Annals of Iowa

THE

ANNALS OF IOWA

A HISTORICAL QUARTERLY

VOLUME ELEVEN— THIRD SERIES

EDITED BY

EDGAR R. HARLAN

CURATOR

PUBLISHED BY THE

HISTORICAL DEPARTMENT OF IOWA

DES MOINES

1913-1915

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41 1

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ANNALS OF IOWA.

VOL. XI, No. 1. DBS MOINES, IOWA, APRIL, 1913. 3D SERIES.

ORGANIZATION AND SERVICE OF THE FRONTIER

GUARDS.

By CHARLES B. RICHARDS.

After the return of the expedition which went to the relief
of the settlers and buried the dead at Spirit Lake, Governor
Grimes sent me a commission as Commissary General, author-
izing me to represent him in all matters pertaining to the pro-
tection of the Northwestern frontier of Iowa. He also sent me
five hundred muskets with ammunition to be distributed and
used as I deemed best, and directed me to report to him. The
muskets were stored in Fort Dodge, and I gave guns and am-
munition to such settlers as desired them. After the massacre
at Spirit Lake and Springfield in the spring of 1857, the only
settlers left were at Algona in Kossuth county and the Irish
colony in Palo Alto county. During the summer of 1857,
Howe, Palmer, Wheelock, Rodney Smith and their friends,
who had taken up claims before the massacre but had not
moved in, with Prescott, a retired clergyman and his colony,
and some others, settled on and about Spirit Lake and
Okoboji.

The stories told of the massacre of the previous winter, the
suffering and brutal treatment of women taken captive, made
it almost impossible to keep any women in the country. Set-
tlements were scattered and there were no troops to call. Fort
Dodge, the nearest point where relief could be obtained, was
ninety miles distant. Every rumor of an Indian seen in the
country and the knowledge that the Little Sioux river and the
lakes were a. favorite hunting ground, frightened the settlers.
At a meeting held at Spirit Lake, resolutions were adopted

ANNALS OF IOWA

authorizing a petition1 to be prepared and signed, asking the
State to furnish for their protection a company of mounted
men, and if such protection could not be obtained, to abandon
for the winter the settlements of Dickinson, Emmet, Clay,
Buena Vista and O'Brien counties. Jared Palmer brought
this memorial to me at Fort Dodge and I accompanied him to
Des Moines where the Legislature had just convened. We laid
the matter before Governor Grimes, the then retiring Gover-
nor, and Governor Lowe who Avas just inaugurated. The day
after Governor Lowe was inaugurated he issued to me a com-
mission as Commissary General and Acting Pay Master Gen-
eral with rank of Colonel, which commission I still have, all

Spirit Lake, Jan. 9th, 185S.
To the Hon. The General Assembly of the State of Iowa.

The undersigned citizens residing- in the vicinity of Spirit Lake would
respectfully present for the consideration of your Honorable b6dy the
situation of the people on the frontiers in the northwestern part of the
State.

We are exposed to the attack of Indians under circumstances afford-
ing little hope of relief. The settlements are sparse and widely scattered
with but little communication with each other. A hostile invasion has
already been made and depredations committed in the vicinity where
the outrages were commenced last winter and with a result to encourage
renewed attempts. At any hour tin's may be repeated in points utterly
unprotected and but poorly supplied with means of defense. Some of tin-
surrounding settlements have already been abandoned for the winter
and all are much weakened in numbers by persons who have left. Many
of the settlers remaining cannot leave without abandoning their all and
cannot collect in sufficient numbers to withstand an attack, and depend-
ing, as nearly all the remaining settlers do, upon their own exertions for
sustenance must either endure great suffering or remain exposed to
danger. If we apply to the general government, relief, if obtained, would
be too late. Help for us to be efficient must be prompt. A small body
of soldiers placed near the Little Sioux River in the vicinity of the state
line would afford protection to all the settlements on the Little Sioux
about Spirit Lake, and on the west fork of the Des Moines River and
their vicinity. If those troops were mounted, the protection would be
much more efficient. We would therefore respectfully pray that a law
be passed authorizing volunteer troops, for the term of three months,
to be stationed in the northwestern part of the state. Your petitioners
also pray for such other means of protection as our circumstances demand.
Orlando C. Howe George Rogers

William P. Gaylord F. F. Longfellow

Jareb Palmer James P. Peters

Wm. D. Carsley F. Thurston

Joseph Miller Thomas Minor

W. H. Packard Jas. D. Hawkins

Dan Calwell George S. Post

T. S Ruff ^- Wheelock

C. L Richardson Wrn- Donaldson

Rosalie Kinsman Roderick A. Smith

~/ *?' .,, LADIES' NAMES.

Charles F. Hill

Joseph M. Post Agnes J. (?) Kingman

George Detrick Malissa A. Peters (?)

W. Lamont Mrs. M. W. Howe

Lawrence Ferber Elizabeth Thurston

Levi Daugherty Mrs. H. Massey

THE FRONTIER GUARDS OF IOWA 3

other papers connected with the matter having been lost by
fire2.

C. C. Carpenter, afterwards Governor of Iowa, was the rep-
resentative of all the counties interested. If I remember
correctly there were nineteen counties in his district, every
one of which I had visited with him during the canvass, be-
fore the election of Governor Lowe. The Governor at once
called the attention of the Legislature to the necessity of im-
mediate action and a bill3 was passed authorizing the Gover-
nor to accept and put in service a company of mounted men
to be known as the Frontier Guards4. A company organized

"Executive Chambers, Iowa,
Gen. Richards, Des Moines, Feb. 13th, 1858.

The act providing for the protection of the Frontier is just published,
a copy of which here enclosed. I do not wish the Company raised mustered
into service unless there is a real necessity for it and then only the
numbers necessary to effect the end proposed. I think 30 mounted men
perhaps under the circumstances enough, but if in your judgment and that
of Major Williams 40 had better be equipped, let it be done. Again,
before the company is mustered into service you should have authentic
and reliable evidence that the Frontier settlers are in danger of an attack
from the Indians. The danger that seemed to exist a month or two ago
may now be removed. Should there be reasonable doubt on this point I
would like for you or Major Williams or some other trusty person to be
sent out to ascertain if possible the real state of things, existing there.
But you may have information sufficiently reliable to act at once.
Should the danger be regarded as imminent — the company should be
mustered into service as soon as they can get ready after the election
of officers, without waiting for their commissions. As my commissary
you will supply the arms and equipments contemplated by the act. I
apprehend you will be able to procure all that will be requisite in your
place. Draw on me for the same. You will please keep me advised of
whatever facts deemed important for me to know.

Respectfully,

(Signed) R. P. LOWE.

I herewith return you your old commission as well as a new one
constituting you a member of my staff, etc.

3Chapter 10, Acts of the Seventh General Assembly, in substance, pro-
vides that:

The Governor, when he deems it necessary to protect the frontier, shall
raise and equip a company of from thirty to one hundred mounted men,
with a captain, first lieutenant, second lieutenant, surgeon, four sergeants
and four corporals; the company to be raised near Spirit Lake, with J.
Palmer, agent, who with the captain and lieutenants of the company are
to be a board of survey for passing upon all horses tendered by the men
volunteering ; the captain to transmit to the Governor monthly returns
showing names, ages and services of the volunteers ; the officers to con-
stitute a board charged under, and the Governor to remove officers guilty
of violations of, the articles of war of the U. S. army: the Governor to
ask protection of the general Government and demand indemnity for any
expenditures made to carry out this act and be authorized to correct any
error or oversight necessary to carry out the spirit of this law : the
payment of the company to be bi-monthly ; the company to be subject
to call but payment to be only for services and to be disbanded after 'the
general Government has taken measures to protect the frontier.

Executive Chamber Iowa
J. Palmer, Esq. Des Moines Feb 13th 185?

The enclosed law [preceding paragraph] was published this morning in
the Citizen and will be published in the Journal next Monday. You
will of course proceed immediately to perform the duties required of you

4 ANNALS OF IOWA

in Hamilton and Webster counties, offered services and were
accepted by the Governor5. This company elected H. B. Mar-
tin, Captain, W. L. Church, First Lieutenant and David S.
Jewett, Second Lieutenant. The company reported to Gov-
ernor Lowe that they were ready to go to the frontier as soon
as they were provided with the necessary outfit and ammuni-
tion, which the law authorized the Governor to furnish. The
Governor ordered Captain Martin to report to me at Fort
Dodge and authorized me to obtain the necessary things, as
provided by the law; also notified Captain Martin to receive
all orders from me and report to him through me. I had all
the women in town making tents and bought all the supplies
obtainable and in three days was able to give Captain Martin

by said act, and report to me. I regret the delay at the legislature in
this matter. If the intelligence from Spirit Lake still indicates imminent
danger in the opinion of General Richards and Major Williams, I will
have my Commissary General muster the company into service as soon
as they can get ready after the election of officers, or rather order it to
he done, that they may repair to the scene of the danger without waiting
lor commissions, which I can send to them at any time. I believe I
said verbally to raise 40 mounted men but in view of the fact that the
winter will have nearly passed before the Company can get out there, and
the alleged scarcity of provender to subsist the horses upon at the S.
"Lake, my order now is that 30 mounted men should be the extent of your
enlistment, unless in the opinion of Messrs. Richards and Williams the
necessity of the case demands 40 men. You will not elect a surgeon
according to section second of the act for this General provision is con-
vrolled by the special provision contained in section 16.

Respectfully,

(Signed) R. P. LOWE.
4See illustration on opposite page.

5Executive Chamber, Iowa,
Col. Chas. B. Richards, Des Moines, Feb. 17th, 1858,

J. Palmer, the recruiting agent appointed by the law to raise a company
to protect the frontier, has made his report now .lust received, informing
me that he has raised a company of 38 men, some in Boonesborough, some
at Homer and Webster City, Hamilton county, and that they had elected
their officers, to whom commissions have this day been forwarded, al-
though I am not satisfied that the company has been raised, as the act
directed, as near as practicable to the scene of danger, which I think
would have been at your place. Still the condition of the settlers on the
frontier may admit of no delay and I have thought best under the cir-
cumstances to recognize the company, but they must be mustered into
service at your place, as soon as you and Major Williams have reliable
information of the necessity of that thing. When you have, you are
directed to order Capt. H. B. Martin of Webster City to muster his com-
pany at Fort Dodge into service. Furnish them with the necessary arms
and equipments. I wrote you a few days ago that I thought 30 men would
be sufficient and I still think so, but as the company of 40 men will
have been recruited before my orders on this point could reach you or
Mr. Palmer, I have concluded to let that number be enlisted. Let me
hear from you soon. Respectfully

(Signed) R. 'P. LOWE.

Executive Chambers Iowa
J. Palmer, Esq. Des Moines Feb 17th 1858

I regret that you did not recruit the company as near the scene of
danger as practicable. The object, of the law was to save as much
expense as possible to the State. However I have sent the commissions

ROSTER OF THE IOWA FRONTIER GUARDS.

THE FRONTIER GUARDS OF IOWA 5

his marching orders. I reported this to the Governor whose
approval was at once given6.

, Having been over the ground and conferred with the set-
tlers I ordered him to station ten men under the Second
Lieutenant in Emmet county, on the Des Moines river, and
twenty men under Lieutenant Church on the Little Sioux at
Bell's place, where now, I think, Peterson is located. The
main body under Captain Martin was to be stationed at Spirit
Lake. I ordered each commanding officer to send out scouting
parties whenever the weather would permit, and if any In-
dians were found in the State, to examine them, and if they
were hunting parties from the agencies, to order them out of
the State. Under no circumstances was an Indian to be killed,
but if any were recognized as being connected with the Ink-
padutah Band present at the massacre they were to be held
and the matter reported to me at once for orders in accord-
ance with my instructions from Governor Lowe.

Several were taken and ordered from the State, having sat-
isfied Captain Martin that they were peaceable and belonged

to the officers elected, but must insist upon the company being mustered
into service at Fort Dodge so as to comply with the' intention of the
law. If I shall afterward become satisfied that the company could not
have been raised in Webster county near Fort Dodge, I will allow the
time occupied in going to that place. Under the act, I must have reliable
information of the necessity of calling out the company, and as I am so
far removed from the sources of intelligence on the subject, I have con-
cluded to leave the time of mustering the men into service upon the
judgment of the commissary, Col. Richards, and Major Williams. If they
have any information authorizing the mustering of the company into
service an order will issue from Col. Richards to Capt. Martin to that
Affect. Respectfully,

(Signed) RALPH P. LOWE.

Gen. Richards 6Executive Chamber Iowa

Ft. Dodge Des Moines March 4th 1858

Sir: I have yours of the 28th ultimo, also a letter from Palmer and
Howe at Lake City, setting forth the same facts mentioned in yours.
Your plans and orders met my approval in every respect. Many days
would be occupied in getting equippage from St. Louis and I therefore
do not deem it practicable to attempt anything of the kind for this
Company. If we have an early Spring, as is now indicated, it will not
be necessary for the company to remain in service a great while. If
you think a large number of men really necessary for the protection of
the northwest, take proper steps to muster the necessary number into
service with such dispatch as you may deem proper.

Your Obedient Servant

(Signed) RALPH P. LOWE.

