i
MINI STERY
of public education
REPORT
AND
CATALOGUE
LA
832
A5
THE RUSSIAN
MINISTRY OF PUBLIC EDUCATION
AT THE
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION.
M
t f Tl/O
THE RUSSIAN
AT THE
WORLD'S COLTMBIAI EXPOSITION.,
ST. PETERSBURG.
1893.
Imprimerie TRENKE et FCSNOT, Maximilianovsky per., ^ 13.
INTRODUCTION,
CURSORY VIEW
OP
THE ORGANISATION OF THE MINISTRY OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION,
CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION.
The chief management of the Ministry of Public Instruction
established at the same time with the other Ministries, by the
Ukaz of His IMPERIAL MAJESTY September 8, 1802, follows the
statutes of June 18, 1863. The educational institutions dependent
upon said management and extended over all the territory of
the Empire, with the exception of the Grand Duchy of Finland,
which has its own independent administration, are subordin-
ated to educational district administrations (11 in Euro-
pean Russia, the West-Siberian district, East Siberia and the
territory of Turkestan).
The chief administration of the Ministry, with the Minis-
ter and his Secretary of State at its head, consists of : 1. The
Council of the Ministry; 2. Department of Public Instruction;
3. Scientific Committee; 4. Archeological Commission ; 5. Edi-
torship of the journal of the Ministry; and 6. Archives of the
Ministry. The Minister of Public Instruction has moreover
functionaries for special commissions.
i
1. The Council of the Minister of Public Instruction under
the presidency of the Minister consists of the Secretary of State,
of several members appointed by particular orders of His IMPERIAL
MAJESTY; the Director of the Department, and the President of the
Scientific Committee. At the Council are present also the cu-
rators of educational districts during their residence at St-Pe-
tersburg. Moreover to the Council may be invited for business
concerning their jurisdiction : the President of the Archeolog-
ical Commission, the permanent secretary of the Academy of
Science, the rector of St-Petersburg University, and the direc-
tor of the Nicholas Observatory, as well as the rectors of other
universities, when they are at St-Petersburg, and others in ex-
traordinary cases, according to the judgment of the Minister.
The Council of the Minister examines: affairs and propositions
requiring a new institution or considerable modifications in
the different parts of the administration; cases requiring
amendments to laws and institutions, explanations of such, or
revocations and corrections of plans for new institutions: the
annual financial estimate of the institutions of the Chief Ad-
ministration, as well as of all the scientific and educational
establishments under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public
Instruction; cases of insolvency and difficulties with contracts,
and deliveries and measures to avert them; complaints* of
private persons against the Crown, and claims of the
Crown against private persons; all affairs concerning the
economical measures, and exceeding the power given to the
Curators of educational districts; affairs relative to the inter-
nal organisation of educational institutions and their ma-
nagement, such as schooling and educational matters in ge-
neral, after preliminary examination of such affairs at the
Scientific Committee; and finally, all affairs, in general, which
the Minister deems necessary to present for examination to
the Council.
2. The Department of Public Instruction, having at its
head the Director and Vice-Director and consisting in addi-
3
tion of the secretaries, their assistants, and copyists regularly
employed, is divided into several sections, each having under
its jurisdiction the following subdivisions of administration:
that of the inspector; that of the superior educational insti-
tutions; of ordinary male educational institutions; of primary
public schools; of female schools and instructions for preparing
masters and mistresses; technical and professional institutions ;
general affairs of scientific institutions; private and Hebrew
educational institutions; pension-affairs, and the book-keeping
division. The quantity of papers entering and issuing from the
Department amounts to 50,000 a year.
3. The Scientific committee of the Ministry has a presi-
dent, appointed by an edict of His MAJESTY; members nominated
by the Minister of Public Instruction, and is divided into
three parts:
a. The fundamental division, which examines educational
questions and schemes presented by the Minister, also classic
books, and programmes of teaching, books and periodical
editions intended for use in educational institutions, works to
be presented to personnages of the Imperial Family, schemes
for expeditions, and commissions and similar scientific enter-
prises, plans for establishing scientific societies, reports of
professors and other persons, that received scientific commis-
sions from the Ministry and in general all affairs and ques-
tions presented by the Minister for examination of the com-
mittee. This division of the scientific committee, by request
of the Minister arranges competitions for the best classic books
and confers pri/es.
I. A special division of the scientific committee examines
elementary books intended for the lower grades as well as
editions for public lectures.
c. The division of technical and professional instruction
examines the affairs and scientific manuals relative to techni-
cal instruction.
4. The Archeological Commission consists of a President,
i*
appointed by an edict of His MAJESTY, and of a certain
number of members, collaborators, correspondents and artists,
nominated by the President. The duties of the Commission
are to edit systematically writings on the history of the coun-
try collected at the beginning of this century by an archeo-
graphic expedition and contained in the annals, chronographs,
recitals and acts of the governmental judiciary. For support,
the Commission receives 12,805 roubles a year.
5. The duty of the Editorship of the Journal of Ministry
of Public Instruction is the publication of the monthly jour-
nal, in which all new regulations and arrangements of the
Government in this respect are published, and in which the educa-
tional departments and societies are made acquainted with the
course of educational progress in the Russian Empire as well
as abroad. The Journal of the Ministry published by the edi-
tor and his assistants, was founded in 1802, stopped in
1829, but renewed in 1833 and issued monthly till the pre-
sent time.
6. The archives of the Ministry, subject to the director, of
the Department of Public Instruction, are governed by a special
chief, having an assistant at his disposal. In the Archives are
stored at certain terms, all documents of decisions, and of
affairs of the Minister Council, Department of Public Instruction
Scientific Committee, Archeological Commission and Editorship
of Journal of Ministry.
LOCAL ADMINISTRATION.
In educational respects the Russian Empire is divided in
twelve school districts, namely :
1. St. Petersburg district, which comprises the governments
of St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Pskov, Vologda, Olonetsk and
Archangel, extending over an area of 1,432,935 sq. versts
(636,860 sq. miles) with 5,635,952 inhabitants.
2. Moscow district-governments: Moscow, Vladimir, Ka-
luga, Kostroma, Nizhni-Novgorod, Orel, Riazan, Smolensk,
Tver, Tula and Yaroslav occupying an area of 461,562 sq.
versts (205,138 sq. miles) with 16,685,393 inhabitants.
3. Kiev district -governments: Kiev, Podolsk, Yolynsk,
Poltava, Chernigov, occupying an area of 234,762 sq. versts
(104,338 sq. miles) with 12,142,581 inhabitants.
4. Kasan district-governments: Kasan, Yiatka, Samara, Sara-
tov, Simbirsk and Astrakhan, extendingover an area of 640.305 sq.
versts (288,580 sq. miles), with 11,088,099 inhabitants.
5. Kharkov district- governments: Kharkov, Voronezh,
Kursk, Pensa, Tambov, and the domains of the Don Gossaks,
occupying an area of 383,887 sq. versts (170,016 sq. miles)
with 13,034,550 inhabitants.
6. Yilna district-governments: Vilna, Vitebsk, Grodno,
Kovno, Minsk, Mogilev occupying an area of 269,285 sq. versts
(119,682 sq. miles), with 8,213,551 inhabitants.
7. Odessa district-governments: Bessarabia, Kherson, Eka-
U'rinoslav, and Tauride, occupying an area of 214,188 sq.
versts (95,194 sq. miles) with 6,100,943 inhabitants.
8. Orenburg district-governments: Perm, Orenburg, Ufa,
Ural and Turgay domains, occupying an area of 1,284,741 sq.
versts (570,996 sq. miles) with 6,627,746 inhabitants.
9. Warsaw district-governments: Warsaw, Kalish, Lomzha,
Plotsk, Radom, Suvalki, Petrokov, Lnblinsk, Sedletz and
Keletz occupying an area of 111,875 sq. versts (49,722 sq.
miles) with 7,960,304 inhabitants.
10. Dorpat district-governments: Livland, Kurland, Est-
land, occupying an area of 83,092 sq. versts (36,929 sq.
miles) with 1,870,730 inhabitants.
11. Caucasus district-governments: Baku, Elisabethpol,
Kutai's, Stavropol, Tiflis, Erivan and domains : Dagestan,
Kars, Kuban and Tersk, occupying an area of 408,779 sq.
versts (181,679 sq. miles) with 7,261,615 inhabitants.
— 6 —
12. West Siberian district-governments: Tomsk, Tobolsk
and domains: Akmolinsk, Semipalatinsk and Semiretchinsk,
occupying an area of 3,271,078 sq. versts (1,453,813 sq.
miles) with 4,2 17; 328 inhabitants.
Moreover, to the educational districts belong the East Si-
beria, Turkestan and Amour domains, subject to the Gover-
nors General, who in respect to educational institutions have
the same rights as the curators of educational districts of Eu-
ropian Russia.
At the head of each educational district is a Curator,
appointed by His Majesty the Emperor by representation of the
Minister, of Public Instruction. The curators of the districts:
St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kasan, Kiev, Vilna and Warsaw have
secretaries. The curator is the highest representative of the
Ministry in the district and all the educational institutions
are subject to his direct jurisdiction.
Besides the general superintendence over the course of
public instruction, and over the activity and conduct of the
teaching personelle and students, the Curator has to fill va-
cancies in the district, but the appointment of directors
for public and middle schools is subject to the approval
of the Minister of Public Instruction. The curators make
annually a detailed report upon the state and activity of
the institutions that enter into the juristiction of their respec-
tive districts.
Independent of the secretaries, the curators have from
one to four district inspectors at their disposal, whose duties
are to inspect the course of affairs in their respective insti-
tutions.
A Curator Council exists also at every curatorship, which
consists of a secretary of the Curator, district inspectors,
directors of high and public schools; in districts where there
is a university or some other high -class institution the rector
or director of such establishment also belongs to the Curator
Council. Besides this, deans of the historico-philological and math-
. . "7
ematical faculties, as well as six professors of Russian language
and literature, ancient languages, history, mathematics natu-
ral history and pedagogics, and appointed by the University,
also participate in the affairs of the council on educational
questions. Affairs that enter into the jurisdiction of the
council are delinquencies of the functionaries and teaching
personelle; debatable and juridical questions with private per-
sons, as for example, purchases and sales, construction and
rent of school-buildings, ratification of estimates on sums
exceeding 30,000 roubles, and educational affairs: the opening
and closing of educational institutions, measures of improving
instruction, examination of classic manuals, collection of syste-
matical data concerning the course of the educational progress
and written examination of scholars terminating the course of
institutions.
The direct superintendence of the elementary public schools
is confided to the curators of the districts, but in considera-
tion of the different local conditions, it could not be organised
everywhere in the same way.
In all guvernraents, where the zemsky regulation of Jan. 5
1864 * is introduced, the superintendence of the elementary
schools and the duty of taking measures for their develop-
ment in educational matters belong to the district and
government marshals of nobility and to the district and
governmental school-councils. The special charge of the work
of public instruction is committed to the director of public
schools appointed by the Minister of Public instruction, and
certain inspectors. The district and governmental school coun-
cils, presided over by marshals of nobility, consist of three
* To this category belong all the governments of the educational dis-
tricts of Moscow, Kharkov and Odessa the governments of the districts of
St-Petersburg, Kazan and Orenburg with the exception of the governments
Archangel, Astrakhan and Orenburg, and finally the governments Poltava and
Tchernigov in the district of Kiev.
members, appointed by the Ministers of Public Instruction
and of the Interior, and by the local diocesan authorities
respectively; of two members appointed by the district and
governmental zemstvo; and finally of one member appointed
by the town, if the latter participates in the maintenance
of the schools. At the sessions of the council are present
guardians of separate schools and the zemsky doctor, but
with a special permit for each time, from the Ministry of
Public Instruction. In places, where there are no district nor
governmental marshals of nobility, as for example in all
the districts of the Olonets government, and in several
districts of the Vologda government the presidency of the
school councils is entrusted to the directors and inspectors of
public schools.
