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HAju^ ,T -) 5^ . \ 0- ,H- 4 ^"
HARVARD COLLEGE
LIBRARY
GIFT OF THE
GRADUATE SCHOOL
OF EDUCATION
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*^ *ia*
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^
RUDIMENTS
ENGLISH GRAMMAR,
CONTAIKING
I. THE DIFFERENT KINDS, RELATIONS, AND
CHANGES OF WORDS.
II. SYNTAX, OR THE RIGHT CONSTRUCTION
OF SENTENCES :
WITH
AN APPENDIX,
COMPREHENDING A TABLE OF VE|LBS IRRE-
GULARLY INFLECTED.
Remarks on some Grammatical Figures^ BuUa of
Punctuation^ a Praxis on the Grammar ^
and Examfiles of true and false
Construction,
BY M R. HARR ISON,
I Tlw Ninth American lUition.
CAREPUI^LY S12VISED, CO&RECTBD AKD IMPROVED,
BY A TEACHER OP PHILADELPHIA.
Sctentiarum Janitrix Grammatia^t.
PHILADELPHIA :
Printed and sold by John Bioreny iVb, B$,
Chesnut'Strw*
1812.
^ CV.JL>
Philadelphia^ yuly IW 1795.
THE following Rudiments of English Gram-
mar, have been made use of iathe University of
t'ennsylvanias for several years paat to the entire
satisfaction of the several Teachers in the En-
glish Department of thav Institution. ^^
WILLIAM ROGERS, D. D.
Professor of J^nglish and BeU
le$ Letters^ in the University
ofPentuiylvania^.
Note. In this editioii, an' entire revision has
taken place, and considerable corrections and
additions have been made by a Teacher of this
City, which, it is hoped, will meet the approba-
t^n of the Teachers in general.
CoPy-RIGBT SECUEED ACCORD XKC TO LAW.
/■
MAHVAHO COllEee LI&HAHY
GIFT OF THt
^:'1ADUATe SCi^OO* of EOUCAflOU
PREFACE.
THE dengfi qfthu HtHe tract h to con^riie the
rudimeiUB ^English Grammar^ in a pkiin^ e<m»
eise end regular Jbnttj eidied tt) the 9chola9tic me^
ih<Hl qfinatructum. For thUHwrpoee I have judged
it qf importance to avoid hard technieal worde» and
iongaenteticeSi a* unfit for the capacities of children^
The mimaer ^b^rvationa are thrown into thejotm
of notes ; and the inflections of J^ounej Verbe^ ^c.
instead ^heingftreviouefy deecribedby worda^ are
chiefly delineated in their exantfUes. I have endea*
voured to render the d^mtiona fihihaofihicali ae
ivell asftltUnf and to co^orm atrictiy to the eintfiH*
city if the English Language^ retaining hoivever%
for obvioua reasons j armamf of the common terms
of grammar as vtwre admissible into my plan.
The catechetical form (f instruction^ though ac-
tompanied with some aHvat^ageSj is usually attend*
ed with this irtconvemenee^ that the young scholar
commits the answetw to memory f without being at.
the trouble qf^nderstanding the questions^ whereby
the sense is left imperfect, I would rather recom^
mend this method tojfe used at the discretion of the
master^ by way of examination^ when it may be
useful tp depart from the written form. Trifling
as these arrangements may appear f they are never '
theless to be considered of importance^ if theypro*
duce any practical advantage to children^ andtheir
instructors.
Little originaHty is to be expected in a work qf
this nature. In what relates to Pronouns^ however
I have chosen to depart from the common plan^
having noticed under this clasSy those only that have
IV PREFAC£.
the nature of Subatantiveat The usual distribution
of them into possessive, relative, demonjstrative, and
distributive, seems unnecessary at leasts if not vfith-
out feundation. My, thy, our, and the Hkey are
vdth more proftriety termed Mjectives, • derivtd
from Pronouns. The words this, that, each, the
same, ^c, are rather to be caMed At^ectrves^
whose substantives are^ frequently understood^ They
ore no more entitled to the aftfiellatitm ^fPrgnouna^
than the good, the wise, Adjectives Of Number, and
many others which if would be thought absurd to
rank under this class.
If an afiohgy be required for adding to the mi-
msrous fmblicoHons on this subject, it is the follow^
ing — That our. best Grammarians have confessedly
written to persons of maturity and rofiectimy with'*
out any view to the early fiart q/ education ^^ That
others have engag^ed in the present plan with very
consideinble merit, but qften with some material dcn
feet, which the judicious schoolmaster would wish
to have supplied. Faults ofthisnature are a genc'*
tal want of accuracy, ah inattention to the simpli^
cky of oUr own language^ and particularly an im^
jierfect Syntax i as also the adopting of two many
of the terms and divisions of the Latin Grammar.
Uiese the author of the following treatise has en^
deavoured to avoids audio unite perspicuity of ex^
fireasion with a comprehensive brevity ; how far
he has succeeded in the attentfit^ it is not for him to
determine.
THIS JUtie Ssiay on GTamin;ar, by tbf ixiige-
Aious Mr. Hamsooy is|>riajced &oip the best ^i-
l^lisji Edition of this if o/lii viU} tbe following
ifflproveiiwAts.^
In the English edition, the articles of the Syn-
tax alone Were numbered, b«t in this, for the
convenience of references, the sapsie method is pur-
sued through the work.
The distinction of the persons of the pronouns
in the scheme is more accurately pointed out
than in the English edition ; and in the title, the
-word Rudiments is substituted for institutes.
The notes which were referred to, at the bot-
tom of the page, are here printed immediateiy
under the articles which they elucidate ; and be-
ing in a smaller type, after the method of print-
ing adopted in the works oi the most eminent
Grammarians of the English and other languages,
tjley may be either omitted or retained, at the
option of the teacher.
No apology can be necessary for presenting to
the Public an Ameri<:an Edition of , a treatise
which, on account of its conciseness, perspicuity,
and attention to the nature and genius of the En*
glish language, has deservedly been introduced
into the mo9t reputable seminaries of both sexesy
in Great Britain and Ireland ; a treatise sanc-
tioned by the approbation of some of the princi-
pal Teachers in this city, and recommeiyded by
A2
3 RUDIMETiTS OP
H Ir, I i, J j, K k, L 1, M m, N n, O o,
P P» Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V V, W If ,
X X, Y yi Z z, I
8. Letters are divided into vowels and con-
sonants. A vowel 18 a letter, which makes a
full and perfect sound of itself.
9. There arc six vowels* a^ e, i, o^u^y^
W\% either a single or compound vowel.
T'and ^are equivocal. They appear to have some*
thing of the nature of comonanu in such words as j^^un^,
yet: wat, worJkt They are clearly vowels in myt apply 5
lav}^ tavf, and the like.
10. The remaining niaeteen letters are named
consonants^ because they make not a fall and per-
fect sound without the help of a vowel.
1 1. Consonants are divided into mutes and
SlMIVeWELS. ' .
The mut93jbf Cj dy g^ ky p$ q^ty cannot be sound*
ed alone.
In the English alphabet the nam^sOf the muiet are
distinguished from those of the senUvo^eU / the fbf •
mer beginning with a confomnt, as het^ e», dee, &c.
the latter with a vqfwel, as elf em, &c.
The semivovfelsy which make an imperfect
sound of themselvesi are ty lUf Uyfy r, 1— /, m% n, r.
have also the appellation of liquidsy because they
easily mix with other conso4Eiaats«
y answers to the softer g or dg*
V and Z are the harder sounds of/ and s.
Hi^ termed an aspirate, being only a short
breathing before a word or syllable.
There are several words in which h is not sounded,
as hour, heir, horwtr, honeet, hospital^ h0tler, humour,
humble.
ENGLISH Gi^AMMAR. 9
X IS a double consonant* composed of k and ^.
12. A DIPHTHONG is th^ meeting of two vow-
els, in ope syllable ; as ai in farV, ei in deem.
13. A TRIPHTHONG is the meeting of three
vowels in one syllable ; as eau^ in heau^».
It is a defect in the l^nglish, and perhaps in evei*y
other alphabet, that the same letters do not always ex-
press the same sounds.. To give rules for pronunciation
would not fall in with the design of this chapter, which
is ^ieily intended to explain the technical terms of
orthography. Those who are desirous b^^such assist-
ance, we refer to spelling books or dictionaries cal-
culated for the purpose. It may be curious, however,
and perhaps useful, to exhibit: a specimen of the vari-
eties of sound expressed by the same letters ; for ex-
ample.
Tfitf Scheme, ofihe Vowels] as used by Mr,
Sheridan,
1st sound. 2d. 3d.
A in hat J haie, hally
E in beti bfar^ beer^
linjih Jghtf Jeldy
O in not, note^ noose^
U in buty bush, blue,
Y in love-ly^ lye.
DIPHTHONGS.
AU austere^ aunt , gauge.
EA heady hearty ear ^ pear,
EI Atf/r, weighty deceit,
EO George^ people, jeopardy.
EY convey y reynard,
IE die^ friend, shield^ mien*
OA broady groan,
OO doory moony flood,'
OU youth, mouthy fourth, could.
10 KUDIMKKTS OF
OW iiiowy now.
U A guards persuade.
UE true^ plague.
UI buiidy sluice^ guide*
EAU beauty^ beau.
lEU iieutenant.
COirSONANTS.
G and G soft^ as cinnamon^ ginger $ hard) as
camels goose\ • *
S this^ at-oae.
T talk^ satiety^ nation*
KveXf Xerxes. '
. DOUBLE COkSOKAKTS.
CH chorus^ churchy chaise.
GH ghosty laughter, might*
TH think^ then.
PART I.
Of the different Kinds, RelationSi and Changes of
Words.
ARTICLE 14.
WORDS may be arranged under the ten fol-
lowing classes : Articie» Noun, Pronoun, Ad%
jective,^ Verb, Participle, Adverb, Conjunctioni
Preposition and Interjection,
OF ARTICLES.
15. Articles are the words a or an^ and the^
used before nouns, to determine their signification.
16. Ay or any relates to one of a kind, but not
to one in particular ; as a many a ship. Hence
it is called the indefnite article* .
EKGLISH GRAMMAR* II
17* ThCf Signifies that soxde particular person
or thing is referred to ; as th^ many the ship*
Hence it is called the definite article.
A is used before a consonant, and an before a vowel,
or silent k,
A or an is applied only to noufis in the tingutar num-
ber. The is used before nouns' in either number.
Where no article is prefixed, the substantive is tak-
€ti in a general and compiehensive sense ; as Man is
tnortal, •
The article, is considered by some grammarians as
included among the Adjectives*
OF NOUNS,
18. A Noun or Substantive is the name of
whatever we distinctly perceiyc, understand or
discourse of; as a mafif a tree^ goodness^ truth.
Direction, If, therefore, we prefix the words *' I
speak of,''--whatever word completes the sense, is a
noun ; as I speak of virtuervtitdtmit gM,
19. Noons may be divided into Common and
Proper.
20* A noon common belongs to all of a kind :
as/ a man^ a ri{y, a river.
^1. A noun proper is the name of an individaal
of a kind ; asj Jidiua C^aats Philadelphia^ the
DelaUfgre*
The terminations or endings of iiouns are
changed on account of Nombery Case and Gender*
OF NUMBER.
33. There are two numbers^ the singular and
the plural,
23. The singular number speaks of but one ;
a*, a song*
12 RUDIMENTS OF
24. The plural number expresses mdre than
dne ; as, xor^j.
Some nouns want the singular number ; as, ashes,
lungs, news, &c. Some have no plural t as ,the names
of Virtues and Vices, justice, teinperance, &c. of Metals,
as brasii, gold, &c. with many others, and^ all Proper
Names. In several, the singulis and plural termina"*
tions, are a^ke ; as sheep, deer* Some words taken
from foreign languages retain their original plurals :
as cherub, cherubim / seraph, seraphim 3 erratum^, erra*
fa i phanomenon, phenomena / radius, radii ; bean, beaux /
with many others.
Proper n^mes may be used as conimon ones in a
figurative sense, and then admit of a plural ; as the
Alexanders^ the Ciceros, to express great conquerors, or
famous orators.
Or they may be taken plurally to denote more per-
sons than one of the same name ; as the Sclpios, the
Hovsards.
Some nouns which, in their general sense, are con-
fined to the singular number, as v^ine, cloth, ate made
plural to express different species of the same k^nd ;
as plenty of good wines, excellent cloths, ^
25. The plural number is generally formed bjr
adding s or es to the singular) as riverj rivers^
Jiah^ fishes,
26* Es is added where s alone cannot be
sounded, viz. after chj sy uhy x and z \ as torch ,
torches^ aXy axes*
Many words ending xnfoTfe, make their plural in
ves / as calf,^ calves ; knife, knives ; but others follow the
general rule ; as grisf, griefs ; ao also, cliff, dvtarf, hoof,
roof, mischief, handkerchief, relief muff, ruff, cuff, puff,
stuff
27. If the singular end in j^ or ^y, preceded by
a consonant, the plural shall end in ies; as keautjs
beauties } chimney y chimnies*
ENGLISH ORAMlilAK* 13
38. MaBjr plurals are formed irregularly ; as
rnan^ footy feet^
To which may be added» woman, vjonten / ehildf
children ; brother, brethren ; ox, oxen ; as also, die, dice ;
lotae,Uce / mouse, mice ,- goose, geete ; tOHo, rmne g pen^
• ny^ pence ; tooth, teeth, &c.
Note. Brother has two pluirals in use, brotheri and
brethren: the former of which is applied to natural re-
lations, the latter is used in a fig^urative sense, as when
■we say, *• Men and Brethren." Die, dice, is used by
gamesters; die used by coiners has the regular plural
(Ue9»
OF CASE.
29. There arc three CASES, the nominativEj
the POSSESSIVE, and the opjective.
30. The nominative oase U the name itself ; as
George* -
31. ^hc possessive denotes property or posses-
sion J as, George's book.
32.Thc objective usually follows transitive verbs,
participles, and prepositioins ; as, George loves
play ; I am seeking him^ he pleads ^br George*
33* The possessive is formed by adding 5, with
an apostrophe before it, to the nominative ^ as,
man J man* 9*
The apostrophe denotes the want of an £, which was
formerly inserted; as Godis grace, for Cod's grace.
The vulgar error, that it was a contraction of the pro-
noun his has long been exploded. It would be absurd
to suppose that Marfs book was put for Mary his
book, OP the children's play for the children his play.
But the regular derivation of this case from the Saxon
possessive, determines the matter beyond a doubt.
When several names ' are coupled together, in the
possessive case, the apostrophe with the s, may be
joined to the last of themy and understood to the rest ;
U8, yohtif yamcs and Robert^ horse.
B
14 RUDIMENTS OF
24. To a plural noun ending in Sf and some-
times to a singular in ss^ the upostrophe alone it
added; as the soldier^ valour ;1for righteousnt^s*
sake.
The « is sometiittes omitted after proper nantes end-
ing in x or «; as, " Festus came into -Fe//V roora,*^*
«< The nrrath of Pelu^ son.** This is less allowable in
prose than poetry. Lemth.
If the term denoting property or possession, consist
of several words, the apostrophe is usually subjoined
to the last of them » as the Congress of the United Stated
army.
OF GENDER.
35. Noons have properly two genders ; the
MASCULINE to denote the male kind *, and the
FEMININE to denote the female.
36. When there is no distinction of sex^ some
nouns are of the neuter gender ; as^ chuit^desk*
But others are of common gender; tiSf friend^
neighSour% tfc*
When personifiedfthe following words are consider-
ed as masculine, sun, tinUf death, eleep, tow.
Virtue and vice with their species ; the eoul ,- the
earth / the moon ; the church / religion, nature, Jhrtunef
ship, vessel, gun, with the names of countries and cities,
are feminine.
37 • The feminine gender is sometimes expres-
sed by adding ess to the masculine ; as lion^ It"
oneea ; but generally without regard to rule.
With some analogy to this rule, we find the follow-
ing nouns ; edfbot^ dbess / duie, dutchess, go'oernor, gev'
emessf marquis, marchioness; master, mistress; lad,
lass^ {laddess.)
Some masculines in tor make their feminines in ttnx,
9M executor, executrix ; hero makes heroine.
The distinction of sex is frequently denoted by dif-
ferent words, as in the following table.
EKGLISH GRAMMAR.
15
Mate,
Female ^
, Male.
Female,
Bachelor,
Maid.
Brother,
Sister*
Boy,
Girl.
Buck,
Doe. '
Bridegroom
, Bride.
Bull,
Cow.
Cock, '
Hen.
Bullock,
Heifer.
Drake,
Duck.
Milter,
Spawner.
Father,
Mother.
Nephew,
Niece.
Friar,
Nun.
Ratn,
Ewe.
Gander,
Goose.
Son, «
Daughter,
Husband,
Wife. '
Sloven,
Slut.
Horse,
Marc.
Stag,
Hind.
King,
Lord,
Queen.
Uncle,
Aunt.
Lady.
Widower,
Widow.
Man,
Woman.
Wiaard,
Witch.
The tex is also marked by the addition of words
that belong to particular males and females, or by the
j^ronouns he and 9he / as a jack-ass^ a coei-spanov) ; a
Jbc-goat,
38. Inflection of a regular noun.
Nom.
Pos..
Objcc
Ri^er ■
Rivers,
River,
Plur.
Rivers
Rivera*
Rivers*
^om.
Pos.
Objec.
The possessive plural is seldom used. We gene-
rally choose to express the same idea by the help of
the preposition o/*; as the bankt of the ^iwr*,. rather
than the rivers' bankt. The harsh termination of some
possessives in the singular number is avoided in the
same manner : houte^s situation, would be better ren-
dered the situation of the house,
39. Inflection of an irregular noun.
Sin^. Plur.
Nom. Child Nom. Children
Poss. Child's PosLS. Children's
Objec. Child. Objec. Children.
16
ftUOIMENTS OF
Note. The pupil having learned the definitions of
article* and ««/«#, may here be Qselully exercised upon
theiDy in the foUotring manner.
