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RUDIMENTS 



OP THE 



CHINESE LANGUAGE, 



WITH 



DIALOGUES, EXERCISES, AND A VOCABULARY. 

BY THE 

REV. JAMES SUMMERS, 

PROFESSOR OP CHINESE IN KING's COLLEGE, LONDON. 

LONDON: %irC^^SiA^ 
BERNARD QUARITCH, 15'PICCADILLY. ) 

1864. 



A 



' / 






W. M. WATTS, CEOWN OODET, TEMPLE BAE. 



PREFACE. 



The following little Manual is intended to supply a 
want, which it is believed that many feel, who leave 
this country to visit China for the first time. No 
small work having issued from the press that would 
at once acquaint a person with the nature of the 
Chinese language, and would also enable him to make 
a start in the acquisition of it, Mr. Quaritch deter- 
mined on publishing this present Httle book to supply 
the deficiency, and in sequel to his other similar pub- 
lications on Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and other lan- 
guages. The Author hopes that Chinese scholars will 
excuse the defects which have occasionally crept in 
through the scarcity of Chinese type in this country, 
and the difficulty attending the compositor's work in 
such a language; and as this is an attempt to put 
Chinese into a European dress by the use of Roman 
type, the paucity of Chinese characters in the work 
will be of little consequence. Sufficient, however, 
has been given to enable the beginner to make himself 
master of the rudiments of the language, and, as he 



U PBEFACE. 

proceeds, he will find other works of a more complete 
character necessary, where he will meet with the 
signs which may be here dispensed with. 

The Vocabulary at the end of the book consists of 
many most valuable words and phrases, which have 
been drawn firom the work of the Rev. Joseph Edkins, 
entitled " Progressive Lessons in Chinese!^ and which 
the Author here takes the opportunity to recommend 
to students of Chinese. 

Hitchin, Herts, 
Feb. 10, 1864. 



INTRODUCTION. 



1 . The Chinese language, with its numerous dialects, 
has no alphabet. It is written by means of cha- 
racters, each of which represents an entire syllable. 
These syllables are simple, and are easily pro- 
nounced. They consist either of one vowel, — of a 
consonant and a vowel, — or of a consonant, a vowel, 
and a final consonant. There are no diflBcult com- 
binations of consonants, as in the European tongues, 
nor accumulations of vowels as in some languages. 
The initial sounds, ch, sh, ts, and the final sound 
nff, may not be regarded as exceptions to this re- 
mark. 

2. The Chinese characters are formed of very 
simple elementary figures or symbols. Their first 
rudiments are simple strokes or lines, and the point 
or dot. An infinite variety of forms is produced 
by the perpendicular, the horizontal, the oblique 
dash to the right, the oblique sweep to the left, 
and the large point like a comma. All the strokes 
required in writing are to be seen in the characters 
yung, and t . 



'^ 



^ '* 



b 



2 INTRODUCTION. 

3. When a number of simple forms, as 1zei)L,^ 

* mouth,' jin} 'man,' jt,^ 'the sun,' hmiit,^ *an enclo- 
sure,"* are produced ; they may become the elements 
of complex characters. Thus kett^ 'mouth,' after the 
addition of hu,^ becomes hut^ *to call out;' jin^ 

* man,' by the addition of dr^ ' you,' becomes m, 
'you;' and jY/ * the sun,^ with yw.^ 'the moon,' beside 
it, makes wing^ * bright,' and hmiii,^ * an enclosure,' 
with wdng,^*B. king,' placed within it, makes kwo, 
*a kingdom,' the same as kwo-^ 

4. From this it will be seen that a Qiinese cha- 
racter may consist of two parts, and that but one 
syllable is needed to express a complex character. 
These two parts are a "radical" and a "pho- 
netic," the former conveys a fundamental notion to 
the whole character, and the latter indicates the sound 
by which it is expressed. But although it may be 
stated that the radical generally conveys something 
of its own meaning to the compound, and that the 
remaining part of the chara.cter is phonetic, this is 
not a constant rule. These facts only help the me- 

"m '£ "u . 



INTRODUCTION. 3 

mory when they take place, and we cannot say 
more for them: experience will shew their use. 
In the above examples, hiC is phonetic in hul and 
hr^ was formerly called we, and is therefore pho- 
netic in n%^ The ' sun' and * moon' unite to form 
bright or 'brightness'; but here is no phonetic: both 
parts are radicals. 

5. The number of different characters in Chinese 
is upwards of 40,000, but many thousands of these 
are ancient forms, and therefore obsolete. Thousands 
more are simply curious variations of characters 
which are in use, but which are not wanted. Not 
more than 10,000, it is believed, enter into ordinary 
use, and 5000 are quite sufficient for the general 
purposes of literary composition. 

6. Every character stands for an idea, and is ex- 
pressed by a syllable. In as far, therefore, as it is 
seen written^ it may constitute a word ; but when its 
name is uttered — that is, when the syllable which 
expresses that character is spoken — the syllable 
means nothing. This may seem paradoxical, but 
it is nevertheless true, as will be found when prac- 
tical explanation is given further on. 

7. To express 40,000 characters, the Chinese 
have but about 500 syllables, which, when modified 



B 



4 INTRODUCTION. 

in pronunciation, do not amount to more than 1200 
or 1300 distinguishable syllables. Hence there 
must be, on an average, thirty characters to one 
syllable. And even if the number of characters be 
reduced to 5000, still it is clear that several cha- 
racters must have a common name; and how is 
it possible to know what is intended when the same 
monosyllable has several meanings? It is im- 
possible, unless the hearer is cognisant of the cir- 
cumstances under which the monosyllable is spoken, 
and therefore readily divines the meaning thereof; 
or unless the monosyllable form a direct reply, 
as, shu * yes,' pii, ' not,' — * no,' for then it is 
clear. Chinese is commonly called a monosyllabic 
tongue, although it is quite impossible to make 
one's self intelligible in China by monosyllables. 
Let the best Chinese scholar try to translate the 
following line, without reference to the written cha- 
racter, and unless he can guess what the signifi- 
cation is, or obtain it by a sort of exhaustive pro- 
cess, he will fail : Chi kwei chi ma chi yung, or 
ming fu mung chin tau chau. The meaning does 
not appear, and is not conveyed, by these syllables 
themselves, apart from their proper connexion. If 
the characters for which they stand were known, 



INTRODUCTION. 5 

or the connexion and the relation of each syllable 
to its neighbour were indicated, the sense of the 
whole would be manifest. But the Chinese only 
utter sounds — the doubtful expressions for characters 
— and they employ no inflexions to show the mutual 
relations of words: if, therefore, Chinese syllables do 
not cohere to form words and phrases, and to make 
polysyllables, Chinese is no language at all, — and this 
amounts to a reductio ad absurdum. Monosyllables 
in Chinese are meaningless ; therefore Chinese is not 
a monosyllabic language (if indeed there exists such 
anywhere), and we are compelled to acknowledge 
that English is far more of such a character than 
Chinese. English may be spoken in monosyllables 
— Chinese cannot. Thus: *He went to the wood 
and shot a hare, which he brought home in a bag, 
and ate in a pie that night.' The truTth is, that all 
languages had only monosyllables to begin with. 
All Hebrew roots are monosyllables, and all San- 
skrit roots are monosyllables. The diflference be- 
tween Chinese and these ancient languages in this re- 
spect is this, that Chinese has, by its written symbols, 
preserved the syllables of which it is composed dis- 
tinct from each other, and has kept their meanings 
also distinct generally. For nearly all Chinese 



^ 



6 INTRODUCTION. 

syllables have a distinct meaning still attaching to 
them, while some other languages contain many 
syllables, the meaning of which is lost, and which 
serve now for terminations, formatives, and par- 
ticles, in those languages. 

7. There are, however, means existing by which 
these monosyllabic representatives of the characters 
are wrought into intelligible language. They may 
be so connected with each other, and so intoned or 
accented, that we find some cohering, some nearly 
vanishing, others making themselves heard more 
clearly, and conforming themselves to the laws of 
euphony and the conditions of all human speech; 
and to such a degree does this cohesion, intonation, 
and accentuation of syllables take place, that, if the 
mother tongue of any Chinese were written down 
from his mouth, with appropriate signs, marking the 
emphasis and intonation which he produced, and mak- 
ing those syllables coalesce (or nearly so) which he 
uttered rapidly together, we should find that our 
production was a polysyllabic tongue — ^yea, very 
polysyllabic. Every thing depends on accent and 
emphasis to make a language polysyllabic. With- 
out accent and emphasis, polysyllables become mono- 
syllables. For instance, the passage, '* I re mem ber 



INTRODUCTION. 7 

3ir with a me Ian cho ly plea sure the si tu a tion 
of the ho nou ra ble gen tie man*' (Burke), would, 
when thus dissected, read as Chinese is supposed to 
be read, with each syllable isolated and apart from 
the others. 

8. But, by a process similar to that in use in all 
languages — by a natural arrangement, and of ne- 
cessity — Chinese syllables cohere, and form poly- 
syllables. Nouns, verbs, and particles are formed by 
the juxta-position and cohesion of syllables, all 
of which are sometimes significant. Sometimes one 
of the syllables is merely formative^ like er in butcher , 
ed in wounded, ing in singing ^ or ly in truly. 

9. With 5000 significant syllables, it may easily 
be conceived that many tens of thousands of words 
of two and three syllables are formed. The Chinese 
language is inexhaustible in its power of develop- 
ment in this way, and compound words are formed 
with great facility. 

10. Of great importance is it, in the first place, 
to understand clearly the system of orthography for 
these Chinese syllables, and the qualities of the in- 
tonations which are attached to them : and in the 
next place, to learn a good many wordgj of two 
syllables, independent of the characters which they 
express. 



8 INTRODUCTION. 

11. The Syntax of the Chinese language is simple 
and natural ; but the proper adornment of the sen- 
tence by particles is more difficult. All that the reader 
of this little book may expect to find here is, directions 
how to acquire the spoken language, — common, more 
or less, to all China, — which is commonly called the 
Mandarin Dialect. The author s object has been to 
make this a stepping-stone to further eflForts and 
a practical grammar of the first principles of Chinese 
Etymology and Syntax. 

12. Only a few Chinese characters have been used 
here, not because it is unimportant to acquire a know- 
ledge of them, but in order to leave the student at 
liberty to acquire the colloquial style, without, in the 
first instance, being kept back by having to attend to 
the characters which belong to each expression. 

13. The author recommends the student to learn 
thoroughly the Radicals^ as a first step. Until this 
is done he will labour unprofitably at complex cha- 
racters. After the Radicals he will do well to master 
the Formatives, the Appositives^ and the Auxiliary 
Verbs. 



( 9 ) 



CHAPTER L 



ETYMOLOGY. 



Section I.— ANGLO-CHINESE ORTHOGRAPHY. 

1. The Roman alphabet will be employed in this 
work to express the Chinese syllables and words. 
The simple vowels employed are a, «, u, which are 
pronounced ah, ee, oo* as the vowels in father, feet, 
rule. Their simple combinations are, (l) ai, au; 
(2) ia, iu ; (3) «a, ui> Ai and au are modified 
into e and 0, pronounced ay and 0, as in hay and 
note. Ia and iu may be spelt ya and yu ; and ua 
and ui may be spelt wa and wi. Other modi- 
fications of ai and au may be indicated by ^ and q, 
for the sounds of a 'in or^a/i and in ord^r. 0, 
when not final, or when affected by the short tone, 
does not need the dot, but must be pronounced 
as if it were written with the dot — g. Iu or 
yu may be modified by being pronounced as the 
French u: it will then be represented by u. 



10 ETYMOLOGY. 

Unions of these vowels may take place ; thus, we 
may have iai, iau, uai, uau, eu, ei, ea, oi, ou, ui, ua^^ 
but all these are not required in the Mandarin. 

The short vowels always correspond in form to 
the long vowels, from which they are distinguished 
by the usual mark, thus : a, I, w, e, o, u. 

The consonants are to be pronounced as in 
English, with the exception of the letter j, which 
will follow the French, and w will occasionally 
stand for the v: 

2. Synopsis of Orthography, with illustrative 
words. Each letter has but one sound. 

I. VOWELS AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. 

a, a, father, fa^. ia, id, yard, Yankee. 

i, i, machine, bit. iot ioj York, yonder. 

Uf Ui rule, bull iu* iu, you, juchhe (Ger.) 

e. e, they, bet. ai, aisle. 

0, 0, no, not. au, cow (broad.) 

q, 4, organ, but. ei, pie. 

0, p, order, not. eu, e + u = eou (Fr.) 

u, d, lu, peut-etre (Fr.) oi, voice. 

0, Gothe (Ger.) ui, ruin. 

ie, ie, yea, yesterday, ui, feuille (Fr.) 



THE CHINESE *^ TONES." 1 1 



II. CONSONANTAL COMBINATIONS. 



chy church. 


ng, anger. 


chwy hatchway. 


nwy inward. 


j, jaune (Fr.) 


nxjy can you. 


dj, gin, James. 


sA, shine. 


jw or jw?, jouir (Fr.) 


sAw?, rash wish. 


M or hy, nearly=5A*. 


tB, wits, tsz=t + sz. 


Aw, nearly =sAw 


iw, twist. 



M or A:t/, nearly=cAz=ci (Ital. Uw, Cotswold. 

and Pol.) 

fe nearly =cte. s, kiss, 

ifcic queen. z, squeeze. 

Iw bulwark. BZy s + z. 

Section II.— THE CHINESE "-TONES." 

3. Every Chinese syllable is distinguished by one 
of four or five intonations. The pronunciation 
of a character is called by a native its Bhlng-yinf^ 
Bhlng meaning the tone, and yin the syllable^ The 
syllables may be formed and represented by the 
Roman letters, and the tones may be shewn by the 
foUowins: accents : ' ^ ' T* with the addition of 






# 



12 ETYMOLOGY. 

dots, thus : ^ * , where more than five tones are 
found. 

4. There are in the Mandarin dialect five 
tones ; — 

1st, pmg-ahlng^ 'even tone.' 

2d, shang-shlng^ ' rising tone.' 

Sd, Tcu'shlng!' 'departing tone.' 

4th, ji'shlng^ * entering tone.' 

5th, hid-p ing-shingt lower even tone.' 
They are commonly called by the Chinese, ping^ 
shhng, hu,^ ji,^ and in some dialects there are two 
series, shhng^ ' upper,' and hid^ ' lower.' The 
Chinese do not generally indicate the •* tones" in 
writing ; but whenever they wish to mark the tone 
of a character, they afiix a slight curve or hook to 
the comer of it. Each character is supposed to 
stand in a square, and the left-hand comer below , 
is considered the first; the left-hand above, the 
second ; the right above, the third ; and the right- 
hand below, the fourth corner. These places cor- 
respond to the places for marking the tones. 

5. These Chinese tones are simple modulations 
of the voice, such as are common to all languages ; ' 



'f '± °* 'X 'y 



THE CHINESE " TONES." 13 

the difference being, that in Chinese they are de- 
fined and fixed to certain words, while in other lan- 
guages they vary with the feelings of the speaker, 
or the circumstances under which he speaks. Thus, 
the sound or tone of voice in which Richard the 
Third may be supposed to have shouted, " A horse ! a 
horse !" or as one would cry, " Fire ! fire !" or a 
master simply calling his servant, "John," corre- 
sponds with the first tone {prng-sMng) of the 
Chinese* 

6. The fifth tone corresponds to the tone of a 
categorical reply, ("yes," or "no,") as uttered 
by a criminal at the bar, when answering, without 
surprise or indignation, on being asked a question. 
This limitation is necessary; for, if he replied "yes," 
with surprise, as if he meant further, " certainly, 
but what then?" it would exemplify the second 
" or rising tone " (sh^nff'shwg), while the former 
** yes " of simple assent, exemplifies the fifth or 
" lower even tone " (hid-p ing-sUng). 

7. The third or ' departing tone ' (k'u'shmg) is 
the tone of dramatic scorn or reproach, " Hence !" 
"away!" "avaunt!" "what!" sl tone o{ nonchalance, 
or of forlorn hope, as in "No ! all is lost!" 

8. The following passage will, it is believed, aid 



14 ETYMOLOGY. 

the student in realiziiig what the Chinese tones 
are: — 

Portia. Come^ merchant^ have you any thing 
to say ?^ 

Antonio. But little;^ I am armed ^ and well 

prepared.^ 
Give me your hand^ Bassanio ; ^ fare you well / ' 
Merchant of Venice, Act iv. Sc. !,♦ 

It should be particularly remembered that the 
p'inff (~) is a " calling " or " exclaiming '" tone ; 
the sMng C) is a " questioning " tone ; the k'u ( ') 
is a "despairing'' tone; and the hid-p'tng ('') an 
** assenting '' tone ; the ji-shmg is an abrupt stop. 

9. Twenty-five changes or permutations in the 
relative positions of the five tones are possible, and 
the student should accustom himself to read syl- 
lables, or words of two syllables, which have the 
same tones, or the same tones consecutively. The 
following list of words will do for practice in reading 
the tones. Observe that four examples are given of 
the sequences in tone ; thus : — - -, -x, -/, - v, -^^ &c. 

* The numerals affixed refer to the tones. 



THE CHINESE " TONES." 15 

1. wei'fung, 'dignity/ hing-fut *work/ 
chUng^sin, 'center.' ko-lco, 'elder brother.' 

2. gqu-ti^n, 'favour.' sMn-lc eu, 'a mountain pass.' 
tung-nuy *a virgin.' cfiwdng-ke^, *a window.' 

3. sung-shuy *a fir-tree.' hung-Jieu, * a nobleman.' 
adng-u 'trade, business.' yiu-mqn, 'sorrow.' 

4. ying-sM, 'limestone.' l-fu, 'clothes.' 
sang-ju 'birth-day.' kn-jz, 'to-day.' 

5. sm-ch dng, ' the heart.' fl-Jciau, 'a drawbridge.' 
cAa«-pai, * a sign-board.' kung-lau, 'merit.' 

6. mh-fu, * a groom.' kiau-dr, *a waiter, a valet.* 
siaiL'Slrty 'attention.' Uhng-sin, 'conscience.' 

7. cMng-tsz, 'the eldest son.' chu-tsz, 'the master.' 
k iati'sheut ' an adept.' shwui-sheu, * a sailor.' 

8. si^-tsh *to write.' (Gen.) ^a^cAm^, 'to arrange.' 
tsett-shdng, ' to walk up.' pau-tsin, ' to walk ia' 

9. ki'te, ' to remember.' kiai-fd, ' explanation.' 
niu-jii, 'beef.' 

10. Iciu^njiriy 'to advise people.' nu dr, 'a girl.' 
ti^n-dr, * a little.' chi-teii, ' a finger.' 



16 ETYMOLOGY. 

11. Iiwdhung, *a painter.* A'?!aiX-/fi, 'sedan-bearer. 
heusang, *a youth.' tien-kid, *a shopkeeper.' 

12. cMu-TzK *to stand up.' 'kwd-tsz, *a fruit.' 
pau'sheuy * a gunner.' sheu-tsz, * a fan." 

13. she-tsuh *to pardon.' wqn-kUn, 'to hear of.' 
hiU'chu, * to rely upon.' "k'ai-hu, * beggars,' 

14. shm-ckoy 'to go to sleep,' td-me, 'wheat.' 
kien'shwoj * gossip.' wqn-td, ' dialogue.' 

15. hwd'dr, * a word.' pau-jin, * a reporter.' 
fu-jifiy ' a woman.' td-hwdng, ' rhubarb.' 

16. chu'Sdng, * domestic ^w-sA5, * to read aloud.' 

animals.' 
hid'kqn, 'the heeU mu-hwd, 'wood -shavings.' |j 

17. tO'shei^^ *to snatch out tso-chu, 'to act as 

of the hand.' master.' 

te-sheuj 'to be successful.' kz-kwd, * to bear fruit.' I 

18. shwo-tipg, 'to decide/ kwotu, 'a kingdom.' 
k*e'k\ ' etiquette.' fd-sdn, * to scatter.' 

i«o-ji, ' yesterday.' yu-fd, 'so much the more.' 
t6i-H, 'immediately.' Ict-yo, 'to take medicine.' 



THE CHINESE CHARACTERS.. 17 

20. hid'/Ang, *a school-room/ shwo-mincf/ to ex^loin, 

* to apologize.' 

te-lai, 'come on purpose.' sM-t'eu, *the tongue."* 

21. tsung-^in, 'afresh.' jw-jtm, 'at present, now.* 
niin-kfnff, * age ' (of a ndng-kdn, * power.' 

person). 