The district school councils have in view, the finding of
means and discussion of measures to open new schools and to
ameliorate the old; they also take care of providing the
schools with books and other necessary accessories; they
appoint masters and mistresses recommended by the inspector;
they present for appointment to the governmental school
councils honorable guardians of public schools; they request
rewards for teachers, close such institutions as are not sa-
tisfactory; they invite teachers and finally examine the reports
made annually by the inspector concerning the state of
public instruction in their the respective districts.
The governmental school council has the general super-
intendence over the elementary schools of the government. It
examines the conclusions of the director of public schools
made on the reports of the district councils; divides between
schools, and teachers the money subsidies from the sums
sent to its disposal by the Ministry; examines complaints made
on the district school councils and all affairs of discord bet-
ween the members of the district school council and its
President. Complaints on the judgment of the governmental
school council are directed to the first department of the
— 9 ---
Government Senate or, in case of educational questions, to
the Ministry of Public instruction.
The Director of public-schools is entrusted with the direct
superintendence over schools of a certain government; he is
obliged to inspect them personally as often as possible, and
to watch that the inspectors subject to him visit as often as
possible the district confided to them.
The director is a life-member of the governmental school
council, for which he annually makes reports upon the
state of elementary instruction. In the district school coun-
cils the inspector replaces the director. The director as well
as the inspector of the public schools ought to make a re-
port to the Ministry after each revision of the institution.
Independent of this the director of public schools has the di-
rect superintendence over model elementary schools, estab-
lished by the Ministry of Public Instruction in all govern-
ments supported by the zemstvos, country and town socie-
ties. These schools are not subordinated to the school-
councils.
The elementary schools of the three governments Kiev,
Podolsk and Volinsk are subject to the inspection of public
schools consisting of fourteen inspectors and presided by the
curator of the educational district.
In the Vilna educational district six supervisions of public
schools are established, namely: in Vilna, Grodno, Kovno,
Minsk, Mogilev and Vitebsk, which consist of a director,
several inspectors, the number of which depends upon the
number of elementary schools and representatives of the Mi-
nistries of the Interior and of Imperial Domains and of the dio-
cesan authority. These supervisions have the same rights as the
school councils.
In the Warsaw educational districts the elementary schools
are subordinated to ten managements, namely: Warsaw, Lodz,
Iladomsk, Kelets, Kalish, Holmsk, Sedlets, Suvalki, Lomzha
and Plotsk; the directors presiding over these managements
— 10 —
are equalled in number to the directors of the public schools
of the other educational districts, but have more extensive
rights. For the town of Warsaw a special employment of an
inspector is established which has the same rights as the
chiefs of the managements.
In the Dorpat educational district the lower schools situated
in towns are under the superintendence of two directors and
ten inspectors of public schools. As to the village schools
in places with protestant population they are subject to the
supreme committee of country schools in the governments of
Livland and the supreme commissions of country schools in
the governments of Estland and Gourlaud. In places, however,
with orthodox population the elementary schools are supervised
by a special council, that consists of an archbishop, the cu-
rator of the district and the director of the Alexander High
School at Eiga.
In the Siberian governments and domains the duties of
directors of public-schools are performed by the directors and
inspectors of classic middle schools, called progymnasiums.
Besides, there are directors of public schools in the govern-
ment of Irkutsk and the Zabaikal domain and inspectors of
public schools in the Balagan district of the government of
Irkutsk, government of Enisseisk and the domains, Akmolinsk
and Semipalatinsk.
In governments of Archangel, Astrakhan, Orenburg and do-
mains of Turkestan there are no school councils. In the govern-
ment of Archangel the elementary schools are subordinated to
one director and one inspector; in Astrakhan, two and in the
domain Turkestan, three inspectors of public-schools.
In St-Petersburg, Moscow and Odessa there are special
school councils, which are equal to the district councils.
In the Orenburg district a special inspector over Tartar,
Kirguis and Bashkir public-schools is established and in the
Kazan district, over the Chuvash schools.
LAWS ON PENSION'S AND MILITARY SERVICE.
Persons in actual service at the Ministry of Public Instruc-
tion, after a certain number of years of service acquire the
right to receive an annual pension from the Imperial Chan-
cery. Administrative employes are subject to general rules on
pensions and after thirty-five years of service receive the full
amount, after twenty-five years only the half. Whereas persons
serving in the educational department are entitled to special
rights, and after serving twenty years receive a pension amoun-
ting to the half of their annual salary, and after serving
twenty-five years, a sum equal to their full annual salary. But
if the employe is forced to leave the actual service on ac-
count of protracted illness or from ruined health, then the
term of the right to full pension is much shorter. For instance :
in case of ruined health the employe who has served:
from 10 to 15 years receives one-third his annual salary
15 > 20 » two-thirds
> 20 » 25 full salary.
In case of chronic illness after:
5 to 10 years of service one-third annual salary
10 » 15 two-thirds »
15 » 25 full salary.
Besides if the employe is a family man he receives over
and above his pension a gratuity amounting to his yearly
salary. Independent of the above-mentioned pensions persons
in actual educational service, as for example, professors and
teachers, after twenty-five years of service receive besides their
annual salary an additional sum equal to one-fifth thereof, for
every five years of further service.
The total amount paid for pensions at the Ministry of
Public Instruction for 1891 was:
— 12 —
The law of January 1, 1874 appointing the military ser-
vice duty for all classes of the population of the Empire, gives
at the same time considerahle rights to persons, who have re-
ceived a certain education and who can produce testimonials
from educational institutions specially named in the statutes
concerning the military service duty. In this respect the edu-
cational institutions of all the ministries are subdivided into
four classes. Persons, who have finished the whole course in
the educational institutions of the first two classes can be
in actual military service two years only, those who have
passed the course in schools of the third class must serve
three years and those who finished the fourth class of insti-
tutions have to serve four years.
Students of the institutions of the two first classes have the
right, without being required to submit to the chance of draw-
ing lots, to fulfil the military service duty as volunteers and
thereby the term of service is shortened one half.
Students of educational institutions who attain the military
age namely: twenty-one years are allowed by law to finish their
education before being called to fulfil their military duties.
HIGHER EDUCATION
UNIVERSITIES.
The Russian universities, with the exception of those of
Warsaw and Dorpat, are controlled by the statutes of August
23, 1884. Every university has a certain number of faculties:
namely, historico-philological, physics and mathematics, laws,
and a medical faculty (the latter not in the St-Petersburg
and New Russian universities) the faculty of Eastern lan-
guages, only in St-Petersburg, and theology, only in Dorpat.
There are special theological academies in St-Petersburg,
Moscow, Kieff and Kazan, where orthodox theology is taught.
13
At the head of every university is the rector appointed
for four years by the Minister of Public Instruction from the
number of ordained professors ; after the lapse of four years the
rector can remain again for a like period in the same position
by Imperial permission. At the head of every faculty is a deacon,
chosen by the curator of the district from professors of the
corresponding faculty, who is confirmed for four years by the
Minister of Public Instruction. After this period the deacon
may continue for the next four years by authority of the Mi-
nister. The higher administration is entrusted to the University
Board, consisting of all the professors ordinary and extraordi-
nary, under the presidency of the rector and his secretary.
The management of the university under the presidency of
the rector is composed of all the deacons of the faculties and
an inspector. Besides this professors of every faculty assemble
under the presidency of their deacons to discuss educational
questions. A special inspector of students appointed by the
Minister of Public Instruction on presentation of the curator
of the district is charged with the care of the conduct of the
students within the walls of the university, and as far as pos-
sible outside of them.
To the personelle of the university for the educational
part belong the ordinary and extraordinary professors, pri-
vate teachers, lecturers and persons of educational insti-
tutions.
In order to become a professor it is necessary to be a
lecturer of three years, or a teacher in some other high
educational institution, and besides this, the scientific degree of
doctor of the corresponding science is required.
The confirmation of a professor depends upon the Minister
who appoints to sucli position or the election of the candidate
is left to the University-Board.
After twenty-five years of service professors who desire to be
retained must be reconfirmed by the Minister; after thirty years
the professor is retired, but keeps his title of professor, mem-
— 14 —
ber of the Faculty and of the Board, and has the right to
give lectures for special remuneration decided by the Minister.
To have titles of private teachers scientific degrees are
required; such positions may be held by teachers of other
higher educational institutions as well as by persons who have
acquired reputation by their scientific works. Such persons
are inscribed by consent of the Faculty as private teachers,
after receiving through the rector of the university the autho-
rity from the Curator of the District for such a title. The
deacons and the rector superintend the teaching of private
teachers; their remuneration is regulated by the Minister of
Public Instruction and is paid to them from a special sum set
apart for that purpose.
Persons, who desire to take a vacant chair of lecturer of
modern languages must pass an examination before the Fa-
culty and must be presented by the Board for the confirma-
tion of the curator of the district.
Only young men who can show certificates of having
passed the gymnasium of the Ministry of Public Instruction,
which is a classic intermediate school of eight years course,
are entitled to become students of the university; besides
such students other persons who have certain public positions
or occupations are allowed to attend university lectures and
demonstrations.
Every regular or special student pays for attending the
lectures and demonstrations: a. for the benefit of the univer-
sity five roubles for every half year, and I. a special remuner-
ation for the benefit of those, whose lectures they wish to
attend at the rate of one rouble per week for the semester.
There are two scientific degrees given by each Faculty, ex-
cept the Medical, master and doctor, and which are acquired
in cursn. To the examination for the degree of master, or of
doctor in the Medical Faculty, are admitted persons who after
attending the lectures for eight or ten semesters in the Med-
ical Faculty, have been examined before specially appointed
— 15 —
examining commissions and who have obtained correspond-
ing diplomas. Applicants for the degree of master, or in the
medical Faculty that of doctor, must pass a verbal examina-
tion and must sustain a public thesis examination on some
scientific subject before the Faculty. Applicants for the de-
gree of doctor before any Faculty have no examinations to
pass; they must only sustain publicly a thesis discussion.
The Warsaw University was organised in 1869 from the
local General School; the university of Dorpat, although admin-
istered according to the Statutes of June 9, 1865, differs in
its internal organisation from other Russian universities and
ressembles more the type of German universities after which
it was originally modelled.
There are Russian universities in the following towns :
Moscow, St-Petersburg, Kazan, Kharkov, Kiev, Warsaw, Odessa,
Dorpat and Tomsk.
1. The University of Moscow.
The university of Moscow is the oldest in Russia, founded
in the reign of Elisabeth 1755 and is equipped with full faculties
with the exception of that of Eastern languages. On January 1,
1891 there were 49 ordinary professors 32 extraordinary pro-
fessors, 8 prosectors, 8 assistant prosectors, 4 lecturers and
95 private teachers, 3,473 regular and 309 special students.
The sum of 870,428 roubles was assigned by the Imperial
Chancery for 1893 to cover the expenses of the university,
and in 1890, 174,672 roubles for stipends and expenses for
the assistance of students.
2. The University of St-Petersburg.
The Imperial University of St-Petersburg, founded in
1819, has full faculties with the exception of the Medical,
instead of which there is under the administration of the
— 16 —
Ministry of War the Medical Academy. The personelle of the
University consists of 49 ordinary professors, 18 extraordinary
professors, 7 lecturers and ordinary iustructers, of 1,781 regular
and 54 special students.
For the expenses of the university for 1893 the Imperial
Chancery assigned 349,109 roubles and in 1890, 78,555 were
granted for stipends.