. A BOY.
A J is an article, [repeat No. 15]
Indefinite, [repeat No. I63
Boy^ IS a noun, [repeat No. 18] »
Common,, [repeat No. 20]
Singular number, [repeat 23]
Masculine gender, [repeat 35]
Declined likp river, [see 38] aad decline Boy.
AN ORANGE.
Jn is an article, [repeat No. 15] . ,
Indefinite, [16] ^
Onange is a noun common, [repeat 20]
Singular number, [repeat 23]
Mascui'me gender, [repeat 35]
Declined like river, [38.]
THE MAN.
The is an article, [repeat 15]
Definite, [^repeat 17]
Man is a noun common» frepeat 20]
Singular number, ^[repeat 23]
Masculine gender, rrepeat'35]
Declined like child, [see 39] and decllnejfaa.
LONDON.
London is a noun. proper, [repeat 21]
Singular number, [repeat 23j
Neuter gender, [repeat 36]
Declined like river, [38]
In ftie singular number and has no plural.
A book George A house
A pen An ax A woman
The girl A knife Virtue
The servant John*s horse Jane Gray
A grove The moon's orbit The brothers
Tlje field A ship Temperance
An apple The sun Beauty
An eagle Humanity The elements
A garden A lady Penelope's eyes
'^'Uft trees The gentleman Benevolence.
1^
ENGtllMV GRAMMAR. 17
OF Pko> 0UN5.
ARTICLE 40,
A I^RONOUN is a word used instead of a
jaoun ; as / for my name ; he for hia ngme,
Pronoans m&y be considered with respect to
Person, Gender^ Case and Number*
41. There are three persons answering to the
different subjects of discourse.
42. The Jirst person is, when the speaker speaks
of himself, as /; or of himself jointly with otheri^
as we.
The first person belongs exclusively to pronouns ;
but the second and third persons are common to pro-
nouns and nouns.
43. The second person is put for the person or
jpersons spoken to ; as thou^ye,
44« The third person is, when we speak con«
cern^ng any other person or thing ; a9 he^ she, it*
4S^ Every noun and pron6un is of the third
person, except /, plural we, and thouy plural youy
or ye.
46. But if an address be made to any particu-
lar person or thing, it becomes of the second per-
son*
Aflf O sun ! O moon ! — An^eh and ministers of grace
defend us. We naturally supply the pronoun thou or
ye. O thou sun ! O thou moon !->7e angels and ministers
of grace defend us.
47* The first and second persons have no dis-
tinction of gender. But
48* In the third person the pronouns he^ ^/teand
iV, are respectively masculine, feminine and neuter.
49. Pronouns like unto nounS| are infl^ected^with
number and case.
B2
18 SUDIOIINTS OF
50. Inflection of Pronounsr.
Sin^. Plur.
^CNom. / .Nora, »V
Poss. Mine Poss« Ours
r l^Objec. Me. * Objec. Us. .
5p fNom* T^otf Nom. You or Te
r^ J n^^^ rr/.-_^ n v
O
Ou
n3 '
Poss. TVi/ntf - Poss. You
^ Objec. Thee. Objec. Your)im
'^Nom. He (mcas,} "^
Poss. His
1
Objec. Him,
Nora, ^he (fem.) | Nom* tn^y
Poss. /7frj ^Poss. Theirs
Objec. //er. j Objec. Them.
Nom. /« (neut.)' I
Poss. lu I
I^Objtfc. /^ J
The plural number of the pronoun thtm^ is g^erally^
applied to a single person by way of courtesy or re-
spect. ThoUi in the singular number, is an appellation
seldom given but to persons of inferior rank. Yet it is
still retained in the sublime and solemn style, and al- «
ways in the adoration of the Supreme Being.
Some will have mint and thine to be adjectives.
The neuter pronoun it is often used with reference
to a noun of the masculine or feminine gender, and
even of the plural number in such phrases^ as It ia I;
ft w he\ Iti* they.
Sing. Plur.
Nom. One Nom. Ones
Poss. One^a Poss. — <-
Objec. One. Objec. One^8
Nom. Other Nom. Others
Poss. Other's • Poss. Others*
Objec. Others Objec. Othsr^i.
£NCLISB CRA*MMAR. 19
51. Who^ Vfhich^ and that^ ar^ termed relatives^
because they relate to a preceding noun.
Who^ is thus declined ; * :
TNoro. Who
Sing, and Plup,< Poss. Who^e
(^^Objec. Whom,
In like manner is declined its cox^paund vjhom
soever.
fNom- Whosoever
Sing, and P^ir. < Poss. Whosesoever
(^Objec. Whomsoever •
The Relative partakes of the nature of the pronoun.
and the conjunction. Which is frequently a pronominal
jidjective, and may be united with a substantive. Thatf
when a relative, cannot be joined with a.6ubstantive.
Note. The words ntyself, thyself^ &o. which are some-
times styled pronouns, are rather the pronominal ad-
jectives my, thy, &c. joined to the substantive se(f.
QuTKlf is only used in royal proclamations. Himself
and themselves seem to be n corruption of hitsdf, their-
selves.
OF ADJECTIVES.
ARTICLE 52.
AN adjective expresses some quality or pro-
perty of a noun, to which it requires to be unit-
ed : as greats ivise^ good.
53. Every adjective refers to a substantive ex-
pressed or understood.
54. Adjectives change their termination only
on account of comparison.
Except^A/j, plural, these; thatf plural, tA^fe ;
* enoughf plural, enow.
JCnough seems applied to quantity, and enono to nam-
.jcr ; as Tnoney enough ; books enovf.
20 RtfOIMENTS OF
Direction. An adjective will admit the word thif^
after it, as a good thing. Most adjectives also may foe
compared; z.9 fair, fairer, fairett.
Note. It will greatly assist the young scholar if he
be required to find adjectives to a given substantive ;
as for example go {40 \ yellon gold, precious gold, fin^
gold. On tlie other h&ad he may ind substantives to
a given adjective ; as for example, to the word high ;
high tree, high mountain, high to%i)er, &c. Afterwards
let him compare the adjectives, and inflect the sub-
stantives, by yih\ch he will leani to distinguish their
grammatical properties. ^
55. There arc three degrees of comparison ;
the POstTiTEy the comparativ£> and the su«
VERLATIVE.
56. The positive expresses the simple quality 2
as hard*
57. The comparative zomtv/hzt increases the
signification ok the positive, as harder,
58. The wperietive expresses the quality in the
highest degree ; as hardtat*
Double comparatives and superlatives are improper :
as mor^ toiVr, most handsomett. Yet the phrase most
highest, has been supposed to acquire a peculiar pro-
priety from the subject to which it is applied.
59. F4xamples of the comparison of adjectives*
Positive, Comparative, Superlative.
Hard) harder, hardest.
Wise, •vriwr, wisest.
Lovely, JoveJ/>r, loveliwf.
For the sake of continuing the accent, it sometimes
becomes necessary to double tiie final consonant : as
fit. Jitter, fittest.
60* The following adjectives are compared ir-
--•scylarlyj viz.
X
EKCLISH GRAMMAR. 21
Positive^
Comparative,
Superlative*
Good,
better,
best;
Bad,
worse,
worst.
Little,
less,
least.
Much, ,
more.
most.
Near,
nearer.
nearest or next
Late,
later,
, . latest or last.
Far,
farther,
farthest.
IVorser and le9ser seem ung't^ammatical.
Latter IS also used with some variety of signification.
- Zater alvrays refers to time ; iattrr to time, or to the
order in which any thing- is mentioned,
61. Adjectives, which cannot be increased in
signification, do not admit of comparison ; as ally
everjy &c,
62. M«ny adjecti.veist and especially Those that
consist of sereral syllables are compared by the
help of particles ; 3ls extraordinary j more extra*
ordinary y most extraordinary.
Dr. Johnson Ivas given the following list of dissyla-
bles which are seldom compared without particleSt
viz. such as end in
some ; as fulsome. my ; as roomy.
ful ; as carefuli id ; as candid.
ingj as trifling. al ; as mortal,
ess ; as careless. ent ; as recent,
ed ; as wretched. ain ; as certain.
dy ; as woody. ny; as rainy.
fy ; as puffy. py ; as ropy, except happy.
ky ; as rocky, except ary 5 as hoary,
lucky.
Ifote, In some words the superlative is formed by
•tiding the termination mwt / as utmott, foremost, un-
Jennosty uppermost^ outinott, inmatt. Some of these
)j4ve no positives in use. Former has neither positive
nor auperlative.
22 RUDIMENTS OF
63. Certain adjectives derived from pronouns
are called pronominal ; as my^ thy» our ^ your ^ his^
Iicrf their. Others with less propriety arc so na-
med because their substantives are frequently un-
derstood ; as whtch^ whaty eachj either ^ whether 9
the aame^ thi9y that 9 any^ some^ and the like.
64. Which and what are also .called relativgSf
and ivhen a question is asked they are termed
interrogaii'ves*
Which, if a pronominal adjecttve, seems to hiive the
signification ot'at^thi*, or and that. What ansviers t»
thatvihich / as tett me fnhoi you ba%e seen, or that which
you have seen.
EXERCISE SECOND.
AGOODPEK.
A is an indsiinite article, [repeat 16]'
Godi is an adjective, [repeat 53]
Positive degree, [repeat 56]
Referring to Pen, [repeat 53]
Compared irregularly, [see 60] & compare good.
Pen is a noun common, [repeat 20]
Singular number, [repeat 23]
Neuter gender, [repeat 36]
Declined like river, [38] decline it.
A strong body The best disposi- Your pleasures
An obedient child tion Our mutual a-
A wise head An extraordinary greement
A hard heart genius His just comr ,
This house The most careless mands
These words writer Thy little friend
That field All my time A severe winter
71)ose meadows Every one's busi- The boisterous
'A beautiful face ness waves
The lovUest girl Other men's pro- An ugly monster.
* \*tful student perty
ENGLISH CRAi^MAB. 23
Of verbs AUft PARTICIPLES.
ARTIPLE 65.
A V$RE affirms somewhat of a noun ; and
signifies to doj to be^ or to be in iomc state ; as
the (bird ^le^; John if diligent ; Peter sleeps*
Direction. Whatever «rord makes a complete sen-
tence with a noun, is a verbi It may also be distin-
guished by admitting th« personal pronouns before it ;
aM / /ow, thou loveitt &c. It \k called a verb or word,
as being the chief word in every sentence.
66. The noun or pronoun concerning which
a verb affirms, is called' its Subjedf.
The subject of a verb is the wor^that answers to
the question vaho or vjhat? before the verb; as the
bird flies, What Jlies ? Arts, The bird.
67. There are two kinds of ycrbs, Transitive
and Intransitive, or neuter.
68. A verb is called transitive when its mean-
ing passes from the subject to an object, or fol-
lowing noun ; as Hannibal defeated tht Romans.
The object answers to the question 'mhtrni or tshat ?
after the verb ; as ffannihal defeated the Romans* Han-
tubai defeated whom P A.ns. The Romans.
69. A verb is called intransiti<ve^ or neuters
when its meaning docs not' require an object or^
following noun ; as they laugh^ we rejoices
A verb is inflected with Number, Person,
'|TJme« and Mode*
Of NUMBER and PERSON.
Ij 70. There are two numbers, the singular and
ylural ; and three persons in each number.
'*^1 7 1 . A verb is of the first person^ when prece-
ded by /or we } of the second person when pre-
24 RUDIMENTS OF .
ceded by a noun or pronoun in the second person ;
and when any other noun .or pronoun become* the
subject of the verb, it h of tht third person.
t)F TENSES OR TIMES.
72. Ther^ are two Tenses «r Times ; the /^rt-
sent and tht preterite or pa^U
A verb is in the present tense or time^ when it speal»
(If an action that is now passing, as I write, or am mrte"
ing: but when it represents an action as finished, or as
remaining unfinished at a certain time past, it is in the
preterite tente, as / viait, they tcere reading Vir^l nt
that time. ' ^^ . . '^^
There are also "several other tensea or distinctions of
time marked by grammarians, the most important and
necessary of which is \\\tfuturey which is thus expres-
sed ; the sun viill rise^ 1 shall see it. But as neither
this nor any otiher tense, except the present and prcpe-
rite, can be (armed by any single verb, or without the
use of auxifiaries, it is judged best to notice twO only.
If we admit the use of auxiliaries at all in forming
tenses, we may, with propriety^ make six variations. —
See page 65.
. 0% MODES.
73. A VERB has four modes ; the indicative^
tbe imperatives the sxibjunctive. and the infinitive*
A mode signifies the particular manner in which a
verb expresses its meaning.
74. The indicative mode declares somewhat, as
thoif lovesty or asks a question, as lowest thou ?
75. The imperative entreats or commands j as.
liwe thou.
76. The Bubjunctive is used to express doubt oi
uncertainty alter the words ait hough, if^ whomso
I
I
_^.]
ENGLISH GRAMMAR. ^5
m ' ■
ever^ unle^Sy tohethir^ except^ t&hatsoevery before ^
provided^ €'€r,and words of wishing; zs although
he love.
But if no doubt or uncertalaty be implied af-
ter the words although^ if^ &c. (he verb retains
the indicative mode.
77. The infiniti'ue mode has commonly the sign
to belbre ity and in sigpification is like unto a
noun ; as boys love to play^ i. e» boys love play.
This mode is so c&lled because it has no distinction
. or limits of number or person.
OF PARTICIPLES.
78. A PARTICIPLE is derived from a verb,
and has the nature both of the verb and the ad-
jective.
79. A verb hath two participles, one of the
presenty another of the preterite teme*
The participle present^ ends in ing ; as loving.
The participle preterite of a regular verb ends
in ed ; as loved,
80* When a participle loses its respect to time,
it becomes a mere adjective ; as a learned man^ a
dancing-maater.
8 1 « The present participle is sometimes changed
into a substantive ; as /le loves singing and dancing.
The same participle, with a preposition before it, and
still retaining its verbal government, answers to what
ill Latin is called tiie gerund ; a« virtue contUts in difin^
c
26 RVDIMBNTS OV
82. Inflection of regular verbs.
Tolbark. To improve.
m INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
Singular* Plural.
I learn^ H^e liartiy
Thou leamcsij* Tc Uam,
He /earncthtj or Ictfrta^ ^A^ ieantt
I improve^ We improve^
Thou. impro%*€St^ Te improve^
He improveihfi or improvH^ Thev imprtnem
* It someVimes becomes necessary to double the fi-
nal consonant, when preceded by a short vowel, in /or-
der to continue the accent ; as Iforxets tkoufirgtttiit*
t This termination Is used in solemn language,
i This termination is used in familiar language.
Prctertitc Tense.
Sing. Plur.
/ learned^ We iearned^
Thou iearntdstj Te learned^
He learnedt They learned^
limprovedy We improved.
Thou improveist}^ 7e improvedf
He improved^ They improved*
* This termination of the second person preterite, oa
account of its harshness, is seldom used^ and especial-
ly in the irregular verbs.
IMPERATIVE MOPE.
Slog. Plur.
Learn, or learn thou ; Learn, or leamye%
Improve,or improve thou ; Improve, or improve jre.
EN6LISB GUAlCttAS.
&tJBJUNCTIVE MODE.
Present Tense.
Sing.' Plnr.
Iflleam^ Ifnnelearn^
If thou ieam^ If ye learn^
If he learn. If they learn.
Jfthou improue^
If hi improve f
If tve improve^
If ye iit*provey
If they improve^
\
Sing*
If I learned,
If thou learned^
Jlfhe leamedf
Prc«enfie Tcnie.
Mur.
If we karntdf
If ye learned.
If they learntd^
If I improved^ If we improved^
If thou improvcdf If ye improvtd,
if he imprffvcdi If they improved^
INFINltlVE MODE,
To leam^ Tb improve*
Present.
Learmngy '
PARtlCXPLBS.
Preterite.
Learntdt
Improvingf
Improved.
The e it tQinetiinef presenred in order to prevent
ambiguity in sigDification. Thus, it jps adviaeable to
write mgeing mm the verb to nnge, by way of dis-
tinction from singing, the participle of the verb to sing.
83. T final is retained before i. But if it be foN
lowed by any other letter, it is changed into i ;.
gs to cry, criest, crying, cried^
84. Many verbs form both the preterite tense
28 . RUDIMENTS. OF
and the preterite participle irregularly ; as I rise;
pret. I rose ; part. pret. / am risen.
85. The preterite participle generally ends in
dy tf^ or n ; as loK)edy taught^ slain.
Other circumstances in the time, and manner
of verbs, are expressed by the help .of certain
verbs called Auxiliaries.
The princij^e auxiliary verbs arc as follows.
. 86. To do. ^
Bo expresses the meaning with greater energy ; as
" indeed I do i^peak truth."
INDICATIVE MODE.
Present Tense,
,Sing. Plur.
I do^ Wedo^
Thou doest or dost, Te doy
He doth or doeSf Thsydo.
Doth is used in solemui does in ftmiliar language.
Preterite Tense.
Ididj We did,
Thou didst, '< Te did.
He did, They did.
IMPERATIVE MODE.
Sing. ■ Plur*'
, Do, or do thou. Do, or do ye.
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
Present Tense.
Sing. Plur.
If L dot Jfn»edo,
If thou do, • Jfy^ do.
If he do, Jf they do.
SKGLISH GRAMMAR. 99
V Preterite Tense.
Sing. Plur.
If I did, If we did.
If thou did, , If ye did, ^
Jfhtdid, If they did,'
INFINITIVE MODE.
To Do.
Participles.
Present, doit^r^ PretenXcgiotte.
B7. To HAVE.
The auxiliary have relates to time i)ow pest. Its
preterite had signifies time past with respect to a for-
mer period.
INDICATIVE MODE.
Present Tense.
Sing, Bur. '
/ ^ave. We have^
Thou hasty re have^
He hath or hm^ They have.
Math is used in solemn, has in familiar language.
