Ruttan's ventilation and warming; or, How to make home healthy. Air, light, food, drink

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RUTTAN'S

VENTILATION

AND

IV A RM1 NG ;

OR,

How to Make Home Healthy.
AIR, LIGHT, FOOD, DRINK,

By H. M.,

ALL ORDERS FOR VENTILATORS TO BE SENT TO E. AND C. GURNEY,

FOUNDERS, TORONTO OR HAMILTON, OR TO

H. J. RUTTAN, COBOURG.

PETERBOROUGH, Ont.

Printed by R. Romaine, Review Steam Printing Office.
1870.

ADAPTED EXCLUSIVELY BY THE

GRAND TRUNK

FOR HEATING STATIONS.

W tnt'xUtttin.

CHAPTER I.

In these days every school-boy knows something about Ventilation.
He knows, for instance, that people must have a large and constant
supply of fresh air, if they would preserve health and life; — he knows
that the breath of man is the most deadly poison — that ''collected in
a jar it will kill mice, and accumulated in a room, it will kill men !"
And if he have the misfortune to gather knowledge, not from a tree
in a garden, but from the desk of a close school room, he has a
practical experience of the pursuit of knowledge under difficulties,
and soon finds, without reading about the Black Hole of Calcutta, that
mind and body are both suffering for want of fresh air. If our school
boy is a fisherman and catches "shiners" to bait for bass, he has
probably often seen his bait turn on their backs in his pail of water?
and after a little choking, quietly expire ; and he knows the cause,
viz : want of air, — that in the water is exhausted, and he has not put
fresh water in to supply its place.

Were a modern ball-room or dwelling air-tight, the inhabitants
would soon share the fate of the "shiners;" but luckily for them,
neither carpenter nor mason work has reached that point of
perfection, so they are only slightly suffocated and poisoned, and soon
come to life in the fresh air. Doubtless many will exclaim
against this. The entranced Augustus will repudiate with scorn the
idea that when Angelina reposed on his arm in a polka and whispered
that she loved him everlastingly, it was only poisoned air rendered
sonorous by the action of a laryn, tongue, teeth, palate and lips. —
"What folly !" the old fogies will say, "to insinuate that breath is
hurtful — just as if nature did not know when she made man a social
animal, whether breathing each other's breaths, would prove
injurious." Nevertheless both old and young will, immediately after
expressing contempt for ventilation, complain of the closeness of the
room, or steamer, or railway car, and rush to the door for relief.

But notwithstanding the ignorance and unbelief of a great portion
of the world, scientific men are still busily engaged in devising ways

^rswQ

and means to protect man by means of physical and mechanical
ventilation, from being poisoned by his fellow man. We have now
all sorts of ingenious contrivances under the second system, — fanners,
forcing pumps, sucking pumps, screws and other contrivances, too
numerous to mention. In 1663, H. Schmitz published the scheme of
a great fanner, which, descending through the ceiling, moved to and
fro, pendulum wise, within a mighty slit. The movement of the
fanner was established by means of clockwork, more simple than
compact : it occupied a complete chamber over head, and was set in
noisy motion by a heavy weight. The weight ran slowly down,
pulling its rope till it reached the parlour floor. As for the screws
they are admirable on account of the startling results sometimes
produced. Not many years ago a couple of fine screws were adapted
to a public building, one to screw the air in and the other to screw it
out, — but horror of horrors, both screws blew down with a gust of
contempt upon the airy projector. Of the fanners it is not worth while
speaking ; they answer admirably for cooling the air in India, where
a servant can be kept to move one in each room ; and Mr. Baruy's
monster fanners, moved by steam, cool the air for the British House
of Commons at an expense of over half a million dollars. But as for
ventilation — that is circulating fresh air — they are perfectly useless.
So far, then, as mechanical ventilation adapted to buildings is
concerned, it may be pronounced a failure.

But Physical Ventilation— that which imitates the process of
nature, and whose chief agent is heat, has at length established itself
as a great success. In nature it is said — the Sun is the lord-high
ventilator. He rarefies the air in one place by his heat, elsewhere
permits cold and lets the air be dense ; the thin or warmed air rises
and the dense air rushes to supply its place, so we have endless winds
and currents, Nature's ventilating works. Of course, a common
fire-place with a quarter of a cord of wood, or a hundred weight of
coal, is a good imitation of the Sujis system — the fire makes an
ascending current, and the cold air rushes from the doors and windows
to the chimney, as from surrounding countries to the burning deserts,
as the draughts about the legs, necks, and backs prove to the most
sceptical. While one side is being toasted, the other side is being
frozen, so that a man has to revolve as on a spit, in order to let each
side have its proper quantity of heat and cold. The old settlers have
a superstition that so soon as they build a new house and move into it
they are sure to die. This has a good deal the appearance of being
the rule. But the reason is, not that a supernal power envies their
new abode, but that they themselves are the authors of their own

misfortunes. For instance, an old couple have been in the habit all
their lives of living in a log house, with walls, windows and doors not
over tight and a dutch lire-place, which when in full blast would
almost carry one of the youngsters out at the chimney top. In other
words — they live in the midst of a most splendid system of ventila-
tion, and as a consequence enjoy the most robust health. From this
they move to a new house with no fire place whatever and no open
flues. Here they sit themselves down by cooking or parlor stoves,
and half stupified by the foul and overheated air, dream of long
years of happiness. Soon, however, the blood becomes less and less
pure and disease sets in to obtain an easy victory !

How differently all this might be managed ; how easily such a
misfortune might be remedied. With open flues or tire places in
each room, and a ventilating stove in the hall connected by a pipe
with the air without, not only would there be no draught, but every
room in the house would be kept at the same temperature by a
constant stream of warmed, not heated air, which would be changed
and replaced by fresh air every four or five minutes during the day.
uYes, yes," a venerable old lady will say, "1 suppose I might have
''all this at the expense of a hole or flue as you call it in every room,
"but you don't catch me spoiling the appearance of my rooms for the
"sake of ventilation !" It is in vain to tell such people that a house
with open flues in every room can be built at the same expense as a
house with no flue at all— the real objection is the hole in the wall —
however neatly it may be disguised by ornamental registers or fans-
The best of the joke is that the same parties who object to flues or
fire places, will stick the walls full of windows. They will have
something nice to look at no matter how filthy and unhealthy the
air food which they are inhaling to cleanse the blood !

Thanks to modern architects, if we go to church -we can dose
through the most delightful sermons. If we go to balls or concerts
or public meetings, we can pant after fresh air, and come home with
head-aches, inflammations, and incipient consumptions. Long may
they believe that lungs are wind instruments of brass ; and let us
hope that when they do get a ventilating rit they will prefer strange
machines, pumping, screwing, steaming apparatus, to the simple
pure air of heaven, which requires but a pipe and a ventilating stove
to set it floating day and night through all our dwellings.

The celebrated Humbolt, who died the other day, considerably
over ninety years of age, attributed the good health he enjoyed to
his love of fresh air. He tells us that in one of his travels on

t>

ship-board, a sailor was reduced by fever to the last gasp, and at his
earnest request was taken on deck to die. But strange to say he no
sooner felt the cool air than he began to revive, and he eventually
perfectly recovered.

Those then who exclude the fresh air from their lungs, take the
first important step towards ruining their constitutions. The more
they sit in close rooms over that wholesale destroyer the box-stove,
the more tender they become and the more they crave cloaks, coats,
wrappers, comforters, India rubbers, and all the other blessings of
this life. "Look!" they exclaim, " at the progress of Man. Who
ever sawT a Lion in cork soles, or with a sore throat ? Can the Tiger
mount his great coat when he goes out to a social party ? Does an
Eagle soar with an umbrella over his head to keep off the sun or
rain?" Man alone, comprehends these luxuries ; and it is when he is
least healthy that he loves them best.

But sitting by stove heat in an unventilated room is nothing to
sleeping in a close bedroom. Whoever travels a good deal is often
shown to a room with a chimney indeed, but closed with a fire board,
so that there is no possibility of the foul air escaping during the
night. There is not even a stove pipe hole into the chimney, which
the landlord, with a praisworthy care for the health of his guests, has
not stopped either with tin, cloth, or wood. There is a lock on the
door so that you may shut in all the foul air, and keep it in. If you
happen to be a man of note, you are probably shown to the best room
that contains a suffocating machine called a curtained bed. So it is
not enough to have diluted foul air, it must be condensed as close as
possible round your person. This may be called the Poison
Vapour Bath, and is enjoyed in the greatest perfection in a feather
bed. The feathers prevent the transpiration through the skin, and
most effectually smother the flesh. But then lying on feathers is a
sign of gentle breeding. An ancient writer tells us how a king's wife
found out whether her lady guest was a real born princess. She
placed three peas in the young lady's bed, and over these fifteen
feather beds. In the morning the young lady complained that she
had been prevented sleeping by the lumps under her sheets. So you
see blood will tell. Next to the close stove room, the unventilated
bed room and feather bed are the most ingenious contrivances for the
destruction of human life, and to complete the business many
people cover their heads with night caps, or stick them under the
bed clothes till they are obliged to put out their noses to prevent
actual suffocation !

If I were to treat in scientific terms upon the properties of air, I
might be as unfortunate as the young Cambridge student who was
airing his wisdom at a dinner party. He was most eloquent upon
heat and cold, radiation, rarefaction, polar and equatorial currents,
&c. ; when he had brought his discourse to an end, he turned round
upon a grave Professor of his college, saying, "And what, sir, do you
believe to be the cause of wind?" The learned man replied, "Pea-
soup, pea-soup !" So I shall avoid as much as possible, scientific or
uncommon terms, and content myself with describing to you in a
plain way, some of the commonest properties of air.

Air is composed of two simple elements, and one compound
element in very small proportions. About 80 parts in an 100 of the
air, is composed of a kind of air or gas called nitrogen, a simple
element and apparently of no use except to dilute the oxygen, the
name of the other simple element, a gas or air composing about 20
parts in an 100 of the atmosphere. The compound element is also
a gas called carbonic acid, and forms about one. part in 2000 of pure
air. It is compounded of oxygen and carbon, a simple element or
substance which composes the greater part of coal and gives to it it*
chief characteristics.

The air cells of the lungs are filled upon the principle that
gravition causes air to rush into any cavity. These are situated on
either side of the chest, and communicate with the air through the
windpipe and nose, or mouth. Three evident effects are produced
upon the blood in the lungs by the action of air. Its color is changed
from a purple to a bright red, its temperature is raised, and it is
diminished in quantity. Doubtless other effects are produced, but
about these there is no dispute. The degree of effect produced,
depends upon the quantity and quality of air to the action of which
the blood has been subjected in the lungs.

The composition of the air has been already stated ; but after it
leaves the lungs it is very different ; instead of 20 parts in an 100 it
contains but 16 of oxygen, and contains nearly 4 parts of carbonic
acid. It is very full of moisture as may be seen by breathing upon
glass. Its proportion of nitrogen has not changed in an appreciable
degree. If a person apply his mouth to the mouth of a bell-glass
bottle or decanter, the bottom of which is wanting or has a hole
broken in it, and then push the bottle a short distance into a pail of
water, he can draw all the air in the bottle into his lungs, from which
he can breathe the air back into the bottle. This must be so held in
the water that it shall follow up into the bottle as the air is drawn

8

out, and when the bottle is again filled with air, it must be held quite
steady, with the mouth yet applied to it and the bottom yet in the
water. In the meantime let a match be lighted, and when it is
burning well, remove the mouth and drop the bottle about an inch
into the water, and thrust the match into the mouth of the bottle,
when, if the experiment have been well managed, the match will
instantly go out. Showing that the air is so changed in the lungs
that a match will not burn in it. If any one requires practical proof
of the unhealthiness of air after it has been once breathed, let him
inhale the air from another person's nose or mouth, or step from the
cool fresh air of morning into a crowded unventilated railway car
which has travelled all night. t

Then, as the air coming from the lungs is not suitable to be
received again, and as a large quantity is used in a very little time, it
follows that all rooms should be perfectly ventilated, by having
communication with the Grand reservoir — the atmosphere surrounding
the earth. This should evidently be more carefully attended to
during the night than during the day, as then the opening and
shutting of doors, and the fires in cold weather, will tend to purify
and change the air in a room. Experiment and accident have proved
that carbonic acid breathed out from the lungs is so very poisonous
that 10 per cent will destroy the life of animals, and many human
beings have lost their lives by going into wells, tombs and other places
where it existed. The burning of most articles produces a great deal
of it, coal a vast quantity when burning, and a pan of coals placed in
a chamber has produced so much as to destroy life. If a grate do not
draw, the gas is likely to pass into the room without, any smoke, a
great cause of headaches, &c. Doctor T. S. Lambert above quoted,
says; "In regard to pure air, the old adage seems true, 'nothing cost,
nothing worth.' If air could be monopolized and sold by the gallon,
its value would soon be appreciated. He continues — ' A healthy state
of the body generally, with active exercise of all parts of the body,
but particularly the muscles of inspiration and expiration, and
ventilated apartments, are the chief things which conduce to the
perfect action of the air and blood upon each other in the lungs.
And as it has been seen that one of the chief, if not the chief duty of
the lungs, is to produce heat, it follows that if a person would be warm
he must preserve his general health, take exercise, and breathe pure
air ! Hence it is to be inferred, that a person will sleep warmer the
coldest night in winter, with his apartment ventilated, which cannot
be done perfectly except there be communication with out doors. —
Especially during the night will a person be kept warmer and be in

9

less danger of taking cold, if a sleeping apartment be ventilated, not
in such a manner that a draught of air shall come upon the person,
but at the same time perfectly."