„ _ Fort Dodge April 6th 1858

Hon. Ralph P. Lowe
Dear Sir

Tv/r-J+°Urs^0f the 29th was duly receive<3 containing list of names for
Military Company on Little Sioux River. I will get the necessary informa-
tion as regards the men who propose to organize. I have some 200
muskets on hand which are of no particular use in any event & might

6 ANNALS OF IOWA

to the agency. Two Indians7 were captured whom some of
the settlers thought they recognized as of the band which
committed the murders at the Lakes. Captain Martin kept
them prisoners and sent a messenger to Fort Dodge giving
me the facts, but expressed his opinion that their identifica-
tion was doubtful. I referred the matter to Governor Lowe
who ordered me to have Captain Martin send them to me at
Fort Dodge and to hold them as prisoners until their identity
could be established. I transmitted this order to Captain
Martin and he detailed a guard and started the two prisoners
for Fort Dodge. The first stopping place was on the Des
Moines river at Miles Mahan's*. The prisoners were bound
with ropes, their feet tied so that they could only take short
steps. In the evening they signified to the guards that they
wanted to go out before lying down and accompanied by the
guards they were allowed to do so. Near by was a bluff and
some timber. They at once gave a bound over the edge. The

as well be used for military companies to learn the manual as any
thing else ; I have been obtaining all the information possible as to the
necessity of keeping Captain Martin & company in service and there
are so many conflicting stories and rumors that I can hardly determine
what is best. I have received a monthly report from Capt. Martin in
accordance with the orders I herewith enclose. I think it would be well
for some man to go to the lakes & see how matters do really stand. The
men will hardly pay expenses unless kept out more than two months but
the State should not be kept at an expense which is not actually necessary.
I received spurs, powder flask and also Treasurer's warrant ror
$34.41 and will forward receipts as soon as our county treasurer can pay
the warrants. I will write as soon as I learn in regard to the company
on Sioux River. In my judgment a company at that place well drilled
would be all that is required to protect all the settlements southwest
of Spirit Lake and the emigrants will soon fill up Dickinson county in
the course of two months so as to render them strong enough to take
care of themselves. I am very sorry the bill for paying the expenses
of last Spring's expedition failed to pass. It is very bad for this
country. If they had payed the expenses it would have done to let
the men wait but many men paid out considerable sums of money on the
faith of the State and many have obtained means to live on on the strength
of their claim and no claim was put in for any more than they furnished
and the price was no more in any instance than the articles would bring
in cash at the time they were delivered and we lived on half rations all
the time. I paid out considerable money and expected as Gov. Grimes had
commissioned Major Williams to do every thing necessary to protect the
northwestern frontier and as there was an actual invasion of the State
and as it was highly probable that citizens of the state were besieged and
needed assistance and as we all went under the call of a duly commis-
sioned officer, to have it refunded. I think the State, if she has any
regard for her honor should pay back what was paid out by those who
furnished money and provision for the expedition. I paid $110. in cash
for a horse for the use of the expedition and ruined him and spent con-
siderable money but I can give mine to the state but there are those
who are seriously injured by the acts of the Legislature.

Yours very truly, CHAS. B. RICHARDS.

'STATEMENT OF HIRAM WILTFONG

I have lived on the frontier above Ft. Dodge in Iowa since June 1854
excepting part of the year 1857. I have seen the band called Inka-

THE FRONTIER GUARDS OF IOWA 7

guards fired at them, but as it was very dark, they were un-
able to find them. Thus escaped the only prisoners taken. I
think Governor Lowe, Captain Martin and I were all pleased
that the matter ended as it did, for the settlers, especially
women, were very anxious to hang them. I was certain they
never would return after they saw there was a well armed and
well mounted force to guard the frontier, and when they were
told by Captain Martin that under no circumstances would any
Indian be allowed in the State.

The company was kept in service making frequent scouts
to the north and west as far as they could go and return in
a day. I made a trip every two months, going first to Des
Moines for the money, accompanied with one man detailed
by Captain Martin, and with my pony loaded with gold coin,
my blankets and pistols. From Fort Dodge there were three
places where I could stop for the night ; one on the north line
of Humboldt county with Mr. Evans; one at Shippy's in Palo
Alto county, and one at Miles Mahan's, where I left the Des
Moines river to cross the prairie thirty-five miles to Spirit
Lake. From there I traveled forty-five miles without seeing
a house, to pay Lieutenant Church and his detachment ; then
to Fort Dodge, sixty-five miles, for forty-five miles of which
there was no house. In the winter with only a blind snow-
covered trail, this was not a pleasant task. It required nearly
a month in stormy weather and in the spring when the
streams were high, as there was not a bridge in the north-
western part of the State. To the plan of disbanding the
company in the spring the settlers objected and I was directed

padutah's band several times and have seen Inkapadutah himself while I
was living on the Des Moines River in Kossuth county.

I have to day seen two Indians held as prisoners at Spirit Lake by
Capt. of the Frontier Guards and recognize them as those I have seen with
that band.

The younger one was near my house in Kossuth County in June, 1856.
I saw the older one about the last of November 1856 at the house of Joel
Howe at Spirit Lakes. This was the Mr. Howe who with his family were
massacred the next March after I saw the Indian there ; and I believe
both of the prisoners to be part of the Inkapadutah's band.

Dated Spirit Lake, February 25th 1859

(Signed) HIRAM M. WILTFONG-

And sworn to before Jareb Palmer Clerk of the District Court for
Dickinson County Iowa.

ANNALS OF IOWA

to keep the company in service until July,8 when by order
of Governor Lowe I made the trip to all the counties. Many
immigrants came in during the spring, understanding that

"Executive Chamber, Iowa
Des Moines, 24th April, 1858
Gen'l C. B. Richards

Fort Dodge, Iowa

My Dear Sir: Dr. FarnerC?) presented at this Department on yester-
day your letter of the 13th instant, and petitions from the Northwestern
Counties, asking for the continuance of the Frontier Guards in the service.
I confess myself embarrassed bv this action. While Governor L.owe
often expressed his desire to disband the Company on the 1st of May,
he gave no positive instructions as to my action upon the subject during
his absence. I have concluded from the tenor of his letters that he had
transmitted orders to you to disband the Company but your letter of
the date above mentioned forces a different inference. Therefore while I
believe that if the Governor were here he would disband the Guards. I
will not, with yoxir letter before me, assume the responsibility of doing
in his name. I have written him at both New York and Washington upon
the subject and urged immediate instructions. The guards will remain
in service until you hear further from this Department. I will not
advise, however, preparations for remaining at Spirit Lake a great while.
You see that the State has incurred a considerable expense already and
that the continued service of the Guards must materially augment that
amount. It is true these matters should not be considered when the
lives of the settlers are in danger, but good policy dictates that this
expense should be curtailed the moment the danger ceases. The Governor
will not neglect the pioneers on our frontiers, while doing justice to every
other portion of the State.

The roll enclosed in Captain Martin's report was forwarded to the
Governor at Keokuk. It is impossible without it to ascertain the amount
due the men in the service. I have written to the family to forward it to
me without delay. Aside from this it would be useless for me to draw an
order on the Auditor before the 1st of May, as he would refuse to audit it
before that date. I will forward warrants as you request as soon as
possible.

The bills you enclose will be acted upon the first time I visit th<>
Auditor's Office. Respectfully

THOS. F. WITHROW,

Private Secretary.

Executive Chamber, Iowa
My Dear Sir Des Moines 7th May 1858

I have yours of the 30th ultimo. The Treasurer of State is now absent,
but is expected daily. When he returns if the gold can be obtained from
the Treasury we will forward to you an amount sufficient to cover the
pay of the company. The law is not very clear in its provision upon this
point. While defining the duties of the officer who pays the members of
the Company, it does not dictate who that officer shall be. After con-
sulting with the Auditor, I have concluded that that duty would more
properly rest upon me as Quarter-Master General than any other officer,
and will therefore make an approximate estimate of the amount necessary
to pay off the Company. The Auditor will draw his warrant for this
amount, and charge the same to you on the books of his office. After
paying the men as directed by law, you wrill return your vouchers to this
office, with any balance remaining in your hands, which will be properly
placed to your credit on the Auditor's books.

If I were situated as you are I should take the responsibility of dis-
banding the Company, unless satisfied that there is really danger of an
Indian invasion. The Governor has entrusted the disposition of th<>
Company to you, as officer acquainted with the actual condition of the
frontier and I am satisfied would approve the disbanding of the Company
at the earliest moment you deem it advisable. I can take no step in the
matter for the reason that my instructions authorize me only to provide
some method of paying the company.

Very respectfully

THOS. F. WITHROW

Gen'l Chas. B. Richards Private Secretary.

Fort Dodge.

THE FRONTIER GUARDS OF IOWA

the troops would be retained until the settlements were strong
enough to protect themselves. I reported to the Governor
that in my judgment it would be safe to withdraw the troops
during the summer, but recommended that they should not be
discharged, as it might be advisable to again call them into
active service in the winter. The Governor directed me to
order Captain Martin to report to me at Fort Dodge with
his command. He did so promptly and I paid the men and
discharged them with orders to be ready for service whenever
called on by the Governor. This ended the service for 1857
and 1858.

In the fall there were several bands of Indians seen on the
Little Sioux and some on the head waters of the Des Moines.
At a meeting of the settlers of Dickinson, Emmet, Clay, Buena
Vista, Palo Alto and O'Brien counties, a petition for the re-
call of the guards was signed by both men and women and
sent to Governor Lowe. He directed me to investigate as to
the necessity of ordering the Frontier Guards again into serv-
ice. I at once did so, and satisfied myself that unless pro-
tection was afforded, most of the settlers would leave, and
I so reported to the Governor. He at once ordered Captain
Martin and company to report to me at Fort Dodge for orders.
Having stored the outfit of the previous winter, I purchased
the necessary ammunition and supplies, and when Captain
Martin reported with his command, ordered him to proceed
to Spirit Lake and distribute his force where it could best
protect the frontier of Iowa, to keep scouts out as he had done
the previous winter, to capture every Indian found in the
State and to report monthly to me at Fort Dodge. He
was energetic and if an Indian was found he was taken and
given to understand that he must not again come into the
State.

I made the trip every two months and paid the company
as during the previous winter. The fact that the Governor
of Iowa was protecting the frontier became known and many
immigrants settled in these counties during the next spring
and summer. The general Government, although urged by
Senator Grimes and others, utlerly failed to make any move
or do anything for the protection of the frontier settlements

10 ANNALS OP IOWA

of Iowa.9 As the spring opened up and the new settlers
came into these counties the necessity of keeping the Frontier
Guards in service was agitated in the newspapers. The elec-
tion was to be held in the fall and the opposition press was
trying to make political capital in the southern part of the
State against Governor Lowe for keeping- the Frontier Guards
in service at great expense to the State.

In June the Governor ordered me to report whether in my
judgment it would be safe to withdraw the Frontier Guards.
After consulting with the settlers at the Lakes, I advised the
Governor that it would be safe to withdraw them for the sum-
mer, as many new settlers were coming in, who. supplied
with arms and ammunition, would be able to protect them-
selves. I received an order from the Governor to order
Captain Martin and company to report to me at Fort
Dodge. I went to DCS Moines to draw the money to pay them.
Captain Martin at once complied with the order and by di-
rection of the Governor I paid off the company and discharged
them from future service. Thus ended the efforts of the State
to protect the settlements until they were strong enough to
protect themselves. There is no question but that the wise
action of Governor Grimes and Governor Lowe, backed up by
the Legislature in providing the Frontier Guards and the
energetic patroling of the entire frontier of the State in the
winters and springs of 1857 and 1858, and 1858 and 1859 kept
Dickinson, Emmet, Clay, Buena Vista, and O'Brien counties

"Executive Chamber
Hon. Sam'l R. Curtis Des Moines March 15th 1858

M. C.

I am at a loss to know whether to address the Commissioner on Indian
Relations, the Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of War or the Presi-
dent of the United States upon the subject of our Indian troubles. You
will perceive from the law passed this winter, herewith enclosed, that the
State in order to protect the settlers near Spirit Lake and the Little Sue,
River has again been compelled to arm and equip a company which has
been done as the law dictates, and a company of 31 Dragoons are now
at Spirit Lake. A letter received from there today informs me that Inka-
padutah with his band is camped within 1 S miles of that place, are very
hostile and putting at defiance our troops. It was expected that an engage-
ment would take place in a few days after the date of that letter. I need
not say that the company was mustered into service after the most relia-
ble information of the necessity of such a step. Just before the act in
question was passed by the Legislature a skirmish had taken place
between the Indians and the settlers. Since then they have burnt some
houses and run off some cattle. I submit whether the proper department
at Washington ought, not to intervene and protect the frontier settlers
from their depredations. Our state authority interposed because the
danger was too imminent to wait until protection could be obtained from

THE FRONTIER GUARDS OF IOWA 11

from being abandoned. The course taken by Captain Martin
and Lieutenant Church, in strictly obeying orders and arrest-
ing and driving out of the State all Indians and giving them
to understand that they would not be allowed to come into
the State under any circumstances, kept them from their
usual visits to the Little Sioux and the Lakes until the
settlements were strong enough to protect themselves and
thus saved the settlements in Iowa from a repetition of the
Spirit Lake massacre. It turned the predatory bands of In-
dians from their former hunting grounds in Iowa, but cul-
minated in the massacre at New Ulm, Minnesota. I doubt
whether one hundred mounted men were ever kept in serv-
ice for the same length of time at so little expense to the State.

While the Spirit Lake expedition of 1857 was one of the
severest trials of endurance that any body of men was ever
subjected to, I had worse experiences in my trips to pay the
Frontier Guards than I had in that march with one hundred
men to the relief of Spirit Lake, a full account of which was
published in the ANNALS. In that march we were ready to
assist one another, but in my trips of more than two hundred
miles in the severe winters of 1857 and 1858, and 1858 and
1859, carrying gold in my saddlebags on my pony, I had but
one companion, a stranger detailed by Captain Martin to ac-
company me.