Preterite Tense.
J'Afl* .We had.
Thou hadstf Te had,
Sehady Theyhadr
so RUDIMENTS OF
IMPERATIVE MODE. '
Sing. Plur.
Have J or havethauj Bavcj or have ye*
This mode of Have, is seldom^ or perhaps never
with propriety, tised.
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
Present Tenser
Sing. Plur. '
If I havei If we have)
If thou have, If ye have,
If he have, If they have.
Preterite Tense.
Sing. Plur.
If I had. If wc had,
If thou had. If ye had.
If he had. If they had.
INFINITIVE MODE.
To Have.
Participles.
Present, havings Preterite, had.
88. To Be.
The auxiliary to be, contains a simple affirmation ;
and when joined to the participle present, it asserts with
greater exactness and force : as / am writing. When
joined to the participle preteritet it implies the suffering
or receiving of what is expressed, as Thou art beaten.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
31
Sing,
Thou artf
He isy
INDICATIVE MODE.
Present Tense.
Plur.
We arej
Ye ari^
The^ are.
Preterite Tense,
I xaasy
Thou wastf
He wasj
We werej
Te werey
They were.
IMPERATIVE MODE.
Be^ or he thou. Be, or be ye*
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
Present Tense.
If I be. If we bef
If thou be^ Ifyebcf
If he bet If they be.
Preterite Tense.
If Iwerey
Jfthou were J
If henveref
If we wercy
tfye*weret
If they nvercn
INFINITIVE MODE.
To be.
Present, beings
Participles.
Preterite; been.
9i% ^ «;y4JfIMEKT» og
89. The verba* phalli vfiUf mftyy carip have two
forms, the o|ip absolute, the ptber conoz*
-fjO'NAL, j
90. Shall.
Shall, ia the ili^$t person, simply Jorgtels f m the se^
eond and third. It promhe^, engages, command or
thrpdtetif,-
Absolpte Form,
^ Sing. Plur. -
fshaiif iTf skallf
Thou shaitj Te shally
ffe9h(fll, TheyahaU.
Conditional Form.
Jahould^ We should^ .
Thou shouldiatf Te abould^
ffe shoufdy They should.
In like manner is declined wilL| conditional
from WOULD.
Will in the first person^^omffety engaget or threcaena
in the second and third persons, it oniy/oretelt*
But vhen a questicm is s^leed, tke signification of '
• these verbs is materially afiected. Shall, in the first
and thirjl persons consults the vuU of another, as ^haS
fxoal} orfi<fe^ and is?//, in the second person^ implies
intention as weH as event ; as Will vou go to the raet ?
Note, Will when a principal verb, Is irregularly in.-
Siecte4 ? ^ f'^ilk »*w w^, &Cr
91v May.
Jlffir si|;i9ifics fi^ht^ liberty J, pt fotii&iltty.
ENGLISH GRAMMAR, 33
Absolute Form.
Sing.
'
Plur.
I may.
We mqyt .
Thou mqyestj
Te may.
He may.
The^ may.
Conditional Form.
I mighty
We might,
Thou mightest^
Te mighty
Be mighty
92. Can.
They might.
Can^ signifies the^^bowrr of doing any thing.
Absolute Form.
I caa^
We carif
Thou canstf
Te can.
He can.
Conditional,
Thejf cfn.
I couldj
We could.
Thou couldestj
Te could,
Be could.
They could.
93. The verb must is undeclined| and implies
necessity*
Direction* The yerb to bave is joined to the parti*
cipU preterite. The verb to be is joined to either par-
ticiple. The other auxiliaries are joined to the infini'
tive tnode.
The verbs to do, to have, to viill, and to be, are not
always auxiliaries, but sometimes principal verbs.
Sometimes two or more auxiliaries are joined to*
gether before a participle, and then the first usually
. expresses the manner, and the latter the time. The
first only admits of variation ; as / mi^ht have loved^
thou pii^hte^t have loved.
94 KVOIJIXNVS 6«-
The fchoUr may teiy properly be exercised in goin^
through the tevenl auxiliariet in connexion witii the
principal rerbt.
WiUi the IwriNXTxvE Mopk.
I do love. I shall love. I will love. I may love.
I, can love. I most love.
With the pA&nei^LS Priesbnt,
I am lovini^. I shall be loving. I will be loving. I
may be loving. I can be loving. I must be loving*
I have been loving. I shall have been loving. I will
have been lodging. I may have been loving. 1 can have
been loving. I must have beeft loving.
With the PaxTxaxTE PAarxciiPLs.
I am loved. I shall be loved. I will be loved. I
may be loved. I can be loved. I must be loved.
I have loved. I shall have loved. I will have loved.
I mav have loved. I can have loved. I must have
lovea.
I have been loured. I shall have been loved. I will
have been loved. I may have been loved. I can have
been loved. I must have been loved.
EXERCISE THIRD.
I LOVE HIM.
/ is a personal pronoun, [repeat No. 40]
First person, [repeat 42]
Sing^ar number, Crepeat 23]
Nominative case, [repeat 30J
Declined thus [see artide 50]
Jl^o^tf, is a verb, [repeat 65]
Transitive, [repeat 68]
Inflected like Learns [see 82» wd put the word
through] •
Sinh IS * personal pronoun, [repeat 40]
Third person, [repeat 44]
Singular number, [repeat 23]
Masculine gender, [repeat 48]
Objective case, [repeat 32]
Declined thus, [see article 50 ftn4 decline.]
E^ratlSH GKAMUAR. 35
^The vast ocean sweil9. We are writing [see art|-
Amerlca is extending' her cle 78] lettera.
commerce. A bad life makes a sorrow-
He instructs us. ful end.
Thou art the man. We are happy to see you.
John loves his book. [ing. They came toyisit our city*
Jane admires a fine paint* Philadelphia contains many
A lofty mountain is a su- inhabitants.
blime object They are good children.
Rebeeca is dr&^i^ng a map.
OF ADVERBS, CONJUNCTIONS, PREPOSI-
TIONS, AND INTERJECTIONS.
Of ADVERBS.
ARTICLE 94.
ADVERBS are contractions of sentences, or
parts of ^ sentence^ generally, serving to denote
some circumstance or manner of an action*
They are frequently added to verbs, adjectives^
and other adverbs ; as, he reads well ; he ia very
diligent ; he is not greatly to be blamed*
95. Some adverbs are regularly compared i as,
often, oftener^ oftenest ; and some irregularly,
like the adjectives from which they are derive4 y
as, much^ more, most / little, leas, least.
Adverbs are commonly distribated into many kinda
-wk^eh it would be tedious to enumerate. The princi-
1^ divisions are those of time ; as ncn^ often, tome'
timett to^ay, then, ever, never, Cfc. of flabe, as vtheret
here, hence, thence, vthither, thither, &x. of number^ as once,
iwicet thrice, O'C. of affirming and denying s as, yes, no,
truly, net, Cre. and of quality, which are very numerous,
and usually end in ly/ as m^cifully, justly, wisely, ^-
^ily,&c. -
3$ RUDIMENTS OJT
Of conjunctions.
4
96. Conjunctions join sentences together,
and shew the manner of their dependence upon
each other ; as, Peter^ John and James run*
Which may be resolved in three sentences, viz. Pe-
ter rune, John rune, James rune.
The principal conjanctions are, again, albeit, also, al-
though, and, as, because, both, but, either,, else, except, Jor,
hovjever, if, imieed, lest, moreover, neither, nevertheless,
nqr, notwithstanding, or, save, seeing, since, so, than, tJbeU^
therefore, though, vshereas, voherefore, whether, '-
97. Of conjunctions some are copulative^ and
some are disjunct i^ue^ ,. , - ' ^
98.A conjunction copulative continues the same
sense ; as andy also*
99. A disjunctive conjunction expresses an op-
position of meaning ; as duty althou^h^ unless*
Of PREPOSITIONS.
100. A PREPOSITION is used to shew the rela-
tion of words to each other ; as he went from
Baltimore through Wilmington to Philadelphia.
Most prepositions are contained in the following'
catalogue.
Above, about, after, against, amidst, around, at, before,
behind, belorv, beneath, beside, betvieen, betwixt, beyond, by^
dov:n, for, from,, in, into, nigh, on, over, of, through,
throu^hout^ to, towards, under, underneath, unto, up, upon,
viith, vjithin, without.
The word a seems to be a preposition, perhaps a
contraction of o», in such phrases as, I went afskipg.
Prepositions are often prefixed to verbs in composi-
tion, as to overtake, There are also certain particles
XKGLXSn GRAMMAR. 37
of this natnre^ which* are eombined with verbs, bat
have no separate existence in our language ; as b^ mis,
&c. in the words befall Tuisafpfy, &c. Prepositions are
ftequej^tky subjoined to veriM, in which case they as-
siinie the nature of the adverb, and considerably af-
fect the meaning of the verb ; as to give over, to make out,
-^ Of interjections*
Jl^ 101. An INTERJECTION IS z wordexpressiag
a sudden emotion of the roind ; as alast U| fie*
' EXERCISE FOURTH,
, CON^AZNXNO ALL TBB fA&TS OF S9BB0H.
4a 65 15 52 18 78 96-7 101 40 65
I see the old man coming, but alas ! he moves
* 94 96-8 6$ 65 lOa 52 18
f^Qwly, and appears to be in great distress.
, ' 15 21 05 94 78 1« • 1*)
r^^The hatd is constant^ bestowing favours upon
40 96 101 94. 52 18 100 18 65 40
OS, but oh ! how few returns of gratitude do we
65 100 40
mike to him !
Time glides swiftly away, and soon, alas ! very sooal
fhall we be found no more upon the fiice of this earth.
. A generous mind is unwilling to give pain to either
nuin or beast.
Think, O man, of thy follies, and the humiliatione
tp which vice ever leads its unhappy votaries !
Hark ! how sweetly the woodlark sing% while gen-
tle zephyrs, playing in the boughs, invite us to waUk
abroad, and taste the freshness of the morning,
D
EUQIM£NT&
ENGLISH GRAMMAR, &c^ j
PART If. ^'4^
Cy SYNTAX, or the RiOHTtovsT^vcrton ^
SENTENCES.
ABTtCLfS 102.
SYNTAX may be considered with respect to
CONCORD GOVERNMENT) and POSITION* ^
103. Concord is when words are feouked'tlLLe
in the same number, case, gend^ or person* "4
104. Government is when one word nnr^jJJltfr'
ther to be in some case or. form.
105. Position is the proper arrangement of worts.
RULES OF CONeORD.
106. The verb agrees with its subject in num-
ber and person.
; EXAMPLE. X learn. Thou improvest. He reads.
We perceive. Ye understand. They write. The
rose withers. The birds fly. I grieved. Thou laugh*
cdst. Feterwcpt. We danced. Te played. They
^sang.
Ei^amples of this nature may, at first view, appear
trifling and unnecessary rbut perhaps experience will
shew them to be of use. In the Latin language^ it
Is common to exemplify particular rules, before wr
EKCLISH GRAXlfAB. 39
proceed to resblfe long and compHcftted senteneef.
.i^d I am persoaded th« same metnod will be equally
^^ MIS to the English scholar. Ezercrses o£
ucHm will he attended with singular benefits
wo or more subjects of tlie singular num-
;h ft copulative conjunction between theiby
verb plural.
id and Scotland are separated by the Tweed,
.ddison and Swift vtere cotemporary. Know-
id virtue ore preferable to richea.
Different subjects connected by a disjnnc-
ujuootiony require a singular verb ;
iff or diffidence is aiiie urfavourable to «ucce«f «
times the verb is used in the singular number
^eral subjectSt conneeted with a copulative con-
\ being summed to have a separate reference
of them. Tliis is more especially the case,
he fiubjocts are nearly allied to each other in
ition ; aa,.Trad!e and Commerce is produahe ef
^dvahtages, ^ Marmony and love is to be fr^errea
0teora and hatred,
*
. 109. A noun of multitude may be joined either
^the singular or plural numbej* of a verb.
thitpe^e r^^ce. This people h stiff-necked. The
c«^gres6 arf assembled. The army x> disbanded.
It is proper^ however, to consider whether the noun
convey unity or plurality of idea. The following sen-
tences are faulty in this respect : ''And restores to this
island that tranquillity and repose to \^ich they had
been strangers.** " What reason hone the church of
Rome to talk of Modesty in this case/* leimd and
church are not collective nouns. J^aath,
4,Q RUDIMSHTS or
Cim«tstpiicy Also requires that 'we da not use the
singular and plural promiacuouily, as applied to the
same aubjectt but a«Ui«re to that form which
fer. Thus we are not to say, 7%e Cof^jTecf are
ifledf it wll toon be dissohed,
110. A verb, preceded bj two or more
or pronouns ol different persons or numbei
junctively connected, must agree with thC'
them. ^^ .
I or tbou art to blame. Vott or / am in fault,
ther the ink nor the pent vsere there* Neither
nor the iai vtas there. Neither ahe nor they '
thing
It f> best hoviever^ vohere the Humbert are diffe
place the plural nearest the pei%,
Ul. Sometimes an infinitive mode, andj
times m clause of a 8ent^Qce becomes the
ef the verb*
To err is human : to forgive is ^Mne, To
without measure isfUly / not to mourn at all, ij
sibiUty,
112, An infinitive mode, or a clause of l^^^
tence. may become the antecedent of a relative.:'
We are required to fear God and ie^ his cofAmand"
TnentSf vihich it the vihoh duty cfrtium,
\\% A clause of a sentence may stand for the
substantive to an adjective.
The happinet* of my life depends on my being connscted
with your family.
ENCLISB GSHMMAR. 41
114. The adjecttves thh, that^ and enough,
wich their substantives in number*
I man is wise. These men wk happy. That boy
|ful Those boys are diligent. There is food
We have apples eQov.
j adjective enough always fi>Uow«. the sufostantivs
pch it belongs. See Art. 54^ note.
Pronouns must correspond in number and
i^r with the nouns which they represent.
:il'' is called the prince of Latin poets : Se was
L Mantua.
lippina was the wife of Claudius ; and^Af is said
\ poisoned him in order to make her son empe-
here is a remarkable eaeention to Ihia rule in the
Ration oiyou the plural of thou, to a single person.
rt. 50, note.
The English, like some other languages, ob'
) a priority with respect to persons, when a pro-
^in the plural number has relation to difierentper-
The first is prefen^ to the second, and the
1 to 'the third ; as yamett WUUarth ond I are
UJel/cv» i fue belmg to the same clatt ; ToUf and
rdf mid yohn are neighboure .* you live in the tame
The pronoun them is sometimes very improperly used
aa an adjective with a noun. Hand me them books.
1 1 6* The relative is of the same number and
person as its antecedent, and the verb agrees with
|t accordingly*
Tbou nabo katett reproof art unwise. Jffe vho ie dili-
gent merits praise. / vtho mn. content, do not envy.
The hone tohich rune will stumble. The fshee which
*^j>im will be caught.
D :?
42 BU2>1X£1ITS OS
1 17. A noun or pronouB pot in appo«tion with
apother, i. e. in order to express or enplal
"-iTiing more £olly, must be ptit in the^
^guttM the Moman MfnperOTf h$ wlio
*•, ia variously described.
torn the Conqueror was a powerful prin<
RULES OF GOVERNNiENT.
. The pronoun or noun coming b
' < it be in the nominative case.
I yf^^ih.. T^otfseest. 0Vlove. iSAf reads.
119. The pronoun or nous following a
tive verb, must be in the objective case,
I praise him* Thou lovest me. He folaitti
He admonished xu. We will assist jr#ii.
120. The verb to he, through all its
must have the same case afi^r as it has
It is/. Who art thou? I am he. We ait^
John is to he the man. I believe it to be Aim. Wtii
tt9 \o\tc thttn.
12 U If there come no subject eicpressed or un-
derstood, between the relative and the verb, the
jreiative must be in the nominative case*
The boy %oho ia diligent shall be rewarded. They
that $efk wisdom, shall find her. Those pleasures are
m* • :o be valued, v>kkh opctmtpanjf us through Che
«rhoie of ouf existence,
KKGLXSfl aAAMMAR. 43
132. If a subject, expressed or understood,
5 between the relatiYe vfho and the verb, the
ive must be put in the objective case.
tis is the man whom Ae Lord dtlightttk to honour.
coromoiMy hrte him wA«m tiiey/eon The boys
>, you 'c»r« are returned.
■^ ,, '■ ■ .
1^23. When a question is asked by the wlative
. Yu£a, and the answer given by the pronoun only,
^tijjjKH shall both be put in the same case.
^ Who chooses to walk ? A. /.
- ;^ Whoft bode Is this \ A- Mine.
% Whom did yott see ? A. Mm.
> i Jpe reason of this will be obvimis, if wc complete
jKi^ of the sentences : For instance^
>^.Q. Who chooses to walk } A. /, i. e. I chooae to v)ali.
24. The relation of property or possession may
be expressed by the possessive case.
•, I admire TktmuonU works. Oe9TgtU hors^ moves
SMrell. He extolled the «o^iV« valour. Teach me to
is^anothef^a Hjjoe^ -R?/^-
125. Adjectives, denoting plurality arc some-
times joined to singular nouns of number, weight
and measure..
The fleet censisled of tnerty Mail. He was followed
by 9ix'9carc meiu He l^ot ten brace of partridges. I
bave fAf/ty Afoc/of catlte.
126. One verb follovfifig anotib(er verb is put
in the inEnitive mode.
Boys loTe to play. We dei^Mlo leatn. I rejoice to
see my father and mother.
44 ftUDIMENTS or
127. An infinitive mode is frequentljr go-
verned by an adjccttvei notini pronoun^ or pa^
ticiple. * W
He is apt to Utom^ has cpfiontadty to Uom, knpws tha^
I wish hink to Uamt and is now veaUir endeawutim to
Icatn. ^ • "T^
128. The particle fa is tisuaUy omitted after
the verbs ^id, darCf feci^ Utf makti needy hear,
^ndsee,^ ■- ^ tf
I shall hid him he silent. He daru not iieAa lift* I
vill make htm cofffest. Let us hearken to the pre^fpts
of virtue. 1 1 do htm go irao the house. Ifeel the fire^urrt.