22. siuhi'Chubn, *to revolve.' ni-t'uf 'earth, soil, mud. 
ch'dng-twd.ih 'length.' wdn4i, 'style of good 

composition.' 

23. mlng-fqn^ 'share, duty.* sui-piin, 'as you please.' 
yung-i, 'easy.' j/t^^-sAttjai,* commander- 
in-chief.' 

24. hd-mu, * peace,' opp. ndn4e, ' hard to obtain.' 

' war.' 
fdng-Uy *a house.' M?dw-i/oVa written contract/ 

25. yinrmdj 'to grind.' sui-tsung, 'to follow/ 
hmlii'lai, * to return.' Am^-cA'«^^,* to sail about.** 

Section IIL— THE CHINESE CHARACTERS. 

10. The elementary characters are the "Radicals" 

called by the Chinese tsi-pu. They are 214 in 

number, and stand to the Chinese language in the 

relation of an alphabet of forms, in place of an 

2. c 



18 ETYMOLOGY. 

alphabet of sounds. They represent, too, the funda- 
mental notions which must be conveyed by all 
human speech. The following list of their mean- 
ings will show their generic character, and serve 
as a test-table for the student. 

11. Classified synopsis of the meanings of the 
ts^'pu : — 

Parts of bodies. — Body, corpse, head, hair, down, 
whiskers, face, eye, ear, nose, mouth, teeth, tusk, 
tongue, hand, heart, foot, hide, leather, skin, wings, 
feathers, blood, flesh, talons, horn, bones. 

Zoological. — Man, woman, child; horse, sheep, 
tiger, dog, ox, hog, hog's head, deer; tortoise, 
dragon, reptile, mouse, toad; birds, fowls; fish; 
insect. 

Botanical. — Herb, grain, rice, wheat, millet, 
hemp, leeks, melon, pulse, bamboo, sacrificial herbs ; 
wood, branch, sprout, petal. 

Mineral. — Metal, stone, gems, salt, earth. 

Meteorological.— Rsin, wind, fire, water, icicle, 
vapour, sound ; sun, moon, evening, time. 

Utensils. — A chest, a measure, a mortar, spoon, 
knife, bench, couch, clothes, crockery, tiles, dishes, 
napkin, net, plough, vase, tripod, boat, carriage. 



THE CHINESE CHARACTERS. 19 

1 

pencil; bow, halberd^ arrow, dart, axe, musical 
base, reed, drum, seal. 

Qualities. — Colour, black, white, yellow, azure, 
carnation, sombre-colour; high, long, sweet, square, 
large, small, slender, old, fragrant, acrid, perverse, 
base, opposed. 

Actions, — To enter, to follow, to walk slowly, to 
arrive at, to stride, to walk, to reach to, to touch, 
to stop, to fly, to overspread, to envelope, to en- 
circle, to establish, to overshadow, to adjust, to 
distinguish, to divine, to see, to eat, to speak, to kill, 
to fight, to oppose, to stop, to embroider, to owe, to 
compare, to imitate, to bring forth, to use, to pro- 
mulge. 

Parts of the world and dwellings ; figures ; miscel- 
laneous.— K desert, cave, field, den, mound, hill, 
valley, rivulet, cliff, retreat. A city, roof, gate, 
door, portico. One, two, eight, ten, eleven. An 
inch, a mile. Without, not, false. A scholar, a 
statesman, letters; art, wealth, motion; self, my- 
self, father; a point; wine; silk; joined hands; 
a long journey ; print of a bear's foot ; a surname, 
a piece of cloth. 



20 ETYMOLGY. 

12. LIST OF THE "RADICALS." 

Note. — The words in brackets (as left^ below, 
various, &e.) are intended to show in what part of 
the complex character the radical may be looked 
for; com. means that the radical is a common word 
in use ; obs. means that it is obsolete as a word ; an 
asterisk denotes that the radical as such is of fre- 
quent use^ and often found in complex characters. 
The radicals are arranged according to the number 
of strokes with which they are formed. 

Radicals of One stroke. 

1. — * yz* *one,' 'the same* (various). 

2. I kw(3Ln, * perpendicular ' (obs.) (through). 

3. "^ chu, ' a point ' (obs.) (top and within). 

4. J ph ' a curve ' (obs.) 

5. ^j yzy 'a crooked line' 'one' in comp. L 

(obs.) (top and left, right and through.) 

6. J kuf'a, hooked stroke' (obs.) (through). 

Radicals of Two strokes. 

7. ^ ^r, 'two' (com.) (encloses, above, below). 



CHIN£SE CHARACTERS — RADICALS. 21 

8. JL teu, (no sig. can be given of this 

(obs.) (above.) 

9. /\^ jin,* contr. ^ *a man' (com.) (above, 

left.) 
0. ^L jtn, 'a man walking* (obs.) (below.) 
!• A. jh 'to enter' (com.) (above). 

2. /\ j9a, 'eight' (com.) (below.) 

3. I J JciUng, ' a desert ' (obs.) (encloses). 
mtf *to cover' (obs.) (above). 

5. {f ping* * an icicle ' (obs.) (left) = ^JC 

6. JL it, *a table, a bench' (encloses, right, 

below.) 

7. I I kdnt * a receptacle ' (obs.) (encloses). 

d« /7 *^«^»* contr. IJ * a knife ' (com.) (below, 
right). 

19. ^ ie,* 'strength' (com.) (below, right). 

20. -^ pan, ' to wrajp up ' (obs.) (encloses). 

21. l1 Pj 'a spoon* (obs.) (right). 

22. j_^ fclng, * a chest ' (obs.) (encloses). 



22 ETYMOLOGY. 

23. ^^ M. * to hide ' (obs.) (encloses). 

24. -j- sht, ' ten ' (com.) (various, below). 

25. p pu, * to divine ' (obs.) (above, right). 

26. "p ^oeor |^ * a seal' (obs.) (right> 

27. j Aaw, * a shelter ' (obs.) (hangs over). 

28. /^ men, ' crooked ' (obs.) (above). 

29. 3C 2/*^» * *® hand/ * again ' (com.) (right, 

below). 

Radicals of ITiree strokes. 

30. n AW,* 'a mouth ' (com.) (left, below). 

31. Pj htDUh *an enclosure' (obs.) (encloses). 

32. -J;^ «*4* * earth, soil ' (com.) (left, under). 

33. '^ 8i, 'a scholar' *a statesman' (com.) 

(above, right). 

34. ^ chl, ' to follow ** (obs.) (above). 

35. 252. shilf* * to walk slowly ' (obs.) (below). 

36. ^ 8h * evening ' (com.) (various). 

37. ^ ta,* ' great ' (com.) (above or below). 



CHINESE CHARACTERS— RADICALS* 23 

38. ^ nu^ 'woman' (com.) (left, below) ^. 

39. ^ tsh* * a son ' (com.) (below, left). 

40. ^^ mlin^ *a roof (obs.) (above). 

41. "Tp ts'dn, *an inch" (com.) (right, below). 

42. 4^ aiati, ' small ' (com.) (various). 

43. 7L ^r TC or TQ wdng or yiu, 'more' 

(obs.) (left). 

44. y* shl, ' a corpse ' (com.) (above). 

45. J^ ch*e, ' a sprout ' (obs.) (above). 

46. jjj shdn, * a mountain ' (com.) (left, above). 

47. J]\ OP ^ cA't/^n, 'a stream' (com.) (va^ 

rious). 

48. m kcng, * work ' (com.) (various). 

49. ^ H 'self (com.) (below). 

50. rfj fen,* ' a napkin ' (com.) (left, below). 

51. "^ kan, *a shield' (com.) (various,) 

52. ^ yaUs * young ' (obs.) (left, doubled), 

53. J yin,* * a covering ' (obs.) (covers). 



24 ETYMOLOGY. 

64. X. 2/^^S^» '^ ^^°S journey' (obs.) (left). 

55. ^ kUfiff, * folded hands ' (obs.) (below). 

56. -^ yi, * a dart ' (obs.) (right). 

57. 1^ kung* ' a bow * (com.) (left, below). 

68. 3 or 5 ifci, 'a pig's head' (obs.) 
(above). 

59. ^ shauy * long hair ' (right). 

60. f chi* 'to walk' (obs.) (left). 

Radicals of Four strokes. 

61. i^ sin* eontr. ^ 'the heart' (com.) (below). 

62. "^ ko* * a spear ' (com.) (right). 

63. J^ hu, *a one-leaved door,' *a family' (com.) 

(above). 

64. ^ sheu* contr. ^ * the hand ' (com.) 

(left, below). 

65. ^^ cfe, * a branch ' (com.) (right). 

66. ^ pu* contr. ^ , * to touch ' (right). 



CHINESE CHAEACTERS— RADICALS. 25 

67. ^ wdn, contr. X > ' *^ paint letters ' (com.) 

(below). 

68. ^^ teit, ' a dry measure/ ^ the North Star ' 

(com.) (right). 

69. Ft Mn, 'an axe,' 'a Chinese pound' (com.) 

(right). 

70. "^ fang, * a square, a place ' (com.) (left). 

71. yQ wuj in comp. ^, 'wanting, not/ 

72. Q J2,* * the sun,' ' a day ' (com.) (left, and 

elsewhere). 
71. F| yuy* *to speak' (com.) (below, and else- 
where). 

74. f^ yU* * the moon, a month ' (com.) (left). 

75. 7K ^^»* ' ^^^ ' (com.) (left, below). 

76. ^ A'tVw,* * to owe, to want ' (right). 

77. j]^ cMf * to stop at a point ' (com.) various). 

78. ^' «a^,* * a rotten bone,' * bad, putrid ' 

(com.) (left). 

79. ^ 8hu, *to kiir (right). 



26 ETYMOLOGY. 

80. -^ wu, 'not, without' (com.) (below). 

81. j^ plf 'to compare' (com.) (various). 

82. ^ mau,* * hair (not human), fur, feathers * 

(com.) (left). 

83. ^ «A'/, 'a family' (com.). 

84. ^ k'i, ' vapour ' (obs.) (right, above). 

85. 7K shwui* contr. |, 'water' (com.) (left, 

below). 

86. ^ M* contr. ^i>^, 'fire' (com.) (below, 

left). 

87. J^ chatt, contr. "^^^ , 'claws' (com.) (above). 

88. "K fif' SL father; (com.) (above). 

89. X J^iAu, 'to imitate ' (left). 

90. y\ chw&ngy * a couch ' (obs.) (left). 

91. /-| piiriy * a splinter ' (left). 

92. ^ 3/d, ' molar teeth ' (com.) (left). 

93. ^ mw,* contr. q^ , ' an ox ' (left, below). 

94. ^ k'iuhn, contr. ^ , ' a dog ' (com.) (left). 



CHINESE CHARACTERS— RADICALS. 27 

Radicals of Five strokes. 

95. (Sheet I. 5) hiuenj ' colour of the sky, dark ' 

(com.) (combined). 
^- 3E 2/^'* ' ^ i®^®^ ' (com.) (left). 

97. J^ kwd, 'fruit of the melon kind' (com.) 

(right or left). 

98. ^ witf * tiles/bricks ' (com.) (right, below). 

99. H kan, 'swqet' (com.). 

100. ^ sang, * tp be born, to live ' (com.). 

101. -ffl y^nff, 'to use' (com.) (combined). 

102. W t'iSn, 'a field' (com.) (left, below). 

103. 7E p% ' a piece of cloth ' ' a foot ' (com.) 
(below). 

104. ^/m* ' disease ' (obs.) (left). 
lOS.y^^ piif ' to stride ' (above). 

Q p^, ' white, clear ' (com.) (left, above). 

107. 1^ ph 'skin, bark' (com.) (right, left^ 
below). 



28 ETYMOLOGY. 

108. SBL mlfiff* * dishes ' (com.) (below). 

109. a ^^>* * the eye ' (com.) (left, or eontr 

above). 

110. ^ meut *a barbed spear' (left). 

111. -^ sM, *an arrow" (left). 

112. ^ sht* * stone, rock' (com.) (left, below). 

113. Jjf shi* contr. ^ or ;^ ' an omen from 

heaven ' (com.) (left, below). 

114. w] jeu, *the print of an animal's foot, a 

trace ' (obs.) (below). 

115. ^ h6* 'grain' (com.) (left). 

116. /\ hiu, ' a cave, a hole ' (com.) (above). 

117. 21^ Ih 'to stand, to establish' (com.) (left). ' 

Radicals of Six strokes. 

118. /|y cku* contr. ^Ac , * bamboo' (com.) 

(above). 

119. ^ ml* ' rice (uncooked) ' (com.) (left). 

120. ^ mz* also written ^ and :^^} , * raw 

silk (threads) ' (com.) (left, below). 



CHINESE CHARACTERS — RADICALS. 29 

121. f^" feuy*Q.n earthenware vase ** (left). 

122. w^ngf contr. cm , p^, and J\^, as 

in :z:fi, ^ a net ' (above.) (See sheet 1. 1.) 

123. ^ ydriff, * a sheep ' (com.) (left, above). 

124. ^^ yu, * wings ' (com.) (various : — above, 

below, right). 

125. /B i^^> ^old' (com.) (above); contr. into 



1 
in ' and 



126. (jy dr, 'whiskers;' *and, yet' (com.). 

127. "^ Ui, ' a plough-handle ' (left). 

128. M hr^ ' the ear ' (com.) (left, below). 

129. ^ 2/w, * a pencil ' (left and below). 

130. j^ ju* contr. , 'flesh* (com.) (left, below). 

131. ^ chin, 'a subject; a statesman' (com.) 

(left). 

132. Q tsi, ' self ; from ' (com.) (various.) 

133. ^ chi, ' to come to' (com.) (belo\^, and else- 

where). 

1 h^au^ * aged,' com. ' to examine.' * che^ 'this, ha '^^ia^ Vjt* 



30 ETYMOLOGY. 

134. ^ k'i^ * a mortar ' (various). (Sheet I. 2.) 

135. "§f shh ' the tongue ' (com.) (left). 

136. ^4- chubn' to turn the back on' (obs.) 

137. 4^ cheU, ' a boat ' (com.) (left). 

138. ^ lean, 'disobedient; limits' (right). 

139. W 8t, ' colour ; appearance ' (com.) (right). 

140. ^^ f«ati,* contr. ^^, 'grass; plants' (com.) 

(above). 

141. p^ htJty *a tiger' (obs.) (above). 

142. ^ chimg* 'an insect; a reptile' (com.) 

(left, below). 

143. jfiL U&, ' blood " (com.) (left). 

144. -fj* King, * to walk ; to do ' (com.) (encloses). 

145. ^ I* contr. ^, 'clothing, covering' (com.) 

(left, below). 

146. |[y ydf also written ^ 'to cover over' 

(obs.) (above). 

^ properly pronounced «, ' the west.' 



CHINESE CHARACTERS — ^RADICALS. 31 

Radicals of Seven strokes, 
147 ^ hUn* ^ to see ' (com.) (right, below). 

148. ^ Uof * a horn ; a corner' (com.) (left, below). 

149. ^ yen* * words ; to speak ' (com.) (left, 

below). 

150. g iW,' a valley '(left). 

151. ^^ tetlt. * a wooden sacrificial vessel ; beans * 

(below, left). 

152. i^ cU, 'a pig* (left or below), 

153. ^ cA^, 'reptiles' (left). 

154. M pei, ' a pearl shell ' (com.) (left, below). 

155. 5^ chi, 'flesh colour' (coul) (left). 

156. ^ taeil* * to walk, to run ' (com.) (left) 

157. J^ tsUi* contr. ^ ^^ 5» **he foot, enough* 

(com) (left, b^low). 

158. $!f shin, ' the body ; trunk ' (com.) (left). 

159. ^ kU or che* * a carriage ' (com.) (left). 

160. ^ 5lw, * bitter,' H.C. (com.) (doubled, right). 



32 ETYMOLOGY. 

^^^' M shifif 'time; an hour; H.C. (com.) (va- 
rious). 

162. ^ cho,* contr. ^, 'motion' (obs.) (left). 

163. ^ yt* contr. |5 , * a city ' (com,) (right). 

164. p[ 2/*ti * ' new wine ' (com.) (left). 

165. ^ piin, 'to distinguish* (left). 

166. ^ Z^, *a Chinese mile; a village' (com.) 

(below). 

Radicals of Eight strokes. 

167. ^ kn* ' gold, metal * (com.) (left). 

168. ^^ cK&ngt contr. g , * long, old ' (com.) 

169. Pi mAn* * a door ' (com.) (encloses). 

170. ^ feUf* contr. p, *an artificial mound of 

earth (left). 

171. ;^ tai, ' to reach to ' (right). 

172. ^ chui* * short-tailed birds* (right). 

173. ^ yu* * rain ' (com.) (contr. form 

above). 



CHINESE CHAEACTERS — RADICALS. ' 33 

174. "^ tdngy * azure, sky-blue ' (com.) (left). 

175. ^p /f, ' not so, false ' (com.). 

Radicals of Nine strokes. 

176. SJ mieny ' the face ' (com.) (left). 

177. ^ 1^^^ ' untanned hide, without hair ' (com.) 
•^'^^' ^^ ^«i» ' tanned hide ' (left). 

179- ^^ Uu, ' leeks ' (various). 

18^' 'a ytriy * sound, tone ' (com.). 

^^^* W 3/^"i* 'the head' (com.) (right). 

182. ]^ fung, ' wind ' (com.) (left). 

183. ^fa 'to fly' (com.). 

184. '^ shz* contr. p , * to eat ' (com.) (contr. 

form on the left). 

185. "^ sheu,^ the head; the chief (com.). 

186. '^ hidng, 'fragrance* (com.). 

Radicals of Ten strokes. 

187. ffi m^* * a horse ' (com.) (left, below). 

D 



"^^^ BTYMOLOGY. 

^^^ # kii. *a bone' (com.) (left). 

>v^^^ ^ kau, * high ' (com.). 

\\M). J^J piaii, 'long hair' (above). 

li>l- M ^^«i» 'to fight' (obs.) (encloses). 

Ue. ^ chdnff, 'fragrant platits' (below). 

193. pg U, ' a tripod with crooked feet ' (left, below) 

194. ^^ hjoet, *a departed spirit, a ghost' (com.) 

(left). 

Radicals of Eleven strokes. 

195. ^ 2/4 * a fish ' (com.) (left). 

196. ^ niatlt *a bird ' (com.) (right). 

197. jij Zw/ salt' (left.) 

198. 1^ Zw, * a stag ' (com.) (above). 

199. ^ me, ' wheat ' (com.) (left). 

200. 1^ md, ' hemp ' (com.) (above). 

Radicals of Twelve strokes. 

201. ^ hw&ng, 'yellow, colour of earth' (com.) 

(left). 



CHINESE CHARACTERS — RADICALS. 35 

202. ^ shu, 'millet' (com.) (left). 

203. J he, 'black' (com.) (left, below). 

204. J^ chh ' to sew, to embroider ' (left). 

Radicals of Thirteen strokes. 

205. H| milngi ' a frog ' (com.) (below). 

206. ^ tinff, ' a tripod ' (com.). 

207. &|f M, ' a drum ' (com.) (above). 

208. ^ shu a rat' (com.) (left). 

Radicals of Fourteen strokes. 

209. ^ pi, * the Bose ' (com.) (left). 

210. ^ t8% ' to adjust, to adorn ' (com.) (above). 



Radical of Fifteen strokes. 

211. -^ chl • front teeth * (com.) (left). 

Radicals of Sixteen strokes. 

212. U^ lunff, 'a dragon' (com.). 

213. ^g hoMf * a tortoise ' (com.). 



36 ETYMOLOGY. 

Radical of Seventeen strokes. 

214. '^ yo's. flute with three holes ' (left). 

The student will do well to refer to the sheet of 
Radicals. 

13. AN ALPHABETIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE RADI- 
CALS, BY WHICH THE NUMBER OP EACH 
MAY BE READILY FOUND. 

dr, 7, 126, 128. chwanff, 90. hwiii, 31. 

ch'dng, 168, 192. fang, 22, 70. i, 145. 

chauy 87. feu, 121, 170. jeu, 114. 

che, 159. /, 175, 183. jt, 11, 72. 

ch*e, 45. /m, 88. jm, 9, 10. 

ckeuy 137. fung, 182. jw, 130. 

cA«, 34, 65, 77, han, 27. kan, 17, 61, 99. 

133, 153. 204, he, 203. iaw, 138. 

211. hi, 23. fcfli^, 189. 

chi, 60, 155. A^aw^, 186. ke, 177. 

cAm, 131. hiaih 89. fc*^ti, 30. 

cAo, 162. hing, 144. M 16, 49, 58, 84. 

chu, 3. Ml 116, 143. Ai^Te, 76, 147. 

chu, 118. AtWn, 95. kin, 50, 69, 167. 

cAWw, 47, 136. . ho, 86, 115. kid, 148. 

cAm, 172. hu, 63, 141. i*«tt, 134, 179. 

chang, 142. hwang, 201. ftWn, 94. 