Thus we see that pure air acting on the blood produces health,
and foul air disease and death. But our object is not to write an
essay on air, but on the means of bringing it into our dwellings and
Railway cars.

We have said that mechanical ventilation as applied to houses, is
a failure. Not so mechanical ventilation as applied to Railway Cars,
as those of our readers who have travelled in Ruttan's ventilated
cars on all the leading roads of the west, can testify. There we see
that by means of a ventilating cap on the top of the car, a continuous
stream of air, purified in summer by passing over a large shallow
tank of water, is furnished to the inmates of the car. The same
quantity of air is also supplied in winter, but warmed by means of a
simple but most efficient ventilating stove. No matter how much
dust there is outside, not a particle comes into the car, because it is
deposited in the water tank underneath. And no matter how much
filthy tobacco is spit or blown out of the mouths of the passengers,
or how diseased their lungs or throats may be, the strong downward
current of air carries off the perfume without compelling their fellow
passengers to swallow it. Indeed, so perfect is the working of
Ruttan's system in summer that the passengers enjoy the benefit of
steamboat, with the rapidity of railway travelling. His motto is
" pure air and plenty of it."

As regards Ruttan's mode of ventilating houses, we have not
space to describe it, but we may say that he puts lungs into the
building. That day and night, in summer and winter, there is a
stream of fresh air, pouring through every room in the house. Of
course it is warmed in winter by passing through a ventilating stove
— or a ventilator as Mr. Ruttan delights to call it. This is the kind of
ventilation which we denominate physical, because it imitates the
action of nature. As the heat of the desert draws the cold air from
surrounding countries, so the ventilating stove attracts to it the cold
air from outside the house or the railway car, and this warmed air
expels the cold air and takes its place.

But as praising any particular system of ventilation may offend
some hot-water or hot-air architect, we will leave this particular
branch of our subject at present, and devote a few pages to
considering other causes of ill health than the want of fresh air.

10

CHAPTER II.

Travel where we will, whether on railways or steamers, enter
what society we may, we find nine-tenths of our fellow mortals
suffering from ill-health. Why is this ? Because from the cradle to
the grave we set the laws of health at defiance !

No sooner is the blessed baby born than the watchful nurse crams
down its throat a dose of physic, and fastens its first dress with
innumerable pins. What the calomel and honey, or castor oil, is
unable to effect inside, a sly prick effects outside, and the troubles of
the little "pale face" begin. Ten to one that the doctor is sent for
and other doses are rapidly administered, some preparations of
laudanum probably, when the little sufferer is put into a cradle and
by active rocking sent to sleep by producing giddiness, giddiness
being a disturbance of the blood's usual way of circulation. Perhaps
when the dress is changed, the establishment of the raw will be
discovered. But the nurse has learned one thing in the mean time,
viz : that preparations of laudanum save a world of trouble, and that
giddiness if it does not produce healthy sleep, at all events, produces
quiet ! The next torture the poor child undergoes is to be awakened
out of its sound sleep to have some food. Nature of course does not
know how often the infant ought to be fed, (although she would feed
it every four hours,) so she is to be taught a lesson. After the food,
the child is to be put to sleep again, either by the rocking chair, the
cradle or some of Mrs. WinslovSs soothing syrup.

Well you have the baby at advantage — so pitch into it while you
can. Vary its pleasures by alternately suckling and physicing it,
attempt no regularity in nursing, keep its stomach in a perpetual
ferment, and you lay the foundation of a dyspeptic constitution and
a miserable life.

In weaning a child, most people are guided by their pleasure or
their convenience, they will not allow nature to have a hand in the
business at all, but will wean either before the first teeth are cut, or
after they have arrived at the biting point. Then instead of weaning
gradually, they wean all at once, by means of bitter aloes or some
other drug.

Most houses are so constructed that no fit room is retained for a
nursery. Indeed, in most cases, a common unventilated bed-room

11

is the only convenience for the nurse and three or four or more
children. In this room there is perhaps one window, which is kept
carefully closed and stuffed all winter, so as to keep out draughts ;
If there be a chimney, it is of course closed with a board, and the
door is shut to keep in the noise. Here the poor delicate things
grow up like stalks of celery, white and tender, and by the same
process — the exclusion of light and air. Then, as if the mother really
wished to decrease the population, they are sent out to walk in thin
upper dresses and bare legs. How would mamma and. papa like to
be treated in the same way ? Would they not find it rather cool
comfort to imitate their first parents in this climate ? and yet
their children are of the same flesh and blood as themselves!
This exposure of children is one. reason of the great increase of
consumption, and should be discountenanced by every thinking
parent.

Children should sleep, eat, and exercise regularly ; let them not
be tempted to do one or the other out of the regular course. On no
pretence whatever let them ''piece" the day through. The stomach
requires three or four hours to digest a meal, expects a moderate
routine of tasks, and between each task looks for a little period of
rest. Yet how little are these requirements heeded. Cakes and
sweetmeats of alluring shape and color, with other palatable messes,
are invariably added to the diet of our children, and are mostly
given between meals. In this way the stomach, if not actually
poisoned by colored candies, is kept in a constant state of irritation
the child becomes pale and sickly, and the triumph over nature is
complete ! Let a man place himself in the position of a child ; let
him awake some fine morning with a dose of castor oil going down his
throat ; let him then be washed and swathed in a dress which shall
be stuck full of pins, one or two of which are thrust half an inch or
so into his flesh, let him then swallow a dose of laudanum, and on
the top of that be rocked to the verge of apoplexy in a cradle. After
he has been asleep for a couple of hours from sheer exhaustion,
let him be awakened by a pickled herring being thrust into his
mouth, and see how he would like it !

But supposing, contrary to probability, that the child becomes a
man, let us see what he does to renovate his constitution. Ten to
one he has been manufactured on the forcing system, into a merchant
or a professional man, and has taken up his abode in some densely
populated quarter, in order to be near his office. Nature intended
him to be broad chested and straight backed, but thanks to early

12

training and confinement he is narrow chested and stoops forward,
the shoulder blades projecting like the wings of a bird. What his
wife and daughter have accomplished through the agency of stays, he
has accomplished through study and want of exercise. He don't see
why his own lungs and the lungs of his wife and daughter should have
room to play. He never played himself and don't believe in it.
True his wife and daughter admired the English cricketers last fall,
and wished perhaps with Desdemona, "that Heaven had made them
such a man" as one of these. Doubtless they thought them a
superior race, never considering that fresh air and exercise might
have conferred the same boon upon the husband and the brother.
It is unfortunate that the lungs have any work to do, but they have
and rather important work too, it being no less than to put the
breath of life into the blood which they are unable to do properly
when cramped for space. By this compression of the chest, men as
well as women are rendered nervous and incapable of much exertion
and fall an easy prey to the Doctor and the Sexton.

The ladies, however, do not allow us to suppose that they have
lost flesh. There is a fiction of attire which would induce in a
speculative critic the belief that American women have caused wha
should be in their waists, to bulge up some inches higher before,
and some inches lower behind. But on application to a female doctor
or milliner it will be found a groundless theory, for these prompters
behind the scenes, do not hesitate to assert that the ladies are the
same all the way down. We have hinted at our gentleman's
occupation, let us now see what is his recreation ! Does he go to the
gymnasium, or the cricket field ? Nay, does he even play ten pins or
base ball ? No, none of these things move him, but about ten o'olock
at night he goes out with his wife and daughter to spend the evening.
Thinly clad and packed in a close carriage they arrive at their hosts,
jump out on the cold pavement, in thin boots and shoes and run
shivering into the house. Instead of keeping from the fire, as all
chilled people should, they rush up to a red hot stove in a dressing
room, from whence they descend to drink a cup or two of some hot
liquid called tea or coffee. From thence they enter the dancing
room, where, from want of ventilation, the upper sash of the window
has been let down, or the lower sash raised — "it is so very hot."
Here a nice country nose will at once detect the nasty foul air, tho'
it is mixed with eau-de-cologne. Now the gentleman cuddles some
lady, and the ladies are cuddled by some gentlemen, and they spin
around the room like teetotums. Presently they take an ice — then a
spasm, then another dance, then a walk on the verandah "it is so very

13

hot" — then a glass of wine, then another ice — then maccaroons, then
supper. Sandwich, turkey, patties, champagne, blancmange, bonbon,
champagne sherry, tipsey cake, brandy cherries, wine jelly,
maccaroon trifle, mottoes, custard, &c, &c, &c. In conclusion,
perhaps some old fashioned person proposes the health of the host
and hostess. Certainly, why not ! But the demon or rather Daimon,
genius, or evil spirit of Dyspepsia, grins horribly, and mutters, yes,
yes, all your very bad healths ! At 5 a.m., with stomachs full of
indigestion, splitting headaches, and glassy or inflamed eyes, our
company return home and go to bed.

But it is not in the house alone that ladies strive to thwart nature.
To keep their faces pale and have them

"Sicklied o'er with the pale hue of thought,"

it is not sufficient that they pull down the blinds. They must when
they go out for exercise ! save the mark ! — put a veil between their
countenances and the sun, and carry on high a great shield named a
paaasol, to ward off his rays. They know better than to let the old
god kiss them into color as he does the peaches. No, they will
remain green fruit to the end of the chapter, and do all in their
power to eradicate what little of the rose their folly has left. They
prefer being like the lilies, "which toil not, neither do they spin,
yet I say unto you that Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like
one of these !" Do these fair, frail creatures ever read ! If they do,
have they not seen that in times of pestilence, death, who loves the
dark, strikes three victims on the shady side of the street, for one on
the sunny side ? Did they ever see a house shielded from light and
heat by trees, that was a healthy abode for man or beast? Never.
Yet they will persist in keeping their blinds down for fear of
faded curtains or carpets, whilst they themselves moulder into early
graves.

We don't know which is the greater benefactor, T. C. Keefer,
who gives us pure water in abundance out of all sorts of impossible
places, or Ruttan, who gives us air. One thing is certain, that if
these two reformers, the one with his fresh air the other with his
fresh water, are allowed to go on much longer, they will compel us
to be more healthy in spite of ourselves. Will not some other
sanitary reformer arise and give us "light in our dwellings." There
is quite as much difference in the healthfulness of artificial and
natural light, as, there is between the two luminaries in size and
brilliancy. The light which comes down from the sky, not only eats
no air out of our mouths, but it comes charged with mysterious and

14

subtle principles which have a purifying, vivifying power. It is a
powerful ally of health, and we make war against it. But artificial
light contains no such blessings. When the gas streams through half
a dozen jets into your unventilated room, and burns and there gives
light ; when your candles become shorter and shorter till they are
burnt out, — Do you know what happens ? Nothing in nature ceases to
exist. Your camphene has left the lamp, but it has not vanished out
of being. Nor has it been converted into light. Light is a visible
action ; and candles are no more converted into light when they are
burning, than breath is converted into speech when you are talking.
The breath having produced speech, mixes with the atmosphere ; gas,
camphene, coal oil, and candles, having produced light, do the same.
If you saw fifty wax lights shrink to their sockets during the past week
in an unventilated ball room, yet, though invisible, they had not left
you 5 for their elements were in the room and you were breathing
them ! Their light had been a sign that they were combining
chemically with the air ; in so combining they were changed, but they
became a poison ! Every artificial light is, of necessity, a little
workshop for the conversion of gas, oil, spirit or candle into respirable
poison, You will therefore see that the more we have of such a
process, the more need we have of ventilation. While upon the
subject of light, we may mention that the best plan for weakening
the eyes and necessitating the use of glasses, is to read or work by a
fluctuating light. By fluctuating light is meant a candle that requires
snuffing, or a lamp that requires turning up. The joke of them
consists in this : they begin with giving you sufficient light, but as the
wick grows, the radiance lessens, and your eye gradually accommodates
itself to the decrease ; suddenly they are snuffed, and your eye
leaps back to its original adjustment, then begins another slide and
another leap back, and in course of time, lamenting the premature
approach of old age, you invest in a pair of spectacles."

