND CONJUGATION.
33
Infinitive
Mood.
Gerunds.
Supines.
VERB IKTINITE.
Active Voice.
PRESENT AND
IMPERFECT,
PERFECT AND
PLUPERFECT,
FUTURE,
i ACCUSATIVE,
< GENITIVE,
( DAT., ABL.,
( in -um,
( in -u,
r PRESENT,
Participles.
FUTURE,
mon-ere, to advise (or advising^
in the sense of 'the act of
advising ').
monu-isse, to have advised.
monit-urus esse, to be about to
advise.
mon-endum, advising.
mon-endi, of advising.
mon-endo,y0r or by advising.
monft-um, in order to advise.
monit-u, in advising.
mon-ens, advising (declined like
ingens).
(wanting.)
monit-urus, about to advise.
Passive Voice.
Infinitive
Mood,
Participles.
PRESENT AND
IMPERFECT,
PERFECT AND
PLUPERFECT,
FUTURE,
' PRESENT,
PERFECT,
FUTURE,
. GERUNDIVE,
mon-eri, to be advised.
monitus esse \ to have been od-
or fuisse, j vised.
monit-um iri, to be about to be
advised.
(wanting). The meaning ' whilst
being advised ' may be
rendered by dum with
Present Indicative, as,
dum monetur.
monit-us, advised, being advised,
or having been advised.
(wanting).
non-endus, that must be advised.
34
RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
[43-
43. THIRD CONJUGATION.
INDICATIVE MOOD. PRIMARY TENSES.
Active Voice.
PRESENT TENSE.
/ rule, am ruling, do rule.
S. reg-o,
-is,
-it,
P. -tarns,
-Ids,
-tint.
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE.
I shall rule.
S. reg-am,
-es,
-et,
P. -emus,
-etis,
-ent.
PERFECT TENSE.
/ have ruled.
S. rex-i,
-isti,
-it,
P. -tains,
-istis,
-erunt or -ere.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
/ shall have ruled.
S. rex-ero,
-eris,
-erit,
P. -erimus,
-eritis,
-erint.
Passive Voice.
PRESENT TENSE.
/ am ruled, am being ruled.
S. reg-or,
-Sris or -Sre,
-Itur,
P. -Imur,
-imtai,
-untur.
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE.
I shall be ruled.
S. reg-ar,
-eris or -ere,
-etur,
P. -emur,
-emini,
-entur.
PERFECT TENSE.
/ have been ruled.
S. rectus sum *,
es,
est,
P. recti sumus,
estis,
sunt.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
I shall have been ruled.
S. rectus Sro 2 ,
eris,
erit,
P. recti erfaius,
eritis,
erunt.
1 or fui, etc.
2 or fuero, etc.
43-]
THIRD CONJUGATION.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
HISTORIC TENSES.
Active Voice.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
/ was ruling, I ruled 1 .
S. reg-ebam,
-ebas,
-ebat,
P. -ebarnus,
-ebatis,
ebant.
AORIST TENSE.
7 ruled, did rule.
S. rex-i,
-isti,
-it,
P. -forms,
-istis,
-erunt or -ere.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
I had ruled.
S. rex-eram,
-eras,
-erat,
P. -eramus,
-eratis,
-erant.
Passive Voice.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
I was being ruled) I was ruled" 1 .
S. reg-ebar,
-ebaris or -ebare,
-ebatur,
P. -ebamur,
-ebamini,
-ebantur.
AORIST TENSE.
/ was ruled.
S. rectus sum s ,
es,
est,
P. recti sumus,
estis,
sunt.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
/ had been ruled.
S. rectus eram 4 ,
eras,
erat,
P. recti eramus,
eratis,
erant.
1 Regebam may also mean 7 used to rule, or 7 began to rule.
8 Or 7 used to be ruled, or 7 began to be ruled.
8 or fui, etc. * or fueram, etc.
D 2
RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
[43-
SUBJUNCTIVE or CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRIMARY TENSES.
Active Voice.
PRESENT TENSE.
/ may rule> may I rule.
(But often translated as a
Present Indicative.)
S. reg-am,
-as,
-at,
P. -amus,
-atis,
-ant.
PERFECT TENSE.
/ may have ruled.
(But often translated as a Per-
fect or Aorist Indicative.)
S. rex-grim,
-ens,
-erit,
P. -erimus,
-eritis,
-erint.
Passive Voice.
PRESENT TENSE.
I may be ruled^ may I be ruled.
(But often translated as a
Present Indicative.)
S. reg-ar,
-aris or -are,
-atur,
P. -amur,
-amlni,
-antur.
PERFECT TENSE.
/ may have been ruled.
(But often translated as a Per-
fect or Aorist Indicative.)
S. rectus sim or fuerim,
sis or fueris,
sit or fuerit,
P. recti simus or fuerimus,
sitis or fueritis,
sint or fuennt.
43-1
THIRD CONJUGATION.
37
SUBJUNCTIVE or CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
HISTORIC TENSES.
Active Voice.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
I should rule.
(But often translated as an Im-
perfect or Aorist Indicative.)
S. reg-erem,
-eres,
-eret,
P. -eremus,
-eretis,
-erent.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
I should have ruled.
(But often translated as a
Pluperfect Indicative.)
S. rex-issem,
-isses,
-isset,
P. -issemus,
-issetis,
-issent.
Passive Voice.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
/ should be ruled.
(But often translated as an Ira-
perfect or Aorist Indicative.)
S. reg-erer,
-ereris or -erere,
-eretur,
P.
-eremur,
-eremmi,
-erentur.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
7 should have been ruled.
(But often translated as a
Pluperfect Indicative.)
S. rectus essem or fuissem,
esses or fuisses,
esset or fuisset,
P. recti essemus or fuissemus,
essetis or fuissetis,
essent or fuissent.
38 RUDIMENT A LATIN A. [ 43.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (continued).
Active Voice.
Future Simple Tense. The Future Simple in this Mood is
formed by combining the Future Participle with sim or essem,
as recturus sim or essem. The form with sim belongs to the
Primary Tenses, the form with essem to the Historic.
Aorist Tense. The Aorist Subjunctive is rendered variously
by rexerim, regerem, and rexissem.
Passive Voice.
Future Simple Tense. Wanting.
Aorist Tense. Rendered variously by rectus sim> regerer,
and rectus essem.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Active Voice.
S. ind Pers. reg-e, rule thou, reg-Ito, thou must rule.
yd reg-ito, he must rule.
P. -2nd reg-ite, rule ye, reg-Itote, ye must rule.
yd reg-unto, they must rule.
Passive Voice.
S. 2nd Pers. reg-gre, be thou ruled y reg-Ttor, thou must be ruled.
yd reg-itor, he must be ruled.
P. 7.nd reg-fenlni, be ye ruled>
yd reg-untor, they must be ruled.
43.]
THIRD CONJUGATION.
39
VERB INFINITE.
Active Voice.
r PRESENT AND
Infinitive ^PERFECT,
Mood. 1 PERFE CT AND
PLUPERFECT,
^ FUTURE,
ACCUSATIVE,
GENITIVE,
DAT., ABL.,
in -um,
in -u,
r PRESENT,
Gerunds.
Supines.
Participle
I FUTURE,
) reg-ere, to rule (or ruling, in the
\ sense of ' the act of ruling ').
rex-isse, to have ruled.
rect-urus esse, to be about to rule.
reg-endum, ruling.
reg-endi, of ruling.
reg-endo,/0r or by ruling.
rect-um, in order to rule.
rect-u, in ruling.
reg-ens, ruling (declined like
ingens).
(wanting),
rect-urus, about to rule.
Infinitive
Mood.
Passive Voice.
.PRESENT AND 1 ^ toberuled _
I*wr.
< PERFECT AND 1 rect-us esse or ) to have been
PLUPERFECT, ) fuisse, \ ruled.
^ FUTURE, rect-um iri, to be about to be mled.
PRESENT, (wanting). The meaning 'whilst
being ruled* may be
rendered by dum with
Present Indicative, as,
Participles. \ dum regitur.
PERFECT, rect-us, ruled, being ruled, or
having been ruled.
FUTURE, (wanting).
.GERUNDIVE, reg-endus, that must be ruled.
RUD1MENTA LATIN A.
[44-
44. FOURTH CONJUGATION.
INDICATIVE MOOD. PRIMARY TENSES.
Active Voice.
PRESENT TENSE.
7 hear, am hearing, do hear.
S. aud-io,
-is,
-it,
P. -Imus,
-Itis,
-hint.
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE.
/ shall hear.
S. aud-iam,
-ies,
-iet,
P. -iemus,
-ietis,
-ient.
PERFECT TENSE.
/ have heard.
S. audlv-i,
-isti,
-it,
P. -Imus,
-istis,
-erunt or -ere.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
/ shall have heard.
S. audlv-erp,
-eris,
-erit,
P. -erimus,
-ends,
-erint.
Passive Voice.
PRESENT TENSE.
7 am heard, am being heard.
S. aud-ior,
-Iris or -Ire,
-Itur,
P. -Imur,
-Imlni,
-iuntur.
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE.
7 shall be heard.
S. aud-iar,
-ieris or -iere,
-ietur,
P. -iemur,
-iemlni,
-ientur.
PERFECT TENSE.
7 have been heard.
S. audltus sum \
es,
est,
P. auditi sumus,
estis,
sunt.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
7 shall have been heard.
S. audltus ero 2 ,
eris,
erit,
P. auditi erimus,
erltis,
erunt.
or fui, etc.
9 or fuero, etc.
44-]
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
HISTORIC TENSES.
Active Voice.
Passive Voice.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
/ was hearing, I heard 1 .
/ was being heard, I was heard" 1 .
S. aud-iebam,
S. aud-iebar,
-iebas,
-iebaris or -iebare,
-iebat,
-iebatur,
P. -iebamus,
P. -iebamur,
-iebatis,
-iebamlni,
-iebant.
-iebantur.
AORIST TENSE.
AORIST TENSE.
I heard, did hear.
/ was heard.
S. audiv-i,
S. audltus sum 8 ,
-isti,
es,
-it,
est,
P. -ftnus,
P. auditi sumus,
-istis,
estis,
-erunt or -ere.
sunt.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
/ had heard.
/ had been heard.
S. audiv-Sram,
S. audltus eram *,
-eras,
eras,
-erat,
erat,
P. -eramus,
P. auditi eramus,
-eratis,
eratis,
-erant.
erant.
1 Audiebam may also mean / used to hear, or I began to hear.
2 Or / used to be heard, or / began to be heard.
3 or fui, etc. * or fuerana, etc.
RUDIMENT A LA TINA.
[44-
SUBJUNCTIVE or CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRIMARY TENSES.
Active Voice.
PRESENT TENSE.
/ may hear, may I hear.
(But often translated as a
Present Indicative.)
S. aud-iam,
-ias,
-iat,
P. -iamus,
-iatis,
-iant.
PERFECT TENSE.
7 may have heard.
(But often translated as a Per-
fect or Aorist Indicative.)
S. audiv-Srim,
-eris,
-erit,
P. -erimus,
-erftis,
-erint.
Passive Voice.
PRESENT TENSE.
I may, may 7, be heard.
(But often translated as a
Present Indicative.)
S. aud-iar,
-iaris or -iare,
-iatur,
P. -iamur,
-iamlni,
-iantur.
PERFECT TENSE.
I may have been heard.
(But often translated as a Per-
fect or Aorist Indicative.)
S. auditus sim or fuerim,
sis or fueris,
sit or fuerit,
P. auditi simus or fuerimus,
sitis or fueritis,
sint or fuerint
44-]
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
43
SUBJUNCTIVE or CONJUNCTIVE MOOD.
HISTORIC TENSES.
Active Voice.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
I should hear.
(But often translated as an Im-
perfect or Aorist Indicative.)
S. aud-irem,
-ires,
-iret,
P. -iremus,
-iretis,
-irent.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
/ should have heard.
(But often translated as a
Pluperfect Indicative.)
.S. audiv-issem,
-isses,
-isset,
P. -issemus,
-issetis,
-issent.
Passive Voice.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
/ should be heard.
(But often translated as an Im-
perfect or Aorist Indicative.)
5. aud-Irer,
-ireris or -Irere,
-Iretur,
P. -iremur,
-iremini,
-irentur,
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
I should have been heard.
(But often translated as a
Pluperfect Indicative.)
S. audltus essem or fuissem,
esses 0rfuisses,
esset 0rfuisset,
P. auditi essemus or fuissemus,
essetis or fuissetis,
essent or fuissent.
44 RUDIMENTA LATIN A. [ 44.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (continued).
Active Voice.
Future Simple Tense. The Future Simple in this Mood is
formed by combining the Future Participle with sim or essem,
as audilurus sim or essem. The form with sim belongs to the
Primary Tenses, the form with essem to the Historic.
Aorist Tense. The Aorist Subjunctive is rendered variously
by audiverim, audirem, and audivissem.
Passive Voice.
Future Simple Tense. Wanting.
Aorist Tense. Rendered variously by auditus sim, audirer,
and auditus essem.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Active Voice.
S. 2nd Pers. aud-i, hear thou, aud-ito, thou must hear.
yd aud-ito, he must hear.
P. "2nd aud-ite, hear ye, aud-itote, ye must hear.
yd and-mnto, they must hear.
Passive Voice.
S. 2nd Pers. aud-Ire, be thou heard, aud-itor, thou must be heard.
yd aud-itor, he must be heard.
P. 2nd aud-imlni, be ye heard,
yd aud-iuntor, they must be heard.
44-]
1
FOURTH CONJUGATION.
45
Infinitive
Mood.
VERB INFINITE.
Active Voice.
PRESENT AND
IMPERFECT,
PERFECT AND
PLUPERFECT,
FUTURE,
/ ACCUSATIVE,
Gerunds. ] GENITIVE,
' DAT., ABL.,
in -um,
in -u,
{PRESENT,
PERFECT,
FUTURE,
Supines.
aud-Ire, to hear (or hearing, in the
sense of 'the act of hearing').
audiv-isse, to have heard.
audit-urus esse, to be about to
hear.
aud-iendum, hearing.
aud-iendi, of hearing.
aud-iendo,/0r or by hearing.
aud-itum, in order to hear.
aud-itu, in hearing.
aud-iens, hearing (declined like
ingens).
(wanting),
audit-urus, about to hear.
Infinitive
Mood.
Participles.
Passive Voice.
PRESENT AND l^.^, to be heard.
IMPERFECT, )
PERFECT AND J audltusesse J toha -veteenheard,
PLUPERFECT, ) <?rfuisse, )
FUTURE, audit-um iri, to be about to be
heard.
fPRESENT, (wanting). The meaning 'whilst
being heard* may be
rendered by dum with
Present Indicative, as,
dum auditur.
PERFECT, audltus, heard, being heard, or
having been heard.
FUTURE, (wanting).
^GERUNDIVE, aud-iendus, that must be heard.
4,6
RUDIMENT A LA TINA.
[45-
45. DEPONENT VERBS.
Certain Verbs in Latin are called Deponents. They are
Passive in form but Active in meaning. Thus the Verb
venor, / hunt, is Passive in form, being conjugated like amor,
the Passive of amo, and makes Perfect venatus sum, Infini-
tive Present venari, etc., but the meaning, / hunt, is, of course,
Active.
There are four Conjugations of Deponent Verbs, as,
(i) venor, Inf. venari, to hunt] (2) vereor, Inf. vereri, to fear ;
(3) utor, Inf. uti, to use ; and (4) partior, Inf. partiri, to divide.
The endings are the same as those of amor, moneor, regor,
and audior, respectively; but they also have a Future In-
finitive and a Present and Future Participle of Active Form,
together with Gerunds and Supines. Thus, utor, / use, has
Infinitive and Participles as under :
Infinitive
Mood.
Gerunds.
Supines.
r PRESENT AND
I IMPERFECT,
^ PERFECT AND
PLUPERFECT,
I FUTURE,
i ACCUSATIVE,
j GENITIVE,
( DAT., ABL.,
( in -urn,
( in -u,
PRESENT,
Participles. <J PERFECT,
FUTURE,
-GERUNDIVE,
uti, to use (or using, in the sense
of ' the act of using ').
usus esse or ) . i
\ to nave used.
fuisse, )
usurus esse, to be about to use.
utendum, using.
utendi, of using.
utendo,yr or by using.
usum, in order to use.
usu, in using.
utens, using (declined like in-
gens).
usus, having used.
usurus, about to use.
utendus, that must be used.
Note. The Gerundive of Deponents is used Passively.
-46.]
THE VERB 'POSSUM.*
47
46. Conjugation of the Verb
Possum [potis-sum], to be able.
Indicative Mood.
PRESENT, possum, pot-es, pot-est, pos-siimus, pot-estis, pos-
sunt.
FUT. SIMP. pot-Sro, -eris, -erit, -erlmus, -erftis, -erunt.
PERFECT, potu-i, -isti, -it, -mius, -istis, -erunt or -ere.
FUT. PERF. potu-Sro, -eris, -erit, -enmus, -eritis, -erint.
IMPERFECT, pot-eram, -eras, -erat, -eramus, -eratis, -erant.
SIMP. PAST. Same in form as Perfect.
PLUPERF. potu-Sram, -eras, -erat, -eramus, -eratis, -erant.
Subjunctive Mood.
PRESENT, pos-sim, -sis, -sit, -slmus, -sitis, -sint.
PERFECT. potu-grim, -eris, -erit, -erTmus, -eritis, -erint.
IMPERFECT, pos-sem, -ses, -set, -semus, -setis, -sent.
PLUPERF. potu-issem, -isses, -isset, -issemus, -issetis, -issent,
Infinitive Mood.
PRES. AND IMPERF. posse.
PERF. AND PLUPERF. potu-isse.
PRESENT PARTICIPLE, potens.
Note. ' Possum ' has no Imperative Mood.
48 RUDIMENT A LA TINA. [47-
47. Notes on some Cases of the Third Declension.
(a) Nouns having -im in Accusative, and -i in Ablative.
I. Vis, ravis, pelvis, sitis, tussis,
a. Sinapis, cucumis, amussis,
3. Praesepis, cannabis, securis,
4. Charybdis, tigris, atque buris,
5. Et Propria Nomina in -IS,
6. #Syrtis, Tibris, Tamesis 1 .
(3) Nouns having -em or -im in Ace., and -e or -i in Abl.
1. Restis, puppis, turris, navis, 3. Messis, febris, et aqualis,
2. Strigilis, sementis, clavis, 4. -em vel -im dant, utrum malis 9 .
(f) Nouns having Ace. in -em but Abl. in -e or -i.
1. Amnis, anguis, avis, bilis, 3. Neptis, orbis, patruelis,
2. Civis, ignis, imber, finis, 4. Postis, unguis, -i si velis*.
(d) Neuters in -e, -al, -ar, make -i in Abl. Sing., -ia in N. V. A, PL
(e} Bules for the Genitive Plural.
(A) Nouns not increasing make -ium, except,
I. Vates, proles, pater, panis, 3. Frater, mater, volucris,
a. With accipiter and canis, 4. Apis, senex, juvenis *.
(B) Nouns increasing make -um, except,
I. Monosyllabic Nouns of which the stem ends in two Consonants,
as, dens, tooth, dent-, Gen. PI. dent-ium.
a* (i) Glis, mas, mus, lis,
(2) Compes, palus* #*/ penates,
(3) Nix, strix, faux, vis,
(4) Servitus*, a</ optimates 5 .
3. Neuters in -al and -ar, as, animal, animal, calcar, spur.
4. Nouns in -as, Gen. -atis, as civitas, state, and many Nouns and
Participles in -ns, as parens, a parent, sapiens, -wise, have both
-ium and -um in Gen. PL
5. (i) Sans Plural Genitives we class
(2) Cor, cos, andvas,, sal, sol, a</vas e .
1 Line i. force, hoarseness, basin, thirst, cough ; 2. mustard, cucumber, car-
penter's rule i 3. enclosure, hemp, axe ; 4. Charybdis, tiger, plough-tail; 5. and
Proper Names in -is ; 6. as Syrtis, Tiber, Thames.
2 Line x. rope, stern, tower, ship; z. flesh-scraper, seed-sowing, key; 3. harvest,
fever, washing-basin ; 4. give -em or -im, whichever you prefer.
3 Line i. river, snake, bird, bile; 2. citizen, fire, shower, end; 3. granddaughter,
circle, cousin ; 4. door-post, nail, -i if you like.
4 Line i. prophet, offspring, father, bread; 2. hawk, dog ; 3. brother, mother,
bird; 4. bee, old man, young man, [Mensis, month, makes -um, rarely -ium.]