ALPHABETIC AEBANGEMENT OF EADICALS. 37 

kiung, 13. ming, 108. shin, 158, 161. 

ko, 62. mu, 75, 109. ahu, 79, 202, 208. 

kuy 159. mtlng, 205. shuu 35. 

iw, 6. n^', 104. ahwuly 85. 

M, 207. niatjt, 196. se, 36, 139. 

kii, 150, 188. mti, 93. afati, 42. 

ftiingr, 48, 65, .57. ni^ 38. . sfn, 61, 160. 

kwa, 97. jpa, 12. az, 28, 33, 120. 

kwqny 2. ^a^, 20. ^<i, 37. 

kwely 194, 213. ^pe", 106. tal, 78, 171. 

Zad, 125. piiy 154. ^atl, 18. 

a 166, jpi, 21, 81, 107, teu, 8, 68, 151. 
lu 19, 193, 117. 209. 191. 

U, 197. i?i; 4, 103. ii^, 102. 

Zw, 198. ' piauy 190. ^%, 206. 

lui, 1^7. jt>ien, 91, 165. tsqut 41. 

Zww^, 212. p^w^, 15. ^«ati, 140. 

w^, 187, 200. pfl, 25, 66, 105. tae^, 156. 

7n4/i, 169. «5/i^, 100. tsh 210. 

mati, 82. sTidny 46, 59. fse; 26. 

me, 199. «Ae«i, 64, 185. Utngy 174. 

Tw^f^, 28, 110. ahh 44, 83, 111, ^54^ 157. 

mly 119. 113. 152. tsz, 39, 132. 

Twe, 14. shu 24, 112, 135, «'«i, 32. 

mUn, 40, 176. 184. why 98. 



38 ETYMOLOGY. 

w^Uy 67. yau, 62. yiu, 29, 43, 164. 

w&ng, 43, 96, 122. ye, 181. yd, 214. 

weh 178. yen, 63, 149. yi*, 124, 173, 195. 

wu, 71, 80. yi, 1, 5, 56, 163. yL 73, 74. 

yd, 92, 146. yln, 180. 2/^' ^^^ ^' 

wdng, 123. J/iw^, 54. yung, 101. 



Section IV.— ON READING AND WRITING THE 
CHARACTERS. 

14. Chinese is written or printed in columns, and 
is read from the top of the page down each column, 
beginning with that on the right hand. Marks of 
punctuation or accentuation are sometimes used, but 
not always. They are merely a point Xo indicate 
the parts of a sentence, or a curve at the corner of a 
character, to show that a change of intonation is 
required. A large circle Q appears sometimes 
at the beginning of a paragraph to mark the com- 
mencement of a new subject Black dots, commas, 
or small circles, are occasionally placed at the side 
of characters to show that such contain a remarkable 
sentiment. In classical compositions these marks 
are generally omitted, as the well-read scholar is 



ON READING AND WRITING THE CHARACTERS. 39 

supposed to be able to discern the proper divisions 
of the sentence from the particles in it. 

15. The characters are written with a hair pencil, 
which is held in an upright position, quite vertical, 
between the second and third fingers. The ink 
used is that commonly called " Indian ink," which 
may be prepared by rubbing it with water upon 
slate or some other hard material. The paper should 
not be glazed much, but be such as will absorb the 
ink readily. 

16. The strokes or marks required in Chinese 
writing, and with which the characters are made up, 
are the following. They should be made by a single 
stroke of the pencil. ^*^ 

(l) The point (tien or chu) > ^^ i jr^ or 
(2) The horizontal Qiwa) — • • (3/ The perpen- 
dicular (chi) I (4) The hook (W J (5) The 
spike {tia^) \^ (6) The meep\pie) J (?) The 
dash ipd) l^^jfrhe angle (ku) ^ . 

These strokes appear in the following characters, 
which the student will do well to copy frequently, 
until )i6^.,can write them well. 



^ %^ ,1 



40 ETYMOLOGY. 




^^^ 




17. It is of great importance to know the order 
in which the strokes of the characters should be 
made, as this often supplies a clue to reading the 
cursive forms in which the strokes are combined 
very strangely. The full and all the cursive forms 
of Chinese characters are used in Japanese, and they 
form the groundwork of the Japanese syllabary: 
hence the advantage of correctly writing them. 

The following simple rules will be of assistance : — 
1. Begin either at the top or on the left-hand 
side. 2. When a perpindicular or dash cuts a 
horizontal line or one leg of an angle, the latter 
are to be written first, (cf. radicals 19, 24, 29, 32, 
33, 41, 43, &c.) 3. An angle at the top on the 
right side is made with one stroke, and unless pt 
(rad. 4.) or kwqn (rad. 2.) is affixed to the left of 



ON READING AND WRITING THE CHARACTERS. 41 

it, the angle is made first. In radicals 18, 19, 26» 
39, 39, 44, 49, 105, 124, 129, 178, 183, it is made 
first. In radicals 13, 20, 34, 35, 36, 76, 122, 130, 
the angle is made second, 4. An angle at the 
bottom on the left is also made with one stroke, if 
it be alone, or be joined to a perpendicular on the 
right, leaving the top or right side open, (cf. 
radicals 17, 22, 23, 28, 38, 45, 46, 49, 90, 206.) 
The characters in which wu (80, five strokes) occurs, 
are exceptions to this rule ; the angle on the left 
is made first ; then the angle on the right ; the 
points, next; and the horizontal last 5. The 
angles and in p^ mdn * a door ' are made 

first on each side respectively. 6. Horizontal lines 
precede perpendiculars, when these cross each 
other ; but should the perpendicular terminate with 
the base line, then the base line is final. 7. In 
such characters as the radicals 42, 86, 77, 141, 197, 
204, 211, the perpendiculars above, or in the middle 
of the symbol, are made first. 8. In such cha- 
racters as k'e^ \H ' mouth ' (rad. 30.) the perpen- 
dicular on the left is to be written first ; and the 
interior of such characters as |^, ^, and jT^ , j^, 
is filled up before the base line is written. 



42 ETYMOLOGY. 

Section V.— ON THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 

18. Though Chinese monosyllables cannot be 
placed in any grammatical category, so as to 
remain therein and be used constantly in one 
form, and with the same force in the sentence, 
words may be found which have such grammatical 
value, and which may be parts of speech, and re- 
main such. 

The position also of a syllable or word may 
determine what part of speech it is, while the 
same syllable, disconnected from the sentence or 
phrase, would have no grammatical worth at all. 

A system, therefore, of \vord-building, and a set 
of rules respecting the positions of words in the 
sentence, will form the basis of Chinese Grammar, 
at least so far as the determination of the gram- 
matical value and classification of words is con- 
cerned. The syntax of clauses requires separate 
consideration. 

19. Chinese words may be divided into nouns, 
(i.e. substantives or adjectives) verba, and particles. 
Nouns may be distinguished by their form when 
certain formative particles are present as affixes. 
The meanings of their component syllables will 
also assist. There are from three to ten com* 



ON THE PARTS OT SPEECH. 43 

monly understood significations to one syllable ; 
if the word be of two syllables, the student will 
have to eliminate several meanings, and rest in 
those which mutually correspond. Thus, one 
syllable of a word will limit another and deter- 
mine the part of speech : take hing and wei : 

king Whp may mean to walk, to do, to punish, 

fortunate, &c., and weiy ^^ may mean dignity, to 

do, to beco)ne, &c.; but when they are united in 
one word, hing-wei, we must take the meanings 
which are common to both, to make or do, and the 
word recognised is the noun * actions.' Here syn- 
onymes are united to form a noun. This is often 
the case, and when some progress has been made 
in the written characters and their radical mean- 
ings, it-will be interesting to see the etymology of 
such compounds ; but for all practical purposes, at 
which only this little book aims, it is sufficient to 
accept the words given in the vocabulary, and to 
use them according to the directions. 

20. The following general principles of word- 
building, both for nouns and verbs, may be found 
useful : — 

1. Synofiymes are united to strengthen each 
other's meaning. 



44 ET»IOLOGY. 

2. Extremes in meaning are united to form 

general or abstract terms. 

3. The syllables are in construction, the former 

having the position and force of the geni- 
tive case. 

4. The syllables are in apposition, being 

explanatory of each other, tho\igh not 
synonymous. 

Examples. 

(1) yH-miiy 'the eye;' chung-sin, the centre;' 

mu'uci, 'the end.' 

(2) hiung-ti, ' brethren ;' to-shait, * quantity.' 

(3) sMng-jin, ' a sage ;' k*u-ni6n, ' last year.' 

(4) ke-jin, * a guest ;' Chi Swang-ti, ' the Em- 

peror Chi ;' Wgn-wang, ^ King Wan.' 

These principles are found to hold in respect of 
verbs as well as nouns. 

Section VI.— ON NOUNS. 

21. Nouns may be considered as (l) primitive, 
(2) derivative, or (3) composite. By primitive 
nouns in Chinese we may understand mono- 
syllables, which are used in their original signifi- 



ON NOUNS. 45 

cation. By derivative nouns, such as are derived 
from primitives, by the addition of a formative 
syllable, and become dissyllables with a distinct 
meaning. By composite nouns are intended such as 
ai% compounded of primitives, and in which the 
original meanings of the component syllables are 
retained and combined to form a new meaning. 

Examples. 

(1) fan *ricef fung, 'wind;' m?4^, 'letters or 

literature ;' mh, ' horse.' 

(2) w&n-&r^ ' a writing ;' mh-fu, ' a groom.' 

(3) wdn-Uy * style ' (in writings) ; mii-pi, 'horses* 

pau'fung^ ' a gale.' 

22. Primitive nouns are rarely used in the 
relations expressed by the oblique cases. They 
generally unite with some other syllable to form a 
new word, e. g. while we say * the smell of rice,' 
the Chinese would say, * rice-smell,' i.e. fdn-hidng, 
not f&firtz hiang. *The force of the wind' would 
be * the wind-force,' i. e. fung-lz, which, like fdn- 
hidng is one word — -a composite noun. 

23. A primitive noun can seldom mean any 
thing when standing alone. It needs an adjunct 



46 ETYMOLOGY. 

of some kind, or to be in construction as the sub- 
ject or object of a sentence. The whole then 
often becomes a phrase, and may be treated as one 
long wor3. 

Examples. 

hau-farif * good rice ;' fhu-liail M {chi), ' rice is 
good to eatf pau-fung, 'fierce wind, a gale;'. 
funff-m-tty * the wind is contrary f yi-wdn-cKd, * a 
cup of tea;' ch'd ju 'the tea is hot.' 

By this means, fan, * rice,' is distinguished fro.m 
fan, * to oflFend against ;' fung, * wind/ from fang, 
* a needle,' and cJid, * tea," from ch!d * a raft/ 

24. Derivative nouns are formed by adding the 
following syllables, as formatives, to primitive roots. 
The order shows their comparative frequency of* 
use. Examples will be found in the vocabularies 
and exercises. 

1. t8z ^ * a son;' as sidng-tsz, ' a box,' tau-tsz, 

'a knife.' 

2, Ar Tu *a child;' as ming-Ar,*a, name,' tsio- 

dr, ' a bird, a sparrow/ 

This is yeiry commonly used for this purpose 



ON NOUNS. 47 

in the Peking dialect, in which it appears in many 
connections to form words. (cf. Wades Hsin 
tsing-luh.) 

3. fu ^ ' a fellow, a person ;' as nUng-fu, * a 

husbandman f hiaU-fu, *a sedan- 
bearer." 

4. sheu ^^ *a hand/ *a person ;' as, ahml'sheilt 

* a sailor ;' Mnff'sheiLl, 'a murderer." 

5. jin /\^ ' man ;' as, k*e-jin, ' a guest.' 

6. nu ^ * woman ;' as, <i/w^-nw, * a virgin.' 

7. tsidnglSl *an artisan;? as, mu-tsidng, *a car- 

penter ;' t'te-tsidng, ' a blacksmith.' 

8. A^n^ IL ^ a workman C as, pdng-hdng, ' a day- 

labourer.' 

9. A^M-^f ^ 'a clod, a lump. 

10. t'eu ^ * a head, a round mass ;' jY-^'^w, ' the 

sun ;' ku-t'euy * a bone.' 

11. sang ^ ' a production, a person;' chu-sdngt 
n * cattle ;' aien-adngt * a teacher.' 

12. Bi ^jp , or, BZ'fu, ' a teacher ;' t'i t'eu 8£-fu, 

* a barber.' 



48 ETYMOLOGY. 

13. kid ^ 'a family, a person;' jin-kid, *a 

person ;'* tung-kidt * the master/ 

14. Aw ^ * a house, a person.' 

15. chu, ^^ * a lord ;* cUuSn-chu, ' the captain of 

a ship.' 

16. shell "ig* ' a chief f hwui-sheut ^ the chief of a . 

society,' * a President.' 

17. ti ^ * a ruler,' as, hw&ng-tu ' emperor.' 

18. k'i ^ 'breath, feeling;' nu-k'i, 'anger;' 

t'u'kHy * exhalations.' 

19. fung J^ * wind, air, manner ;' wei-fungs ' dig- 

nity ;' wdn-fung, Miterary taste.' 

20. sing jj^ ' nature, disposition^ faculty ;' as, ki- 

sing, 'memory.' 

25. Composite, or compound nouns^ are formed 
in various ways. Their component syllables bear 
the following relations to each other : — (l) The 
appositional ; (2) the genitival ; (3) the datival ; and 
(4) the antithetical. • 

26. By the appositional relation between the 



ON NOUNS. 49 

Syllables of a word, the student will perceive what 
is meant when he considers the words, statute-law, 
pear-tree^ crahfish, flock of sheep, (u e- sheep-flock) 
in his own language. Here one syllable explains 
the other, and means the same thing ; the syllables 
are in apposition. 

But this apposition may vary. The syllables 
may hold the following relations: they may be, 
(l) a repetition, (2) synonymes, (s) specif c and 
generic terms, (4) the commencement of a series, {cf 
the A, B, C) 

Examples. 

(1) nal-naly ' lady ;' ho-ko, * elder brother, sir/ 

(2) chung-kien, 'the midst f ni-t*it * soil, or mud ; 

, hingweiy * actions ;' shwo-hwd, * talk.' 

(3) U-yu, *the carp;' sungshii, * the fir-tree/ 

(cf Art. 27.) 

(4) kid'tsz, ' the cycle ;' kung-heu, * a nobleman ;' 

the five titles of nobility being kung, heu, 
pe, tsz, nan* 

27. Under the head of apposition comes also an 
important class of syllables, which have been 
variously denominated classijiersy classitivesy and 



50 ETYMOLOGY. 

numerals. But none of these terms seem quite 
appropriate, and the designation appositive is here 
applied to them, as being more in ^accordance with 
the part which they play in compounds. In English 
we say, a Jlock of sheep, a glass of wine^ a gust of 
wind ; but in some languages — German for instance — 
we have, ein glass wein, ein stuck ^rod. The words 
are in apposition. The Chinese noun, whether 
primitive or derivative, requires one such syllable, 
appropriate to its signification, to stand in appo- 
sition, as it were, and to form and embody the whole 
word. This syllable is the generic term, while its 
associate is the specific name. 

The common appositives, with their associated 
terms, are the following : — 

J. ko j0 with man and things, 

2. che ^ with animals, ships, &c., things that 

can move. 

3. kien 'j^ with affairs, clothes, &c. 

4. Uwei J^ with dollars and things in lumps, or 

of irregular shape; e.g^ yi-kwei-ti, 
* a piece of land.' 



ON NOUNS. 51 

5. t'iau Ifi^ with long things, as roads, rods, spears^ 

&c. ; e. g. yi t'iau-lu, ' a road, a piece 
of land.' 

6. pa JE with things which have handles, as 

knives; e,g. yi ph-tau, 'a knife.' 

7. tso ^^ with objects resting in a place, as 

houses, sedans] e.g. yi tso-fdng-tsz, 
'a. house.' 

%, phn ^ with volumes of books; e. g. yi phn-shuf 

* a book.' 

9. hqtn ^^ with trees and things which may be 

planted in the ground ; e.g. yi kg^n- 
shu-muf 'a tree.' 

10. chdng ^ with things spread out, SkS paper, tables; 

e. g. yi chi-chdng, * a sheet of paper.' 

11. chl ;^ with things like branches ; e. g. yi chv- 

hwd, 'a flower.' 
\2, pi ]7u with horses (properly a pair); e,g, yi 

pi-mhy *a horse. 
13. tut ^ with things which go in pairst as 

shoes ; e.g. yi tili-hiai, * a pair of shoes." 



54 ETYMOLOGY. 

* rich/ When we say td-jin, ' great man, your 
excellency/ these syllables form but one word. 
When tt, the genitive particle, appears between two 
syllables, they may be held to be two words — 
nouns in construction ; and when it is omitted the 
two syllables form a compound : just as home-hold, 
life-boat, fox-hound, dove-cote. Even when tz is 
used after a verb it forms a substantive ; e, g. hid- 
ti, * a learner ; che-ko f&ng-tsz td-tz, ' this house (is) 
a large one ;' without tu * this house (is) large." 

Chi /^ in the book-style, and chl yi^ per- 
form the same task as tt Q^) in giving the force 

of one, an individuals and by imparting unity and 
strength to the phrase. 

Section VII.— ON NUMBER, GENDER, AND CASE 
OF NOUNS. 

31. The Chinese seem to consider the bare word 
as indicative of plurality or generality, for they 
distinguish the plural only in extraordinary cases, 
and where it is absolutely necessary to do so ; but 
they constantly mark the singular, which is itself a 
proof that the simple word modified is plural in 
meaning. 



I 

ON NUMBER, GENDER, AND CASE OF NOUNS. 55 

32. To define clearly the singular, yi or yt-ko, 
* one,' must be used before the noun with the appo- 
sitive ; e. g. yi-ko-jin, * a man \ yi che-cliu^Mi ' a 
ship.' The plural is exactly denoted in several 
ways : 

(1) By repeating the syllable in certain words, 
as 'fi-^i^ * ever.y day ;' jiTh-jin, * every man.' 

(2) By prefixing one of the following syllables 

which mean ' all ' or * many ' : — chung ^c » chu m » 
to ^ , hur-td Wf\, or hai^4d Iff | , shv JSE: ^ 

fan /L > «^^ ^ • 

(3) By appending one of the following syl- 
lables which also signify ' all, ' Mat, ^ , t'u ^|3 » 

k'u "]%. hien )|{ , ku ^, t^ng ^ pel ^ 

tszuen ^g , mdn 'J [j , tsi 1® , isien -^ . 

Some of these are more commonly used than 
others. It should be observed, too, that they 
nearly all refer to the plural of designations of 
men and not of animals or objects in general. 
For the latter the apposition placed after the name 
gives the plural notion. 



56 ETYMOLOGY. 

(4) When a numeral above one is used it is 
unnecessary to denote the plural in any other way 
than by that numeral which is used ; e. g. sdn jitf, 
' three men f si cM-mh, * four horses.' 

(5) Many idiomatic phrases convey a plural 
sense, and indicate a class of persons or a whole, 
e.g. 

si-hal, 'the four seas **=' the whole world." 
pe-Jcwdn/ the 100 officers '=* the mandarins." 
lu-fAng, 'the six rooms "=' the whole govern- 
ment,' * the six councils of state." 
wan-min, * the 10,000 people "=* all the people." 
kiu'ckeu, *the nine islands '=* the whole world." 

33 The genders of nouns are rarely expressed ; 
but when there is a necessity for such distinction 
a syllable is prefixed or suffixed to the name of 
the animal ; e. g. 

(1) n&n, ' male,* nu, * female," (pref.)/e^, ^ father," 
mu, * mother," tsz, * son," nu, ' daughter,' (suffi) for 
names of men and women. 

(•2) hung, /^ or meuy * male,' mil, -^ * female," 

(pref.) for names of quadrupeds ; and 

(.3) Mung ^ male,' or tsh * female," (pref.) for 
names of birds. 