I have a very distinct recollection of one trip I made in
March after paying the detachment stationed at Spirit Lake
under Captain Martin. He detailed a new man to accompany
me to the camps of Lieutenant Church on the Little Sioux
in Buena Vista county. We left Spirit Lake as early as we
could see the trail, a bright March day. We had some dif-

the general Government. "Will you not confer very soon with the proper
department on this subject and ascertain what will and can be done to
relieve the State from the burden of maintaining a military force upon
the frontier to protect it from Indian invasions, a thing which I think
will be recognized at once as the bounden duty of the general govern-
ment to do. Inkpadutah's band, I understand, is composed of .outlaws
who have united to make their forage and exist by plunder. If we
could keep up a military force of 50 men for one or two years, the settle-
ments would in all probability become strong enough to protect themselves.
I will, in a few days, make out the expenses of last winter's campaign
against the Indians for the purpose of having the same liquidated and
paid. We will adjourn in one week. Let me hear from you at Keokuk.

Respectfully
(Signed) RALPH P. LOWE.

12 ANNALS OF IOWA

ficulty in crossing the Ocheyedan, the waters from the melt-
ing snow the two previous days having swollen the small
streams. We traveled as rapidly as the trail would permit,
and arrived at the Little Sioux river opposite Gillett's grove
in Clay county at four o'clock in the afternoon. The ice was
broken up and the river was high and rapid. Large cakes of
ice were floating. It was thirty-five miles back to the Lakes
to the nearest house on that side of the river and twelve miles
to the camp of Lieutenant Church, the only stopping place
within fifty miles. This river was between me and Lieutenant
Church's camp. It was growing cold. We had no food or
blankets. After following up along the river for more than
a mile, I determined that my only chance was to swim the
river. I ordered my attendant to follow me and fastening
the saddlebags, which contained the gold to pay Lieutenant
Church's detachment, firmly to my saddle, forced my pony
into the stream. The current was rapid and we were carried
down stream nearly one-half mile and instead of landing in
the bottoms, as was intended, I was carried down to where
the bluff was high and steep. My companion who had a
larger horse than I and was not weighted with heavy ccold
and pistols, landed in the bottoms. I managed to get my
pony near the shore where I was able to get hold of some
overhanging bushes and pull myself on shore, relieving my
pony. He managed to follow me up the bluff so steep that
I had to go on my hands and knees. We had twelve miles
to go to reach Lieutenant Church's camp. The trail was in-
distinct, and we must find the camp or remain in the open
prairie with our frozen clothes. We ran our horses as fast
as we could, as it was growing dark, and we finally saw a
light. Lieutenant Church had ordered a large bonfire on the
high ground near his camp. We found men out looking for
us and we were taken in. I was helped from my pony, my
clothes so frozen I could not dismount. The men made a blaz-
ing fire, wrapped me in warm blankets and prepared a hot
supper. I was able to put on some clothes loaned by Lieu-
tenant Church, pay off: the men and plan for an early start
in the morning, sixty miles across the country, forty-five
miles without a tree or house.

THE FRONTIER GUARDS OF IOWA 13

We started as soon as 'it was light enough to see the trail
and traveled as fast as our horses would go on a long day 's
ride. We stopped near a small lake to feed our horses and
eat our lunch. My pony broke through the ice and in dis-
mounting I was wet to the knees. For the rest of the day I
was obliged to dismount frequently, run to get warm and then
mount and ride as fast as prudent on a long day's trip until
I was so cold I had to walk again. In this way we reached
Fury's cabin at the head of the Lizard. About five o'clock,
I asked Mrs. Fury if she could give me a cup of coffee and
something to eat. I took off my wet clothes and got into bed
while they dried. When she called me to eat I was for the
first and last time so completely tired out I could not get up.
Although I had intended to go to Fort Dodge, fifteen miles
distant, I lay and slept until daylight the next morning. Then
I started and reached Fort Dodge at 11 :00 A. M. I stopped
for breakfast at Richard Furlong's and such a breakfast!
Ham and eggs ! the first eggs I had seen in six months.

I had several trips nearly as bad and some more exciting
than this in paying off the company.

The general Government as shown by documents forwarded
to the Governor10 reimbursed the State for all money expended
The political excitement of 1860 prevented any further
thoughts of Indians, as the rapid immigration had made all

"Office Northern Superintendency.
St. Paul, Dec. 21, 1858.
Sir,—

The accompanying claim, made by citizens of the State of Iowa through
the Governor of the State is for supplies furnished to the expeditions
therein named, formed by citizens in that State against Inkpadutah and
his band in the spring of 1857 and amount in aggregate to $3,800.91. A
claim made for services on behalf of the volunteers engaged amounts to
$3404.00.

Upon 'examination of these claims, I find the fact well established that
expeditions were formed against Inkpadutah from Fort Dodge, and vicinity
immediately on receiving intelligence of the massacre at Spirit Lake.
That the expeditions were in active service , against Inkpadutah and his
band and pursued them until so prevented by the snow and extreme cold
that they could not overtake them. The statement filed as the report of
Major Williams gives the detailed account of the expeditions.

The vouchers and accounts accompanying for supplies furnished ap-
pear to be regular and the evidence and proofs complete and my opinion
is that they should be allowed. I would however make exceptions in
this recommendation to the following claims; viz: claim marked 57 in
the schedule as account of Charles R. Bissel is for services and expenses
as surgeon to the expedition amounting to $199 ; he charges for attend-
ance on James Thomas and wife $150, an additional charge which is not,
in my opinion, a proper item to be allowed under this appropriation, con-

14 ANNALS OF IOWA

the settlements strong enough to protect themselves. The
lessons the Indians had learned kept them away and there was
no further trouble or excitement until the New Ulm massacre,
when a regiment was stationed on the frontier by the general
Government. Unfortunately the letters and orders received
from Governor Grimes and Governor Lowe were destroyed
by fire in the burning of my house. The letters and orders
from Governor Grimes and perhaps a dozen from Governor
Lowe were in their own handwriting, but most of them in the
handwriting of the late Hon. Thomas F. Withrow, then private
secretary of Governor Lowe.

sequently only $199 is recommended of this claim as a proper allowance.
The claim of Smith E. Stevens is not certified to by any person con-
nected with the expedition and is too indefinite and is not included in the
recommendation.

The claim of C. B. Richards marked 65 on the schedule, includes two
claims, one for necessary expenses etc., amounts to $201.25 ; another for
services in collecting bills etc. for making out report etc., for which
he charges in general terms $250.00, Total, $451.25.

The first claim I would recommend, the latter claim I think too general
and would particularly refer it to you for consideration. I have accord-
ingly not recommended it, wanting evidence to sustain the same.

The claim of Maior Williams for $175 is for the eouipment of men for
protection of the frontier previous to commission of depredations : this
it appears to me to bring this amount outside of the Act of Congress,
which is for expenses incurred by expeditions against Inkpadutah.

Therefore I would recommend the allowance of the claims set forth
in the schedule attached to this claim furnished by Mr. Withrow, Attor-
ney for State of Iowa of all the claims for supplies filed, with the follow-
ing deductions:

On claim 57, Charles R. Bissel $150 00

Smith E. Stevens 45.00

65, C. B. Richards 250.00

William Williams 17500

This makes the amount allowed for supplies $3,180.91

So far as the claim for service of volunteers engaged in expedition is
concerned, this T suppose should be considered as a claim on the part of
the State for these parties. The allowance T have recommended for serv-
ices in all other cases of volunteers is $1.00 a day for each day's service
and $2.00 for the officers in command of companies. This woul^3 reduce
the claim for services from the amounts charged which is $2 00 per day
for men and $3.00 to $4.00 for all officers.

The amount recommended for allowance therefore, is $1329 for men
and $290. for officers, adding for G. B. Sherman, commissary, $3S. for
services $2.00 per day, makes total service $1657, the same rates allowed
in the cases of St. Peters, Travers des Louis, Mankato and other volun-
teers.

The evidence sustaining this claim is conclusive and satisfactory. The
individual claims for services should have been filed as required in all
other cases ; should you however concede the application of the Governor,
as sufficient and approve my recommendations, the total amount allowed
will be $4,837.91

Respectfully, your obedient servant

W. T. CULLEN,
Supt. Ind. Affairs

THE FRONTIER GUARDS OF IOWA 15

Department of the Interior.
Office of Indian Affairs.
May 27, 1859.
Sir,—

I have the honor herewith to transmit the applications filed with Su-
perintendent W. I. Cullen under the following clause in the act to supply
deficiencies in the appropriations for the current and contingent expenses
of the Indian Department approved June 14, 1858; viz:

"For defraying the expenses of the several expeditions against Inkpa-
dutah's band, and in the search, ransom and recovery of the female cap-
tives, taken by said band in eighteen hundred and fifty seven, the sum
of Twenty Thousand Dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, the
amount to be ascertained and paid on satisfactory proof, under the direc-
tion of the Secretary of the Interior." together with his general report,
and special reports, expressive of his opinion on each individual claim.

The number of applications filed is 306, amounting in the aggregate to
$46,235.62. The Governor of Iowa withdrew however in January last,
application 161, filed by the State of Iowa for $7,903.84 ; so that the
amount total of the applications is reduced to $38,331.78.

Superintendent Cullen recommends the allowance of claims amounting
to $25,114.91.

These claims have been investigated by this office and though some
of the items allowed may appear extravagant, and others not be sub-
stantiated so fully as to pass a rigid examination ; yet in consideration
of the explanations made in Supt. Cullen's report, whose position, prox-
imity to the scenes of action, intimate knowledge with all the circum-
stances involved fully enabled him to arrive at just conclusions so as to
render his decisions reliable ; and in consideration of further explanations
made by Senator Rice in his letter herewith enclosed I think that by the
adoption of the recommendation of Supt. Cullen we may nearest approach
the point attainable under the circumstances, which will do justice to all
concerned. I would therefore respectfully recommend that 75 per cent,
viz: $18,836.18 of the amount allowed by Supt. Cullen, be paid and that
the balance, viz; $1,163.82 be retained to pay the incidental expenses of
the investigation.

Very Respectfully,

Your obedient servant,

A. B. GREENWOOD,

Commissioner.
Hon. Jacob Thompson,

Secretary of the Interior.

Assorted Cargo— The steamer Pizzaro lately left St. Louis for
the mouth of Kansas river with the following cargo for that
point, viz.: 20 spinning wheels, twenty looms. and their appendages,
300 axes and one hundred ploughs, and last though not least,
$10,000 in specie. This pretty little outfit is said to be for the
Iowa and other Indians. — Davenport, I. T.— Iowa Sun, Nov. 13, 1839.

16 ANNALS OF IOWA

BIOGRAPHY OF HON. CHARLES JOHN ALFRED
ERICSON.

By CHARLES L. DAHLBERG.

In recording the life of Hon. C. J. A. Ericson, I have drawn
freely from comments of the press, the views of some of those
who knew him best, as expressed by them while he was yet
living, as well as expressions called forth by his death, be-
lieving that by so doing a truer and clearer conception of his
life and character may be obtained.

Charles John Alfred Ericson was born in Sodra VI parish,
near Vimmerbi, province of Calmar, Sweden, on the 8th day
of March, 1840. His father, Eric Nelson, was a farmer by
occupation, and with his family came to America in 1852,
settling near Moline, Illinois, where he engaged in farming
and fishing, both of which occupations he had followed in
Sweden. Later he removed to Webster county, Iowa.

The early education of Charles J. A. Ericson was obtained
in the common schools of his native land, where he pursued
his studies until twelve years of age, when he accompanied
his parents to this country, and continued his education in tne
common schools of Rock Island county, Illinois. Although his
attendance at school was very limited, the lack of knowledge
in this respect was remarkably well supplied by his extensive
reading, his study of human nature, and, in later years, his
travels, all of which gave him a mind well stored, especially
with reference to matters of business and the affairs of the
world generally, in the time in which he lived. He once stated
to a friend that one means he had used in acquiring informa-
tion was the constant attempt to associate himself with those
from whom he could learn, an example well worthy of emula-
tion by all, for Mr. Ericson was not only able to tell what he
knew, and to express it well, but he was also a good listener
and listened with profit to himself.

/

C. J. A. ERICSON 17

At the age of thirteen he began work for his elder brother
upon a farm, and still later he assisted in running a flat-boat
ferry across Rock River. The family then moved to Altona,
Knox county, Illinois, where he worked in a general store for
his two elder brothers. In the spring of 1859 he located in
Boone county, at Mineral Ridge, where he opened a small
store, having but little capital. He also engaged in buying
and selling cattle and other live stock, and in both branches
of his business he met with creditable success.

Mr. Ericson was six feet two in height, his body erect, with
no surplus flesh, weighing on an average two hundred pounds
or a little over. He was an athlete of no mean ability, and in
his younger days often accepted challenges to friendly con-
tests of strength, in which he rarely failed to come off victor.

Mr. Ericson was twice married. In 1858 he wedded Miss
Matilda Nelson, and to them were born two daughters, Alice
and Lorena. In 1873 he was united in marriage with Miss
Nellie Linderblood, who died in 1899.

Among Mr. Erickson's early experiences which he has relat-
ed to his friends, was his first visit to Des Moines to buy goods,
after locating at Mineral Ridge, driving across the country
with team, the only mode of freighting in those days. He had
very little ready money and on arrival at Des Moines selected
only a small bill of goods. The wholesale merchant with whom
he was dealing, impressed by his personality, told him to take
what he wanted, pay down what he could and bring him money
or exchange produce for the remainder when convenient. This
was Mr. Ericson 's initiation into a business in Boone county
that grew ultimately into a large general merchandise store
in the city of Boone. It was the largest in the county, per-
haps, at that time and laid the foundation for a business
career that led not only to the accumulation of a handsome
fortune, but a competence that enabled him to do a wonder-
ful amount of good to his own, the Swedish, people, which
has certainly been greatly appreciated by them as well as
those who are conversant with his life and methods.

His appreciation of humor, even at his own expense, is
seen in an incident he sometimes referred to, which occurred
2

18 ANNALS OF IOWA

in his early experience at Mineral Ridge. At a certain season
of the year it was his custom to buy cattle, principally what
is now called "butcher stock." His first purchase of a drove
was at a uniform price per head for an animal, large or small.
His surprise can be imagined when in Iowa City, where he
had to go for a market, he learned that cattle were bought
by weight, and that an animal weighing seven hundred pounds
was worth less than one of twelve hundred. Of course one
lesson was sufficient.