* Line i. dormouse, male, -mouse, lawsuit; z. fetter, marsh, household gods ;
3. snow, screech-owl, throat, force ; 4. slavery, aristocrats. Those marked * have
both -ium and -um.
6 Line 2. heart, whetstone, country, salt, sun, surety. Sans means without.
EXERCISES. 49
PART II. EXERCISES.
VOCABULARY I.
First Declension.
*** The Genders of Nouns are not indicated unless they are exceptions
to the General Rules given in 6, 7, 9, 10, u.
Cotta, Cotta [a man's name], puella, a girl.
filia, a daughter (see Note). Roma, Rome.
hasta, a spear. rosa, a rose.
insania, madness. sapientia, wisdom.
insula, an island. terra, land, earth.
nauta, a sailor. turba, a crowd.
poeta, a poet. via, a way, road, path.
Note. Filia makes filiabus in the Dative and Ablative PluraL
VOCABULARY II.
Second Declension.
ager, a field. murus, a wall.
bellum, war. puer, a boy.
campus, a plain. oculus, an eye.
et, and. -que, and.
filius, a son. Quintus, Quintus.
fluvius, a river. scutum, a shield.
gener, a son-in-law. Servius, Servius.
gladius, a sword. socer, a father-in-law.
minister, an attendant. telum, a weapon.
venenum, poison.
VOCABULARY III.
Third Declension. Nouns in -um.
arbor, -is, f., a tree. leo, -nis, a lion.
cap-ut, -itis, a head. mil-es, -itis, a soldier.
corp-us, -oris, a body. mulier, -is, a woman.
cru-s, -ris, a leg. on-us, -eris, a burden.
du-x, -cis, a leader, general. o-s, -ris, n., a mouth.
Hector, -is, Hector. pastor, -is, a shepherd.
hirund-o, -mis, a swallow. pect-us, -oris, a breast.
hom-o, -mis, a man. pe-s, -dis, afoot.
honor, -is, honour. sacerdo-s, -tis, a priest.
50 RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
EXERCISE I.
First Declension.
Translate into English 1 :
(a) Viae 2 . Insaniae. Filia. Filia. Rosis. Rosarum.
Sapientia poetae. Poetarum sapientia.
(b) Filiae. Hastarum. Rosam. Via. Turbis. Filia-
bus. Turbae Sapientia. Insania poetae.
(c) Hastae turbarum. Poetarum filiabus. Hastis. Fili-
arum. Roma. Roma. Insularum. Insulis.
(d) Insularum viae. Insania puellae. Hasta Cottae. Cotta.
Puellis. Nautarum. Terrae.
(e) Viarum terrae. Filia nautae. Nautarum filiabus.
Nautae filia. Cottae filiarum. Insaniam Cottae. Turbae
puellarum.
Translate into Latin :
(f) Of a spear. To or for a sailor. O daughters. By,
with, or from madness. Of paths. To or for a girl. To or
for the daughters. O sailor.
(g) From Rome. To the lands. Of the girls. O roses
of Cotta. Of the paths of the island. O daughter of Cotta.
To or for the daughters of the sailors. By, with, or from a
spear.
(/i) Cotta's daughter. The poet's rose. The poet's roses.
By the madness of the girls. For the roses of the daughter.
For the sailor's daughter. For the sailor's daughters. O
sailor's daughter.
(*') Of the poet's wisdom. By the roads of the islands.
O daughters of the poet. O poet's daughter. The crowd's
wisdom. By the crowd's madness. Of sailors. For an island.
(/) By, with, or from the paths of the earth. O earth.
O lands. Of the spear of Cotta. Of Cotta's spears. To or
for Rome. By the roses of Cotta. For the wisdom of the girls.
1 Do not assign a Plural to Nouns which from their meaning have no
Plural, such as names of qualities, as insania, madness.
3 In translating be careful to give all the possible meanings of the
Latin word. Thus, viae may be (i) Genitive Singular, (2) Dative
Singular, (3) Nominative Plural, (4) Vocative Plural, and its meanings
vary accordingly : insaniae could only be Genitive Singular or Dative
Singular, as the word has no Plural.
EXERCISES. 51
EXERCISE II.
Second Declension.
Translate into English :
(a) Agri. Venena. Filii. Fill 1 . Servii. Quinti. Send.
Socero.
() Genero Servii. Tela soceri. Scuta generorum.
Agro Quinti. Gladio ministri. Ministrorum gladiis.
(c) Muris et fluviis. Murorum fluviorumque. Oculo
pueri. Bellorum et gladiorum et scutorum. Generis so-
cerisque et ministris. Telorum pueri. Quinti Serviique
oculis. Quinti gladius et scutum.
(d) Scuta gladiique ministrorum. Scuto gladioque soceri.
Fluvii et campi. Tela et venena Quinti. Quinti Serviique
generi. Generi socerique oculis. Scuta Servii. Oculorum
pueri.
Translate info Latin .
(e) Of an eye. Of poisons. Of rivers and plains. O
Quintus and Servius. To or for the sons of Quintus and
Servius. The weapons of the father-in-law. For the sons
of the attendant. By, with, or from rivers and plains.
(f) O son. O Servius. By, with, or from wars. Of
wars and weapons. O son-in-law of Servius. O father-in-
law of the attendant. To or for plains and wars and
poisons. By the poisons of the boys.
(g) O sons and sons-in-law of Quintus. The boy's sword
and shield. The boys' eyes. Of the boy's weapon. To or
for the boys' weapons. The attendant's son. Of the
attendants' sons. O son of the attendant.
(h) By, with, or from the walls and fields and rivers and
plains. By the father-in-law's weapons. For the son-in-
law's field. O swords of Quintus. O wall and plain. Of
weapons and poisons. For Quintus' son. For the sons'
attendants.
1 See note on the Vocative of the 2nd Declension, p. 4,
2
52 RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
EXERCISE III.
Third Declension. Nouns in -um.
. Translate et . . . et, -que . . . et, by both . . . and. Thus, et
pastores et milites, or pastores^<r et milites, is translated 'both shepherds
and soldiers/
Translate into English ;
(a) Arbori. Capitis. Corpora. Cruribus. Ducum. Hec-
tori. Hirundmes. Hominum.
(d) Honore. Leones. Militibus. Militi. Mulier. Mu-
heres. Onera. Oris.
(c) Capita Hectoris. Sacerdotis pedum. Onera miHtis.
Caput pectusque hommis. Leonis crura. Oneri pastoris.
Et sacerdotes et duces.
(d) Pastoris os pectusque. Oneribusque et honoribus mi-
litum. Hirundmum pectoribus. Arborumque et corporum.
Corpora et ora pastorum. Mulieribus et sacerdotibus. Mu-
lierum sacerdotumque pedes. Hommis honori.
Translate into Latin :
(<?) To or for a mouth. Of soldiers. By Hector. From
women. To or for a burden. Of shepherds. O mouths.
By feet.
(f] Leaders of men. Bodies and legs. For heads and
bodies. Hector's trees. Of Hector's trees. O breast of the
priest. The feet of the shepherd. The burdens of the
women.
(g) From the priest's burden. The honours both of
Hector and the general. O feet and legs of the lions. From
the breasts of men and women. The mouths both of soldiers
and priests. For the burdens of the women and soldiers.
Both for swallows and trees. For the man and woman.
(h) For men's bodies. By leaders of men. To a leader
both of men and women. For the priest's honour. For the
priests' heads and legs. O honours and burdens of men.
O bodies of Hector and the soldier. The mouths and feet
of the lions.
EXERCISES. 53
VOCABULARY IV.
Third Declension. Nouns in -ium.
aur-is, -is, an ear. host-is, -is, an enemy (see Note).
caed-es, -is, slaughter. nub-es, -is, a cloud.
clad-es, -is, a defeat. ovil-e, -is, a sheep/old.
class-is, -is, a fleet. ov-is, -is, a sheep.
coil-is, -is, m., a hill. pell-is, -is, a skin, hide.
cubll-e, -is, a bed. ret-e, -is, a net.
fam-es, -is, hunger. vall-is, -is, a valley.
fel-es, -is, a cat. vest -is, -is, a garment.
Note. The Plural host-es, -ium, is often used for the enemy.
VOCABULARY V.
Third Declension. Exceptions (see p. 48).
can-is, -is, a dog. o-s, -ssis, n., a bone.
civ-is, -is, a citizen. par-s, -tis, a part.
den-s, -tis, m., a tooth. pat-er, -ris, a father.
frat-er, -ris, a brother. sen-ex, -is, an old man.
ign-is, -is, m.,Jire. Thames-is, -is, the Thames.
juven-is, -is, m., a youth. turr-is, -is, a tower.
mat-er, -ris, a mother. ungu-is, -is, a nail.
mess-is, -is, a harvest. vat-es, -is, a prophet.
nav-is, -is, a ship. vis, force, violence', pi. vir-es, -ium,
nee or neque, nor, and . . . not. strength.
Note. Neque . . . neque, or nee . . . nee, are translated neither . . .
nor, as, nee Brutus nee Cassius, neither Brutus nor Cassius.
VOCABULARY VI.
Fourth and Fifth Declensions.
an us, -us, an old woman. met-us, -us, fear.
cant-us, -us, a song. mot-vis, -us, motion.
cas-iis, -us, a chance, accident. re-s, -i, a thing, affair.
equitat-iis, -us, cavalry. ris-us, -us, a laugh, laughter.
fid-es, -ei, faith. senat-iis, -us, a senate.
fruct-us, -us, fruit. sonit-us, -us, a sound.
magistrat-us, -us, a magistrate. speci-es, -ei, a show, appearance.
man-us, -us,/, a hand, band. spe-s, -i, hope.
vict-vis, ~\)&,food.
54 RUDIMENT A LA TINA.
EXERCISE IV.
Third Declension. Nouns in -ium.
Note. Aut and vel both mean * or,' as, Brutus aut Cassius, Brutus
vel Cassius, 'Brutus or Cassius.' Aut . . . aut, vel ... vel, are translated
either . . . or, as, aut Brutus aut Cassius, vel Brutus vel Cassius, * either
Brutus or Cassius.'
Translate into English :
(a) Fame. Felibus. Hostium. Nubibus. Vesti. Pelle.
Colles. Vallis.
(3) Oves et ovilia. Retis. Cubilibus. Classium. Cladibus.
Caedi. Aure vel pelle.
(c) Collibus vallibusque. Et aurium et pellium. Ovili.
Fell vel ovi. Aut nubes aut classes. Vel fame vel caede.
Nubibusque et classibus. Pellibus ovium.
(d) Fame vel clade. Aut vestium aut retium. Hostium
feliumque aures. Ovium vel felium pellibus. Cladi hostium.
Caede ovium. Hostium oviumque caedi. Aut ovi aut ovili.
Translate into Latin :
(e) O enemies. Of garments. For a fleet To or for
ears. By a bed. Nets. Defeats. For cats.
(/) Either valleys or hills. For the skins. The garments
of the enemy. By the hunger of cats. The beds of cats or
sheep. O slaughter of the enemy. From either hills or
valleys. Both beds and sheepfolds.
(g) By the slaughter either of sheep or cats. To or for
the defeat of the enemy. O skins of sheep. Either by fleets
or beds. By garments or nets. Both sheepfolds and sheep.
Either valleys or clouds. For a defeat or slaughter.
(Ji) By the enemies of cats and sheep. O ears and skin
of the cat. Either of clouds or fleets. By the beds or sheep-
folds of the sheep. For a garment and an ear. By the
hunger of enemies and sheep. O skins or garments. By
cats' ears.
EXERCISES. 55
EXERCISE V.
Third Declension. Exceptions (see p. 48).
Translate into English :
(a) Turri. Navim. Unguibus. Ossa. Vatum. Patris.
Messium. Igni.
() Vi juvenum. Osse senis. Fratrum crinibus. Virium
patris. Civium dentes. Parti turris. Thamesi. Pars civium.
(<:) Nee dentes nee ossa canum. Nee ungues nee vires
civium. Ignium juvenumque vi. Mater fratresque patris.
Partes navium. Et senis et juvenis vires. Nee senum nee
juvenum ungues. Aut ignium aut fratrum vi.
(d) Partes ossium et unguium. Vel dentium vel canum.
Vel Thamesi vel ungui. Patribus matribusque civium. Frat-
rum viribus et vatum. Messium vatumque. Ossibus denti-
busque canum. Vi turrium naviumque. Osse et ungui civis.
Dentiumque et ignium vis.
Translate into Latin :
(e) By a harvest. To or for a fire. From a fire. Of
prophets. Of strength. By old men. Young men and
brothers. O Thames.
(/) The violence of the fathers. The mother's teeth and
nails. The brother's dogs and ships. By the strength of
towers. For the citizen's dogs. The teeth and bones of
the father and mother. By parts either of ships or towers.
For the young man's nail.
(g) O father and mother of the prophet. Neither by the
nails nor the violence of the old men. Either for harvests or
fires. The bones both of citizens and young men. By the
violence of the Thames. Part of the bones. O teeth of the
dogs. For the teeth of the citizens.
(^) The prophet's teeth and nails. Neither for the fathers
nor the mothers of the young men. Neither from a tower
nor a ship. Of old men and dogs and fires. From a tower
and a ship and a harvest. Of teeth and nails and bones. By
the strength and the nails and the teeth of citizens. By a
brother's tooth.
56* RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
EXERCISE VI.
Fourth and Fifth Declensions.
Translate into English :
(a) Spe. Casu. Fructibus. Equitatui. Manuum. Fide.
Senatus. Senatus.
(3) Risus metu. Risus anuum. Specie! victus. Magis-
tratuum victus. Sonitus cantus. Sonitus cantuum. Specie
fructuum. Casu rerum.
(c) Casibus equitatus. Motu rerum. Fidei et spei. Vel
equitatus vel senatus. Neque equitatus neque senatus. Anus
manu et victu. Species motus et metus. Motibus casibusque
rerum.
(d) Vel magistratuum vel anuum cantu. Et victui et
fructui. Risibus magistratuum et cantibus. Motibus ma-
nuum. Specie rerum et fidei. Species rerum et fides.
Senatus equitatusque metus. Fructu casuum et rerum.
Translate into Latin :
(e) By chance. Of hands. Of a song. To or for an old
woman. Of hope. By an appearance. For things. Of
sounds.
(_/") O sounds and fruits. By the sound of laughter. O
hopes and fears. Of hope and fear and chance. Of the
hands of the old woman. By the laughter and songs of the
magistrates. By the chances of things. From fear of
accident.
(g) From fear of the Senate. O laughter of the old
woman. By the accidents of the magistrates. O faith and
hope. For hands and fruits and laughter. With an appear-
ance of fear. Of the fear of the magistrates. The food and
songs of the cavalry.
(ti) The fear both of sounds and accidents. The hopes
either of senates or of magistrates. By fruit and faith and
motion. Neither of cavalry nor of the senate. Of an appear-
ance of things. O fruits of faith. For senates and things.
By the affairs and accidents of the old women.
EXERCISES. 57
VOCABULARY VII.
Prepositions with Accusative.
ad, to, at. er S a > towards.
adversus, against. extra, outside.
amor, -is, love. infra, beneath.
ante, before. inter, between, among.
apud, near, at the house of. intra, -within.
circum or circa, round, around, juxta, near, next to.
about. ob, on account of.
cis or citra, on this side. port-a, -ae, a gate.
contra, against. soror, -is, a sister.
urb-s, -is, a city.
Note. Ad is only used to translate 'to' when motion to is meant.
VOCABULARY VIII.
The same (continued'}.
Gall-us, -i, a Gaul. scel-us, -eris, wickedness, crime.
mon-s, -tis, m., a mountain. secundum, according to.
in, into, to, against. stell-a, -ae, a star.
penes, in the power of. sub, up to, under, just about.
per, throtigh, by means of. subter, under.
pone, behind. super, over, above.
post, after, since. supra, above.
praeter, except, beyond, contrary to. trans, across.
prope, near. ultra, beyond.
propter, on account of. versus, towards (placed after its case).
Roman-us, -i, a Roman. vot-um, -i, a wish, vow.
VOCABULARY IX.
Prepositions with Ablative.
a, zb,from, by. popul-us, -i, a people.
(absque, without.') prae, before, owing to.
clam, without the knowledge of. pro, for, on behalf of, in proportion to.
coram, in the presence of. regin-a, -ae, a queen.
cum, with, in company with. re-x, -gis, a king.
de, down from, of, concerning. sine, without*
e, ex, out of, from. sub, under.
in, in, on, among. subter, under.
multitud-o, -mis, a multitude. super, over.
oppid-um, -i, a town. tenus, as far as.
palam, in view of. virtu-s, -utis, /., virtue, valour.
Note. A (or ab) is only used for by with living persons. Absque is
scarcely ever used, and clam, coram, palam, rarely. Subter is only used
with Ablative in poetry. Tenus is put after its case.
58 RUDIMENTA LATIN A.
EXERCISE VII.
Prepositions with Accusative.
Translate into English :
(a) Cis fluvium. Circa muros. Adversus hostem. Ante
oculos. Apud Servium. Ad vallem. Circum insulas. Ad
fluvium.
(b) Ob honorem. Juxta Thamesim. Intra muros. Inter
fratres. Infra collem. Extra viam. Erga patrem. Contra
pastores.
(c) Ante fratres Quinti. Ad agros generorum. Adversus
milites Hectoris. Nee citra nee extra campos. Circum
capita mulierum. Contra ducem equitatus. Erga poetas et
soceros. Inter filios filiasque Servii.
(ct) Vel intra vel extra portas urbis. Ob sapientiam nautae,
insaniamque poetae. Amor fratrum et sororum erga patrem
matremque. Circum turres et muros et portas urbium.
Translate into Latin :
(e) On account of Cotta. Near the rivers. Among the
sailors. Against the weapons. Round a city. On this side
the Thames. Towards the father-in-law. Before the war.
(/) Amongst dogs and sheep. Near the Thames and the
city. Beneath the towers of Rome. Against Quintus and
Servius. Before the crowd of youths. To the plains and
rivers. Around the islands. At the walls.
(g) Between the mother and the daughter. Towards the
father of the girls. At the sheepfolds. On account of the
love of fathers and daughters. Either against the senate or
the magistrates. Against hope and faith. Against neither
the city nor the island.
EXERCISES. 59
EXERCISE VIII.
The same (continued).
Translate into English :
(a) Secundum vota. Per ignem. Propter pueros. Prope
classem. Praeter cives. Post cladem. Penes senem. Pone
ducem.
(o) Montes versus. Supra nubes et Stellas. Praeter spem
hostium. Propter vota sacerdotum. In agros camposque.
Sub muros urbis. Super colles. Subter terram.
(c) Penes Hectorem. Pone nautas puerosque. Post bella
et casus. Prope turres navesque hostium. Propter ducis
sapientiam et honorem. Per ignes, per agros, per fluvios.
Secundum senatus fidem. Supra hominum capita.
(d) Ultra agros et civium et hostium. Neque in turbae
neque juvenum tela. Sub turres et Romanorum et Gallorum.
Super montes collesque et valles et campos.
Translate into Latin :
(<?) Against the enemy. Into the river. On account of
crime. According to hope. Above the mountains. Across
the path. Beyond the plains. Through the valley.
(/) Except the Romans and Gauls. After the slaughter
of the sheep. Behind the trees and the roses. In the power
of the senate and magistrates. On account of the crimes and
madness of Servius. Into the city of the Gauls. Up to the
towers of the enemy. Under the cloud.
(g) In the power of either the citizen or the general.
After the songs of the brother and sister. Contrary to the
hope of the Romans. Near the feet and bodies of the lions.
On account of the burdens of the women and the violence of
the soldiers. Through the crowd of attendants. Beyond
the gates and walls of the city. On account of the love of
brothers and sisters.
60 RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
EXERCISE IX.
Prepositions with Ablative.
Translate into English :
(a) Ab insula. Ab Hectore. Coram multitudine. De
montibus. De rege. Palam Romanis. Clam regina. Cum
sororibus.
(&) Cum equitatu. Ex urbe. E cubili. Sine oneribus.
Ore tenus. Pro regibus. Prae sapientia. In agris.
(c) Sub arboribus rosisque. In oppidis et urbibus. Prae
virtute Quinti. Pro honore et fide populi. Turribus tenus.
Sine scelere et vi. Ex oppidis viisque insulae. Cum senatu
populoque et vatibus.
(J) De sapientia virtutibusque filiorum. A fratribus et
filiabus pastorum. A muris oppidi turribusque urbis. Pro
Hectore Hectorisque filiis.