ON NUMBER, GENDER, AND CASE OF NOUNS, 57 

34. The relations usually expressed by cases are 
shown in Chinese by the presence of certain par- 
ticles (pref. or sufF.) or by position. Thus, ti Q^ 
(sufF.) is the mark of the genitive case ; pi, Jch or yti 
^ » f p , J^ (pref.) shows the dative ; the accu- 
sative is indicated by the position of the word 
immediately ofler the verb; ya or a U'^ (suflF.) 
marks the vodative ; tsung, y^ (pref.), ' to follow, 
— from,* with lai, ^^ (suffix) 'to come,' mark 
the ablative ; e. g, tsung Peking lai, ' from Peking ;' 
yung, ^J or h J^ 'to use,' (pref.), serve to form 
the instrumental ease; and tsai yfc (pref.), 'in,' 

forms the locative ; {ilng, |^ * together .with ' 

(pref.)=cwm, and it is the expression of an ablative 
sometimes. 

Certain of these particles only go with persons ; 
e. g, t'ung ; but ying and ^ are of general use, though 
they are employed more particularly in speaking 
of materials ; e. g. t*ung yt-ko-jin, * with a man,' but 
yung yt-pct-tau, * with a sword or knife.' 

The following paradigms will be useful. — 
Shanghai ti, * of or belonging to Shanghai.' 



8 ETYMOLOGY. 

tau Shanghai lat^ ' to Shanghai.' 
tsung Shanghai lai, ' from Shanghai.' 
tsai Shanghaiy *in Shanghai.' 
tmng Shanghai hjoG-lzu, * (passed) through Shang- 
hai.' 
plng-tlng, * soldiers,' ping-tlng tzy * of soldiers.' 
yz'ko ping-tingy 'a soldier," ko plng-tlng, * the 

soldier." 
yt'kd ping-ting tt, *a soldier's' kd plng-ting'ti 

'the soldier's.' 
pi yi'ko plng-tlng, ' to, or by a soldier.' 
ti yz'kd-plng-tlng, * for (instead of) a soldier.' 
t*ung (or hd) yt-kd plng-tlng, * with a soldier/ 
yung (or kiau) yi-k6-plng4lng, * by means of a 
soldier.' 

Section VIII.— ON COMPARISON. 

35. The usual method is to compare two objects 
y using the word pi, j^ * lo compare.' Thus, 

I pi ngd td-ti, * you, compared with me, are great, 
properly, * belonging to greatness '). And in the 

ooks, yu jj^ is employed in nearly the same way. 

'hus, taz jin td yU ngd, * this man is greater 
lan I." 



ON THE PRONOUNS- 59 

But the foUowiDg particles are prefixed to quali- 
fying nouns to increase the force of the comparison 
and to intensify the meaning; e.g. 

(1) hqngt ^ ' more ;' kid, j^p * to add f yiu, ^ 

' more, again ;' hw&rit jS * still 
more f yu, ^ * to pass over f yu, ;^ * to exceed.' 

(2) tingy "^ * the top ;' H, -S^ ' the extreme 

point;' halt, -^ *goodf t'ai, 'h 'great, very;' 

shm, ^ or tsui, ^ 'very;' tail ^g 'to cut 

ofi*;' h^n, »|*^ * to hate ;' shi-fgtn, ^ ^ * ten parts/ 

Section IX.— ON THE PRONOUNS. 
The pronouns in Chinese are very numerous. 
Some are used only in the books, others only in con- 
versation. The following list will show the pronouns 
of the difierent persons : — 

Pers. in Books, in Conversation. 

Sing, 

1st, wit, ^* yu, ^ or yu, "y* ngd or wo. ^5^ • 
2d, jzi J^ or a^r, ]|| nl or ni-nd, j^ ^ . 

Sd, k% ^ or I, ^ t% ^{|i . 



60 ETYMOLOGY. 

36. The plural of the classical or book pronouns 
is formed by adding thereto generally thng ^^ , 

but various other syllables, indicative of plurality* 
are also employed./ In colloquial compositions, m&n 
iM is added to form the plural; e^g, ngd-min^ 

* we ; nl-m&n, ' you f t'd-mdn, * they/ 

37. The cases of pronouns are produced in the 
same way as the cases of nouns. The genitive 
case is formed by adding H 6^ to the pronoun ; 

e. g. ngd'tu * my ' or * mine ;' Kd'm&n-ti^ *our' or 

* ours/ 

38. The Chinese have no possessive pronouns 
distinguishable by forms : the genitive case must 
be used instead. 

39. The reflexive pronoun is formed by tsi Q , or 
U, g^ 'self,' being added to the personal pro- 
nouns, and in the colloquial style both syllables 
are used ; e. g. ngd-tsi-U, * I myself.' 

40. The demonstrative pronous are numerous, some 
of them being common to classic writings, others 
being confined to the colloquial style. Among the 

former are }ci'^,i Jf^ f hu^/ that ;' tsz ]^^ 

shi S ' this \ and among the latter are na-ko 

J^P /^ 'that; cU^hd M 4^, 'this.' 



ON THE VERBS. 61 

41. The interrogative pronouns are also of two 
classes : such as are classical, and such as are col- 
loquial. The classical are, h6t y[Pf *what?' kh 

§; *h(Jw?' sM. Ij^ 'who?^ h% ^ 'how?^ The 
colloquial are, aliuU ||| * who ? ' na-kd, fiR * which ?' 

shin mo, ^^ ^ *what?* and k'l, 'how many?" 

42. A further list of common pronouns are, 
mei!i, fi *a certain one;' met, ^ * every;' pi, Jj 

•other;' sQ, Jb *a little;' ko, ^ 'each;' sti, 
^ 'several.' 

43. The following^ are pronominal expressions : — 
suipie/i'Shimmo, |i§ /|^ * whichever ;' chi-yang-ko, 
j^ /^ * this sort, such \ pii-kwdn-shimmo, * no 
matter what' 

44. Various honorific or contemptible terms are 
used for pronous. Among such substitutes are 
the following:— A:w^, ^ 'noble;' p', ^ 'vile;' 
td^ -^ ' great ;' kau, ^ ' high ;' tsun, "W^ * honour- 
able ;' tsien, ^ 'mean;' she, ^ 'homely.* 



62 ETYMOLOGY. ^ 

Section X.— ON THE VERB. 

45. The Chinese verb has no moods and tenses 
as such. But various syllables are added to it, by 
which its force is more exactly defined. These may 
have the force of verbs or be mere particles. 

46. The simple and unaided verb in Chinese 
expresses the infinitive or imperative of other 
languages; taeu, ^ is either *to walk/ *the 

* walking ' or * walk,' * go !' 

47. If Uau, J 'to finish/ be added to tseu, 

tseu'liau means * it is walked/ or if a subject pre- 
cedes, simply * walked.' 

48. By adding kwo, J^ *to pass over/ wdn, 
^ * to finish/ with or without liaA following the 
simple verb, the past tense is produced. 

49. By putting f, P^ 'already/ H,|5P 'finished / 

tsdngy ^ 'already done," before the verb, the 
past tenses and the past participle are produced. 

50. By placing yau, ^ ' to will/ tsiang, ^^ 

* to take," or tsiu, "^ ' to proceed to,^ before the 
verb, the future tense and its variations are 



ON THE SUBSTANTIVE VERBS. 63 

formed ; and led, pj" or te, ^^ * can," forms the 

potential. 

51. Certain verbs come in as auxiliaries to 
verbs whose meanings are > similar to their own. 
The following list of these will be useful : — 

tSy ^^ * to obtain ;' Izal, ^ * to open ;' ch'uy 
Hj *to come out;' chut i^ *to rest in;' lat 

^ * to come ;* leu, 2 ' *^ S^ away \ Men, ^^ 
* to see ;' cho, ^ * to take effect.* 

And these correspond to the separable prepo- 
sitions in other tongues; e^ g. to cut out, to run 
away, to sit up, to come along, to run together, &c. 

52. The following are examples of tenses in 
Chinese : — 

ngd kiin-lcwfrliatl t^d, * I have seen him." 

ngd yau-kien-kwo t'd, * I wish to see him.' 

t'a tsidng-yau k*u, * he will go/ or * he is about 

to go." 
t*d taeu-kwo'lai-liau, * he has walked over.' 
Other examples will be found in the dialogues. 

Section XI.— ON THE SUBSTANTIVE VERBS. 

53. An important class of verbs in Chinese is that 



64 ETYMOLOGr. 

of the substantive verbs, which are variously used 
according to the logical relation of the subject and 
predicate in the sentence. Thus, shi, ^ * to be/ 

means ' is,^ where the simple copula alone is 
required, the predicate being natural to the sub- 
ject ; ^ ^. in ' fire is hot/ Yiu, ^ * to have/ 
means * is ' when the notion of the property 
having been acquired is intended ; as in * he is 

rich.' Wei, J^ * to become/ means * is ' when 

the idea of growth or change is implied ; as, * he is 
a king,' {i e. now, he was not so once). A similar 
usage attaches to tso, /[jKr 'to make, to do/ 
which is like the German thun, preserved in our 
present indicative, 'he does sit/ &c. Tsai, >^ 

* to be in a place,' is used for * is ' when locality 
enters into the idea conveyed by the phrase; 
e. g, in * he is at home/ 

54. These substantive verbs may be qualified 
and modified in their force by certain particles 
which signify then, all, also, &c., very much like 
the use of the German particles ja, gar, auch, noch, 
doch, in simple sentences. Such words are tsui, 

^ •then,'3/a, {jl^ 'also/ tu, ^[J 'all' 



ON THE ADVERBS AND PARTICLES. 65 

55. Any verb may be formed into an attribu- 
tive in the form of a participle by adding thereto 
ttf the genitive particle; and, consequently, any 
tense of a verb may be changed into the corre- 
sponding participle in the same way. 

Section XII.—ON THE ADVERBS AND PARTICLES. 

56. The Chinese language is very rich in ad- 
verbs, for any • expression may be treated adver- 
bially in certain positions in the sentence. But 
there are some words that are positively and 
clearly adverbs in form or meaning. Such are the 
following : — 

I, ADVERBS OF TIME. 

krn-t'ien, 'today/ tao-t^Un, 'yesterday.' 
ju-kin, 'now/ ming-t^ien, to-morrow. 
sien-sM, 'beforetime,' ktjt'shf, 'formerly.' 
pidn-shh * then,' tsiu-shi, ' there. 
i'Jdng, *at present,' mu-hid, 'just now."* 

2. ADVERBS OF PLACE. 

che-ll^ ' here,^ nd-U^ ^ there,' • 

tsai'tsZ'ti, 'in this place,' tsaina-t'eiX 'in that 

place.' 
chu'Chu, * everywhere,' ko-ti, ' in every place.' 



66 ETYMOLOGY. 

3. ADVERBS Of MANNER. 

che-ydfiff, ' in this wayf yz-ydng, ' in the same way/ 

4. ADVERBS OF QUANTITY. 

clie-ydng-tOj ' so much/ t*at4df * too much/ 

5. ADVERBS OF QUALITY. 

These are formed by uniting an adverb of 
manner to an adjective : — 

ckd-ydng-haut * so good/ 
yi-ydng-hail, ' equally good/ 

Particles which imply intensity, frequency, or 
repetition, are joined to adjectives to form ad- 
verbs ; as, 

t'ai, HFr ' too/ kwo, |j§ * to exceed.' 

6. AFFIRMATIVE VERBS. 

shi, *it is' = *yes/ pH-shu * it is not'=*no/ 
kwO'jSn, * certainly/ sM-tsai, * truly/ 

The usual form of affirmative is to repeat the 
verb of the interrogative sentence ; thus, 

nl yau lai md f * will you come ?' 
yau'lai, *I will come '=* yes/ 

The substantive verbs are used frequently as 
affirmative adverbs. 



ON THE ADVEEBS AND PARTICLES. 67 

7. NEGATIVE ADVERBS. 

The negative adverbs are pu, ^ 'not/ mu, 
j^ 'without/ fi, ^^ 'not/ mo, ^ 'not, do 
not/ and some others. 

8. ADVERBS or DOUBT. 

Such adverbs are the equivalents o{ perhaps and 
perchance : e. g. 

hwO'Chh ^ y^ 'perhaps/ che-pd* ^ >jkQ 

* I fear, I suppose/ ' perchance.' 

9. INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS, 

U-shh ^ 0^ ' when ?' tsui-nd-U, ^ ^ ^ 

* where ? 
U't'si, ^ ^ 'how often?* U-to, ^ ^ 

'how many?' 

57. The Chinese generally use verbs of appro- 
priate signification for prepositions ; e. g. 

tan, ^ij ' to reach to/ for * to,' Lat ad. 
tsai, ;;^ ' to be in/ for ' in.' (See p. 64.) 
ts*ung, ^ ' to follow/ for * from,* Lat per 
or de» 

F2 



68 ETYMOLOGY. 

hidngy jp] ' to go towards/ for ' towards/ 

e, j^ and y^ng, ^ 'to use,' for *with, by;' 

Lat de, ex. ^^^ 

ho, ^p * concord,' for * with ;' Lat cum. 
t'lmg, [^ 'the same/ for 'with' = cwm. 
yiuf ^ ' origin/ for ' from / Lat ex, 
ta{, /^ 'to act for/ for 'instead of;' Lat, 

pro, 

58 Certain words are used in Chinese in regi- 
men with the noun^ to form the notion expressed 
by the preposition in some languages. Such are 
niiz, p^ 'interior/ wai i^ 'exterior/ U, |Jp 
* interior / shdng, J^ ^ superior / hid, 'T\ ' in- 
ferior/ In construction they stand thus: — 

tsai-chHng-nm, 'in the city/ 
tsat-ch'ing-wai * outside the city/ 
tsai-ma-shdngy * on a horse/ 
tsai-leu'hid, 'below stairs/ 

59. Conjunctions are rare in Chinese. In the 



ON THE ADVERBS AND PARTICLES. 69 

classical books they are represetited by verbs gene- 
rally; e.g. K, ^ *to reach to;' ping, ^ 
*to unite together;' lUn, 5^ 'to connect to- 
gether ;\ and a few others are used for and, 
emn, etc. 

60. The interjections in Chinese are numerous. 
They have various significations, and imply suv 
prise^ admiration, interrogation, or are mere excla- 
mations or euphonic particles. 

Examples. 

al-ya! P^ PJ^ 'ahi' k'd-lien I pj »I^ *pity, 

have pity.* 
ki-miau / * wonderful !* 

m3 at the end of a sentence denotes an interro- 
gation which asks simply for information. 

nl is an interrogative particle, which implies a 
state of doubt and uncertainty. 

a is often merely euphonic or exclamatory at 
the end of a clause. 



( 70 ) 



PART 11. 



SYNTAX. 



^ Section XIII.-ON THE GENERAL RULES OF CON- 
STRUCTION. 

61. Chinese words are arranged in sentences, 
naturally and logically. The word which qualifies 
precedes that which it qualifies. The position of a 
word, therefore, determines its relative grammati- 
cal value. The presence of certain particles, too, 
defines the nature of some words and clauses. 

62. The word which expresses the time when 
of an action usually stands first, and it is safest in 
composition to put the adverb of time when before 
all other words, unless it be a personal pronoun. 
Thus, ming-t^ien wd yau lai, or wd ming-t'iBn yau 
led, * I shall come to-morrow f wd-mdn tien-Vi^n yau 
chi'fdny * we must eat every day.' 

63. The designation of place follows that of 
time, t'd-mdn t'ien-t'ien tsai Peking^ ' They are every 



SYNTAX. 71 

day in Peking; shi'sM tsai Kw&ngtung t^-chen, 
* They are always fighting in Canton.' 

64. The subject of a sentence always stands 
before its verb ; but adverbial expressions of diffe- 
rent kinds may come between. 

65. The subject is often understood from the 
previous clause or from the circumstances. 

66. The adjective, or word used as such, always 
precedes its noun. When a qualifying word follows 
a noun it is in the predicative form ; e. g. 

hat^jirii is a good matif (one word) but jm hau 
is a complete sentence : * this man is a good man." 

67. All attributive words and clauses precede. 
Hence the relative clause in English is to be 
turned into an attributive and placed before its 
antecedent noun (expressed or understood) in Chi- 
nese. 

wd-kiaU'tt jin, ' the man whom I teach.' 

68. The expression of length, duration, height, 
&c., is placed at the end of its clause ; e. g, hid-yu 
sdnrt'ien, ' it has rained for three days.' 

69. The following . general rules for the con- 
struction of nouns will be useful : — 

(l) When two nouns come together the former 



72 ON GENERAL RULES OF CONSTRUCTION. 

is in the genitive ease, and it generally forms a 
compound word, as horse-man, &c., in English. The 
word for ' spring ' (of the year) is chgin-t ten, 

* spring's sky.' 

(2) But two nouns may form an enumeration 
simply ; e. g. ma-yAng, * a horse and a sheep;' ji-yu, 
^ the i9un and the moon."* 

(3) Or one of the nouns may be in apposition 
to the other ; e. g, jin-kicU ' man-person, a person/ 

(4) Or the former may be a subject of a sen- 
tence, and the latter the predicate ; e. g, fan haii, 

* the rice is good/ And here it may be remarked, 
that in reality such words as Aati, * good,' to, 'great,' 
which we have occasionally called adjectives, are 
nouns, ha^, meaning ' goodness,' id, ' greatness.* 

(.5) Lastly, the latter of two nouns may be an 
adverbial expression, especially in classical style ; 
e.g. kiuln yi sheu kid, 'the dog by night guards 
the house."* 

Any other mode of construing two nouns in 
juxtaposition would render the sense absurd. 

70. When a noun and a verb come together, 
the following rules may be observed : — 

(1) The noun may precede and be the subject 
to the verb, or be an adverbial expression ; e» g. 



SYNTAX. 73 

ngo shwo, ' I say ; mh-pau-ti * galloping like a 
horse/ 

(2) The noun may follow and be the object of 
the verb, or be an adverbial expression ; e, g, 

th-fd'liail yz'kd'jiih * sent a man.' 

71. The Chinese are fond of putting words in 
parallel and similar positions in the same sentence, 
and by antithesis or some other figure arranging 
the syllables of a clause ; e. g. 

ian-tieriy shwo-ti, ' he discoursed of heaven and 
talked of earth '=* he gossiped.' 

tung-tau el waif * it fell in the east, it fell in the 
west '=* it fell in every direction. 

72. Repetition is very common in Chinese to 
express a good many or the frequency of an action ; 
e.g, hau-hail sung ngd, 'escort me forth very 
well '=* conduct me properly.' 



( 74 ) 



PART III. 



EXERCISES AND DIALOGUES IN 
CHINESE. 



1. SIMPLE PHRASES. 

tdng-nz, ' if you please ;' to aie, ' many thanks.' 

wd-yaii, * I want ;' pt-wd, ' give to me.' • 

pil-yau, * do not ;' shin-mo, ' what ?^ 

pu-tunff, 'I do not understand;' k'd-l, *it may be.' 

tsiu4ah 'then come'=*I will come directly.' 

tslng-tsOy * be seated.' 

haurya ? ' how do you do ?' or w^a hdu f 

ni-nd yh hau mo f * are you well ?* 

wd shwdng-kwai, * I am well.' 

che-li-laif * come here.' 

yau sMn-mdf ^what do you want.^' 

t*ung wd tseti, * walk with me.' 

pu te-hiin^ * I have no time.' 

yiu ai'tsingi ' I am busy.' 

t'iSn-kH hat^, * the weather is fine.' 



EXERCISES AND DIALOGUES IN CHINESE. 75 

yai^ ki fan, *I want to eat rice'=*I want my 

dinner/ 
shi t'ortu ' It is his/ 

tsai nd-ll ? * where is it ?' or * where is he ?' 
wd sdng-pinff, *I am unwell/ 
ni shi shut f * who are you ?' 
pu-yaii tungsheu, 'do not move/ 
nl-nd pu-yau tau che-U lai, ' do not come here/ 
M'hid-chung ? * what o' clock is it ?' 
shinmo shUheu ^ * what time is it ?' 

2. LONGER PHRASES. 

tslng-l'Sdng lai, haii pu-haii f * shall I call a doctor ?' 

siS'sie pu-yau, ' no, thank you/ 

nd-yi'ko tsdng kaU-ming-tt, * that doctor has a great 

(high) reputation/ 
yiu shinmd yuSn-hi f ' what reason is there ?* 
wd pu chl'tau, *I do not know' (the fact). 
wd pU'tung-tey'I do not understand ' (the language). 
wd pu jtn-te, * I do not know ' (the person). 
mu-yiii U'lidng, ' he has no strength.' 
yiu tOshaib ytn-tsz? * how much money have you.^' 
t*d yiit p^n-sii * he has ability.' 
U-niSn jin-tet'd? * how many years have you known 

him ?' 