3. The University of Kharkov.
The Imperial Kharkov University, founded in 1804, pos-
sesses full faculties except that of Eastern languages. The list
of the serving personelle showed on January 1, 1891, 53 or-
dinary professors, 19 extraordinary professors, 3 prosectors,
7 assistant prosectors, 2 lecturers, 22 instructors, 1,003 stu-
dents and 39 lecture-attendants. The Imperial Chancery as-
signed for 1893 a sum of 371,400 roubles to cover the expenses
of the University and in 1890, 32,616 roubles were given to
students as stipends.
4. The University of Kazan.
The Imperial University of Kazan founded in 1804 has
full faculties with the exception of that of Eastern lan-
guages. The prospectus of January 1, 1891 showed 43 ordinary
professors, 21 extraordinary professors, 5 prosectors, 5 assi-
stant prosectors. 3 lecturers, 41 private teachers, 714 students
and 41 lecture-attendants. The Imperial Chancery assigned in
1893, for the expenses of the year, 373,540 roubles and in
1890, 50,675 roubles were paid as student-stipends.
5. The University of St-Vladimir.
The St-Vladimir University in Kiev, fouuded in 1833,
possesses full faculties except that of Eastern languages. The
prospectus of January 1, 1891, showed 57 ordinary and 16
— 17 —
extraordinary professors, 5 prosectors, 6 assistant prosectors,
2 lecturers, 24 instructors, 1,982 students and 62 lecture-
attendants. For 1893 the Imperial Chancery assigned a sura
of 366,572 roubles for the expenses of the university, and in
1890, 31,598 roubles were spent for student-stipends.
6. The University of Warsaw.
The Imperial Warsaw University founded in 1869 was
transformed from a school of a higher type existing then in
that town. It had full faculties except that of Eastern
languages. The prospectus of January 1, 1891, showed 44 or-
dinary and 17 extraordinary professors, 3 prosectors, 3 assistant
prosectors and 3 lecturers, 1.121 students and 153 lecture-
attendants. For 1893 the Imperial Chancery assigned for
University expense 263,148 roubles and in 1890, 53,315 roubles
for student-stipends.
7. The New Russian University in Odessa.
The Imperial Xew Russian University was transformed
from the former Lyceum of Richelieu in 1865 and has now
the following faculties: historical and philological, the faculty
of laws, physics and of mathematics.
On January 1, 1891, there were 26 ordinary and 10 extraor-
dinary professors, 4 lecturers, 29 private teachers, 427 stu-
dents and 14 lecture attendants. The sum assigned by the
Imperial Chancery for 1893 for the university expenses was
228,759 roubles; and 31,912 roubles were paid in 1890 for stu-
dent-stipends.
8. The University of Dorpat.
The Imperial University of Dorpat was at first founded
by the King of Sweden, Gusto v Adolph, in 1632. Suspended
in 1656 on the taking of Dorpat by the army of Tsar Alexei
Mirlinilovicli, it was reopened in 1690 under the name of
2
— 18 —
«Academia Gustaviana-Carolina". In 1699 the university was
removed to Pernau where it existed till 1710. The Emperor
Peter the Great, wishing to continue its prosperity, issued a
special Ukaz to that effect, which however was of no avail
because all the professors resigned and returned to Sweden.
During the reign of Paul the question arose again for estab-
lishing a university for the Baltic provinces, but the open-
ing of the Dorpat University took place only in 1802.
The university is governed according to the Statutes of
1865, and has faculties of laws, history and philology, physics
mathematics, and medicine, and a faculty of Lutheran
theology.
On January 1,1891, there were 40 ordinary and 4 extraor-
dinary professors, eleven teachers, four lecturers, seven private
teachers and doeents, and 1,694 students. The sum of 233,853
roubles was assigned from the Imperial Chancery for 1893 for the
expenses of the university and 26,376 roubles were paid in
1890 for student-stipends.
9. The University of Tomsk.
The Imperial University of Tomsk founded in 1888 has
only one medical faculty. January 1, 1891, there were six
ordinary and eleven extraordinary professors, twe prosectors,
and one assistant prosector. The sum of 200,600 roubles was
assigned for the university expenses of 1893. In 1890 the sum
of 10.000 roubles was paid for student-stipend.
II. INSTITUTES AND LYCEUMS.
The reorganisation in 1871 of the system of intermediate
education led to the considerable improvement in the instruction
of ancient languages and in view of this fact the Ministry of
Public Instruction was obliged to take active measures for
the preparation of teachers for Latin and Greek. To further
the reform in this direction the Historico-Pliilological Insti-
— 19 —
tute at St. Petersburg was founded in 1867, specially intended
for the preparation of teachers for these branches, as well
as for the Russian language and history. This institute provi-
des board and lodging for the students; and as regards the
course of instruction it corresponds with the Historico- Philo-
logical Faculty of the University. The students are required
to present written articles on given questions and attend the
special lectures of the Institute. The conditions for entering the
Institute are the same as those for the University, the course being
four years. A gymnasium was founded and adjoined in 1870
to this Institute and students of higher courses practice
in this gymnasium in giving lectures and teaching under the
supervision of professors. The prospectus of January 1, 1891,
showed one teacher of religion, eight ordinary and extraordinary
professors and eleven teachers. At the same time there were
73 students. For the expenses of the Institute a sum of 117,400
roubles was assigned for 1893, this amount including 29,000
roubles appointed for student-stipends.
The former Lyceum of Prince Besborodko in Niefine, Gov.
Tcliernigov. On account of its failure this institution was
reorganised in 1875 into a Historico-Philological Institute on
the same principles as those of the Institute of St. Petersburg
but with the preservation of the founder's name.
January 1, 1891, the Institute was attended by one teacher
of religion, ten ordinary and extraordinary professors and four
teachers; there were forty-one students at that time. For the
expenses of this institute a sum of 124,150 roubles was assigned
for 1893, the amount including 35,400 roubles for student-
stipends.
The Lazarev Institute for Eastern Languages in Moscow
was founded in 1815 and consists of two divisions: one for
younger students, with a similar course as in a gymnasium, and
one for older students, the so-called special classes, corresponding
with the Faculty of Eastern Languages of the St. Petersburg
University. January 1, 1891, the personnelle of special classes
— 20 —
was composed of five professors and five teachers, and twenty-
four students; the sum of 23,700 roubles was assigned for the
expenses of the Institute.
The Demidov's Lyceum for Laws in laroslav was reorgan-
ised in 1870 from the Demidov's school for higher sciences,
which was founded in 1805. This lyceum is intended exclusively
for studying laws and is organised on the same principles
as the Faculty of Laws of a University. The personnelle con-
sisted on January 1, 1891 of six professors, three docents and
four private teachers. There were 191 students at that time,
and the sum assigned for maintaining the institution amounted
to 50,000 roubles.
The Lyceum of Tsar e rich Xicnlai in Moscow, founded in
18G9 on private means, has board and lodging and consists of
eleven classes, eight of which, the lower ones, correspond with the
type of Government Gymnasiums; students of the three higher,
so-called university classes, under the supervision of special
tutors attend lectures at different university faculties, where
they are submitted to final examination. For the lyceum expenses
for the year 1893 37,328 roubles were assigned.
For the purpose of studying agronomy and forestry there
is only one special higher institution belonging to the Ministry
of Public Instruction, namely the Institute of Rural Economy
and Forestry in Novaia Aleksaudria, Government of Lublin,
kingdom of Poland, founded in 1869. The corps of this Institute,
January 1,"1891, consisted of twenty -five persons, in this number
three professors, nine docents and two teachers of special subjects.
There were 105 students at the same time, namely 52 in the
division of Rural economy and 53 in that of Forestry; the sum
of 46,770 roubles was assigned in 1893 for the institution
expenses.
The St. Petersburg Practical Technological Institute. — For
the purpose of communicating to students the higher techno-
logical education this institute is divided into two sub-divisions,
namely : mechanics and chemistry. The number of students is
21 —
limited to 500; the educational course consists of five years;
students pay 50 roubles yearly for the right of following the
lectures; hut there are 105 Government stipends for students
that have distinguished themselves by fair progress in learning
and good behaviour, if they have small means, and besides this
100 free scholarships can be issued. January 1, 1891, the Institute
consisted of an educational corps of seventy persons and at the
same time there were 604 students. For the institute expenses
for 1893 the sum of 260,000 roubles was assigned.
On the same principles as the St. Petersburg Institute there
is in Kharkov another Practical Technological Institute founded
in 1885. The full number of students, the duration of courses,
and the annual payment for the right of learning is the same
as in the St. Petersburg Institute, but the quantity of stipends
is less. There are fifty Government-stipends only, and besides
this fifty students can follow the lectures free of cost. The educa-
tional corps, January 1, 1891, consisted of thirteen professors,
six adjunct professors, five teachers and fourteen teachers of
special objects, for extra compensation. At the same time there
were 427 students, of which number thirty-eight have finished
their education thus forming the first class of young technical
scholars graduated from the Institute. For the expenses of this
institution during 1893 the sum of 206,000 roubles was
assigned.
To the same type of institutions belongs the Riga Poli-
technical School consisting of seven divisions: Rural Economy,
Technical chemistry. Surveying of land, Engineering, Mechanical
Engineering, Architects and Commerce. January 1, 1891, the
educational corps consisted of seventeen professors seventeen
docents and twenty-two other teachers; at the same time there
were 837 students. 5,365 roubles were assigned for stipends
and besides this 57 persons were admitted free with all the
rights of the students. The school is supported jointly by the
Government and by the town of Riga.
Last the Imperial Technical School of Moscow should be
— 22 —
added to this list of higher special educational institutions.
The educational corps of this school consists of twelve pro-
fessors, three docents, nineteen teachers and twenty-nine other
agents. The Government assigned 181,320 roubles for the
expenses of this institution, of which 16,000 roubles are in-
tended for student-stipends.
To study veterinary sciences there are four veterinary insti-
tutions namely, in the towns of Dorpat, Kharkov, Kazan and
Warsaw. The interior organization of these institutions is
about the same as the organization of University Faculties ;
the full course of study lasts four years.
January 1, 1891, the Dorpat Veterinary Institute was attended
by four professors, four docents and one prosector. At the
same time there were 215 students, of which 52 had stipends
or attended the lectures free of cost. For the expenses of the
Institute in 1893 a sum of 40,300 roubles was assigued.
The Kharkov Veterinary Institute was attended on Jan. 1,
1891, by three ordinary professors, four docents, one prosector
and one expert blacksmith, at the same time there were 231
students. For the expenses of the Institute 51,800 roubles
were assigned for 1893.
The educational corps of the Veterinary Institute in Kazan
consisted, January 1, 1891, of five professors, eleven teach-
ers and ten other agents; there were 91 student at the
same time. For the expenses of this institution 56,400 roubles
were assigned for 1893.
In the Warsaw Institute there were sixteen persons be-
longing to the educational corps and for its expenses 24,800
roubles were assigned for the year 1893.
In January, 1878, an Arclieological Institute was founded
in St Petersburg with the special purpose of preparing pro-
fessional archivists. The full course of study is two years, and
in order to be admitted to this institution a complete course
in some higher institution must be passed first. The course
of studies consists of kaleof>raphy, Russian ancient relics,
— 23 —
chronology, genealogy, numismatics, sphragistics and ancient
geography of Russia.