Thy Hector^ wrapt in everlastings sleep; ^
Shall neither hear thee sigh, nor see thee wew.
• PbpeU Homeh
The present participle is sometimes elegantly putJn
pjace of the in&iitive mo^e. I saw her v)ef^tig s tlfft''
him fco/dffl^, and felt the fire. ^rni)j(^.
The preposition for is very improperly used befiwe
an infinitive mode. He directed meybr to bring it. I
wisher to go.
139. Participles govern tip same cases ai the
verbs from which tfaejrare derived.
We were seeking A/m, he was instructing them.
Edward being m^ter, and finding us idle, after he had
reproved us, dismissed the class.
I^ote. The past participle With the verb to have be-
fore it» is followed by tho "Otsjective case ; as I have
called him ; but if it be preceded by the verb to be* it is
followed by a nominative case : as he was called yohn.
130. A noun or pronoun, when put absolutely
with a participlci f. e« without dcpendance on
the rest of the scAtenccy thaU be in the nomina-
tive case.
BHGLISH. GRAMMAR. 4$
The 9im be$ng risen, vre pursued our journey. 7%e
€issemhly bang dismissed^ we returned home. St hai9»
img fiflii^ied his discourse, Phitip replied.
ISK A noun or pfononn In^thc second persont
may be put absolutely in the nominative case*
Caloneif I am 3rour most obedienl*->Let me. ask yoa
one questioo. Sir Barry. -^^^ JPaul, thou art beside I^J-
aelf ; much learniBg doth make thee mad." *' I am
not mad, most noble Fettut,, hat speak forth the words
of truth and soberness.'* «
It must be so^ FUno, thou xeison'st welL Additan.
132. Prepositions govern the objectlre case ^£
R pronoun or noun.
I went with Aim. He eane to«nr Ttioy ran be^
fi>re tts. To ^hmn did Peter give the book ?
The case governed by a. prepoakkm, nay with prot
pfitety, ht called the prepositional case, in distinction
from that which la the ebjeet of a veH> or participle.
- 1S3, The relative vfJw^ after the conjunction
than^ must be put in the objective case*
Titos, than nhtm no prince was more beloved, sue*
ceeded his father VespasiaD. I have been readiog^
Cicero, than vthom no author is raoce eloquent
134. Many conjunctions require other corres'?
ponding conjunctions ; as
Jkhough or Moi^A, Tct or neveriheku.
Whether Or.
Zither Or,
Neither Nor,
^, implying comparison, 5b.
Asf implying a comparison of equality, A^.
' So^ eapressing a consequence. That,
46 RUPlB<tirT» PF
> , >,
Tk<mgli(\he house is tnulU yet it is veiy copvenient.
£ither you or I am io fault. Whether I shall come or
not is uncertain. I neither love hunttng nor fishing.
Js one who spies a serpent in his way,
; Glistening and basking in the summer ray,
Disorderd stops, to shun the danger near, '
Then walks ^th fiuntnet s on, and looks with f^,
•Sbseem'd the Sire. Pamei,
I tlunk Milton at ,great a poet as Virgil, The grey-
hound is not io fierce as the mastiff; nor is the mas- '
tiff to sWift ofi the greyhound. I was to tired, thai I
fell asleep. «
135. The conjunctions a$uii norf or^, and than^
frequently connect similar statesi cases, modes €>r
tenses.
J^eter, yanut and yohn, ware asleep. He is anm
vith met and jrov, and them. Monoiw, thy father with
thy whole heart, ukd/orget not the sravows of thy mo-
ther. It is better to receitie than to do injuiy.
At dawn poor Stella dmie'dfnd tjong, JMor. «
I^muandiwVfaer Inheranroud. JHno*
136. Two negatives destroy each other, or
make an affirmative. « I do not envy nobody :••
is equivalent to saying, I do envy somebody.
137. Auxiliary verbs must be joined either to
the infinitive mode of a verb, or to one of its par-
ticiples, but not to the preterite tense.
I do tow. Thou bast loied. He is nariting. We were
chidden, Thoushoutdestorfeffc/. He might tmj»ro«e. They
could have knamn. Thou iriightest have been heard.
138. Who relates to persons, q^icA to things ;
{that may refer to cither persons or things.)
The man^ v>ho tells a lie is wicked. The gratt, vthfch
was cut yesterday, is withered. The ^, that is dili-
gent, shall be rewarded. The nt^t, that you gave ma
are bad.
That is a reUtive, when it may be changed into vfh
"*• vthicb.
EiTGLXSH GMAMHAR. 47
After an adkfetive in the auperlatiye degreei tkat Is
generally iiaeo in preference to who ofahicb; as Han*
nibal mas one of the greatest geaeraU that the world ever
9aw, See Prteatley*s Grammar.
139. When this or its plural these ^ is contrast*
' ed with that or its plural thoaty this^ or the:ke re^ .
fers to the latter, the^t or those^ to the former
-word) clause or sentence.
In the city we are entevtained witb the worh tf man,
in the country, with the worh of God,' this is the pro-
vince of nature f Md^ of art.
Cheerfuiness is preferable to mirth i this may be con-
sidered as an act* Mar as a habit of the mind.
' What eenscienee dictates to be ddne%
Or warns me not to do :
This teach me more than hell to shun^
That more than heav'n pursue. Pope*
140. The "interjections 0» Oh and Ah» re-
quire the objective case of a pronoun in the'£rst
person, and the nominative of the second. mc!
Oh me I Ah me ! O thou ! O ye t
HI. The verb Iq he^ coming between two
nominatives of different numberS| should agree
with the first.
Five shilUnga are one crown. The fee is three
guineas. £thic8 are a science.
142. The relative wAa or that with a verb,
following two nominatives of different persons,
jTiay agree with either ; but the latter is usually
preferred.
I am he wAo writes, it is I thd^ command. ^ I am tl^e
-/a an 11' A direct. *
48 SVblHENTS OF
143. The pr^jkisitions betwxt md between ace
to be us9d when only two persons or things are
spoken of ; and among or amongMt when t^re
are more than two.
Divide the money between the toto parents. Or among
their lAree children.
144. When the article the precedes a partici-
pial noun, the preposUion of must follow it ; and
the one should never be used without the other.
By M« exercising ^oor memories they are strength-
ened. By exercising our memorie8« they are strength-
ened.
145. Adjectives are sometimes very improperly
used for adrefbs.
A remaritMe fremaffkahlyl wise man. He acted
agretabk [agreeably] to his promise.
146. A pronoun should not be used when it
w^uld occasion ambiguity ; but the noun be re-
peated.
Many acknowledge the eaeellence of reli|[ion, who
eannot <ell wherein it [that excellence] consists.
147. Pronominal adjectives follow the rules of
their pronouns, and muse agree in number, personi
and gender, with their antecedents.
John has lost hU book, and Eliza her fan. y<imt9
and I visited our friends during their affliction. Tbe
person wishes to conceal AiVorAer name*^7AMrname,
would be improper.
The possessive pronouns mine and tiUne are often
usted in the solemn style and sacred writings, instead
of the pronominal adjectives my and thy / particularly
before words that beein with a vowel.
<* Behold, a beam is in thine own eye.** «« Blot^Ottt
aU fiiine ini9[uities."
filTOLlSB GltAM»rAR. 4§
Note, The words mine, tAifoe, his, hefi, oun, your*, and
their*, besides being the possessive cases of their re«'
^pective pronounsy bay.e each of them, a distinct nomt«
native and objective or prepositional case r ** Ail mine
are thine, and thine are mine.^* Sally's pen» hit, hers,
eend yours want nftend^g. Here these words are evi«
dently ip the nominative case.. But in the following^
and all similar phrases, they are plainly in the propo-
sitional on* objective case— •*< He shall taloe o^rnine, '* &c«
That tongue of M£n^, this soul of mine, a friend of Ae^,
or hers, i^i acquaintance of oursi or yours or ti>eirs. We
itdmire each of the produetionsy but prefer hers to yours,
and his befoi« theirs.
£acb of these words stands for a substantive and an
adjective ; as the fault is mine ; i. e. my fault. Tlie ad-
vantage is ours^ i. •. our advantage.
. RULES OF POSITION.
148* The subject of affirmation usually pre-
cedes the verb ; ast the^r^ burns $ the birdjliies^
149. But when a question is asked 9 the subject^
either follows the verb ; as lovestthqu ? or comes
between the auxiliary and the verb ; as dost thou
l(ne?
150. In like manner tho subject follows the
impera^tive mode of the verl^; and the adverbs
here and there ; as love thou% There nutas a man.
The verb neuter is sometimes followed by its sub-
ject i as at r Ae end of which hung her pipe. The reason
is plain, that as the verb neuter does not admit an ob-
ject after it, the meaning is not liable to any ambigu-
ity.
The subject follows the|verb in anch phrasesi as charm
he eoer so wisely,- had he performed his promise; which
seem elliptical, andputforeAiw^A he charm, ever so wise
ly: if he had performjed his promise,
151. The adjective usually precedes the noun
vrith lyhich it is connected } as a worthj nian*
£
50 RUplMEKTS 09
Tbe article commonlf pieoedeg both the substantive
and adjective. But after cerUin vordsy as aH, natuiy^
«o, iWa how^ toof and perhaps some others* it is elegant-
ly preceded by the adjective, and followed by its cor-
responding substantive. He spake in ^affectionate a
numner* So tali a moa J never .«at» b^ore. Priestley.
1 53. But if some circumstances depend upon
the adjective) it follows the noun ; as a man wor*
thy so be praised,
153. Adjectives that signify dimensions, geile-
rally follow the noun of measure.
The wall is ten foot high. The river is twp miles
hroatL The well is twelve yards deep. My horse lb
fifteen hands high.
154., Adjectives frequently toHow »ul»tantivc
vcrb% or the preterite participle.
Solomon was vise, Cicero wss elbquent. He became
af^gry. Aristides was called ^wf.
Note. Substantive verbs are those that signify being
or existence.
By an easy transposition, the noun and adjective fre-
quently change place with respect to the verbl9 be; as
blessed is the man ; happy is he.
155. The infinttive mode follows the noun, pro-
noun, adjective, verb, or participle with which it
is connected.
I desire to learn. I am desirous to learn. I have s
desire to learn. He wishing to stay^ allowed me to go.
156« A transitive verb or participle is follow-
ed by its object.
Alexander killed Clitus. He was building a house.
157. Verbs neuter may be followed by nouas
of the same signification*
ENGLISH GHAHMAR. . 51
UtdkdtLtiiimideatk. Ba di*etmed h drtam. Iran
158. The relatives ivhof which f and-rtfl/, fol-
low their antecedents.
tlie man nhom you admire, descrvca not yinx cbn^
lidence. Happy is he that profits^ by another's experi-
ence.
1 59. Adverbs usually precede the ad jecttvei,and
fpllbw the verbs, with which they arc connected.
])eference is the most elegant of all compliments. A
-wise man wiU desire no more than what he may get
Jtistlf, me 9oberfy, and live upon contefoedfy,
160; The adverb may be^aced between the
auxiliary and the participle^
Who is he that hath not offended with his tongue.
Tqu have eften deceived me. The time is nam come.'
Ithtithfrequentfy ba^>ened.
161. Prepositions usually come before the
words which they govern ; as, He went from
Boston to Nevf'tork* -
162. The preposition is frequently (though im-
properly) separated from the relative which it go-
verns, and placed at the end of a clause or sen-
tence.
Whom do you tive vith ? Whom shjdl I give the
book to P What will you play/or ?
General Direction.
In arranging the paAa.of a sentence we ought prin-
cipally to «m at perspicuity. In general we may oh-
serve, that words connected in sense, should be placed
as near each other as possible — ^that circumstances
ahould be joined to those parts of a sentence on which
they are dependant— and the order of words corres-
pond with the order of our ideas.
TH£
APPENDIX;
GOVTAIirXNC
A TABLE OF VERBS
IltREGULAItLY INFLECTED s
REMARKS ON SOME GRAMMATICAU
FIGURES; ^
BULES OF PUNCTUATION j
A PRAXIS ON THE GRAMMAR^ WIT^
EXAMPLES OF TRUE AND FALSE
CONSTRUCTION.
A TABLE OF VERBS IRREGI7LARLT
INFLECTED.
▲&TICLK 136.
«
THOSE trregularitiei arc omitted, Trhick
proceed from contracting the regular preterite
tense and participle, by changing ii into it i u I
deaiy I dealt.
Note. Verbs ending in //» or m, or which regularly
double the final consonant in the preterite tense fui4
participle, lose one of the double letters in contraction,
as dv>elt/patt^ ^lipt.
Where the inflection is distinguished by an asterisk^
the regular lorn is a^o in use.
^.^
APPENDIX.
53
Infin. 3f6de.
"To abide.
iVrt. Tentt.
Paftic, Preterite..
abode.
abode.
Jwise,
arose.
arisen.
awake.
awoke.
awoke.
Bear, <© Ar%>rM,barc,
born.
bear, to carry^
bore.
borne.
\9^U
beat.
beaten.
begin,
behold.
began,
beheld.
began,
beheld.
bereave.
bereft,*
bereft.
beseed^
besought,
besought.
bid.
bade, or bid.
bidden.
bind.
bound.
bound.
bite.
bit.
bitten.
bleed,
bled.
bled.
blow.
blew.
blown.
breajc.
brake/ <ir broke.
broken.
bwed.
bred.
bred.
bring.
brought.
brought.
borat.
burst.
bursten.
buy.
bought.
bought.
Cast,
Cast,
cast.
catch.
caught,*
chid.
caoght.*
chidden.
chWe,
choose.
chose.
chosen.
cteave.
clave, or clove.
cloven, or cleft, ^
cVing,
clothe.
clang, or clung.
clung. '
cUd,*
clad.
come.
came.
come.
cost.
cost.
cost*
creep.
crept.
. crept.
crow.
crew.
crowded.
cut.
cut.
Cttt.
Dare,
durst,!
dared^
die.
died.
dead
dig.
dug.
dug,*
draw.
drew.
drawn.
Taw, UTVWt u.Twwn,
fWhen dare signijOies to diallenge, it b always in-
Kected in the regular form.
E 2 •
54
Arpsvotx*
Infin.Miide.
Fret, Thm.
Partic. PftStrUe-
To drink,
drank.
drank.
drive.
drove.
driven.
Eat,
eat, or ate.
eaten.
Fall,
fell.
faUea.
feed.
fed.
fed.
fijfht.
fought.
fought. ,
find,
found.
found. •*
fiee.t
fled.
fled.
fling.
flung.
flung.
fly.
flew.
flown.!
forsake.
forsook.
forsaken.
freeze.
froze.
frozen.
freight,
freighted.
fraught*
Get,
got, or gat,
gotten.
give.
gave.
g^ven.
gnaw.
gnawed.
gnawui"
go-
went.
gone.
grave.
. graved.
graven,
grind.
ground.
ground.
grow
Hang,
grew,
hung,*
grown.
hung, or haiiged.f
heave.
hove,*
„ hoven.*
help.
helped.
helpen^
hew.
hewed.
hewn.
hide.
hid.
hidden.
hit, •
hit.
hit.
hold.
held.
hblden, or hela
hurt.
hurt.
hurt.
Keep,
kept.
kept
know.
knew.
known.
Lade,
laded, ^
ladetk^.
t It may be proper to distinguish this verb froiB the
word tojfy, with which it is often confounded. We
flte from amenemys but a bird^Vt with wiiu^.
\ This participle is often improperly used Uivjltraed,
the regular participle of the verb to/ofo.
^ These diflerent participles are used in different
senses i we 'say, the man was luuiged: but a coat is
hungup\
^PPEK])IX«
55
ToW laid,
lead» > led,
Jcare, left,
lend, lent,
fct. let.
lay,
loaded,
lost,
ke, mftdei
met, >
melted,
., mowed,
W9Y* p«d,
r»^ put,
' ^*t» quit^
' 4|ead, read,
rfde, rode,
^» lOiC,
rived,
rao,
^^ -, sawed,
▼ «ay, said,
•ec, saw,
seek, sougbt,
«eethe, seethed^
»eH, sold,
send, sent,
•«t, set,
•hake, shook,
share, shaved,
•hear, shore,*
•hed, shed,
shine, shone,*
J It is a common mistake
ich sigmfies to placet with
Where did you igy la^t night if
lit iiut night?
m
Par tie. Hfterite,
laid
led.
left
lent.
let.
^ lain.
loaded.*
lost.
made,
.met.
molten.*
mown.
paid.
put.
quit*
read.
ridden.
rung.
risen.
riven.
run.
sawn.
said.
seen.
sought.
' sodden.
sold.
sent.
set.
shaken.
shaven.*
shorn.
shed.
shone,
to confound this verb,
the neater verb lo/re; as
instead of where did you
^6
APP£KDIX«
Infin. Mode.
Pret, Tente.
JVrttC^ MTfitCtiiCm,
To shoe.
shod.
shod.
shoot.
shot.
shot.
show.
showed.
shown.
shew.
shewed.
shewn«
shrei^
shred.
shred.
shrink^
' shranl^
shrunk. ml^^^
shut.
shut,
shut *9HV|
sink.
^'
IZt jB 1
sit.
sat.
sat, or 8ttted|^^|Lv
slay.
slew.
/^^^^^J
sleep.
slept.
slept. 'iS^^'^
slide,^
slided, or slid.
slidden. '' '^m
•Ung,
slink.
slung, or slang.
Jlun£ Jh
slit.