In 1870 he purchased the general store of Jackson Orr,
in Boone, and for five years carried on a general merchan-
dise business. In 1872 he assisted in the organization of the
First National Bank of Boone, and was elected its vice-presi-
dent. In 1875, he closed out his mercantile interests and be-
came cashier of the First National Bank, which surrendered
its charter and was reorganized as the City Bank of Boone
in 1878. On the death of Mr. Frank Champlin, Mr. Ericson
became president of this bank, which position he held at the
time of his death.

In all his business undertakings he seemed possessed of those
traits of character which always lead to success, of which no
better description can be given than to quote the last para-
graph of an article which he himself wrote for the Boone Ne-ws
Republican of date May 23, 1907, under the title of "Memor-
ies of a Swedish Immigrant of 1852," as follows:

What little success I have attained I attribute to three things;
first, honest and fair dealing with every man; second, refraining
from speculations and investments in outside enterprises, but
attending strictly to my own business; and, third, making my
word as good as my bond.

In 1863 he became a Mason, holding membership in Mount
Olive Lodge, No. 79, A. F. & A. M. He was also a member
of Tuscan Chapter, R. A. M. ; Excalibur Commandery, No.
13, K. T. ; and held all the principal offices in these organiza-
tions, serving as treasurer of the Commandery there from
the time of his first residence in Boone until his death.

C. J. A. ERICSON 19

Throughout his mature life he took a deep interest in poli-
ties, and for ten years, while still a young man, filled €he posi-
tion of postmaster of Mineral Ridge. He also served as road
supervisor, school director, school treasurer, and township
clerk. He was also alderman of Boone, city treasurer for sev-
eral terms, and president and treasurer of the school board.
He was an active member of the Presbyterian church, and
took great interest in religious work, being treasurer and
trustee for some thirty years.

In 1871 he was elected a member of the Fourteenth General
Assembly of Iowa, on the Republican ticket, his opponent
being Judge M. K. Ramsey. He served during the regular
session and during an extra session, which was called in 1873
to revise the Code, again rendering service in the revision of
the Code while a member of the Senate of 1897.

In 1895 he was elected to the Senate, where he served in
the Twenty-sixth, Twenty-sixth extra, Twenty-seventh, Thir-
tieth, Thirty-first, Thirty-second and Thirty-second extra
General Assemblies.

During his terms of office as state senator, his ability as a
financier was recognized in his appointment as a member of
the Committee on Ways and Means at every session, and chair-
man of the Committee 011 Claims in the Twenty-sixth, Twenty-
sixth extra, and Twenty-seventh General Assemblies. In the
Thirtieth and Thirty-first General Assemblies, he was chair-
man of the Committee on Public Libraries, and in the Thirty-
second General Assembly was chairman of Constitutional
Amendments and Suffrage. During the last three sessions he
served on committees on Banks.

While serving in the Senate in the Twenty-sixth General
Assembly he introduced a bill which passed both houses,
whereby corporations are taxed $25.00 for the first thousand,
and an additional dollar for each one thousand thereafter ;
not however, to exceed $350.00 for any one corporation. This
was in lieu of the nominal fee theretofore charged.

In the Thirty-second General Assembly he also introduced
and secured its passage through the Senate, a bill requiring

20 ANNALS OF IOWA

annual fees to be paid to the Secretary of State by all corpo-
rations doing business within the State.

In the Twenty-seventh General Assembly he introduced a
bill reducing the interest on state warrants from six to five
per cent.

There were three things, however, that seemed uppermost in
his mind ; viz., the Historical Department, Public Libraries,
and the Agricultural College. During the last three sessions
in which he served, out of thirty-three bills introduced by him,
eleven were in the interests of the Historical Department and
Public Libraries', and seven in the interest of the Agricultural
College ; and much of the success of these departments of state
is due to his untiring efforts in their behalf. Doubtless his
interest in the Historical Department was intensified by his
friendship for and high esteem of Hon. Charles Aldrich, its
first curator, who, like himself, was imbued with the idea of
building and establishing for the benefit of future generations
as well as for the present. His work in the interest of the
State Agricultural College was recognized by all connected
with that school.

Aside from his interest in these departments, he rendered
valuable service and was largely instrumental in the passage
of the bill for taxing corporations, which has added largely to
the income of the State of late years. He introduced a bill
in the interest of good roads and might be considered one of
the pioneers in this work which is now being so strongly agi-
tated. One thing that showed the love of nature strongly
marked in his character was the introduction of bills at two
different times in the interest of the feathered songsters of
the forest, their nests and eggs.

The appreciation of Senator Ericson and his work in our
State Senate has been so well set forth by two of his colleagues,
that I herewith submit their own words :

W. C. HAYWARD, Secretary of State: During three of the five
sessions that I served in the State Senate, Hon. C. J. A. Ericson
was a member of that body. We \vere both members of the Ways
and Means Committee, and both lived during the session at the

C. J. A. ERICSON 21

Savery Hotel, and I then had an opportunity of becoming quite
well acquainted with him.

He was a large man in every way, physically and intellectually.
He was of fine appearance, and of the most kindly disposition.
He took a special interest in educational affairs and was a firm
and steadfast friend of our educational institutions. He was a
careful and considerate man, one of whom it could be said that
he was "safe and sane"; at the same time he was in every sense
of the word "progressive," and an advocate and supporter of all
progressive measures along reasonable lines.

He was mild and pleasant in manner, but, at ' the same time,
firm and unyielding in support of what he deemed to be right.

A splendid, big, strong man. It was a distinct loss to the State
he loved so well when he passed away.

WARREN GARST: My people moved to Boone in June of 1866.
Almost from the first the name of Mr. Ericson became a house-
hold word on account of the prominent position he held in that
community. It was not strange, therefore, when I became asso-
ciated with him in a legislative way I should remember the
earlier impressions I had received in the community in which
we then lived. I found Senator Ericson to be a powerful force in
all remedial legislation: always throwing his influence and vote
in any cause he thought to be for the betterment of society. He
was especially active and exceedingly fortunate in formulating
plans to increase the revenues of the State from sources that
would not be burdensome and at the same time would be greatly
remunerative. As I remember it, under the old law any incor-
poration organizing in Iowa was required to pay a mere nominal
fee into the coffers of the State. Senator Ericson introduced a
bill that changed this and we now have had instances where very
large corporations have paid many thousands of dollars in single
fees.

He also introduced and secured its passage through the Senate,
a bill to tax corporations through an annual fee. Senator .Ericson
figured that if his bill became a law it would add to the revenues
of the State from $150,000.00 to $250,000.00 Annually.

It is not my purpose to go into the discussion of this proposi-
tion as to its justice or fairness, but I was then and am now in
thorough sympathy and accord with Senator Ericson's position.

While Senator Ericson was seeking every way to secure addi-
tional revenues for the State, through any of the then established
means, he was liberal with suggestions as to distribution. He
was anxious to see the great agricultural school at Ames become

22 ANNALS OF IOWA

one of the leading institutions of this character, not only .in this
country, but in the ' world. His success along this line is best
attested by what this great institution is doing and is.

He always had a great interest in the history of the State, and
perhaps it is more due to him and his untiring energy than to
that of any other man that we have the magnificent Historical
Building, which is an asset of state-wide importance, for it seems to
me that no man, woman or child can visit this elegant structure
without having a greater pride and a greater love for this great
State.

I have no disposition to go into detail as to Senator Ericson's
legislative experience. I am indeed glad to have the opportunity
to say to the people of Iowa that, while there have been men who
have perhaps been more conspicuous, there has been no man who
has clone more along material and ethical lines than the Senator
from Boone.

Following' is an editorial from the ANNALS OF IOWA, a few
years previous to his death :

It is seldom, indeed, that an immigrant from a foreign land —
unable to speak a word of our language — rises from the laboring
class to such an enviable position in his new home as that so
fittingly occupied by Senator Ericson. His life has been one of
business success and filled with useful public labors. He has
given timely aid to poor and struggling young people, especially
in their efforts to secure thorough education-. He has for many
years been a strong supporter of the Augustana Lutheran College
at Rock Island, Illinois. He is a member of the committee which
has labored with much success in securing permanent endowments
for the institution. It has been largely due to his efforts that
valuable real estate has been acquired for the benefit of the col-
lege. In this work lie has been a liberal giver. He erected, entirely
at his own cost, the beautiful and commodious public library
building in the city of Boone. He served one term (1872, including
the extra session in 1873) in the Iowa House of Representatives,
and is now serving his ninth year in the State Senate. Schools,
public libraries, and the Historical Department, have always found
an intelligent, progressive and influential friend in Senator Ericson.
His life is a record of sterling honesty which is absolutely unim-
peachable.

The Iowa Library Quarterly for July, August and Septem-
ber, 1910, contains this recognition of his service :

He was deeply interested in the work of the Iowa Library
Association, having served as Vice-President of that body, and

C. J. A. ERICSON 23

repeatedly on Legislative committees, attending the annual meet-
ings regularly. His presence will be greatly missed, as well as
his advice and counsel.

Senator Ericson was a man of gentle character, with strong
friendships and deep convictions. His place is not likely to be
filled again in the library circles of the State or in the hearts
of those whose friendship he had gained.

At a cost of $10,700.00 he built the handsome library in his
home city which is known as the Ericson Library. In 1901,
by request of the Board of Trustees of the Historical Depart-
ment of Iowa at Des Moines, through the Hon. Charles Aid-
rich, curator, he furnished a fine Carrara marble bust of him-
self made by a noted artist in Florence, Italy, which was pre-
sented to, and now occupies a place in the Iowa Hall of His-
tory. Possibly to his limited opportunity to attend school may
be attributed his love for books, the study of which more large-
ly than he knew supplied a deficiency in his early education.
Possessed of a broad and generous nature, he wished others
to share with him the benefits derived from good books.

Judge Horace E. Deemer evidently understood this phase of
Senator Ericson 's character, as shown by the following ex-
tracts from his address at the dedication of the Ericson Li
brary, October 2, 1901 :

It is a proud day for Boone, and a pleasant one, I know, for
the generous donor who has built a monument to himself which
will outlive any mere creation of the builder's art, chiseled simply
to perpetuate the memory of a name.

Within the past few years at least three generous and loyal
men within the boundaries of this State have made large con-
tributions for the building and founding of public libraries; and
it is my deliberate judgment that they have made the best possible
use of their money. That the communities to which they have
been given fully appreciate the generosity, I have no shadow
of doubt; and that the people of this little city of Boone are
filled with gratitude to their honored fellow citizen, Senator Eric-
son, is so plainly evident that it scarcely needs mention. I am
not so sure, however, that any of these men fully appreciate the
value and the full significance of their generosity.

In this building rich and poor alike may meet the best and
greatest thinkers of the age. Wealth gives no advantage, and

24 ANNALS OF IOWA

social position counts for nothing. No matter how poor the boy
or girl, no matter how thinly clad, no matter though the pros-
perous of their own town or time will not recognize them on
the street, no matter though they are excluded from the so-called
best society, here they shall not pine for companionship or
society. Here Milton will tell of Paradise, Shakespeare open all
the flood gates of the imagination, Franklin give forth his practical
advice, Bryant sing of nature's beauties, Darwin and Huxley eluci-
date their theories, Proctor search the skies and Thackeray forget
his snobbery. Here one may select his own associates from
among the greatest thinkers and actors and writers the world has
ever known. He may meet the most eminent statesmen and
scientists, poets and philosophers of all time. As said by an-
other, "He that loveth a book will never want a faithful friend,
a wholesome counsellor, a cheerful companion, and an effectual
comforter." But, better than all, here, perhaps, may some spark
set fire the smouldering fumes of genius, and a flame go forth
that will illuminate for all time the pages of our Western litera-
ture.

Senator Ericson's ambition to go to his native land as min-
ister from this country, led him to enter the field as a candidate
for that appointment. The strength of his candidacy because
of his fitness, would undoubtedly have secured him that ap-
pointment, but for what is known as the "unwritten law" that
has always existed, which is that it is regarded as against pub-
lic policy to appoint any one minister to the country of their
nativity.

In politics as well as in business, Senator Ericson always
had high ideals which he lived up to. A notable instance of
this is, when urged by many of his friends near the close of his
first service as State Senator to become a candidate for re-
nomination, he positively declined because of a tacit under-
standing between the two counties of Story and Boone that
they should alternate in sending a representative to the State
Senate from that district, composed of those two counties. No
argument could induce him to violate that compact, and his
successor was chosen from Story county.

In July, 1903. he was appointed chairman of the Scandi-
navian Kelief Committee to assist the famine stricken dis-
tricts of Northern Scandinavia, which committee was success-

C. J. A. ERICSON 25

ful in raising large amounts for that purpose, his services in
this respect being recognized in a letter from Governor A.
B. Cummins, in the following language :

The success of the plan must be credited, in a large measure,
to your patriotic and intelligent labors. For this work, and in
behalf of suffering humanity, I thank you.

In 1904 Senator Ericson was appointed a member of the
Iowa Commission for the Louisiana Purchase Centennial Ex-
position. As a member of such Commission he had charge of
the dairy and apiary department, and his business skill and
judgment were shown to a remarkable degree, as it proved to
be one of the best managed departments, especially with ref-
erence to its finances, of the entire exhibition.