76 EXERCISES AND DIALOGUES IN CHINESE. 

sdn^iin tu jirUe t'd, * I have known him for three 

years ;' or, tu jin-te t*d sdn-nien. 
nd'll kien-Jcwo t*d ? * where did you see him ?' 
tsai tso-yi-Uo, * sit down again.' 
wo fa-Hun liauy * I am wearied.' 
wo pi'ting kwel-kid, * I must return home.' 
kid tsai nd-U? 'where is your home?' 
tsai Peking,^ 'in Peking."* 
m tsai chlng-wai tso sMmmo ? ' what have you been 

doing out of the city ?' 
yiiji sfd'heu th-U, ' sometimes I hunt.' 
yi^ shi-heu th-yu, * sometimes I fish/ 
yiu shi-heu t'ti-shu, ' sometimes I read.' 

3. USEFUL PHRASES AND QUESTIONS. 

che-ko tung-si shlnmd yung? *of what use is this?' 
chi-ko UaU-tso shimmo? 'what is this called?' 
shi nd-ll lai'ttf * where does it come from ?' 
che-ko shimmo kid-tsiin? 'what is the price of this?' 
ChUng-kwo hwd kl-kiil hid-te lai f ' how long will it 

take to learn Chinese?' 
yt-^i^.n k*d hid-te, * in a year you may learn. 
tslng nl-nd ming-iien tau wd-ti fdng-tsz kt-fdn, * I 

invite you to come to-morrow to my house to 

dine.' 



EXEfeClSES AND DIALOGUES IN CHINESE. 77 

t'i^n yau hid-yut tdng nl-nd tsid ho yu-sdn, * It is 

about to rain, please to lend me an umbrella.' 
che-tiau'lu Uu tau nd-Uf 'where does this road 

go?' 
phn-ni^n ch^d-tsiu hau pu hau ? ' is the tea-gathering 

good this year or not ?' 
ch'd'tsiti ka^y clbd/ung-shing-ti, ' the harvest of tea 

is abundant.' 
lings i'hjcan chu t ai nd-U ? ' where does the Consul 

live ?' 
ydng-clitiin tsai shimmo shiheu tauf * when do the 

foreign ships arrive.' 
md-niin wu-lu yu chl kieuy * every year, in the fifth 

or sixth month.' 
hUn-tsai witsang tau, ' they have not yet arrived.' 
she-hid hwd nyiu sie ai-tamg yau-pdn, * at home I have 

still a little business to do.' 
tsz haU'cKd, ming Li-ki, t*ung lii-pd qr-sM sidng, 

' this chop of tea is galled Li-ki, and altogether 

contains 620 boxes.' 



( 78 ) 



PART IV. 



EXERCISES IN COLLOQUIAL CHINESE. 



EXERCISE 1. 



Words used in the following exercise i — 
Pronouns wd, *I/ or 'me/ or nz-nd, 'you/ t'd, 
* he f add man to form the plui^al of pronouns. 

to have, yiu. to call, kiau, (chiau.) 

to speak, shwo, or hihng, to thank, aU, 

to give, M, or pi, what ? sMmmo ? 

to ask, to beg of, k'iu. one, (of an aflFair) yz Men. 

to beseech, k'^n-kUu, this, che-kd. 

towant,(fut.);yati.*towill/ that, nd-kd. 

to be able,can,may,(poten.) gladly, tdng-yu^n. 

k'o'l, and ndng-keu, to be polite, chl-li, 
to forget, wdng, wdng-kh towish for,to want,yw^w-i 
to do, to act, tso. affair, something, si-tsing. 

friend, pdng-yiu. to depend on, t-kau, 

a knife, tau-tsz. to trouble, to-fdn. 



EXERCISES IN COLLOQUIAL CHINESE. 79 

formality, ceremony, U. do not use, it is not neces- 
freely, fdng-sln, (lit. let go sary, pu-pu 

heart.) one (of a knife), yi-pd. 

to receive, sheu. favour, gg,n-tiln. 

good, well, hau. very, Jiqn or sht-f^n. 

sir, lau-yi. to like, to be pleased 
many, toy hu-to, with, hwdn-hl. 

not, pu. it is, or it was, yes, shi. 

liau, after a verb forms the past tense. 

Translate into Chinese. 

I have something to ask of you. What is it ? 
Speak freely ! I want you to give me a knife. Do 
this for me. I beseech you, Sir, to do me this 
favour. Gladly ! Many thanks ! Very well ! If I 
receive your favour I shall never forget it. You 
are very polite ! I am troubling you. What do 
you want? Do not use so much formality. I 
like you ! It is not ! You may depend upon me. 
What do you want me to do ? Directly you speak 
I will act. Whatever you want I will do it. 

Notes. — For 'what is itf say *it is whatf for 
* directly' and a verb, say ' one ' (yt) with the verb, 
placing the personal pronoun, if there is one, Jirst. 



80 EXERCISES IN COLLOQUIAL CHINESE. 

The personal pronoun * I ' is frequently omitted 
in Chinese. 

The negative precedes the verb, except when 
liau or te, * can/ is added, then pu, 'not/ comes be- 
tween liau or te and the principal verb. For 
* what do you want me to do V say * call me to do 
what f 

EXERCISE 2. 

Words to be tised. The previous vocabulary 
must also be referred to, and it will be advisable 
occasionally to turn to the larger vocabulary at 
the end of this book, 
to know how, hwuL 
middle kingdom, (China) Chung-kwo. 
language, to say, hwd, 

md, an initiatory particle used at the end of a gene- 
ral question. 
tsung, an intensifying particle = indeed ; (it must 

precede the phrase.) 
not to have, or not (in questions), without, mu-yiu. 
afterwards, heu-laL 
a certain person, meu-jin. 
to tell, to inform, kau-su. 
not yet, have not yet, wi-tsdng. 
if you please, tszng-nh 



EXERCISES IN COLLOQUIAL CHINESE. 81 

to hear, t*ing-ki4n* 

to listen, to obey, t'tng. 

to come, lai> 

at a distance from, Ze * * ♦ yuhn. 

can say, shwo-te. 

cannot say, shwo-pu-te. 

what I say, wd sd-shwo. 

what I said, tvd Bd-shwo-liatl^ 

sdi means ' that which. 

tUi or ts'iuin, before an expression adds force = all, 

perfectly, completely, 
to see, JciSn. 
to forget, wdng-kl 
to be clear about, ming-pe. 
why? wei shimmd. 
to reply to, td-ying. 
clearly, tBlng-tau or taUng. 
a little, yi'tikn-dr. 

can understand, tung-te; to ask, w4iu 
here, che-U; there, nd-ll 
meaning, «-«i. 

to explain, kial (chai); to explain, kial-shwd. 
consequence, kwdn-hh 
suppose, pi'fdng. 
to think, si'Sidng. 



82 EXERCISES. 

SO, che-yang, 

to know, jm-te. 

how many times? hv-t'si? 

to remember, hlte^ 

to forget, wdng-kl 

Do you know how to speak the Chinese lan- 
guage ? Did you speak ? I have not yet indeed 
heard that. A certain man told me. Afterwards 
I told him. Did you say this or not ? If you 
please, what is this ? or, Allow me to ask what this 
is. Do you know this ? I can say ; I cannot say. 
What! do you not reply? — Do you hear what I 
say ? I cannot hear. Speak a little more distinctly. 
Come here and listen. At a distance from that 
man, I cannot hear what he says. Do you under- 
stand clearly what he says ? Do you understand 
what he said ? What I said, did you quite under- 
stand? What you said I perfectly understood. I 
quite understood. I did not understand at all. 
Were you clear about it or not? What is the 
meaning of this ? How do you explain it ? Sup- 
pose I do not understand, what would be the con- 
sequence ? I only think this is so. — Do you know 
him ? How many times have you seen him ? I do 



EXEBCISES. 83 

not remember the number of times. Have you 
forgotten me ? I cannot recollect distinctly. 

The rule about pu (* not') coming between the 
verb and its auxiliary holds in t'inghiin and many 
other compound verbs. 

The simple copula verb to be is often omitted. 
The demonstrative pronouns are only used em- 
phatically. 

EXERCISE 3. 

Words to be used. 

day, t''ien. fine, /witi. 

sun, jt't*eu. cloudy, yuiv-Uau 

a while, yi-Ji/wuL stars, atngsu. 

eat, cM. e\evchangmg,ch'dng'pien. 

wait, tdng, hails, hid-po-tsh 

evening, udn-shdnff^ snows, htd-su. 

evening meal, (rice) wdn- roars, (sounds) hthng. 

fan* wind, fung. 

weather^ t'ien-k'i (chi ) past, kwd-liau. 
how, what kind, tsding-md- rainbow, t'ten-hung. 

ydng. dew falling, hid-lu- 

let us, put pa after the thunders, ta-luL 

verb. lighten, td-shem 

G 2 



84 



EXERCISES- 



go home, hwiii-kid. 
there is, yiu. 
nearly, cha-pu'to, 
summer, Ma i'ien. 
spring, cKqn-iien, 
winter, iung-iunu 
autumn, tsiu-t'ien. 
very, tsw, (superlative) 
cold, lanff. 



dark. 



yin. 



damp, ch*auk*i (chi) 
cannot see, h'dn-pu-h'en. 
a gale, storm, pav-fung. 
to rain, hid-yv,» 
hard, (of raining) Aaei. 

pa is a permissive particle, final. 



blow, chui. 

high, kaU or id. 

sign, proof, ping-k'u {chu) 

fall, hid, or /a. 

late, (of evening) vsdn, 

go, k'u {chu ) 

still there is, hwdn-yiu. 

forenoon, shdng-w^, 

one o^clock, ythidrchung. 

time, shuheu. 

hot, j^'. 

like, swhn, 

trees, shu-mu. 

budded, fd-yd. 



The day is very fine. The sun is going to set. 
Wait a \sihile, it will soon be dark. If you walk 
fast, you will be wearied. Eat your evening meal. 
How is the weather ? The weather is cold. The 
sky is overcast. This evening it is fine weather. 
It is damp. It is cloudy; I cnnnot see the stars. 
It is a gale. The weather is ever changing. It 
rains hard. It hails, It snows. It thunders. The 



EXERCISES. 85 

thunder roars. It lightens. The wind blows. The 
wind is high. The storm is past, we can see the 
rainbow. It is a sign of fair weather. The dew 
is falling. It is not late. Let us go home ! There is 
time (enough) yet, it is still forenoon. It is nearly- 
one o'clock. Do you like this season ? Spring is 
the best. This weather is pleasant; it is neither 
hot nor cold. This is not like spring ; it is like 
winter. The trees have not yet budded. This 
summer is very hot. 



( 86 ) 



VOCABULARY. 



A, (one), 

Abacus, 

Ability, 

Abolish, 

About, 

Above, 

Accept, 

Accuse falsely, 

Acknowledge (to). 

Across, 

Add, (to) 

Affect, 

After three days. 

Afternoon, (in the) 

Afterwards, 

After, 

Agar Agar. 

Again, 

Age, (old) 

Agree (not). 



yi and yi-ko* 

* t^sdi-n&ng, phn-sz. 

chd'pu'to. 

shdng, tsai-shdng. 

sheu-nd* 

8d-t8ung- 

c'hing-jin, 

hang-tl. 

tien-ahdng, kid {chia' 

Tchn-tung, 

heti-sdn t'ien. 

hid-wu, 

heu'ldi. 

heu'ldi, hey l-heu. 

haZ'fsaL 

tsaL 

chdng-sheu, 

pu-tliL 



VOCABULABT. 



87 



Air, to, 


Uang, 


Also, 


yh 


All, 


tu, tsuen. 


All round, 


8&'mien, 


Almonds, 


hing-jin. 


Already, 


i'kmg. 


Altogether, 


kting-fsung* 


Alum, 


pd'fdn. 


Alum (green), 


ts'lng-fdn. 


Ambush, 


moLi'fu. 


American drills, 


^e-wdn pu. 


Among them, 


nui'chung- 


Amount, 


ki'chung. 


Amputate, 


Idr-hid. 


Ancestor of 4th degree, 


kau'tsu. 


Ancestral temple, 


8£'t*dng. 


Ancestors, 


ts^'tsung. 


Angry (to be), 


tung-ch'i (k'i). 


Apply the mind, 


Uu'8ln. 


Anchor, 


TTiAu, 


Announce, 


t*ung-pau. 


Another, again. 


yiu. 


Another day. 


kdi'jt' 


Ancient men, 


ku'jin. 


And, 


hd, hwdn-hai. 



Animals wild, 


yh-sheu. 


Aniseed (oil), 


pd'kiaijL yiu. 


Aniseed (star), 


pd-Jdaii, 


Aniseed (broken), 


pd'kiatt cha. 


Ant, 


md'l. 


Arm, 


pi, shetjL-pi. 


Arrest, 


ku. 


Arch, 


hwdn. 


Arch (memorial). 


pdi'leu. 


Arts, (military) 


w^'L 


Arts, (ingenious) 


H4. 


Arsenic, 


sin-shi. 


Assist, 


^ang-pang. 


Assistant, 


Kd-ki. 


Ass, 


lUsz. 


AsafoBtida, 


ngo'wei. 


Ascend, 


shdng. 


At home, (not) 


pu'tsau 


At home. 


tsai'Ma (ohta). 


At last, 


mu-heu. 


Axletree, 


che-cheu 


At once. 


tst'k'e. 


At, to be at, or in. 


tsai. 


At present, 


hiSn-tsaij and ju-kfn. 


Autumn, 


t'sfu. 



VOCABULARY. 



89 



Average, 

Avoid, 

Axe, 



pu-id jmsiad, 

mUn* 
fiUsh 



B. 



Bad, 


puJiau* 


Baggage trunk, 


hing-slang. 


Bamboo, 


chu. 


Bamboo grove. 


chU'lin. 


Bamboo ware, 


chu'Chi (ki). 


Bamboo poles. 


chu'kdn. 


Bangles, 


liau-she^ chu. 


tfaptize. 


shl'Sh 


Bare the shoulder (to). 


ian-hia. 


Basin stand, 


p'in-chm (kia). 


Battery, 


pau-t'au 


Bathe, 


sl'tsau. 


Beat (to). 


tit. 


Beat to death. 


td'8£. 


Beat clothes. 


shwal* 


Beaver skin. 


hallo p% 


Bean oil. 


teH. 


Beat gongs. 


th-lo. 


Beat drums, 


th-kijL. 



90 VOCABULARY- 


Bamboo divining rods, 


t'slen. 


Because, 


yin-weif 


Bee hive, 


mi'fung wd. 


Bees'-wax, 


pdrld. 


Bedstead, or bed. 


chwAng. 


Be diligent, 


yung-kung. 


Before, 


tdng. 


Before, (coram) 


mienH^sien. 


Before (ante). 


sierif sien-shu 


Begin (to). 


k% (chz)- 


Begin work. 


tung-kung. 


Beg favour. 


t'au-kwdng. 


Beg, 


yau, k*iu, ki. 


Behind, 


heu-mien. 


Be in oflGice, 


tsd'kwdn. 


Believe, 


stang-sin- 


Below, 


hia, tsai'hid. 


Bend, 


wdn. 


Benefit, 


yt'C%u, li-yt. 


Besiege, 


wei'k'itien. 


Be saved. 


te-kiu. 


Betel-nut cake. 


plnglAng katk. 


Betel-nut 


pmg-l&ng* 


Beyond the border, 


pien-wai. 


Birmah, 


Mlen-tien. 



VOCABULARY. 


Birds'-nest, 


yen-hu. 


Bind, 


k'wun-pang. 


Black, 


he. 


Blue lime. 


t*8ing'hwet. 


Blankets, 


c hwdng-chdn. 


Bleached, 


p'iau'pe. 


Blind, 


hid. 


Blood-vessel, 


hu'kwhn. 


Blow, (to) 


kwd. 


Body, 


shln-il 


Boil (to), 


chu. 


Bolt (to), 


shan. 


Bombazettes, 


yu-c neu> 


Book, 


shuy phnshu. 


Book-style, 


w&n-U. 


Book of filial piety. 


Hiau-hing. 


Bookcase. 


ahu-chid {kia). 


Book box. 


»8hU'Stang. 


Bookworm, 


tu-il 


Boots, 


hiiie. 


Border custom-house. 


kwdn-k*eU' 


Born, 


sang-chu-lat 


Born into the world. 


c'hushi. 


Bottle, 


ping. 



91 



92 



VOCABULARY. 



Brass wire, 

Brass foil. 

Brass ware, 

Brass buttons, 

Brass nails. 

Bread, 

Bream, 

Break in pieces 

Bricks, 

Brick couch. 

Bridge, 

Bring (to), 

Broad, 

Broadcloth, 

Broken, 

Brush (to), 

Buddha, 

Buddhist deities, (2d class) 

Buddhist deities, (3d class) 

Buddhist monasteries, 

Buddhist priest, 

Buddhist religion, 

Buffalo horns, 

Bug, 



hwdng-t^ung 8Z. 
t*ung'pd. 

hwdng't*ung chi (k*iy 
hwdng-t^ung niit-Ueu. 
hw&ng-t*ung ting. 

chl-iu 

c'hiaurSuL 

chum. 

Jcdng. 

k'iau* 

ndrlah tsu'lai, 

tO'l6-nL 



Fu. 

pu-sd. 

Id'hdn. 

shi-yuen. 

ho'shdng, 

Fu'kiau, 

meurchiatt, (kid) 

c%eu'chung. 



TOCABULAST. 



93 



Build (to). 


kai. 


Build a house. 


kien-u. 


Bunting, 


y%k-pu. 


Bury, 


Udng-TMiA. 


Burn (to> 


chau'hu* 


Bum (to). 


c'hiu. 


Burnt tiles. 


wh. 


Burn incense. 


ihau'hlang. 


Burn paper. 


sfiau'chi. 


But, 


idnshi 


Butter, 


niu-yiu. 


Butterfly, 


hu't*ie. 


Button, 


niu. 


Button-hole, 


mu'k*ett. 


Buy (to). 


tnal 


By, 


yiu, yunff. 



Calculate, 


twdn-chdnff. 


Calculate, 


swan, swdn-ku 


Call 


kiau. 


Call, 


chau (Jdau) hu. 


Call out, 


jang. 


Camagon, 


maushu 



94 VOCABULARY. 


Camel, 


lUd. 


Camers hair, 


ld't*d mail. 


Camlets (Dutch), 


So-ldn yiirtwdn. 


Camlets, (English) 


Ying-hwo yu-shd 


Camlets, 


ii-mau. 


Camphor, 


chang-^au. 


Can, 


ndng, k^d-l. 


Can, 


ndng-keu. 


Can walk, 


hwei'tseu. 


Canals and rivers, 


shul'lu. 


Candareen, 


fqn. 


Cantharides, 


jjdn-mau. 


Cap, 


mau-tsh 


Capital, 


pdn-fsien. 


Capoor cutchery. 


8dn-naL 


Caraway, 


yuin-sul. 


Carefully reckon, 


si'Swdn, 


Carriage, 


c'hB'tsz. 


Carp, 


li-l 


Carry, 


tai, nd'lai. 


Carry a letter, 


taisin. 


Carry (to). 


thi. 


Carry loads, 


tHaU'thn, 


Carry (with a yoke), 


t'iau. 


Carry (of two persons). 


t'aL 





VOCABULARY. 


Carry water, 


iiaU'Shuh 


Carry on back, 


id. 


Cassia oil. 


Jztjoei'pi yeu. 


Cast, 


pau. 


Cash, 


t'sien, tung't*8un. 


Cask, 


t*unff. 


'Cassia lignea, 


hwei'P*u 


Cassia buds, 


kwei'tsi. 


Cassia twigs, 


kwei'chi. 


Cassimeres, 


siau-nL 


Cat, 


mdu- 


Catty, 


kin. 


Catch, 


tit-k'in. 


Cause, 


kiau 


Cease, 


t*ang. 


Centipede, 


wu'kung. 


Chair, 


I, or Usz, 


Chair, 


I'tsh 


Chalk mark, 


hwei-yin. 


Change, 


yi'chdng. 


Chant prayers, 


nien-klng. 


Characters, 


t8i. 


Cheap, 


tsieru 


Certainly, 


pi-ting. 


Chest,^ 


hiung-t^dng. 



95 



Cheat (to), 


AUUljAaJL* 


Chief boatman, 


chuin-cku. 


China, 


Chung-kwo, 


China root, 


H'fu ling. 


China Proper, 


Nui'ti. 


Chinese jam, 


shdn-yau' 


Chinese coal, 


t'tl-md. 


Chinese mile, 


11 


Chintz, 


hwh-yAng pui 


Chief minister. 


tsaisidng. 


Choose, 


chien-slUen- 


Cinnabar, 


cha-shd. 


Cinnamon, 


jU'kweL 


Clean, 


kdn-tsing. 


Cleanse to, 


sing t*8tng. 


Clear (to the mind), 


ming-pe. 