Besides the above-named special larger schools and insti-
tutions existing within the limits of the Empire, the Ministry
of Public Instruction endeavours to give the students of
higher institutions an opportunity to finish their studies abroad
\\itli special reference to such subjects that are not taught
in Russia. After the introduction in 1871 of the reform of
classical education in the gymnasiums, a Russian Philological
Seminary was opened at the University of Leipzig in 1873,
for the study of ancient languages under the guidance of the
renowned professor, Ritchel, and after his death, of professor
Lipsius. After preparing a sufficient number of teachers of
ancient languages, the seminary at the Leipzig University was
closed, and another special seminary was opened in its stead
at the Berlin University for young men who have finished the
course of laws in one of the Russian universities and desire
to be professors of Roman Laws. Two years are required to
pass the full course, each of the twelve students there in atten-
dance receives 900 roubles a year ; the whole expense of
this institution does not exceed 18,000 roubles a year.
THE INTERMEDIATE INSTRUCTION.
GYMNASIUMS AM) PROGYMNASIUMS FOR BOYS.
The foundation of the first public schools of intermediate
education in Russia was begun in the second half of the last
century but it is only in the nineteenth century that the number
of these institutions began to grow perceptibly, so that at the
present time every governmental town of the Empire has at
least one institution of such type.
The gymnasiums and progymnasiums for boys are admin-
istered at the present time under the statute of July 30, 1871,
— 24 —
slightly modified and amplified by later decrees petitioned for
by the Minister of Public Instruction with the aim to enlarge
the original statutes relative thereto. The educational course
is divided into eight yearly classes. In localities where the
language of the mass of the population is not Russian,
admission to the first class is facilitated by the aid of prepar-
atory classes at the expense of the Government; the dura-
tion of the course in such classes is usually limited to one
year, but it can be prolonged if desired where the Russian
language is universal. But in localities such preparatory clas-
ses can be opened only at the expense of local municipalities
or be supported by the payments of the students themselves.
The maximum normal number of students is forty in each class
except the preparatory, but for the last class there is no
limit.
In cases of greater number of students, the gymnasiums
and progymnasiums have the right to open parallel divisions
of classes, which are supported either by the educational insti-
tution itself or by a special fund at the disposition of the
Minister of National Education raised by annual assignments
from the sums, received in the educational institutions.
At the head of a gymnasium is a director aided by an
inspector. For the immediate wants of students each class has
a special tutor, elected from the teachers, and besides this in
every gymnasium there are not less then two special assistants
of class tutors. In the greater part of gymnasiums the stu-
dents are externes, and only a few gymnasiums give board
and lodging for a limited number of students. Such boarding-
schools existed in fifty-three gymnasiums January 1, 1891. Besides
this in some of the gymnasiums there are student-clubs partly
at the expense of certain benevolent societies, and partly from
the funds received from the students. Students away from
home form small clubs in private appartments; such appart-
ments are let under the eye of teachers of the gymnasiums or of
persons possessing special authority for the purpose, and are
— 25 —
under a constant supervision of educational authorities. At the
present time the Ministry of National Education is occupied
in increasing the number of such institutions in the building
of gymnasiums and other educational institutions, so that
during the last two years twenty of such boarding clubs were
opened. The annual tuition varies from 200 to 258 roubles for
exterues and for internes from 120 to 400 roubles. Teachers
are appointed from persons who have received a corresponding
University education or other higher institutions of equal
rank; such persons have to pass a special examination before
being appointed. The teaching corps of a gymnasium forms
under the presidency of the director a pedagogical board,
meeting not less then once a month and settling all questions
concerning the educational part of the institution such as :
the admission and grading of students, fees, discipline of stu-
dents, assignment of teachers, selection of text-books and edu-
cational apparatus, and selection of books for libraries. Inde-
pendently of this the Pedagogical Board elects from its own
membership an Economical Committee of five members includ-
ing the director and the inspector for the administration of
the institution.
These gymnasiums aim chiefly to prepare young men for
the universities and other institutions of equal rank, and are
especially thorough in Latin and Greek, Russian and Mathe-
matics. The curriculum, according to the program confirmed
by the Ministry in 1890, is as follows: Religion, two lessons
weekly in all the eight classes; Russian language with the
Church Slavonic and Russian literature, in the first class, five
lessons; in the 2d, 3d and 8th, four lessons, in the 4th, 5th, 6th and
7th, three lessons weekly; Latin six lessons in the 1st and 2d
and five lessons weekly in all the remaining classes. Greek
four lessons in the 3d class, five lessons in the I"' and six
lessons in the remaining four elder classes. Mathematics,
namely arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trygonometry and mathe-
matical geography four lessons in the 1st, 2d. 4th and 6th clas-
— 26 —
ses, and three lessons in the 3d, 7th and 8th classes. French 01
German as elected by the student, French : three lessons in the
2d, 4th, 5th, 7th and 8th classes and two lessons in the 3d and
6th classes ; German: three lessons in the 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th and 6th
and two lessons weekly in the 7th and 8th classes; besides the
above-mentioned studies, the following form part of the pro-
gram as well: history, geography, physics, logic, drawing, cal-
ligraphy, singing and gymnastics.
From the year 1888 military gymnastics are introduced
in all institutions belonging to the Ministry of Public Instruc-
tion, and being obligatory, have the double aim: to furnish
physical training to children and at the same time to prepare
them for the future military service by making them acquainted
in early age with the most important exercises of that
service.
The teaching of military gymnastics was at first left to
military men, but simultaneously special classes were opened
in St Petersburg to prepare teachers of military gymnastics,
and these classes are now regularly attended by civilians and
teachers in sundry institutions.
In view of the large demand for such gymnasiums, the
Ministry is opening progymnasiums of four and six classes
with courses similar to those of gymnasiums.
The expenses of a gymnasium are about 52,500 roubles,
and those of a progymnasium about 24,000 roubles a year.
January I, 1891, there were 177 gymnasiums for boys and
60 progymnasiums under the administration of the Ministry
of Public Instruction, at the same time there were 5,177
teachers, and 59,234 pupils, out of which 10,581 were
boarded and lodged by the Government. In religious belief the
pupils were recorded as follows:
Orthodox, Greek church . . 36,929 or 62,s per cent
Roman catholics 10,706 „ 18 „ „
Lutherans and Reformed . . 5,304 „ 9 „ „
— 27 —
Mahometans 298 or 0,s per cent
Jews 4,579 „ 7,7 „ „
Other religions 1,418 „ 2, 5 n „
Ninety-one per cent of student of the 8th class have passed
satisfactorily their final examinations and received diplomas.
The following data give a general idea of the progress of
teaching in gymnasiums and progymnasiums : the number of stu-
dents having received during the 3rear satisfactory grades 3,
4 or 5, with the five-grade system on all the studies in gene-
ral amounted to 74,a per cent. As to the principal studies,
taken separately, the number of students who received satis-
factory grades is as follows :
Piiissian language . . . 81,4 per cent
Mathematics 80,9 „ „
Latin 79,* „ „
Greek 80,4 n „
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS.
Professional Schools of the Ministry of Public Instruction
are managed under the Statutes of May 15, 1872, modified
July 9, 1888, and give to young men a general and technical
education.
These schools consist of six classes, out of which the two
latter conform to local necessities and consist of two divisions,
fundamental and commercial; to the fundamental division can
be added another higher class, with the object of specially
preparing young men to enter the higher educational institu-
tions. Besides this, as in gymnasiums, preparatory classes
can be opened in professional schools with- similar courses
of study.
The administration and educational direction in professional
schools are the same as in gymnasiums; boarding-schools are
rare. On January 1, 1891, only six technical schools were
— 28 —
provided with hoard aud lodgings for students. Boys from ten
to thirteen years of age are admitted to the first class. As
regards tuition it varies as in gymnasiums.
The principal suhjects taught in professional schools are :
Religion, two lessons weekly in each class. Russian: six lessons
in the 1s', five in the 2d, four in the 3d and additional classes
and three lessons weekly in all the remaining classes. Mathe-
matics: four lessons in the 1st and 6"' classes, three in the ad-
ditional class, and five lessons in the remaining classes. Ger-
man: six lessons in the two lower classes, three in the 6th, five
in the additional and four in the remaining classes, the se-
cond foreign language, namely French or English and in some
localities Italian or modern Greek, four lessons in the 2rt, o'1.
4tb, and three lessons in the 5th and 6th classes. Moreover
geography, history, physics, natural history, drawing, tracing,
calligraphy, singing and gymnastics are taught.
Commercial divisions are added to a very limited number
of professional schools. In these divisions more time is devoted
to the study of foreign languages and less to mathematics;
drawing and tracing is not taught, but instead of eight lessons
a week are given on Commercial Correspondence and Book-
keeping four lessons in each class.
The expenses of professional schools average 37,347 roubles
yearly each.
January 1, 1891. there wrere 105 professional schools with
84 parallel classes. At the same time there were 22,677 students
dividet according to religions as follows:
Orthodox, Greek faith. . 13,767 or 60,? per cent
Roman catholics. . . . 2,729 » 12, i >
Lutherans and Reformed . 3,655 » 16,t >
Mahometans 262 > l,i »
Jews. . 1,314 » 5,8 » >
Other religions .... 950 » 4,2 »
— 29 —
EDUCATION OF WOMEN.
I. HIGHER COURSES.
The question of superior education for girls in Russia was
raised in 1869. On the 29th of November of that year came
the permission of the Ministry of Public Instruction to
organize a series of public lectures on history, philology and
science.
Accordingly, soon afterwards, systematical courses for
girls in Literature, Russian Grammar, Mathematics, Natural
Philosophy, Russian and Universal History and Cosmography
were opened in St. Petersburg and Moscow. These courses had
no settled plan nor were any prelimanary studies required
from the pupils.
In the year 1872 permission was granted by the Minister
of Public Instruction to a professor of the Moscow University
Mr. Guerrier, to open a college for girls with the purpose
of affording school and home with good teachers, thoroughly
instructed in educational subjects. At that college particular
attention was drawn to the study of universal literature and
Russian history. In the meantime the necessity of increasing
the means for providing Russian girls with superior education
became more and more apparent. Many of them went abroad
especially to /iirich iu search of scientific knowledge.
Such an abnormal state of things provoked in 1876 an
Imperial Ukase, which authorized the foundation of high
courses for ladies on various subjects at different universities
of Russia.
In virtue of this Ukase a high course for girls was estab-
lished in the same year at Kazan by Professor Sorokin, in the
next year, by Professor Bestoujew-Rumin and Gogotsky at
St. Petersburg and Kicff on the following conditions:
1) They were to be under the immediate and constant
-upervision of the district school superintendents.
2) They were to be regarded as private educational institu-
— 30 —
tions with the obligation to be controlled every academical year
by the Board of Education.
3) Scientific instruction in the girls college at St. Petersburg
was to be under the direction of the Educational Council
presided over by the founder of that Institution; the general
management of affairs was entrusted to a Board of Trustees,
consisting of twelve members both ladies and gentlemen, all
of whom have to be elected by the united assembly of the
Board and the Council.
A general regulation for the college was laid aside until
the month of June 1879, when special rules were published
for the admission of girls, according to a code of regulations
formed originally by Prince Volkonsky, the Chief Superinten-
dent of the St. Petersburg School District. According to those
regulations only such girls were admitted to the college, as
were in possession of a certificate. These who were not of age
were obliged to secure the approval of their parents or guardians.
Strict rules were given in order to lessen the number of those
pupils, who failed in passing their high school examination,
being thus altogether unprepared; especially the number of
noncollegiate students was also limited by the provision, that
their admittance could only be granted on the responsibility of
the School-District Superintendent. It was not allowed to remain
two years in the same class. In the course of the same year
1879 a grant of 3,000 roubles was provided by a special order
of the State Council --an equal amount was given by the
St. Petersburg Municipality.
In such manner were founded colleges for girls at St. Pe-
tersburg, Moscow, Kieff and Kazan and besides this a special
girls course was organized at the third Moscow Gymnasium.
The Kieff and Kazan girls Colleges had two faculties
each : the historico-philological and physico-mathematical ;
those in St- Petersburg were supplied with a special course of
elemantary mathematics. The superior courses of professor
Guerrier consist only of a historical class.