But enough of digression. Water, water, is in every one's mouth
— just where it ought to be when a man is thirsty 5 it rains from
Heaven, it leaps out of the earth, it rolls about the land in rivers, it
accumulates in lakes, three-fourths of the surface of the globe is
water, yet there are men unable to be clean. In a great city water,
we are told, "is the maid of all work," has to assist our manufactures,
to supply daily our sauce-pans and tea-kettles, cleanse our clothes,
our persons, and our houses, provide baths, and flood away the daily
refuse of the people. A man to be healthy ought to use at least
a barrel of water daily, in washing bathing and drinking. Rome,
in her pride, used to supply water at the rate of more than 300

15

gallons daily to each citizen — that was excess. People in small towns
have less chance of obtaining the luxury than those in large towns,
because they cannot afford water works. They must therefore be
content with enough to cook, enough to drink, and enough to wet
the corner of a towel. As for bathing, that seems to be out of the
question in a country abounding in water : hence one half the
dyspepsia of those who, if they washed themselves, would enjoy good
health.

Let us go back a thousand years, and look at the Persian
aqueducts, attributed to Noah's great grandson, — at Carthegenians,
Etruscans, Mexicans, — at what Rome did, and acknowledge that man,
in an unripe and half civilized condition, understood that the art of
health and comfort was very intimately connected with plenty of
fresh water. Look at the savage wherever you meet him, and you
will find him a cold water man. Perhaps it is because the savage
washes himself so constantly, that civilized people run into the other
extreme. One would think that we were all philosophers of the
Platonic school and deemed the body not worth a thought ! True,
the temperance men have come to the rescue, so far as regards
internal arrangements, but whoever heard them advocating an
outside application ! According to their ideas, a man, like a steam-
boat, should draw so many feet of water, and we suppose, have it duly
registered on the stern. By the way. is it not a wonder that they
never thought of electing Mahomet to the office of Grand Patriarch,
when his fundamental principles were "cleanliness and temperance/'
Well, there is this, at least, to be said in favor of temperance
societies — they do not pass the bottle. They don't ask their friends
to taste another bottle of that old port, made of doctored
elderberry, or try a little more of that sugar of lead and gooseberry,
with a body of rhubarb, under the name of champagne. The ordinary
manufacture of choice wine for the people requires the following
ingredients : for the original fluid, cider, or common cape, raisin,
grape, parsnip, or elder wine ; a wine made of rhubarb for champagne,
to these may be added water. A fit stock having been chosen,
strength, color, and flavor may be grafted on it. LTse is made of
these materials : for color, burnt sugar, logwood, cochineal, red
sanders wood or elder berries, plain spirit or brandy for strength.
For nutty flavor, bitter almonds ; for fruitness, dentzic spruce ; for
fulness or smoothness, honey ; for port wine flavor, tincture of the
seeds of raisins ; for bouquet, orris root or ambergris ; for roughness
or dryness, alum, oak sawdust, rhatany or kino.

16

Of good wine, health requires none, though it will tolerate a
little. If we take a glass or two of the pure thing, we may expect a
little indigestion. But if the wine is bad. no one can tell to what
disorders it may not give rise. As for brandy, whiskey, gin, and
other compounds made from corn, they are eminently destructive to
life. But as none of our readers drink such villainous compounds, it
is not worth while enlarging upon them. As, however, a large
number of people drink what is said to be wine, we here insert the
test of Professor Hahnemann, the great chemist of Germany.

HOW TO DETECT ADULTERATED WINE.

One drachm of dry liver of sulphur — two drachms cream of
tartar — to be shaken together in two ounces of distilled water, till it be
completely saturated with hepatic gas ; the liquor is then filtered
through blotting paper, and kept in a closely stopped phial. From
16 to 20 drops of this are dropped into a small glass filled with wine.
If the wine turn only thick, with white clouds, and deposit only a
white sediment, we may be certain that it contains no metallic
ingredients whatever; but if it turn black or even muddy, if its
color approach to that of a dark red, if it have first a sweet and then
an astringent taste, it is certainly impregnated with sugar of lead, or
some other impregnation of that metal equally destructive. If,
however the dark color be of a blue cast, not unlike that of pale ink,
we may expect the wine to contain iron in its composition. Lastly,
if the wine be impregnated with copper or verdigris, it will deposit a
sediment of a blackish grey color. This experiment ought to be
made with a fresh prepared test (which any druggist will put up) in
the open air.

As for the makers and vendors of spirits and bad wines, it is
impossible to characterize their conduct as it deserves. The night
before his death King Richard III. was visited by the ghosts of those
whom he had murdered. What a dreadful visitation it would be if a
maker or vendor of spirits were visited on his death bed by the
ghosts of all those whom he had been the means of sending to
premature graves ! Doubtless he would feel about as comfortable as
did the Mexican noble, of whom Bede tells us that on his death
bed a ghost exhibited a scrap of paper upon which his good deeds
were written — then the door opened, and an interminable file of
ghosts brought in a mile or two of scroll, whereon his misdeeds were
all registered, and made him read them ! Fathers killed, mothers
broken hearted, children brought up in sin and beggary, would

17

make up a very pleasant sight for a man, who, in a few hours would
be called upon to give an account before his judge ! Would not the
cries of "justice ! — justice, upon the murderer !" boom up from
the lowest pit of perdition, and drown the poor wretch's cries for
mercy !

But it is not our province to argue out the moral of the cold water
question. Our task is merely to place it in a sanitary point before
our readers, and to urge upon them as they value health and length
of days to use the great renovator daily both outwardly and inwardly.
If people must get drunk, let them use strong tea ; it is the most
harmless intoxicating liquid known. Some people say that its use is
natural. Leibig says it supplies a constituent of bile. There is no
doubt that its popularity arises from its harmless intoxicating
properties. But few people, whether women or men, who do not
like to made cheerful harmlessly, and whatever sustains cheerful-
ness produces health. We know very many old ladies, and some
young ones too, who keep up the steam from morning till night,
and to such an excess that a doctor would pronounce them under
the effects of liquor. But we don't know that it does much harm
except making them nervous and talkative. Tea should not however,
be drunk hot, but warm. Hot liquids of any kind weaken the
stomach and consequently injure digestion. Tea has another
advantage over wine, beer, &c, it intoxicates without making fat,
and invariably produces jollity ! For proof of the latter assertion
we refer the reader, if he be married, to a Dorcas, or any other sew-
ing bee, where ladies love to congregate. Their idea of Eden is a
huge tea garden, where the plant is gathered, untaxed by Mr. Hincks.
But what of milk ? Is it deserving of no place amongst our drink-
ables ? Certainly, It is the food as well as drink of infants. The
infant's appetite is all for milk. Not the city milk made up of
chalk, the brains of sheep, oxen and cows, flour, starch, treacle,
whiting, sugar of lead, arnatto, size, &c. ; (see Mr. Rugg. of London,
and Frank Leslie of New York) but good wholesome milk from the
country, or from your own cows in town.

18

CHAPTER III.
FOOD.

We have said above that "an infant's appetite is all for milk" ;
but art suggests a few additions to that lamentably simple diet. Take
up a newspaper and turn to the quack advertisements and you will
find a precious list of infant messes, the most conspicious of which are
arrow-root, tapioca, sago and starch. These are the preparations
which the advertisements tell us, compel nature to be orderly and be-
have herself.

There is a division of food into two great classes, Professor Croft
tells us, nourishment and fuel. Nourishment is said to exist chiefly
in animal flesh and blood, and in vegetable compounds which exactly
correspond thereto, called vegetable, fibrine, albumen, and cascine.
Fuel exists in whatever contains much carbon : fat and starchy vege-
tables, potatoes, gum, sugar, alcoholic liquors. If a person take more
nourishment than he wants, it is said t^ be wasted 5 if he take more
fuel than he wants, part of it is wasted, and part of it the body stacks
away as fat. The correct diet of a healthy man is eight parts of fuel
food to one of nourishment. This preserves equilibrium, and suits
therefore, an adult ; the child, which has to become bigger as it lives,
has use for an excess of nourishment. And so Dr. R. D. Thompson
gives this table. It has been often copied — the proportion of nourish-
ing food is in —

Nourishment.

Milk — (food for a growing animal) . . 1 to 2

Beans 1 to 2£

Oatmeal 1 to 5

Barley 1 to 7

Wheat Flour — (food for an animal at rest) 1 to 8

Potatoes 1 to 9

Kice 1 to 10

Turnips 1 to 11

Arrow-root, Tapioca, Sago 1 to 26

Starch 1 to 40

Now, how absurd to give infants farinaceous food ; arrow-root,
tapioca, and the like ; when we give only one part of nourishment in
26. Such diet is like putting leeches on a child, making it flabby and
bloodless. A child, up to its seventh year, should be allowed nothing

19

beyond bread, milk, water, sugar, light-meat, broth without fat,
and fresh meat for its dinner when it is old enough to bite it, with a
little well cooked vegetable, and in the season a very little of the
ripest fruit. Oatmeal and milk, made into porridge, is the best food
for breakfast. Under no circumstances should a child ever have beer,
for not only does it give an appetite for intoxicating liquors, but there
is not an ounce of meat in half a barrel of the trash made here. As
for comfits, cake, wine, pastry and nuts, they are food for neither man
nor beast. Yet when a mother wants her child to be " good" she
tempts it with all of these things, and ultimately art secures an ascend,
ancy over nature, giving new desires and vitiated cravings. In time
children come to eat garbage as young women eat chalk and. coals, not
because it is their nature to do so, but because it is a symptom of dis-
ordered function. If your children like plain sugar or treacle, let
them have it with their porridge, it does not hurt their teeth. Look
at the gentlemen and ladies of color down south ! Have they not got
teeth of the soundest and whitest. Mr. Kichardson tells us of tribes
among the Arabs of Sahara, whose beautiful teeth he lauds, that they
are in the habit of keeping about them a stick of sugar in a leathern
case, which they bring out from time to time for a suck, as we bring
out the snuff box for a pinch. Plain sugar we repeat, is good for teeth
and stomach, in moderation ; but sugar mixed with plaster paris, or
chalk, or verdigris, or any other mess, should be kept out of sight and
hearing.

As for children of a larger growth, who dine in the modern fashion,
all we can say is — they deserve to be dyspeptic. Just think of it — first
comes a rich peppered soup almost boiling hot ; then fish made indiges-
tible by melted butter, and sprinkled with more cayenne ; next meat
with all kinds of rich sauces and gravies ; next wine, next beer, next pie
crust and the indescribable productions of a second course ; next celery,
cheese and ale, next wine, oranges and almonds, and lastly olives and
more wine — and they have dined! In other words, they have digged with
their teeth another shovelful out of their graves. The hotel that gives
the greatest variety for dinner, with the richest cooking, is sure to carry
the day. But a sort of retribution always overtakes these asylums
for dyspeptics — not one ever appears to succeed, and a rich tavern
keeper, we allude to fashionable ones, is about as great a curiosity
as a rich miller or lumberman. As for plain mutton or beef, with
salt and an appetite, who ever hears of such dishes except amongst
healthy country farmers, and mechanics ?

There is one and only one way to render even healthy food bene-
ficial, and that is by exercise ! Muscular development is by all
3*

20

means to be encouraged, and the more it is exercised, the more it
increases. That it is natural no one can doubt who has watched
children at their play. They run, they jump, turn heels over head
and cut up all sorts of capers, a la Blondin ; because nature demands
that while the body grows it should be freely worked in all its parts,
in order that it may develope into a frame work, vigorous and well
proportioned. Don't then, for gracious sake, pin a child down in
broad cloth, and subject it to the laws of quiet politeness. Let nature
have her way, and your children will be high spirited, handsome
and intelligent, and when you send them to school, let the boys and
girls go to school together. Oh, my, how very improper ! some lady
will exclaim. Yes, my dear madame, very improper. Nature does
some very improper things ; for instance, she allows boys and girls
to be born in the same family, whereas, if she had the slightest
sense of propriety she would only permit one sex to each establish-
ment. Unless you bring up your boys and girls together they will
look upon each other as little monsters, and be timid, bashful and
awkward in each others society. The English women are celebrated
the world over, for their magnificent forms and healthy complexions.
These are acquired by constant exercise in girlhood, either at the gym-
nasium, or in walking, running, skipping or dancing. No fine sense of
propriety keeps them in doors, making sickly wall flowers of them-
selves, but nature is allowed to have her way, and she rewards her dis-
ciples with all the graces at her command.