On the fiftieth anniversary of Senator Ericson 7s settlement
in Boone county, at a banquent given to his friends in the
Masonic Temple at Boone, the love and esteem in which he
was held by his many friends, especially those who knew him
best, was brought out in toast after toast. The following ex-
tract from one prepared by Mr. C. S. Mason, who had known
Senator Ericson for so many years, pays him one of the high-
est compliments that could be paid to a friend, and his knowl-
edge of the man and his character and manner of life was such
as to enable him to draw a most faithful picture of his worth
and work :

Men often criticise; sometimes they flatter. Avoiding both, 'tis
my desire to speak the truth, for he who even roughly paints a
picture, using brush, or pen, or lips, should first of all paint true.
In such a spirit I approach the pleasing task I have undertaken,
and, happily, in this case there is little incentive to over-state the
facts or over-paint the picture, for in the life and character and
record of our friend, the truth is an all-sufficient eulogy. Should
I say he is a king of finance, you would not believe me; should
I report him possessing, far above his fellows, the qualities of
.great statesmanship, I would not believe myself; or, should I pic-
ture him possessed of genius, he would perhaps laugh me to scorn;
but when I say that in finance he is wise and just and withal
merciful, I am saying that which I suppose you now believe; and
when I say that he has brought to the performance of his public
duties the same test of high manhood and good intentions that

26 ANNALS OF IOWA

has guided him in business affairs, I am saying that which I
believe will meet the approval of his conscience and win for me
the smile of approbation.

Is this man wise? I know of no better test than to apply the
record. Born in a humble home across the sea, he left when young
the confines of the old world that he might stand upon the shores
of the new, where, looking out upon a splendid age, in a splendid
republic, he might search for a place where he could struggle
and perhaps achieve. Pate or some subtle influence that we
cannot explain, led him to locate near this vicinity, and for fifty
years he has gone in and out among, and been one of the people
of this community. I think it fair to estimate that in all those
years he has averaged ten business transactions daily; one hundred
and fifty thousand business transactions with his neighbors and
the people among whom he lives, and if about a single one there
is a taint, or even a suspicion of dishonesty, then has my informa-
tion been at fault. Surely such a business record as this is one
of which he or any man may well be proud. Not only has he
gained high reputation for business honesty, but in a larger way
he has achieved success in that he has succeeded first in winning
the kind regards, and in more recent years, the loving esteem
of a great majority of the better class of people among whom he
lives. To such an extent is this true, that the people have
delighted to place upon him political honors and have asked of
him the performance of important political duties. Not only
has he gained a high reputation for business honesty, and gained
the respect of the people in all the other matters of which I
speak, but during these years he has been gathering- together in an
enterprising way and without in the least injuring others, that
which we believe to be a sufficient competency which has enabled
him not only to meet generously the many, many requirements
made upon men of reasonable wealth, but has enabled him in
more recent years to do those things which he hopes, and which
we believe, will redound to the benefit of this and other communi-
ties for many years to come. Surely such a record as I have
briefly, and I trust, truthfully described, needs little comment.

Is our friend kind beyond the average man? Upon this point
I have testimony, and first I will place upon the stand yourselves,
and ask if, in the few or many years you have known him, there
has not been some one, perhaps many, occasions, when, by kind
words or some kindly act, he has won the affection of your heart
and gained the confidence of your understanding. There are many
witnesses I should like to call whom I cannot secure, for many
of them are resting under the infirmities of old age and living
quietly in their declining years in the homes and upon the farms

C. J. A. ERICSON 27

that the kindness of our friend has helped to secure, while many
more have finished their work and made their record and have
gone home to their reward and rest within their graves in dif-
ferent portions of this country; and, as I cannot present to you
their testimony, permit me briefly to call attention to it second
hand. First and last and at different times, and not by design,
but accidentally or in a casual way, I have heard from the lips
of at least twenty different men, the story of the help they have
received from our kind friend. Some have spoken of these obliga-
tions without any show of sentiment, while others have shown
upon their faces that there was within them the spirit of grati- '
tude. If, in a casual way and without design, I have heard from
the lips of twenty men of the assistance they have received from
our kind friend, is it not fair to presume that there are in this
vicinity, living and dead, hundreds who, could they speak to us,
would add to the volume of our testimony? Permit me to take
the stand myself. Some years ago our country was swept by a
financial tornado, the worst financial panic I have ever known;
great business houses tottered and some fell; and, while the gen-
eral business interests of the country were to some extent palsied,
the fierceness of- the storm centered upon those engaged in the
banking business, for everywhere men seemed to have lost con-
fidence in banks and in each other; hundreds of millions of dol-
lars of deposits were drawn from banks and hid away in stockings
and in safety deposit vaults, and everywhere the depositors in
banks were watching for the least sign of danger, that they might
quickly pounce upon the banks that held their deposits and bring
to them temporary disaster, if not destruction. At such a time
as this, the business firm of which I am a member needed funds.
I spoke to a banker of this town about it, and quickly, almost
fiercely, got his refusal. A little later I saw our friend and spoke
briefly of our needs and said, "I guess I will have to ask you for
some money." He said, "How much?" I replied that temporarily
two or three thousand dollars would answer. Drawing a long
breath that was mighty near a sigh, and speaking in a tone of
almost pleading, he said, "Keep it as near two thousand as you
can." Any man can assist another when it is in his regular line
of business and for his profit to do so. There are here and there
some, perhaps in the aggregate many, who, upon some occasion,
will assist their fellow men even though the element of profit
does not attach to the transaction; but there are mighty few men
in all the world, nor have there ever been, nor will there be in
all the years to come those who, in time of storm and stress and
danger, will weaken their own position that they may extend a
helping hand to a business acquaintance. I presume the trans-

28 ANNALS OF IOWA

action I speak of was forgotten by our friend within an hour,
for he had other important matters on his mind; but I did not so
soon forget, nor have I yet forgotten, nor will I forget, during
all the years that are spared me, for I thought then, and it seems
to me now, it was a bright spot in the midst of surrounding gloom,
and an oasis in the desert of human selfishness.

I have a grandson who bears my name. I hope through him
the name may be continued; yes, in a broader sense, I hope through
him the family name I bear, and which is now held by so few
living representatives, may be carried into future generations
where possibly it may become an honored name among the people;
so I feel for that boy great interest, and I would make for him
great sacrifices, if thereby I could surround him with the influence
and furnish him that training which would secure for him in future
years the qualities of good citizenship, and I have often thought,
and think today, that if, among all the men I know or have ever
known, East, or West, I was obliged to select the one man of all
others whose traits of character, of mind and heart and brain,
and whose every quality, good and bad, the boy must emulate and
at last attain to, my choice would fall on our kind friend. Surely
no higher words of praise than that can I bestow.

A pebble tossed upon the placid surface of a lake creates a
ripple that broadens, widens, extends until it is said there is
a ripple on the other shore. A man's good deeds live after him,
broadening, widening, extending, losing perhaps their identity,
but working in harmony with other good influences — working on
and on and on, and who shall say that these good influences will
not continue to do their office in the world until the end of time?
• Our friend has led a clean and manly and useful life, worthy
the emulation of young men; and, in more recent years, he has
been able to set in motion good influences which he hopes, and
we believe, will work for the civilization and the improvement of
mankind when he shall have passed away; and who shall say
that the good influences he hath thus set in motion will not
continue in some way, working on and on until the records of
time shall cease?

Senator Ericson's death called forth many comments on his
life; such as:

BOONS NEWS-REPUBLICAN: He cared for his fellow men sin-
cerely and was always doing something for them. But he was
not simply good, he was forceful and energetic. A wonderful
dynamic energy held sway under a calm and quiet exterior.

C. J. A. ERICSON 29

His peculiar claim to genius, however, lay in his ability to
succeed in whatever he undertook.

Loyal to his friends and to his city, he never had a thought
that his large and growing competence made any chasm between
him and his poorest acquaintance. He was a man to all men,
honorable, considerate and cordial.

In another article by the same paper, entitled * * A Christian
Viking":

History records that his Scandinavian progenitors gave birth
to the dynasty that has ruled Russia for many generations; their
blood also percolates in the veins of Germany's emperor, and even
in the lines of Queen Victoria, down to the young king of Britain,
George V. How remarkable that in the course of human trans-
formation throughout the ages, this bold, warlike, and often cruel,
nation of men, should produce a man, who, in the walks of official
and commercial life, should set an example of honor and success
far above all the warlike achievements of his race and its early
history-

The Register and Leader, commenting on his record, said :

In his business career Senator Ericson demonstrated what a
poor boy, with no capital but his hands, his head and his strong
courage, can achieve in this great land of opportunity. In his
career as a citizen he demonstrated to what heights of loyalty and
devotion to an adopted nation and commonwealth a foreign born
youth may attain. In business he won every success and a boun-
tiful share of this world's goods; in public life he was accorded
the very highest distinction by fellow citizens year after year. He
was a true custodian of the wealth that came into his hands, and
no man in Iowa ever gave more generously and wisely of his means
for the promotion of the happiness and welfare of the people. He
was true to every official trust imposed in him, and he rendered
his State and his country notable service as a public servant.
He was true to every obligation as neighbor and friend, and help-
ful always to those about him.

In a letter to his daughter Lorena from Rev. Emil Benson,
pastor of the Swedish Lutheran Church, Rochester, N. Y. — •
one of the many young men in whom he had taken an interest
—we find the following:

What I am and the position I now hold, I owe to the kindness
and generosity of your departed father, the respected senator,
who gave me the educational start.

30 ANNALS OF IOWA

His former pastor, Rev. Scott W. Smith, of Cedar Rapids
wrote as follows:

I have always honored him as a lover of our Saviour and a
friend of man, and have always rejoiced when word came of some
new benefaction which his generosity had provided in the way of
school and library endowment; and his memory will always be
one of my precious possessions. He was a great help and. inspira-
tion to me in my work — never obtrusive with counsel or critical
in his judgments, but quietly helpful in every undertaking for
the advancement of the work of our church.

The esteem in which Senator Ericson was held by his
associates in travel during the last four months of his life,
is evidenced by the following extracts from letters received by
his daughter, Lorena Ericson, after his death, and is voiced,
I am sure, by all who knew him :

PAUL S. JUXKIX, Creston, Iowa: The state of Iowa suffered a
great loss in the death of Senator Erickson. The Iowa people on
the "Cleveland" were charmed by his simplicity and sincerity, and
impressed by his ability, and made friends with everyone be-
cause of his sterling worth. We all felt a personal loss in his
death.

REV. D. E. LOREXZ, New York: I merely wrant to add my tes-
timony to the fact of the high esteem in which he was held by
everyone on the "cruise." He spoke several times to our travelers'
club held on shipboard. I, personally, had every reason to admire
and respect him, and the news of his death came to me as a real
sorrow. I am sure it is a noble legacy to leave behind a life so
useful to his country.

MRS. CATHERINE M. KEELER, Rockford, Illinois: He contrasted
the present voyage with its luxury to the one he had taken when
he first came over; also described most entertainingly his audience
with the King of Sweden. We surely are not justified in closing
our doors to the foreigner who may prove as valuable and loyal
an American citizen as your father. That he was one of Gorl's
noblemen, his will indicates.

MRS. M. JEXXIE Honcssox, Chicago: I consider him one of the
most intellectual men on our cruise. We all esteemed him most
highly, and said "goodbye" to him with sincere regret. He talked
to me many times about you, and what he had purchased for "my
daughter," as he so loved to call you. "A Christian Viking" —
what an appropriate name!

C. J. A. ERICSON 31

. Senator Ericson's cherished desire to add to his extended
travels the cruise around the world, referred to in the above
extracts, was gratified, when, on July 30, 1910, he reached
his home in Boone, having left the January previous. Taken
suddenly ill the evening of August 2d, three days following
his return, in spite of medical aid, he died Sunday morning,
August 7, 1910. So closed the career of one whose Christian
character has made the world better; one who enjoyed the
esteem and love of all who knew him, and of whom it can
be said, as some one has so beautifully expressed it :

"To look into some eyes

teaches us faith —
They are so true;
The sound of some voices

lessens pain
Which is life's due;
The touch of some hands

helps us live
Our whole lives through."

ANNALS OF IOWA

JOURNAL OF A. W. HARLAN WHILE CROSSING THE
PLAINS IN 1850.

A JOURNAL OF CALLIFOKNIA BOUND IN COMPANY WILBURN WILSON,
JAMES WILSON, MICHAEL DUST & A. W. HARLAN.1

1850

Wed May 1st left Athens Mo. 11 o'clock A. M. & camped at
Irvine Wilsons. Made about 12 miles 12

Tliur May 2nd traveled 12 miles & camped at Wm Wriggles
worths 12

Fri 3rd

Sat 4th

Sun 5th

Mon 6th
Tues 7th

traveled 12 miles & camped at Freezes(?)

12

traveled 17 miles & camped 1% miles west of
Drakesvilles, one yoke of oxen ran away, snowing
next morning 17

traveled about 15 miles and camped on a branch
of Soap Creek, the best grass that we have seen,
a white frost & ice % in next m 15

lay by all day. The wind blew a gale and rain
came on at night

a drizling rain until 9 o'clock A. M. we then
started, the wind blowed brisk & cooll. traveled
over beautiful rolling rich prearie. took the left
hand at Dodges point, went three miles further
and camped at the goose pond on Chariton.
rained at night, made 23 m. frosted 23

we traveled 12 miles over beautiful rich prearie
& camped on a small branch of Chariton. grass
scarce a white frost next morning and all the
mud on the waggon wheels froze hard 12

!Aaron Word Harlan was one of the best known pioneers of south-
eastern Iowa, having arrived at Fort Des Moines (now Montrose) as a
servant in 1834. Engaged in merchandising at Keosauqua in 1837, set-
tled on the Half Breed tract and acted as the local agent of Charles
Mason, emigrated to California during the gold rush, served from the
day of the battle of Athens when he was fifty-one years of age for nearly
four years in the Union Army in the Twenty-first Regiment Missouri
Infantry, returned to his farm near Croton and remained an active partic-
ipant and intelligent witness of events until his death in his one hun-
dredth year on the 30th day of April, 1911.