•Ut. '
slit. .1 Wf^
smite.
smote.
smitten, . ^.'^B*
sow,
sowed.
sown. 'A
speak.
spoke, or spake.
spoken. .ffl|
speed,
sped.
sped. '%jk^S\
spin,
spun, or span.
spun. ^i|^|^B
spit.
spat.
spitten. ^^m ^
•plit.
spli^
split *
spread.
spread.
spread.
spring,
sund.
sprangjor sprung, sprung. '."»
stood, - stood. *J
steal.
stole.
stolen. i
stick.
stuck.
stuck.
fttine,
stink.
stung,
stank.
stunr.
stuiuL
stride.
.strode, or strid.
stridden.
strike.
struck.
stricken.
string.
strung.
strung.
strive.
strove.
striven.
strow.
strowed,
strown.
swear.
swore, vr sware^
sworn.
swest.
sweat.
sweat.
flwell.
swelled,'
swoln.
APfSVBlK*
5Y
Jf(fin.M(iJe. Fret. Tpiu.
Par He, IVrt
To twin.
swam.
swum.
»wj«5.
•wuny.
swung.
Take,
VK)k,^
taken.
Uacht
taught.
taught
tear.
tore, or tare,
tola.
torn,
told.
^1^
tfaoaght.
thought.
^^^p.
throve.
thriven.
^^^B%
threw.
thrown.
thniat.
thrust.
^^H|
tiwie.
trodden.
^^H
wazedj
waxen.*
^^B
WOKi^
worn.
^^^B«
wove.
woven.
^^H^
wept.
wept.
^^^ft
w*t,
wet
^^^1
won,.
won*
^^H
wound.*
^^^K '
wrought,*
wrought,
.wreathen.
^^^ks
wreathed.
^^^H
wrung.
wrung*
^^^^H
wrote.
written*
IPP
writhed.
writhen.
^ 164.
Infiectioii of an ii
rregttlar verb*
m'n V
To CO.
-
INDICATIVE MODE.
Present Teose»
Sing.
Plur.
i?"'
'"^CgOp
T/bti gocMti
\
TegOf
He gotth 9t g69S.
Theygo.
5S
Singt
/ went^
Thou iventest.
He vfenU
I
APPENDIX,
l^retcritc Tensti
Plur.
We wentj
Te wentf'
They noenu
IMfERATIVS MOPE.
Sing. 6a, or go thou ; Pliir* Cof or go^
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE,
Present Tense^
Sing*
If thou go,
1/ he go.
Sing.
1/ I nventi
If thou foentp
if he wcntm
Plur.
Jf ^»^4^%
Ifyego^
Ifthejfo.
Preterite Tense.
Plnr.
Jf we itfent.
ffye went^
If they vfentr
INFINITIVE MODE. Togo.
Participles.
Present, ^oi/yi'. Preterite^ ^n f.
AFFSNOIX. 59
165- DEFECTIVE VERftS.
Ought,
PreMDt a&4 Preterite Tenee.
Sing. JPlur.
I&ttght, We oughtj
loughUstt Te ought J
ught. ^'^9? ought*'
Quoth*
9M^oth If quoth he or shcm
Wist.
visti^ he wist, ^e wist, ye wist, they mui^t*
Wot*.
Twot^ he wot, we wot ; ye wot, they 'Wot.
56* An example of a Regular verb as Varied
ur Modes and six Tenses.
been given by some, as an objection to tbis
rk> that it forms no future Tense in the verbs.
example may not only supply that deficiency,
one, but at the same time ,serve to shew such
as may not have time 6r opportunity to look in-
er authors, how verbs are inflected, or what dis-
oi time they are made to express, by other
INDICATIVE MODE.
Present Tense.
Sing.
Plur.
JUne,
JVe iove^
Thou iovest,
Ye love.
JBe lovethf or loves.
They love.
60
APFEK0IX.
Sifig-
I lifted,
TAoti lavedat^
Be loved*
Imperfect Tense.
Plur.
Wehmed,
Te laved.
They hved.
Pfcrfcct Tense*
Sing.
Ihavelovedf
Thau hast lo*oedf
Ue hath or has laved.
ttur.
We have lavei
Ye have laved.
They have lavei
Pluperfect Tenw.
Sing*
/ had lavedf
Thou haiat (aved^
He hadlaved*
plur.
We had lavei
Te had kvei
JThey^ had
First Future Tense.
Sbg.
/ shall or will lave.
Thou shalt or wilt hve^
He ehall or vfiU hve.
Ptar.
We sff^all or VfiH
Te shall or ivill
Thej shall or w/<
Second Future! Tense.
Sing.
I shall or will have loved.
Thou shalt or wiU have loved^
JSe shall or will have loved*
Pltitr.
We 9haU or will ha9e hvedy
Te shall or wll have loved f
They shall or mil have kvedf
IMPERATIVE MODE.
Sing.
Hur.
-^ j^£&*ve^r lave thou.
JL^ve^ vxhveye^
; '; ^ SUBJUNCTIVE MCKffi.
M.- ^ Present Tense.
Sing.
War.
Ifliove,
Ifthm iove^, '
Ifwelov^,
If ye iovef
Ifthej lovr^
; Impeifcct
Tense*
* * Sing.
Plar*
IfUovedy
If tnou loved f
If he loved.
If w lovedy
If ye lovedn
If they lava.
Perfect Tense*
Sing.
If I have lovedy
If thou have loved^
If he have loved* ,
Plur.
Iffoe have lovedf
If ye have loved f
ifthe^hoMlomed.
63 Mftsvbtxz
, Plaperfect Teme:
Sing. * PfartL
^ I hod lottdy V^^^ ^^ Untd^
%fthou had Untdy If ye had iovedy
If he had loved. Ifthejhictd loved.
Tif^tftttare Tense.
Sing. Hur.
{jf/ shall 6t ^m love^ Ifn»e shall or HvillMe^
If thou shall o?mll iove^ If ye shall or wiMJote^
j(fhe shallot willlove^ ' JJ thej shall or miIrlo^e%
'Second Future Teioe.
Sing. «
If I shall or will hate iovedj
If then shall or. mil have lovtd^ t %
If he shaUet will home loved.
Plur, ^
If we shall or will have lo*o^df
If ye shall or will have lovedt
IftheyshaUot wHlhave loved *
INFINITIVE MODE.
Present, To hve. Perfect. To have loved.
Participles.
Present. Loving. Perfect. Lovidf
Compottod Pdrfecc. Having lovid.
APPtKDtX. 6S
REMARKS ON SOME
aBAMMATICAIi SIGUBES.
OF ELLIPSIS,
AKTICLB 167.
AN EUtptU is the omission of one or more
^ords for the sake of brevity and eleganccf which
the construction requires to be suppUec).
There are few compound sentences^ which are not
in some degree elMpticaL Syntax dierefore cannot
be perfecUy taught or nn^ratood, wtfiiout a partaca*
lar attention to this figure. It will be an exerciie- of
advantage to the scholar in many respects^ to point
out the varioua instances of ellipsis that occur ; for ex«
mnple :
1st The eU^» of Uie KOun ; as» It u better to rr-
eeive, than to do ir^ury / i. e. It it better to receive injury,
than to do injury. When you come to St* PaMi*9t trim to
the left f i e* When yo^amie to St* PauTe church, farm
io the l^ hand, ^
2dly. Of the adjective i as, much ramandenomt i.e.
Much rain, and much moo.
Sdly.^ Of the relative ; as, the horee you boughty h
lame / i. e. Tkt horee which you bought m iame.
4ttily. Of the verb ; as, Wkat am /, andft-omfohenee?
i. e. What am /, andftom vthence am I ? ^ eaU eo
done / i. e. So it\W9a eaid^ eo it wiw dome,
^ Sfhly. Of the article, adverb, conjunction and prepo-
Mtion ; as, The ban and arromn are brohn / i. o. T%e
^en and the amme are broken. Se epeake and vjritts
melt f i. e. He epemki well, and vtritte vselL He ie a very
Pfrefoble, vjortfy man i i. c* M^ ia a very agreeable, an^
64 AFPSVOIX*
a very naorthj mam. Iffm it fo ym^ brother and sUter*.^
i. c. I fane it to your brother , and to your 9i9ter. I deeirc
you 'aUl be mare di&gfnt / i. e. i detire ^tXyoikXMll be
mare diligent.
They comptimenty titey rft» they chat.
Talk o'er the wars, reform the state,
A thousand kaot^ poiiiU they elear,
*Till supper and my 'wh appear. P&xos.
i. e. They comfiUment, and they eit, and th^ ehat^ IsTc.
135. Lastly ; Of a considerate part of a aeateaee,
as, Nature hoB given to andmaU^ onetime to aetf another
to reet ; i. e. ^attire hoe ginkn ta animaUt'oae time to
act i Nature has given to animals another time to reet.
Or TRANSPOSITION.
168. Trinapontion h the ptvcing of. Words
out of their natural ordor^ for the sake of some
superior beauty.
It is seldom of advantaco to invert the style, toxccpi
an poetic language, andoberelbre the heat prose ^ni-
ters have die fevrest inlitances of transposition. In
poetry ajbo this figure ie to be condemned, if it en-
danger perspicnily, or add not^ the beauty and har*
mony of the verse. The Engbsh language admitt of
considerable liberty in the arrangement of a word or
clause denoting some circumstance, which may be va-
riously plae^ wtthont inconvenlenoo» but it is usually
to be preferred at the beginning of a sentenoe. It
would be difficult, and peroaps useless, to tay down
rules comprehending every allowable instance of trans-
position. The best instruction that can be givcoi, is to
attend to the practioe of the most approved writers,
and always to preserve perspicuity. li will be an
useful exercise to the scholar to resolve a transposed
, sentence into its natural arrangement t nsfor instance,
the jiegiuiln^ of Miltdn's Paradise Lost :
Ofman^^JlrBt tUsobtdtence^ and the Jrtdt
Of that, forbidden tree* vfhoae mortal taate
brought death into the vfortd^ and all our woe^
Withlo88 ofEdeny till one greater Man
JReatore U8j and regqin the blhafid 9eat^
Sing heavenly muBc. Par« Lost, b. L
The natural order t)f the fqreg^ing sentence is, Hea*
venly miuej Hn^ofvwJm^aJirtt ditobedience, and the fruity &c.
So 9pake tk* Omn^tent, and v)ith his vtordt
411 teemed viellpuas*d g all 9eefn% but were not alL
Par. Lost, b. 5.
i. t,So tt? Omnipotent ipake, and all ieem'dvteU pleated
ssith his vfords / dU seeing but all ivere not^
♦
Of the Transformation of Words*
169. It sometimes happens from particular cir*
cumstances^ that a word loses tts common signi-
ficatipn, and acquires the distinguishing property
of another part of speech* '
170. Thus for instance ; the possessi*ve case of
a noun is equivalent to an adjective*
As man's life is short / i. e. human life is short,
17 1. Whei^ t<w» nouns are compounded toge«
ther, and joined with a hyphen^ ^he first of them
l;Uis usually the signification pf an adjective,,
As» ^ bird-oa^jP, an ile'hottse, a mtiXi'seroant, a maid-
serpontf and sometimes when tbe hyphen is o^iitted ;
as> a gold ring, a London merchant, a China orange^ the
noon-tide hour, the mid-day sun.
172. An adjective^ when its sub^antive is un- .
derstood, acquires the nature of a noun.
As, Ute wise shall inherit ^glory. Who mii shea us any
ffiod?
P2
^6 AifpinnviL
ITS. A teri iq the infimMh^ jnocU, litsgcne-
xallf the iignificfttioa of a noun,
Asj To err U human ; i. e. error u hunuuL
XT 4. A participle^ when it h4a lu^ .i«epect to
time« becomee a mere adjecthe.
As, a learned man, a 0potte4 emum, # fiahing nx/,
1 75. A pmrfkipk tt tometimes coo verted into a
As, hunting /* a healthf^il exercue. She isydnrf of
sia^ni^ and dancin|^.
IT6. An adterbi when it connects sentences,
may be considered as a €orijuw6tion.
As, 5(r iV OT^ry toith you^ not io/t6 me. He left three
•ontf namely, iMort, WUiiamt and Johk,
177. Some adverbs have the ase and construc-
tion of pronouns, ^
As, hererft hereby^ viherein, v>kereftnio, S^c.
1764 Acmjtmcrion -vrben it ceases to connect
sentences, is changed into ^n ^diyerlu
As, / thitds otherwise. Be wft then reading^ Cmsar*s
Ca/manentatiev,
179. A proposition. soijck^timtn ass^n^es the na-
ture of the adfxerby sometiipes of the conjunctionm
As, Me vent irfcre, Xfoiiawd^Hli^r, Think before you
gpeai. AfttT you have eupped, youmay'ojalkifyouplemr
t€^
$* PUNCTUATION^
AETICI^E 180«
POINTS are .\i8^4 in writing for a double
pttrpose^ and have respect both to graminar ai|d
tQ eiocutBoru Their first and principal office is to
elucidate the constructio]^ and meaning of sen-
tences, by uniting t^iose words which are more
closely connected, and dividing such as are dis-
tinct' They are also intended to direct to those
pauses of the Toice in reading, which belong to a
just and graceful delivery. •
181. The points made use of to answer these
purposes are the four following :
The comma ,
The semicolon ;
The colon :
T^he period
$0 snudl a namber cAnoot be supposed capable of
marking v'lth precision all the varieties of connexion
that take place between sentences, or their principal
piirts. And still more imperfectly do they express the
different ^pauses which elocution requires* All that
can be expected is, that they convey a general direc-
tion, and in applying them, much must be left to eve-
ry one's taste ftnd judgment.
The rules of punctuation will not be dearly under-
stood without enquiring into the nature of sentences.
18S. Every sentence may be considered as sim^
pk or compound*
183. A 5imj&/e sentence contains only a single
affirmation, and cannot be divided by a point.
69 , APPXMJ>l;t.
As, 71ie bird wigM, Akxtmdgr kiUed CJUut. Aitsrqmitr
ih9 great kiUed kit friend Ctitui,
1 84. A compounded sentence consists of several
distinct affirmations or smaller sentencesyConnect-
ed by a relative or conjunction either exfuressed
pr understood*
As, Biased is the num that foalketh not in the cqtstuei sf
the ungodly, nor itandeth in the ^ay of sinners, noreittdk
in the seat t^ the ecornfiU, Here ure have four distinct
^iiirniations, t. e. we Ikarje four diffev^it finite verbs,
yrith their several dependenciesj tiz. Tife tfum ie blessed
r^thc man voalieth not in the counsel qf the ungodljh—the
man standeth not in the xoay of sinners^he num sitteth mot
in ^he Ht^ ^ the seefnfuU
COMMA*
|8S' Simple affirmations conuined in a sentence,
and not making a perfect sense^ are at least divi-
ded hy a poM|«A : and lu pUce is found after ever
Tj different subject and verb. ^
As, Thdr slumbers are soundy and fheir naiings are
fiheerjul. Crafty men contemn studiet, pm/dp men admire
fhem, atfdxoise men use then^»
The comma may be considered as included in the
semicolpn ^ the ■emi<;olon i^ compret^ended in t|ie co-
|ofi J an<4 th^ colpn }n the p^ripd.
186. Between different nouns connected with
the same adjectiyef verb, or preposition.
As, Virtue is our. tnktgloiy, perfection and happiness,
funger, industry, care ana wflffi/iiAwnr, are the servants
^f^varice. Chance n^ver produced iiems, tig^s, dogs or hemtr.
See thro' this air, this ocean and this earth.
All qature aaick, gnd burstings into birth.
The reason of this and some following rales is, that
Iff n)ay reckon as many distinct affirmations a> there
ure coi^wiptMHif txpitss^e^ ,.or uiiderstood. Thus,
chance never produced Uonsy Hgera^ dog^ or horses ,
majr be resolyed into, chance never produced Hons^
chimce lituer pMuced t^erif ehanee netfet firodw
ced dx^kjlstc.
187. Between'^ffer^ftit idjeetives relating to
the saixie sabstautivc,
. A?*' -MoMt fiofenif grgve^ and rep* rend Seignots.
Two nouns or adjective^ connected, by « conjunction
•opuUtivc or di^miotivcii ai^ not commpnly, separated
by a point; but if there be more than two». or the con-
junction be iinderBtood« tiiey are separated by a comma.
itmtK
188* Between difiereat Yerbt cpnnecud with
the name noun : aa.
Her ftnlier lev'd m«» bfl Invited ae«
Still quettion'd me the story of my ^ifr*
199; Between dtSereat adrerhs sCatkUing in the
saiiie relfttioa to a verb or adjeetiTe<
As, he acted ntero/t^y konourahly, vA^hefy.
190. The comma is also found between noons
in appasitioOf i£ several Isrins be connected with
them» or 'wlien used by wi|}r of ej||>lanation.
Att Geoi^ Waahin^^oa, i^resideat t^Jthe United
States* Sa^ra^iSt thai amiable Philosopher,
19 U Before «md after the case aU3oluie> or an
address to a noun or pronoun in the se^snd person.
As, the enemy btin^ thrown into confusion, atotal rout
ensued. We acceptit alwi^rsand in all {4aces, most no-
ble Felix, with all thankfulness. Acts zxiv. 3»
192.. Before a participle or adjective with some
circumstance depending on it.
As, A dervue travelling through Tartaru went
into the King^a fiaioQe by mtstake.
199# Before wi after any |Arase« ^eparntbig
words that bAve a close connection with each other,
A«» a Am^ dUgertation would noif X vpprchendp
ig accefitabfe to the ftubUc. Hwnf.
SEMICOLON.
194, The sBMicoLox Aiarb a more consider-
able portion of a sentciice) not matting a con*
pbte sense.