Translate into Latin :
(e) In clouds. Under the fire. On behalf of the king.
Up to the eyes. Without fear. Out of the land. With the
Gauls. Concerning hope.
(f) From the islands and hills. By the king of the Gauls.
Under the roses of the brothers and sisters. Owing to the
multitude of the enemy. Without virtues and faith. Out of
the rivers and plains. With attendants and a multitude of
young men. Down from the hills of the Romans.
(g) From parts of the plain. On behalf of the magistrates
and people. Neither with valour nor without wickedness.
In the towns and cities of the Romans. Owing to the
valour of Romans and Gauls. In the presence of the senate
and people. Concerning virtue and crime and madness and
slaughter. Owing to the vows and fear both of kings and
queens.
EXERCISES. 6 1
VOCABULARY X.
Adjectives of Three Terminations.
alt-us, -a, -urn, high. miser, -a, -urn, miserable, wretched.
bon-us, -a, -um, good. mult-us, -a, -um, much. PI. many.
fron-s, -dis, a leaf. nig-er, -ra, -rum, black.
fron-s, -tis, a forehead, brow. not-us, -a, -um, known, well-known.
long-us, -a, -um, long. pulch-er, -ra, -rum, beautiful, fair.
magn-us, -a, -um, great. parv-us, -a, -um, small, little.
mal-us, -a, -um, bad, evil, wicked, tener, -a, -um, tender.
Note. Adjectives agree with their Substantives in Gender, Number,
and Case.
VOCABULARY XI.
Adjectives of two Terminations.
brev-is, -e, short. moll-is, -e, soft.
corn-u, -us, a horn. omn-is, -e, all, every.
dulc-is, -e, sweet. op-us, -eris, a work.
facil-is, -e, easy. tal-is, -e, such.
fort -is, -e, brave. tarn, so, such.
grav-is, -e, heavy, severe, serious. tot, so many. [Indeclinable.]
illustr-is, -e, illustrious, famous. trist-is, -e, gloomy, sad.
lev-is, -e, light. turp-is, -e, base, disgraceful.
mar-e, -is, the sea. util-is, -e, useful.
vuln-us, -eris, a wound.
Note. Talis is used Adjectivally to render ' such? e. g. ' such a
friend ; ' tarn is used for ' such ' when the latter word stands instead of
the Adverb so, e. g. ' such faithful friends.'
VOCABULARY XII.
The same (continued).
ac-er, -ris, -re, sharp, keen, fierce, illustrior, more famous.
amic-us, -i, a friend. infelix, unhappy, tinfortunate.
audax, bold. ingens, vast, huge, immense.
auxili-um, -i, help. insons, innocent.
copi-a, -ae, plenty. PI. copi-ae, libens, willing.
-arum, forces. major, greater.
demens, mad. melior, better.
equest-er, -ris, -re, equestrian, minor, smaller, less.
cavalry. pedest-er, -ris, -re, pedestrian,
felix, happy, fortunate. fantry.
ferax, fertile. pejor, worse.
fortior, braver. sons, guilty.
gravior, heavier. velox, swift.
6 2 RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
EXERCISE X.
Adjectives of Three Terminations.
Translate into English :
(a) Tenera frons. Tenera fronde. Tenerae frondi.
Nigrorum corporum. Pulchrae vallis. Pulchra vallis.
Pulchrae valles. Pulchrae valli.
(Z>) Boni militis. Bone fili. Alti collis. Longarum
hastarum. Magne Hector. Mali civis. Malus civis. Mali
cives.
(c) Miseris senibus. Nigrae ovi. Nigrae ovis. Nigrae
oves. Pulchra frons. Pulchra fronte. Parvi dentes. Parvi
dentis.
(d) Pulchrae frondes arborum. Frondibus altarum arbo-
rum. De magnis ministrorurn oneribus. Cum rege nee
magno nee bono.
Translate into Latin :
(e) A great fire. Of a small fire. Of black ships. Of a
black hand. A wretched poet. O great bodies. By a
small tree. Beautiful foreheads.
(_/) From a beautiful shield. The body of great Hector.
By miserable slaughter. The affairs of great kings and
generals. In a multitude of wicked men. The heads of
many sheep. Long hopes and miserable fears. The burden
of many crimes.
(g) The wicked enemies of the king. Through long
valleys and high clouds. Small burdens for small men.
Black daughters of black mothers. Parts of the long rivers.
Round the high towers of the Romans. By the tender
leaves of many trees. By the appearance of good virtues and
wicked crimes.
(h] Without the bodies of black sheep. On account of the
valour and wisdom of the good king. The beautiful forehead
of the good woman. Amongst the magistrates and multi-
tude of the towns and cities.
EXERCISES. 63
EXERCISE XI.
Adjectives of Two Terminations.
Translate into English :
(a) Tristia maria. Breve cornu. Brevi cornu. Gravium
scutorum. Dulces rosae. Dulcis rosae. Dulcis rosa. Dulci
rosa.
(3) Facili opere. Breves cantus. Brevis cantus. Brevis
cantus. Tarn gravi vulnere. Omnium rerum. Tarn facilis
rei. Tarn facili re.
(c) In tali urbe. Post tot casus. In re tarn turpi. Cum
omnibus Gallis. De forti milite. Sine tot fratribus. Per
molles frondes. Tot hominum multitudini.
(d) Poetae nee illustres nee utiles. Poetae nee illustris nee
utilis. Poetae nee illustri nee utili. Poeta nee illustri nee
utili.
Translate into Latin :
(e) With a sad appearance. Of gloomy fear. By easy
paths. To a soft bed. For a short body. With serious
brow. Of severe wounds. By heavy weapons.
(f) By so many circumstances. Under a soft skin. For
a useful cat. By so sweet a sound. Of such sweet laughter.
For such an illustrious leader. For such a king and queen.
Across so many seas.
(g) The sad songs of the priests. O bodies of illustrious
soldiers and sailors. O shepherds sad with hunger and fear.
By the base wishes of such a son. In behalf of the brave
leader of the Gauls. By the appearance of so many acci-
dents. In the soft garments of women and priests. . On
account of the heavy burdens of such an old woman.
(h) Through towns and cities by an easy road. Neither
with wounds nor with a serious accident. Through all the
paths of famous islands. In every war and before all the
cities of the enemy.
64 RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
EXERCISE XII.
The same (continued).
Translate info English :
(a) Feraces agri. Insonti filio. Sontium mulierum.
Pejoris puellae. Dementium poetarum. Minoribus oculis,
Audaci ministro. Fortiora pectora.
(3) Acris pueri. Acri puero. Acres pueri. Velocis
fluvii. Equestribus copiis. Cum pedestri milite. Propter
graviorem cladem. Majus graviusque onus.
(c) Cum libente populo. De felici rege et infelici regina.
Ad ingentem oppidi murum. Adversus tarn ingentes hostium
copias. Auxilio meliorum pastorum. Pejoribus in agris.
Pejorum hominum in agros. Per tot partes feracium cam-
porum.
(d) Propter sorores hominum sontium et insontium. Pe-
destrium et equestrium copiarum specie. Cum veloci nave
et ingente juvenum multitudine. Infelicia sontium hominum
pectora.
Translate into Latin:
(e) Of a better friend. For a bold people. Swift rivers.
To a willing boy. For mad fathers-in-law. O bold pro-
phets. Of a bold son-in-law. Of smaller boys.
(f) By greater works. For worse daughters. On
account of a guilty old woman. With greater forces. By
the help of willing friends. The forces of a braver enemy.
By the wickedness of a fierce people. Owing to the valour
of the keen youths.
(g) By the hand of so fortunate a queen. The faith of so
many innocent citizens. Without the strength of braver
leaders. Amongst the citizens of such an unfortunate town.
W T ith a vast load of fruits and skins. By the help of cavalry
and infantry forces. Out of the cities of braver and more
famous kings. Beneath the feet of mad and guilty priests.
(h) Against the forces of a people neither innocent nor
bold. In behalf of the honour of an unfortunate Roman.
By the violence both of mad sailors and bold shepherds.
Owing to the hunger and madness and fear of the un-
fortunate queen.
EXERCISES. 65
VOCABULARY XIII.
Unxis, and Quasi-Numerals.
ali-us, -5, -ud, other, another. null-us, -a, -um, none, no, not any.
alter, -a, -um, the other [of two]. sal-us, -utis,/., safety.
animal, -is, an animal. sol-us, -a, -um, alone, the only,
equ-us, -i, a horse. tot-us, -a, -um, the -whole.
exercit-us, -us, an army. ull-us, -a, -um, any.
gen-us, -eris, a kind, class, race. un-us, -a, -um, one, the only.
neut-er, -ra, -rum, neither. ut-er, -ra, -rum, which [of two].
Note. The Plurals of unus, uter, alter, and neuter, are only used under
special circumstances, and may here be omitted.
VOCABULARY XIV.
Comparison of Adjectives.
avid-us, -a, -um, eager, greedy. inhonest-us, -a, -um, dishonourable.
car-us, -a, -um, dear. injucund-us, -a, -um, unpleasant.
crudel-is, -e, cruel. jucund-us, -a, --urn, pleasant, -welcome.
doct-us, -a, -um, learned. laet-us, -a, -um, glad, joyful.
honest-us, -a, -um, honourable. sapiens, wise.
indoct-us, -a, -um, unlearned. stult-us, -a, -\&t foolish.
valid-us, -a, -um, strong.
VOCABULARY XV.
Personal, Reflexive, and Possessive Pronouns.
domin-us, -i, a master. se or sese, himself, herself, itself,
ego, /. themselves.
hei, alas / serv-us, -i, a slave.
me-us, -a, -um, mine, my. su-us, -a, -um, his own, her own, its
nost-er, -ra, -rum, our, ours. own, their own.
patri-a, -ae, country. tu, thou, you.
potius, rather. lu-us, -a, -um, thine, your.
quam, than. uxor, -is, a wife.
vest-er, -ra, -rum, your, yours.
Note i. When cum is used with me, te, se, nobis, vobis, it is written
after them, as, mecum, nobiscum.
Note 2. Ego is called the Pronoun of the First Person, tu the Pro-
noun of the Second Person. The Latins always put the First Person'
before the Second ; ' you and I ' would be in Latin ' ego et tu,' * yours
arid mine/ ' meus et tuus.'
66 RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
EXERCISE XIII.
Unus and Quasi-Numerals.
Translate into English :
(a) Nulli militi. Nulli milites. AKus ignis. Alms ignis.
Unius casus. Unus casus. Nulla fame. Nulla retia.
(3) Alii filiae. Aliae filiae. Alii generi. Alii genero.
Manu aliomm amicorum. Totius exercitus auxilio. Sine
ulla salutis spe. Neutrius equi corpus.
(c) Sola poetae vestis. Utri fratrum. De altero fratre.
Propter aliam sororem. Propter alteram sororem. Solus
ex tot militibus. De toto genere animalium. Nee fide nee
ulla alia virtute.
(d) In neutram urbis partem. In neutra oppidi parte.
Ovibus canibusque aliisque animalibus. Nee hastae nee
ullius teli.
Translate into Latin:
(e) Of neither kind. To one work. By the other horn.
Of another rose. For the other tree. By the only path.
Other eyes. For the other eye.
(f) By the whole forehead. No race of men. The other
part of the body. In other parts of Rome. From one class
of poets. By the wickedness of one shepherd. Through
the heads of the whole multitude. Without the leaves of any
trees.
(g) The rivers of one land. By the defeat of neither
army. In the other island and the other town. Into other
islands and other towns. By the help of Cotta and the
whole army. On behalf of friends of neither kind. Neither
through valleys nor through any plains. No works of any
kind.
(h] By the love of no mothers. Near the horse of the
"other general. Concerning the safety of Quintus and the
other generals. By the faith of neither son.
EXERCISES. 67
EXERCISE XIV.
Comparison of Adjectives.
Compare :
(a) Altus, acer, crudelis, felix, demens, miser, bonus,
utilis.
Translate into English :
(3) Pulchriori filiae. Pulchriores filiae. Pulchrioris filiae.
Doctissimi homines. Hominis doctissimi. Indoctioribus
nautis. Jucundior spes. Jucundiores spes.
(c) Per injucundissimos dies. Honestiorum hominum
fide. Avidissime Servi. Carioribus amicis. Doctissimi
poetae. Indoctioris ministri. Indoctiori ministro. Indoc-
tiores ministri.
(d) Sub altioribus oppidorum muris. Metu crudeliorum
leonum. Stultissimae vatum spes. Adversus validiorem
juvenum manum.
Translate into Latin:
(e) Pleasanter. More dishonourable. Dearest. Most
learned. Very foolish. More joyful. Cruellest. Very
wise.
(f) Of a welcome friend. To a very learned old man.
By a swifter river. More unpleasant burdens. By more
honourable wounds. On account of the greediest lions.
Of a very cruel multitude. The brow of a more learned
poet.
(g) By the hand of a wiser son-in-law. Without a very
dear sister. Concerning a more honourable affair. The
hope| of most dishonourable brothers. By the eyes of the
fairest women. Amongst the weapons of a fiercer enemy.
Amongst a multitude of happier citizens. The safety of the
best youths.
(ti] By the wishes of a wiser people. From an appearance
of more joyful soldiers. Against the forces of a most cruel
leader. On account of the very heavy burdens of the
unlearned multitude.
P 2
68 RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
EXERCISE XV.
Personal, Reflexive, and Possessive Pronouns.
Translate info English :
(a) Mihi tibique. Nobis et vobis. Nee mihi nee vobis.
Aut mecum aut tecum. Et nobiscum et vobiscum. Tibi et
uxori tuae. Nee sibi nee domino suo. Ego et rex meus.
() In tuo exercitu. De illustri meo fratre. Propter me-
liorem canem quam meum. Nobis potius quam vobis. Et
tecum et cum sorore tua. Fortiori juveni quam tibi. In
vestro potius quam in nostro exercitu. Nee vobiscum nee
cum servis vestris.
(c) Mihique et genero tuo, Servi. De se suisque rebus.
Adversus pejorem hominem quam te, Quinte. Propter te,
fili, potius quam ministros tuos. Hei mihi ovibusque meis !
Prae multitudine copiarum nostrarum. Onus gravius quam
pro viribus tuis. Cum nullis sororibus praeter tuas.
Translate into Latin:
(d) You and I. Yours and mine. Either with you or
with me. For himself and Quintus. On account of himself.
To me and to our enemies. You and your wife, O Servius.
You and your slaves, O kings.
(e) You rather than your father. Hopes sweet to you
rather than to me. Safety welcome to thee, Cotta, and to
thy wife. A dog joyful on account of our safety. The love
of our sons. A boy more greedy than you. For my Jiands
rather than thine. By the bones of our men.
(/) The virtues of my master and our sons. Without the
help of your young men. Towards the mountains and hills
of our country. A wife more honourable than your son.
Without the help of our soldiers. On account of the
violence of my sons. Alas for me and my father ! Con-
cerning himself and his friends.
EXERCISES. 69
VOCABULARY XVI.
Demonstrative and Definitive Pronouns.
eorum, ) , ill-e, -a, -ud, that (see Note).
\ their (see Note}. .... . . , . ; ,_ :
earum, ) ilhus, his, her, its (see Note).
ejus, his, her, its (see Note). ips-e, -a, -nm, -self.
hie, haec, hoc, this (see Note). is, ea, id, /^0/ (see Note).
Idem, eadem, idem, Afo .rami. ist-e, -a, -ud, that (of yours).
illorum, ) , . , vult-us, -us, a countenance.
[ their (see Note).
illarum, )
Note. The various Genders, Cases, and Numbers of hie, is, and ille
are often used to translate the Personal Pronouns he, she, it, him, her,
they, them. Hence the Genitives hujus, ejus, eorum, etc., besides
meaning of this, of that, etc., may stand for the Possessive Pronouns his,
her, its, and their.
VOCABULARY XVII.
The Verb Sum. Adverbs, etc.
autem, but (see Note). quidem, indeed.
enim,for (see Note). saepe, often.
nam, ) . sed, but.
[for.
namque, ) semper, always.
profecto, certainly tamen, yet, nevertheless.
Note i. Autem and enim are never first word in a sentence.
Note 2. The Verb Sum takes the same Case after it as before it.
An adjective coupled by the Verb Sum to a Substantive must agree
with that Substantive in Gender, Number, and Case.
Note 3. The Verb agrees with the Nominative of its Subject in
Number and Person,
VOCABULARY XVIII.
The same (continued).
non, not. ne, not [in Commands],
Note. Sentences like Quintus sit felix should be translated, ' Let
Quintus be happy,' or, 'May Quintus be happy,' rather than 'Quintus
may be happy.'
70 RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
EXERCISE XVI.
Demonstrative and Definitive Pronouns.
Translate info English :
(a) Haec via. Hac via. Ejus rosae. Ejus rosa. Illorum
operum. Illorum opera. Isti gladii. Isti gladio.
(3) Illo vultu. Illius vultu. Ipse Servius. Ego ipse.
Mei ipsius. Ipso vate. Ipsius vatis. Illi vati.
(c) Ipsi ministro. Ipsius ministri. Ejus ministro. Ejus-
dem vultus. Illorum vultus. Eadem species. Eadem specie.
Eidem oculo.
(d) Earundem frontium. Isti poetae, servisque ejus. Ro-
manis, et eorum filiabus. Propter Quintum, sororemque
ejus. Horum amicorum auxilio. Contra ingentem hunc
exercitum, ducemque ejus. In patriam illorum militum. In
patria istius generl
Translate into Latin :
(e) Of this body. For this poet. For that father-in-law.
For his father-in-law. For their fathers-in-law. For those
fathers-in-law. Of these fruits. Of those seas.
(/) By her help. To that friend of yours. By those
teeth of yours. With hope itself. From the harvest itself
and its fruit. The same rose. Of the same rose. Of the
same daughters.
(g) To the multitude itself and its virtues. The appear-
ance of the same stars. The horns of the same animals.
By their wisdom. Concerning their illustrious poet. Against
the sheep themselves and their shepherd. Without the king
and his wife. Through fear of the same defeat.
(ti) By the same kind of food. Without those feet and
legs. Before Hector himself and his brothers. By the help
of that black slave. Owing to the same Romans and their
armies. Against his mouth and breast. The appearance of
this earth and those stars. By the slaughter of his sheep and
dogs.
EXERCISES. 71
EXERCISE XVII.
Indicative Mood of Sum. Adverbs, etc.
Translate into English :
(0) Felix sum. Fortis est. Felices erimus. Fortes fuerunt.
Roma illustris est. Haec via longa est. Sed illae viae
longiores sunt. Namque feliciores fuimus.
(l>) Illustriores eritis, milites 1 . Multitude saepe indocta est.
Filiae eorum crudeles sunt. Tota autem arbor nigerrima
fuerat. Pulcherrimae semper fuistis, filiae. Species hujus
campi tristissima erit. Ea profecto res inhonesta est. Nulla
tamen bella in agris nostris erant.
(c) Poetarum quidem cantus longiores erunt. Miserrimus
enim eras, optime vates. Uxores nostrae aut tristes aut
laetae fuerint. Namque poeta ipse avidissimus erat. Servi
tui stulti sunt potius quam mali. Patria enim nostra nobis
carissima est. Sed aliud genus hominum in urbibus fuerit.
Juvenes enim acriores sunt quam senes.
Translate into Latin :
(if) Thou art a poet. Ye will be sad. They will not be
dearer. We are happy. They are unlearned. You are fair,
O daughter. You are fair, O daughters. You are good,
O son.
(e) He was in a famous city. The soldiers indeed are
very brave. Yet we are braver. His teeth certainly were
black. But his forehead was beautiful. For the burdens of
the slaves will have been very heavy. Nevertheless the hope
will be sweet. Yet his hands were strong.
(/) For sheep are often very foolish. Sheep indeed are
more foolish than other animals. These dogs are certainly
wiser than those sheep. His daughters certainly were not
learned. Their spears indeed were very long. My mother is
a woman of much wisdom. But my father is very famous
amongst the Romans. Nevertheless we shall have been
more unfortunate than Quintus and his brothers.
1 The Vocative Case is always separated by commas from the rest of
the sentence.
72 RUDIMENT A LATINA.
EXERCISE XVIII.
All parts of Sum.
Translate into English :
(a) Sit terra ferax. Laeti sint. Laeti essent. Laeti
fuissent. Reges sint boni. Bella essent gravia. Hostes
quidem non honesti fuissent. Gives ne sint miseri.