Wed 8th

THE A. W. HARLAN JOURNAL

33

Thur 9th traveled 10 miles and stopped on the open prearie.

boiled the tea kettles with rosin weeds. 10 o'clock
at night all our cattle broek from the waggon
to the N. W. we stopped them in good time, cold
North wind at night, slight frost 10

Fri 10th we traveled about 12 miles on the main road

to Garden Grove then went 4 miles of from the
road down the creek to find grass for our cattle 12
here William Allen of Lee County Iowa turned
back & Alfred Allen joined Lapsleys crew, put
in two yoke of oxen making 5 men and 6 yoke
of oxen to one waggon

May Sat llth took up a ride without any road, in about 5 miles
struck the road and traveled 20 miles & camped
on a small stream that I supposed ran into the
Des Moines, Squaw creek of 3 rivers, roads dry
and dusty — a strong wind all day from the N
West 20

Sund 12th grass being scarce we yoked up & traveled about

3 miles, .fell in with Hines. stopped on a small
brook. The grass rather poor, we will keep the
sabbath the ballance of the day. — But Lapsleys
team came along and we followed on about 10
miles further in all. 13 m to day & camped on
a small branch of Grand river 13

Monti 18th this day our road lay over very rolling prearie

the points thin and almost covered with red
granite even where there had been no wash, we
made about 7 miles headway though we have
traveled 10. passed through Pisgah, a mormon
settlement on one branch of Grand River consist-
ing of some 50 or 60 miserable huts & turned
down the river about a mile to graze, weather
hot roads dusty & grass wilted 7

Tues 14th we took the plainest road, it had been made by

teams turning off for grass — though it was the
wrong road — we lost 4 miles by it. our road today
lay over very rolling though rich prearie. a great
many teams in sight winding over the prearie
hills and looking over this vast expanse of
prearie & beholding the energy of our people I
look forward to the time that it will all be sub-
dued, fenced with wire and hedges and every

34 ANNALS OF IOWA

farmer will have his own chemical aparatus —
and with a little manuel labour — burn water for
fuel — we have crossed the last branch of Grand
river — made — 13 m

Wed 15th To day our road has been over gently rolling

prearie, the swales deep & muddy the axels of
the waggon often dragging in the mud. seaps or
springs along the sloughs — stock water will al-
ways be plenty and good both winter and sum-
mer, wells could be got anywhere almost, trav-
eled 20 miles and crossed one branch of the Nod-
doway River and turned of a half mile and then
drove to grass in 20

Thur 16th we left our encampment on the East fork of

Noddoway. crossed the middle fork in 5 miles—
and in 15 m more encamped on the west fork.
20 miles in all 20

rolling prearie, rich sandy soil, water plenty,
grass growing better. The wind blew a hurri-
cane all day. the dust flew like the prearie on
fire, the wild plum bushes just in bloom, one
of our oxen was snake bit in the morning, an
old settler says there has been no rain for 6
weeks

Fri 17th this morning our snake bit ox was to lame to

carry the yoke, we therefore had to drive him
single, we left the Noddoway, in about 7 miles,
crossed a branch I supposed to be the Nishna-
botany. in 9 miles further we cross quite mill
stream — The E F of Noddoway. here we fell in
with the travel from Raccoon — forty waggons in
sight at a time, went 2 miles out in the prearie
& camped, traveled in all about 18 miles 18

Sat 18th we left our prearie encampment, crossed several

small streams and the west or main branch of
the Nishnebotany, then went 2 miles out in the
prearie to camp — in all — 18 m

The wind blew strong from the North, here an
old settler says there has been no rain for 7
weeks — very dusty. Rich rolling prearie, water
plenty — seaps or springs along all the branches —
danger of cattle mireing

THE A. W. HARLAN JOURNAL

35

Sund 19th this day we crossed several small streams — Silver

creek, a few mormons liveing there — traveled
about 15 miles 15

rich rolling prearie, water plenty — today we saw
the Missouri River and those peculiar knobs of
clay on top of the hills either eaten or washed
into irregularities hard to account for. a hot day,
strong S. W. wind, a great thunder storm at
night, camped on keg creek

Mond 20th we wound our way through Carter town among

the hills then through Kaneville and 8 miles more
to the bottom — in all — 15 m

Those bluffs are fertile and of Plutonian mecha-
' nism, in fact miniature mountains from 100' to 300
feet high covered with grass and a few trees in
the sheltered places, affording a beautiful pros-
pect, today has been cloudy & chilly with a strong
east wind, we are now here at the upper ferry
to the Bluffs, crossed Musquito creek. There is
no good grass within three miles of Kanesville
on either side

Tues 21st to day we have all lay by waiting for Henshaw

& Rollins, we are not yet organized into a com-
pany. I have spent most of the day wandering
over these Romantic Bluffs

Wed 22nd we waited for Henshaw until 10 o'clock, then

went to the ferry 4 miles, by being late others
crowded in and we have had to wait another day
by so doing, we are not yet organized, we have
had a great rain at night and continued until after
8 o'clock this morning, high wind from S E 4

Thurs 23d it was afternoon before the ferries were in opera-

tion, our company crossed over, traveled 6 miles
to a good camping ground, wood and plenty,
grass better — fine rolling prearie. a strong S E
wind all day 6

Fri 24th To day we crossed Pappeau creek at noon, 15 ft

wide, and ferried Elkhorn. in the afternoon went
2V2 miles and camped on a small creek, trav-
eled about 20 miles 20
in the forenoon those cones near the Missouri on
our right were in sight some distance, bearing a
resemblance to the Bluffs — fine rolling prearie —
well watered — we are now on the main plat

36

ANNALS OF IOWA

Sat 25th

Sund 26th

Mond 2

[Platte] bottom — a brisk south wind to day, all
hands cheerful, we now consider ourselves fairly
on the way for Callifornia

our road to day has been level though some ot
it quite muddy, we are now going up the bottom
of the Big Platt from 5 to 8 miles wide, mostly
very rich but some of it sandy and some of it
to wet for cultivation, on our right several miles
the highland rises gentle & beautiful prehaps 80
or 100 feet high in all, but straight ahead there
is seemingly no end to dead level, a part of the
time [to] day there has been timber on our left
near the river and ridges of sand among the timber
some 15 to 25 feet high, evedently thrown there
by the water of the Platt, also some considerable
ridges of sand out in the open prearie. The Platt
is a moveing bed of quick sand of all depths, &
width from % of a mile wide to less than 200
yds, with banks from 3 to 5 feet high, several
pools or little lakes near the river on our left
we have organized into a company at last

16 m

To day we have traveled about 18 miles & saw
a Pawnee village on the opposite side of the
River— the land and grass both good, weather
pleasant and camped on shell creek, it was very
high <& we pulled our waggons over by hand 18

On our left rolled down the mighty Platt

A broad sheet of turbid waters
And still beyond were hills and vales

The home of the Pawnee daughters

On our right stretched forth an extensive plain

As level as the ocean
The Bluffs beyond, the mirage between

The hills all seemed in motion

And in our front was an open space

With full scope to the vision
Here in the center still rolling ahead

Was our split log division

to day we have traveled about 18 miles and en-
camped on a clear lake near the Platt. this morn-
ing we had another great storm of rain & thunder.
I waded through water near 14 of a mile, cold
N W wind in the afternoon. Last night I mounted
& stood guard for the first time — very cold this
morning 18

THE A. W. HARLAN JOURNAL

37

Tues 28th we traveled 3 miles to the Loup fork of the

Platt & ferried, then went up said stream 6
miles & camped on the banks 9 m

it is generally 5 or 6 hundred yards wide, filled
with very white quick sand and snags, the water
much clearer than the main Platt. the Bluffs back
are evidently diminishing in height. The sand
banks show that this stream occasionally raises
to a wonderful height

Wed 29th we still traveled up the Loup about 25 miles with

a succession of sand hills on our left from 30 to
50 feet high, consisting of single cones and ridges
of white sand with some flats and pools between,
there is a similar ridge of them on the main
Platt from 40 rods to 2 miles wide, then there
is a rich valley of land between them in shape
resembling a sad iron, on the north of the loup
the hills at a distance appear to be clay with a
few scattering oak, the first in 100 miles 25

Thurs 30th to day we have traveled about 22 miles between

the Loup and Main Platt, sometimes very sandy,
some wet land and soome gentle rises of almost
pure sand and a good deal of good land, high
sand hills on our left hand all day. to night we
are encamped on a considerable flat of good clay
soil but lots of sand down about 4 feet, the high
lands north of the loup are visible but not a
single stick of timber, we drink water out of a
small puddle full of wiggle tails 22

Friday 31st late last evening Wm Freeman & McCown came

in from hunting and reported a village of Prearie
Dogs near by. next morning it was the wish' of
many of [us] to see them, we went and killed sev-
eral, they seem to feed on grass and roots, we
have seen many antelopes but as yet have killed
none, yesterday and to day we have seen many
Buffaloe trails— from 5 to 15 paths side by side
very straight and worn deep into the ground, as
yet we have not seen any Buffaloe. we traveled
west for some 5 miles, then struck the Mormon
track, then South West some six miles all through
sand hills, we then struck the flats near the Big
Platte. I could not see south of the river but at
5 o'clock P. M. the sand hills on our rear were
invisible and E. W. and N. as far as the eye

38

ANNALS OF IOWA

could extend it was almost a perfect level of rich
black dry though rather sandy soil, we are en-
camped near the Big Platte. Grass is very good.
I saw yesterday where some emigrants had been
mowing, traveled 22 m

Sat June 1st we traveled up the Platt near the timber and are
camped in the edge of the timber, have made
about 16 miles headway, in about five miles we
crossed Wood river, a pretty mill stream. I have
seen great quantities of the sensitive plants to
day. there is a flat or low bottom near the river
subject to overflow, then the land rises gradually
— sometimes abrupt about 20 feet, generally rich
sandy loam from 20 inches to 3 ft deep, then
gravel below though sometimes clay on the sur-
face, in short I have this day seen the largest
body of good land that I ever saw resembling
the second bottoms of the Miami or Whitewaters
in Ohio and Indiana. The Bluffs in the north
are barely visible about 10 miles distant but
whether clay or sand I am unable to say 16

Sunday 2nd to clay we have all hands laid by & overhauled

our loading, in ours we found all right excepting
about 10 Ib of bread on the lower side of one
sack, done up some washing and John Gray
killed a hare, some of the other companies killed
Buffaloes in our neighbourhood, this is keeping
Sabbath after a manner on the first of the week
instead of the seventh as commanded

Mon 3rd Started early and had not proceeded more than

a half mile until a loose horse of Mitchells came
galloping up and frightened a Mr. Mendenhalls
team, they started to runaway — their running
and the rattling of the waggon started others —
it became contagious and in half a minute nine
teams were under way. old oxen that had never
runaway before sprung to it like quarter horses,
we stopped them after a time, all well excepting
Bennings team — another team run against them
and knocked down three oxen, one of their horns
stuck in the ground and broke his neck, two
others slightly injured, the land has been gen-
erally very good, the second bottom from 5 to 8
miles wide, a considerable scope has been in-
crusted by salt, salt-petre, copperas, etc. and lit-

THE A. W. HARLAN JOURNAL

39

erally torn to pieces by Buffaloes, quite recently
we passed through a succession of prearie dog
villages & one city, we have traveled about 20
miles to day & cooked our suppers and breakfasts
with green willow brush, rained hard all the
afternoon & most all night 20

Tues 4th The width of the valley is materially deminished,

prehaps six miles wide here, a portion subject to
overflow, we have traveled about 14 miles and
camped on elm creek near the head of Grand
island, this afternoon about 2 o'clock it com-
menced raining hard and has poured down with
but little intermission in perfect torrents all
night, the cattle were very uneasy all night re-
quireing additional guarding, a double cover on
the waggons but partially answers the purpose —
our bedding all wet and some of our provisions
also, five of our men went out on a Buffaloe
hunt & killed one poor little cow to poor for use,
they were caught in the rain storm and did not
reach our encampment until 11 o'clock at night,
the little creek on which we are, raised about 9
feet perpendicular, there is no end seemingly to
the prearie dogs 14

Wed 5th we have had a drizling rain all day & conse-

quently laid by. there are several varieties of
Prickley pear in this vicinity (and to me) new
kinds of grass, weeds, etc. There are many dead
Buffaloe scattered over the plains. Some of them
appear to have died from poverty and some have
been shot for amusement

Thurs 6th our cattle were inclined to Stampede so we rolled

out early, went 6 miles to Dry creek, it lacked
only nine feet of answering to its name, with a
swift current, we set stakes & stretched ropes
& chains across '& built a bridge of willow brush,
rolled our waggons over by hand, swam our
teams across, by this time there was 60 other
waggons waiting, we loaned them our chains,
ropes & bridge & left, the running of a horse to
day made 4 teams runaway — no harm done, we
could not get to the old road for sloughs but
have traveled about 12 miles through water &
grass and camped in open prearie without any
thing to raise a fire this morning 18

40 ANNALS OP IOWA

Fri 7th The country maintains its beauty in the valley

here from 6 to 10 miles wide, the hills are get-
ting more sandy, there are but few flowers in
bloom, the plains are filled with men hunting
stray cattle — almost every company have had
stampedes & many waggons broken 22

Sat 8th to day the sand hills approach much nearer the

river, the country is getting poorer and more
broken, there is only a few scattering trees along
the Platt. the vegetation is all new to me. we
have traveled about 20 miles, camped in the
bottom 20

Sund 9th this day we have [travelled] about 22 miles

through poor country, here the Platt is about as
wide as the Mississippi at New Orleans, but very
shallow. by the Mormon guide we here expected to
find the last timber but all had been used up by
others ahead of us so we must go about 200 miles
without any provisions cooked up yet all hands
are cheerful 22