— 31 —
The colleges at St. Petersburg aud Kieff and those of Prof.
Guerrier in Moscow have a four years course each, that of
Kazan of two years.
The high courses for girls at the third Moscow Gymna-
sium have a four years course in Natural Science and three
years in mathematics.
The average number of pupils in all of these colleges was
about 1.500, being equally divided between the historico-phil-
ological and mathematical sections. The capital stock of the
colleges was formed out of student fees and sums, collected
from concerts, evening parties, and public lectures, arranged
for the benefit of those colleges by charitable societies. All
that mentioned above on the organization of colleges for girls
in Russia proves that they were but temporary ones. The
general code of regulations, as yet, considered these colleges
as private schools nnd only in the year 1879 rules for the
admission of girls were published.
Ill virtue of such a state of things the present organiza-
tion of the high courses is but a transitory one.
Preliminary work in preparing a general regulation for
the girls colleges was begun in the year 1879, but was in-
terrupted by the resignation of Count Tolstoy from his post
of Minister of Public Instruction in the year 1880.
In the year 1884 by order of His Imperial Majesty a Com-
mittee was established, presided by the under- Secretary of State
Prince Volkonsky, which was to find out the best means for
the organization of superior education for girls in the Empire.
In this way the course of affairs went further.
The work of the mentioned above Committee is at present
brought to a conclusion and the supposition of founding the
girls superior education firmly is to receive in the nearest
future a legislative decision.
The principal particulars of the new code of regulations,
according to the work of the Committee were following :
1) In future the foundation and existence of high courses
— 32 —
for ladies is to be permitted only in case if by the interests,
received from the offered funds, one-third of the charges in
maintaining of such a college could be borne. By such means
the existence of colleges for girls was to be secured, receiving
subsidy not in credit, but in fixed revenues.
2) The present collegial system of administration is to be
compensated by a special director and as to the educational
part and the superveillance of the student lodgings it is to
be under the care of an inspectress.
3) It is supposed to reserve the students rights in obtain-
ing a situation of a teacher; it is therefore found necessary
to give to the educational part a more practical purpose, that
is, to prepare teachers thoroughly instructed ;on educational
subjects, and able to give lessons in the girls intermediate
schools.
4) In order to answer the desired purpose, the colleges are
to have a system of a strictly scientific instruction, adopted
to the principal subjects to the historico-philological and
physico-mathematical faculties. Moreover, a high course for
the acquisition of foreign languages is to be organized in
order to prepare thoroughly instructed teachers for the girls
intermediate schools.
Such reforms are to be accomplished soon to consolidate
the superior education for girls in Russia.
II. GYMNASIUMS AND PROGYMNASIUMS.
The Ministry of Public Instruction administers only one
part of institutions designed for the intermediate education of
girls, whereas the greater part of these institutions is admin-
istered under the Chancellery of His Imperial Majesty and
under that of the Empress Marie Institute.
Gymnasiums and progymnasiums for girls under the Min-
istry of Public Instruction arc governed by the Statutes of
May 24, 1870. Each gymnasium consists of seven year classes
— 33 —
and the studies are arranged under two heads; obligatory
studies and non obligatory. The obligatory studies are Religion
two lessons a week in all the classes; Russian and Literature
four lessons in the first; and three in the remaining classes,
Mathematic three lessons in- the five lower classes and four
in the two higher besides this history, geography, natural
history and physics calligraphy, hantliwrork, embroidery, singing
and gymnastics. The studies which are non obligatory are
subdivided into two heads, one of these elected by the pupil
is obligatory, the first head consists of the German language,
French language, draw ing and pedagogy and the second French.
German or English elected by the student and Greek and
Latin.
At the head of these educational institutions is a directrice
the educational part under the Pedagogical Council or Board
under the presidency of the director of the local gymnasium
or professional school, or under the presidency of another
representative of the Ministry of Public Instruction, the eco-
nomical management is under the administration of a tutor-
ship consisting of the president of the Pedagogical Council,
the directrice and members elected by institutions supporting
the gymnasium or either progymnasium of their owrn means or
jointly witli the Government, such as town or district muni-
cipalities.
The Statutes of .May _4, INTO permit the opening at the
gymnasiums for girls of an .additional 8th class, specially
intended for those who wish to make a profession of teaching
and in which the following studies are taught :
Pedagogy, Didactics, Russian including Church Slavonic,
French and German, Mathematics, History and Geography.
The two first subjects are obligatory and others are elective.
Besides theoretical lessons, the girls of the additional class
are obliged to assist in the teaching of the lower clas-< -.
PfQgymnasmms have three or four classes with the courses
of study corresponding to those of the gymnasium;
3
— 34 —
January 1, 1891, the number of institutions administered
by the Ministry of Public Instruction was 342, including 143
gymnasiums, 179 progymnasiums, three higher schools for girls,
five great schools in the Dorpat educational district and twelve
second great schools in the same district. At the same time
there were 62,529 girls and of this number 5,925 finished the
course. There were 3,868,150 roubles 88 cop. assigned in 1890
for the expenses of these 342 institutions.
SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.
I. INSTITUTES FOR TEACHERS.
Institutes for teachers are established with the aim of pre-
paring teachers for town schools, which are to replace gra-
dually district schools, as these last do not correspond any
more to present educational requirements. Institutes for teach-
ers are conducted according to statutes of 31 May, 1872,
they are boarding schools with three classes of one year each.
Their internal management corresponds exactly to the organ-
ization of gymnasiums for boys, and teachers of these insti-
tutes avail themselves of the same rights and prerogatives as
teachers of gymnasiums.
Every such institute has a town school of two classes ad-
joined to it. and in this school students of the higher class
of the institute practise teaching. The number of pupils is
limited to seventy-five of which sixty receive stipends from
the Ministry of Public Instruction and the 15 remaining for
pupils educated for the account of other ministries or the
paying the fees for their education.
Institutes for teachers are exclusively maintained on Govern-
ment expense and for every institute 30,000 roubles are assigned
yearly. Young men between sixteen and nineteen years of age
are admitted in these institutes, after passing an examination
corresponding to the program of the 4th class of professional
— 35 —
schools. The curriculum of studies consists of: Religion, Rus-
sian, Mathematics, history, geography, natural history, sketch-
ing, drawing and calligraphy, pedagogy, didactic, singing and
gymnastics ; hesides this in some of the institutes the teach-
ing of manual work is introduced. January 1, 1891, there were
nine institutes for teachers in the following towns: St. Pe-
tersburg, Moscow, Bielgorod, Government of Kharkov, Kazan,
Vilna, Gluchov, government of Tchernigov, Theodosia, Tau-
ride, government Crimea, Orenburg and Tiflis. In these edu-
cational institutions were at the same time 142 teachers, and
445 pupils, of this number 29 left the institutes before com-
pleting the course and 156 were graduated. The sum of
288,994 roubles was assigned in 1890 for maintaining these
institutes.
II. INSTITUTE FOR JEWISH TEACHERS
The former school for rabbis in Vilna was transformed in
1874 into a Jewish institute for teachers on the same general
plan as the Christian institutes in Russia ; it differs only by the
number of classes, four instead of three. The educational plan
is like the plans of other institutes for teachers but besides
all the objects taught there, a considerable number of weekly
lessons ten in the 1st, nine in 2d, nine in the 3d and six in the 4th
are consecrated to the study of the Hebrew and Jewish faith. To
the institute an elementary Jewish school is adjoined for prac-
tising in teaching of the pupils of the elder class. January 1 , 1891,
there were eigteen teachers at the institute in Vilna and sixty-
nine pupils of whic four have left the institute before finishing
the course of studies, and height have been graduated, for the
maintaining of the institute 33,14r> roubles were assigned from
taxes received from Jews to this effect.
III. SEMINARIES AND SCHOOLS FOR TEACHERS
These educational institutions are established for the pur-
pose of preparing teachers for elementary schools, as the need
— 36 —
of such teachers is more and more felt in all the parts of
the Empire. These seminaries and schools consist of three
classes, each with yearly courses; the subjects taught are the
same as in the institutes for teachers, but in more narrow
limits. There is always an elementary school of one or two
classes adjoined to each seminary to furnish the practice of
teaching to students of the higher class and small workshops
for teaching trades. In some of these institutions, conforming
to local conditions pupils are taught rudiments of rural eco-
nomy and gardening. The maintaining of a seminary for teach-
ers with the elementary school adjoined to it costs about
17,000 roubles annually, but this cost is augmented accor-
ding to the number of elementary schools adjoined to the
seminaries; for instance the seminary of Kazan costs 38,400
roubles, that of Irkutsk 35.000 roubles.
January 1, 1891, there were 62 seminaries for teachers
with 89 elementary schools adjoined to them. Out of the 62
seminaries two are destined for preparing female teachers and
five schools for teachers of local nationalities namely: the school
of Simferopol for Tartars, that of Orenburg for Kirgizes,
those of Kazan and Simbirsk for Tartars and Tschuvaschs
and the school in Irkutsk for local pagan nationalities. At
the same period the number of teachers in these seminaries
amounted to 734. with 7,130 pupils, of which 800 left before
the end of the year and 1.424 were duly graduated. The
maintaining of all the seminaries together with the adjoined
elementary schools in 1890 cost 1,243,331 roubles.
IV. SPECIAL AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS.
1. The higher school of trade in Lodz.
This school was founded in 1869 and is conducted accord-
ing to the wants of the locality, where industrial pursuits
prevail. At the present moment it consists of six fundamental
classes and four parallel divisions; besides this, a Sunday
commercial school and a Sunday drawing-school are annexed.
37
- > i
For the maintainance of this instruction in 1890,
36.000 roubles were assigned. The personal staff, January 1,
1891, consisted of 20 persons with 397 students in the trade
school, and 125 in the Sunday commercial school and 51 in the
Sunday drawing-school. Fourteen students finished the course
of education in this school in 1890.
2. The Commercial school in Odessa.
The school is founded in 1861 and is maintained exclusively
by the merchants of Odessa. January 1, 1891. in all the six
classes of the school there were 497 students and of this
number 39 have finished the course of studies.
3. The Institute for deaf and dumb and for the blind in Warsaw.
This institute is the only one of the type under the ad-
ministration of the Ministry of Public Instruction as all sim-
ilar institutions of a benevolent character belong to the Empress
Mary Institution. For the maintainance of this school in 1892
a sum of 43,000 roubles was assigned. The educational staff
consisted of 29 persons; the number of pupils, boys and girls
were 200, 162 of those being deaf and dumb, and 38 blind.
4. The Alexander professional schools in Grodno.
The formal opening of this school took place in 1890
although the house for it was bought in 1880; and as yet
only a locksmith and carpenter workshops. January 1. 1891,
the educational corps consisted of five persons and twenty
six pupils, of which sixteen received stipends and ten were
externes.
5. The Commercial and Technical school in Moscow.
This school consisted im 1890 of seven classes, attended on
January 1, 1891, by 426 pupils out of which 35 have fin-
ished the course of studies.
— 38 —
6. The Professional school in Krasnoufimsk.
During 1890 this institution consisted of a six-class te-
chnical school and two four- class intermediate technical edu-
cational institutions, mines and rural economy; the sum of
roubles 68,000 was assigned during the year for the mainte-
nance of the school. January 1, 1891, there were 36 teachers,
including the director, the priest and an inspector of techni-
cal classes ; at the same time there were 203 pupils out of
which 115 in the classes of general education, and 88 in the
technical classes. To this school there is adjoined a rural Rus-
sian and Bashkirian school with three classes, attended by
fourteen teachers and sixty pupils.