Clear (to the eye), 


t'slng-shwhng* 


Clothes, 


I'fu. 


Cloves, 


tlnghlang. 


Clever,. 


ling-lung, ling-U 


Clocks, 


tsi'ming-chung- 


Cluster of houses, 


chwang. 


Coat of mail. 


chid (kid). 


Cocoons, 


t* s&n-chien. 


Cochin China, 


Ngdn-ndn, 



VOCABULABT. 



97 



Coffin and case, 


kwAn-kwo^ 


Cold, 


Un. 


Cold, 


lang. 


Cold, 


Hang. 


Collar, 


Ung48z. 


Colour, 


yen-se. 


Column of characters. 


t*dng. 


Come (to), 


lai. 


Come directly, 


tsiu'lau 


Commentary, 


chuMai. 


Common, 


siun-chdng. 


Common seal, 


t'u shu. 


Comply (to), 


i't*8ung. 


Conduct (to), 


p^ln-hing. 


Confer royal title. 


fung. 


Condemn (to). 


ting-tsuU 


Confess (to), 


jin-tsui. 


Congratulate (to), 


Mng-hl. 


Connect (to), 


tsie-su, lien. 


Conquer (to), 


te-shing. 


Cough (to), 


keseu. 


Couacieoce 


liang'Sln, 


Connected, 


slang-lien. 


Consider about, 


shdng-lidng. 


Constant, 


c'Mng. 



98 



TOCABULABT. 



Cook (to), 


fe(J-/an, shau. 


Cooking range. 


tsau't'eu. 


Cool, 


fung-liang. 


Copper ore, 


sangt'ung. 


Cornelians, 


md-natlt. 


Cornelian beads. 


md-natt chu. 


Coral, 


sdn-hti 


Corpse, 


sz'shi. 


Cotton cloth, 


pu. 


Cotton, 


mien-huod. 


Cotton thread, 


rrden-sim. 


Cotton-seed oil, 


mien-hwa yiu< 


Counter, 


kwei. 


Court, 


c'haU't%ng. 


Cover over. 


kai'hai)t. 


Cover (to), 


• kai'shdng. 


Covet (to), 


t'an. 


Cow, . 


meu' 


Cows' milk, 


meu-nal. 


Crane, 


sienJiau. 


Crape, 


hucheu. 


Crack, 


lie-Ual. 


Cricket, 


chh-chu. 


Crisp, 


t*8ul 


Crooked, 


sii. 



VOCABtTLABT. 



99 



Crossbow arrow, 


nilt'tsien 


Cross beams, 


hung-liang. 


Crush (to), 


ydJi/wai. 


Cry, 


chiauy (kiau)' 


Cubebs, 


cMng-chii' 


Cucumber, 


wdng-kwd. 


Cultivated land. 


iUn4i. 


Cupboard, 


kweL 


Cure (to), 


chi-haiL 


Curiosities, 


kiSb-ndtu 


Cup, 


pel. 


Curtain, 


chdng-tsz. 


Custom-house, 


hal-kwdn. 


Cuteh* 


&'CM. 


Cut, 


Id. 


Cut (with knife), 


ko. 


Cut (with scissors). 


tsien. 


Cut off the hand, 


cMn-shet^ 


Cut open, 


ko'h'al. 



D. 



Damask, 


twdn-pu. 


Damask silk. 


hworttodnf ling. 


Damp, 


chau. 




i2La 



100 VOCABULARY. 


Dangerous, 


ll'hai. 


Dark, 


ngdn. 


Dates (black). 


he-taail. 


Dates (red). 


hung-Uatlt' 


Daughter (your), 


ling-ngai* 


Day, 


t'ien, ju 


Day's work. 


yi'hWng. 


Day after to-morrow. 


hevrt^ien. 


Day before yesterday. 


t'sien-ju 


Dear (opp. cheap), 


kwei (opp. tsiSn). 


Death (freeze to), 


tungs£. 


Decide (to), 


ting-kweu 


Deck planks, 


t'sang-phn. 


Deed of sale, 


wAn-yo* 


Deep, 


shm-t'sien. 


Deer horns, 


liUhihu, (kio). 


Deer and buflfalo horns, 


lu-niu chin. 


Defeat (to), 


pai^chdng. 


Defeated, 


shu. 


Delay (to), 


tan-ko. 


Deliberate (to). 


chlrincho, shang-lidng, 


Deliver down (to), 


chuen-hid. 


Depend on (to), 


i'lai. 


Descend, (to) 


cUang-hia laL 


Desire (to), 


yum. 



VOCABULARY. 



101 



Desist (to), 
Despair (to), 
Destroy (to), 
Detain (to), 
Die (to). 
Differ (to). 
Different, 
Difficult (to do), 
Dig open, 
Dig (to), 
Diligent (be). 
Dimities, 
Diminish, 
Dining-table, 
Dinner spread, 
Dinner (take), 
Direct (to). 
Disclose (to). 
Discord (sow). 
Discuss (to), 
Dish, 

Disperse (to), 
Disregard (to). 
Dissolve (to), 
Distinguish (to), 



chi'chu, 
ts&'wdng. 
hwd'hwai. 
lithchd> 

c*hd'€hd. 
llang-ydng. 
ndn-tsd'tz. 
kiu-k'di. 
kid. 

yung-kung. 
lien-t'tau pi* 
chlen-shhu. 
fdn-cho* 
palfdn. 
cM-fdn. 
chitlen. 
lurchu'lat 
t*iau'86. 
pierirlun* 
p'ifi'tsz. 
sdrirJcdl. 
pii'ku. ' 
siaU-hwd, 
fq^n-ming. 



102 



VOCABULAET. 



Distinct, 


tsing-chfi. 


District, 


Men. 


Disturb, 


cUau^tung. 


Divide (to), 


jqn-yiaU 


Divine, 


chau'pii. 


Divine (to). 


kH^aien. 


Do (to), 


tso, Uo-wd. 


Doe skin. 


chi'pi. 


Dog, 


keily kiuen. 


Dollar, 


y&ng-tsiin. 


Dollar (Mexican), 


ying-ydng. 


Dollar (one tenth of). 


kid. 


Domestics, (trade term) 


hwa-chi pu. 


Done, 


Uiu 


Door, 


m&rUeu. 


Door-front, 


t'sHn-mdn. 


Dove, 


ko'tsz. 


Dragon's-blood gum. 


Ua-cmh. 


Drake, 


yi-yd. 


Draw, 


la. 


Draw to (pictures). 


hwd. 


Dried prawns. 


hla-mi. 


Dried mussels. 


tdn-t^sai. 


Drink wine. 


ho-tdu. 


Drink again. 


taai'ho. 



VOCABULARY. 



103 



Drink together, 

Drive (to), 

Drums (to beat), 

Dry, 

Dry in the sun, 

Duck, 

Duck eggs, 

Duck (mandarin), 

Duck-keeper, 

Dutch camlets^ 

Duty, 

Duties (public), 

Dwell, 

Dye, green, 

Dye, indigo, 



tui-yiiu 

khn. ' 

tit-H. 

kdn. 

shai, shai'han. 

ya-tsh 

yd'tdn. 

yuSn-ydng. 

k'dn-yd ti jin. 

Ed'l&n yil'twdn, 

Mng-shL 

chut ku, ch{irchu» 

lu-cMati. 



E 



Kach, every, 




ho. 


Earth, 




ti. 


Early, 




tsat^. 


Earth-worm, 




churchu* 


Earth bricks 


(large), 


p\ 


Easy, 




yung-i. 


Eastward, 




hiang-tung. 



104 


VOCABULAET. 


East of the Drum tower, KMeu tang. 


Eat (to), 


cKi[]zi\ 


Eat enough, 


dii-'pait. 


Eat meat, 




Eat habitually, 


ch'i-hjodn. 


Eat books, 


dhi'Shu. 


Ebony, 


wdrmu. 


Economical, 


sh^fiff-kien. 


Eel (white), 


pe-shen. 


Eel (yellow). 


hwing-sM^i. 


Kight, 


pa. 


Ells long. 


pt chh 


Emperor, 


Hw&ng-shdng, 


Empty, 


Icung. 


Employ men, 


ahihwdn. 


Endure (to). 


jinnai. 


Engrave, 


Me-Ui, 


Enjoy to (life). 


}Aang'%h§'u, 


Enough (not), 


pH'tau. 


Enquire (to), 


Ih-ilng. 


Enter (to). 


tain, tsin-chu* 


Entice (to), 


ylnrye^. 


Entire, 


chhng. 


Pnter the ground. 


ju-t'u. 


Entrust (to), 


io^fu. 



VOCABULAEY. 


Ermine skin, 


yin^M p't. 


Escape suflFering, 


Vo nan. 


Escort, 


hu'Sung, mng. 


Escort guests, 


sung-ke. 


Essays, 


wdn-chdng. 


Establish a capital, 


kien-tu. 


Everywhere, 


ko^c'M, 


Every year, 


mel-nien. 


Examine (to). 


k'a'Dirchien. 


Exceedingly (initial), 


Hn. 


Exceedingly (final), 


te^n. 


Exchange, 


tui-hwdn. 


Except, 


l-nai 


Exert yourself, 


c'hu-Uh. 


Exhalations, 


tt^chi 


Explanation, 


kzaishwo. 


Expend, 


k^at'SiaU. 


Expand (to), 


shm-Uwan, 


Extinguish (to). 


mie-mu. 


Extraordinary, 


ke-wai. 


Eyes, 


yhn-Uing. 


Eyes (inflamed), 


fah-yhn. 



105 



106 



VOCABULABT. 



Facing, 


miin-tsz. 


Faint, 


huun-kwd chu. 


Faint (to), 


fd-hw^n. 


Faithful and honest, 


chUng-heii. 


Fall (to), 


tie-hid, hid, Id-hid. 


Fall (to let), 


hid. 


Fall into snares, 


shdng-tdng 


Fall into misfortune, 


tseit-ndn. 


False. 


Itih. 


Falsely accuse, 


'so'tsting. 


False coral. 


chhrBdn hti 


False pearls. 


chla-chin chU. 


Famed surgeon, 


mtng-t. 


Family (master of), 


kid'Chu. 


Family name, 


sing. 


Fan (to). 


th'ShSn. 


Fans (paper). 


chi'ShSn. 


Fancy cottons, 


hwd'pu. 


Farther back, 


tsai-shdng. 


Father, 


laijt'tsz. 


Favour (beg), 


t'au'kwdng. 


Favourable, 


8h4n. 


Fear (to), 


p'd. 



Fear (pain), 


p'd'tting* 


Fear not, 


pu-p'd. 


Feather fans, 


yvrshin. 


Feeble, 


jwhn-jd. 


Feed (to), 


wei, ydng' 


Feed pigs. 


weincka. 


Feign, 


chih'Uo^ 


Felt cuttings, 


chdnauu 


Felt caps. 


chanrmmi. 


Ferry over, (to) 


pai'tti. 


Feet (large), 


^ td'Uo. 


Feverish, 


fd'ShaU. 


Few, 


sha'H. 


Few, 


yiMiidfu 


Few of, a little of. 


sie. 


Field spider. 


chU'Chu. 



107 



Fight to (of individuals), th-chid (kid). 
Fight to (of armies), th-chdng. 
Figured coloured cottons, ye-hwd si-pii. 
File and rank, wtt-tuL 

Filial piety (book of), Hiau-Ung. 
Filial son^ hiau-tsh 

Final interrogative, (pa.) ni. 
Fine china ware, si-iaz c%% {Ui). 

Fine linen« si-md pu. 



108 



VOCABULAEY, 



Finish (to), 

Finished, 

First, 

First come, 

First month. 

First day of the month. 

First title of nobility, 

Fire fly, 

Fireworks, 

Firm, 

Fish, (to) 

Fish (fresh), 

Fish (salt). 

Fish (salt), 

Fish maws, 

Fish skins, 

Fish hawk. 

Fishing-net, 

Fish-hook, 

Five, 

Fire-stove, 

Fire cannon. 

Five teu:=:one. 



tsO'wdn. 

sUn* 

sieri'lai' 

chinff-yu 



yung-hd c'hung. 
paH'Chu. 
kie-sht 
yuf th-yu 



>'U. 



yu'hien, 
yu-tu. 
yu'p I. 
u-ylng. 
Ih'U whrig. 
tiaii'u keu, 
M. 
hd lu* 
fdng-p'a^. 



Five feet (land measure), ^t^. 
Five classics (The), Wu-king, 



VOCABULARY. 



109 



Fix (to), 

Flatter (to), 

Flat yellow pumpkin, 

Flea, 

Flesh and skin, 

Fling (to), 

Flints, 

Floating-bridge, 

Floor, 

Floss from Canton, 



ting-hid. 
fung-cking, 
ndfi'kwd, 
kevri8ai>. 

jhng. 

hd'shi, 

feu-c'Matu 

ti'phn. 

Ktohng-tung jung. 



Floss from various provs. kd-shhig jung. 



Flour, 
Flow (to), 
Flowers. 
Flowers (paper), 
Flowers (nutmeg), 
Flowers and grass, 
Flower jar, 
Flower pot. 
Fly (to), 
Foil (brass). 
Foil (tin), 
Foment, (to) 
Foot, 
Footstool, 



mten'fq.n. 

liu. 

hwd, 

chi'hwd. 

teu'k'eu hwd. 

hwd-t^sau. 

hwdrping. 

hwd-pen* 

t'ung-po. 

81'pd. 

chi-ii c'Imidng. 

c'ho. 

chtavrtd. 



110 VOCABULARY. 


For me, 


t'l^d. 


For the first time, 


chU. 


For (on account of), 


weU yln-weu 


For (to give to), 


iel (hi). 


Forbid, 


chin-chi. 


Foreign, 


wai'hoo. 


Foreign coal. 


wai'kwo met. 


Forenoon, 


shdng-chei^ 


Forget (to), 


w&ng, wdng-ki 


Fork, 


chd'tsh 


Formerly, 


t'sung-t^sien. 


Foundation, 


U'kl. 


Four, 


8£. 


Four books (The), 


Sishn. 


Fowl, 


ki, cht. 


Fowls' eggs (salted). 


hUn-cht'tdn. 


Fowl broth. 


kl't'ang. 


Fowl feathers. 


chf-mau. 


Fox, 


hu-ll. 


Fragrant wood, 


Mang-chaL 


Friend, 


p'&ng^iii. 


Freeze (to). 


tting-ping. 


Freeze to death. 


tung-si. 


From, along. 


t'mng. 


From a boy, 


t'mng-siau. 





VOCABULAEY. 


Front door, 


t*8ien-mdn. 


Full, 


mhn, or mwan. 


Fulfil (to), 


' c^hing'tsiii. 


Fustians, 


hwei-jung. 



111 



G. 



Galangal, 

Gambler, 

Gamboge, 

Gamble, 

Garden (vegetable), 

Garlic, * 

Garment (appos, for), 

Garroo wood, . 

Gather up (to), 

Gauze, 

Gentleman (young). 

Gild a surface. 

Gild figures. 

Gild in spots. 

Girl, 

Give away (to), 

Give (to), 

Give more (to), 



lianff chtang. 
id t^Bing. 
V^g hwdng, 
ti!^ t'sien, 
t'sai-ytiin. 
swan, , 
Men. 

chin htang. 
sheU'She. 
sha. 

kUng-tsz. 
t'u kin* 
miau htn* 
sit kin. 
aiau-nd'tsz, 
Vul keh 
kt, pi. 
ilen. 



112 



VOCABULARY. 



Ginghams, 

Give, 

Glass, 

Glass dressing. 

Glass ware (native), 

Glass beads (native), 

Glass (looking), 

Glass globe for gold 

Glue, 

Go, 

Go to the^east. 

Go (to). 

Go east (to). 

Go up a hill. 

Go round, (to) 

Goat, 

Goats* hair, 

Goat-sucker, 

God, 

God of war, 

Gods, (Tauist) 

God of the Tauists, 

God of riches. 

Goddess of mercy, 

Gold, 



ho 8z mau pu. 



pd'li. 

chwen I dhing. 
liaii chU 
liaii chu* 
mail ching. 
fish,^a-Zt u kdng 
pi cMau. 
c*hu (Jcu), 
hthng-tung taeu. 
taeil, Jcii, whng. 
hiang-tUng. • 
shdngshdn. 
jau cho ts^ti. 
shdn-ydng. 
shdn ydngmau* 
tic chuen> 
Shdng-ti* 
Kwdn-fu'tsz. 
shtn-taii. 
YU-tl 
T'sai-shin, 
Kwdn-yln. 



VOCABULARY. 


Gold thread (real), 


chin chin-mn* 


Gold thread (imitated), 


<hla chin-aien. 


Gold ware, 


chm-chi (JcH). 


Gold fish, 


chin-u. 


Gone (having), 


tau-kwo. 


Good, 


hm. 


Goods (embroidered), 


si eu hi. 


Goose, 


ng6. 


Goose (wild), 


Id yen. 


Goose quills. 


ngo-matu 


Government seal, 


^, or 8z. 


Government offices, 


kwdn-tsio. 


Grass, # 


isatl, tslng-tsau. 


Grandfather, 


tsu-fti. 


Grave (make a), 


tso-fdn. 


Great, 


td'ti. 


Great grandfather. 


tsungtsu. 


Green, 


lu'Bi-ti. 


Grove (bamboo). 


chu'Un. 


Guest, 


Ize-jin. 


Grain junk, 


yun-liang-chwei 


Grass cloth (fine), 


si hid'pu. 


Grass cloth (coarse). 


t*su hid'pu. 


Grateful (be). 


pai ngdn» 


Grey squirrel. 


hwe^-shu. 



113 



114 VOCABULARY. 

Grey shirtings, phnse yAng-pu, 

Grieve, yiu-mdn. 

Ground-nut cake, hwd slieng pzng> 

Grouse, shd-chl. 

Guard (to), ph-sheic. 

Guess, isau 



H. 



Hair, t'eu-fd, or mau. 

Half a day pdn-t%n. 

Half a month, pan ko-yu. 

Half a cask, pan w&n. ^ 

Half-summer robe, smu-kwd- 

Hall, t*dng. 

Hams, ho-t'uh 

Hammer, Idng-t'eu. 

Han dynasty, Hdn-chau. 

Handicraft, slieu-L 

Handkerchiefs, shexi-p'd. 

Hanging jar, kwd-ping. 

Hanging bucket, tiau-t'ung. 

Hanging mirror, kwd-ching {king 

Hang-lanthorn, kwd-tgng. 

Hard, y^^g* 



VOCABUI/ABT. 



116 



Hare-skins, 


Up'i. 


Harmony, 


ho. 


Harness a cart (to), 


t'au-c'he. 


Hat-stand, 


mau-chid (kia)' 


Have, 


- y^^' 


Have not, 


mu-yiu. 


Having gone. 


tau-kwo. 


Hawk, 


ytng. 


He,, 


t'a. 


He then said, 


tsiu shwo. 


Heart, 


sm-chdnff. 


Hearth-cricket, 


tsau-wdng-mi.. 


Heaven, 


t'lm. 


Helmet, 


k*weu 


Help, 


siang-pang. 


Hemp, 


md. 


Hempen rope. 


md-shlng. 


Here, 


.ch§4l 


Hide, 


t*sdng-ni' 


High, 


kau. 


Hire, 


tsu. 


Hold (to), 


t'sdng. 


Hold in the mouth. 


hiin. 


Homestead, 


tse-Uz. 


Honey, 


fUng-mi. 



I 2 



116 



VOCABULAET. 



Honey-bee, 

Honourable, 

Horizontal, 

Hot. 

How, 

How many ? 

House, 

Hungry, 

Honoured, 

Honest, 

Horse, 

Hot weather, 

House-fly, 

How often ? 

How many chapters ? 

How dare I ? 

Hu-cheu silk, 

Humble, 

Husks of betel-nut. 



mi-fung. 
h&ng. 

ji. 

tahn^md ydng. 

fdng-Uz. 

w6 or ngd. 

ling. 

la^shu 

miu 

t*ien-je. 

t^Bdnff'tftng. 

kl-hwei. 

H'kiuen. 

chi-khn t 

Hush 

chUn hu. 

ping-lAng-l. 



I, 

I do not understand, 
I do not want, 



I. 



w6. 

pu t^ng. 



VOCABULABY. 



117 



I will not, 

If, 

Imitate, 

Imitation (lasting), 

Important, 

Imported, 

In, within, 

In, am, in, was. 

In, (on account of). 

In the fields. 

In the city. 

In the market. 

In the street. 

In the mouth, 

In the country, 

Incense sticks. 

Inch, 

Inclined, 

Incurable, 

Indian ink, 

Indian cow bezoar. 