(3) Este boni, Quinte et Servi. Romani Gallique dementes
fuissent. Os puellae pulcherrimum esset. Hoc jucundum
est. Hoc jucundius esset. Hoc jucundissimum fuisset.
Sed species horum camporum tristissima esset Vos pro-
fecto, Romani, inhonesti non eritis.
(c) Nos autem crudeles non fuissemus. Senes saepe avi-
dissimi sunt. Nee docti fuerunt nee insontes. Nee indocti
nee crudeles simus. Valida sit multitudo potius quam
avida. Nulli quidem reges indocti fuissent. Vultus autem
ejus ne sit tristis. Vultus eorum tristes sunt.
Translate into Latin :
(d) Let us be joyful. Let them be more joyful. Be
honourable, O son. Be joyful, O daughters. Let not our
hopes be dishonourable. You would be foolish, O sister.
You would be dear, O friends. No queens would have
been more willing.
(e) Yet the whole city had been wretched. For no forces
were in the city. And the queen was not sad. That burden
would certainly have been heavier. His songs were always
sweeter than ours. The other ship was swifter and stronger.
But another defeat would have been more disgraceful. The
infantry forces have often been very useful.
(/) This would be easier and pleasanter. We should
not always have been very happy. Let us not be always
very miserable. We should certainly have been wiser.
Certainly these are crimes of the worst kind. Nevertheless
let not any sailor be very greedy. The only sister of
Quintus is very learned. But unlearned men are often very
cruel.
EXERCISES. 73
VOCABULARY XIX.
First Conjugation.
&m-are, to love. monstr-are, to show.
ar-are, to plough. oner-are, to load.
Brut-us, -i, Brutus, orn-are, to adorn.
Cassius, -i, Cassius. par-are, to prepare.
laud-are, to praise. port-are, to carry.
liber-are, to set free. serv-are, to keep, preserve.
Tulli-a, -ae, Tullia.
VOCABULARY XX.
The same (continued}.
agricol-a, -ae, a farmer. fug-are, to put to flight*
argent-um, -i, silver, money. interea, meanwhile.
aur-um, -i, gold. oppugn-are, to attack.
caen-a, -ae, supper. templ-um, -i, a temple.
VOCABULARY XXL
The same (continued).
Cicero, -onis, Cicero, nunquam, never.
clam-are, to shout. pecc-are, to sin.
Corneli-a, -ae, Cornelia. perraro, very seldom.
festin-are, to hasten. plerumque, generally.
labor-are, to labour. raro, seldom.
nonnunquam, sometimes. vigil-are, to watch.
Note i. The Accusative Case is used as the Object of Transitive
Verbs (see 32, page 16). It is usually written before the Verb, as,
Brutum laudo, / praise Brutus, Cassius Brutum laudat, Cassius
praises Brutus.
Note 2. After Passive Verbs the word by is translated by the
Ablative alone, unless the Noun be the name of a living thing, when
the Preposition a or ab with Ablative must be used, as, casu liberamur,
' we are set free by an accident,' a Bruto liberamur, ' we are set free by
Brutus.'
74 RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
EXERCISE XIX.
First Conjugation. Active and Passive.
Present and Future Simple Indicative.
Translate info English :
(a) Aro. Portabitur. Laudas. Onerabere. Monstrabo.
Ornaris. Servatur. Ornabit.
(b) Portat. Parabis. Laudabimini. Oneror. Libera-
mur. Arabunt. Monstramus. Monstrabitis.
(c) Liberabor. Paratis. Onerabuntur. Amamini. Ser-
vabimur. Laudantur. Arant. Ornabimus.
(a*} Brutus arabit. Cassias quidem servabitur. Namque
laudatur Tullia. Laudaris, Tullia. Brutus Cassiusque
saepe arant. Rex non laudabit. Servabimini, Brute et
Cassi. Quintus autem ornat.
Translate into Latin :
(e) He is ploughing. I shall be praised. Ye will adorn.
Thou art preserved. We are carried. They will be loaded.
I shall set free. Ye are shown.
(/") Thou prepares!. It will be ploughed. We shall
praise. They are preserved. I carry. You will be loaded.
He will set free. You are being shown.
(g) They are preparing. We shall be loved. Ye will
plough. He will be praised. He is adorned. Thou wilt
preserve. We shall be carried. They are loading.
(K) Brutus will be loved. You are preparing, O sailor.
We shall praise. Tullia and her daughters will be adorned.
But Brutus and Cassius are preserved. The queen is often
praised. You are always adorned, O queen. You are
adorned, O queens.
EXERCISES. 75
* EXERCISE XX.
The same (continued).
Perfect and Future Perfect Indicative.
Translate into English :
(a) Monstravi. Parati erunt. Liberata es, Tullia. One-
raverimus. Oppidum oppugnatum erit. Ornati estis. Lau-
datus ero. Scuta ornata erunt.
() Aravisti. Amavimus. Puer oneratus erit. Liberatae
estis, filiae. Paravero. Tullia servata erit. Uxor amata est.
Scutum servatum fuit.
(c) Tullia laudata est. Templum ornatum erit. Agricola
araverit. Liberati sumus. Interea caena parata est. One-
raveris, filia. Oneraveritis, filiae. Auro et argento ornati
sunt.
(d) Pedestres copiae fugatae sunt. Viae monstratae
erunt. Laudaveris, Tullia. Laudaveritis, Brute et Cassi.
Translate into Latin ;
(e) Ye have set free. He will have been set free. It has
been shown. She has been adorned. Thou wilt have
loaded. They will have been carried. They have praised.
I shall have ploughed.
(_/") The men have been praised. The women will have
been praised. Meanwhile the temple has been shown. You
have adorned, O sailor. You have been adorned with gold,
O sailors. The silver will have been carried. They have set
free. Supper will not have been prepared.
(g) The father of the farmer will have been loaded with
gold. The mother of the girls will have been adorned with
silver. Thou hast loved, O illustrious son of Quintus. Thou
hast been loved, O learned queen of the Gauls. The towns
have been attacked. The forces of the enemy will have been
put to flight. These troops have often been put to flight. I
have been set free.
76 RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
EXERCISE XXI.
The same (continued).
Primary Tenses of the Indicative.
Translate into English :
(a) Romam amo. Rex reginam amat. Regina a rege
amatur. Roma a me amabitur. Frater meus perraro caenam
parat. Caena a fratre meo non parata erit. Caena a
ministris plerumque paratur. Pueri in urbem festinavere.
(3) Te, fill mi, amo. A me laudaris, filia mea. Cicero
Tulliam servabit. Cicero a Tullia nonnunquam laudatus est.
Tullia a Cicerone ornata erit. Inter ovilia vigilabo. Per
totam vallem clamavimus. Hae filiae perraro peccaverunt.
(c) Agricolae in hoc agro nunquam laborabunt. Templum
a nobis tibi monstratum est. Copiae nostrae raro fugantur.
Urbes vestrae a me oppugnabuntur. Ab illustri rege lauda-
bor. Muros talium urbium oppugnabimus. Sed indoctos
homines non liberabo. Auro argentoque onerabere, fili.
Translate into Latin :
(d) We are carried by slaves. He ploughs the fields.
The field is ploughed by him. Cotta will be praised by his
own slaves. We have attacked famous cities. The enemy
will have been put to flight by us. We shall often labour in
other lands. His faith is praised by you.
(e) They have been preserved by an accident. They have
been preserved by Cornelia. The citizens will have watched
at the gates. We are very seldom praised by you. These
slaves have shouted rather than laboured. Famous towns
have generally been adorned with gold. We shall never
attack Rome. We have put you to flight.
(f) Meanwhile the path is -shown to us. Burdens are
generally carried by slaves. The attendants will have pre-
pared food for us. The multitude will often sin. No land
is ploughed by these old men. Very many leaves adorn our
temple. Other temples will be adorned with gold. Those
young men have set free the slave.
EXERCISES. 77
VOCABULARY XXII.
First Conjugation (continued}.
cael-um, -i, sky, heaven. nunti-us, -i, a messenger.
damn-are, to condemn. persaepe, very often.
don-um, -i, gift, present. postul-are, to demand.
jud-ex, -Tcis, a judge. spect-are, to behold.
latro, -nis, a robber. ' vast-are, to lay waste.
vulner-are, to -wound.
VOCABULARY XXIII.
The same (contimted}.
accus-are, to accuse. culp-are, to blame.
ut, that, in order that.
Note i. Sentences like 'Crassus amet' should be translated 'Let
Crassus love ' or .' May Crassus love ' rather than ' Crassus may love.'
But when ut, that, or in order that, precedes, the Grammar translation
may be followed, as, ut Crassus amet, that Crassus may love.
Note 2. Translate the Imperfect Subjunctive by should or would.
But when ut precedes, might is generally to be used, as, ut Crassus
amaret, that Crassus might love.
Note 3. The Perfect Subjunctive is of somewhat limited use in Simple
Sentences. The translation often presents difficulties, and examples of
the Tense are therefore omitted from these Exercises.
VOCABULARY XXIV.
The same (continued}.
destin-are, to intend. pugn-are, to fight.
expugn-are, to storm, take by storm, super-are, to overcome.
hue, hither. vill-a, -ae, a country house.
Note. To translate into Latin a string of Nouns or other words having
and prefixed to the last, either use et with each or leave it out altogether.
Thus for 'Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus,' write Caesar, Pompeius, Crassus,
or Caesar et Pompeius et Crassus.
78 RUDIMENTA LA TINA.
EXERCISE XXII.
The same (continued).
Historic Tenses of the Indicative.
Translate into English :
(a) Festinabam. Damnati eratis. Laudabas. Vulnera-
bar. Agricolae araverant. Latrones nunquam clamaverunt.
Vigilabatis, latrones. Ornabare.
(3) Portabamini. Ornatae estis, mulieres. Spectavera-
mus. Agri hostium vastati sunt. Semper clamabatis, Quinte
et Servi. Haec urbs a me servata est. Dona vestra spec-
taverant. Nuntius noster a judice damnatus est.
(c) Dona a populo postulata erant. In urbem veloci pede
festinavit. Victum potius quam argentum postulavere.
Latronum manus fugata erat. Caelum laetis oculis specta-
verant. Eae terrae perraro vastatae erant. Nuntii equos et
tela postulabant. Campos nostros equitatu copiisque pedes-
tribus vastaverant.
Translate into Latin :
(d) They were sinning. They were carried. We had
watched. I often shouted. He was very often praised. The
son and daughter did not labour. Thou hadst been set free,
O Servius. Thou hadst not been set free, O Tullia.
(e) They often praised themselves. The boy had been
preserved. You were condemned, O father. You were
adorned, O mother. Cicero and his wife used to watch.
The horses of the enemy had been wounded. You did not
wound the robber, O Cotta. You had been preserved, O
boys.
(f) Meanwhile we were loading the messengers with
money. The towns of the enemy were laid waste. He
demanded neither gifts nor food. Good judges do not very
often praise you. The whole multitude was beholding the
sky. The leader of the forces was wounded. One robber
had been condemned by the famous judge. Cassius alone
out of all that multitude was not condemned by any judge.
EXERCISES. 79
EXERCISE XXIII.
The same (continued}.
Subjunctive Mood.
Translate into English :
(a) Festinent. Culparemur. Postulavisses. Accusare-
mini. Laudentur. Clamavissetis. Vulnerati essetis. Vigi-
lent.
(<5) Ut servaremur. Aravissem. Liberareris. Ut portemus.
Culpata esset. Accusaret. Damnati essemus. Peccares.
(c) Latrones damnentur. Dux oppidum oppugnaret.
Argentum postulatum esset. Ut hostium copias fugemus.
Ut templum frondibus ornaretur. Agros aravissetis. Puer
patrem accusaret. Puellae ne culpentur.
(d) Nos profecto a Romanis saepe culpati essemus. Sed
amici mei me non accusarent. Mater tua filiam suam
persaepe culpavisset. Milites in omni parte oppidi vigilent.
Translate into Latin :
(e) Let us shout. Let them not be condemned. They
would attack. You would have been praised. I should
watch. We should be adorned. They would not have
sinned. That we may watch.
(/) You would have been accused, O mother. You
would have been blamed, O son. You would have been set
free, O brothers. You would have been adorned, O sisters.
Let the enemies of our country be condemned. I should
never have accused Cicero. That Cassius and his friends
might blame either you or me. The temple would be pre-
served without any soldiers.
(g) Nevertheless let them not accuse our daughters. They
would labour in the plains rather than in the valleys. Let
our leaders demand horses and weapons. Let us demand
forces, that we may attack the city. Tullia indeed was
hastening to the king that she might accuse her father. Gold
and silver would not be carried by the messenger. But the
garments of other wives would have been shown. Let the
crimes of the other sailor be blamed.
8O RUDIMENTA LATIN A.
EXERCISE XXIV.
The same (continued}.
Imperative Mood and Verb Infinite.
Translate into English :
(a) Festina. Clamate. Laboravisse. Accusare. Vul-
nerando. Damnatus. Oppugn aturus. Ornari.
(<5) Araturus esse. Servatum iri. Peccandi. Vigila, re-
gina. Vigilate, filiae. Rex in villam suam festinare des-
tinat. Amicos servare bonum est. Dux urbem oppugnare
parat.
(c) Vigilando, pugnando, vulnerando hostem superabimus.
Judex latrones damnaturus est. Auro, argento, rosis ornari
jucundum est. Oppidum oppugnantes superati sunt. Hue
festina, frater, ut sorores tuas mecum serves. Urbes, oppida,
insulas oppugnare destinaverat. Cicero a populo accusatus
sese servavit. Hunc hominem vigilando superavere.
Translate into Latin :
(d) Adorn thou. Labour ye. Be adorned, O priest. Be
praised, O citizens, priests, and poets. Having been ac-
cused. About to watch. To have wounded. To have
been wounded.
(e) It is pleasant to be praised. It is very foolish to set
free a mad lion. He \vas intending to load the same slaves,
boys, and attendants. Hasten hither, O friends, that we may
behold Rome. Let us prepare to put to flight the band of
robbers. It is better to be loved than to be praised. But
you will overcome this army by fighting. For it is very
sweet to be loved by brothers, sisters, and friends.
(f) Quintus having been accused hastened out of the
city. Brutus and Cassius being accused prepared to lay
waste the fields. He intended to behold the island and its
cities. We very seldom love to behold wretched old men.
He fought with much valour that he might overcome the
robbers. It is base to accuse good men. Put the enemy to
flight, O soldiers, that you may be praised. He praised
Tullia that he might be loaded with gifts by her.
EXERCISES. 8 1
VOCABULARY XXV.
Pirst Conjugation (continued},
Athen-ae, -arum, pi., Athens. no-x, -ctis, night.
Dav-us, -i, Davus. pictur-a, -ae, a painting, picture.
di-es, -ei, a day. statu-a, -ae, a statue.
epistol-a, -ae, a letter. Tit-us, -i, Titus.
mandare, to entrust. Vespasian-us, -i, Vespasian.
Note. One Noun added to another Noun to explain some part of its
meaning is said to be in Apposition to the first Noun. It must agree
in Case with the Noun to which it is in Apposition, as, Darius rex,
Darius the king, Darii regis, of Darius the king.
VOCABULARY XXVI.
Second Conjugation.
Note. Very few Verbs in this Conjugation have Perfects and Supines
exactly like moneo. In this and the following Vocabularies, therefore,
the Present, Perfect, and Supine of each Verb are given,
del-eo, -evi, -etum, destroy. man-eo, -si, -sum, remain.
diu, long, for a long time. mon-eo, -ui, -itum, advise.
doc-eo, -ui, -turn, teach. moveo, movi, motum, move*
impl-eo, -evi, -etum,yf//. ri-deo, -si, -sum, laugh.
ju-beo, -ssi, -ssum, order, command, vent-us, -i, the wind.
VOCABULARY XXVII.
The same (continued'}. Questions.
coerc-eo, -ui, -Ttum, restrain. invidi-a, -ae, envy.
foveo, fovi, fotum, cherish. ir-a, -ae, anger.
hie, here. tant-us, -a, -um, so great.
Note. Questions are usually expressed in Latin by adding -ne to
some word in the sentence, generally the first word, as, amone, do I
love? Crassusne monet, is Crassus advising? The word not in a
Question is nonne, as, nonne Crassus monet, is not Crassus advising?
G
82 RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
EXERCISE XXV.
Summary of First Conjugation. Apposition.
Translate into English :
(a) Romam Athenasque spectemus. Per noctem vigilare
injucundum est. Statuae, picturae, aurum nobis monstran-
tur. Hae picturae mandentur vobis. Bruto, Tito, Vespa-
siano mandatae erunt epistolae. A Quinto filioque ejus ser-
vabimur. Interea nocte dieque vigilant. Sed filiae eorum
nee culpabuntur nee laudabuntur.
(t>) Copiae hostium fugarentur. Copias hostium fuga-
vissent. Dona ducum servantur. Dona duces servabant
Dona ducis servabunt. Servi ducem amant. Servi filium
vulnerabunt. Servi filius vulnerabitur.
(c) Tito, Vespasiani filio, copias mandabant. Davus,
servus noster, agricolas culpavisset. Cottae, Romanorum duci,
dona parantur. Dona a Davo, servo nostro, postulantur.
Translate into Latin :
(d) Overcome them by watching, O Cotta. Overcome
him by labouring, O brothers. It is sweeter to set free than
to wound. We have demanded plenty of gold. By labour-
ing often we shall overcome. They are about to watch
through the whole night. Many animals will be wounded
by weapons. So many lions had been wounded by Titus.
(e) Unfortunate queens will never be set free. It is not
easy to put to flight any Romans. The slave of Cornelia,
a very beautiful woman, would not praise us. Let Quintus,
a very cruel leader, be condemned. Cotta, a man of great
valour, has been condemned. They have set free Titus, a
man of very great wisdom. The horse of the other general
has been wounded. They have wounded the horse of an-
other general.
(/) Let them lay waste the fields of the king himself.
No woman would have accused such a citizen. Priests
watch by night and by day. We had been loaded with gifts
by you, the Roman leader. Praise men of the greatest
wisdom. Let us accuse him. Let him be accused by us.
A statue is entrusted to Quintus, our attendant.
EXERCISES. 83
EXERCISE XXVI.
Second Conjugation. Primary Tenses of Indicative.
Translate into English :
(a) Deles. Doceris. Jusserit. Monebimur. Imple-
vistis. Moti sunt. Risero. Impletus eris.
(3) Salus nobis manet Filiae doctae erunt. Jubemini,
Brute et Cassi. Epistola'm deleverint. Vos monebo. Im-
pletus es. Insula non movebitur. In alto monte mansimus.
(c) Multitude risu impletur. Multitudinem docebimus.
Illae arbores motae sunt vento. Hae portae motae sunt a
nobis. Muros istos deleverimus. Infelices agricolas monu-
istis. Anus senesque perraro ridebunt. Illae copiae hoc in
oppido diu manserunt.
Translate into Latin :
(d) I have been taught. He has ordered. You will be
filled. They will move. You will have destroyed. We are
being advised. She will have been ordered. Thou art
laughing.
(e) I shall have been destroyed by fire. They have been
destroyed by Titus. They will have filled me with fear.
You have been moved into the city, O statues. We have
moved the statues and paintings out of the temple. You
will be destroyed by the weapons of the enemy, O Servius.
You will be destroyed by robbers, O young men.
(/") Cicero and Tullia have taught the young men to
labour. I have been ordered to load the ships with silver.
You will have filled the crowd with sweet hope. This bed
will have been moved by accident. We are remaining
within the walls. You will have been advised by us. They
are destroyed by the wickedness of one man. I shall order
the innocent old men to be set free.
G 2
84 RUDIMENTA LATIN A.
EXERCISE XXVII.
Second Conjugation (continued).
Historic Tenses of the Indicative. Questions.
Translate into English :
(a) Docebamus. Jussus eras. Impleveram. Motus est.
Coercebamini. Deleverunt. Monebam. Fotus erat.
(<5) Riseratis. Deletae sunt urbes. A vobis docebamur.
Mansisti, puer. Servos jubebatis. Ira moti erant. Iram
coercueram. Impleti estis.
(c) Docebarne ? Iramne fovebas ? Nonne invidiam odium-
que coercuere ? Puellamne monebat ? Tantamne iram fove-
rant? Hie juvenes mansere. Nonne juvenes hie man-
serunt ?
Translate into Latin :
(d) Thou wast cherishing. We had been restrained. He
had remained. You were moved. They were being filled.
We laughed. He was ordering. They had advised.
(e) Had ye been ordered ? Were we taught ? You were
being destroyed. You cherished envy and hatred, O woman.