How, dear reader, do you suppose the wife of one of our most hon-
orable citizens, in Toronto, obtained her fine graceful form, and charm-
ing complexion ? Do you think it was by riding in a carriage perpetu-
ally, or by walking with her hands pinned to her sides or folded
before her, as if she had not a particle of energy. Do you suppose
she has spent her girlhood in stitching Ottomans with worsted birds,
or knitting purses for an expected lover ? No. She has been brought
up, like most English girls, in the open air, with plenty of exercise on
foot and on horseback, and although she has plenty of carriages and
horses at command, you see her walking with her husband along
King Street, as if she really enjoyed it. She is, without knowing it,
the best sanitary reformer in town, for her example is sure to be
followed, and will be attended with the best results.

" But you are off your food !" No, we are not. You are supposed
to have dined, and we have been telling you how to digest your
dinner. And now, dear reader, farewell , A good digestion wait on

APPETITE, AND HEALTH ON BOTH."

Toronto, February, 1860.

21

P. S. — Those who follow the rules of health above written, will
never be troubled by sickness, but as they may have to visit those
who follow no rules but their own appetites, we will communicate a
few hints for their guidance.

When you enter a house where a friend lies ill, don't put on a
face as long as your arm and condole by anticipating evil. While
there is life there is hope. Put on, then, a cheerful countenance,
and endeavour to raise the spirits of the family. Your bright looks
and cheerful conversation will be transmitted through other faces to
the sick chamber, and lighten the pains of the invalid. If you enter
the sick man's presence, go to him like a ray of sunshine — not like
silent thunder. If the room is dark, throw open the blinds, and if
the weather be not too cold, the window also. True, by this means
you may cheat the doctor out of a fee, and perhaps the undertaker
also : never mind them, but remember your duty to your friend. Of
all things don't sigh or mope, or do anything to depress his spirits,
give him cheerful words and gentle laughter, let him have sunshine
inwardly as well as outwardly, and he will find it the most nutritious
food he could possibly take. If it is summer time carry him fresh
flowers, and after moving the medicine bottles out of sight and smell,
put the flowers in their place. Let him have something pleasanter
than a lot of powders or phials, to feast his weary eyes upon. Let no
slop or mess of any kind, stand for one moment in the room, but see
that it is "tidied up" every few minutes, and kept cool, light and
comfortable. Let the patient have two beds, one for the day and one
for the night, and have the sheets and pillow cases frequently changed.
Next to fresh air there is nothing like a fresh wholesome bed. Don't
be afraid of your friend catching cold in consequence of all this
freshness, there is no danger of that. If you talk of religion don't
dose your friend with horrors. Don't tell him he is d — d forever, but
rather dwell upon the loving kindness of the Lord,— how he pitieth us
as a father pitieth his children, and chastiseth us only for our good.
If you want to fortify yourself with arguments read Plato on the
immortality of the soul, and deliver your views in a cheerful
conversational manner like Socrates. Don't preach at him or to him,
and don't frighten him unless you want to kill him. Should your
friend die do not keep the body several days in the house. It is not
your friend that lies there, but the earthy part of him ; his soul has
gone, let us hope, to a better world, and is now only too glad that it
has escaped from its prison. Above all things, if there is a cemetery
anywhere within a dozen miles, don't bury your dead in the crowded
graveyard of a town or city, Take the body where it can do no mor©

22

harm in this world, and do not let it be converted into pestilential
gases to poison your fellow citizens. Don't fancy that because your
friend's body is buried in a cemetery, it will be ploughed up and
turned into rotation crops, or that he will be disinterred in the form
of wheat, carrots or potatoes !

Finally, let those who want to make their homes healthy, read,
mark, learn, and digest the following testimonials in favour of a
system of ventilation, whiph is now rapidly travelling from the Atlantic
to the Pacific, and is destined ultimately to spread over the whole
continent of America : —

23

TESTIMONIALS.

Ruttan's Ventilating Stoves. — Health, Comfort
and Economy.

These may certify that the Board of School Trustees for the
City of Toronto put up December, 1867, in their new School House,
on Elizabeth Street, four of Ruttan's Air Warming or Ventilating
Stoves, say one in each School Room. These stoves were in regular
use, during school hours, until fires were discontinued, about the
beginning of the month of May; and they have given full
satisfaction in every respect. Although the weather was severe and
prolonged, the Ruttan Stoves kept the School Rooms comfortably
warm, while the ventilation at the same time was thoroughly good.
These Stoves are also very economical in fuel, as is proved by the
fact that, the four in question, consumed only two and a half cords of
wood each, during the above mentioned period of time.

[Signed.] W. W. OGDEN, M. D.

G. A. BARBER, Chairman Committee,

Secretary, B. S, T. School Buildings.

Address. — H. J, Ruttan, Architect for the Ventilation of Buildings,
Railway Cars and Ships.

Cobouvg, September 15th, 1868.

From the Peterborough "Review"

In a rigorous climate like that of Canada the domestic comfort of
all, rich as well as poor, depends not a little on the way in which our
houses are warmed ; in fact, the luxury of proper warmth exceeds
both elegance and grandeur. Certainly the most complete method
yet invented is the Ruttan. The inventor, Hon. II. Ruttan, of
Cobourg, has been more or less engaged in working out his theory
for the last twenty years ; he has a thorough understanding of what
is called pneumatics, and the laws of heat, and has brought thit.
knowledge to the construction of his process of heating houses,
churches and public balls. The principle of the theory, shortly
expressed, is, a duct through which cold and pure air comes from
without, passes into and is heated by the stove, and apertures within
the building to allow the exhausted atmosphere to escape, are
arranged through the fire place board, or otherwise. We have been
using the No. 2 size in our house for some time, and it is giving
unqualified satisfaction. Not only does it greatly economize the
fuel, and keep equally heated the whole house, up-stairs and down,
but by it there is a fresh supply of pure warmed air ever circulating
throughout the house.

24

As a process of ventilation it is an admirable application of natural
science. We notice that many of the railways in the United States
as well as public buildings there, and in Canada, have adopted the
Ruttan air warming plan. For all those who are building homes, we
are quite convinced that this method would abundantly repay its
possessor both in comfort, economy and a means of health. The
patentee much prefers that ah ouse be constructed in view of using
his air warmer, though, as in our case, it answered perfectly by merely
making a few holes in the fire place boards.

R. ROMAINE,
Proprietor of the Peterborough "Review."

Normal, McLean Co., 111., May 28th., 1867.
Hon. Henry Ruttan.

Dear Sir : — We the undersigned, have during the past winter
observed with great care the working of your plan of Warming and
Ventilating of houses, as exhibited in the residence of B. R. Hawley
of this place, and we are convinced that it is more perfect than
anything of the kind extant, and indeed we believe your system of
Ventilation the only perfect plan ever yet discovered, and we earnestly
recommend it to the attention of all, and especially to those who
have charge of the building of school-houses, churches, and all public
buildings. — No man, or set of men, should build any kind of building,
designed for the use of human beings, without adopting your
system : —

Joseph A. Sewall, Prof, of Natural Science in the State Normal
University at Normal, 111. ; Richard Edwards, President of State N. ■
University at Normal, 111. ■ Thomas Matcalf, Prof, of Math., Normal,
111. ; Edwin C. Hewitt, Prof. History and Geography at Normall, 111. ;
William L. Pillsbury, Principal of High School, Normal., 111. ; J. H.
Bull, Physician, Normal, 111. ; G. R. Woolsey, Physician, Normal, 111. :
Emaline Dryer, Preceptress and Teacher of Grammar, Normal
University, Norma), 111. ; Edith T. Johnson, Principal of Primary
School, Normal University, Normal, 111. ; Wm. H. Bradly, Architect,
Normal, 111. ; Geo. Dietrich, Normal ; Stephen Pillsbury, Normal ; C.
G. Bradshaw, Pastor of M. E. Church, Normal, 111. ; L. A, Hovey,
Normal, 111.; E. Barber, Bloomington: McCann Dillon,. Physician,
Bloomington ; W. ri. Daniels, Pastor of Congregational Church, Nor-
mal ; W. H. Parnell, Normal.

From. Prof. Watson, Professor of Astronomy and Director
of the Observatory, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Observatory, Ann Arbor, Feb. 9, 1866.

My Dear Sir : — A few weeks since I visited Albion in this State,

and had the pleasure to witness the operation of your system of

Warming and Ventilation, as carried out in the residence of S. V.

Irwin, Esq. The exhaustion of the foul air was most complete, and

25

the rooms were evenly warmed ; and Mr. Irwin assured me that dur-
ing the extreme cold weather which preceded my visit, the appar-
atus worked to the entire satisfaction of all the members of his
family.

When we consider, in addition to mere warming of the air in the
room, the ventilation which is so essential to health and comfort,
your system is unrivalled. The large volume of air, moderately
warmed, which is thrown into the room, obviates the objection to hot
air furnaces as ordinarily used, while the system of ventilation which
you introduce makes your system, in my judgment, vastly superior to
the modes of warming buildings by steam or hot water.
Very truly yours,

JAMES C. WATSON,
Prof, of Astronomy and Director of the Observatory.
Hon. H. Ruttan, Oobourg, C. W.

From Dr. Haven, Michigan University.

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Jan. 19, 1867.
Hon. H. Ruttan, Cobourg, 0. W.

My Dear Sir : — Having had good opportunity of seeing your system
of ventilating public buildings and residences in all seasons of the
year, and of warming them in winter, thoroughly tested, it gives me
pleasure to testify that it is altogether the most satisfactory with which
I am acquainted. It needs but to be carefully examined to be ad-
mired. The ventilation is perfect, and the warming, I think, fully
equal to any other system. It has been tried two or three years in
the Law Building of the University of Michigan, with universal satis-
faction. I commend it to all who are about to erect buildings, or who
desire to provide for the ventilation and warming of buildings already
erected.

Very truly yours,

E. 0. HAVEN,
President of the University of Michigan.

P. S. — Pardon me for delaying so long to write. I thought you
intended to write to me, but perhaps was mistaken. Will you please
acknowledge the receipt of this.

Yours truly. E. 0. H.

From Prof. Wood, Professor of Engineering, Michigan
University.

Ann Arbor, Michigan. Feb. 12, .1866.
Mr. H. Ruttan,

Sir :— The occasion of our visit to Mr. Irwin's house was too pleasant
and profitable to be easily forgotten. You have laid me under great
4

26

obligations to you in furnishing me with the opportunity of seeing
your system of ventilation as applied to buildings, in full operation :
and I therefore wish to report to you my impression of the system.

The great point in thorough ventilation is — not its importance —
for that is admitted by all well-informed persons — but, how shall it be
secured. I am acquainted with several systems of ventilation, but it
appears to me that yours is the most scientific of those within my
knowledge.

The ventilation of Mr. Irwin" s house seems to be a complete suc-
cess. I was highly pleased with the arrangements, and with the
practical working. I shall have no hesitancy in recommending the
system when the conditions of its successful working — such as, the
large shaft ; the free circulation under the floor ; the perforated base ;
and a large supply of air to the Air-warmer — are fully complied with.

It must be gratifying to you to be assured that you are in posses-
sion of a principle which can be applied with ease under a great
variety of circumstances. Tiie same general principle enables you to
ventilate rail-road cars, residences and public halls.

In view of the importance of the subject, and your success in
applying it, you may well be considered a public benefactor.

Yours truly,

DeFOLSON WOOD,
Professor Civil Engineering, University of Michigan.

Samuel V. Irwin, President National Exchange Bank,
Michigan, Albion.

Albion, Michigan, June 19, 1866.
Hon. Henry Ruttan,

Dear Sir .-—Yours of the 25th ult. is before me. It should have
had attention before this, but press of business and absence from
home has prevented. I shall be happy to give you such testimonial as
you may wish, if you will draw it up and send it to me. I am well
pleased in every particular with the institution, and do not think you
can draw one so strong, but what I could properly endorse it. I
would do so myself but I think you can draw what you want better
than myself. K Do not hesitate to send it along at once, and I will
promptly return it to you.

SAMUEL IRWIN.

Detroit, Michigan.
To H. Ruttan, Esq.

At a meeting of the Board of Managers of the Detroit Young
Men's Society, held at their Committee Room, the following resolu-
tions were unanimously adopted : —

27

Revolved, — That this Board take pleasure in placing upon record
their entire approval of Kuttan's system of warming and ventilating.
The apparatus having been put in place and adapted to the New Hall,
under the supervision of the patentee himself, Henry Ruttan, Esq..
Cobourg, Canada West.