Indigestion, 

Inefficacious, 

Inferior Corean ginseng, 

Inferior Japan ginseng. 



t^hng hS. 

hid* 

md yu ling. 

yau-kin. 

yun-lai'tu 

tsai, II. 

UaL 

wet. 

t^iSnli. 

e^htng^lL 

shi-shdng. 

kial-sMng. 

t8td-ll 

hiangAl, tsai hidng-hid. 

shi eMn wdng. 

t*8un. 

siS. 

t'piirlai. 

me. 

Yin-ti, nlt^kwdng. 

stau-hwd pii-t^ng, 

puH'ing. 

hid-Ung KaU-U shin. 

hid-thng J% pbn sMn. 



n8 



VOCABULABT. 



Inferior pumelo peel, 


kid-tbng yeijt pH. 


Inferior paper, 


tsz-tbng chL 


Inferiors, 


nhn-fei. 


Inform, (to), 


kaHsu. 


Ingenious, 


ling-chlau. 


Ingenious arts, 


uu 


Injure, 


shang-hat. 


Injuries, 


hai-chu. 


Injury by delay, 


tdn-tou. 


Inquire, 


th't'mg. 


Insert (to), 


c%w^n. 


Inside, 


net (nili), li^^mien. 


Instruct, 


chiau-hiun. 


Intelligent, 


t'sung ming. 


IntelUgible, 


c*hlng pa. 


Intercept, 


tsie-ldn. 


Interest, 


li-t'sien. 


Investigate, 


chd-chd. 


Invite, 


tslng. 


Iron (to). 


t'dng. 


Iron wire, 


tie 8T. 


Iron ladle, 


t'sdm-tsz. 


Is, am, &c. 


ski. 


Is called. 


kiau. 


Is there any? 


yiil-nl ? 



VOCABULARY. 1 1 9 

Is it not SO ? k'd pu shi ? 

Isinglass, yu^chiau. 

It certainly is not, plnff pu-shi. 

It does not agree, pu^tui 

It does not concern, pu-kwdn. 

It diflFers little, chd-pu-td. 

It is so, chd. 

It is not wrong, pu-tso. 

It is not so, pu'shi. 

It is not far from it. pu-lt 

It is very diflferent, chd-yuH» 

It is very true, Mn-shi. 
It is just, • tsiu-shL 

It is then correct, t'sai-shL 

It is as before, yuinshi. 

It is not certain, pu-chun. 

It is pretty, yiu't*8u. 

It is not pretty, mu-t*8u. 

It matters not which, pie-chu. 

It must be, tsicngshi. 

It will do, k'd'l 

It will not do, pu lung- 

Ivory ware, sidng-yd. c*hu 



120 VOCABULARY. 

J. 

Jar, ping-tsz. 

Jacket, mh'kwd. 

Japan wax, Ji-phn Id. 

Japanese ginseng (best), shdng teng Ji pen sJien. 

Japanese ginseng (inf.), hiA-tSng Ji-phn shin. 

Jaundice, hwdng-cheng, 

Jesus, Ye-sU. 

Jetty, md't'eu. 

Join battle, kiau-fieng* 

Judge (to)^ sMn-shi. 



Jump, 


t*iau. 


Just come. 


tmUai. 


Just, 


kUng-ping, 


Just as^ 


ching-taat 


Just now. 


t^sai'kang. 




K. 


Keep (to), 


sheu. 


Keep watch. 


k'dn'king. 


Kettle, 


shul'hii 


King, 


wdng. 


Kingfisher feathers. 


t^sui-mau. 



VOCABULABT. 



121 



Kitchen, 


chu-f&ng* 


Kitchen cupboard. 


c%U'hjoeu 


Kneading-board, 


mien-phn. 


Kneel, 


t*8ing. 


Kneel and bow. 


kwei-pau 


Knife, 


tau. 


Knot, (tie a) 


Jewel 


Know (to), 


hiai!t-te. 


Kranjee wood^ 


Yd'ldn-ehi mu, 




L. 


Lacquered ware,. 


e%t'€%i 


liakka wood. 


ehidng-hiang. 


Lamp, 


Hng. 


Lamp-wicks, 


tgng-t'satH. 


Lan, a kind of silk. 


Id. 


Land cultivated, 


t'tSn-ti. 


Land (owner of). 


ti-ehfl 


Land otter-skin, 


a-'pX 


Language, 


hwd. 


Large cash, 


td-t'siSn. 


Large house, or office. 


c'hhng. 


Large fox-skins, 


id hu'lu p'l 


Large bason. 


id'pSn. 



122 VOCABULARY. 


Large earthen water- 


kdng. 


vessel. 




Large earth bricks, 


^}, 


Last year, 


chu-m§n. 


Lasting, 


lau. 


Lazy, 


Ihn-tu. 


Lead, 


yln-tau. 


Lead (white). 


chien-fhn. 


Lead (yellow), 


hwdng-tdn. 


Lead (in pigs), 


chien-k*we{. 


Lead (in sheets), 


chzen-piin. 


Lead soldiers (to), 


Ung-plng* 


Leading-mule, 


pien-t*au. 


Lean (to). 


k'au. 


Leap into a river, 


t^eu-hL 


Leap into a well, 


t*eu'Utng. 


Learn (to), 


hid. 


Leather trunks. 


p*i-8lang. 


Leather boxes, for hold. 




ing silver. 


pi-kdng. 


Leather articles, 


pUU {k% 


Leave it there, 


liu-cho. 


Leave a place, 


U-k'al. 


Leggings, 


j< f 7 t r 

t au'fc u. 


Lend, 


tsie. 



VOCABULARY. 1 23 



Leopard-skins, 


'pau-'p^i^ 


Lest, 


k^ung-p^d. 


Let, 


chu'jin. 


Let fall (to), 


hid. 


Let fall hair, 


tiau-mau. 


Letter-boat, 


8tn'€%wSn» 


Letter-office, 


sin-ku' 


Letters (appositive for), 


fung. 


Lettuce, 


8h4ng't*8ai. 


Library, 


shu-fdng. 


Lichee, 


li-chi 


Lie down. 


miSn-hid* 


Lie down. 


t'dng. 


Lie (falsely), 


hwctng-hwd. 


Lies, 


hwdng-fdng* 


Life, (soul) 


sing ming. 


Life (the whole). 


chung-shin. 


Lift, 


chu'C*hi. 


Light, (opp. to heavy) 


ching. 



Light, (opp. to darkness) UAng-kiodng. 
Light books, hi^n-shu. 

Light the stove, shqng Kwd^lu^ 

Lime, pd-hwei. 

Lime, shu-hwei' 

Lime (blue), t'slng-hwel. 



124 



VOCABULAET. 



Lining, U-taz. 

Liquid indigo, shiti-tidn. 

Liquorice, kdn-t'sau. 

Literary name, hau> 

Little, siai^^ 

Little (a) (time &c.) yi-hwei. 

Little boy, aiait-hai-tBh 

Live again, fu-hjoo. 

Local banditti, U-fd (fz). 

Long, length, c'hdnff-twitn. 

Long since, laf!i't8af!t. 

Long time, e^hdng-kitH. 

Long ells, pz-eU. 

Long robe, chAng-shan. 
Long robe with waistband,|>*aw-*«J. 

Long summer robe, td-kwd. 

Long stool, phn-tinff. 

Long high table, t'iau-ngdn. 

Look, yt an. 

Look (after), chau-ylng* 

Loose light sUng. 

Lose (to). pu'Uin. 

Lose capital, sM-p^n. 

Lotus, ngeH. 

Lotus roots, hd-hwa. 



VOCABULABY. 125 

Lotus nets, Iten-tsh 

Low, ti» 

Louse, sS'tsz. 

Lucralan seed, td-feng-tah 

Lung ngan, (a fruit) kwei-yuSn. 

Lute-stringy ehiu^n. 

Lying in the W. k'au-H, 

M. 

Mace, one-tenth of an oz. t'eiin. 

Mackerel, tl-u. 

Made to order, ting-tsd-ti. 

Magistrate, chi-hten. 

Magpie, hl-c'hiu. 

Make (to), ts6. 

Make a prostration, Jiu-^eu. 

Make a hedge, lUpcU 

Make a grave, Uo-fAn. 

Make up a deficit, p^tsii. 

Make up money (to), ch*au. 

Man, jin. 

Man (old), lait jin-kia (chia). 

Manage, kwhn4l. 

Manchunan ginseng, kwan-tUng jgn-sMn, 



126 VOCABULAI^Y. 


Mandarin's seal, 


yin, 


Mandarin duck, 


yuen-ydng. 


Mandarin^^s office, 


yd-mdn. 


Mangrove bark, 


k'au-p'i. 


Manila cordage, 


Lu'Sung shing. 


Manufactured copper, 


shen-t'ung. 


Manufactured iron, 


shen-t'ie. 


Manure cakes, 


k'engshd. 


Many, 


to. 


Marble slabs, 


yiln-shu 


Mark, 


th-yin. 


Martin, 


yen-tsz. 


Martin skin. 


ttau'p i. 


Mason, 


ni-nh-tsiang. 


Master, 


iung-kia (chia)- 


Master of a family, 


km-chu. 


Mast, 


chiLen-weL 


Mast lanthorn, 


wd-tqng. 


Masts & spars (hard wo 


od), chung-mu'Weu 


Masts & spars (soft wood), c'lung-mu-wei. 


Match, 


p^ei'Chu 


Matter (a). 


8£-t'8ing, or 8i-t'l 


May, 


Ud-^l 


Mean (my), 


han-pi. 


Measure (to), 


Hang. 



VOCABULAEY. 



127 



Measures and weights, 

Measure of five feet, - 

Meet, 

Meet (to), 

Member of a Board, 

Memorial arch, 

Men (appositive for), 

Mend, 

Merit, 

Messenger, 

Messenger s room, 

Method, 

Meu and a half, 

Middle man, 

Migratory locust, 

Mile (English), 

Mile (Chinese), 

Mind, (heart) 

Mirror-stand, 

Misery, 

Mix, 

Mock, 

Moist, 

Mole cricket. 

Molest, 



teu'c'henff. 
pu'kung. 

pdng-kien. 

Idng-chUng. 

p^ai'leu. 

ko* 

siu, 

kung-te' 

chai'Shdng. 

pdn-fdng. 

fd-tsz. 

Tneu-pdn. 

chung-jin. 

hwdng-c'hung, 

8dn-lz. 

U. 

sin, 

cMng-t'ai (king). 

k'u. 

t tau ho, 

hi-lung. 

shi. 

t'u'kef!^, 

ndnr^oet* 




128 



VOCABULAEY. 



Money, 

Money return (to), 

Month (a), 

Month (first), 

Moon (the), 

Mortar, 

Mother cloves, 

Mosquito, 

Mosquito net. 

Most, (sign of super.) 

Mother, 

Mother-of-pearl shell. 

Mother-of-pearl ware. 

Mule, 

Musical box. 

Musk, 

Muslin, 

Must not, 

Mutually, 

My cottage. 

My vill e, 

Myrrh, 



t^siin, tung-isiin* 

yu. 

ching-yu* 

yu'Uang* 

fd. 

mt/r-Ung-Jdang* 

tcdn-chdng. 

ting. 

niang. 

yun-mii'C'hixitt. 

yun-mti c'hiau-c^hi. 

lo'tsz. 

pd-ytn chin, 

sJw'hzang. 

yAng-shd. 

pii'te. 

stang-u- 

ahe^hid 

p^n-hiang. 

md-yO" 



VOCABULAET. 



129 



N. 



Nail, (a). 

Nail (to), 

Name, 

Name (proper), 

Name (literary). 

Name (to), 

Narrow, 

Native glass ware. 

Native glass beads, 

Near, 

Near road, 

Needle, 

Needle-guard, 

Neighbours, 

New, 

News, 

Next year, 

Night (at), evening, 

Nine, 

Nod the head to, 

North of the temple. 

Northern mountains, 

Northwardia, 



Ung. 

ting, 

ming-UiiChl-ming. 

ndng. 

hai. 

caking. 

chd* 

liai-ehi. 

liaii'Chik 

stang-Mn. 

kin-lii. 

chin. 

tl'chln* 

linrBhi. 

an. 

sin-ait 8inw4n. 

lai-nien. 

wdn-shdng. 

kifl^. 

tien't*eu. 

hang-pd (pi). 

pi'Shdn. 



130 voc 


lABULABY. 


Not, 


^' , ^ 


Not much, 


yiH-hien (limit). 


Not fear, 


pU'pd, 


Not to care for, 


pu-U. 


Not at home, 


pu'tsai. 


Not the same, 


pu-t'ung. 


Not dare, 


pu^khn. 


Not enough. 


pu'tsu. 


Not to acknowledge, 


pu ching-jin. 


Not only, 


pu'chi. 


Not willing, 


pu'k'^ng. 


Not well, 


pu'shU'fu* 


Not in good spirits, 


pu-Bhwhng-'k'waL 


Noted surgeon, 


hwdrtd. 


Novels, 


siau-shwo. 


Now, 


ktn^ 


Nutmeg flowers. 


tei^k'eti hwd. 


Nutmegs, 


jiUc'eu hwd. 


Nut galls. 


wu'pei'tsh 



o. 



Oar, 


tsidng. 


Obey, 


tsUn-t'sung, 


Obliquely, 


kwai-wdn-qr. 



VOCABULARY. 131 



Obtain fame (to), 


c'hU'Ming. 


Occasionally, 


ngeuqr. 


Offend, 


kdn-fdn. 


Office servants, (at mines 


) c*hhng4mg. 


Oil. 


yiu. 


Oil of gum benjamin, 


ngan-81 yiu. 


Oil of the dyandra tree, 


t ting-yiu. 


Oil of palnia christi. 


pi-md yiu. 


Oil paintings, 


yiu't'si hwcu 


Oiled paper, 


yiu'Chi 


Old, 


c*hiu (kiu)' 


Old deer horns, 


lau'lu jung. 


Olibanum, (frankincense) jw-AZangr. 


On the South, 


n&n-plen. 


On the street, 


kial'shdng- 


On the bridge, 


chiau-ahdng. 


On this side. 


chS-pien. 


On that side. 


nd'pTefi. 


Once, 


yi't'si. 


One, 


yu 


One week. 


yi'ki li-pal 


One kind. 


yi'hiang. 


One day's work, 


yt'kUng, 


One parcel. 


yipaU. 


One meu, 


yz-nieu. 




K 1 



132 VOCABULARY. 


Onions, 


t*sungf t*9ung4'eu. 


Only, 


pu'kwo. 


Open a shop, 


k*ai'tien. 


Open a book, 


Ual-Uuin. 


Opium, 


Ya-pient y&ng-yd. 


Oppose, 


ckurchu. 


Opposite, 


tut'kwd. 


Orange-peel, 


chin-pi. 


Orderly, 


t'si-ching. 


Orderly conduct (cus- 




tom), 


kwet'ku. 


Ordinary meal. 


pien-fdn. 


Other, 


pie. 


Ought, 


ylng'tang;ylngJcai. 


Ought not, 


pu'pei. 


Outside, 


wai't'eu. 


Ounce, 


yt'lidng. 


Outside the city, 


ching-wai. 


Overturn, 


tm-tau. 


Owner of land. 


ti'cM. 


Oyster shells, 


lirc'hiau. 





YOCABULARY. 


» 


P. 


Pacify people, 


ngdn-rnin. 


Pain, 


t'mg. 


Paint, 


yiuc*ht. 


Paint (to), 


shdng-c^hu 


Pair (a), 


sfiwdng. 


Palsy, 


t'dn-fung^ 


Palpitation of the heart, sln-t^iau. 


Palampore, 


mien-pet t al. 


Paper, 


chi. 


Parch (to). 


kdn-t'ie. 


Parrot. 


ying-kd. 


Parsley, 


c*hin-t*8aL 


Pass, 


kw6. 


Pass the night. 


m. 


Paste up (to). 


t'ie-chu. 


Pattern, 


ydng-tsh 


Pay custom, 


todn-shvi. 


Peacock, 


h^ilng^chio. 


Peacock feathers, 


k'ttng-t'sio mau. 


Peel (to). 


pd-p'i 


Pencil, pen, 


pi. 


Pens and ink, 


pi-me. 


People (the). 


pe-sing. 



133 



134 



VOCABULARY. 



Peppermint oil. 
Perforate (to). 
Perspire (to), 
Phoenix, 
Pitcher, 
Picture, 
Pierce (to). 

Pigeon, 

Pint measure. 

Pitfall, 

Place (to), 

Place. 

Place of abode (polite), 

Place stones. 

Place beams. 

Plain, 

Plain stuffs, 

Plain coloured cottons, 

Plaister, 

Plait (to). 

Plane (to), 

Planks of hard wood, 

Planks of soft wood. 

Please sit down» 



c'hwen-kwd c'hu» 

fung-hw&ng. 
ping. 



chd* 

chu-tsz. 

pdn-chiu. 

shmg* 

hten-k'qng, 

ngdn-wdn* 

tl'fdng. 

fu'8hdng» 

mdn-sht't'e^i, 

shdng-liang. 

ching-pd. 

wu'hwd pu> 

wu'hwd se-pu, 

kau-yo. 

ih'pien^ 

pau, 

chung-mu phn (heavy), 

cfdng-mu phn (light). 

t*8lng't86. 



\ 



I 



YOCABULABY. 



135 



Plough (to), 

Poison, 

Politeness, 

Pongees, 

Poor, 

Port, jetty. 

Posterity, 

Posthumous title, 

Pour out tea. 

Pour out wine, 

Power, 

Present (to), 

Presents, 

Present tribute. 

Pretty, 

Price, 

Piece (a), 

Pu, 240 sq. yards, 

Pray for rain, 

Pray (to), 

Prepare (to), ^ 

Print (to). 

Printed cottons, 

Prison, 

Proceed forward (to). 



chingt kqingtiin. 
tu-yo* 

c'heu. 

tsUn-c^hung (kiung). 

hidng-ketti mh-t'eu. 

taiHr-c^hdi., 

ndng-kdn* 
Sling* 

tsifi'hing. 

yi^'t'siL 

kid't'sien. 

tati'kau* 

u-pei 

yin, 

yznJiwd pu, 

kien-lau* 

Bhang-t^den tseu. 



ifi&JiJ^-^'L-i: 



136 YOCABtTLABY. 


Proclamation, 


kairsht 


Produce (to), 


alt^ng-c'lm. 


Produce evidence (to), 


yin-chinff. 


Profit, 


lirSl 


Promise (to), 


hk 


Prosper (to), 


hing-wdng. 


Pour out wine, 


cMu'tsif)^. 


Produce silk. 


t'f^'SS. 


Protect (to), 


patlHfiii, 


Proud, 


cMavrngau, 


Public duties, 


kang-shi 


Pumpkin, 


tUng-kwO. 


Pump water. 


c'h£'ShuL 


Purify, wash (to), 


8i. 


Purple, 


t'fen't*8lng. 


Purposely, 


Ui 


Pursue (to). 


chul'khn. 


Push (to), 


tut. 


Push away. 


cU. 


Put (to), 


ko. 


Put in tobacco. 


chwdng-yen 


Put on mortar. 


Ui'shdng nL 


Put on tiles, 


lel'pu 


Putchuck, 


mu-hlang. 



Y\J\JA 


Q. 


Quail 


ngdn-chnn. 


Quarter of an hour, 


k'e. 


Quickly, quick, 


Icwai'UwaL 


Quicksilver, 


shul-yin. 




R. 


Racoon skin, 


lau-hwdn p'u 


Radishes, 


hung-U peu 


Rail at persons (to), 


md-jin. 


Rain-water, 


yu-^huh 


Raise water. 


tiai'shtd. 


Rank and file. 


tui-toilt. 


Rare, 


ndfi'to. 


Rattans, 


aha-t'ing. 


Rattans stripped of bark, Ving-j&ng tsh 


Raven, 


pd'ko. 


Raw, 


ahfng. 


Raw buflFalo hides. 


sh^ng-niu pL 


Raw cotton, 


nden-htvd. 


Read much. 


tl-Vdn. 


Read (to study). 


tu. 


Ready, made ready, 


hienrching t\* 



137 



138 



VOCABULARY. 



Reap (to), 

Rebel (to), 

Receive (to), 

Receive blood, 

Receive kindness. 

Receive customs. 

Red, 

Red wood, 

Redeem from sin, 

Redeem (to). 

Red-necked, 

Redress grievances (to). 

Reduce (to). 

Reeds, 

RejBne (to). 

Reform (to), 

Refuse, 

Refuse silk. 

Refuse baroos camphor. 

Release (to), 

Rely on (to). 