Mon 10th This day we have traveled about 21 miles &

crossed the North Bluff fork for 50 yds wide, the
bottoms low & wet, the hills all sand & broken,
this morning our hunters came in loaded with
Buffaloe meat and we have all been feasting on
it. they report haveing seen many wild horses,
generally fine steeds, one especially a black stal-
lion, as something extra he came near them at
first then left with the speed of the wind, those
sand hills are almost covered with Buffaloe,
horses, antelope, Hares, wolves, lizzards & terra-
pins and could be made to produce cottonwood
& Black locust timber 21

Tues llth To day the Platt has looked more like a common

river running alternately from Bluff to Bluff, the
bottoms generally low and wet. Our road has
been mud and sand hills, the sand frequently six
inches deep, traveled about 21 m

This morning a large herd of Buffaloe were quietly
grazeing in the bottom near our encampment &
others on the hills, on the south side of the river
there is a lime Stone Bluff (the first rock I have

THE A. W. HARLAN JOURNAL 41

seen since we left Pizgah in Iowa) There was a
respectable number of cedar trees growing among
the rocks. The country here changes its appear-
ance, limestone appears on the north side, the
Bottoms high & sandy, the river is much nar-
rower, say 600 yds, with but few isleands. this
evening L. B. Mitchell & Wm Philips came in
loaded with Buffaloe meat. I saw roses in Bloom,
we have traveled about 20 miles

Thurs 13th to day we crossed Castle Creek 50 yds wide, the

bluffs on the S Side of Platte still continue rocky
with a few scattering cedar bushes, the rocks show
on the N side occasionally, we passed the Noted
lone tree, a large cedar with most of the limbs
cut off, the body much mutilated with names cut
and penciled, one island with cedars of good size
growing on it. I daily take my sack to gather
Buffaloe chips as the Israelites did the Manna.
Grass is becomeing very poor, traveled 19 m

Fri 14th I examined the rocks on the N Side of the river,

found some bastard limestone but mostly soft sand-
stone scarce deserving the name, all of them
worthless as the land around them, this evening
some timber appears on top of the bluff south side,
probably pine, the road for the last hundred
miles has been strewed with wagon irons, cooking
Stoves etc. traveled 21 m

Sat 15th this morning I left camp before the teams to take

a ramble over the cobble hills, they consist of
cones of rocks of various kinds almost covered
with gravel & sand and look like they were one
hundred thousand years old. the word desert
would form but a poor Idea of their Sterility, yet
there were many flowers blooming among them.
I had a view of chimney rock some 20 miles dis-
tant, (it was 33 miles) I saw several Bumble
bees but no honey bees. I also saw the largest ants
by 1-3 that I ever saw, also saw a new species of
ant with heads & jaws 3 times as large as usual,
they always carry gravel instead of dirt, we
have traveled 19 miles to day & camped on the
river bank among good grass 19

42 ANNALS OF IOWA

Sund 16th we have kept Sabbath most of the day and traveled

this afternoon 10 miles and are encamped in full
view of chimney rock so often described, the
country at a distance has quite a broken ap-
pearance, there are many Isolated Masses of
rocks in sight in the South at great distance, re-
semble the ruins of Splendid edifices and as we
travel they gradually change their resemblance
from one building to another, we have tolerably
good grass to night 10 m

Mond 17th This morning as the fog had partially cleared

away we had a splendid view of a group of isolated
rocks some 23 miles west of us representing a
magnificent City in ruins with streets and all its
appendages, when the fog had entirely cleared
away they were out of view for some miles, then
in sight again, distance lent enchantment to the
view but now we are near them they an ugly mass
of ill shaped rocks. Philips horse got the saddle
under her belly, broke and run, frightened the
oxen and seven teams ranaway at once, we trav-
eled over some midling land this afternoon, trav-
eled about 20 miles & camped in good grass 20

Tues 18th we have traveled our 20 miles, passed Scotts Bluffs,

the Aveather in morning very cold, rain, hail and
snow, at 1 o'clock very hot. rain in the evening,
miserable poor Country except where the ground
is nearly level with the river and then the grass is
good, some few willows now begin to appear on
the islands, even here log chains are not worth
picking up, our company haveing passed four
of them & left them lying there 20

Wed 19th to day we have passed many sand hills on our

right, totally destitute of vegetation, very soft.
white & clean, we have passed many cottonwood
stumps but no timber, the Black hills are now
in full view, we have I might say no grass to
night.

The rugged Black hills now rise in view

Beyond are snow capped mountains
We'll leave this desert to welcome you
For sake of your cooling fountains 19.

THE A. W. HARLAN JOURNAL

43

Tnurs 20th To day we have traveled about 11 miles and camped

near fort Larimie on the opposite side of the River,
scarcely any grass, the ferry has been cut loose
& lost, on tomorrow they expect to have a new
boat in operation, there are pretty conclusive
reports of cholerea on the S Side of the River
& at the fort, there are many waggons near and
hourly increasing — many have gone up the river
to try finding a new route, we have had a severe
rain & hail storm to day 14

496 m

The Mormon guide makes the distance 522 miles

496

26 miles

less by my reckoning (we saved some in ferrying
loup fork)

Fri 21st we are still lying by waiting to ferry, they are

very slow about business. The Platt here is about
400 yds from bank to bank, pretty well filled with
isleands. runs I should think 12 miles an hour
at this stage the bars are cobble stones yet move
about like quick sand

Sat 22 I strolled about 3 miles from camp on to a high

peak to view the country hereabouts & the black
hills in the distance, every thing except the gar-
rison buildings looked dilapidated and time worn,
we have run the ferry all night & crossed 6 wag-
gons before our 15 which makes 21 in all. dis-
tance about 250 yds over 12 ft water, a current of
fifteen miles an hour, and but few of us have
closed our eyes, we are at fort Laramie on Sunday
morning June 23 our cattle yet to swim

Sund 23rd left Laramie, traveled over four ridges in 10

miles, came to a cove, or sink of considerable ex-
tent of tolerable grass, went on to the warm
springs & camped & drove our cattle back to the
cove, the guard went to sleep and lost 80 head of
them, we have found all of them again. These
warm springs are in the bed of a dry creek it
treaks up in white sand and runs of quite a
creek it is but little warmer than river water

12 ?

44
Mond

Tucs 25th

Wed 26

Tliurs 21th

ANNALS OF IOWA

we left the warm springs, traveled over a country
of cobble hills, crossed the beds of several dry
streams, found a little of stinking water in Bit-
terwood creek so named from a species of wil-
low growing there in abundance, we made a
prearie encampment, no water, traveled about 20
miles, this morning the weather was clear and
warm, at 10 the fog commenced accumulateing on
the top of Laramie peak and soon grew to a
thunder storm, this is the first time I have seen
the sight, the grazeing very poor. 20

This morning we left early,* went seven miles to
horse creek, found plenty of good water, grazed
2 hours without grass, yoked up and went 18
miles farther to Labontea creek, then drove the
cattle 1 mile down the creek to some grass,
(.water good), the road has been horrible bad to
day. the clouds hung on laramie peake nearly
all day. at 3 o'clock in the afternoon the sun
shone out, we had a splendid view of the hillyes
country entirely all in beautiful confusion, to
day we found the horns of the mountain Sheep
and also the mountain goat, elk horns are be-
coming plenty — we had seen but few since leaveing
the Council Bluffs, our whole days travel 25 ni

To day we lay by all day. the hills in this
vicinity present pretty conclusive evidence of
haveing at sometime been burned and am of
opinion that it is from such places in times of
great rains and of overflowing the bottoms has left
the deposites of alkalie along down the Platte.
the country here is more clayey than heretofore,
the foundation seems clay. the cobble stones
seems to have been washed on when submerged by
water then the hills raised by Plutonian agency.
there are ma[n]y old dead trunks of pines & old
pine trees and scarcely any young pines or cedars

we traveled over very broken country yet we
wound our way through almost miraculously,
crossed the Alaprelle, a pretty stream, water
plenty, & went about 1 mile out to camp, grass
poor, travel 20 m

THE A. W. HARLAN JOURNAL 45

Frid 28th To day we have traveled about 18 miles, country

poor and broken in this vicinity, the crickets
are quite plenty, this morning I gathered a
handful of the blue bloomed perrenial flax, quite
plenty, artimesa makes its appearance, we crossed
poosh bosh creek, we are camped on deer creek

18

Sat 29th we have traveled about 18 miles, tolerable road,

no grass scarcely, crossed crooked muddy creek
true to its name, our catties feet are much worn
out. we have but two yoke able to work in our
team. W. Wilson has now been quite sick for two
days — getting better 18

Bund 30th To day we have come eight miles to the upper

ferry on the Patte and are all crossed over safe
at $3.12 per waggon, our cattle still to swim, we
now find that we have been swindled in the most
rascally manner and that the officers of the gar-
rison at Laramie are concerned, we have come
the longest & worst road on the poorest feed and
poor prospect ahead for 50 miles, we have all
agreed to write to others comeing not to cross
the Platte at all hereafter, no cholerea on the
road now 8

Monday June I looked around on the wreck of waggons & other
[ July] 1st property, it gave me serious reflections, by noon we

had swam our oxen all over safe and was on the
march, our road lay over a high barren country of
sand, at 4 o'clock I went on a high point to our
left & had an extensive view of the desert around
us. some 80 or 100 miles N. W. there were high
mountains and seemed to be capped with snow we
went 12 miles & took a cup of tea, then went on all
night. I walked day and night ahead driveing the
loose stock. I counted 4 disabled oxen yet liveing,
14 that had died recently & 2 horses, besides old
carcasses, here I immagined I saw the tracks of
the Elephant but my eyes were literally filled
with dust and sand so I could scarcely see the loose
stock, we are here at the willow springs, our
day & night travel amounts to 29 miles 29

Tues 2nd we browsed our oxen on wild sage & rue until

noon, then drove 6 miles to a small branch, no
grass at all though there has been some, our cattle

46 ANNALS OP IOWA

have nothing to eat. dead oxen are to plenty to
count any more. I suspect the deaths are mostly
occasioned by drinking alkalie water 6

Wed 3rd we yoked up our famishing cattle & made about

10 miles headway, then turned back to our left 1%
miles to a spring of good water, then drove our
cattle 2 miles further to poor grass — the sand has
been generally about shoe mouth deep, we passed
the salaratus lakes, they were most of them dry
leaveing an incrustation of salaratus on the ground
& those nearly dry had a crust on top of the
water resembling new made ice very much 10
I had neglected to say we are now among the
spurrs of the Rocky mountains, they are large
Isolated Masses of granite interspersed over a
sandy plain with seams running in every direction.
I have just returned from the top of one about
1000 feet high, on a bench half way up there
was round pebles like a lake shore peble showing
that they had been washed by waves, near their
bases there is great quantities of burnt or scori-
fied granite showing plainly that they are all
from plutonian agency

Thurs 4th This has been an eventful day with us. there

was a little difference originated between J. J.
Benning & Allen of Chequest about the camping
ground last night, we yoked up our teams this
morning & started, Benning & Mitchell remaining
behind, 5 waggons, the rest came on to Inde-
pendence rock. I left the loose stock and ascended,
reached the summit at precisely 12 o'clock. Just
half way to Callifornia and the middle of the 19th
century. I looked at thousands of names but did
not see Mr. Freemonts, but I did see my old friends
name, J. Ralston, June 21st, 1847. we then forded
Sweet water, the captain then told us the com-
pany was dissolved, we parted like brothers,
divideing out into small companies in order to
procure grass for the oxen, we associated with Mr.
Lawrence, Ramey & Robinson from Utica, V. B.
Iowa, the mornings are warm, the afternoons very
windy & clouds of dust aflying. we passed the
devils gate and have mad about 13 miles head-
way 13

THE A. W. HARLAN JOURNAL

47

Frid 5th This morning we lightened our load by leaveing

2 axes, 1 chain, 1 yoke, some rosin, some bedding
& other things & mad a cache of our pork and
have traveled 8 miles & camped on the bank of
Sweet water below the narrows, this is the land of
game — Elk, antelop & sage hens all in sight. Wil-
burn Wilson killed a fine Antelope, late in the
evening we saw at about 2 miles distance 2 steal
and runaway with 7 horses. 8

Sat 6 To day we have traveled about 20 miles through

hot sand 3 to 6 inches deep, and camped on the
bank of Sweet water, the grass on the plains
is thin and dried up. on the low land near the
river it is about 1 inch high and looks as bare as
a Kentucky goose yard 20

Sund 7th To day we traveled about 15 miles fording Sweet

water No 2-3 & 4. at No. 4 we found gold dust in
considerable quantities though very fine, at 1
o'clock we turned to the left round a mass of
rocks and at once had a splendid view of the
Wind River mountains, the same I saw
capped with snow glistening in the sunshine, we
camp on Sweet water, grass short though the
best we have had in a week 15

Mond 8th This day we have traveled 22 miles over deep sand

and gravel, the weather is cold as November, the
wind blowing a hurricane, the air is filled with fly-
ing sand & salaratus. we passed two salaratus lakes
complete incrusted with masses of salaratus. we
again camp on Sweet water, scarcely any grass 22

Tues 9th This morning there was frost, a gentle Breese

from the S W has blown to day. the weather
pleasant, our road has been very rough to day.
at the crossing of Strawberry creek there was
a long bank of snow ten feet deep and Straw
berries in bloom within a few feet of the snow
drift, grass short 18 m

Wed 10th To day we have traveled about 10 miles & then

off from the road three miles to graze on Sweet
water near the mountains, there is plenty of
snow along the bluff banks of the creek, we are
now along side of a mass of Snowy mountains
on our right, they are the same that I mentioned