J 95. The semicolon la tonraionly found aftc'
a daase which is subdivided by commsn^St
As* Ht who telU a tie, is tiot aeruible how great a
task he undettakis fjhr he muat be forced to mvent
twenty more to momtain thgi one^
^ 196. It is also used m sentences that express
contrast or comparison • '
As, 23} errie kunumi t^ forgive dMne. Bein
peace with mamy i nevertheieue have hut me eoun*
COLON,
I9T. A GOLon generally denotesa perfect sense,
yet followed by another part of a sentence with
which It is^articuiaHy connected*
As, OnefavU qfa deaervingman^ ehaJl meet with
more reproach than aU hie virtuea firai$e : euch is
thefbrfe of ill wiUtmd HI nature,
198, A colon may dtstinguish a clause contain^
ing an imperfect sensei if it be divided by semi*
colons f
As* During his discourse, the whole audience
melted into tears ; some from admiration sfhie magr
fiammity; others sqftened by the ejefiressions oftm*
^ertiess towar4e f^ sum^ ajid o/lopeto Msfief^ff /
^tii^ffftr^ qficiedvdfh thedeeftett $orroip at kt*
jng ft Mvvereigih^ho kaddutingutMhied the MtheT'
land0j his native countrys with fiarficuiar marks tf
his regard jaM attachment. ,. Robertson^
PERIOD.
199. A PERiop marks the conclusion of a MX
and perfect sentence*
These liiay be consijlefect as general rules tHth re-
gard to the g^aimmatical use of boints» hot^they are dif*
ifeiently understood and applied. Some writers mark
"With Uie comma, the semicolon, the colonic where
others prefer the semicolon, the coloti, and the period.
We should do well, however, to remember their com-
parative force, and to rfse in the use of points as the
distinctions in a sentence grow more remarkable.
With respect to a pause* they give a still more on-;
certiun direction. Some have advised that at the con^
ma tiiie voice should rest» Whilst we can distinctlJT
count oSk / at the .semkokmi whilst in Ihe same man-
ner we Ceckon two / at the eolon, three / and at the pe-
riod, fisf. Others would make the semicolon double
the rest of the comma / the colcnt twice that of the umt"
colon : and \h^ period, twice that o# the eolon i in the
same proportion astbe mosicti HittU of the ^aver, the
erotc^t, the minimt and the tembrew. Both these di»
rections are entirely fimeifol. The diversity of pau-
ses which accompany good speaking, cannot be. eir-
' cumscribed by rule. There is commonly so much cor«
fjpespondence bet ween the graritAatical divisions of sen-
vtMiceS, and the pauses which belong to oratoiy, that
vf Ma>oints we have mentioned may tumish us wkh n
genl^^ direction. But it happens Opt uafre^ently that
the structure of a sentence- will lead to other stops
than what we have hitherto mentioned.
When the subject offthe verb b Of cOhsiderable
length, it is natural to pause between It and the cor-
responding verb ; as Flatoen ofr'hetoficif in itrmon* or
tiriOHs (H9Cour*C9$ re^eiM* the klus and yelkn^fivsuer^ in
M^n I pteatin^ to thote tvAo wmtf^nt mmueSMl^ knfyf 6^
frejudlciid h hiwh v>ho naelMftap iktfrtfiu 7b nuMtn
^oithvut MttfOfHre kJoU/f not t6 m^tm, at aSf huenMiUty.
When Um Mveral a^i^^^'^ eottnected with a ooii-
jmetion expressed or understood* follow the noun, we
commonly pause after the noun, though we Ao not in-
sert the comma.
When several adverhs follow the verlb we couHtoOQ-
}y pause after the verh but do not insert the commt.
When words stand in Opposition to each other« thej
are commonly followed by a short pause without the
insertion of the comioa ; as, CofnfilaUance renders a su-
itor ofiiahU^ an tqndl a^eeablct and an inferior ateeft-
able. ,
An imperfect phrase consisting of several terms,
closely connected together, is soiAetimes marked both
by a pause and comma.
An ingenious writer,* to whom tarn indebted for
some of the foregoing observations, has ^iven the jbl>
lowing memorabLe lines for a general direction with.
respect to the pause ;
f In pannngt ever le^ this rule take place*
** Never to separate words in any case,
« That are less aeparabl^ than those you join :
•* And what imports the same^not to combine
** Such words together as do not relate
« So closely as the words you separate.**
Besides the points above-mentioned| there are
others in use requiring z particular inflection of
the voice corresponding with the sentiment of
the writer.
300. The interrogation point (?) shows that a
question is asked.
20 i • The note of exclamation (! ) is used to est-
press wonder or emotion.
* Walker on elocution*
^^Ofim The pftrenthe$i8 () denotes the insertion
ci a clavse iUqstrating the sense, which yet maf
-be left out, and the sentence remain entire. The
ypoice is commoiUy iowered and a little quickened^
stfhiist the vfords included in the parenthesis arc
spoken*
20 3, The apo9tr4>phe (*) over a word signify-^
ing abbreviation : as he pUatl'd for he pleased ^
but this contraction is scarcely allowed in thp
wnting of prose.
204* The hyphen (-> used in compounding
words or dividing syllables \ aa Market-street j,
bird^age^ beau-ty* •
205. The same mark over a vowel denotes a
long syllable ; amu^e, amaze, &c*
Sl06« The breve (") over a vowel, denotes a
short syllable ; as i/*, bid*
^07*Thtdi4tresia ( -* } divides^ diphthoilg into
two syllables; ; as Aujdca*
208. The caret (a) marks the plaCe to which an
always
interlineation refers ; as / hate pre/erred cheers
fulness to mirth* a
1309. A quotation ij'^ *') marks a borrowed sen-
tence; as <* Love all j trust a/kntf s do wrotig t^
none**
210. A paragraph % m?^ forn^erly placed at
the beginning of a new subject of discourse.
.2 11. A section % divides a discourse or chapter
'^into smaller portions.
212. Several asterisks •♦*• or a dash -•— •
signifies the omission of some part of a word or
seiftence.
74 APPBNjDlX*
A dash is alto used to denote a distinction or
pause not sufficiently marked by the common
stops, t An Obelisk, Q Parralld lines, or an
Asterisk • refers to notes.
2 1^.- An Index JCJ* points to somethiDg- re-
markable or worthy attention.
2 14. The Brackets [} serve to enclose a -word
ot sentence which is^ to be explained in si note ;
or they contain the explanation itself ; or a word
or sentence which is intended to «upply some de-
ficiency, or fcetify some mistake, .
• CAPITAL LETTERS.
215. Capital tETtHRs are usiqd to begin
sentences, verses, and proper names— adjectives
derived from proper names — words that express
titles of honour, words used in the directioh of
letters or the title of boblcs — ^thc venerable name
of Gotf«-the pronoun J, and the uiterjeetion O.
216. Entire words are sometimes written in'cap-
itfijs ; as in the title pages of book«, the beginning
of chapters, sections or paragraphs^ or to distin-
guish remarkable and emphatical expressions. •
2i7» Single capital letters followed by a period
are often put for the abbreviation of words ; as
A. D, for Anno Domini^ u e. in the y^r of our
Lord. M. D. MedUina Doctor, i. e. Doctor of
Fhysie.
318. Some of the more customary abbrevia-
tions are^ '
4PJ|£NDIX,
75
tyL
A. A. S. Atneftcan Acade-
my of Sciences
AiB. Artiuin Biu:calaureus>
Bocheior of Aru, •
Abp. Aroh bishop
A. M. Artium Maglater
Master ofJrtt, Ante Me-
rid^ian^ Before Noon
A. P. S. American Philo
sophical Societ;^ .
B. A. Bachelor of Arts
B. D. Bachel9r of Divinii
Bp* Bishop
B. V. Blessed Virgin
C. Chapter
Capt. Captain
Cat. Catechism
Cent* The hundred
CJtap* Chapter
Cot. Colonel ; ^
Cor« Corinthians
Co: Company
D. Doctor, Duke
D. D. Doctor in Diyinity
Deut. Douteronomy
•.pr. Doctor, Debtor
Do. Ditto, the same
Dec. lOber, Jhce^nber
£. g. Exempli gratia,
as for exampie
£p. Epistle
Eph. Ephesians
Esa. Esaias
Esq. Esquire
Ev. Evangelist
Ex. Exodus
F. R. S. Fellow of the
Royal Society
Gal. Galatians
Gen. General
Gent. GentkmaA
Heb. Hebrews
Id. Idem, the semte
i. e. Id est, that is
IHS. Jesus, or, Jesus Ho-
minum Salyator, ^esus
Saviour oj mien
D. Jurium Doctor, a
Doctor (fLa'm^
L. p. Lady-day
Lieut. Lieutenant
L. D. Leg^m Doctor*
Doctor of Lams
M. A. Master of Arts
M. B. Medicins Baccalau-
reus. Bachelor of Phytic
Mar. Martyr
Min. Minister
Mr. Master .
Mrs. Mistress
Ms. Manuscript
Mss. Manuscripts
M. S. Memoriae Sacrum
Sacred to the memMy
N. Note
N. B. Notabene Mariweli
n. I. noi liquit, it does not
appear
Nov. or 9ber, November
N. S. New Style ^
Nuto. ^umbers
Obt. Obedient
Oct. or 8b«r, October ,
O. S. Qld Style
p. per by
Par. Parish
Pent. Pentecost
Per cent. By the hundred
P. M. Post Meridian, af
ternoon
7&
APP£NDIX»
Phil. PhiUippiAM
P. S. Postscript
Psal. Psalm, Psalmist
q. d
TheologiK Pfoffessor, a
Professor of Divinity .
V. vide, see, VetB^
quasi dicat, as if he Viz. Videlicit, that is to *€ty
U. S. A. United States of
America
Xn. Christian
Xt. Christ
ye. the
then .
ys. this
&et, and
&c. et csetera, (snd the rest.
should say
q. 1. quantum libet, as much
asyoupksse
q. s. quantum sufficit, asuf-
fident quantity
S. A. secmidum artem» oc- yn
cording to ar$
Sep. 7ber, September
Sr. Sir
S. S. T. P. Sacro-SanctB
319« Capital letters are also used to express
numbersi as in the following table.
I
II
XII
IV
V
VI
vn
VIII
IX
X
XI
xir
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XXI
x?x.
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
Eleven
Twelve
Thirteen
Fourteen
Fifteen
Sixteen
Seventeen
Eighteen
Nineteen
Twenty
Twenty-one
Thirty
XL Forty
L Fifty
LX , . .Sixty
JLXX Seventy
LXXX Eighty
XC Ninety
C ' A Hundred
CC Twolbundred
CCC Three hundred
CCCC Four hundred'
D Five hundred
DC Six hundred
Dd C Seven htindred
DCCC Eight hundred
DCpCC Nine hundred
M A thousand
M,DCCCIV. One Thou-
sand Eight hundred and
four
M,DCCCIX. One Thou-
sand Eight HvQdredand
nine. --
. APP«NJDtX. 71
A PRAXB ON THE GRAMMAR.
^ PRAXIS on thf rnks of grammar wiU prO'
pcriy depend on the particular plan of the tutor^
and the different circumstances of tf^e pupii* Tim
following is subjoined merely as a hint to those
nvbonuiy be unacquainted with the customary forms
of instruct iott»
Direction I,
I>t the pt^pii accurately commit to memory
the first and second parts, reserving the Notes and
Appendix to be learned in such time and manner
as circumstances shall direct.
Tl. Let him be well exercised m the way of
examination, till he tan give ready answers to
such quesfions as the tutor may propose. Tbuc
jfor example, in Part I. - «**Stfk
iPinu maay Ainds or classes of^^vjords do we
reckon in the English language ? (Art. \i^
tVhat is anoun? IXQ.l (20.)
Whai do we understand by a noun common ?
Whaftido nve mean by a noun proper ? (21.)
On what accounts do nouns 'vary their terminal
tifns? (21)
JIo%v many numbers (ire there ? (22*)
What do we mean by the singular number ? (23.)
What do loe mean by the plural number ? (24.)
How is the plural number formed .? (25)
Are all plurals thus formed ? (26.)
IJ the singular end in y, or ey, preceded by a
consonant^ how shall the plural end ? (27.)
If the singular end, in y, preceded by a vowel^
how IS the plural formed? At}S. By adding 9 i
•ds boy^ boys J Isfc. ^
G2 /'
III; He may be uftefully exefci8<id for womc
time in inflecting the variable parts of speech ;
for example the regular nouns, horse^ hirdyfish^
table y fongj cammandmeta f^ihc irregular noun S}
Jifdn, iooman\'OXf goose ^ toothy fooU
He may compare .the adjec||!res^: kitidy elegant^
fiphUy handsome^ recent^ bountiful.
He tnay inject the; regular verb«, To regard^
tfi beliei>ey to phjfy to hopc^ , tQ follo*w% to rejoice ;
and the irregular verbs, To (icscech^ to buj^ to
weepy tQ undtrstandf to cgtchy tg speakf. ^
For a more concise^ay of inflecting the vftrbs,
It may be sufficient to mefttion tlie present, and
the preterit^ tense of the indicative modci in the
£rst perso^j^^isingular, and the two partieipies«
Thus ibt tttHhiy Toheiieve^ te^pk^y to yprh^ to
y^ecj lifay be injected in the following manner :
Ibeliere, 1 believed^ believing, I have believed..
I play, I played, playing, I Iwive played.. ^
I write, I wrote, writing^ I have written*
I see, I saw, seeing, Ibave seen* ^
JV. After such preparatory exercises, the pu-
pil will be better qualified to distinguish the se-
veral parts of speech'« And to perfect him in
this necessary work, he maybe required to write
down separate lists of words belonging to each
sort ; or ii> reading sentences, to name each word
according to its class ; or to write the words of
sentences in columns, and the names opposite to
them, thus ;
APP»NBix;
Article*
foolish
Adjective.
Adj«ctw.
^
son y
Noun.
Noun.
is'
Verb.
Verb.
the
Article.
Article.
heaviness
Nouii.
AOjcctive,
^
^Frepofeition.
Noun.
hh Pronominal Adject
ConjuneUo
Article.
nf
pidther
Noun:
.
ji '
vjtse
^nahtk
a '
father:
but
This to the Mngtisk scholar, unacquainted w.lth any
language but hii own, is commonly k work of consid-
erable difficulty. In the Latin tongue, the pupil is
continually directed by the variety of inflection that
belongs to different classes of words, and is from hence
iosei|6ibly led to some knowledge of their abstract na<*
turei It is desirable that the Knglish scholar should
avail himself of the same advantage as far as the na-
.ture of tlie language ytWl admit, and be well practised
in Its few inffectlond, which wHI greatly assist him in
difilinguisbingthe different parts of speech.
- Vi He may now procred to what is called
PARSING, that is, the- resolving of sentences in-
to thdj^ram matte al form and constriJction* And
it will '|(| of use to him previously to observe^
1st* That EV£iiY NQUN in the nominative
case^ is either connected with '^verb (unless it be
spoken to in th^ second persofi,) or put absolutely
•with a participle.
2nd. That a noun is connected with a verb ei-
ther as its. atidjecf or its object ; or it is governed
by a preposition*
3rd. Tha^ every noun in the possessive case^
comes before another noun signifying property
or possession.
»4th. That every frovoun is substituted for
;i noun^ and every relative sfcppos<f5 an ant^
cedent.
$0 APPSNDIX;
5th« Thai the objtcti^e case <^i the prdnoun ar
aoun fallows irerbs and prepoaititfDs.
6th. That every adjective refers to a noun
either expressed of uitiderstoisd.
rth. That every VERB, except in the infinitive
mode, has relation ta a st^jcc%
8th. That every transitive verb is followed by
its objects
Examples of Grammatical Reaclution^:^
Example I.
Blessed is the man that *walketh ndt in the^un^
sel of the ungodly^ nor standeth in the ivay of sin-'
nersj nor sitteth in the seat of the scornful, Ps.'l. !•
Blessed, i& an s^djective, {AtU 52) j. blessed,
more blessed, most blessed (63.) Blessed^ re-
lates to the substantive man (53.)
Is, a verb, (65 ;) I amt I was^ beings I haiie
been* Is^ is in the iitdicative mode (74,) the
present tense (72,) and agrees with it^nSjcct
man in the third person singular (106.)-
The, the definite article (17.)
Max» a noun (18,) irregular (28 ;) sing, nom.
man^ possessive mar^s^ objective man ; plural n^xn .
* In the first of these examples the scholar is sup-
posed, with respect to every declinable part of speech,
first to mention its name : as Man it a noun^ secondly
to inflect it. Sing, Nom. Man^ PosSi Man*s, Objec.ifan .-
Plur. Nom. Men, Poss. Met^ft, Objec. Men •• thirdly to
particularize its grammatical form and connextoQ, as
m<z» is in the nom. case, sing, number and third per-
son, and the subject of the verb it. In the folloMrifig
examples the ipfiection of words is omitted.
AJFrSNBIX. 81
mefip po88e$»ive -meifs^ objective «€« (39.) Man
i« in the singular nu|nber (23) and is nominative
to the verb is (118.)
Note« Bletfcd U the man, is a transposition. The
regular order Vpuldbe, Themaii is blessed (168.)
That, a relative (51 ;) refers to its antece-
dent many and is the subject of the verb walk-
€th (lie.)
Walketh, a verb intransitive (69 ;) / WflM,
I Vfalkedy inatkingy 1 have walked* Walketh is
in^he indicative mode . (74,) present tense (72,)
a{ii| agrees with the relative that^ and \ii ante-
cepnt man in the third^person sing, (116.)
iO^OT, an adverb (94.)
In, a preposition (100«>an4gdyems the no^un
counseliU^.y
Thb, the definite article (17,)
CoVKSEi.1 a noun common' (20 ;) sing, nom^
coun^efi^ Pluraif nom^ counsels (38«y Counsel is the
object. ^a^e (32,) sing, number and governed by
the preposition in (132.)
OFf a preposition (100.)
The* the definite article (17.)
Ungodly, an adjective (52 $) and refers to
the noun men understood (53.)
Nor, a conjunction (96;) and connects like
modes and tenses between the verbs standeth and
walketh (135) intransitive, (69.)
Standeth, a verb intransitive (69 ;) I standi I.
^toodj standing, J have stood* StandethWxxiiht in**
dicative mode (74,) present tense (72,) and is con*
83 AFPENSIJT.
oectedby the coDJunctioanor) to walketbf in the
third person singular (1 35.)