Remove (to), 

Remove (to). 

Repair (to). 

Repay (to), 



aheU. 

tste-hiu. 
ching-hwei, 
sheu-shuL 
hung, 
hung-mu, 
shu'tsuu 
shu. 

hung-pd qr, 
shin-yuen. 
chihn-c'hlng. 
• wei'tsz, 
lien. 
kal'cMng, 

t Ut't 8Z. 

twdn^z t'eu. 
ahdng plng-p^U 
k al'shu 

w6'tung. 
pdn-chla (kid), 
sin. 
j/et'htodn. 



VOCABULARY. 


Repent (to), 


hwei'kah 


Reply (to), 


hwei'td. 


Reply to letter (a). 


hwei-sin. 


Represent (to), 


ihng-Uo. 


Reprove (to), 


tse-pei (pi). 


Reputation, 


ming-shlng. 


Rest (to). 


ngdn-sij hie. 


Retain (to). 


sheu-liU' 


Return (to), 


hwei'C^hu. 


Return money, 


hwdn. 


Reverential, 


chtfht'Cking. 


Reward, 


shhng* 


Rhinoceros, 


8Z-niu. 


Rhinoceros skin, 


sZ'p'L 


Rhinoceros horns. 


sz'chiau (kid). 


Rhubarb, 


id'hwdng. 


Rice, 


fdn-mz. 


Ride horses (to). 


c*hi'mh. 


Ringed raven, 


laii'kwcU 


Ripe, 


ahu. 


Rise, Raise (to). 


k% (chi) (chl). 


Rise higher. 


cMng-chl laL 


Rise in life. 


fa-ia. 


Roads, 


hdn-lu. 


Rob and plunder, 


t'siang-td. 



139 



140 VOCABULARY. 


Rock crystal, 


shul'tslng. 


Root, 


pdn. 


Rose mallows. 


haUeH Izei. 


Rough persimmon, 


mau-shl 


Row (to), 


tsiang, yau. 


Royal title, 


wAng. 


Rub (to). 


nid. 


Rug, 


ju. 


Run (to), 


< ^ 

pati. 


Runner (a), 


kio'fu. 



s. 



I 



Sable, tiau. 

Sacrifice, tsL 

Sail, pwng. 

Salt fish, hien-yu. 

Salted fowl eggs, Men-chl tan. 

Salted turnips, td't*eu tmu 

Salt-boat, yen-chwen. 

Salt water, Uen-shul 

Saltpetre, aiau. 

Salute, tslng ngau. 

Same village, t^ung-hlang* 
Samshoo (wine, spirit), ehiil (jtdu)- 



VOCABULABT. 



141 



Sandal wood, 

Sandal-wood ware, 

Sand-fly, 

Sapan wood, 

Satin, 

Satisfied, 

Save, 

Saw, (a) 

Say (to), speaking, 

Scallions, 

Scatter, 

Scissors, 

Scoop, 

Scull (to), (to row). 

Scull (a), 

Sea-otter skin, 

Sea-horse teeth. 

Seal character. 

Seam, to sew. 

Seaweed, 

Secretary, 

Secretly inform. 

See, 

See (to). 

Seek (to), 



t'dn-hlang. 

i&nrhlang chi (k'i), 

pai'Uu. 

aH-mu. 

twdn-tsz* 

pafjL-liau* 

kiti. 

chu. 

shwo* 

chii!t't*8au 

sdn-k'ai- 

tslen-tau* 

wd- 

yaiL 

lit, 

hal'lung p*L 

haz-nA yd. 



fung, 

hairVsai. 

shu-yti. 

chwSn-t^ung. 

k'dnrchien (kiSn). 

k'an, chatl'siun. 

chd. 



142 



VOCABULARY. 



Seize, 

Seldom* 

Self, 

Sell (to), 

Send (to), 

Send habitually, 

Send (a person). 

Send (letter or parcel), 

Sentence, 

Separate (to), 

Separate (to scatter), 

Servant, 

Serve (to). 

Service, 

Sesamum oil^ 

Sesamum seed. 

Set a cart in motion, 

Set out, 

Set on fire. 

Seven, 

Several tens, 

Shaft-mule, 

Shake (to), 

Shallow, 

Shanghae sycee, (98) 



nd-cho. 
ndn-te. 

mat. 

chai'hwdn* 

chal. 

kL 

hilt yt'ku-hvcd. 

ke, 

sdn. 

shUfeng, fusz, 
kung-yu 
chi-TYid yiu* 
chi-TiiA. 

fdng-hd. 

t 81, 

kl-sM, 

chid-yum lo-tsz. 
yau, 
t*8zen> 
kiu-pd yin. 



VOCABULARY. 


Shark, 


8ha4. 


Shark skins, 


sha-yu p'i. 


Sharp, quick, 


k^wai. 


Shave (to), head. 


a t'Uei. 


Sheep, 


y&ng. 


Sheep (appositive for), 


cke^ 


Shelter thieves, 


WO'llU. 


Shilling, 


si'Ual. 


Ship, 


c'hwin. 


Shirt, 


hanshdn. 


Shirtings (grey), 


pdn^e y&ng-piu 


Shirtings (white), 


piau'pe ydng-pu. 


Shoes, 


hiair-tsiS. 


Shop, 


ttiti'p'u. 


Shore-plank, 


t^iau'phn. 


Short coat, 


twctn-shdn. 


Shortness or length. 


chdng-twan. 


Shut (to). 


hwdn. 


Sick (to be), 


ahang-ping. 


Side of well, 


tezng-plen. 


Sign of possessive case, 


ti. 


Sign of the past, 


liatl. 


Silk, or woevn, 


8Z, cheu* 


Silk caps, 


c'he&-mau. 


Silk clothing, 


cheu I'fu. 



143 



144 VOCABULABY. / 


Silk-worm, 


t*8&n. 


Silk ribbons, 


sz'tai. 


Silk thread. 


sS'sien. 


Silure (a fish, sturgeon), nienru* 


Silver, 


yhi'tah 


Silver-mine ore. 


ytnrk'whng. 


Silver thread (real), 


chin yirhsien^ 


Silver thread (imitated), chih yinrsien- 


Silver ware. 


yin-chi {kH). 


Sing (to). 


ch&ng. 


Singe (to). 


shau-ySn eai. 


Singing-lark, 


pai'ling. 


Sir, 


»ien-8heng> 


Sit in judgment. 


tsd't'dng. 


Sit down. 


tsd'hia. 


Sit on the shaft (to), 


k'wd-yuin. 


Six, 


lu. 


Skin-rugs, 


pi't'dn. 


Skin and flesh, 


pH'ju. 


Slap on the face. 


th'tml portsh 


Slip of paper. 


tmu^hl 


Slow, slowly. 


man. 


Small bowl, 


&. 


Small city (district city), Men. 


Small fox^kins. 


iiaii hu4i-p't. 



^ 



VOCABULABY. 


Smear, 


. t'u. 


Smile, 


hdn-dau. 


Smuggle, 


t'eu'shuu 


Snuff, 


pt-yen. 


Snuff candle, 


chid'Chu Id'hwd. 


Soda, 


kien. 


Soda vapour, 


ktenrC%L 


Soft, 


Tnien-jwhu. 


Sole (a fish), 


pl-mu u. 


Sometimes, 


yii)t-8M. 


Son of heaven, 


t'len-tsh 


Soothe, 


ngOn-wei. 


Soul, 


s^n-shin. 


South, 


ndn.* 


Sow discord. 


t'iaHt^d, 


Sow (to), 


chung-ti. 


Sow thistle, 


k'f^'tmi. 


Soy, 


taianff-yiu. 


Speak (to). 


shwd'hwd. 


Spend (to). 


fei-^ng. 


Spelter, 


pat-chUn. 


Spin (to). 


fhrtg-sien. 


Spinach, 


p'u't'sai. 


Spirit (wine)— ghost. 


^«ttk, — kwei. 


Split rattans. 


t'&ng-jeu. 



145 



146 



VOCABULARY. 



SpOOD, 

Spotted stuffs. 

Spread diDner, 

Spread mats, 

Spring, 

Spring-arrow, 

Sprinkle, 

Square inch, 

Square bricks. 

Square letters. 

Square table, 

Square court. 

Squirrel-skin, 

Stairs, 

Stand (to). 

Start, 

Start, 

Star aniseed, 

Statement, 

Stay the night, 

Steel, 

Stick (to), 

Sticklac, 

Starve (to die of 

Steal, 



hwet-hwd pu, 
pal'fan. 

pU'SU 

ti-nti. 

shh-chu. 

fdng-tsun. 

fdng-chtoen, 

jdng-Ui- 

fdng-cho. 

t'len-tsing. 

hwet-ahit p*L 

t% 

chdiu 

leal c%win» 
pd-chia^' 
tdn-tsh 
t'si-ye. 
kdng. 
t ze. 

tsz'Ueng. 
hunger), ngd-sz. 





VOCABULARY. 


Step carefully, 


tseii'hau. 


Sting, 


tVz. 


Stockings, 


wd-tsh 


Stone, 


shi't'ei. 


Stone-mason, 


shi'tso. 


Stool, 


WU'tSZ. 


Stop (to), 


t'ing. 


Storax, 


s&ho yin* 


Stove (a), 


hwd-lu. 


Style, 


wdn-me> 


Straight, 


yi'cTiu 


Strange, 


sheng. 


Straw shoes, 


t^sail-hiaL 


Straw-hat braid. 


t^aail'mau plen, 


Straw brush. 


t'iairtsh 


Streamer, 


fungsin cht 


Strength, 


c'hUl 


Stretch out the 


arm, shm-pi. 


Strike, 


th. 


Striped, 


su-tvdn. 


Strong, 


latL 


Study (to). 


t*U'8hu. 


Stupid, 


pin. 


Stupid, 


ngai'pdn. 


Suffering, 


nan. 




l2 



147 



148 


VOCABULARY. 


Sufficient, 


keiij tm. 


Sugar-candy, 


ping t*dng. 


Sulphur, 


liu-hu'dng. 


Summer, 


Ma-t'ten. 


Sun (the), 


t'ai-ydng, ji-t'eu* 


Superabundance, 


yeii'U. 


Superiors, 


chhng-peL 


Surrender (to), 


ieu'Mang* 


Sustain (to), 


thng. 


Swallow (a). 


yen-tah 


Swan, 


t^len-ngd. 


Swear, 


fd'sM. 


Sweep, 


San. 


Sword, 


tail. 



Table, 




cho. 


Tael, two. 




Uang. 


Tailor, 




t*8ai'fung. 


Take away. 




n&-k%. 


Take (to), 




n&y pa. 


Take a letter. 




nd'Sin. 


Take care of, 




chau-ying. 


Take care of a 


house, 


Uan fdng-tsh 



VOCABULARY. 



149 



Take dinner, 

Take up water, 

Take in the mouth, 

Take advantage of, 

Tanned buffalo hides. 

Tassels, • 

Taste (to), 

Tauist temples, 

Tea, 

Teacup, 

Teach, 

Teach (to), 

Teacher, 

Tea warehouseman, 

Teak planks, 

Teapot, 

Tear (to,) 

Telescope, 

Tempt, 

Ten, 

Tenth of a dollar, 

Ten pintSy 

Ten strings. 

Tent, 

Thank (to), 



chi'fdn, 

th-shui. 

Men. 

ching* 

8heurniu~p*i. 

wel'Sien. 

ch&ny. 

nuau-yU' 

chA-ye. 

chd-whn. 

chiau {kiauj, 
slen-sdng. 
ch6rcMn, 
mdrli shu-p^n. 
chd'ht^ 

t'sien-U ching {king)* 

yitt^ei)^t yit^-hwo* 

ski. 

kid. 

tetc. 

shi'tiau. 

chdng-fdng. 



150 VOCABULARY. 


That, 


nd. 


That sort. 


nd-ydng. 


They, 


t'a-mdn. 


There, 


nd'll 


There is, 


yi^. 


There, (Peking D.) 


nd'dr, • 


Therefore, or because. 


yln-t'sz. 


These few, 


chesie. 


Thick, 


heu. 


Thick robe. 


pau'tsz. 


Thimble, 


ti'Chin. 


Thin, 


pau (po). 


Thing, 


tUng-ah 


Think (to). 


aidng, s^-sidng. 


Thirst (to). 


k'6. 


This, 


cU-U. 


This year, 


kfn-men. 


This sort. 


ch^ydng. 


Thou, 


nl 


Three, 


sdn. 


Three pure ones. 


san-t'stng, (Tauist) 


Three precious ones. 


sdn-pati. (Buddhist) 


Three stories, 


sdrirt'sdng. 


Throw (to), 


sSng. 


Thrown silk. 


sZ'ChXng. 



VOCABULARY. 



151 



Thus, 

Tiger, 

Tiger's bones, 

Tiger-skins, 

Tigers and panthers, 

Tight, 

Time, age, 

Tin, 

Tinder, 

Tin-plates, 

Tide, 

Tired, 

To, 

Toad, 

Toast (to). 

Tobacco in leaf. 

To-day, (Peking D.) 

Together with. 

To-morrow, 

Too, 

Top of house, 

Tortoiseshell, 

Tortoiseshell ware, 

Touch (to). 

Towards, to, 



chi-md ydng, 

hu-ku. 

hti-pau. 

chin* 

nien-ki. 

8U 



mdt'k'eti t'ie. 

c^hau'Shui* 

8tn'k*u. 

tau. 

h&mcU 

Hang, 

y^-ye. 

chtn-6r, Jdn-Vien. 

lien, tung, 

ming-iim, 

tat. 

u-ting. 

tai-mai. 

lai^ c*hL 

mo* 

hiang, tuL 



152 VOCABULARY. 


Trade, 


ahfng-L 


Translate (to), 


fdn-i, fdnryl 


Travel with letters, 


tse^'sin* 


Treat (to), 


k'drUal 


Trees, 


ihu-mu. 


Tremble (to), 


fa-UiL 


Trousers, 


K^tsi. 


True, 


chin. 


Truly, 


shi'tsai. 


Try (to), 


ahi'shi lean. 


Trowel, 


nttaU. 


Twilled stuffs, 


sii-udn pu. 



Two English hours, (time) sM-heu. 

Two cups, Rang-peu 

Turkey, hd-chl (kl). 

Turmeri c, chlang-JiAJodng, 

Turnips, l6-pet. 

Turn back (to,) kwei-cfmbn. 

Two, (^r, llang-ko- 



U. 



Umbrella, 


. U'sdn. 


Unbleached, 


p^n-se 


Under, 


tl'hid. 



i 



VOCABULARY. 



153 



Under foot, chid tl-hid* 

Understand, timg-te* 

Unexpectedly, htou-jSn- 

Unmanufactured copper, shgLng't'ung* 

Unmanufactured iron, shqng-t^ie' 

Upon, shdng. 

Upper story, leu* 

Upright, twdn-fdng* 

Upstairs, leu-shdng. 

Use (to), yung. 

Use again, tsai-t'u 

V. 



Valuable, 

Variegated kingfisher, 

Vegetable tallow, 

Vegetables and rice, 

Vegetable garden. 

Velvet, 

Vermicelli, 

Very, 

Very many, 

Village (a), 

Vinegar, 



pail, 
fel't^sui. 
c'hiu-yiu. 
t*8ai-fdn. 
tsai-yuSn. 
hwd'tden jung, 

tsui* 
haur-td* 
t*8qn, It, 

t*8U. 



154 



VOCABULARY. 



Violent, 

Virtuous (to be), 
Visiting card, 



hiUng. 
p*ienrchz» 



W. 



Wadded trousers, 

Waistband, 

Waistcoat, 

Wait, 

Waiting-boy, 

Wake, 

Walk (to). 

Walk far, 

Walk for pleasure. 

Wall, 

Wall and moat^ 

Want (to). 

War junk. 

Warm, 

Warn, 

Was, 

Wash one's face (to), 

Waste, 

Waste time. 



mien Izu-taz. 

yaU'tat. 

pei'Sln. 

t*{ng, thnghei, 

f^ngt chiai-sing* 

taeti, tseu-lu. 

taeu-yuhn, 

yiu'wdn. 

t^sidng, 

c'king-c'hL 

yaii. 

chen chwin, 

nw&n, 

cMng-chU. 

shL 

sHiin. 

Idng-feL 

t^eu'hien. 



VOCABULARY. IC 


Wasteful in exipendituve' feCtsun. 


Watches (emailles a 




perles), 


chuplen shi'C'htn'plau. 


Watch the house, 


Tidn-chia (hid). 


Water 


shui. 


Water (to), 


ktau-kwdn. 


Water-melon, 


sl-kwd. 


Watch-ducks, 


k*an-yd- 


Watches, 


sht'cMn-plau. 


Watchword, 


k^eil'ha'i. 


f 


wd-mdn. 


Weather, 


t'ten-ki (ch*i). 


Weave. 


chi-pu. 


Weep, 


k'u. 


Weevil, 


wu'ku chung, 


Weigh, 


c*hing» 


Weight, 


fdn-Uang. 


Well, good, 


haii. 


Well-water, 


tsmg-ahul. 


West of the capital. 


chlng-sl (king). 


West of the lake, 


hU'BU 


Westward, 


81'plen. 


Wet, 


she. 


What, 


shen-md ; prou. shtmmo- 


Wheat, 


siau-me. 



155 



156 VOCABULARY. 


When, 


kl'Shi. 


Where, 


nh-li. 


Where? 


nhll? 


Which road ? 


ndtyz t'iau'tai (or lu)* 


White, 


pe. 


White eel, 


pai'Shdn. 


White-eyed thrush, 


hwd-mei. 


White elephant, 


pesiang. 


White spotted shirtings, 


pe-tihn pii' 


White pepper. 


pe hu'tsiaU. 


White bicho de mar. 


pe hai-shdn. 


White sharks' fins, 


pe yu'c'hl 


White shirtings, 


pe-sat pu. 


White brocades, 


pe4*i pu. 


White sugar, 


pei&ng. 


Whip, 


mh-pien tah 


Whole, 


t*mSn. 


Whole life. 


chung-ahin. 


Whole elephants' teeth, 


chhng siang-yd. 


Wide, 


k'wdn. 


Wife and children, 


Ua-Uuen. 


Wild animals. 


yh'Sheu. 


Wild elephant. 


yh^iang. 


Wild raw silk, 


yS-t*8dn 8Z. 


Wild goose. 


td-yht. 



VOCABULARY. 


Willing, 


Ic^ng. 


Wind. 


fung. 


Window, 


ckwdng-m&n. 


Wind and water, 


fUng-shuh 


Wine, 


tsiit. 


Window glass, 


pd'll p'ien. 


Winter, 


tung-t^ien. 


Winter (coarse) greens, 


p64'8a{. 


With, 


ho, hwaUf tung, yung. 


Withered, 


kan-k'n. 


Within, 


U. 


Wolf, 


Idng. 


Women, 


fu-nu» 


Won, 


ying'lib.u. 


Wonderful, 


hi'kH. 


Wood (a piece of), 


mu-&rj mu't'eu. 


Wood for fuel, 


chai'Sln. 


Woollen yam, 


jung-aien. 


Woollen cloth, 


td-ni. 


Worship (to), 


pat. 


Words, 


hwdt hwd-yu. 


Worth (to be). 


cM, 


Wound, 


she-ahdng. 


Woven silk, 


cheu. 


Wrap, 


pau'Cho. 



167 



158 


VOCABULABY. 


Wring dry, 


meilL-kdn. 


Write (to), 


Blh 


Written order, 


p'ai'piau. 


Writer, 


tai-pi. 



Y. 



Yam, the Chinese, 


shdn-yo. 


Years, 


nien-kl. 


Years of age, 


mi. 


Yellow beeswax, 


hwAng-ld. 


Yellow bean sprouts. 


hw&ngteu yd* 


Yellow eel, 


.hwdng-shdn. 


Yellow lead. 


sM'hwAng. 


Yesterday, 


tso't'ten. 


You, 


ni-mdn. 


You may, 


k'd^i ' 


You must, 


tstJtng-yau. 


You must first, 


slen-yau. 


Young gentleman, 


kang-tah 


Your, 


ling. 


Your name, 


kwei'Sing. 


Your home. 


kwei-ti. 


Your high name. 


kau-sing. 





VOCABULAUY. 


Your age, 


kwei'k^ng. 


Your mother, 


ling-t'dng. 


Your son, 


Ung-ldng. 


Your wife, 


paU'kiHen. 


Your daughter, 


ling-ngai. 


Your business. 


kvoeikdn. 


Your trade, 


kwei-ye. 



159 



FINIS. 



I 



^ 



■iililiiiiHi 

3 blDSOQlTlllS? 



S8 



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