Resolved, — That it has not only met our most sanguine anticipations,
but has received the universal commendation of the distinguished
lecturers and other public speakers who have appeared before the
public, as well as the audience in attendance.

Resolved, — That we cheerfully recommend Mr. Ruttan "s system as
being peculiarly adapted to ''public buildings" and feel confident of
of its meeting with universal approval.

Sidney D. Miller, Walter Ingersoll,

President. A. H. Day,

Samuel R. Mumford, R. N. Rice,

Recording Sec'y. S. D. Elwood.

John G. Erwin,
Cleveland Hunt,
[Seal] Charles Ducharme.

W. A. Moore,
George McMillan,
James E. Pitman,
Luther S. Trowbridge,

Ventilation of Railway Cars.

Chicago. April 20th., 186T.

"To Whom it May Concern.'* — We the undersigned, Superintend-
ents of Railways, have applied Ruttan's Plan of Ventilation to our
Coaches. The large supply of pure air. entirely freed from dust and
cinders, and the downward exhaustion which prevents Passengers
inhaling each other's breath, are most valuable characteristics of his
system, and, in our opinion, render it the most desirable of any yet
introduced. We would also bear testimony to the winter arrangement
which, whilst it supplies a large quantity of fresh warmed air, effects a
very considerable saving in fuel. One stove only being used in each
car.

R. N. Rice, General Superintendent Michigan Central Railroad.

J. B. Sutherland, Superintendent Car and Loco. Department, M.C.R.

R. Harris, Gen. Superintendent Chicago, Burlington and Quincy R.

A. N. Towne, late Gen. Superintendent Chicago and Great. Eastern R. .

M. Hughett, Gen. Superintendent Illinois Central R.

R. Hale, Gen. Superintendent Chicago and Altona R5

fi, Eaton, Superintendent Car- and Loco, Dept* G/FE, of Canada,

28
From A. T. Hall, Treasurer C. B. & Q. R, R. Co.

OFFICE OF THE CHICAGO, BURLINGTON AND QuiNCY R. R. Co. )

Chicago, April 18, 1867. $

H. J. Ruttak, Esq.,

Dear Sir: — Having had occasion for the past year to ride upon
our trains between Chicago and Aurora, a distance of forty miles,
almost daily, in coaches using your system of Ventilation, it affords
me pleasure to state, that nothing more perfect for furnishing a full
supply of pure fresh air is desirable.

During the past winter, the coaches seating 76 persons each, were
warmed by one stove placed in the end of the car. and were rendered
entirely comfortable in the coldest days. To some considerable extent
I have observed the working of your plan for Heating and Ventilating
buildings, and I have yet to learn of a case which has not proved
satisfactory. Yours very respectfully.

A. T. HALL.
Treas. C. B. & Q. R. R. Co.

Certificate from Prof. Kingston, Victoria College, Cobourg.

Dear Sir : — In reply to your enquiry concerning my views of your
Air-warmer and system of Ventilation, 1 have to say. that my house
is of brick, walls hollow, built in the summer of 1859. The house is
38 by 35, and two stories high. The lower rooms are 10 feet between
floor and ceiling, and the upper rooms 9 feet. Each room has either
a fire-place or an air exhausting flue. Air-warmer No. 1 stands in the
lower hall (no other stove is used in the main building), and is sup
plied with cold air by a condnit 24 inches by 12. under the floor and
connecting with the external air. The whole was constructed under
my supervision ; and I direct also the management of the Air-warmer.

After testing your system for two winters, the results are — thor-
ough ventilation, especially in winter, and a warm, bland atmosphere,
equally diffused throughout the whole house-

The winter before last, T burned twelve cords of good hard wood,
and last winter being somewhat colder, I burned thirteen cords from
the 24th of December till the 1 lth of May.

I have great pleasure in confidently recommending your system
of heating and ventilation, where the building is constructed to receive
it, as tending to secure health and economy, far above all other sys-
tems with which I am acquainted.

I am. Sir, very truly yours,

W. KINGSTON,
H. Ruttan, Esq,

29

Certificate from S. S. Easton, Esq.

E aston Corners.
H. Ruttan, Esq.,—

Sir : — I have proved them all ; not a particle of smoke have I
seen in the house. I would not take one thousand dollars to be with-
out this air improvement, our building and the warmer work so well
together. All new buildings must be constructed in this way to save
fctove dirt and firewood, as wood is now getting scarce.

Respectfully yours.

S. S. EASTON.

From J. D. Pringle, Esq., Hamilton.

Hamilton, February.

I certify that on Christmas eve 1 had one of Mr. Ruttan's smnll
No. 1 Air warmers put up in the hall of my cottage, which is about 38
x 28 feet in size on the ground and is divided into four rooms.

The weather having been so very cold, I have not made any of the
apertures required in order to adapt the house to this mode of warm
ing, except the cold air duct aperture ; however ill adapted as it is at
present, its operation is most satisfactory. The whole house is kept
at a pleasant temperature, exceeding 4; Temperate Heat by about 5 or
6 degrees, seldom going above that." I am satisfied that when the
proper apertures are all made, the warming of the house will be per
feet, in addition to which the ventilation, or circulation of pure air is
delightful.

J. D. PRINGLE.

From W. Corrigal, Esq., Cobourg.

I hereby certify that one of Mr. Sheriff Ruttan' s Patent Ventilat-
ing Stoves was put in the hall of my house, which is 38 x 40 feet inside.
and two stories high, on Christmas Eve last ; that up to that time I
had employed in warming of my house, a hot air furnace in the base-
ment, in which cord -wood four feet long was burnt, two fire places and
two stoves, and consumed therein upwards of two cords of wood per
week. Since Christmas 1 have had no fire in the building (except in the
kitchen, which embraces one corner of it) but what was made in this
stove, and, although the winter has been excessively cold, the
thermometer having been more frequently below zero than I have
ever known before, yet my house has never been so comfortably
warmed. From experiments made, at Mr. Ruttan 's request, I can
safely assert that about half a cord per week will be fully sufficient.
on an average, from November to May, to keep the whole house at a
constant temperature from 50 to 65 degrees, by means of this
Ventilating Stove alone-

30

Its operation has been witnessed by many of my friends and is
exciting a good deal of curiosity, on account of its extraordinary
power for so small a machine, measuring 32 inches long, 18 inches
broad, and 27 inches high.

W. CORRIGAL.

From the Rectory at Thornhill.

My Dear Sir : — In reply to your enquiries relative to the working
of the Air-warmer, I have much pleasure in informing you that it has
far exceeded my most sanguine expectations.

This house i» a parsonage, built by the Parishoners last summer
and fall. 1 persuaded the Building Committee to permit the introduc
tion of your system of Warming and Ventilation. No Architect was
employed, as I planned the house, and superintended the erection of
it myself^ following exactly, the instructions you gave me by letter
The dimensions of the building (or at least the main portion of it, the
kitchen, pantry, <fec, being an ''addition" in the rear,) are forty feet
by thirty- two. The rooms are 9£ feet high on the lower floor, and nine
feet on the upper, there being four rooms on each floor, and a large
hall on the upper floor, which we very frequently use as a sitting room.
The house is built of brick, on a stone foundation, with a cellar only
under the kitchen.

The house was not finished until long after the time appointed. —
About the 10th of November, the plasterers being at work in the house,
I put in your Air- warmer, and it was found to be of the greatest service
in hastening the drying of the walls, so that on the 12th of December
I was enabled to move my family into the house. I had always felt
confident of success, but had, nevertheless, taken the precaution to
put a small stove into our own bedroom, which would, I thought be
the most difficult part of the house to warm. Before we had been in
the house three hours, my wife ordered it to be taken down and we
have never felt the want of it. The next day the thermometer fell to
i 8 degrees below zero, and then, and ever since, during the coldest
weather every room has been perfectly comfortable. The tempera-
ture, however, is not like that of a stove-heated house, but like the
genial warmth of a pleasant summer day.

The Air- warmer is No. 1, being the smallest size, which we find
amply sufficient. We have found no difficulty whatever in the
management. The only point to be attended to, is the out-side slide,
which regulates the quantity of cold air to be admitted, according to
the direction and force of the wind. But since the first week or two,
my servant has attended to this without any instruction from me.

During the erection of the house, many persons expressed their
fears that the mode of footing would be a failure 5 byfc all who have

31

seen it in operation now express their admiration, and several who
contemplate building, are desirous of adopting it.

I am, my dear sir, yours very faithfully

EDWARD H. DEWAR,

Rector of ThornhiU.

Certificate of J. B. Fortune, Esq., Sheriff of the United
Counties of Northumberland and Durham.

Cobourg.
I, James B. Fortune, Sheriff of the United Counties of Northum-
berland and Durham, certify that I have used Mr. Ruttan' s " Combin-
ed Ventilating Stove, ISo. 5," during the past winter, and that it has
thoroughly warmed and ventilated my house, 50 x 40, and two stories
high. It is in my opinion, a great saver of fuel. It is on the same
principle as the Ventilating stoves on the Grand Trunk Railway cars —
which gives so much satisfaction to the travelling community.

J. B. FORTUNE.

Certificate of Arthur Macdonald, Esq., Agent of Canada
Landed Credit Company, &c.

Cobourg.
Having during the past winter tested the value of Mr. Ruttan's
Combined Stove, No. 3, as a Ventilator and Air-warmer, in a cottage
one and a half stories high, I have no hesitation in saying it has given
unqualified satisfaction. I would also add my testimony as one of the
travelling public, to the value of the Railway Ventilator.

A. MACDONALD,

From the New York Tribune.

Ventilation and Warming of Buildings. By the Hon. Henry Ruttan.
8vo. pp. 106. Geo. P. Putman.

More than nineteen years of the Author's life have been devoted to
the researches and experiments of which the results are set forth in
the present volume. He is evidently a man of original ideas, and at
the same time combining no small degree of practical sense with
uncommon inventive genius. The plans of warming and ventilation
which he proposes, especially in their application to railway cars, have
the merit not only of novelty, but of successful operation, as is
attested by the statements of several of the leading railroad manag-
ers in the United States and Canada. Few subjects are of greater
practical importance to the health and comfort of a large portion of
the public than that which is here so ably discussed, and Mr. Ruttan has
earned the thanks of the travelling community in particular for the
valuable suggestions which he has brought forward.

32

From the Detroit Free Press.

It has been successfully applied upon the cars of
the Michigan Central Railroad where the air in the car is entirely
changed every four minutes ; and we speak from actual experience
when we say that the comfort to the passengers has been immeasura-
bly increased. The Young Mens Hall in this city is also ventilated after
this system, and for this reason is one of the most pleasant we have
ever been in, when filled with people. The entire atmosphere in this
large hall is completely changed at the rate of 4000 cubic feet per
minute. We cannot speak too highly in praise of the efforts of the
author. If his system was generally adopted, it would add not only
much to our comfort, but to the prolongation of our life.

From the Journal of the Board of Arts and Manufactures
of U Canada.

We find the book to be a plain scientific and thoroughly practical
Treatise on Ventilation, and its application to every human habitation.
* * * We trust that all who read his book will rise up from the
perusal as favourably impressed with the value of his system as we are

ourselves.

From the Scientific American.

* A new and beautifully executed Treatise, by
the Hon. Henry Ruttan, of Canada, has lately been published by G.P.
Putman, of this City (New York.) This book contains much useful
information respecting the construction and arrangement of buildings
beside Illustrated descriptions of his heating and ventilating system.
* * * * Many have heard of this principle, it deserves
to be more known than it has hitherto been.

From R. N. Rice, General Sup't., Michigan Central R. R.

* • - • * in factj we have the credit with our
passengers for having at last provided the means for perfect ventilation
during the whole year, and for the entire exclusion of dust when other
wise it would be the cause of much discomfort. The adaptation of your
plan of ventilation and heating to any cars now in use being easy, and
the liability to disarrangement so very slight, renders it worthy the
attention of all Railway Managers.

From the American Railroad Journal.

* * • Mr. Ruttan has spent many years in the study of
his subject, and brings to its discussion a large experience and much

33

reflection. ***********

The remainder of the volume consists of elaborate explanation of the
plates and of particular instructions in the construction of public and
! private rooms, furnices, stoves, cornices, air ducts, and railway carria-
ges, which we commend to the attention of our readers.

From Appleton's Cyclopaedia p. 211, Vol, XIV.

Mr. Henry Ruttan, of Cobourg, C. W., has introduced an arrange-
ment called the Air-warmer, which seems to combine the better
qualities of stoves and furnaces, and to be free from their chief
objections. ***********

The inventor's aim was to secure the cheapness and simplicity of the
stove with the ventilating efficiency of the more expensive apparatus,
and his arrangement has been very successfully employed in private
ings, railroad cars and various public institutions.