7. Goubkin Technical School in Kungur.
This school was founded by the Actual Councillor of State
Goubkin, who offered 85,000 roubles for its establishment. At
first it consisted of six classes, at present only four. For the
maintenance of the institution in 1890 the sum of 32,000 roubles
was assigned. January 1, 1891, the corps was composed of 23
persons, including the honorable tutor, a director and a priest,
with 49 pupils, out of which 48 attended the mechanic- engi-
neering classes and one the carpenter shop. Three students
finished a complete course of studies.
8. The lower mechanic and technical school in Omsk.
This school founded in December 1882 consists of four
classes, is provided with board and lodging and has several
workshops, namely : carpentering, modelling, cast-iron foundry,
boot-maker and tailor shops. The corps, January 1, 1891,
was composed of twelve persons, including the director and
the priest. At the same time there were 67 students, of which
62 were boarders. Six students finished in 1890 the complete
course of studies.
— 35 —
ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION.
1. District and town schools.
The district schools founded in 1828 and since 1865 con-
sisting of two or three classes, do not at present fulfill the
requirements, as above mentioned ; these schools are therefore
undergoing a gradual transformation into town schools, con-
formingly to the statutes of May 31, 1872. Such town-schools
are opened according to the institution for teachers of the
Empire which prepares the necessary educational corps.
January 1, 1877, there still were 367 district schools
with 30,480 pupils and January 1, 1891 only 168 schools
with 12,830 students remained; of this number 1,027 finished
the complete course of learning. The educational corps
consisted at the same time of 1,027 persons All the ex-
penses for the maintenance of this sort of educational insti-
tutions amounted in 1890 to 523,000 roubles.
Town-schools are established with the purpose of giving
to pupils a complete elementary education. These institutions
can have from one to six classes, but the curriculum of
study as well as the time for passing the course remain
always the same; the course lasts six years. Each class is
attended by one teacher, assisted by one or several subteach-
ers, according to the number of pupils. The teacher is not
confined to one subject, as in the intermediate educational
institutions, but he teaches all the subjects included in the
curriculum of the respective class, except religion, gymnastics
and singing.
The curriculum of town schools includes: Religion, Russian
and Slavonic languages, Arithmetic, Rudiments of Geometry,
Russian, History, Geography, Natural History, Tracing, Draw-
ing, Singing and Gymnastics. Boys from ten to thirteen years of
age, after having followed without interruption the four year
course of a town-school have the right to enter the first class
— 40 —
of a gymnasium or professional school without preliminary
examination.
January 1, there were only 61 town-schools; of these 5 are
with four classes, 37 with three classes, 16 with two classes and
3 with one class only; they were attended hy 7,171 pupils.
January 1, 1891, the number of town schools grew to 407:
3 with six classes, 6 with five, 61 with four, 214 with three,
116 with two and 7 with one class. The corps of teachers
amounted to 2,693 persons and there were 51.120 pupils, of
which 3,199 finished the complete course of studies.
ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
The district municipalities, zeinstvo, town and village
municipalities and private persons have the right to found
elementary schools by approval of the local inspector of
public schools and that of the president of the district school
Council; the organization of the teaching is to be arranged
according to the advice of the school Council. In order to
avoid all misunderstanding which may result from the absence
of any restrictions, the Ministry of Public Instruction opens
standard rural schools of one or two classes and maintains
them by a subsidy of the locality. The curriculum of study
in such schools is obligatory to those pupils of other elemen-
tary public schools who wish to profit by the privileges of
the military service granted through education; thus the
elementary instruction is generally levelled and approaches more
and more the Ministerial program.
According to the law of June 4, 1875, in one district there
can not be more than one Ministerial standard school of two classes
and two of one class. These schools receive from the Ministry
yearly subsidies not exceeding 1,000 roubles for a two-class
school and 226 roubles for each one-class school. Besides this
contributions are given to village municipalities for building
houses for schools and for furniture and interior arrangements.
The teacher's salarv in not less than 330 roubles, the teacher
of religion, curate or deacon, receives 150 roubles in two-class
schools and 100 roubles in the one class schools. The assistant
teachers receive their salaries out of the special funds of the
school; a trade-professional class can be adjoined to the school,
the choice of trade depending wholly on the choice and sort
of occupation of the local inhabitants. The children of the
inhabitants of those villages, that participate in the expenses
for the maintaining of the school, can attend it free; besides
that if there is room other children can be received in the school,
but the}* must pay a fee not exceeding three roubles yearly.
Such educational institutions are established either for
boys or girls, but in case of necessity schools for children of
both sexes can be opened. The course of study in the two-
class schools continues five years and in the one-class schools,
three years. In these last the following subjects are taught:
Religion, Kussiau language, Arithmetic and Calligraphy. The
course of the two-class school includes besides the above-
mentioned subjects; geography, rudiments of natural history and
drawing. Moreover in both these schools singing is taught;
gymnastics and gardening are taught only in well provided
schools.
January 1, 1891, not including the Dorpat educational
district, the number of elementary schools under the adminis-
tration of the Ministry of Public Instruction was 24,515,
with 50.824 teachers and 1,684,458 pupils, of which 1,272,023
were boys and o(i2,435 were girls; 151,152 of them finished
the complete course of study. The Ministry of Public In-
struction spent on elementary schools in 1870 the sum of
14,436,000 roubles.
This list does not include Jewish elementary schools, the
number of which, January 1, 1891, exceeded 3,000 with 49,410
pupils. 38,527 boys and 10.883 girls; musulman schools are
not included either.
Lastly there exists a whole series of elementary schools, be-
longing to other Ministries, namely: parish church schools and
— 42 —
the schools for reading and writing under the ecclesiastical
administration.
One of the chief difficulties, that arise in the progress of
elementary instruction in Russia, consists in the considerable
distances between the villages belonging to the same muni-
cipality; this circumstance, especially in winter, has a very
unfavorable influence on the regularity of attendance. In
order to avoid this difficulty, board and lodging are being
arranged in some places and entrusted to the supervision of
the school teachers.
In fact there are many more obstacles against the intro-
duction of elementary instruction in Russia than anywhere
else; they consist chiefly in the great distances, in the climate,
in the too heavy school expenses and lastly in the deficiency
of teachers.
The state of public instruction flourishes best in the
town of St. Petersburg, where the municipalities cheer-
fully provide means and labor for the possible introduction
of elementary instruction among the people. Fifteen years ago
the number of children that frequented the sixteen elementary
schools of St. Petersburg amounted only to 899. In 1992 the
number was 140,000 pupils in 291 schools. The estimate assigned
for public instruction amounting to 613,000 roubles forms
7 per cent of the general town expenses. Moreover the town
spends considerable sums for the assistance of learned societies
and high courses for women.
PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.
The number of private educational institutions under the
administration of the Ministry of Public Instruction amounted to
121 of second grade 668 of third and 412 in 1890 to 1,226,
of which 20 schools were of first grade, schools were adjoined
to churches of foreign religions. Of this number 129 schools
are intended for boys, 285 for girls and 812 for both sexes;
— 43 —
January 1, 1891, there were 47,466 pupils 23,488 boys and
23,978 girls.
SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS.
THE IMPERIAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
The Imperial Academy of Sciences was founded in 1725
by an ukaz of the Emperor Peter the Great and was opened
in the following year. Its object, as defined by the founder,
is the following: 1) to assist in the diffusion of human
knowledge generally; 2) to further general education in Rus-
sia; 3) to adapt the new discoveries of science to the practi-
cal needs of the country. This establishment is subdivided into
three sections : physics and mathematics, Russian language
and literature, and history and philology.
On the 1st of January 1891 there were in all 40 acade-
micians (ordinary and extraordinary) and coadjutors. At this
time the library of the Academy consisted of 383,860 volumes.
Over and above this the following collections and museums
are attached to the Academy: 1) a zoological museum; 2) a
botanical museum containing over 100,000 specimens; 3) a mi-
neralogical museum consisting of about 70,000 different spe-
cimens; 4) a botanical laboratory; 5) the Asiatic museum of
the Academy of Sciences consisting of 24,245 books, manus-
cripts and other objects; 6) a museum of classical archeology;
7) a physiological laboratory ; 8) the Russian uumismatical
collection of the Academy of Sciences containing 109 gold,
6,405 silver and 9,000 brass and copper ancient Russian coins
and medals ; 9) a museum of ethnography and anthropology,
chiefly Russian; 10) a chemical laboratory and 11) a physical
laboratory.
Independent of this the Imperial Academy has the super-
vision of the following scientific institutions: 1) the Central
Physical Observatory in St-Petersburg; 2) the Magneto-mete-
orological Observatory in Pavlovsk; 3) the physical observa-
— 44 —
tory in Tiflis, 4) the Magneto-meteorological Observatories in
Ekaterinburg and Irkutsk; 5) the chemical laboratory in
St-Petersburg; 6) the printing office and type-foundry of the
Academy of Sciences.
II. THE MCOLAS OBSERVATORY I> PULKOVO.
Founded in 1838, the observatory aims chiefly to make
astronomical observations, to make improvements in practical
astronomy, to direct the activity of other Russian observa-
tories and to prepare astronomers, geodesians and astrophy-
sicians. The remarkable set of astronomical instruments con-
tains a refractor worthy of attention, of 30 inches diameter
lately constructed in America to order for the Russian go-
vernment. The rich library of the observatory received in 1891
an addition of 175 volumes and 116 treatise. For the main-
tainauce of the Observatory 61,000 roubles are assigned for
1893. The corps of this institution consists of 19 persons.
III. THE IMPERIAL PUBLIC LIBRARY.
The St-Petersburg Public Library was founded in 1810
and opened to the public in 1814. The Government allowed
85,382 roubles per annum for its support. Of everything that
is published in Russia, one copy must be presented to the
Library. January 1, 1893 the Library contained 80,593 ma-
nuscripts, authographs and deeds in various languages, 104,560
engravings and photographs, 14,085 maps and atlases,. 17,877
pieces of music,, 114,283 works in 1,415,982 volumes of
print. This includes 260,000 works in 311,000 volumes in
foreign languages: on Russia -- 46,587 works in 55,423 vo-
lumes, on Palestine -- 1,913 works in 2,160 volumes, on Ho-
race (editions and commentaries) 2,095 works in 2,321 volu-
mes, Elzevirs to the number of 2,361 works in 2,526 volu-
mes, Aldine editions to the number of 626 works in 694
volumes, incunabula to the number of 3,672 works and lastly
— 45 —
the <Voltaire Library > consisting of 3,318 works in 6,902
volumes.
In 1$92 the following additions were made: 31,305 works
in 35.101 volumes, 2,475 manuscripts and authographs, 963
engravings, 75 geographical maps, 1,104 musical pieces.
There were 108,511 readers, who applied for 142,122 works
in 206,980 volumes, 41,396 numbers of journals and news-
papers, and 1,247 manuscripts.
There were 2,214 visitors.
IV. THE MOSCOW PUBLIC MUSEUM OF ROUM1AMSOFF.
Founded in 1821 in St.-Petersburg by the Chancillor
Prince Roumiantsoff, this museum was transfered to Moscow
in 1861 and joined to the public library of that town. Later
on to these two institutions the Daschkoff ethnographical mu-
seum was annexed and at the present time the museum is
composed of the following divisions: 1) department of manus-
cripts and Slavonic old printed books, which in 1890 received
forty-three new numbers; 2) library augmented in the same
year by 846 volumes; 3) department of fine arts and classic
antiquities, consisting of a gallery of pictures, woodcuts and
a numismatical cabinet ; 4 ) department of prehistoric Chris-
tian and Russian antiquities; 5) the Daschkoff ethnographical
museum augmented in the same year by 172 donations and
six department of foreign ethnography. The maintainance of
the museum in 1890 cost 35.000 roubles. There were in that
year 1,534 pay and 35,830 free visitors.