They were not restraining their anger. Had we been taught
to blame bad men ? You had ordered us to plough so many
fields, O Servius. Was I not advised by Davus, the slave
of Vespasianus ?
(/) Was he advising ? Did Quintus, our general, advise ?
Was the town being destroyed ? Did not Cotta teach us to
labour? Were they moving their hands? Had they not
destroyed the fleet, our only safety ? Had not the king re-
strained the violence of the soldiers ? Was not the violence
of the soldiers restrained by the king ?
EXERCISES. 85
VOCABULARY XXVIII.
Second Conjugation (continued}.
terr-eo, -ui, -itum, frighten. tim-eo, -ui, no Sup., fear, be afraid,
VOCABULARY XXIX.
The same (continued}.
aqu-a, -ae, water. pocul-um, -i, a cup.
audeo, ausus sum, dare (see Note), sol-eo, -itus sum, be accustomed (see
cur, why? Note}.
misc-eo, -ui, mixtum, mix. ( video, vidi, visum, see.
nunc, now. \ videor, visus sum, seem (see Note).
vin-um, -i, wine.
Note i. Audeo, soleo, are called Semi-Deponent Verbs, the Perfect
and Tenses derived from the Perfect being of Passive form. Videor is
properly the Passive of video but is scarcely ever to be translated I am
seen.
Note 2. The Possessive Pronouns meus, tuns, etc., may often be
omitted in Latin, when it is clear from the sense of the words which
Pronoun is meant. Thus, ' pater filium amat ' means ' the father loves
his son ;' if it meant ' the father loves my son or your son/ the Pronouns
meum or tuum would have to be supplied.
VOCABULARY XXX.
Recapitulatory.
obs-ideo, -edi, -essum, besiege. turbare, disturb.
Note i . Commands in the Second Person are usually expressed by ne
with Perfect Subjunctive, as, * Do not advise,' ne monueris.
Note 2. The Nominatives of the Personal Pronouns, ego, tu, etc.,
are rarely expressed in Latin, except when some particular stress is in-
tended to be laid upon them. Thus, / am laughing, may, in nine cases
out of ten, be translated by rideo alone. But if the meaning is ' / am
laughing, whilst you (or other people) are doing something else,' the
Pronoun ego should be supplied.
86
RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
EXERCISE XXVIII.
Second Conjugation (continued).
Subjunctive Mood.
Translate info English :
(a) Doceant. Territus esses. Deleres. Juberem. Ti-
muissent Moveamur. Ut timeat. Ut foveantur.
(3) Coerciti essetis. Coercitusne esses? Riderem. Ri-
deremusne. Terreretur. Mansissemus. Nonne in templo
mansissent ? Impleantur.
(c) Nonne bellum timeretur? Puellaene docerentur ?
Puellasne docuisses ? Ut amicos suos foveret. Namque
bella, leones, caedem timuisset. Romanosne terruissetis ?
Filios nostros doceamus, moneamus, fovearaus. Alios servos
coercerent.
Translate into Latin :
(d) They would fear. We should not be frightened. Let
him order. You would have been restrained, O soldier.
You would not have been cherished, O wicked wives. Let
them be destroyed by fire. Would they fear us ? Would
he not have terrified the multitude ?
(e) He would be afraid to shout. No prophets would
have feared to accuse him. Should we teach them to pre-
pare supper ? Let us not laugh very often. Meanwhile the
roads would have been filled. Let the robbers be ordered to
remain. Either shields or spears would be moved. Would
not the Gauls have been terrified ?
(/) Would the judges have feared to condemn these men ?
Let the walls of all cities be destroyed. Should I have
feared such misfortunes ? They would either fear or terrify
these magistrates. Would they not have taught the other
youths by labouring ? Let us restrain the madness of the
lions. Would you not have feared Titus, the leader of the
Romans ? They would neither move nor be moved.
EXERCISES. 87
EXERCISE XXIX.
Second Conjugation (continued].
Imperative Mood and Verb Infinite.
Translate into English :
(a) Imple. Ridete. Risurus. Motus. Mansurus esse.
Territus esse. Timens. Deletum iri.
(6) Hanc multitudinem videte. Timere videntur. Nunc
pocula vino implete. Nee vino nee aqua pocula implere
audent. Cur ridere times? Cur tantas caenas parare
solemus ? Aquam vino miscere non ausi sunt. Tot pocula
implere solitus erat.
(c) Victu vinoque impleri amat. Titus dementem ilium
sacerdotem terruisse videtur. Cur inhonestos amicos fovere
soletis ? Audebitne tarn illustrem ducem coercere ? Coer-
cendo, terrendo, delendo hostium copias superabimus.
Ridere non injucundum est. Dominos ipsos servi docuisse
videntur. Sed reginam monere non auderent.
Translate into Latin :
(d) About to mix. To be cherished. See, my son. To
be about to be moved. To have mixed. To have dared.
Of filling. Be cherished, O wives.
(e) Remain within the walls, my friends. I should fear to
restrain my father. Would you dare to advise your master,
O slave ? Now are we about to see the paintings and statues.
Remain here, my friends, that you may see this famous land.
It will be easy to frighten that foolish old man. We have
never dared to mix poison with wine. Have you not been
accustomed to cherish your father and mother ?
(/") You seem to be praising our daughter and your
sister. But Brutus is accustomed to terrify neither his son
nor my father. Has Tullia been commanded to mix poison
with our wine ? No shepherds would have dared to frighten
so many sheep. Cotta is about to laugh. My daughter is
about to remain. Mix the wine with water, dear son. Do
not mix poison with the wine, dear sons.
88 RUDIMENT A LA TINA.
EXERCISE XXX.
Summary of Second Conjugation.
Translate into English :
(a) Fovesne. Nonne ridebunt. Ne timeant pueri. Ne
timueris, puer. Pedem ne moveat miles. Pedem ne
moveris, miles. Pedemne moveris, miles? Pedemne mo-
verit miles ?
(3) Laborando superate, milites. Laborando superatis
milites. Ego laboro, sed tu rides. Dum vos victum paratis,
vina ego misceo. Haec res nee utilis tibi nee jucunda est.
Cur tantas turres, urbes, classes delere audes? Nonne pu-
ellas docere facilius est quam pueros ? Interea milites nostri
aut festinabunt aut manebunt.
(c) Urbemne obsidere ausi essetis? Urbem oppugnare ne
ausi sitis. Cur tam diu mansere? Nunc majora pocula
implebunt. Retia servata esse videntur. Nonne ignes urbem
totam vastare visi sunt ? Festina, dux, ut hostium manum
turbes. Diu vigilare videbantur, ut regem vulnerarent.
Translate into Latin :
(d) About to besiege. To have disturbed. To have been
disturbed. To be about to be besieged. Having been de-
stroyed. Mixing. Of laughing. Restrained.
(e) Shout, dear father. Laugh, sweet daughter. Carry
hither the cups, that \ve may fill them with wine. Let the
violence of the soldiers be restrained. Do not laugh, Brutus.
Do not fear us, dear citizens. Would you dare to disturb
me ? I am besieging, you are preserving, the city.
(/) Whilst they teach the boys, I accuse Titus. Do not
advise those foolish youths. The king, frightened by the defeat,
remained within the gates. The queen, being frightened by
Cassius, remained here. Let us destroy the walls of that city.
We are shepherds, you are poets. My son and your father are
very learned. This affair is most serious for you, but most
pleasant for us.
EXERCISES. 89
VOCABULARY XXXI.
Third Conjugation.
*** The figure after a Verb denotes its conjugation.
castr-a, -orum, pi., a camp. loc-us, -i, a place, ground.
clau-do, -si, -sum, 3, shut. mitto, misi, uiissum, 3, send.
di-co, -xi, -ctum, 3, say, tell. nem-o, -mis, nobody, no one.
disce-do, -ssi, -ssum, 3, depart. po-no, -sui, -situm, 3, place, pitch.
do, dedi, datum, i, give. praemi-um, -i, a reward.
du-co, -xi, -ctum, 3, lead. prim-us, -a, -um, first.
frango, fregi, fractum, 3, break, prom-itto, -isi, -issum, ^promise.
shatter. quart-us, -a, -um, fourth.
hibern-a, -orum, pi., winter- secund-us, -a, -um, second.
quarters. stat-uo, -ui, -utum, 3, resolve, deter-
legio, -nis, a legion. mine.
terti-us, -a, -um, third.
Note. Remember that to, when motion to is meant, is not to be
translated by the Dative but by ad with Accusative. Thus, ' he sends
gifts to the boys' would be 'dona ad pueros mittit;' but 'he gives gifts
to the boys ' would be ' dona pueris daL'
VOCABULARY XXXII.
The same (continued).
co-go, -egi, -actum, 3, compel. occi-do, -di, -sum, 3, kill.
forsan or forsitan, perhaps. octav-us, -a, -um, eighth.
intrare, i, enter. quint-us, -a, -nxm, fifth.
ne, lest, that . . . not. septim-us, -a, -um, seventh.
sext-us, -a, -um, sixth.
Note.TSe, lest or that . . . not, takes a Subjunctive, as, laborat ne
culpetur, he labours, lest he be blamed or that he may not be blamed ;
laborabat ne culparetur, he was labouring, that he might not be blamed,
or lest he should be blamed.
VOCABULARY XXXIII.
The same (continued],
intell-igo, -exi, -ectum, 3, perceive, scri-bo, -psi, -ptum, 3, write.
understand. stultiti-a, -ae, folly.
lego, legi, lectum, 3, choose, read, tango, tetigi, tactum, 3, touch.
lib-er, -ri, a book. te-go, -xi, -ctum, 3, cover.
redd-o, -idi, -itum, 3, restore. vinco, vici, victum, 3, conquer.
vi-vo, -xi, -ctum, 3, live.
90 RUD1MENTA LATIN A.
EXERCISE XXXI.
Third Conjugation.
Primary Tenses of the Indicative.
Translate into English :
(a) Mittitur. Statuetis. Positi sumus. Promiserint. Duce-
ris. Duceris. Fregit. Ducti erunt.
() Dicitis. Claudemus. Claudimus. Dicetis. Clausi
sunt. Discesseris. Do. Nemo missus erit.
(c) Brutus filiique ejus missi sunt. Brutus cum filio suo
discessit. Castra in alto loco ponuntur. Legiones Romanae
in hiberna ducentur. Fractae estis, statuae. Praemia multa
militibus quartae legionis dedero. Legio prima ducem laudare
statuit. Legiones prima secunda tertia in urbem ductae
erunt.
Translate into Latin :
(d) They are sent. You will give. I have been placed.
He will have determined. They are departing. He will
have been led. You have said. We shall have been placed.
(e) Thou art sent, O sailor. I shall depart from this
camp. These gates have been shut. Those robbers will
have determined to remain here. He leads the second and
third legions out of winter quarters. The camp will be
pitched here, O leaders of the legions. Brutus and I have
given this reward to you. These rewards will have been
sent to you by many friends.
(/) Nobody is sent into the camp. No camp has been
pitched by us. Titus and his attendant will depart with
rewards. Will you have resolved to fight, dear brothers?
We are giving money to this boy. The statues will be placed
in the temple. Hast thou broken thy brother's spear ? I
shall have been sent into the camp of the fourth legion with a
very heavy weight of gold by the father-in-law of that prophet.
EXERCISES. 91
EXERCISE XXXII.
Third Conjugation (continued).
Translate into English :
(a) Pugnare cogar. Hanc epistolam misit. Nulla pocula
frangentur. Occideris. Occideris. Iram coercere statuunt.
His rebus vigilare coguntur. Plurimi latrones occisi sunt.
(3) Epistolam servo mandare statuit. Epistolam ad Bru-
tum mittere statuit. Exercitum malo duci mandare cogimur.
Exercitum ad fluvium ducere cogimur. Cur latrones tarn
males non occidunt ? Praemiumne tibi promisero ? Nonne
pocula vini nobis data sunt ? Uni servo dona promisimus.
(c) Vos profecto ab urbe discesseritis. Legio octava ad-
versus hostem mittetur. Legiones quinta, sexta, septima sub
muros ducentur. Gives laudabimus, ut dona nobis ab iis
dentur. Portas claudit, ne hostis urbem intret. Ipse in aliam
Athenarum partem discessit. In alia Athenarum parte ma-
nere cogitur. Hos latrones occiderunt, ne ipsi vulnerentur.
Translate into Latin :
(d) We have compelled. We have been compelled. I am
placing. I am placed. You will be killed. You will kill.
She will have sent. She will have been sent.
(e) The statues are broken by violence. The statues will
be broken by the Romans. We lead you into the temple.
We have been sent out of the temple. Give us hope, that
we may restrain our anger. He departs that he may not be
wounded. They will lead us to his country-house. Why
has not the camp been pitched ?
(/) I have resolved to fight. You are compelled to laugh.
We shall wound and perhaps kill you. Has Titus departed ?
Will not the priests give you food? Will our trees be
shattered by the wind? My spear had been broken by
Brutus, a wicked general. A camp is often pitched here.
9 a RUDIMENT A LA TINA.
EXERCISE XXXIII.
Third Conjugation (continued).
Historic Tenses of the Indicative.
Translate into English :
(a) Tangebatur. Vixistis. Vicistis. Tegebatur. Victi
eramus. Legebant. Tactus es. Scripseramus.
(3) Intellexerat. Lecti sumus. Libri lecti erant. Red-
debas. Tetigi. Tangebamini. Legeratis. Tacta est.
(c) Pellibus tecti eratis, vates. Librum ilium legebamus.
Copiae hostium a nobis victae sunt. Diu in ista villa vix-
eratis. Aurum vobis redditum est. Aurum a vobis redditum
est. Oves a latronibus patri meo redditae erant. Parvum
filium scuto tegebat.
Translate into Latin :
(d) You were being touched. We lived. He had been
conquered. Ye were perceiving. I was touched. They
had read. We were being covered. He understood.
(e) But ye had been conquered, O enemies. For I was
reading a letter. Nevertheless the letters had been written.
For you had covered the body with leaves, my sister. The
gifts indeed were being restored to the Gauls. Did you often
read those books, Servius ? I had lived for a long time with-
out friends. They were generally reading or writing.
(/) Your body was covered with the skins of animals.
Meanwhile we had restored all that gold and part of the
silver to your messengers. I perceived his folly and madness.
They had very often been conquered by the valour and
weapons of that vast crowd. We were touched by the hand
of another queen. He had written a long letter with his own
hand. A pleasant letter was written by Cassius.
EXERCISES. 93
VOCABULARY XXXIV.
Third Conjugation (continued).
eras, to-morrow. hodie, to-day.
for-um, -i, the forum, market- omnino, altogether.
place. sic, so, thus.
ten, yesterday. snmm-us, -a, -um, topmost, utmost.
tandem, at length.
VOCABULARY XXXV.
The same (continued}.
cogn-osco, -ovi, -ftum, 3, ascertain, proce-do, -ssi, -sstim, 3, advance,
perceive, learn. rel-inquo, -iqui, -ictum, 3, leave.
col-o, -ui, cultum, 3, cultivate. sum-o, -psi, -ptum, 3, take.
consul-o, -ui, -turn, 3, consult. tollo, sustuli, sublatum, 3, lift, take
descen-do, -di, -sum, 3, descend. away.
oppr-imo, -essi, -essum, 3, crush, nnquam, ever.
vix, scarcely.
Note. Dico, duco, make die, due, in 2nd Pers. Sing, of Imperative.
VOCABULARY XXXVI.
The same (continued}.
acc-ipio, -epi, -eptnm, 3, receive, facio, feci, factum, 3, make, do.
sustain. fugio, fugi, fugitum, ?>,flee.
conj-icio, -eci, -ectum, 3, throw. impet-us, -us, an attack.
corr-ipio, -ipui, -eptum, 3, seize. pauc-us, -a, -um,few.
cup-io, -ivi or -ii, -itum, 3, wish, subito, suddenly.
desire. susc-ipio, -epi, -eptum, 3, undertake.
Note i. Verbs of the Third Conjugation ending in -io in the First
Person Present Indicative drop the i before i, final e, and short er, as,
Pres. Indie, fug-z'-o, fug-is, fug-it, fug-imus, fug-itis, fug-z'-unt, Fut. Simp,
fug-z'-am, etc., Imperative fug-e, Imperfect Subj. fug-erem, Pres. Inf.
fug-ere.
Note 2. Facio makes fac in 2nd Pers. Sing. Imperative.
Note 3. Adjectives always belong to some Substantive. But -if the
Substantive be man or men, it is often omitted, and the Adjective
stands alone in the Masculine Gender, as, bonos amamus, we love good
men or the good ; if the Substantive be thing or things, it is likewise
often omitted, and the Adjective stands alone in the Neuter, as, multa
diximus, we said many things.
94 RUDIMENTA LATIN A.
EXERCISE XXXIV.
Third Conjugation (continued).
Subjunctive Mood.
Translate into English :
(a) Discedat. Tegeremini. Legisset. Mittantur. Viveres.
Coacti essemus. Scribamus. Tangerer.
() Majorem statuam in foro posuisset. Docti judices
semper legantur. Portas nullius templi clauderemus. Arbor
magna vi ventorum fracta esset. Cras in aliam insulae par-
tern discedamus. Latronem forsan heri occidissemus. Epis-
tolam hodie legissent. Sic, fili, vivamus.
(c) Summis viribus pugnabant ne omnino vincerentur.
Aut vincat aut occidatur. Brutus haec retia heri reddidisset.
Tota nautarum manus hodie vigilare cogeretur. Agricolae
arando viverent. Praemium audaci servo promittamus. Ex
foro tandem discedere statuit ne occideretur. Sunima vir-
tute pugnare statuisset
Translate into Latin :
(d) Let them send. Let them be sent. He would be
led. He would lead. You would have touched. You would
have been touched. That I may shut. That I might depart.
(e) Let a braver leader be chosen. Let them read a
pleasanter book. You would have been sent hither, O boy.
You would have been conquered yesterday, O soldiers. The
hill would have been altogether covered with trees. That I
may speak with joyful mouth. We should at length be
understood by you. Fight, lest we be conquered, O youths.
(f) They would have pitched their camp beyond the
river. Let us not be compelled to enter his country-house.
By shouting, watching, and labouring we should perhaps
conquer their forces. Bad citizens would not restore the
money. Money will not be restored by robbers. Let them
depart to-morrow without any reward. The ship would be
shattered by the violence of the wind. He was moved with
the utmost fear lest he should be killed.
EXERCISES. 95
EXERCISE XXXV.
Third Conjugation (continued).
Imperative and Verb Infinite.
Translate into English :
(a) Die. Procedite. Ducimini. Due. Intellexisse.
Sustulisse. Descensurus. Sumpturus esse.
(b) Opprimens. Relictum iri. Colendi. Consuluisse.
Procedere cogar. Rem cognoscere statuit. De montibus
descendisse dicitur. Tertia legio oppressa esse dicitur.
(c) Cornelia patrem suum consultura est. Cur hos agros
colere timemus ? Virtutem colere bonum est. Urbs ea relicta
esse videtur. Brutus oppressisse copias hostium dicitur.
Gladios, hastas, scuta sumere statuimus. Aurum e templis
tollere solebat. Cur ex his collibus descendere timuistis ?
Translate into Latin :
(d) Advance, O son. Descend, O priests. To have taken
away. To have been taken away. To be crushed. Having
been crushed. Consulted. To be about to be cultivated.
(e) Of leaving. About to take. Take away this cup.
We fear to leave you. We fear to lift such heavy burdens.
They seemed to have ascertained the wishes of the priests.
The soldiers of the eighth legion were compelled to leave
those winter-quarters. It is easy to consult the wisest
judges.
(f) We scarcely ever dare to advance beyond these
mountains. Scarcely any poets were compelled to write
letters. We feared to descend without help from such a
place. It is dishonourable to take away silver from a temple.
We love to descend into the forum. Do you dare to leave
us thus, O Servius, most dishonourable of men ? We were
ordered to consult the learned judges. The bravest leaders
scarcely ever dared to advance into that valley.
96 RU DIME NT A LATIN A.
EXERCISE XXXVI.
Third Conjugation (continued).
Verbs in -io.
Translate into English :
(a) Acciperem. Faciebant. Fugtte. Cupiistis. Susce-
perint. Conjicerentur. Corripi. Fac.
(3) Bonos amare solemus. Majora faciamus. Honestos
laudare cupiunt. Avidos stultosque corripuere. Haec ego
mmquam suscipiam. Cur ea fecistis ? Multos occidit. In-
doctis praemia non dabuntur.