34

APPENDIX.

Sir, — As letters requesting information about my Air warmers
are coming in upon me much beyond my ability to answer by writing,
you will excuse my sending you a printed statement ; and you will
confer a favour by communicating to those, who you may think
require it, the information contained therein.

Those who have a taste for and wish to understand the whole
subject of ventilation philosophically, will find the subject treated at
large in my Book on "Warming and Ventilation," sold by

Putnam, the publisher New York.
Breed k Butler, Buffalo.
Er/wooD, Detroit.
Rowsell, > rn .
GWett, jToronto-
Dawson, Montreal.
House, ) ^ ,
Allen! \ Cobourg,

Griggs, Chicago.

WITH REGARD TO A NEW BUILDING:

The Ventilation must be begun with the foundation, or it can
never be properly done. Hence the necessity of employing no
Architect who does not understand Ventilation. The cost of building
for Ventilation is very little, if anything more than without it, and
then, when it is properly done, you will be healthy and comfortable in
your house ; and that too, at about half the expense for fuel that you
will be at in any house built upon the old plan.

TO THOSE WHO ARE ABOUT TO BUILD:

Considering that the proper warming and ventilation of dwelling
and school-houses is of vast importance ; considering not only the
first cost, but the never-ending expense in pulling down, cleaning
and resetting the hot air furnaces now in use, at least once a year ;
and also the enormous expense of fuel required, and above all, the

35

destructive effects of the over heated air in a family or a school
room full of children ; and considering that, most probably, several
generations will inhabit the building, I say considering these things,
is it not worth while to, at least, take the trouble of thinking a little
before we begin our dwelling or school house ? This is all I ask.

Your building must have lungs put into it, and this can only be
done whilst it is building. It is too late afterwards. This can be done
and your house warmed and ventilated for half the expense of
heating it by means of the usual hot air appliances, and then after-
wards, you will have the satisfaction of keeping your house healthy
and warm with half the expense for fuel of the old plan. This, 1
know you will agree with me, is worth the trouble of thinking and
enquiring about. You will then employ no Architect or builder who is
not competent to advise you properly in this all important matter. I hope
before another season to have the assistance of others so scattered in
various localities throughout the provinces, and United States, that a
a more ready access may be had for advice and instruction. In the
meantime, however, I shall at all times be most happy to answer
inquiries, and to give advice to all persons about to build, or who wish
to adapt an old building to ventilation.

When you build a new house, in this cold climate, you should not
have an open stairway to go up stairs by, but a close hall ; and take
particular notice that it takes more than double the quantity of fuel
to warm your room or rooms that are 12 feet high than if they are
only 9 feet high. No dwelling house in this climate should be more
than 10 feet between joists. Every body knows that you can no more
get two quantities of air into a house by its own natural action than
you can two quantities of marble. The first thing therefore that you
have to do whether you have an old or new house, is to provide
means to get the old and cold air, that is already in your house, out oj it,
and the only way that I have ever found to do this is by means of
chimnies, or exhaust shafts.

Where you have no brick or stone chimnies to exhaust the air,
wood will answer, except for the smoke pipe, just as good a purpose.
Take good seasoned-matched inch, or three-quarter inch boards and
build up the sized flue you want from the first floor upward, carrying
the top out of the roof 6 or 8 feet above the peak of the roof.
Make a sliding valve at the bottom of each room to be warmed so
that you may close it when the room is not required to be warmed.
The top of this wooden chimney may be finished off like the common
Emirson ventilator,
5*

36

No. 3 Combined, is a handsome hall stove as well as an air
warmer well adapted to warming of Libraries, offices, and school
rooms, and if it be required, may, with an additional expense of five
dollars be made a capital cooking stove ; price $45.

No. 4 is adapted to the same work as No. 3, except that of
cooking ; price $30.

No. 5 Combined, is adapted to perform the same work as No. 3,
but will do at least three times the work ; indeed it is the most
powerful house warmer ever coustructed : price $75.

No. 6 is my basement air warmer ; price $250.

A school-house, like any other building requires to be built for
ventilation; but nearly all our school-houses, already built, may be
adapted to it at the mere cost of a chimney. This chimney, in a
building not more than 30 x 40 feet, and nine feet high between
joists, (and no ventilated school-house should be higher than 9 feet,)
will require a chimney flue of 2 feet, if larger than 40 feet the size of
the flue must be increased in proportion) and this flue must be begun
at least one foot below the bottom of the joists or sleepers, (two feet will
be better) and carried out at least six feet above the ridge of the roof.
Besides there must be a good air-tight wall of stone, brick or wood all
around as a foundation wall, and there must also be left a clear space
of not less than six inches under the whole building between the
bottoms of the joists and the ground. Likewise the windows of the
north and west sides should be made double not only in school-houses
but in dwellings. Then you must bring in under the floor by a stone
brick, or wooden duct for the small No. 1 warmer 2£ ; and for the No.
2, 4 feet ; for No. 3, 1 foot ; for No. 4, 1 foot ; for No. 5, 2 feet of fresh
air — in all cases the air must be brought/'rom the north or west side of
the building to directly under where the Air- warmer is to stand. The
duct must be perfectly air-tight, and must, of course, where there is
no basement, be laid down before the floor is laid. It had better be
underground altogether, (and made of brick, if possible) and then be
brought up to the floor where the Air-warmer is to stand. Or should
you have an old school-house, where you cannot get fresh air under
the floor, it may be brought in above the floor, and under an air-tight
box six inches high and four feet square, and the Warmer may be set
upon the proper aperture made in the top of this box. For the No. 3
and No. 5 the air may be taken down into the back and through the
wall without any "box under the stove."

No Hall in the dwelling should be less than eight feet wide and
the Air warmer should be set in or near the centre, and a clear

37

passage left around it, and where it cannot be set in the centre the
stove may be set on one side.

I do not allow any of my Air-warmers — of which I have six kinds
— to be sold for use in a house already built, unless I am informed
upon the following points, viz : —

1st. — The size of the house on the ground.

2nd, — The number of stories and their height.

3rd. — The number of chimnies, and the size of their flues, as
nearly as can be ascertained.

4th. — The width and situation of the hall or halls.

5th. — The height of the cellar or basement to the bottoms of the
overhead joists or sleepers, and whether under the whole house, or if
not, under what part ?

6th. — To what point of the compass, or nearly what point the
house fronts.

7th. — Of what material built.

A rough pen or pencil sketch of the basement and each story
will give all the information which I want. You need not make it to
a scale — mere figures to give the different sizes will be quite sufficient.

Besides this large Air- warmer, or basement heater, I have five
smaller ones of different sizes (see views of them.) These I have got
up expressly for halls of dwellings, school-houses and offices. They
may be set in the hall or up stairs, or in any apartment.

The small No. 1, only takes up room on the floor of 32 by 18
inches, and requires 2^ feet of air to be brought under it. It will
thoroughly warm and ventilate a school-house of 30 x 40 feet, or any
ordinary sized cottage having two good chimnies in it, and will change
every particle of air in the building at least once every half hour :
price $50 at the foundry.

The No. 2 Air-warmer takes up room on the floor 46 x 26 inches
will do double the work that No. 1 will do, and will thoroughly warm
and ventilate any compact built dwelling house two or three stories
high ; price $75.

These Air-warmers are the result of twenty years experimenting
for the purpose of economising fuel and ventilating buildings. And
how far they are entitled to the confidence of the public I will leave
to those who have them in use to show by the testimonials on pages
23 to 33, being among those I have more recently received.

All these prices are at the foundry.

38
LATE IMPROVEMENTS.

These Air- warmers and Ventilating stoves having during the last
twelve months been greatly improved by the introduction of tubes
which very much increase their heating power, are now offered to stove
manufacturers and the public, and are warranted to be the best medium
known for heating and ventilating dwellings, schools, churches, and al]
other buildings, public and private.

The Air-warmers and the ventilating stoves have different capa-
cities. The Air-warmers have double side plates and are better
calculated to infuse warmth into a whole building than the ventilating
stove which while it will do all the work of a common stove in heating
the room or locality in which it stands, will also warm the
adjoining apartments. The ventilating stove is, therefore, best for
the hall of a dwelling, or for a school house where an active heat is
required to be felt immediately upon entering the building. The
ventilating stove, whilst it has every attribute of the common stove in
giving out an active heat in its immediate vicinity, will also change
the air in the building only in a little less degree than the Air-warmer.

All my warming machines require fresh air from the outside to
to be brought to them, and therefore it will be best for me to explain
as shortly as possible the usual mode of doing this.

SETTING RUTTAN'S HEATERS.

Supposing that you require your machine to stand in the main
hall of your house, a box air duct must be made of the proper length
and capacity. This duct will be probably best made of inch pine,
well seasoned boards, and matched together air-tight. Then a hole
is made in your cellar wall — one end is laid in the aperture and the
other is fastened to the joists exactly under where the stove is to
stand in the hall. Then a hole is cut through your floor and a good
air-tight connection is made between the duct and the stove. This
connection of the air-duct and the stove or Air-warmer may be made
in another way, and by some it is said to be the best. Run a wooden
duct strait through the basement of your house, hanging it to the

39

joists — set the stove or Air-warmer directly over it, and then cut
through the hall floor down into the duct. Leave both ends of the
duct open — outside the cellar walls of course.

This wooden air-duct must of course be of sufficient size to carry
the quantity of air which you require. It matters not what shape you
make it so that it will carry the quantity you want.

I cannot do more here than merely give an outline by which you
may be guided in setting these machines in operation. If you wish to
go fully into the subject of ventilation and warming, send and get a
book : " Ruttan on Ventilation and Warming," which you will find in
the principal bookstores.

In connection with the fresh air duct it is necessary further to
explain that as it is important that the air should be kept on during
all the time that the five is kept up, so it is important in very cold
weather that it should be shut off during the night or when the fire is
gone down. For this purpose, when your duct has but one end open,
a single valve to shut off the air only is necessary, but where you run
the fresh air duct through the building and the air comes in at both
ends, you must of course have two valves, one on each side of the
Air-warmer or stove. These valves or slides should of course be put
in the duct at the most convenient places to be handled.

I intend to confine this memorandum of directions within the
very narrowest limits ; but there is such a lamentable ignorance upon
this subject generally, and amongst architects and builders, that I
cannot help even here to allude to a very few matters which although
appearing to some as of trifling importance are nevertheless of great
concern to every man, woman, and child in this cold climate-

First. — I advise you never to build or take a dwelling house where
the stories are much over ten feet high. You will in a house twelve
feet between joists, consume double the quantity of fuel that you need
in one of ten feet ! The ventilation too is much more efficient in the
low room than in the high one.

Secondly. — Never build or take a dwelling with an open stairway,
for then you are often obliged to provide fuel for two stories when you
need only one.

Thirdly. — Never take a house without two outside doors. See
that one or both are hung so as to swing ouhvard, and avoid as far as
you can having both open at the same time.

Fourthly. — Even your inside doors, as they will naturally close
toward the warmest apartment should be hung so as to open toward
the coldest.

40

A close Hall, double windows, (especially on the north and west
sides of j'our dwelling) and good springs to your doors will go a long
way in saving fuel. He must be a stolid man indeed, who will pay as
much rent in this cold climate for a dwelling having an open stairway,
as he would for one having a close hall.

In every case of using one of these Ventilating Stoves you must
have a good Dumb Stove in the next story above it.

N. B. — It will be observed that the several prices mentioned are
in Canadian Currency.

1 hereby warrant that the Air-warmers and Ventilating Stoves
herein represented will infuse more warmth into a certain space, at
the expense of half the fuel, than can be done by any other known
means of warming.

H. RUTTAN.

No. 1, House. Price $50

No. 2, Air Warmer. Price $75

No. 3, Ventilating Stove. Price $45

This Ventilating Stove is the most convenient Hall Stove for an
ordinary two story house in the world. It requires 200 inches of
air.

No. 4, Air Warmer. , Price $30.

No. 5.

Price $75

This Ventilating Stove is the most powerful house warmer of its
size, cost and expense of fuel, in the world. Will warm any two story
dwelling. Requires 200 or 300 inches of air.

No. 6.

Price $250

You will at once perceive that this is set in brick, and must, therefore, be set in a basement or
cellar. It will warm an ordinary sized church, provided it is not too high in the ceiling, or a gaol, or
asylum, or other public building. It requires for its supply eight feet, or 1 152 inches of air.

47

ADDENDA.