V. THE CAUCASIAN MUSEUM AND THE TIFLIS PUBLIC LIBRARY.
On the initiative of Count Sollogub and thanks to the as-
sistance of Prince Yorontsoff the Caucasian Museum was foun-
ded in 1852 in Tiflis on the expense of the Imperial Russian
Geographical Society. This institution was further developed
by the aid of the Grand Duke Michael Nicolaevitch, when he
— 46 —
was Governor of the Caucasus. In 1869 the museum was uni-
ted to the Caucasian Public Library and received its present
name. Since that time this institution has been enlarged yearly,
partly at the expense of the Government and largely by sub-
scriptions of learned men and antiquarians. Up to the present
time one hundred thousand people visited the museum.
VI. THE PUBLIC LIBRARY AND MUSEUM IN VILNA.
For the maintainance of the public Library in Vilna foun-
ded in 1867 together with the museum of antiquities opened
by Count Tyschkievitch in 1855, 8,256 roubles were assigned.
The library received in 1890, 487 works in 972 volumes and
the museum received twenty-six new articles. There were
19,776 visitors in 1890 and in the reading-room 13,573 vo-
lumes were consulted.
VII. CENTRAL ARCHIVES OF ANTIQUE DEED BOOKS IN VILNA AND
KIEV.
These two depositories of archives aim to gather and make
antique documents easily accessible to Government offices and
private persons, until the foundation of this institution in 1852
these documents were scattered all over the western and south
western provinces of Russia in courts and other district public
offices.
Of this institution there are five official employes. The
following fact gives an idea of the quantity of material gath-
ered : when some Government offices wanted inquiries to be
made in the archives, the staff was obliged to look through
29 deed books of different courts containing 36,098 sheets.
The whole number of deeds deposited in these archives num-
bers over 5,000,000.
In the Kiev archives, smaller than those of Vilna, there
were on the January 1, 1891 : 5,885 deed books, 454,980
separate documents and about 65,000 ancient deeds.
— 47 —
VIII. THE VILNA COMMISSION FOR EXAMINING AND EDITING
ANCIENT DEEDS.
Founded in 1862 and conducted under the Act of Novem-
ber 12, 1876, this Committee is organized to examine and
publish such of the ancient documents, deposited in Yilna or
in other towns of north- western provinces, as present a real
interest in the historical sense of the word. The staft' of
the Committee consists of a president and four members; the
maintainance of this Committee cost 9,136 roubles in 1890.
On the two hundredth anniversary of the Peter the
Great's birthday, May 30, 1872 yearly premiums of the
name of this great historical personality were founded; two
of these premiums ammount to 2,000 roubles each and two
are af 500 roubles. These premiums are delivered to the best
compilers of school books for gymnasiums, professional
schools, elementary schools and lastly books for the people, to
this list are added later on books on technical and profes-
sional subjects. The works are presented by their authors to
the Scientific Committee of the Ministry of Public Instruction
in manuscripts or printed, the Committee appoints several
special commissions for the critic of these works and on the
basis of the verdicts of these commission the Scientific Commit-
tee adjudicates the premiums with the confirmation of the
Minister of Public Instruction.
SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES.
On January 1, 1891 there were in the Ministry of Public
Instruction 59 scientific societies. Out of this number twenty
have for object of their scientific labours natural history,
physics or chemistry, 14 are given to history and archeology,
18 to fine arts and literature, 8 to classical philology, peda-
gogy and national instruction.
Here is the list of subsidies, paid in 1892 to under follow-
ing societies.
- 48 —
1) The Imperial Society of studying Nature, in Moscow
4,857 roubles.
2) The St.-Petersburg Mineralogical Society 2,857 roubles.
3) The Imperial Russian Archeological Society 5.000 rbls.
4) The Moscow Society of History and Antiquities 5.000
roubles.
5) Society of History and antiquities of New Russia Pro-
vinces in Odessa 2,500 roubles.
6) The Fine Arts Warsaw Society 1,650 roubles.
7) The Russian Entomological Society 3,000 roubles.
Societies of students in Natural History at the universi-
ties of: 8) St-Petersburg, 9) Moscow, 10) Kazan, 11} Khar-
kov, 12) Odessa, 13) Kiev, 14) Dorpat 15.500 roubles.
15) The Imperial Russian Historical Society 8,000 roubles.
16) The Imperial Moscovite Archeological Society 5,000 rbls.
17) The Historical Society of the Chronologist Nestor in
Kiev 800 roubles.
To this is adjoined a list of premiums founded by the
scientific Society and institutions.
The staff of the Administration at the Ministry of Public
Instruction.
The Minister, Secretary of State, Member of the Imperial
Council. Senator, Honourable Patron, Actual Privy Councillor
Count John Davidovitch Dielanoff.
The Assistant Minister, High Master of the Court, Se-
nator, Honourable Patron Prince Michael Siergieievitch Vol-
konski.
The director of the Department of Public Instruction,
Privy Councillor Nicolas Milievitch Anitchkoff.
President of the Scientific Committee of the Ministry of
Public Instruction, Member of the Board of Ministers Privy
Councillor Alexander Ivanovitch Georgievski.
The President of the Archeological Commission. Member
of the Imperial Council, Ordinary Academician, Actual Privy
Councillor Anathasis Theodorovitch Bijtchkoff.
— 49 —
The Director of the Imperial Public Library the same.
The President of the Imperial Academy of Sciences His
Imperial Highness the Grand Duke Constantin Constantiuovitch.
Patrons of educational districts :
St. -Petersburg. Privy Councillor Michael Nicolaevitch Ka-
pastine.
Moscow. Privy Councillor Count Paul Alexieievitch Kap-
nist.
Kazan. Actual Councillor of State Nicolai Gavrilovitch
Potapoff.
Orenburg. Privy Councillor John Jacovlevitch Rostovtseff.
Kharkov. Privy Councillor Nicolai Paulovitch Vorontsoff-
Viliaminoff.
Odessa district. Privy Councillor Chrizanth Petrovitch
Solskii.
Kiev. Privy Councillor Vladimir Vladimirovitch Viliaminoff-
Zernoff.
Vilua. Privy Councillor Nicolai Alexandrovitch Siergievskii.
Warsaw. Privy Councillor Alexander Lvovitch Apuchtine.
Dorpat. Privy Councillor Nicolai Alexieievitch Lavrovskii.
Caucasus. Privy Councillor Cycil Petrovitch Jansovskii.
Western Syberia district. Privy Councillor Vasily Marko-
vitch Florinskii.
APPENDICES.
ESTABLISHMENTS BELONGING TO OTHER MINIS-
TRIES.
I. The Educational Institutions in the department of the Most
Holy Synod.
The greatest number of schools in Russia depend on the Board of Public
Instruction and next on the most Holy Synod.
The latter deals with the ecclesiastical academies, ecclesiastical seminaries,
ecclesiastical schools for boys and girls, schools of missionaries and the parish
church schools.
I. The Orthodox Ecclesiastical Academies are in :
St-Petersburg — students 256
Moscow > 215
Kieff > 173
Kazan » . . 146
790
II . Fifty five ecclesiastical seminaries— one in each diocese— with the num-
ber of 1000 teachers and 16,000 pupils.
III. Ecclesiastical schools — 185. Teachers — 2,000; scholars nearly 30,000.
IV. Diocesan girls' schools 50. The number of pupils amounts to 11,000.
Note. Excepting the diocesan girls' schools, kept up by the means of
each diocese, the department of the Orthodox religion has 12 schools for
girls of ecclesiastical state, amounting nearly to 2,000 pupils in all.
Those schools are patronized by Her I. M. The Empress of Russia and
maintained by the Most Holy Synod.
V . One hundred and eighty schools of missionary in the eastern governments
of Russia with 5,800 pupils and 90 of such schools in the Siberian dis-
tricts containing 2,200 pupils.
4*
— 52 —
VI. In order to propagate elementary science amidst the people and to
establish them in the faith and Christian morality, 21,684 parish church
schools were organized, for 625,000 children both boys and girls.
Thus every year 700,000 boys and girls get their education in the schools
of the Most Holy Synod.
II. The Ministry of the Imperial Court.
The Academy of Fine Arts in St-Petersburg — 426.
School for painting, drawing, sculpture and architecture in Moscow.
The Imperial Chapel of Singers in St-Petersburg.
Two Theatrical Schools (St-Petersburg and Moscow) — 290.
The Technical school at the Imperial Factory for cutting into facets.
Nine Elementary Schools maintained by the Department of Appanages.
Elementary Schools at the Factories and mines in the Altai Mountain
districts.
Schools at the Imperial Stables.
m. The Ministry for Foreign Affairs.
A section for the study of Oriental languages at the Asiatic Department.
IV. The Ministry of Finance. n. of
pupils.
The Stroganoif Central School for Technical Drawing in Moscow . . . 865
The Peter School of St-Petersburg Merchants' Society 506
The Alexandrow .Commercial School in Moscow 615
The Moscow Practical Academy for Commercial Science 433
The Trade School of the Tsessarewitch Nicholas 329
The Empress Maria Alexandrowna girls' school for handiwork .... 310
The St-Petersburg Central School of Baron Schtiglitz for Technical
Drawing 775
INSTITUTIONS OF THE IMPERIAL RUSSIAN TECHNICAL SOCIETY.
Three special schools in St-Petersburg.
Ten evening schools for workmen.
The Ligov school for workwomen.
Four schools for young workers of both sexes.
Twelve elementary schools for children- workers.
Handiwork classes for women at the Poutilov school. Number of pupils . 2,351
Total 6,184
— 53 --
V. The Educational Institutions of the "War-Department.
I. Military Academies: ,,upi°i».
1) The Nicholas Academy of the Staff Office 300
with a section for the study of oriental languages .... 18
2) The Nicholas Academy of Engineering 93
3) The Michael Academy of Artillery 65
4) The Military Academy of Law 85
5) The medical and surgical Academy 750
II. Military Schools.
1) The Nicholas School of Cavalry 244
2) » » » of Engineering 158
3) The Michael School of Artillery 189
4) The Paul Military School (College) 411
5) The Constantin Military School (College) 407
6) The Alexandrow » > > 391
7) The Corps of Pages of H. I. M. with elementary classes. . . 216
8) The Military-Pedagogical Seminary in Moscow 120
9) Military classes for setting boundaries in Tiflis 93
III. 21 Corps of Cadets 7,896
IV. 5 Military schools (elementary) 1,112
V . Military schools for the children of the soldiers in the Guards :
in Reval and at the powder-mill in Ochta (St-Petersburg)
VI. The Admiralty. „. Of
pupils.
I. The Nicholas Naval Academy 20
The Officers' Class of Miners 20
The Class for Miners-Mechanicians
The Officers' Artillery Class 20
The Naval Light Company for teaching
The divers' school
II. The Admiralty Technical School 80
The Naval Corps of Cadets 320
III. Special schools for sailors at Cronsladt, Nicolaev and Vladivostok.
VII. The Educational Institutions of the Home Department.
n. of
pupils.
I. The Institute of Civil Engineers in St-Petersburg 300
II. The Imperial Roman-Catholic Ecclesiastical Academy 64
III. Thirteen Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Seminaries 1,094
IV. The Imperial Russian Musical Society of the Home Department
1) Two Conservatories in St-Petersburg and Moscow.
54
2) Eighteen music-schools and different music classes in the provin-
cial towns.
3) Seventy four music schools and colleges.
V. Assistant-surgeon schools maintained by the country states.
Vin. The Educational Institutions of the Ministry of Justice.
I. The Imperial school of Law. This school is a privileged College for
the study of law. It has elementary classes. The number of pupils
amounted in the year 1892 to 345.