In, a prepo<ion (lOO.).
The, the definite article (17.)
Way, a aubscaiHive common (20;) sing, nom,
<way^ po€sess. wqy'-y »• Plural% nom. "maya (38.)
Way is the objective case (32) singular nuipber,
(23,) s^nd governed by the preposition «n (132.)
Of, a pr^yposition (l.OO.).
Sinkers, a noun common (^0 *,) sing, nom,
sinner^ po^s, sinner* s ; plur. nom* sinners^ PO%s.
sinners' (38.) Sinners is in the objective ^|s'e ^
(32,) plural number (24,) and governitd bylhe '
preposition <2/'( 132.) f
Nor, a conjunction (96,) and connects like
modes and tenses between the verbs stqndeth and
sitteth (135.)
SiTTETH, a verb intransitive (69 ;) Isit, I
sate^ sittings T have, sat or sitten* Sitteth is in
the indie, mode (74,) present tense (72j^''and is
connected by nor to the verb standeth in the
third person singular (135.)
In. a preposition (lOO.)
The, the definite article (17.)
Seat, a noun com. (20 ;) sing. nom. ^eat ;
plur. tiom, seats. -Sea^istheobjec. case(32,) sing,
num. (23,) and governed by the prep, in (185.)
OJ, a preposition (100.)
The, the definite article (17.)
Scornful, an adjective (52 ;) scornful^ more
scornful^ moat scorn/Ul (62.) Scornful relates to
the substantive men understood (530
APPfKDtx. .83
if
J^KAMPLE II,
The heavens declare the glory of Gody and the
Jirmament shemoeth his hahdjhivork* Ps. xix. 1.
Th«, is the definite ankle (17.)
Heavens, a substantive proper (21 ;) plural
number (^4}> afid nominative to the verb declare
(118.) t
Declare, a transitive verb {6$ ;) indie, mode
(740 pres. tense (72,), and agrees with iu sub-
ject heavens in the third person plural (106.)
The> the definite article (17,)
Glory, a floiin common (20 ;) and the objcc"
live after ithfr verb fl?f<r/flre (1 19.)
QFy a prepositicm(100.)
God, a noun proper (21 j) governed by the pre-
position ^(132.)
And, a conjunction (96,)
The^ the definite article (17.)
FiRMAMENTJ; a substantive proper (21 ;) and
the subject to the verb sheueth (118.)
Sheweth, a triinsitive verb (68,) from to
shew ; in the indie, mode (74,) present tense
(72,) and agrees with its subject J?rmfli»enf, in
the third person singular (106.)
His, pronominal , adjective (63,) and relates
to the substantive handy^work (53.) .
Handy-Work, a compound substantive, in
the singular number, and the objective case af-
ter the verb sheweth (1 1'9.)
84 APPEVDIZ*
DIRECTIONS
FOR YOUNG BEGINNERS IN PARSIK6.
Search first for the word and part of speech in
your Dictionary.
\.I/an article^ You are to tell whether defi-
nite or indefinite, and tell why so caHe^;
2. Ifa noun. You are to teir what kind^ i. e.*
proper or com. reg.or irreg. and inlflect it— name*
the numb. gen. person and case, and give thcr
rule for its being in that case.
If a Personal Pronwn, You arc to inflect itp—
tell what numb, gen* person and case, and glvc^
the rule for its being in that case*
S, J/a Relaiive Pronoun^ You are to tell iwliat
IS its antecedent-— what person, numb. and case*— i
^nd give the rule for its being in that case.
4- If an Adjective ^ You are to compare it> if it
admits of comparlsoni tell what it agrees witli,
and give the rule of Concorde
^.Ifa Verb^ You are to tell whether transi-
tive« intransitive, or auxiliary— what mode^tensey
persoifk and numb.— what nominative it agrees
with, and give the rule of Concord.
6^ If a Participle^ You are to tell whether pre-
sent or past, and from what verb derived.
7. If an Ad^verb^ You arc to say whether of
time, place, num. affirming, denying or quality.
6*Ifa Conjunction^ You are to say whether c6-
pulative or disjunct! ve, and tell what it connects.
9»Ifa Preposition^ You arc to tell what it go-
verns, and give the rule.
10, If an In$erjeciion, Ybu are to tell what c^se
of the proaoun it recjuircs^ anJ give the ruW, ,
EASY EXAMPLES IN PARSING.
TAKEN FItOM MURRAY'S EKG1.ISH EXERCISES;
Pronoun and Verlff l^c.
I smi^jncere.
Thou art indostrious^
Hcls disttitercsted.
We honour them.
You encourage iin.
They commend her.
TKou dost improve.
He assisted me.
We comf)leted- our jour-
ney* '-
Our hopes did flatter us.
They have deceived me.
Your expectations havef
failed. '
The accident had hap
pened.
He had resigned him-
self.
Their lears will detect
them.
you shall submit.
They wtU obey us.
Good humour shall pre
vail.
He will have determin*
ed.
Wc shall havjj agreed.
Let me depart.
Do \hou instruct him,
IVepare thy lesson.
Let him conisidcr.
II
Let lis improve our-
selves.'
Know yourselves.
Let them advance*
They may ojBTend.
I can forgive.
He might surpass them.
We could overtake
htfn.
I would be happy.*
Ye should repent.
He may have deceived
lire.
They may have forgot-
ten us. *•*>
Thou mightlte^have im-
proved. *^S|^
We should have Consi-
dered*.
To see the sun is plea-
sant. '
To live well is honoura-
ble.
To have conquered him-
self was his highest
praise.
Promoting others' we!-^
fare, they advanced
their own inter-
est.
He lives respected.
86
APf^NDj;C.
Having resigned his of-.This uncouth figure
fice, he retired* 1 startled him.
They are discouraged
He was oondemned.
We have been rewarded
She had been admired.
Virtue wiM be rewardtd.
The person will have
been executed when
the pardon arrives.
Let him be animated.
Be you entreated.
Let him be prepared*
It can be enlarged.
You may be discovered.
He might be convinced.
She would be caressed.
I may have been deceiv*
cd. ,.
They might have been
honoured.
To be trusted we must
he virtuous.
To have been admired
availed him little.
Ridiculed, despised, per-
secutedy he maintain'
ed his principles.
Being reviled, we bless
Having been deserted,
he became discourag-
ed.
"^'he sight being new> he
vas startled.
I have searched^ X hatij
found it.
They scarcJbcd thoAe
rooms ; he was g^onc.
The book is hts ; it ir«
mine.
These arc yours, ttMsf
are ours*
Our hearts aredeceit&i.
Your conduct m«t their
approbation*
None met who couid .
avoid it.
Thy esteem is my. ho-
nour.
Her work does ber cre-
drt.
Each ' must answer tl^e
question.
Every heart kno^s its
own sorrows*
Which was his choi<e7
It was neither.
Hers is finished, thine is
yet to be dooe.
This is what I feared
That is the thing which
I desired.
Who can preserve him-
self?
Whose books are these ?
Whom have vc served ^
APPENDIX*
sr
Sqme are negligenti I All have a talept to im-
others industrious* I prove*
QDP may deceive one'slCaa any dispute it ?
i self. > » .
*Such is our coudition.
tt
JUft^b^jFre^ b* Interjection:
X^ave seen him once>
erhaps twice.
■ dljjji and lastly,^ I
ail Conclude.
) plant is focind here,
^ ,^id elsewhere.
OtSf to-day is properly
TSt^'task is already per-
Jrmed. .
We could not serve him
hut will hereaf*
"VVe of tern i^solve, but
seldom perform.
JBe S^much more promi-
sing now than for-
ni«rly.
We are wisely and hap-
.'^^ jily directed.
tt«' has certainly been
diligent, and he will
probably succeeds
How sweetly the birds
sin'c: I
Why ;art thou s6 heed-
less ?
He; is little attentive;
nay^ absolutely stupid.
Whe,n will they arrive ?
Where, shall we stop ?
Mentally and bodily, vii^
are curiously and ^
wonderfully formed.
They travelled through
France, in haste, to-
wards Italy.
Frokn virtue to vice, the
progress is gradual*
By diligence and frugali-
ty, we arrive at com-
petency.
We are often below our
wishes* and above our
desert.
Some things make ^
him, others against
him.
By this imprudence, he
was plunged into new
difficulties.
&8
APPE9DI3U
Wirtiout the aid of cha-
rity he supported him-
self with credit.
Of his taints o^uch
mif^ht be said-, con«
ceniing his integrity,
nothing.
On all occasions she Be-
haved with propriety
We in vain look for a
path between virtue
and vice.
He lives within his in*
come.
The house w2^s sold at a
great price, and above
its value.
She came dowp stairs
sIowly,buc went brisk
ly up again. \
His father and mother
and uncle, reside at
Rome.
We must be temperate^
if we would be healthy,
|Ie is as old ;is his class*
mate, but not so learn-
ed.
Charles is esteemed, be-
cause he is both dis-
creet and benevolent
W^ still stay till he ar-
rives.
He retires to rest sooi%
that he may rise earlj
We ought tal^Cf
ful for wc have j
ceived much*
Though he is
vised, yet he <
reform,
Reproof either so£
hardens its oye
Neither prospent]
adveraity has in
ed bim# -
He can acquire
tue, unless he. J
. some sacrifices.
Let him that stan
take heed, lest 1
If t^ou wert bis J
, riorf tho^ shou
dave boasted.
He will be detect
though. he 4^11
fact.
If he have promisj
should act acco
She will transgress,!
less she be admonisr
If he were encouraged,
hp would amend.
Though he condemn me,
.1 will respect hiim
APFENDtlC.
89
Their talents akre more
lianl than useful,
Inding his po-
li& a wise and
brson.
lerare mode-
wants will be
pt) amuses, but
satisfies us.
fie is' lively, yet
|ot volatile.
: I how desira^
thou!
keen often occu-
bilas! with trifles
Strange I that we should
be so infatuated.
O ! the humiliations to
which vite reduces us.
H?irk ! how sweetly the
woodlark sings I
Ah 1 the delusions of
hope.
Hail, simplicity I source
of genuine joy.
Behold! how pleasant it
is for brethren to
dwell together in uni-
ty. -
Welcome again ! my
long lost friend.
hvfittg are et few instances of the same
wconstituting several of the parts of speech.
as the day, ancl
bene delightful,
expect a calm
fttorm.
fent passion, ir
'than to calm it*
; little with con-
17 than a great deal
with anxiety.
The gay and dissolute
think little of the
• miseries, which are
I 2
stealing softly after
them.
A little attention will
rectify some errors.
He laboured to still the
tumult.
Still waters are com-
monly the deepest.
Though he is out of dan-
ger, he is still afraid.
To-day's lesson is harder
x.\\z.\i yesterday^ s.
90
^PPENdlX,
Wc arc but ofyesterdayi^The desire of getti
and know nothing.
He rode h^rd yesterday^
' rests to-day^ and will
travel again to-moc.-
row.
Though she is rich and
f ^ir^ yet she is not
amiable.
They are yet young,
and must sus^nd their
judgment j;e^ awhile*
[many persons are better
than we suppose them
to be.
The few and the many
have their preposses
sions.
Few " days ' pass without
some clouds.
Much money is cor-
rupting.
Think muchj and speak
little.
He has seen much of the
world, and been much
caressed
His years are more than
liers ; bat he has not
more knowledge*
Tlpi more we are bies8c4«
the more grateful wt
should be.
more is rarely
He has equal j
but inferiofi
She is his in\
sense, bu^
in prudencj
We must ma|
spaci? betwe^
lines.
Every thiilg loj
like.
Behave yours
■' men*
We are too apti
pernicious con
He may go or
he likea.
They strive to\
He gee« to and \
To his wisdom
our privilege.]
The proportion :
one*
He hag senwd th
his utmost abj
When we do oul
no more is re<^
I will aubmity/or J
it brings peace.
I have a regard /br him.
it is for our health to
lie temporate.
EXERCISES
vFALSE CONSTRUCTION.
^EXAMPLES UNDSB ARTICLEd 106.
jten^oe* a walking. Thou tovea play* Thou
thyself. We was speaking. You was
Childreii Ls apt to play. Does thou learn
nar. Why prates ihon ? ^Shakespeare*
Poetry, painting, and music^ is sister arts.
Diom ana Virtue is superior to every other €U-
nent. Pope, Swift, and Addison was coteni-
My brother and sister was in the coua»
^Thou and he behaves ill.
Either he or you is deceived. Neither
ty nor riches n»a8 injurious to him. I or
, am in fault* You or I are to go.
^4. You have been playing this two hours.
me thai scissors. I have not seen him Mia
Idays. Thost sort of people fear nothing.
da not approve these kind of practices.
116. Othou my voice iitspire,
HVho touched tsaiah's hallo w'd lips wiUi fire. i^j?«
Thou great first cause least undeifstoody
Who all my sense con/^nHI^^
1*0 know but this, that thou airt good^
And that myself am blind ;
Yet gave me in this dark estate
T^'tee the good from Ut, lite*
92 APPENDIX.
118. Her and me are going home* Thee dd>tt
not speak truth. Him and her learn to
Them and us learn to dance. Them\
good apples*
119. He praised /. We esteem ihou^ K*^
blame they. I thank j^tf. Wc saw ye.
ye* Shakespeare,
120. It is not me. It was her. Thejl
was him. To that which once was thee.
Thou are likely to be /iim. He believes
they. I take Eliza to be she and Williad
he that was meant.
Here's none but thee and me, Shakespea
122. The man who you met upon the r()
my friend. There is no man who 1 love so,
These are the men tvho 1 saw yesterday,
should I meet the other night, but my old fl
Who did you see I
123. Who did this ? Me. Who bid you ?(
Who reads best ? Her. Who are diligent !
Who are idle ? them.
124. We have been reading Popes* works!
admired the soldiers horse* On eagles wio^
And art thou then Acastos dear remains ?
128. «*I have heard him to say it."
dare not to do any such thing," ** We i
neqd not to go at- this hour.*'
129. He was teaching she and /. You arc an-
gry with me for admoaialiing ye. He has invit-
ed her and /.
130. Him having finished his discourse, the as-
ATPENDIX. 93
^ena^Iy was dismissed, u^ being greatly pleased^
t^m greatly displeased.
[32 j^d 1^3. With who do you live ? Who do
jlive with ? I live with Af. Do you know wfio
; speak to ? Do you know ta <wfia you speak ^
^33,. I esteem your brother, than who 1 dp not
.a more worthy young man. Let us ho-^
lour parents, ihaq (u^/ia aone ought to be
dear to as. /
^^ Neither riches nor honour, or knowledge
compared with virtue, I am, so full of
as 1 cannot answer thce# Shakespeare*
hr in this ^ff or[d^> neither in that to come,
fig-tree bear oliVe berries, either a vine
And the third part of the stars was sroit-
\ as the third part of heaven was darkened.*
"If he prefer a virtuous life and is gih-
fetn bis professions^ he will succeed.** " May
^and me go ?" ♦* Wealth and him bade adieu
ach other.*' '* To deride the missies of the
y, is inhuman : and 'wanting' compassion
is them, is unchristian,'* **If thou bring
jift to the altar and there rememberest that
t hy'^hrpther has aught agains t thee, &€ •
■-* ^^6* " I cannot by no means allow this argu-
,:^|w5t." "Nor let iw comforter ^approach me."
., M y/e don*t know nobody there/*
.137. I have gave. Thou hast wrote. He
would not have durstp Where did you lay last
• M^ny of these and the following examples are ttf
^e found in i.Qwth'9 excellent grammar.
94
APPENjnx.
night? When was this meadow mcmedF The
bells have been rang all night. The house was
shook by the wind. I begun yesterday. Hj
■ you began. It was began. I have chose.
You have swam. Shakes. I have mistook.
Finish what you have began. Drjden.
Raptin future times the, bard ^^un. Pope, ^^
The sun has roae, and gone to bed. Sviifi. wJB'
The iCAv/orgot as soon as shed. Gray.
138. "Being (as was supposed) the son o
seph, fohich was the son of Heli^ which was
son of Matthat, nuhich was, &c." " The pii
of which you speak so disrespectfully, are ^
superiors.*'
139. The English and the French are
neighbours. TAe^e are islanders ; those ii '
the continent.
Maa is compounded of body and mind,
is common to Jbim with the brutes ; that is
image of God himself.
141. « His meat were locusts and wild hoi
« The wages of sin is death/'- The cause
failure were the heavy losses he had sustaL._,
Musick and dancing la the delight of gt^dy
youth.
143, « Joseph came betweenhis ten brethweWl*
Where there are janglings and discord among qt
man and his w'U>, harmony and love letwixt
thrir children, will seldom be found.
144. "He was sent to prepare the way by
j>reaching.^ repentance." •« By the mortifying
our corrupt affVctions/' By the bridling my
"i
re i^r
M
APPENDIX. 95
toiigtiei and the keeping tnj seat) I shall- oblige
m|t teacher.
■^45» Alas! they arc miserable poor. I can
.m^tt think so mean of him. He yfr\t&& exceed-
ihg well. She sings delightfuU
1 46. *' And yihtn they arose early in the
morning, behold, they were all dead men.'^ 2
MingSy 19, 35. '* And he said unto his sons, sad-
dle me the ass* So they saddljcd him the ass."
!Many are Ari^tm rather than Dembsy only be-
cau^ they do not properly know what they are*
We see the beai^tiiul variety of colours Jn tke
rain-bow, and are led to consider the cause of it*
147. Let the son in durknet>s veil her face, and
«l|M to A/j centre shake* The moon shews his
fuIU silver face. The sonl wings Ai> way to
worlds uuknown.^ Should not one speak well of
their friends ? £very person is attached to theit^
own interest.
J^lkOMISCUOUS EXAMPLES OF FALSE CON-
STRUCTION.
Fire and water is good servants, but bad mas-
ters.
The proud shall be abased, but a humble maa
shall be exalted.
1 saw your brother about a hour ago. He was
in a humour to quarrel with every body. He is
far from being cff an happy tempet.