(c) Multa promisit sed pauca fecit. Ignem in turrim subito
conjecit. Nullam cladem unquam acceperant. Cur in locum
tarn tristem fugere cuperes ? Ignem conjicite, gladios corri-
pite, in muros impetum facite, milites. Plurima virtutis
praemia accipiet. Inhonesta facere paucis jucundum est.
Opus grave nee omnino jucundum suscipiet.
Translate into Latin:
(d) He would receive. They would be received. You
were fleeing. Desire, O son. Desire, O youths. Be seized,
wicked leader. Be seized, O lions. Do these things, dear
boy.
(e) Many things were seized by the old men. The enemy
will make an attack on (in) our men. They would have
seized many men between the winter-quarters and the river.
I should flee into other lands. He wished to receive a letter
rather than presents. Scarcely ever had so great a defeat been
sustained. To few men is it easy to undertake these things.
Other men would perhaps seize you suddenly.
(f) Do you desire to do these things ? I desire to under-
take neither these nor any other things. Do not fear to seize
and condemn the bad. Do not desire such things. Do not
undertake any work. Make nets, old man. Make a garment,
O daughter. Receive not any gifts, the rewards of crime.
EXERCISES. 97
VOCABULARY XXXVII.
Fourth Conjugation.
aper-io, -ui, -turn, 4, open. mun-io, -Ivi, -Itum, ^fortify.
eaten- a, -ae, a chain. nud-ns, -a, -urn, naked.
custod-io, -Ivi, -Itum, 4, guard. nutr-io, -Ivi, -Itum, 4, nourish.
dorm-io, -Ivi, -Itum, 4, sleep. palli-um, -i, a cloak.
foss-a, -ae, a ditch, moat. pun-io, -Ivi, -Itum, 4, punish.
hor-a, -ae, an hour. vall-um, -i, a rampart.
iuaped-io, -Ivi, -Itum, 4, hinder. vest-io, -Ivi, -Itum, 4, clothe.
vinc-io, -Ivi, -Itum, 4, bind.
Note. With all Verbs that make -ivi in the Perfect the v may be
dropped, as, impedivi or impedii, impediveram or impedieram.
VOCABULARY XXXVIII.
The same (continued).
aud-io, -Ivi, -Itum, 4, hear. quoties, how often ?
conv-enio, -eni, -entum, 4, assemble, reper-io, -i, -turn, \,find.
ferio,percussi,percussum, 4, strike, saev-io, -Ivi, -Itum, 4, rage, rave.
fin-io, -Ivi, -Itum, ^finish, end. sen-tio, -si, -sum, 4, feel, perceive.
insan-io, -Ivi, -Itum, 4, be mad. venio, veni, ventum, 4, come.
Note. The word at after ' assemble ' is generally translated by ad or
in with Accusative, as, ad portam conveniunt, they assemble at the gate.
VOCABULARY XXXIX.
The same (continued).
auctor, -is, an author. libenter, willingly.
bene, well. male, ill, badly.
career, -is. a prison. pan-is, -is, m. t bread.
car-o, -nis,/!, meat, flesh. quis, who?
dur-us, -a, -um, hard. satis, enough, sufficiently, tolerably.
labor, -is, labour. seditio, -nis, a sedition.
lac, -tis, milk. singular-is, -e, extraordinary.
viator, -is, a traveller.
Note. The Gerunds and Gerundives of Verbs of the 4th Conjugation,
and of Verbs in -io of the 3rd, sometimes have u for e, as feriendi,
or feriundi, corripiendus or corripiundus.
H
98 RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
EXERCISE XXXVII.
Fourth Conjugation.
Indicative Mood.
Translate into English :
(a) Custodiebat. Vincti erunt. Muniunt. Nutriemur
Portam clausam aperuerat. Multa custodierit. Dormiebamus.
Alia eum impediunt.
(ft) Castra vallo fossaque muniunt. Malos punimus.
Nudos vestient. Domini a servis suis vincientur. Hae
puellae a matribus suis nutriebantur. Urbs ilia muris
operibusque munita est A nullo amico impedietur.
(c) Malos catenis vinciemus. Multa latrones impediere
Oculos eorum aperiam. Sacerdotes pulchris palliis vestiti
sunt. Muros custodiam, ne hostis eos expugnet. Sub quar-
tam horam dormiebam. Multorum scelera punierant. Longo
pallio plerumque vestiti sunt
:
Translate into Latin :
(d) They are guarding. They are guarded. You have
been punished. You have punished. Our men guard the
walls. Many men sleep to the fourth hour. Why do you
hinder these menl The folly of unlearned men has often
hindered us.
(e) Soft things nourish tender youths. But nobody will
have punished the good. The soldiers of the eighth legion
were not clothed with skins. Has the innocent mother of
Quintus been bound with chains ? Wise men clothe them-
selves with virtue. The leaders of the fleets were being
punished. The gates were opened before the sixth hour.
They clothed the naked and promised gifts to many.
(/} We are hindered by dogs and other animals. They
nourished the multitude with food. Why do we nourish such
unlearned sons ? We scarcely ever punished them. The
robber was certainly clothed with skins. For we have
scarcely ever either bound or condemned such men. We
shall punish such cruel masters. They suddenly opened
their mouths.
EXERCISES. 99
EXERCISE XXXVIII.
Fourth Conjugation (continued).
Subjunctive Mood.
Translate into English :
(a) Veniamus. Audiremur. Convenissent. Ferirem.
Finiissem. Insanires. Reperirere. Saeviant.
(&) Nonne haec sentires ? Hue sub sextam horam conve-
niamus. Audiremini tandem, mulieres. Hectorem hastis
percussissent. A te nunquam feriar. Hoc opus ante sextam
horam finires. Nulla epistola reperta esset. Ut insaniatis.
(c) Nonne in hunc locum convenient? Quoties hos
cantus audivissem ? Ut a pastoribus feriare. Rem profecto
finiret. Percussine essemus ? Haec sentiant Cur sic sae-
virem ? Ad castra venisses.
Translate into Latin:
(d) Let us assemble. I should rave. Thou wouldst have
perceived. Let him be heard. We should come. You
would have been struck. That I may not be mad. Thou
wouldst finish.
(e) Let them assemble at that part of the town. We
should have raved from the sixth to the eighth hour. You
would have perceived these crimes. Let us be heard by
Cassius, the general of the first legion. They would come
just before (sub) night. They would have been struck by a
weapon. Would they have been struck by Cotta, their own
messenger ? Let us finish these things, lest we be punished.
(f) Let him bind his enemy with chains. They would
hinder all things with their bodies. How often would he
have punished his slave ? They would have nourished the
tender sheep. Let them fortify the winter-quarters with a
rampart and ditch. Let us not sleep beyond the fifth hour.
They would have been guarded by Cornelia, a woman of
great virtue. No one would open the gates before night.
H 2
100 RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
EXERCISE XXXIX.
Fourth Conjugation (continued}.
Imperative and Verb Infinite.
Translate into English :
(a] Sentiens. Saeviturus. Repertus. Insaniendo. Finiisse.
Percussum iri. Vinctus esse. Conventurus.
(ft) Ferire cupit. Hue venire cogar. Vix ulli cives vin-
ciri timebunt. Bonos punire ne statueris. Malosne nutrire
destinas ? Hunc locum munire non facile est. A civibus im-
pediri injucundum est. Cur tarn diu dormire cupis ?
(c) Muniendo, custodiendo, vigilando malos coercebimus.
Saeviundo nunquam vincemus. Singularem eorum virtutem
sentire facile est. Auctorem tantae seditionis punituri sumus.
Viatores ab omni parte convenire libenter statuunt. Haec
satis bene sensisse dicitur. In duro cubili dormiturus esse
dicitur. Lacte carne pane corpora nostra nutriendo diu
vivemus.
Translate into Latin :
(d) About to open. To be about to be guarded. To be
about to sleep. Sufficiently hindered. Having been forti-
fied. For nourishing. To have punished. To have been
clothed.
(e) Finish your labours. Be guarded in this prison. Do
not hinder the traveller. Do not be struck by the foolish. It
is not unpleasant to be guarded by such men. Who does
not seem to perceive his extraordinary wisdom ? Shut your
gates willingly, O citizens. Do you not dare to punish
Servius, the author of the sedition ?
(/) We desire to sleep. He fears to be hindered. Who
would not wish to end such hard labours ? They seem to be
well guarded in a strong prison. Who would have feared to
nourish them with bread and meat and milk ? The robbers,
bound with chains, are compelled to labour in a prison.
Amongst so many labours he scarcely ever seemed to sleep.
A traveller, badly clothed, but tolerably well prepared for (aef)
war, entered the country house.
EXERCISES. 101
VOCABULARY XL.
First Conjugation of Deponent Verbs.
ann-us, -i, a year. miserari, pity.
cerv-us, -i, a stag. morari, delay.
comitari, accompany. obscur-us, -a, -um, obscure.
conari, endeavour, try. popular!, lay -waste.
hortari, exhort. precari, pray.
interpretari, interpret. silv-a, -ae, a wood.
lep-us, -oris, m. t a hare. superior, former, previous.
venari, hunt.
Note i. Deponent Verbs possess what is wanting in Active Verbs,
namely a Perfect Participle of Active meaning, as, conatus, having
attempted.
Note 2. Duration of Time, or Time how long, is put in the Accusa-
tive, as, multos annos vixit, he lived many years ; a Point of Time, or
Time when, is put in the Ablative, as, Secunda hora surgit, he rises at
the second hour.
VOCABULARY XLI.
Second Conjugation of Deponents, etc.
Aegln-a, -ae, Aegina. multum, much (Adverb).
Afric-a, -ae, Africa. pericul-um, -i, danger.
conf-iteor, -essus, 2, confess, ac- pollic-eor, -itus, 2, promise.
knowledge. possum, potui, be able (see-Afc/i i).
curs-iis, -us, a course, voyage. reor, ratus, 2, think.
it-er, -ineris, n., a journey, march, ver-eor, -\\x&,fear.
mer-eor, -itus, 2, deserve. vitare, avoid.
Note i. Before doing Ex. 41 the Verb possum (p. 47) should be
learnt.
Note 2. For can, could, and could have use possum, e. g. ' Can he
do this ? ' potestne hoc facere ?
Note 3. For ' to a place ' use ad or in with Accusative, as, ad or in
silvas festinat, he hastens to the woods ; but if the place be a town or
small island the Preposition is omitted, as, Aeginam navigat, he sails to
Aegina.
VOCABULARY XLII.
Third Conjugation of Deponents.
Carthag-o, -mis, Carthage. pa-tior, -ssus, 3, suffer, allow.
conse-quor, -cutus, 3, obtain. prof-iciscor, -ectus, 3, set out.
lo-quor, -cutus, 3, speak. que-ror, -stus, 3, complain.
mor-ior, -tuus, 3, die. simil-is, -e, like, similar.
obli-viscor, -tus, 3, forget. se-quor, -cutus, ^follow.
Note i. Morior, patior follow the rule for Verbs in -io. (See Vocab.
36, Note i, p. 93.)
Note 2. For 'from a place' use ab or ex with Ablative, as, ab or ex
urbe discessit, he departed from the city ; but if the place be a town or
small island the Preposition is omittted, as, Roma discessit, he departed
from Rome.
102, RUDIMENT A LA TINA.
EXERCISE XL.
First Conjugation of Deponents.
Rules of Time.
Translate into English :
(a) Comitabor. Venaremur. Precatus esse. Conatus.
Hortareris. Interpretabimini. Moralus. Populabantur.
(3) Quis non eos miserabitur ? Totum diem moramur.
Agros ea nocte populatus discessit. Cervos leporesque diem
noctemque venati essent. Ab sexta ad octavam horam vos
comitabimur. Urbem superiore anno obsidere conati erant.
Primo die pueros, secundo puellas hortatus est. Filius ille
patrem suum multos annos comitatus est.
(c) Paucis diebus te comitabor. Quis tarn obscura inter-
pretari conaretur? Inhonestos ne miseratus sis. Cur non
cervos illo die venari cupiebas? Timesne in templis pre-
cari ? Vix unam horam moratus in silvam procedit. Nonne
haec libenter interpretareris ? Sed hac nocte lepores non
venabimur.
Translate into Latin :
(d) Let us hunt. Why do they not pray? Who will
accompany us? He would scarcely pity us. How often
did they exhort ? Will no one hunt with us ? We will pray
with you. Having delayed a few days he tried to interpret
the matter.
(e) Few pity the bad. In former years they had feared
to lay waste those plains. Pray day and night. Do not
pity us. We hunt the stags and hares without fear. En-
deavour to restrain your men by force. It is better to delay
than to hasten. By delaying we shall perhaps conquer.
(f) Having laid waste the plains they accompanied us a
whole year. Having delayed one day he suddenly made an
attack. In a few days they would have exhorted all the
people. Many were attempting to depart that night. Cor-
nelia having exhorted her father and mother was preparing
to depart. He would have interpreted these things to us.
Who fears to accompany me ? Do not hunt in these
valleys without Davus, your attendant.
EXERCISES. 103
EXERfclSE XLI.
Second Conjugation of Deponents. Possum.
Rules of Place.
Translate into English :
(a) Confitebimur. Poterit. Ratus esse. Veriti essetis.
Pollicerentur. Meriti sumus. Confiteri posse. Rebar.
() Veritus. Meritus. Talia confessus est. Dona nobis
pollicitus e castris discedit. Donis onerari plurimis meretur.
Rem omnem confitebimur, ne ad carcerem ducamur. Rem
omnem confitetur, ne Romam ducatur. Multa nobis polli-
ceri non potest.
(c) Cursum Aeginam facere cupit. Cursum ad Africam
sine magno periculo non possumus. Multum verebatur ne
Athenas iter facere cogeretur. Haec omnia confessus pre-
cari conatur. Haec tibi polliceri non potui. Quis tanta
praemia mereri potuisset? Iter Athenas fecit ut amorem
civium mereretur. Totum annum moratus tot scelera tan-
dem confitetur.
Translate into Latin :
(d) Having thought. Promising. They would promise.
Having confessed. They would not be able. Let them
deserve. Let them not fear. Who will promise these things
to us?
(e) Can we hasten to the mountain ? We could not send a
messenger to Rome. No one could have feared such a
king. Are you able to lead our men to the river ? He can
lead us to Rome without danger. He can avoid these
labours without much danger. Who would willingly make
a voyage either to Aegina or to Africa ? Let us confess our
crimes to Quintus, a most honourable judge.
(f) We were not able to make a journey to Rome. Why
are we not able to send the slaves to our country-house?
Scarcely any other woman would have confessed such
things. We feared much lest Brutus should be killed.
They did not seem to be able to descend from the moun-
tains. But they could without danger have advanced from
the river. How often have we made a voyage to Africa?
Yet we have never been able to avoid these dangers.
104 RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
EXERCISE XLII.
Third Conjugation of Deponents.
Rules of Place (continued).
Translate info English :
(a) Patiantur. Morerentur. Questus. Locutus esse.
Secuturus. Consequendi. Oblitus esset. Proficiscar.
(3) E castris proficiscitur. Athenis profectus est. Multa
sine periculo consecutus erit. Quis me sequetur, cives ?
Haec vel his similia locutus gladium postulavit. Cur de his
rebus querebaris? Hora sexta mortuus est. Hac nocte
Aegina proficiscetur.
(e) Nemo talia pati posset. Nos Athenis Romam secutus
subito moritur. Multum de periculis itineris querebantur.
De patria, de virtute, de bello multa locutus est. Te Ro-
mam, Athenas, Carthaginem sequemur. Maximos honores
consecutus Carthagine proficiscitur. Tantane pericula obli-
viscetur? Vix ante noctem ex urbe proficisci poterit.
Translate into Latin :
(d] Let us set out. Having forgotten. About to obtain.
To have suffered. By dying. Complaining. Having
spoken. Let them follow.
(e) They will not allow him to speak. He will set out
to-morrow from this town. The dog followed us to the gate.
He spoke much concerning the faith and wisdom of his men.
Our men have obtained many things by fighting. He suffers
these things and things similar to these. Having obtained
the reward of virtue Quintus allowed himself to be seized.
Who can follow such a man?
(/") Do not fear to speak. Prepare to die, O robbers.
Let us not set out from Carthage before night. Having
delayed one day we set out from our country house. He
complains of (de) the food, the wine, and the water. . We
desire to forget these things. Who can speak in the pre-
sence of such a multitude ? He died on the seventh day.
EXERCISES. 105
VOCABULARY XLIII.
Fourth Conjugation of Deponents.
cons-isto, -stiti, -stitum, 3, halt. opper-ior, -tus, 4, wait, wait for.
Cremon-a, -ae, Cremona. ordior, orsus, 4, begin.
exper-ior, -tus, 4, try, make trial of. orior, ortus, 4, arise.
magist-er, -ri, a master. sol, -is, m., the sun.
inent-ior, -itus, 4, lie, tell a lie. statim, immediately.
metior, mensus, 4, measure. Vei-i, -orum, //., Veil.
Note i. Orior makes Future Participle oriturus.
Note 2. For * at a place' use ad with Ace. or in with Abl., as, ad
portas est, he is at the gates, in taberna Sosiorum est, he is at the shop of
the Sosii ; but if the place be a town or small island, use the Locative
Case, which ends like the Ablative except in the Singular Number of
the First and Second Declensions where it ends like the Genitive, as,
Carthagine, Athenis, Romae, Tarenti vixit, he has lived at Carthage,
Athens, Rome, and Tarentum.
VOCABULARY XLIV.
Reported Speech.
caus-a, -ae, cause. pa-x, -cis, peace.
pet-o, -ivi, -itum, 3, seek, beg for. sit-us, -a, -um, situated.
Note. A report of the exact words used by another person is usually
indicated by the word ' inquit,' says he or said he, written after the first
word of the quotation, as, 'unde,' inquit, 'venis.?' ' From whence do
you come ?' said he.
VOCABULARY XLV.
Ablative Absolute.
clamor, -is, a shout. judici-um, -i, a trial.
expectare, await. qui-esco, -evi, -etum, 3, rest.
gaudeo, gavisus, 2, rejoice. tempest-as, -atis, a tempest.
Note i . Gaudeo is a Semi-deponent, like audeo and soleo.
Note 2. A common construction in Latin is the Ablative Absolute.
It usually consists of a Noun and Participle in agreement, which are
construed into English without the use of a Preposition, as, milite victo,
pax fact a est, the soldier being conquered or having been conquered, peace
was made. Be careful not to put into the Ablative a Noun which is
Subject of a Verb and should therefore be Nominative, as, ' the soldier,
being conquered, fled,' miles \ictus fugit.
io6
RUDIMENTA LATIN A.
EXERCISE XLIII.
Fourth Conjugation of Deponents,
Rules of Place (continued).
Translate into English :
(a) Mentitus es. Metiarne? Expertus. Opperturus.
Oriturus esse. Mensus. Orsus eram. Ordiundi.
(<5) Reginam opperiens. Sol ortus est. Belli casus expe-
riri cupimus. Omnia maria metiri non possumus. Nunc
alia ordiemur. Nuntios ad villam opperiri conabimur. Nun-
tios Cremonae opperiri statuit. Vates mentitus esse dicitur.
(c) Multos magistros Athenis expertus sum. Sororem
nostram Carthagine opperiamur. Post haec ira militum orta
est. Quis caelum metiri possit ? Locum castrorum mensus
exercitum consistere jubet. Interea sol ortus est, nosque
ducem nostrum statim sequimur. Mentirine inter tot honestos
possem ? Cur non heri orsus es ?
Translate into Latin :
(d) Having begun. To be about to begin. To be about
to wait. Measure, O poet. Measure, O sailors. Let them
arise. Do not tell a lie. Of lying.
(e) We have often measured this field. Let us begin be-
fore night. He ordered his troops to halt at the river. The
troops were able to halt neither at Veii nor Cremona. Let
us make trial of other masters. Let not the priests of this
temple tell a lie. They immediately resolved to wait for the
legions at Rome. They had lived a long time at Tarentum.
(/") Let them wait at the well known statue placed in the
forum. They would order the legions to halt at the third
hour. Let us pitch our camp at this place. Nobody re-
mained at Veii. We determined to live one year at our
country house. Brutus, Cassius, and Cornelia feared to de-
part with me from Veii. But no soldiers were bound with
chains at Cremona. Nevertheless we desired to punish the
authors of so great a crime.
EXERCISES. 107
EXERCISE XLIV.
Reported Speech.
Translate into English :
(a) Quis clamat ? Docebisne ? ' Haec/ inquit, ' non in-
telligo/ Ab omni parte conveniunt. Tune me impedies ?