II. The Constantin Institute for setting boundaries (surveying).
This school is to afford well instructed land-surveyors for state and
private purposes. It is to have but 300 pupils every year.
III. Five boundary- schools in Pskow, Penza, Koursk, Oufa, and Tiflis. They
have about 300 pupils yearly.
IX. The Educational Institutions of the Ministry of Domains.
I.
SCHOOLS OF AGBICULTUKE. n- "f
pupils.
The Peter Academy of Rural Economy in Moscow 924
Seven schools of Agriculture in different Governments of Russia . . . 1,122
Thirty one elementary schools of Rural Economy 1,150
Three horticultural schools of the Crown 126
Six farming schools 93
Five schools for different specialties in Agriculture and Rural Economy. 156
II.
THE MINING SCHOOLS.
The Institute for the science of mining 270
The Ural Mining school 60
The cLissichance> school for Head-Miners 107
The Mining school of Mr S. Poliakov 29
The Dombrov Mining School 88
Total 4,125
X. The Educational Institutions of the Ministry of Roads of
Communication. n- °f
pupils.
I. The Institute of Roads of Communication of the Emperor Ale-
xander 1. That Institute is established for the special purpose of
affording highly instructed engineers for railroad and port. . . . 300
— 55 -
II. 28 Technical Railroad-engineering schools 1,716
III . The Conductors' school in Vishnij-Volotshok 77
IV. The school for the science of fluvial communication in Nijnii-
Novgorod 112
Total 2,205
XI. The Department of the Empress Maria.
I.
IN ST.-PETERSBURG. "• °f
pupils.
The Imperial Alexander Lyceum 200
The Educational Society for young ladies 407
Alexandrer school 311
The school of St-Catharine's Order 328
The Patriotic Institute for young ladies, with a preliminary class . . . 214
Elisabeth School 193
Paul Institute 283
Nicolas Orphan Asylum (Institute) 501
Division for Children 126
The Class for Teachers in the French Language 19
The Nicolas girls' school • 59
The Orphan Asylum at Gatchina 649
The Commercial School , 448
The School for the deaf-mute (with Asylum) 171
Eight girls' Gymnasium , . . 2,806
Pedagogical College (High Courses) 240
The Progymnasium at the above-named College 199
The Gymnasium in Gatchina 105
> > > Zarskoe-Sjelo 129
The First Marian Girls' School 88
> Second > » > 50
Fifteen Schools of the Patriotic Society of Women 2,626
Two schools for daughters of the soldiers of the Guard-Regiment J& 1 . 50
The same of the Guard Regiment Jte 2 60
The Evangelical Alexander School 50
The School at the Card-Factory 42
The School for the Clerks at the Hospital of the Church of cAll Dis-
tressed* 25
The School for poor girls at Pavlovsk 36
The Demidov Professional School 152
— 56 —
THE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF TH£ IMPERIAL ORPHAN-HOUSE.
The Girls' School "^ . . . . 45
The School for Nurses 20
The School for Women-Surgeon-Assistants 8
The Marian Seminary for Teachers at Pawlowsk 42
100 Village-Schools in various districts 2,532
II.
IN Moscow.
The School of St-Catharine's Order 356
The Alexander School 208
Tbe Elisabeth School 219
The Nicolas Orphan Institute 113
Consisting of a Division for Children 268
The Nicholas girls' school 113
The Commercial School 560
5 Girls' Gymnasiums 1,608
16 Schools of the Charitable Societies of the year 1837 848
The Marian College for young ladies 285
The Alexandro-Marian School for ladies 263
The School of the Prince of Olldenburg 115
The School for Horticulture at the Russian Horticultural-Society ... 50
The Surgeon- Assistants' School 119
41 Village Schools in various Districts • . . . . 1,702
III.
a) Institutions for young Ladies (in Governments) :
In Charkow, Odessa, Kazan, Kieff, Bjelostok, Warsaw, Districts beyond
the Caucasus, Tambov, Poltava, Nijni-Novgorod, Rostov at the
Don, Saratov, Eastern Siberia, Kertch, Orenburg and Orel .... 3,171
6) Gymnasiums:
In Astrachan, Vilna, Vitebsk, Grodno, Gitomir, Kamenetz-Podolsk,
Kieff, Kovno, Minsk, Mogilev, Riazan, Saratoff and Simbirsk. . . 5,214
c) The Boarding School of the Countess Levashoff 96
The Marian girls' school at Vishni-Volotchok 56
The Marian girls' school at Tobolsk 126
The Educational Institutions of the Empress Maria Alexandrovna for
the Blind.
Such Institutions are in:
St-Petersburg, Kieff, Reval, Kazan, Kostroma, Charkoff, Odessa and
Voroneje
— 57 —
The Educational Institution of Paul Orloff for children of the poor in
Narva ............................ 33
The Kuban Marian School for girls in Katherinodar ......... 199
The School for Sailors' children in Nicolaeff ............. 135
The Gogoev School for Armenian .young ladies in Nachitchevan ... 58
The Soulimov Boarding School for young ladies of the Nobility in
Kieff ............................. 26
The Girls' Handiwork School of Mr L. Besack in Kieff. ....... 49
The Trade-School in Kieff ..................... 63
Total ...... 30,712
58
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APPENDIX III.
CATALOGUE
of Articles sent to the World's Columbian Exposition at
Chicago by the Ministry of Public Instruction at Russia.
I.
The Ministry of Public Instruction of Russia at the World's
Columbian Exposition at Chicago.
A detailed report on the state and activity of the Ministry in recent
years with a brief summary of the schools under other Ministries and Admi-
nistrations.
II.
•
Reports on Educational District and Schools.
In this section are given reports on the general administration of the
educational part as well as information about special types of schools.
The detailed report on the state of the Caucasian educational district
in 1891 contains all data concerning the administration of the district, together
with information of the progress of education in comparison with former years.
The reports on the St.-Petersburg and Novorossisk Universities give some idea
of the state of Russian Universities. Moreover here are added several reports
on intermediate schools.
III.
Classic Flans and Prospectus.
The exhibitors of this section desire to represent hereby the assignment
of school duties and studies in the higher and intermediate schools lectures sche-
dule herewith of the St.-Petersburg University will give an idea of the course
of study of Russian Universities in general. The prospectuses of boys' and
girls' gymnasiums and progymnasiums as well as the various classic plans of
the technical schools and schools of trade may be found instructive.
- 62 —
IV.
Samples of schools-books used in the intermediate and lower
schools of the Ministry of Public Instruction.
A collection containing 381 volumes selected from the standard school-
books in all subjects of the primitive and intermediate education, namely:
Religion, Knowledge of reading and writing and Literature, Mathematics,
Physics, Natural History, Grammar of modern and ancient languages, Russian
and General History. Most of these editions are approved by the Scientific
Committee of the Ministry of Public Instruction.
V.
Works of Professors of Universities and of other schools.
This section contains forty eight works of professors and docents of the
several Russian Universities. These articles cover the general branches of
human knowledge, namely: Philosophy, History, Archeology, Philology, Law,
Political Economy aud science of Finance, Higher Mathematics, Physics. Che-
mistry and Mechanics. Moreover this section contains a brochure by Senator
D. Rovinsky, entitled t Rembrandt Collection of engraving — copies from the
pictures of Rembrandt and their explanation^
VI.
Works and Collections of Students in various branches of
education.
Among other things are found:
1) Pencil-drawing by boys of public schools in the government of Toula.
2) Works in calligraphy and drawing by boys of the third and fourth
classes of the Moscow citizen schools.
3) A collection in dendrology of the Akhaltsisk town school.
4) Herbarium of the Kutai'ss town school.
5) Herbarium of the Alexander Teachers' Institute.
6) Mineralogical collections of the Ekaterinoslav professional school
containing a collection of Alpine plants of the Central Caucasus. The collection is
made by Mr. Akinfiev between Elbruss and Casbeck, in the region of perpetual
snow of the principal chain of the Caucasian Mountains, from 8000 to 12000
feet above the sea.
VII.
Photographs and Albums of Schools.
The section contains various albums representing views of the school-
buildings as well as photographs of the interior life in gymnasiums. Moreover,
the albums of the Tiflis and Kutai'ss gymnasiums, as well as a group of stu-
dents of the Kungur professional schools, represent types of the various local
population.
— 63 —
VIII.
Editions of Schools and of Educational Societies.
The works represented in this section and edited by the Imperial Aca-
demy of Sciences, the Imperial Russian Archeological Society, the Archeographic
Commission of Public Instruction and the Imperial Public Library will show
the activity of the higher schools in Russia.
The Imperial Academy of Sciences exhibits:
1 copy. Memoires VII, Serie T. XXXVII.
1 d° Bulletin d. 1'Academie Nouvelle, Serie II XXX.IV.
1 d° Scientific results of the voyages of N. M. Pszevalsky,
Vols. I 1 - 4. II 1 - 2; III II 1 - 3.
1 d° Radlov. Kudatku Billik, an ungurian manuscript.
1 d° Transcription.
1 d° Records of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. Vol. LXVIII.
1 d° Pleske. Ornithographia Rossica II 1 — 5.
1 d° Repertorium fur Meteorologie. Bd. XV 1892.
1 d° Schrenck's Reisen. Ill 1 — 2.
1 d° Radlov. The works of the Orkhon Expedition. A. Map.
1 d° Radlov. Collection of works of the Orkhon Expedition I.
Preliminary Report.
1 d° Dictionary of the Russian language from A to V.
1 d° Materials for the history of the Imperial Academy of
Sciences. Two volumes.
1 d° Works of Lomonossov. One volume.
1 d° Works of Derzhavine. Nine volumes.
1 d° Detailed index of Russian engraved portraits. Fourvolumes.
1 d° Russian popular pictures by D. Rovinsky. Five volumes.
The Imperial Russian Archeological Society exhibits:
The Antiquities of the Russian Empire. The Kiev-Sophia Cathedral > and
the fourth volume of the Records of the Eastern Section of the Society.
The Archeographic Commission of the Ministry of Public Instruction the
following:
Chronicles according to the manuscript of Lawrence.
Chronicles according to the manuscript of Ipathius.
Chronicles of Novgorod according to the Synod parchments.
Chronicles of Novgorod, second and third volumes.
Tale of consecutive years according to the manuscript of Lawrence.
Tale of consecutive years according to the manucript of Ipathius.
Chronicles of Novgorod according to the Synod parchments and edited
by means of phototype.
Russian Historical Library, Vol. I — XII.
Documents explaining the history of the West - Russian region.
Voyages of abbot Daniel in the Holy Land in the beginning of the
XII century.
— 64 —
Voyage of the Archbishop of Novgorod, Anthony, in Tsargrad in the
end of the Xil century.
Medallions of Count Tolstoi.
Plan of Siberia in 1701.
Brief chronicles of Siberia.
The Imperial Public Library exibits:
Two volumes of <Letters and documents of Emperor Peter the Great>
and the «Evangelists» by Ostrooiirov.
Pamphlets of the Commission of Public lectures containing simple con-
versations with the people concerning the History of the country, legends and
tales from old times as well as subjects of every day life. Moreover the section
contains reports of scientific societies, belonging to the Universities.
IX.
Maps, Flans and Designs.
1) A comparative map showing the progress of the higher and interme-
diate schools of the Ministry of Public Instruction from 1855 to 1892.
2) Map of military schools.
3) Maps showing the state of church parish schools of the Holy Synod.
4) Map showing the plans of these schools.
5) Map of schools of the Caucasian educational district with graphic
tables showing the number of students.
6) Plans of various schools.
X.
Lay-figure representing a student in uniform of the University, Accor-
ding to the regulations of the Imperial Russian Universities of 1884, this uni-
form must be worn by the students of all Universities.
LA
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