Note. — While it is undoubtedly true that the Ruttan System of
Ventilation can be most effectually introduced into buildings while
in process of construction, yet I have been very successful in re-
arranging and adapting buildings — both public and private — for
warming and ventilating upon our plan. You can have your buildings
fitted for this system, be they old or new, and no man should rest
content until all his friends are thus secured the breathing of pure air
in their dwellings, day and night.

RTIFIOATES.

From President Sewall, Normal School of Illinois.

The Rijttan System. — These simple principles above referred to,
are those on which lion. JI. Ruttan's system of warming and ventila-
tion is based. These are the simple conditions observed. Cold air
is admitted in abundance to the " Air -warmer," where it is warmed
(not heated red hot, and its life-sustaining qualities vitiated,) then
rises, and is diffused through the room, or rooms, by means of
transoms near the ceiling ; while the cold air, being heavier, falls to
the floor, and escapes at or near the bottom of the room, passes beneath
the floor, and is collected into the foul air shaft, and escapes into the
outer air.

Still, it is the almost universal practice to set furnaces, and pro
vide hot air pipes to conduct the heated air into a room, and make no
provision whatever for the air to get out of the room, and, in most
cases, no cold air duct is provided to supply air to the furnace ; and
yet men expect to force a current of hot air from such heaters into a
room, and effectually warm it. Let anyone think, only for a moment,
that all rooms are always full of air, of some kind, and then remember
that it is just as impossible to put two quantities of air into a room at the
same time, as it is two quantities of any thing else, and a man would be
just as sensible, who should try to force twice as many cubic feet of
marble into a room as there were cubic feet of space, as he would be
6

48

who tries to force hot air into a room already lull of cold air, without
tirst providing for the cold air to go out. To illustrate : the writer,
only a few days ago, was called to visit a large church, designed to seat
one thousand people, which, it was said, was arranged for ventilation.
And, upon examination, it was arranged to be heated by four furnaces,
and it had some eight or ten ventilating shafts or chimneys, expected
to exhaust or take the air out of the building, but not one inch of open-
ing was provided to take air in. But the furnaces were to be set in the
basement lecture room, and then take the air from that room, and
heat it, and send it up into the main audience room, and out of doors
through the chimneys.

Mr. Ruttan has demonstrated by experiments, during the last
twenty years, and at an expense of over $30,000, that there is no way
to get the impure air out of a house except by chimneys, or upright
shafts, and admitting the air into them at the very bottom, He has
perfected a plan to eftect this result, which is simple and cheap, and
when put into the building as it is being built, costs actually little or
nothing more than to build the house the ordinary way without pro-
viding for ventilation. His plan is to take the air into one central
apartment, usually the hall, through the " Air warmer," and then
pass it from it to the adjoining rooms through registers or transoms,
at the top of the room, over the doors, and thence downward and out
at the bottom through an open base board, under the floor, and thence
into the chimney. By this arrangement we avoid all currents of cold
air over the floor, as in the case with stoves, and keep the floor always
warm varying only some four or live degrees from the temperature at
— say fivejeet above the floor; while in any ordinary room, warmed in
the ordinary way, the thermometer will show a difference often of
thirty degrees.

In a room thus ventilated, the air can not be impure, because as
we have before stated, the carbonic acid exhaled from the lungs, being
heavier, falls to the lower part of the room and escapes, while pure air
from without takes its place. Here, then, we have a perfect system
of ventilation. We secure a complete supply of pure warmed air. but
without strong currents being established 5 while the impure air flows
out continually. Another great advantage gained by this plan is the
equality of the temperature of the air. Actual experiment shows that
there is not more than 5 deg. Fahrenheit difference between the tem-
perature at the ceiling and at the floor ; while in a room warmed by a
stove, the difference is from 20 to 45 deg. Fahrenheit.

This plan of passing the foul air out, at or near the floor, is em-
phatically new. It is an idea which has completely revolutionized the
old systems of ventilation. The purest and warmest air is always at
the top of the room ; while the coldest and most impure is always at
the bottom. If we make an opening at the top of the room, the pur-
est and warmest air will escape, if at the bottom, the coldest
and most impure air will escape. It would seem that it is not difficult
to determine which of these two plans is the sensible or true one. It
scarcely seems necessary to claim more for this system. If pure air is
so absolutely essential to physical well-being, and if we can adopt any
means, however expensive, to secure it we might rest satistied. But
it is far from being expensive ; while, on the contrary, a building.

49

whether large or small, can be constructed as cheaply with such
provision for ventilation as without it : and can be warmed at much
less expense than by any other plan. The cost as compared with that
of heating by steam is less than one-third, as I have clearly demon-
strated by a series of careful experiments and observations. As com-
pared with ordinary hot air furnaces, not more than one-half. As com-
pared with ordinary stoves, it is decidedly less. In short, this system
seems to possess every possible advantage. It is simpler, cheaper,
and, best of all, it gives what is so much needed — a full, complete and
constant supply of pure air ; and I honestly believe, that when this
system is generally adopted in our country, the rates of mortality will
indicate a marked decrease.

J. A. SEWALL.
President of the Illinois State Normal Schooh

Chicago, III., Sept. 28th, 1868.
W. A. Pennell & Co., Gents : — I am highly pleased with the work-
ing of the Ruttan Ventilation in my house. The air is pure and
pleasant, and my rooms are evenly and delightfully warmed.
Yours, &c,

M. HEATH,

(Firm Heath & Milligan.)

Dexter, Maine, October 1st. 1868.
W. A. Pennel & Co., Normal, III. : — I have both my house and
office warmed and ventilated on the Ruttan plan, so far as it is pos-
sible in buildings not originally constructed with reference to the
system. It is all I can wish — more than I had ever hoped — in the way
of ventilation.

I have a full and complete supply of pure air, my rooms are per-
fectly warmed, while the amount of fuel consumed is less than oi e-
half I have used on the old bad plan.

Sincerely wishing you success, I am, very truly yours,

JOSIAH CROSBY,

President State Senate.

Nohmal, III, May 28 th, 1868.
Messrs. W. A. Pennell & Co. — Dear Sirs : — Yours of May 14th is
before me, asking my opinion of " Ruttan's System of Warming and
Ventilation." In reply, I would say, it is, in my opinion, a God-send
to mankind. The ventilation is perfect — as much so as respiration,
and upon the same principle. I use it in my house 5 and would much
prefer a house costing $1,000 with it, to one costing $10,000 without
it — that is for my own use.

Yours truly,

JNO. A. BELL, M. D.

50

Minneapolis, Minn., Feb. 10th, 1868.
Messrs. W. A. Pennell & Co. — Gents : — This morning the ther-
mometer was 36 degrees below zero. Your Air-Warmers in the South
Minneapolis school house, one hour after the tire was made, hnd
every part of the house comfortable. The house accommodates 250
pupils. During the da)' every pupil and teacher in the building was
comfortable, except in one room, which, for about half an hour, was
too warm ; but by closing off the heat a short period, its exhaustion
was so complete that its temperature became delightful and pleasant.
The janitor informs me that, for the day, he burned one-fourth of a
cord of wood in the two Air Warmers of this house. In another
school building in the city, accommodating 750 pupils, during this
same day, where there are four furnaces, manufactured by other
parties, in which the janitor informs me he burned 1^ cords of wood,
we could not make the pupils nor teachers comfortable. We are
fully convinced by this and other previous experiments, that your
Air- Warmers and System of Ventilation are superior to anything in
use.

Very respectfully,

A. S. KISSELL,
Superintendent of Public Schools.

Minonk, III., May 25th, 1868.
Messrs. W. A. Pennkll & Co. — Gents : — My house in this place is
warmed and ventilated on the Ruttan plan ; and, from my exper-
ience with it during the past winter, I would cordially
recommend it to all about to build. There is only one fire
to tend — and that in the cellar — to warm the whole house ; and as for
saving fuel, I can keep my whole house warm constantly with no
more fuel than would be necessary to heat my sitting room and par-
lor alone, in the old-fashioned way, with stoves.

CI H. WIIITAKER.

Bloomington, III., May 19th, 1868.
W. A. Pennell & Co. : — Your favor of the 15th instant, asking
for facts in reference to " Ruttan1 s System of Ventilation and Warm-
ing," as it works in our new school house, is before me ; and in
answer, allow me to say —first : I am happy to answer questions in
this regard, for the reason that the sooner we learn and act upon the
great principles of ventilation and warming, the sooner shall we
commence to live upon pure air in our houses, school rooms and
churches. Mr. Ruttan has the honor of being the first man to under-
stand, adopt and promulgate the true system. When once under-
stood the " System" is perfectly simple; and a mechanic who
understands it, can not make a mistake in applying it to a building.
This system of warming and ventilation is excellent when applied to
and used in a private residence ; it is almost indispensible in a modern
church edifice ; but it is in the school house, where all our children

51

live and breathe from four to six hours per day, that it becomes a
real blessing. In our First Ward building the air is completely
renewed and absolutely changed every twenty minutes. The rooms
are literally flooded with warm, fresh air through the furnaces— or
registers leading therefrom — and the air in the room pressed out
through the open base into the foul air duct, thence to the base of
the foul air shaft, and from thence, upward TO feet into mid-air, where
it can become pure again by association Our new house will
accommodate 600 pupils. We use four furnaces, and have run them
since September until now. The cost of heating is no greater than,
if as great as, by the common stove. One janitor attends the four
furnaces, and takes care of the whole building, with the assistance of
a small boy (his son)out of school hours.

With the facts above set forth. I must close this hastily written
letter. Wishing you great success in the introduction of this great
blessing to the public, I am,

Your obedient servant,

W. M. PACKARD,
President Board of Education, (My of Bloomington.

Moline, III., October 19th, 1868.
VV. A. Pennell & Co. : — The Ventilation and Air-Warmer put
into my house by you works first rate, and 1 am satisiied it is the
mobt complete arrangemement for heating houses I have ever seen.

JOHN DEERE.

We also refer to the, following parties, who are now using Ruttan's
apparatus and Ventilation : —

Private Residences. — II. G. Harrison. Minneapolis, Minn. ; Wm.
M. Harrison, Minneapolis, Minn. ; M. Heath, (Heath <fc Milligan)
Chicago, 111.; Dr. J. L. R. Wadsworth, Collinsville, 111. ; N. Sherwood,
Aurora, III.; E. Y. Griggs, Ottawa. 111. ; W. Bushnell, Ottawa, 111. ;
A. T. Purviance, Hennepin, 111.; W. H. H. Holdridge, Tonica, 111.;
John Deere, Moline, 111. ; W. R. Baldwin, Delavan, III. : E. Hi
Goulding, Alton, 111.; R, C. Smith, Omaha, Neb.

Public Buildings. — Three School Houses, Decatur, III. ; One
School House, Bloomington, 111. ; One School House, Collinsville, 111.;
One School House, Moline, ill.; State Agricultural College, Ames,'
Iowa. ; Several churches in Bloomington, Muscatine, and other towns
in Iowa and Illinois.

Don't forget that by keeping all outside doors and windows closed '
the ventilation of your house will be more perfect. In winter, more
even heat and better air. In summer, pure air, and no Jiics or insects ;
and a room may be lighted up as brilliantly on a July evening as in
January, and no bugs or millers about your lights.

52

We invite attention to the following letters of recommendation
from those using my system of Drying, as put in by Messrs. Pennell
& Co. :--

Chicago, Jan. 25th, 1870.

Messrs. W. A. Pennell & Co. : — After a most thorough and com-
plete trial of the Ruttan Ventilating process introduced into our
laundry rooms by you, it affords us great pleasure to be able to state
to the public that we are more than pleased with the application ;
and we would say that we have been using the best arrangements for
the purpose of drying that we could obtain, and notwithstanding we
had succeeded in economizing both time and fuel, yet we most
heartily acknowledge that your mode of drying is much superior to
any plan we had heretofore adopted, to the extent that we are now
drying clothes in one- half the time, and at less than one-half the expense
formerly required.

You are at liberty to show any parties our drying rooms in full
operation.

Very respectfully yours,

GAGE BROS- & WALTERS,

Proprietors Sherman House.

Leavenworth, Kan., Jan. 11, 1870.

Messrs. W. A. Pennell & Co. : — Gentlemen — We take great
pleasure in stating that the "Ruttan System," introduced into our
dry house by you in October last, has given the best of satisfaction.
We had tried various plans suggested to us by other heating and ven-
tilating men but utterly failed to accomplish the desired result ; but
with the Ruttan System we can dry clothes, sheets, and table-cloths, in
from 3 to 7 minutes, and would recommend this system to all wishing
a good dry house or thorough system of ventilation in public or private
buildings.