Hos miserari non possum. Pauca obliviscitur. Mentiri
timemus.
() Cottae, duel nostro, caenam parant. Docendo docemur.
Malos ne foveris. Malosne foveres ? Quis talem epistolam
scribere potuisset ? ' Roma/ inquit, ' statim proficiscar.'
' Romam/ inquit, ' her sine causa feci/ Veiis Cremonam fugit
ne a civibus accusetur.
(c) Fide, spe, amore multa consequemur. ' Quis/ inquit,
'amorem tuum satis experiri possit?' Notus ille viator diu
Athenis moratur. Romae potius quam Carthagine vivere
cupio. Sed ad Africam cursum facere destinaveram. Faucis
tanta praemia dabuntur. Nee mihi nee vobis tela satis
utilia dantur. Bruto, primae legionis duci, vinum aqua
mixtum paratur.
Translate into Latin :
(d) We are besieged. They would be condemned. All
things are willingly sent. Would you have come without
cause ? Do not confess. Have we not begged for peace ?
Has he ever told a lie ?
(e) Gifts are demanded by the greedy. ' Never/ said he,
' have I been wounded by any weapon.' Who would disturb
such an honourable peace ? * No wickedness/ said he,
* would have been more base.' Do not mix bad water with
good wine. Lead us into the woods, dear boy. No judge
could be wiser than you. It is pleasant to be praised by
Cicero, the most learned of men.
(f) Don't speak, friends. His wounds were certainly
most serious. Tullia alone was able to interpret these things.
The horns of that animal were strong rather than beautiful.
Let us watch long and often that we may avoid defeat. Have
we ever seen so many enemies ? Let us live at Cremona a
whole year. Let them descend from those hills to the town
situated on this side the Thames.
I08 RUDIMENT A LA TIN A.
EXERCISE XLV.
Ablative Absolute.
Translate into English :
(a) Rege amato. Filio damnato. Castris positis. Dono
misso. Urbibus deletis. Pace facta. Multitudine turbata.
Manu vincta.
() Rege liberate, gaudebamus. Rex liberatus gaudebat.
Itinere facto, vinum postulavit. Territis filiabus, clamor ortus
est. Filiae territae clamaverunt. Labore finito, quievimus.
Urbe munita, hostem non timent. Loco hibernis lecto, dux
quievit.
(c) Armis sumptis, hostem expectavere. Latronibus pu-
nitis, salus reddita nobis est. Sacerdote et poeta in judicium
vocatis, tristes sumus. Castris vallo fossaque munitis peri-
culum non timebitur. Bruto Cassioque nos comitatis, nulla
pericula timemus. Mari tempestate turbato, cursum facere
non possumus. Te copias ducente, hostem superabimus.
Copiis a te ductis, magna clades hostium erit.
Express in the Ablative:
(d) The woman having been advised. The lion being
killed. The people labouring. Brutus and Cassius being
wounded. The dog having followed us. The sister having
been adorned. The sedition being crushed. The sun having
arisen.
(e) Brutus being conquered by Octavius. The camp
having been left by me. Cicero having exhorted the citizens.
The robber having confessed his crimes. Cotta having dared
to do these things. The traveller having rejoiced. The
statues of Quintus being broken. A tempest having arisen.
Translate, using Ablative Absolute where required:
(_/") Cicero having exhorted the citizens, a shout arose.
Cicero, having exhorted the citizens, departed. The robber
having confessed his crimes was condemned. The robber
having confessed his crimes, we left the forum. Cotta, being
wounded, cried out. Cotta being wounded, his slaves were
accused. The sedition being crushed, we rejoiced. The
shepherd having followed us a long time departed.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
*** The figure after each word indicates the number of the Vocabulary
in the body of the work in which it occurs.
A.
a, &b,from, by, 9.
absque, without, 9.
accipio, receive, sustain,
36.
accusare, accuse, 23.
acer, sharp, keen, fierce,
12.
ad, to, at, 7.
adversus, against, 7.
Aegina, Aegina, 41.
Africa, Africa, 41.
zgtr, field, 2.
agricola, farmer, 20.
alius, 0M<??-, another, 13.
alter, the other, 13.
altus, Az^, 10.
amare, &#<?, 19.
amicus, friend, 12.
amor, /<w*, 7.
animal, animal, 13.
annus, _j/mr, 40.
ante, before, 7.
anus, 0/d? woman, 6.
aperio, 0/*, 37.
apud, near, at the house
of, 7-
aqua, water, 29.
arare, plough, 19,
arbor, to*, 3.
argentum, silver, money,
20.
Athenae, Athens, 25.
auctor, author, 39.
audax, &?/</, 12.
audeo, </ar<?, 29.
audio, ^mr, 38.
auris, ear, 4.
aurum, /</, 20.
autem, but, 17.
auxilium, ^^>, 12,
avidus, eager, greedy, 14.
B.
bellum, war, 2.
bene, zw//, 39.
bonus, good, 10.
brevis, short, 1 1 .
Brutus, Brutus, 19.
C.
caedes, slaughter, 4.
caelum, j^y, heaven, 22.
caena, supper, 20.
campus, plain, 2.
canis, </0-, 5.
cantus, -stfwg", 6.
caput, /z.ftffl', 3.
careen, prison, 39.
caro, meat, flesh, 39.
Carthago, Carthage, 42.
carus, </#zr, 14.
Cassius, Cassius, 19.
castra, camp, 31.
casus, chance, accident,
6.
catena, chain, 37.
causa, rattj*, 44.
cervus, .s'/ag', 40.
Cicero, Cicero, 21.
circa, round, around,
about, 7.
circum, round, around,
about, 7.
cis, Mtr V(?, 7.
citra, <? this side, 7.
civis, citizen, 5.
clades, defeat, 4.
clam, without the know-
ledge of, 9.
clamare, shout, 21.
clamor, j/fow/, 45.
classis, _/&?*/, 4.
claudo, shut, 31.
coerceo, restrain, 27.
cognosce, ascertain, per-
ceive, learn, 35.
cogo, compel, 32.
collis, ^z'//, 4.
colo, cultivate, 35.
comitari, accompany, 40.
conari, endeavour, try,
40.
confiteor, confess, ac-
knowledge, 41.
conjicio, throw, 36.
consequor, obtain, 42.
consisto, ^a//, 43.
consulo, consult, 35.
contra, against, 7.
convenio, assemble, 38.
copia, plenty, \i.
copiae, forces, 12.
coram, zVz M^ presence
of, 9.
Cornelia, Cornelia, 21.
cornu, ,fo?7/, ii.
corpus, &MJ/, 3.
corripio, seize, 36.
Cotta, Otfto, i.
eras, to-morrow, 34,
Cremona, Cremona, 43.
crudelis, rrw^/, 14.
crus, /^-, 3.
cubile, fo/, 4.
culpare, blame, 23.
no
RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
cum, with, in company
ex, 0w/ of, from, 9.
with, 9.
exercitus, arwy, 13.
cupio, wish, desire, 36.
expectare, await, 45.
cur, why, 29.
experior, /ry, make trial
cursus, course, voyage,
of, 43.
41.
expugnare, storm, take
custodio, guard, 37.
by storm, 24.
extra, outside, 7.
D.
damnare, condemn, 22.
F.
Davus, Davus, 25.
de, down from, of, con-
cerning, 9.
deleo, destroy, 26.
demens, mad, 12.
dens, tooth, 5.
facilis, i?<zjj/, ii.
facio, make, do, 36.
fames, hunger, 4.
feles, <raA 4.
felix, happy, fortunate,
descendo, descend, 35.
destinare, intend, 24.
dico, jay, tell, 31.
dies, </)/, 25.
discedo, depart, 31.
diu, /:, y^r <z /<?
/z>Ki, 26.
12.
ferax, fertile, 12.
ferio, strike, 38.
festinare, hasten, 21.
fides, faith, 6.
filia, daughter, I.
filius, .swz, 2.
t\ r\ (T9<71* *t T
nniOj fift'iSfiy cM'Um ^8
doceo, teach, 26.
doctus, learned, 14.
dominus, master, 15.
donum, ^/?, present, 22.
fluvius, rzV<?r, 2.
forsan, perhaps, 32.
forsitan, perhaps, 32.
fortior, braver, 12.
fortis, brave, 1 1.
duco, &o<f, 31.
forum, forum, market-
dulcis, jw^/, ii.
place, 34.
durus, hard, 39.
dux, &o&r, general, 3.
fossa, ditch, moat, 37.
foveo, cherish, 27.
frango, break, 31.
frater, brother, 5.
E.
frons, /m/J 10.
e, out of, from, 9.
frons, n?ze/, forehead,
earum, MV, 16.
ego, /, 15.
ejus, his, her, its, 16.
10.
fructus,/rzV, 6.
fugare, // to flight, 20.
fugio,^,?, 36.
enim,y0r, 17.
eorum, thetr, ID.
epistola, /rfter, 25.
equester, equestrian, ca-
valry, 12.
Gallus, a 6^?^/, 8.
equitatus, cavalry, 6.
gaudeo, rejoice, 45.
equus, A0rj, 1 3.
gener, son-in-law, 2.
erga, twvards, 7.
genus, kind, class, race,
et, and, 2.
13.
gladius, sword, 2.
gravior, heavier, \i.
gravis, heavy, severe,
serious, ii.
H.
hasta, j/mr, i.
Hector, Hector t 3.
hei, a/<w/ 15.
heri, yesterday, 34.
hiberna, winter- quar-
ters, 31.
hie [Pron.], MzV, 16.
hie [Adv.], ^?n?, 27.
hirundo, swallow, 3.
hodie, /<M/OX, 34.
homo, ffzaw, 3.
honestus, honourable,
14.
honor, honotir, 3.
hora, hour, 37.
hortari, exhort, 40.
hostis, enemy, 4.
hue, hither, 24.
I.
idem, /^^ same, 16.
ignis, /r<?, 5.
illarum, /^zr, 16.
ille, ////, 16.
illius, /zzV, 7z<?r, z'/j, 16.
illorum, their, 16.
illustrior, more famous,
12.
illustris, illustrious, fa-
mous, ii.
impedio, hinder, 37.
impetus, attack, 36.
impleo,///, 25.
in, zwto, to, against, 8 ;
' 0, among, 9.
indoctus, unlearned, \.\.
infelix, unhappy, unfor-
tunate, 12.
infra, beneath, 7.
"ngens, zw/,
viense. 12.
LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCA B ULA R Y.
Ill
inhonestns, dishonour-
able, 14.
injucundus, unpleasant^
insania, madness, I.
insanio, be mad, 38.
insons, innocent, 12.
insula, island, I.
intelligo, perceive, un-
derstand, 33.
inter, between, among, 7.
interea, meanwhile, 20.
interpretari, interpret,
40.
intra, within, 7.
intrare, enter, 32.
invidia, envy, 27.
ipse, -self, 16.
ira, anger, 27.
is, //zatf, 1 6.
iste, that of yours, 16.
\\.zr, journey, march, 41.
J.
jubeo, 0r<f<?r, command,
26.
jucundus, pleasant, wel-
come, 14.
judex,/#fl^, 22.
judicium, /rz/, 45.
juvenis, youth, 5.
juxta, war, */ to, 7.
labor, labour, 39.
laborare, labour, 21.
lac, #zz7, 39.
laetus, glad, joyful, 1 4 .
latro, robber, 22.
laudare, praise, 19.
legio, /^7'<7w, 31.
lego, choose, read, 33.
leo, /z07z, 3.
lepus, hare, 40.
levis, light, n.
libens, willing, 12.
libenter, willingly, 39.
liber, &w, 33.
liberare, set free, 19.
locus, place, ground, 31.
longus, long, 10.
N.
loquor, speak, 42.
nam, yr, 1 7.
namque, ^/0r, 1 7.
M.
nauta, sailor, I.
navis, j/$z^, 5.
magister, master, 43.
ne, Twtf (in Commands),
magistratus, magistrate,
18.
6.
ne, /rf, Ma:/ . . . not, 32.
magnus, great, 10.
-ne, see 27, Note.
major, greater, 12.
male, z7/, badly, 39.
nee, ra?r, a</ . . . not,
neither, 5.
malus, bad, evil, wicked,
nemo, nobody, no one,
10.
31.
mandare, entrust, 25.
neuter, neither, 13.
maneo, remain, 26.
niger, black, 10.
manus, hand, band, 6.
non, <?/, 1 8.
mare, sea, n.
nonne, see 27, Note.
mater, mother, 5.
nonnunquan^jtfwz^zVtfw,
melior, better, 12.
21.
mentior, /z>, /<?// a /zV,
noster, 0#r, (?wrj, 15.
43-
not us, known, well-
mereor, deserve, 41.
known, 10.
messis, harvest, 5.
nox, night, 25.
metier, measure, 43.
nubes, clotid, 4.
metus, fear, 6.
nudus, naked, 37.
meus, wzy, #zz>z, 15.
nullus, 0, none, not
miles, soldier, 3.
any, 13.
minister, attendant, 2.
nunc, 0w, 29.
minor, less, smaller, 12.
nunquam, never, 21.
miser, miserabk,wretch-
nuntius, messenger, 22.
ed, 10.
nutrio, nourish, 37.
misceo, #zzX 29.
miserari, j^zVy, 40.
mitto, jm</, 31.
mollis, .TO/?, ii.
ob, account of, 7.
moneo, advise, 26.
obliviscor, forget, 42.
mons, mountain, 8.
obscurus, obscure, 40.
monstrare, j/wzy, 19.
obsideo, besiege, 30.
morari, <&/*y, 40.
occido, z7/, 32.
morior, die, 42.
octavus, eighth, 32.
motus, motion, 6.
oculus, <y/*, 2.
moveo, move, 26.
omnino, altogether, 34.
mulier, woman, 3.
omnis, a//, ^zwj, n.
multitude, multitude, 9.
onerare, /(?o</, 19.
multum, much, 41.
onus, burden, 3.
multus, much, pi. many,
opperior, wait for, 43.
10.
oppidum, town, 9.
munio, fortify, 37.
opprimo, <:rw^, 35.
murus, tt>a//, 2.
oppugnare, attack, 20.
112
RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
optimus, best.
portare, carry, 19.
opus, work, ii.
possum, be able, 41.
ordior, begin, 43.
post, a//<?r, J7<r<?, 8.
orior, arise, 43.
postulare, demand, 23.
ornare, adorn, 19.
potius, rather, 15.
os, mouth, 3.
prae, before, owing to, 9.
OS, &?, 5.
praemium, reward, 31.
ovile, sheepfold, 4.
praeter, beyond, except,
ovis, J<fo<?/, 4.
contrary to, 8.
precari, /raj, 40.
primus, Jfrj/, 31.
P.
pro, y0r, 0# behalf of,
palam, #zV7t> of, 9.
pallium, r&a, 37.
panis, bread, 39.
par are, prepare, 19.
in proportion to, 9.
procedo, advance, 35.
profecto, certainly, 1 7.
proficiscor, .s^/ <?/, 42.
promitto, promise, 31.
parvus, /zV/&, small, 10.
pastor, shepherd, 3.
pater, father, 5.
prope, mr, 8.
propter, account of, 8.
puella, ?>/, i.
patior, suffer, allow, 42.
patria, country, 15.
pucr ? boy ) 2.
pugnare, yf^/, 24.
pulcher, beautiful, fair,
pax, peace, 44.
peccare, jz, 21.
IO.
punio, punish, 37.
pectus, breast, 3.
pedester, pedestrian, in-
Q.
fantry, 12.
V*
pejor, worse, 12.
quam, //fo, 15.
pellis, j/z>z, /%zV&, 4.
quartus, fourth, 31.
penes, m the power of, 8.
per, through, by means
of, 8.
-que, 0</, 2.
queror, complain, 42.
quidem, indeed, 17.
periculum, danger, 41.
quiesco, r*rf, 45.
perraro, very seldom, 2 1.
persaepe, wry 0/fc, 22.
pes, /0<tf, 3.
quintus,yS/M, 32.
Quintus, Quintus, 2.
quis, who? 39.
peto, j^, beg for, 4%.
quoties, /*<?o> 0/fc f 38.
pictura, painting, pic-
ture, 25.
plerumque, generally,
R.
21.
raro, seldom, 21.
poculum, rw/, 29.
reddo, restore, 33.
poeta, poet, I.
regina, queen, 9.
polliceor, promise, 4 1 .
relinquo, /^a(?, 35.
pone, behind, 8.
reor, think, 41.
pono, place, pitch, 31.
reperio, _/</, 38.
popular!, /oj> waste, 40.
res, thing, affair, 6.
populus, people, 9.
rete, <?/, 4.
porta, ttte, 7,
rex, king, 9.
rideo, laugh, 26.
risus, laugh, laughter, 6.
Roma, Rome, i.
Romanus, Roman, 8.
rosa, >w, i.
s.
sacerdos, /rzVj/, 3.
saepe, <?/?, 17.
saevio, rage, rave, 38.
salus, safety, 13.
sapiens, ze/z'j^, 14.
sapientia, wisdom, I.
satis, enough, sufficient-
ly, tolerably, 39.
scelus, wickedness,
crime, 8.
scribo, write, 33.
scutum, shield, 2.
se, himself, etc., 15.
secundum, according to,
8.
secundus, second, 31.
sed, /, 17.
seditio, sedition, 39.
semper, always, 17.
senatus, senate, 6.
senex, 0A/ #za, 5.
sentio, y/, perceive, 38.
Septimus, seventh, 32.
sequor, follow, 42.
servare, &/, preserve,
19.
Servius, Servius, 2.
servus, j&w, 15.
sese, himself, etc., 15.
sextus, jz'^rM, 32.
sic, J0, MKJ, 34.
silva, wood, 40.
similis, /z'^i, similar, 42.
sine, without, 9.
singularis, extraordin-
ary, 39.
situs, situated, 44.
socer, father-in-law. 2.
sol, j*, 43.
soleo, ^ accustomed, 29.
solus, a/^^, <?/y, 13.
sonitus, sound, 6.
LA TIN-ENGLISH VOCA B ULA R Y.
sons, guilty, 1 2.
soror, sister, 7.
species, show, appear-
ance, 6.
spectare, behold, 22.
spes, hope, 6.
statim, immediately, 43.
statua, statue, 25.
statuo, resolve, deter-
mine, 31.
Stella, jfor, 8.
stultitia,jfo//j/, 33.
stultus, y00/z 'j^, 14.
sub, up to, under, just
abotit, 8, 9.
subito, suddenly, 36.
subter, under, 8, 9.
summus, topmost, ut-
most, 34.
sumo, te&r, 35.
super, 0wr, above, 8, 9.
superare, overcome, 24.
superior, former, pre-
vious, 40.
supra, a<50ztf, 8.
suscipio, undertake, 36.
suus, /& tfw/tt, etc., 15.
T.
talis, JM^, ii.
tam, so, such, II.
tamen, yet, nevertheless,
!7-
tandem, at length, 34.
tango, /**<:,&, 33.
tantus, so great, 27.
Tarentum, Tarentum,
43, Aft/* 2.
tego, cover, 33.
telum, weapon, 2.
tempestas, tempest, 45.
templum, temple, 20.
tener, tender, 10.
tenus, as far as, 9.
terra, /a;&/, M* #zr^, I.
tento, frighten, 28.
tertius, Mz></, 31.
Thamesis, Thames, 5.
timeo, y&zr, ^ afraid,
28.
Titus, TV/iw, 25.
tollo, /y?, take away, $$.
tot, J<? many, 1 1 .
totus, Mtf whole, 13.
trans, across, 8.
tristis, gloomy, sad, n.
tu, thou,you, 15.
Tullia, 7fc//za, 19.
turba, crowd, I.
turbare, distitrb, 30.
turpis, ^oj^, disgraceful,
ii.
turris, tower, 5.
tuus, thy, your, 15.
U.
ullus, ay, 13.
ultra, beyond, 8.
unguis, az7, 5.
unquam, m?r, 35.
unus, 0w, ^<? <?w/j/, 13.
urbs, Vy, 7.
ut, /Aa/, inorderthat, 23.
uter, which of two, 13.
utilis, useful, n.
uxor, w(/Sr, 15.
V.
validus, strong, 14.
vallis, valley, 4.
vallum, rampart, 37.
vastare, /<y/ waste, 22.
vates, prophet, 5.
Veii, rV, 43.
velox, .ra/y?, 12.
venari, hunt, 40.
venenum, poison, 2.
venio, /*, 38.
ventus, w/w^/, 26.
vereoT,/ear t 41.
versus, towards, 8.