Virgil is (Called the prince of Latin poets*
96 APPENDIX.
The news of the day it, 1 btlieyc, souiew^hat
disagreeable.
Time is often described under the similitiilpb
of a river to represent her swift and constant
motion*
Solon being asked by Cr^sus^ king of Lj^dia^
whom he thought was the happiest man in the
world » answered) Teilus^ aa obscure citizen o£
Athens.
M. Harrison hlsbook. Jane Faulty her peo.
Your horse trotteth very fast.
. . The best and bravest soldiers werd selected for
WbazardoUB an enterprise.
That birds, feathers aire €nely coloured : it is
one of the most beautiiul bud's I ever saw*
Virtue is the chiefecft good of man. ^
Your brother is more okter than me, but I caa
read more better than him.
Sleep is the image of death, and '^e furnishes
us with many striking analogies tot that awful pe-
- riod., I have went at>all h^urs.
Europe is considerably lesser than any of the
other divisions of the earth.
I am sorry to hear that the ship Lioti has foun-
dered at sea. He was in too crazy a condition
for so long a voyage. He drunk freely.
That man whistleth and singeth roost delight-
fully. May her and me go }
Th' unwearied sun from day to day.
Does his Creator's power display. Addiwn,
Nature is too often considered as a cause, when
prop^ly spcaking,^ he is only an effect.
AUl^ugh my brother be only twenty years
-'ti, he is remarkably accoropltshed. He has \\x%%
APPENDIX^ 97
TCturned from tfie Cape of Good Hopey which is
a Dutch settlement in the extremest part of Af-
1 propose to take a joarney to-morrow if the
weather proves favourable* ^
He gave me a orange and a apple*
Great; pains has b(^en taken : but to verjr Tittle
purpose. We run the whole way*
Either w6rk or play are preterable to idleness.
\ I have chose my dish, and eat hearty. Please
to hand roe one of them apples.
He left his estate equally between his five sons.
Thanks is due to yaufor your kind intention.
By this means I shall be able to accomplish
my purpose. Who done it i A. Me.
A great part of Egypt is annually overflown
hy the Uile, The words were wrote on glass*
Semiramisy whom^ some authors say, built
Babylon^ was a woman of great ambition*
He was angry witli some, one, but X canndt tell
who. Who will you vote for ?
I fancy they are these kind of gods which Ho^
race mentions in his allegorical vessel* Addison
• .on Medah,
Who instead of going about doing goocl» they
are perpetually doing mischief* Tillotsdn.
Manners maketh man.
^Just of thy word, in every thought sincere,
^ * Who knew no wish but what the world might hear;
Pope.
Our blessed Saviour was continually employed
in', works of kindness and beneficence ; in healing
of the sick, iq raising of the dead^ and in the
doing gQod unto all tnen.
^8 APPEBDIX,
There is betwixt tbtt smile he would s^pire to^ •
That sweet aspect of prraces and bis ruin.
More pangs and feara* than war or women have. *
ShakeMpeare.
Men look with an evil tft upon the good that
\% in others ; and think that their reputation ob-
scures them.
By curbing ^oor passions, they are subdued.
They hope for a soon and iprosperous issue;
Sidney^ Tliem ladies seem in haste.
He acted very unsuitable t^ hia^profession) yet
conformable to the general expectation*
I do not think any one to blame for taking
care of their health* Addis* Spec.
Every one of these letters bear date after liis
banishment. Bentiy*
Oh »' poor I. O thee.
Him portioned maids, apprenticed orphans blest.
The young who labour and the old who rest. Popf.
I have chid him because he broke the glass*
Who art thou, speak* that on de;iigns unknown.
While others sleep, thus range the camp alone.
Popesliiad.
And now the years a numerous race hare ran,
:\ The blooming boy has ripen'd into man. h>pe's Odyt.
' "The moon sliines by a borrowed light, wluch
he receives from the sun.
The earth is now universally considered as a
planet : and it is well known that he, together
with the other planets, revolve round the sun,
^hich is the centre of the whole system.
APPENDIX. 99
Although he. be a poor man^ yet be is virtuous
and deserving of esteem.
I thank ye heartily, good Mr. Launceht.
He certainly dares not to behave ito so unjusti*
fiable a manner.
What signifies good epnions when our prac*
ticc is bad . .'■ ■
I have known him for to walk tt in an hour.
He has struck me violentlyt because I said he
bad stole tbe book*
You need not to give yourself so many airs
about this matter.
The meadows have been overflown} and I fear
will suffer much damage.
If you were here, you would find three or four
in the parlour after dinner, whom, you would say
passed their time very agreeably Locke ^
The king nor the queen were not at all de«
ceived*. Clarendon.
I wish you and he came over together. Pope's
Letters.
And Rebekah took goodly raiment of her eldest
son Esauy which were with her in the house, and
put them upon ^acodi her younger 8on.Gtf».xxvii.
15.
He whom ye pretend, reigns in the kingdom.
Nadab and Abihuy the sons of Aaron$ took ei-
ther of them his censer. Lev. x« 1 •
Nevertheless Asa his heart was {verfect with
the Lord* I Kings xv. 14.
And the king of laraely and Jehosaphat king
of Judah sate either of them on his throne. 2
Chron, xviii. 9.
100 APPENDIX.
There are a variety of virtues to be exercised.
Many there be which say of my soul, there is
no help for him in God. Psalm, iii. 2»
He that withholdeth corp^ th^ people shall
curse him. Prov, xi. 26.
Did he not fear the Lor^) aud besought the
T.oi-d, and the Lord repented him of the evil,
which he had pronounced against them. ^cr.
xxvt. 19.
Go flee thee away into the land of Judah^ Amos
vii. 12.
Pass ye away^ thou inhabitant of Saphir,
Jlicha, i. 11.
And when he was set downj his disciples came
unto htm. Matt.y. U
Our Father which art in heaven, MatWsi. 9.
Whom do men say that I, the, ion of roan am ?
Butwhomxioye say that I am ? Matt. xvi.lS.15.
If a man have an hundred ^heep, and one of
them be gone astray, dgth he not leave the nine-
ty and nine, and goetb into the mountains^ and
seeketh that which is gone astrkyf Matt, xviii.
12.
So likewise shall my heavenly Father do also
unto you, if ye from your hearts forgive not
every one his brother their trespasses. Matt,
xviii. 35.
The multitude rebuked them because they
should hold their peace. Matt, xx. 3U
Whosoever of you will be the chiefest, shallbe
servant of all. Mark x. 44*
Why do ye that which is not lawful to do on
sabbath days ? Luke vi. 2.
AFPENOIX. 101
His disciples asked him, saying, What, might
this parable be ? Luke viii. 9.
If they hear hot Moses VLtid. the prophets, nei-
ther will they be persuaded, though one rose from
the dead. JMkexv'u 3U
These things hare I spoken linto you, that my
joy might remain iri you, and that your joy might
be fuir. John XV, 11* \
They crucified tyro others with him, on either
side one, and^^^tia in the midst. John xix. 18.
The number of the names together were about
a hundred and twenty, jicts i. 15.
And I persecuted this way unto the death. Acts
xxii, 4.
On the mortoMT, beeaoste h6 would have known
the certainty whereof lite was accused of the Jews,
be loosed him from his bonds, -^cf j xxii. 30,
After the most straitest sect of our religion I
lived -a. Pharisee. Acts x^vi. ^.
Use A little wine for thy stomach's sake, and
for thy often infirmities. 1 7V»i. v. 23.
Though he were a son, yet learned he obedi-
ence. i2<?3. V. 8.
We have such an high priest, who is set on the
right hand of the throne of the Majesty in the
heavens. Ilelf. viii. 1. .
In one hour so great riches is come to nought.
Rev. xvtii. 17.
In the midst of the street of it, and of either
side of the mer, was there the tree of life. Rev.
xxii. 2.
12
102 APFKKDIX.
DIRECTIONS FOR WRttlNili^ LETTERS, be.
BEGIN With a capitaU
I • The venerable name of God, Jehovah, Sec*
of Jesus Christ s^nd the Holy Ghost— also their
attributes, when joined with their names*
3. All proper, names, «s WiHIam, Thomas^
Mary, Sec. and the adverbs and adjectives de-
rived froili theO'i a$ Socrates^ Sgcratically ;
Dane, Danish, 8cc« ^
3. The pronoun I, and the interjection O.
4* The first word of every sentence, chapter,
line of Poetry, or verse in the BibkrWd of
every quotation or speech.
5. All emphatipal words gf strong importance*
all titles of persons in high rank and office^ said
of books, writings, &ۥ
Begin all other word« with a stnall letter.
Search your Dictionary for every word, which
you cannot spell, and for the parts of speech you
do not know.
N<iver write part of a syllable at the etid q£ a
line, but c^rry the whole iyllable to the next
line.
Be very careful to write neatly, and spell cor-
rectly, and not to leave out yrords or kttcrs.
1G3 V
EXAMPLES
or.
ENGLISH COMPOSITION.
PSALM I.
BLESSED is themaiH th^t walketlinot in the coun-
sel of tU& ungodly» nor^tandetb in th« way of sinnerSi
tior sitteth in tlie seitt of the scornful
But his deljght is in the law of the Lord^ and in his
law doth be meditate day and night.
And he shall be like a tree planted by the rivers of
-water, that bringeth forth his fruit in his season ; his
leaf also shall not wiihert an^i whatsoever he doeth.
shi^U prosper.
The ungodly a)« not so | bat ane like the chaff
^hlch the wind driveth aWay,
Tl^erefore the ungodly shall not stand in the judg-
ment, nor smners in the congregation of the rigfiteous.
For the Lord knoweth the way of the righteous ;
but the wiiy of the ungodly ahall perish*
PSALM XIX.
The heavena declare the glory of God ; and the fir-
mament sheweth his nandy work.
Day unto day uttereth speech* aiid nig^t unto night
sheweth knowledge.
There is no speech nor language where their voice
is not heard.
Their Une is gone out through all the earth, and
their words to the end of the world ; in them hath he
set a tabernacle for the sun.
Which is as a bridegroom coming out of his cham-
ber, and rejoiceth as a strong man to run a race.
His going forth is from the end of the heaven, and
his circuit to the ends of it ; and there is nothing hid
from the heat thereof.
The law of th^ Lord U perfect, converting Uie sou!,
the testimony of the Lord is sure, making wise the
^iInple,
104 APPENDIX.
The Bti^utes of the Loj^d are right, rejoicing the
heart ; the coniniandmeat of the Lord is pure, co-
lightening the eyes.
The fear of the Lord is cleaiij enduring for ever ;
the judgmenta qf the Lord are trueaniiPigbteous ako-
gether.
More to be desired are they than' gold, yea, than
much fine gold ; sweeter also than honey and the
honey-comb.
Moreover, by them is tliy servant warned » aod in
keeping of theaa there is great reward.
Who can understand his eirors i cleanse tbou ne
from secret faults. ^
Keep back thy servant aUfo from presumptuotfs sins,
let them not have dominion over me ^ then sftimll 1 be
upright, and 1 shall be iunocent from the gi*est trans-
gression.
Let the words of my mouth, and the meditation of
my heart be acceptable la thy sight, O Lord, my
strength and my redeemer.
SELECT SENTENCES AND PASSAGED FROlT TBS MOST
Cfi);«EV»ATBp AUTHORS.
A contented mind, and a good conscience, will make
a man happy in all conditions.
Prosperity gains friends and adversity tries them.
Complaisance renders a ^superior amiable, an equal
agreeable, and an inferior acceptable.
Without a friend, the world is but a wilderness.
By others' faults, wise men correct, their own.
Pitch upon that course of life which is most pleasant,
and custom will render it inost delightful.
Anger may glance in the breast of a wise man, but
rests only in the bosom of fools.
He that is truly polite, knows how to contradict with
respect, and to please without adulation ; and is equally
remote from an insipid complaisance and low familiarity.
Honour thy father with thy whole heart, and forj^t
not the sorrows of thy mother : how canst thou recom-
fpcnse them the things they have done for thee ? •
APPENDIX* lOS
Tratk is always consistent with itself^ and needs no-
t.bir.g to help it out ; whereas a lie is troublesome, and
sets a man's invention on the rack ; and one trick needs
a great many more to make it good.
Many itfen have been capable of doing a wise thing,
more a cunning thing, but yery few a generous thing.
If gratitude is due from man to man, how much more
Trom man to his Creator ? The Supreme Being does not
only confer upon us those bounties, which proceed more
immediately from his hand, but even those benefits,
-which are conveyed to us by others. £very blessing
9we enjoy,. by what means soever it may be. derived up-
on us, is toe gift of; him who is the great author of
^^d and father of mercies.
When Socrates was told ' that his judges had sen-
tenced him to death » And hath not Nature (said he)
passed the same sentence upon theml?
He, who swears tells us his bare word is not to bp
credited.
True modesty is ashamed of every thing that is crimi-
nal ; false modesty of every thing that is unfashionable^
Nothing can be honourable^ which is not virtuous ;
among the Romans^ the entrance to the temple of hon*
our always lay through the temple of virtue.
A man truly modest is as much so when alone, as
when in company : and as subject to a blush in his clo-
set, as when the eyeis of multitudes are upon him.
The envious man is in pain upon all occasions which,
ought to give him pleasure. The relish of his life is
inverted, and the objects which administer the high-
est satisfaction to those who are exempt from this pas-
sion^ give the quickest pangs to those who are sub-
ject to it, AH the perfections of their fellow crea-
tures are odious ; youth, beauty, valour and wisdom,
are provocations of their displeasure. But if we con-
sider the envious man in delight,, it is like reading the
feat of a giant in Romance ; the magnificence of his
house consists in the many limbs of nven, whom he has
slain.
106 AfFEVDlX*
Zealoot men ure ever displaying to you the strength
of their belief, while jadicioiis men are shewing* yon
the grounds of it.
Avarice is the most opposite of all characters to that
of God Almighty { whose alone it is to g^ive "smd out
receive.
My lords ! (sayft he) with bumble submission^ That,
that 1 say is this i that that, that that gentleman has
advanced, is not that, thsit he shoidd have proved to
your lordships. Sttc.
Harmony of period, and melody of style, have great-
er weight than is really isragtned, in the jtid^nnent we
pass upon writing and wrttesa. As a proof of this, let
us reflect, what texts of soriptur^ what lines in poe-
try, or what periods we most cemembev, and qaote
either in verse or prose, and we shaU iind tiiem to be
only musical ones« ' - - ,^ .
Whoever thinks a faultless piece to see.
Thinks what ne'er was, nor is, nor e'er shall be»
Inev'ry work regard the writer's end.
Since none can compass more thi^n they intend.
And if the-means be just, the conduct true.
Applause, in spite of trivial faulu, is due.
Poj»e*t £w. on Crit.
A little learning is a dangerous thing :
Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring :
There shallow draughts intoxicate the brain.
And drinking largely sobers us again. JPope oh Crit,
See from the brake, the whirring pheasant springs,
And mounts eicoking on triumphant wings t
Short is his joy : be feels the fiery wound,
Fiurters in blood, and panting beats the ground.
Ah, what avails his glossy, varying dyes, >
His purple crest, and scarlet circled eyes,
The vivid green his shining plumes unfold.
His painted wings, and breast iShai flames witli fs^ld.
i'ofip^s Windsor Forest,
APPKNMX. 107
Now shield witli shield, helmet with helmet closM,
HTo armour armour, lance to lance oppos'd*
Host against ho6t» with shadowy squadrons drew,
Tlie.soundiqg darts in iron tempests flewj
Victors and vanquish'djoin promiscuous cries,
A r|d shrilling shouts and dying groans arise ;
"With streaming blood, the slippery fields are dy*d.
And alaughter'd heroes swell the dreadful tide.
Pope^t Homer*
Now storming fury rose.
And clamour, such as heard in heav'n till now
Was never j arms on armour clashing bray'd
Horrible discord, and the madding wheels
Of brazen chariots rag'd ; dire was the noise
Of conflict ; over-head the dismal hiss
Of fiery darts in flaming voUies flew,.
And flying, vaulted either host with fire.
Sounder fiery cope together rush*d
Both battles main, with furious assault
And inextinguishable rage \ all heaven
Resotmded ; and had earth been there, all earth
Had to her centre shook. idUttm^* Par. LoH.,
So spake the seraph Abdiel^ faithful found
Among the faithless, faithful only he ;
Among innumerable false, unmov'd.
Unshaken, unseduced, unterrified.
His loyalty he kept, hi»love, his zeaT;
Nor number, nor example with him wrought
To swerve from truth, nor change his constant mind
Though single. From amidst them forth he pass'd.
Long way through hostile scorn, which he sustain'd,
Superior, nor of violence feared aught ;
And, with retorted scorn, his back he turnM
On those proud tow'rs to swift destruction doom'd.
Miiton*9 Par. LoH,
108 APPEKDir.
GREEK EPIGRAMS TRANSLATEI>-
On OrpheuSf niaritten by Antipater.
So longer, Orphetu, shall tby sacred strains
Lead stones, and trees, and beasts along the plains ;
No longer sooth the boisterous winds to sleep*.
Or still the billows of the raging deep ;
For thou art gone, the muses mourn'd thy fall
In solemn strains, thy mother roost of all.
Ye mortals idly for your sons ye moan.
If thus a goddess could not save her own.
On Homer, by Alpkeiu of Mytilene,
Still in our ears Adromache complains.
And still in sight the fate of Troy remains.
Still Ajax 6ghts, still ffector^s draggM along i
Such strange enchantment dwells in Homer* s son^
Whose birth could more than one poor realm addfU,
For all the world is proud that he was born.
On Anaereonf by Antipater »
This tomb be thine, Anacreon ; all around
Let ivy wreath, let flowrets deck the ground.
And from its earth enrich'd with such a prize.
Let wells of milk, and streams of wine arise »
So will thine ashes yet a pleasure know.
If any pleasure retch the shades below.
THE END.
{yj*For Directions in Parsing, see page 8%.
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