Yours respectfully,

J. S. RICE & Co.,
Proprietors of Planters House.

On Ruttan's Principle.

Normal, III., Feb. 5. 1870.

Having had some experience in the Dryin of green oak lumber
3 x 3^, in Messrs. W. A. Pennell & Co.'s dry kiln, I can. without
hesitancy and with much pleasure, on account of safety, economy in
fuel, and its effectiveness in rapidly drying, recommend it as an
improvement that will give satisfaction to all who may try it.

E. W. BAKEWELL.

53

The Ruttan System Again.

Chicago, Jan. 31, 1870.
Messrs. W. A. Pennell & Co. — Gentlemen : — We are pleased to
say that your ;* System of Ventilation " put in our laundry is working
successfully. It is a great improvement upon anything of the kind
heretofore in use. Indeed, we believe it the only true plan. We find
our clothes much sweeter, and the dry room pleasanter. We dry in less
time, and with very much less fuel.

You may feel at liberty to refer parties to us, or show them our
laundry when you please, for it speaks for itself.

Your suggestions in regard to the arrangement of hanging the
clothes, although not at all connected with the ventilation, are
valuable, and have saved us $100, and at the same time are much the
most convenient.

Wishing vou success, yours, etc.,

ROBERT HILL,
Proprietor Matteson House, Chicago.

Ottawa, III., April 10. 1869.
Messrs. W. A. Pennell & Co. : — In my hop house I put the hops
15 inches deep on cloth shelves; heat up gradually for one hour,
then let the heat up to 140 degrees, and keep it thus from four to six
hours ; then let it cool oft" a couple of hours. It is not necessary to
stir them, as in the old way, so we save the hops perfect in shape, and
preserve all the flower. It only takes four bushels of coal for twenty-
four hours. I did not use as much fuel in a week as they would the
old way in a day with the old method of ventilation. There is no
method this side of the hot place we read of by which they can get up
and maintain so even a temperature. The labour is only to put on
the hops evenly, make your tire and mind your thermometer. You
are not obliged to go in the midst of the heat and stir or turn them
ail over two or three times, thus breaking the hop and losing the
lap alia or flower.

Yours, etc.

II. W. HOPKINS.

The Ruttan system for Wool.

Chicago, Jan. 18, 1870.
To Whom it may concern : — This is to certify that I have in use
at my manufactory, on Front Street, near Halsted, for drying wool the
principle known as " Ruttan's Patent Dry House," and that after ex-
perimenting with steam pipes and hot air. recommended by parties in
this city who pretend to understand their business, I find the adop
tion of Messrs. W. A. Pennell <!k Co's plan to be more satisfactory and
efficient than any other yet I have yet tried. The statements set forth
in Messrs. W. A. Pennell & Co's circular are in noway exaggerated.
Their theory stands the practical test.

J. C. PARSONS,
Office, 38 8, Wells Street.

54

IT. J. BUTT AN \S
PATENT DRY HOUSE,

ON THE RUTTAN PRINCIPLE OF EXHAUSTION FOR DRYING MALT, GRAIN. LUM-
BER, HOPS, FRUIT. TOBACCO, OR FOR LAUNDRY PURPOSES, ETC., ETC.

This Dry-house is constructed upon a new plan, and entirely unltke
any thing of the kind in the United .States.

In fact, it literally invert* the ordinary plan.

I take the warm air into my building at the top. and let it out,
charged with moisture from the material to he dried, at the bottom.

By this means I always have the hottest and driest air passing into
the room or kiln, and the dampest and coldest air passing out.

I throw a current of air into the building sufficiently large to fill
the house in from three to ten minutes, and at any temperature de-
sired.

By actual trial in a Hop house built by Dr. II. W. Hopkins, on his
place at Ottawa, 111,, this fall, it is found that hops dry perfectly, with-
out stirring at all, in two hours, leaving the color almost unchanged :
when, by the ordinary plan it requires from two to three days to do
the work, and constant care lost the hops should be overheated or
steamed too much.

All, by a little thought, will see the reason for this wonderful gain:
in time, and that is, that by the downward -flow of the warm or hot air
the moisture easily and naturally falls to the floor or through the mat-
erial to be dried, and by the rapid change, or taking in and out of
a large body of warm air, moving ten or fifteen feet in a second, I
carry off the moisture, as it is done by a strong wind passing over any
thing to be dried in the open air on a hot day in summer, only I can
do the work quicker than can be done in the open air on the hottest
of days ; because I can send the air through the house at a tempera-
ture of 200 deg. Fahrenheit, if I choose ; and as the air is constantly
changing, it is always fresh, and imparts no colour to the material
being dried, any more than a summer breeze.

It is only necessary to add —

1st. So sure as damp, cool air, is heavier than warm or hot dry ait

55

so certain it is that this system must revolutionize the dry-kilns and dry-
houses of the world.

2nd. It is equally certain that it will do better work, and do it
cheaper than any other.

3rd. It removes all risk of burning up, either the material while
drying or the building, as is so often done ; and a dry-house on this
plan, filled with material of any kind, can be insured against fire as
well as a dwelling house, and at like rates.

4th. From the rapidity with which this system works, twice the
work can be done with a building of any given size that can be done
by any other system.

I would ask the particular attention of malt men to my new
Dry-house. It will supply a want long felt by them ; something
better than they now have to dry their malt. At present only hard
coal can be used. With my Dry-house, I can use any material that
will make heat — chips, cobs, soft coal — in short, anything that will
bum ; and I believe the cobs will dry all the corn shelled from them.
The drying of malt can be done in less than half the usual time, and
dried so that the malt will be in better condition for grinding ; not
hard outside and soft in, but evenly dried. No steam will gather in
the drying room. You will be able to enter it at any time. As now
constructed and used, there must be plenty of windows that can be
thrown open to let the steam escape, so that men can enter and stir
the malt. With ours, the malt will need no stirring, and no extra
windows are needed.

Examine my principle in its application to your business ; it will
save you thousands upon thousands of dollars.

Every Lumberman, every owner of a Malt House, or Grain Eleva-
tor, every Furniture-maker, every Laundry-man, every Tobacco-raiser,
and every body else who wants to dry any thing cheaply, well and
and quickly, must come to this plan.

Correspondence solicited, for details and explanations.

Agents to introduce my Dry-house, treated with on liberal terms.

Address,

H. J. RUTTAN,

Architect, &c, &c, Cobourg, Ont., Canada

56

DIRECTIONS

FOR USING RUTTAN's AIR WARMERS IN CONNECTION WITH RUTTAN's
VENTILATION.

A Word about Construction. — Let every body remember that to
economize fuel in simply heating a building, a slow combustion is
always best, and it is therefore, wise to buy a stove or " Air Warmer,"
a size larger than most persons think necessary, and then keep a large
quantity of fuel in the fire-box, so that with the dampers all closed,
it will burn slowly and still give sufficient heat. By so doing a more
uniform temperature will be obtained.

1st. A large " Air Warmer " will last better for Jive or ten years,
than a small one will one or two, and do the same work.

2nd. The larger the "Air Warmer" or Stove, the more work it will
do with a given quantity of fuel.

3rd. It is less labor to tend it, and not being necessary to run it
up to a great heat,, the air is never burned, but simply warmed.

Directions. — 1st. When a fire is made the Fresh Air Duct should
always be open, but it may be closed in part at times, as when the
wind blows directly into it, on a very cold day. but in moderate
weather it should be wide open.

2nd. The Exhaust Shaft should never be closed at all. If you
wish to stop the air going out, simply stop it coming in.

3rd. Build fire as in any stove. But with the Ruttan Air Warmer
after the fire is well started, close the damper, so as to shut off air.

4th. At night put in a quantity of fuel, and shut up all the dampers
and close Fresh Air Duct in part (according to the temperature out-
side) and your fire will keep well until morning. Then stir out the
fire, open the damper and ducts, and go on as before.

57

THE RIGHT

FOR RUTTAN'S VENTILATION.

Whenever this system of ventilation is used in connection with
Ruttan's Air-warmers, the following rates will be charged :

Dwelling house from $50 to $300, according to cost.

The rates for extra large and valuable dwellings, or for public
buildings, can be ascertained by addressing H. J. Ruttan, Cobourg.

It should be remembered that any one adopting this method of
ventilation, will economize enough in fuel in one or two years to pay
for its cost, besides the health and comfort which he will enjoy from
a constant supply of pure air.

INFRINGEMENTS.

It will be regarded and treated as an infringement on Ruttan's
Patent for Ventilating and Warming buildings, wherever the air is
exhausted from a room at, near or under the floor, or heated air in-
troduced into a room at or near the ceiling, or warmed air is conducted
from the furnace or Air-warmer to a room, without artificial tubing.

59

RUTTAN'S

Scientific Ventilation.

«« Impure air engenders more disease than all other causes combined."— M.
Racore, Paris, France.

" 1 aver my belief that defective ventilation especially among the wealthy, is
a more fruitful cause of disease and death, particularly in women and children,
than any other."— McCann Gunn, M. D.

Canadian Genius Triumphant.- By which the absolute is actually
reached in the Kuttan Ventilation. Citizens are respectfully invited
to call and see for themselves this triumph of science demonstrated ;
and witness the manner by which the pure, fresh air of heaven (un-
tainted and free from the corroding influences of carbonic acid, and
other destructive agencies,) can be readily introduced and removed
every few minutes from every room in the building, from garret to
cellar, thereby giving a guarantee of health never before assured to
the denizens of large cities and others within range of modern civili-
zation.

Winter and summer by this system of ventilation, pure air is
assured.

No dust or insects can reach your bed chambers or parlors.

Although we challenge the world to produce a " Heating Appar-
atus" in connection with our Ventilation that is so cleanly, so effectual
and economical, yet we make the ventilation a specialty, (without
regard to warming,) thus opening the field to all the heating firms in
the country to guarantee the warming of all classes of buildings in
connection with our system of Ventilation. In all cases, if desired,
we will contract for " warming and ventilation," with any kind of fuel.

Physicians, Lawyers, Architects, and professional men, why do
you sit in your tightly closed offices, inhaling over and over again
vitated air ? Think for a moment how indifferent you are to the laws

60

of health. Investigate our system of Office Ventilation and you will
adopt it.

We would refer to the following named gentlemen and buildings
for the successful working of our ventilation :

S. Powell, Gen. Ticket Ag'tC. B. & Q. R. R.

M. Heath, 170 Randolph street.

N, Sherwood, & Co., 21 Washington street.

G. P. Randal, Architect.

C. Chapman, Architect.

R. Rose, Architect.

Nichols & Nichols, Architects of Chicago.

All the School Buildings in Bloomington and Decatur, 111.

Iowa Agr. College, Ames, Iowa.

M. E. Church, Muscatine, Iowa.

and hundreds of others are using it with great delight, as may be seen
by pamphlets at our office. The following letters speak for them-
selves.

Waterloo, Iowa.
W. A. Pennell <fc Co. — Gents : — I adopted your Ruttan system
two years since. Time and experience confirm the good opinion I had
of it at the beginning. Every room in my house, large and small, up
stairs and down, kitchen, bath-room and panty, has this ventilation,
and we could not get along without it. We have a pure and delight-
ful atmosphere in all rooms, at all times, day and night. We have no
"kitchen odors" in rooms other than the kitchen, (and even there
not long at a time) and that without opening outside doors or
windows to air up. Buckwheat cakes, broiled steak, fried ham,
boiled cabbage (abominable smell) are served up, and no person
outside the kitchen can know, till they see it upon the table, what
kind of food has been cooked. The pure, fresh air coming in,
carries all odors and smoke under the floor and out. I would adopt
your system in all cases, and for any man, or set of men, building
public halls, school houses, or churches, without a correct system of
ventilation, it is simply heathenish.

F. E. CHURCHILL.

Burlington, Iowa.
W. A. Pennell & Co. — Gents : — We have used your system of
"Warming and Ventilation" in our drug store for two years. It
warms perfectly, the air is constantly pure, besides we have no odors
of a drug store.

C. P. SQUIRES & Co.

H. C. HARTWICK, Agent and Engineer of Ventilation,

Room 11, No. 134, La Salle St., Chicago.

61

Your attention is also invited to a scientific mode of drying,
known as "Ruttan's Patent Dry House," — H. J. Ruttan, Cobourg.
All interested in the drying of lumber, tobacco, leather, wool, clothes,
fruit, or anything, call and see a demonstration, or call at
Sherman House or Matteson House, where it is used for laundries, at
J. C. Parsons for wool, and at Harris & Oslander's for lumber.

It is economical and safe. Time, fuel and labor saved.

H. J. RUTTAN,

Cobourg, Ont.,

Canada.