Vespasianus, Vespasian,
25-
^^^r, your, yours, 15.
vestio, clothe, 37.
vestis, garment, 4.
via, way, r^dwT, /a/A, I .
viator, traveller, 39.
victus,yfr#/, 6.
video, J^, 29.
videor, j^w, 29.
vigilare, watch, 21.
villa, country house, 24.
vincio, ^z^/, 37.
vinco, conquer, 33.
vinum, wz'w^, 29.
vires, strength, 5.
virtus, virtue, valour, 9.
vis, force, violence, 5.
vitare, avoid, 41.
vivo, #zv, 33.
vix, scarcely, 35.
votum, ze/w/z, ww, 8.
vulnerare, wound, 22.
vulnus, wound, ii.
vultus, countenance, 16.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
A.
able, to be, possum, 41.
about, circum, circa, 7.
above, supra, 8.
accident, casus, 6.
accompany, comitari,
40.
according to, secun-
dum, 8.
accuse, accusare, 23.
accustomed, to be, soleo,
29.
acknowledge, confiteor,
41.
across, trans, 8.
adorn, ornare, 19.
advance, procedo, 35.
advise, moneo, 26.
Aegina, Aegina, 41.
affair, rw, 6.
afraid, to be, timeo, 28.
Africa, Africa, 41.
after, /atf, 8.
against, adversus, con-
tra, 7 ; in, 8.
alas, hei, 15.
all, omnis, n.
allow, patior, 42.
alone, J0/#J, 13.
altogether, ontnino, 34.
always, semper, 17.
among, z'ter, 7 ; z'w, 9.
and, /, -^#, 2.
anger, z>a, 27.
animal, animal, 13.
another, a/z'wj, 13.
any, ullus, 13.
appearance, species, 6.
arise, 0rz<?r, 43.
army, exercitus, 13.
around, circutn, circa, 7.
as far as, tenus, 9.
black, wz^5?r, 10.
ascertain, cognosce, 34.
blame, culpare, 23.
assemble, convenio, 38.
body, corpus, 3.
at, o</, m, 7 ; Abl. (of
bold, audax, 12.
Time), 40, Note 2;
bone, w, 5.
Locative Case, 43,
book, #&r, 33.
Note 2.
boy, /<?r, 2.
at length, tandem, 34.
brave, fortis, IT.
at the house of, apud, 7.
braver, fortior, 12.
Athens, Athenae, 25.
bread, pants, 39.
attack, impetus, 36.
break, frango, 31.
attack, to, oppugnare,
breast, pectus, 3.
20.
brother, f rater, 5.
attendant, minister, 2.
brow,fr0ns, 10.
author, auctor, 39.
Brutus, Brutus, 19.
avoid, vitare, 41.
burden, <?##j, 3.
await, expect are, 45.
but, autem, sed, 17.
by, a, a, 9.
B.
by means of, /Vr, 8.
bad, malus, 10.
badly, #//<?, 39.
.
band, manus, 6.
camp, cast r a, 31.
base, turpis, n.
can, possttm, 41, AW* I.
be able, possum, 41.
carry, port are, 19.
be accustomed, ,w/<?, 29.
Carthage, Carthago, 43,
be mad, insanio, 38.
.Mtf<r 2.
beautiful, pulcher, 10.
Cassius, Cassius, 19.
bed, cubile, 4.
cat, /<?/w, 4.
before, #/, 7 ; /nz<?, 9.
cause, causa, 44.
beg for, /<?/0, 44.
cavalry (subst.), ^/-
begin, ordior, 43.
/^MJ, 6; (adj.) ***-
behind, pone, 8.
&r, 12.
behold, spectare, 22.
certainly, profecto t 17.
beneath, infra, 7.
chain, catena, 37.
besiege, obsideo, 30.
chance, ramr, 6.
best, optimus.
cherish, foveo, 27.
better, melior, 12.
choose, /<?, 33.
between, m/<?r, 7.
Cicero, Cicero, 21.
beyond, praeter, ultra,
citizen, Wj, 5.
8.
city, wrfo, 7.
bind, vincio, 37.
class, genus, 13.
I 2
n6
RUDIMENT A LA TINA.
cloak, pallium, 37.
clothe, vestio, 37.
cloud, nubes, 4.
come, venio, 38.
command, jubeo, 26.
compel, cogo, 32.
complain, queror, 42.
concerning, de, 9.
condemn, damnare, 22.
confess, confiteor, 41.
conquer, z>z<:0, 33.
consult, consult), 34.
contrary to, praeter, 8.
Cornelia, Cornelia, 21.
Cotta, C0//0, i.
countenance, vultus, 16.
country, patria, 15.
country house, w'//0, 24.
course, cursus, 41.
cover, /<?, 33.
Cremona, Cremona, 43.
crime, scelus, 8.
crowd, turba, I.
cruel, crudelis, 14.
crush, opprimo, 35.
cultivate, <r<?/0, 35.
cup, poculum, 29.
D.
danger, periculum, 41.
dare, audeo, 29.
daughter, y?/zVz, I.
Davus, Davus, 25.
day, dfej, 25.
dear, carus, 14.
defeat, clades, 4.
delay, morari, 40.
demand, postulare, 22.
depart, discedo, 31.
descend, descendo, 35.
deserve, mereor, 41.
desire, <r#//0, 36.
destroy, </;/o?, 26.
determine, statuo, 31.
die, morior, 42.
disgraceful, turpis, n.
dishonourable, inhon-
eslus, 14.
disturb, turbare, 30.
fire, *?>, 5.
ditch, fossa, 37.
first, primus, 31.
0.0, facto, 36.
f\ee,fugio, 36.
dog, canis, 5.
fleet, classis, 4.
down from, de, 9.
flesh, ozr0, 39.
follow, sequor, 42.
E.
folly, stultitia, 33.
food, victus, 6.
eager, avidus, 14.
foolish, stultus, 14.
ear, auris, 4.
r , ,
earth, terra, I.
easy, foci Us, n.
eighth, octavus, 32.
for (conj.), *zV/z, wtf/tf,
namque, 17.
for (prep.),/, 9.
endfjinto, 38.
endeavour, conari, 40.
for a long time, 0Y#, 26.
force z^w* ^.
enemy, hostis, hastes, 4.
enough, ja/w, 39.
enter, intrare, 32.
entrust, mandare, 25.
envy, invidia, 27.
equestrian, equester, 12.
ever, unquam, 35.
every, omnis, u.
evil, malus, TO.
forces, copiae, 12.
forehead, frons, 10.
forget, obliviscor, 42.
former, superior, 40.
fortify, munio, 37.
fortunate, felix, 12.
forum, forum, 34.
fourth, quartus, 31.
friend, amicus, 12.
except, praeter, 8.
exhort, hortari, 40.
frighten, terreo, 28.
extraordinary, singula-
See also 42, .Afyte 2.
ris, 39.
eye, ocutus, 2.
fruit, fructus, 6.
F.
G.
fa\r,pulcher, 10.
garment, zw&>, 4.
faith, ,/fcfcj, 6.
gate, porta, 7.
famous, illustris, 11.
Gaul, a, Callus, 8.
farmer, agricola, 20.
general, ok*, 3.
father, pater, 5.
generally, plerumquc,
father-in-law, J0^?r, 2.
21.
fear, metus, 6.
gift, donum, 22.
fear, to, timeo, 28 ; zv-
girl, puella, i.
r^r, 41.
give, cfc, 31.
feel, sentio, 38.
glad, laetus, 14.
fertile, ferax, 12.
gloomy, tristis, II.
few, Caucus, 36.
gold, aurum, 20.
field, fl^r, 2.
good, bonus, 10.
fierce, aw, 12.
great, magnus, 10.
fifth, quintus, 32.
greater, major, 12.
fight, pugnare, 24.
fill, impleo, 26.
greedy, avidus, 14.
ground, /^rwj, 31.
find, reperio, 38.
guard, custodio, 37.
finish, yfow, 38.
guilty, -y0.r, 12.
ENGLISH-LA TIN VOCA B ULA R Y.
117
in company with, <rw, 9.
learn, cognosce, 35.
.
in order that, ut, 23.
learned, doctus, 14.
halt, consisto, 43.
hand, manus, 6.
in proportion to, pro, 9.
in the power oi, penes, 8.
leave, relinquo, 35.
leg, <rr*J, 3.
happy, felix, 12.
in the presence of, co-
legion, /^w, 31.
hard, durus, 39.
ram, 9.
length, at, tandem, 34.
hare, lepus, 40.
in view of, falam, 9.
less, minor, 12.
harvest, messis, 5.
indeed, quidem, 17.
lest, w, 32.
hasten, festinare, 21.
infantry (adj.), pedester,
letter, epistola, 25.
head, caput, 3.
12.
lie, mentior, 43.
hear, audio, 38.
innocent, insons, 12.
lift, /0//0, 35.
heaven, caelum, 22.
intend, destinare, 24.
light, /z/zj, II.
heavier, gravior, 12.
interpret, interpretari,
like, similis, 42.
heavy, gravis, 1 1 .
40.
lion, /<?<?, 3.
Hector, Hector, 3.
into, zVz, 8.
little, parvus, 10.
help, auxilium, 12.
island, insula, I.
live, ttfw, 33-
her, /#j, illius, 1 6.
its, /ttJ, illius, 1 6.
load, onerare, 19.
her own, jwz/j, 15.
its own, .?##,$, 15.
long (adj.), longus, 10.
here, ^zV, 27.
itself, .rc, .?$*, 15; z;)-
long (adv.), *#, 26.
herself, j^, jvw, 1 3 ; ip-
*w, 16.
love, amor, 7.
sa, 1 6.
love, to, amare, 19.
hide, pellis, 4.
high, 0/ta.r, 10.
hill, colltSf 4.
journey, z'ter, 41.
M.
himself, se t sese, 1 5 ;
ipse, 1 6.
hinder, impedio, 37.
joyful, laetus, 14.
judge, judex, 22.
just about, j, 8.
mad, demens, 12.
mad, to be, insanio, 38.
madness, insania, I.
his, /#.r, illius, 16.
his own, jttwj, 15.
magistra.te,magistratus,
6
hither, Az*c, 24.
K.
honour, honor, 3.
honourable, honesties,
keen, acer, 12.
keep, servare, 19.
make trial of, experior^
43.
14.
kill, occido, 32.
man, homo, 3. See also
hope, JT/<?J, 6.
kind, genus, 13.
36, Akte 3.
horn, cornu, II.
horse, eqttus, 13.
king, fw, 9.
known, notus, 10.
many, multi, 10.
march, z'ter, 41.
hour, hora, 37.
how often, quolies, 38.
market-place, forum,
1A
huge, ingens, 12.
L.
^ .
master, dominus, 15 ;
hunt, venari, 40.
labour, /tffor, 39.
labour, to, laborare, 21.
magister, 43.
meanwhile, interea, 20.
land, terra, i.
measure, metior, 43.
laugh, risus, 6.
meat, raw, 39.
laugh, to, r*V0, 26.
messenger, nuntius, 22.
I, *;, 15.
laughter, risus, 6.
milk, /or, 39.
ill, wa/,?, 39.
lay waste, vastare, 22 ;
mine, W-?MJ, 15.
illustrious, illustris, 11.
popular i, 40.
miserable, miser, 10.
immediately, statim, 43.
lead, </#r0, 31.
mix, misceo, 29.
immense, ingens, \ 2.
leader, </.*, 3.
moat,y0j.r0, 37.
in, ?Vz, 9.
leaf, /row, 10.
money, argentum, 20.
u8
RUDIMENT A LATIN A.
more famous, illustrior,
12.
mother, mater, 5.
motion, niotus, 6.
mountain, mons, 8.
mouth, os, 3.
move, moveo, 26.
much (adj.), multus, 10.
much (advb.), multum,
41.
multitude, multitude, 9.
my, WttJ, 15.
N.
nail, unguis, 5.
naked, nudus, 37.
near, /</, juxta, 7 ;
/n?/<?, 8.
neither (adj.), neuter,
13-
neither (conj.), nee, ne-
que 5, Note.
net, r*&, 4.
never, nunquam, 21.
nevertheless, tamen, 17.
next \.Q, juxta, 7.
night, war, 25.
no, nullus, 13.
no one, <wz0, 31.
nobody, W0, 31.
none, nullus, 13.
not, non, 17.
not (in Commands), ne,
J7-
not any, nullus, 13.
nourish, nutria, 37.
now, <:, 29.
O.
obtain, consequor, 42.
obscure, obscurus t 40.
of, ak, 9.
often, jdtf/, 17.
old man, senex, 5.
old woman, anus, 6.
on, zw, 9.
on account of, 0^, 7 ;
propter, 8.
on behalf of, /ro, 9.
on this side, cis, citra, 7.
one, unus, 13.
only, the, solus, unus,
open, ff^fr, 37.
order, jubeo, 26.
other, alius, 13.
other, the, a/^V, 13.
our, ours, noster, 15.
out of, e, ex, 9.
outside, extra, 7.
over, super, 8, 9.
overcome, superare, 24.
owing to, /ra*, 9.
P.
painting, pictura, 25.
part, /<zr.r, 5.
path, via, I.
peace, pax, 44.
pedestrian, pedester, 12.
people, populus, 9.
perceive, intelligo, 33 ;
cognosco, 35; sentio,
38. -.
perhaps, forsan, forsi-
tan, 32.
picture, pictura, 25.
pitch, /0w, 31.
pity, miserari, 40.
place, /<?, 31.
place, to, pono, 31.
plain, campus, 2.
pleasant, jucundtis, 14.
plenty, f0/z'0, 12.
plough, arare, 19.
poet, poeta, i.
poison, venenum, a.
praise, laudare, 19.
pray, precari, 40.
prepare, parare, 19.
present, donum, 22.
preserve, servare, 19.
previous, superior, 40.
priest, sacerdos, 3.
prison, career, 39.
promise, promitto, 31 ;
polliceor, 41.
prophet, z>A?.r, 5.
punish, punio, 37.
put to flight, fugare, 20.
Q.
queen, regina, 9.
Quintus, Quintus, 2.
R.
race, ^?j, 1*3.
rage, saevio, 38.
rampart, vallum, 37.
rather, potius, 15.
rave, .swz>w, 38.
read, g, 33.
receive, accipio, 36.
rejoice, gaudeo, 45.
remain, maneo, 26.
resolve, statuo, 31.
rest, quiesco, 45.
restore, ra/0, 33.
restrain, coerceo, 27.
reward, praemium, 3 1 .
\\\et,fluvius t a.
road, z//a, I.
robber, &^, 22.
Roman, Romanus, 8.
Rome, Roma, i.
rose, rortf, i.
round, circum, circa, 7.
sad, tristis, IT.
safety, ja/j, 13.
sailor, nauta, I.
same, zVf(?w, 1 6.
say, <&, 31.
scarcely, /X 35.
sea, war^, u.
second, secundus, 31,
sedition, seditio, 39.
see, &z'<fc0, 29.
seek, /^, 44.
seem, videor, 29.
seize, corripio, 36.
seldom, raw, 21.
-self, */to, 1 6.
senate, tenatus, 6,
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
119
send, mitto, 31.
serious, gravis, II.
Servius, Servius, 2.
set free, liberare, 19.
set out, proficiscor, 42.
seventh, septimus, 32.
severe, grams, ii.
sharp, #<w, 12.
shatter, frango, 31.
sheep, 0w>, 4.
sheepfold, 0z/z7i?, 4.
shepherd, pastor, 3.
shield, sciitum, 2.
ship, navis, 5.
short, brevis, n.
shout, clamor, 45.
shout, to, clamare, 21.
show, monstrare, 19.
show, species, 6.
shut, claudo, 31.
silver, argentum, 20.
similar, similis, 42.
sin, peccare, 21.
since., ^<?.r/, 8.
sister, jw0r, 7.
situated, sihts, 44.
sixth, sextus, 3.
skin, /*//, 4.
sky, caehim, 22.
slaughter, caedes, 4.
slave, servus, 15.
sleep, dormio, 37.
small, parvus, 10.
smaller, minor, 12.
so, /aw, 1 1 ; V, 34.
so great, tantus, 27.
so many, to/, u.
soft, mollis, ii.
soldier, miles, 3.
sometimes, nonnitn-
quam, 21.
gon,_/?/mr, 2.
son-in-law, gener, 2.
song, cantus, 6.
sound, sonitus, 6.
speak, loquor, 42.
spear, ^aj/a, i.
stag, cervus, 40.
star, Jte//a, 8.
statue, statua, 25.
storm, expugnare, 24.
strength, z/z>w, 5.
strike, y*m>, 38.
strong, validus, 14.
such, /a/jj, /az, ii.
suddenly, subito, 36.
suffer, patior, 42.
sufficiently, ja/w, 39.
sun, ^/, 43.
supper, caena, ao.
sustain, accipio, 36.
swallow, hirundo, 3.
sweet, dulcis, ii.
swift, w/<?^r, 12.
sword, gladius, 2.
T.
take, J#;w0, 35.
take away, /?//<?, 35.
take by storm, expug-
nare, 24.
Tarentum, Tarentum,
43, .M?/* 2.
teach, afow, 26.
tell, <&V0, 31.
tell a lie, mentior, 43.
tempest, tempestas, 45.
temple, templum, 20.
tender, &<?r, 10.
Thames, Thamesis, 5.
than, quam, 15.
that (pron.), z7/i?, z>, 16.
that (conj.), /, 23.
that ... not, w, 32.
that of yours, w/^, 16.
the other, a//^r, 13.
their, eorum, illorum,
etc., 1 6.
their own, JWMJ, 15.
themselves, J^, sese, 15 ;
Z/5.57, 1 6.
thine, tutts, 15.
thing, r^j, 6. See also
36, M/<? 3.
think, rear, 41.
third, tertius, 31.
this, ^*V, 1 6.
thou, tu, 15.
through, /^r, 8.
throw, conjicio, 36.
thus, sic, 34.
thy, tuus, 15.
Titus, Titus. 25.
to, ad, 7 ; in, 8. See
also 41, Note 3.
to-day, hodie, 34.
tolerably, satis, 39.
to-morrow, eras, 34.
tooth, <j, 5.
topmost, summus, 34.
touch, /a#j?, 33.
towards, erga t 7; zvr-
sus, 8.
tower, turris, 5.
town, oppidum, 9.
traveller, wafer, 39.
tree, arbor, 3.
trial, judicium, 45.
trial of, make, experior,
43-
try, conari, 40 ; **/-
rz0r, 43.
Tullia, 7fc///a, 19.
U.
under, j^, subter, 8, 9.
understand, intelligo,
33-
undertake, suscipio, 36.
unfortunate, infelix, 12.
unhappy, infelix, 12.
unlearned, indoctus, 14.
unpleasant, injucundits,
14.
up to, j3, 8.
useful, ///*>, ii.
utmost, summus, 34.
V.
valley, vallis, 4.
valour, virtus, 9.
vast, ingens, 12.
Veil, FY, 43.
very often, persaepe, 22.
very seldom./i? rrar0, 2 1 .
Vespasian, Vespasianus*
I2O
ENGLISH-LA TIN VOCA B ULA R Y.
violence, vis, 5.
virtue, virtus, 9.
vow, votum, 8.
voyage, cursus, 41.
W.
wait, opperiri, 43.
wall, murus, 2.
war, bellum, 2.
watch, vigilare, 21.
water, aqua, 29.
way, via, i.
weapon, telum, 2.
welcome, jucundus, 14.
well, &w, 39.
well-known, notus, TO.
which (of two), tt&r, 1 3 .
who? ^?J, 39.
whole, totus, 13.
why, cur, 29.
wicked, malus, 12.
wickedness, scehts, 8.
wife, w.r0r, 15.
willing, libens, 12.
willingly, libenter, 39.
wind, ventus, 26.
wine, vinum, 29.
winter-quarters, hiber-
na, 31.
wisdom, sapientia, I.
wise, sapiens, 14.
wish, votum, 8.
wish, to, */z'0, 36.
with, ra, 9.
within, intra, 7.
without, ., (absqui),
9-
without the knowledge
of, ^7a#z, 9.
woman, mulier, 3.
wood, silva, 40.
work, 0/J, 1 1 .
worse, pejor, 1 2 .
wound, vulnus, n.
wound, to, vulnerare,
22.
wretched, miser, 10.
write, scribo, 33.
Y.
year, annus, 40.
yesterday, -for*', 34.
yet, tamen, 17.
you, /M, z/^J, 15.
your, tuus, vester, 15.
yours, /wwj, vester, 15.
youth, juvenis, 5.
THE END.
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