48 ANNALS OF IOWA

twice before. I first saw them 145 miles distant,
to day the wind has blowed hard, our eye are
filled with dust, we are now in tolerable grazeing.
all hands cheerful, my own feelings seem to [be]
regulated entirely by the quality of the grass
around our encampment. The Sweet Water is a
small stream kept up by melting snow, generally
60 to 80 feet wide — the valley about 10 miles
wide, almost entirely a sand plain, the low bot-
toms from 20 to 80 rods wide, well set with short
dry grass that is certainly as nutritious as our
blue grass, the N. side of the mountains that are
on the S. side of the river are pretty well tim-
bered with pine about half way up the stream,
then the is nothing but bar cobble hills 10

Tliurs 11 white frost this morning, forenoon warm, after-

noon windy, there are many pretty flowers in
bloom, we have laid by all day & doctored and
grazed our oxen, our elevation is so great that
the rays of light from the sun are visible all the
night, horned toads are plenty

Frid 12 more frost, we left our encampment late in the

day & crossed through the pass, this appears to
have been in some age of the world a mass of
lime stone interveneing between the granite forma-
tions & the whole has been burned, the lime has
gradually leached away & settled down, forming
these salaratus lakes & alkalie water & furnish-
ing the material to support the coral insects &
build up the reefs of florida and the west indies,
about the Pacific Springs the ground was literally
strewed with dead cattle & horns, say 100 within
1 mile, we traveled about 25 miles and camped
on Little Sandy — there has been grass, there is
none now 25

Sat 18 we yoked up our starving oxen, went 8 miles on

to Big Sandy and then drove them 8 miles back
to grass towards the mountains, the country is
a desert that has been all burnt over, leaveing
occasionally Butes of calcined clay, elevated about
60 to 80 feet above the usual sand plain, there
is nothing to indicate the presence of a running
stream, they have narrow winding channels
through the sand plains 8

THE A. W. HARLAN JOURNAL

49

Sund 14th

Mon 15th

Tues 16th

Wed 17th

Thurs 18th

Frid 19th

Sat 20

at 12 oclock M we rolled out, our oxen not quar-
ter filled, we went on until near sunset, rested 1
hour, then 1 hour at midnight and 1 hour at

sunrise, then rolled ahead, at 12 M we reached
Green river making in all 53 miles in 24 hours
without feed, this is going on the atmospheric
pressure principle, and that all through light
dust about 3 inches deep, as light as flour and at
times entirely hideing the whole teams and filling
our eyes & throats, and scarcely any grass here,
poor prospect ahead 53.

we left the ferry at 12 M and drove 8 miles S W
on to a creek where there had been grass (none
now), graves wer quite thick and ded cattle
everywhere. I made soop from the washings of a
number of putrid carcasses, the alkalie is very
thick here and Elephant tracks have been growin
more plenty for the last 300 miles 8

we have spent most of the day hunting grass &
have found some at a considerable distance from
the road on the same creek, alkalie is very plenty,
we have made about 6 miles headway 6

To day we have laid by (our fare is changed)
good grass for the oxen and we have fine smooth
gooseberries for sauce, nearly ripe, & cool water
to drink from the best of medical springs (sulphur
& oxide of iron) James Wilson is sick

To day we reached the Mountain side at 12 M.
cool springs are plenty here, we saw a new species
of pine & Columbia root. The Butes in the S
pass are still visible, say 90 miles distant. The
roads are dry & dusty, we have traveled about
20 miles the grass is very scarce, at a distance
from the road, we have again fell in with Benning,
Mitchell & company 20

This day we have traveled about 18 miles, the
road is as rough as can well be imagined, we
nooned on a large creek, there is many groves
of quakeing asp along here & some small spots of
good soil but the climate is to cold & dry, yet vege-
tation seems to flourish, the snowdrop is now in
bloom & many other pretty flowers and banks of
snow all about, above and below, we are near the

50 ANNALS OF IOWA

summit east of Bear River, the best of water &
grass midling. we had this afternoon a fine shower,
a strange occurrence here 18

Sund 21st This morning at 7 oclock the musquitoes were

most voraceous. we left at 8. we passed through
a dense grove of fir & quaking asp & soon reached
the summit, we had a glorious view of a mass of
clouds below us in the Bear river valley, they
soon cleared away and gave us a full view of the
valley, here some few thousand years ago no
doubt was a vast chasm of lake that burned with
fire and brimstone, then it was a horrible pit of
mirey clay and poison water, there is some mud
and alkalie yet but thousands of acres of good
land well set in grass resembling our blue grass
but more nutritious, such is the changes of time
it will now soon be the home of the Sheep herd
and the finest flocks in the world, traveled about

16 m

Mond 22nd we left our encampment in Smiths fork of Bear

River and traveled about 6 miles & stopped to
graze, the Straw Berries are scare but ripe, some
service bushes, the fruit green, musquitoes are
very bad. we caughft] a few Speckled [ ]

from Bear River 6

Tues 23rd we went 6 miles & stopped and razzed our wagon

bed 3% feet & coupled up shorter, then went 14
miles over the worst of mountains, crossed many
pretty rivulets, the mountains have a tolerably
smooth surface pretty well clothed with grass and
if there was timber here this would be a desirable
country, as it is the scenery is most delightful,
we are again on the banks of Bear River 20

Wed 24th we left our encampment near Big timber & Great

Bear Lake, the lake is but a goose pond, the Big
timber is few Bitterwood 1 foot in diameter and
about 40 feet high, we have traveled 16 miles &
crossed many pretty mountain Brooks and eat
yellow and red currants, the yellow are tart and
tolerably good, the red ar puckery & poor things,
the weather is pleasant and the scenery delightful

16

THE A. W. HARLAN JOURNAL

51

Thurs 25th To day we have traveled about 18 miles down

Bear river, the Bottoms are not so handsome
but there is a fair supply of timber near the top
of the mountains 18

we here met with a caravan of Americans, French
half breeds, Indians, of two or three kinds, with
mules, horses, oxen & wagons — squaws and white
women, with a portable government forge, some
government waggons, and no two could give the
same account of themselves, in short they was a
pack of whores, rogues & robbers, about 50 per-
sons & 100 horses

Frid 26 This day we passed the celebrated Soda Springs

So ofter described by others, here was another
motley crew, we have taken the fort Hall road,
traveled about 15 miles and are camped at a big
soda spring

Sat 27th To day we traveled about 9 miles in the fore-

noon & laid by the ballance of the day on account
of Mr. Lawrence being sick, our course is to the
N. W. up a valley of some 6 or 7 miles in width in
which there is several extinct craters of volcanoes
that appears to have bursted up after the general
burning of the country had ceased, there is con-
siderable portion of the valley quite rich and pro-
duces a considerable quantity of flax spontaneous-
ly, blue bloomed and perrenial. the grazeing is
good, water plenty 9

Sund 28th To day at 1 o'clock Lawrences waggon was up

set in 3 ft water in the Bear river valley, at 6
o'clock we passed the ridge and had a fine view
of the valley of the Columbia, this evening we
ar camped on its waters, we have traveled about
18 miles, water plenty, grass midling 18

Mond 29th This day we have traveled about 18 miles, the

road is pretty level but the dust is from 1 to 6
inches deep with the exception of small portions
of coarse grass near the creeks, all the rest is
dried up and looks as bad as the grass does in
Iowa in the month of November 18

Tues 80th This day we have traveled about 16 miles passing

Fort Hall, it is situated in the middle of an
extensive plain near the Junction of several small
streams with the main branch of Lewis River.

52

ANNALS OF IOWA

it is all mud even to the roof, we stopped in the
evening as usual but the musquitoes were so bad
our cattle became so uneasy that we yoked and
traveled two miles to where they were not quite
so bad. M. Dust & J. Wilson are both getting
about 16

Wed 81st The first thing this morning was to raise all

our loading on top the waggon beds & cross Raft
river, some 50 yds wide, we crossed all safe, then
went about 100 yds and down steep bank into
a mud hole, our load being on top all slid for-
ward into 1 foot water & deep mud below, lost
part of our sugar, the rest all muddy but not
seriously injured, the dust has been horrible to-
day, we have traveled about 17 miles 17

Thurs Aug 1st after one mile travel we came to the American
falls of Lewis R. here the river is nearly as large
as the Des Moine. it is precipitated over and
through a ledge of rocks, falling about 40 feet
in 100 yds, dashing the water into foam and form-
ing the rainbow above and still a succession of
Rapids for several miles below, it is a splendid
sight, traveled about 16 m

Frid 2nd Today we have left Lewis River and traveled

about 11 miles and camped on Cassia Creek, the
grazeing eat out. we lay by on this afternoon on
account of Lawrence' sickness 11

Sat 3rd This day we moved up the creek about 3 miles

and laid by and grazed, the weather is very hot.
the roads is extremely dusty

Sund 4th Today we have travelled up the creek 14 miles and

found a large scope of excellent grass and laid by
this afternoon, here we found the Henshaws of
Missouri and Berkley and Millers of Bonaparte
and have spent the afternoon in visiting one
another, all feel quite cheerful and sanguine in
getting to California somehow or other. J. Wil-
son is now well again and Mr. Dust is well ex-
cept the sore eyes 14

Mond 5th after traveling about 9 miles this morning our

road was intersected by the Hudspeth Cut off and
we find that we have lost no time by going by
Fort Hall and our teams are in much better con-

THE A. W. HARLAN JOURNAL

53

dition than those that went the cut off. we are
among the mountains this afternoon again, our
days travel will be abo.ut 18 miles 18

Tues 6th This morning we left a small creek, the waters of

Lewis River, and went over a ridge of moderate
elevation ' easy of ascent and descent and took
our nooning on a pretty branch that runs into
Salt Lake, here is small portions of land suscepti-
ble of cultivation, there are a few scrubby Cedars
from 6 to 10 feet high on the mountain sides and
small parcels of snow — This afternoon we have
been among Rocky Mountains worthy of the name
indeed, Stupendous Magnificent and Sublime! our
road is good, seeming to wind its way through
Merracalously and we have traveled about 23
miles 23

Wedns 7th This morning at '9 o'clock when on the summit of

a mountain I had an extensive view of a broken
Mountainous country far to the west, and still
beyond at a great distance I saw an extensive
range of snow capped mountains looming above
the rest and glistening in the sunshine
(I have left a blank to fill hereafter) we are en-
camped on Goose creek. I suppose it to be a tribu-
tary of Lewis river, our road has been extremely
rough, our days travel about 18 miles 18

Thurs 8th we nooned on Goose creek on short grazeing,

then rolled on through a narrow chasm in the
mountain side of scorified bassalt piled up in
high masses on either side, then we came into an
open pass, got some supper at night and then
rolled on and came to some large springs at
night, there was no grass and we still rolled on
until 2 oclock in the morning and stopped, make-
ing in all about 33 miles and no grass yet 33

Frid 9th we still drove on 7 miles and then 2 miles off

the road to a patch of wild rye but no water, we
then drove 9 miles more and have good grass and
water tonight, there has been about 100 waggons
jammed close together today 16

Sat 10th Today at 11 o'clock we passed the far famed

boiling springs, they are quite hot indeed but the
boiling is produced by the escape of gas. they are
all abot over near an acre of ground, sending off

54

ANNALS OF IOWA

a considerable stream, they are situated in a
valley of considerable extent known as the Thou-
sand spring valley, yet water is scarce, it soon
sinks, there is a large scope of land here sus-
ceptible of cultivation though there is no chance
for irigation. I am of the opinion the gas from
those hot springs could be collected and conveyed
in pipes so as to answer a small community here
for fuel and light, we are on the banks of Kanyan
creek without water for the oxen or cooking pur-
poses tonight, we have traveled about 18 miles
road good but dusty 18

Sund, llth we yoked up last night and came on 7 miles to

some water and a little grass and today we have
traveled 9 miles and lay by the ballance of the
day. all the teams are pushing ahead, many are
scarce of provisions and grass is scarce for the
teams, we are now on the waters of the Hum-
boldt 16

Mond 12th (ate last evening there was many Indians prowl-

ing around and some 40 of them evidently medi-
tated an attack on 4 wagons near by us but they
were bluffed off and the night passed off quietly,
today the weather is fine, the road excellent and
grass good and we have rolled on about 20 miles
and are encamped on the Humboldt 20

Tues 13th This morning while some Ohioans were at break-

fast about a dozen Indians ran off 2 of their
horses and 2 oxen they pursued them and retook
their stock and 1 indian horse to boot, no lives
lost, about 10 miles below the Indians killed an
ox. they have their signal lights out every night
it is almost as good as our Telegraph, we have
come about 23 miles today and have had a shower
of rain 23

Wed 14th Today we have traveled about 20 miles down the

river, frogs are very numerous and the Indians
are commiting frequent depredations and the emi-
grants confine themselves to self defence only, as
yet we have had several gentle showers, weather
pleasant and feed tolerable 20

Thurs 15th This morning our road was intersected by one

comeing in from Salt Lake down the south branch
of the Humbolt. the river then passes through

THE A. W. HARLAN JOURNAL

55

several kanyans and we forded 4 times. Indian
depredations are frequent, they shoot at the emi-
grants from the crags of the hills at a safe dis-
tance for themselves, and we have traveled about

12m

Frid 16th Early this morning we learned that the Indians

had stolen 6 oxen of 1 man and killed all but one
of another mans team, some of our men have
gone to chastise them but it is very much like
running down grayhounds with Bull dogs, our
road today has been over a high barren moun-
tain and we have traveled in the day and night
25 miles, the road is dusty beyond precedent, the
weather hot, and now that we are back to the
river there is but little grass 25

Sat 17th This morning our cattle had no grass and we

have driven them 10 miles down the river to tol-
erable grass (though scarce), these mountains
have all been burnt down to ash hills, some of
them look hot yet. there is no system to them at
all. their sides are now brown and everything
looks desolate 10

Sund 18th Today we have had a cool north wind, roads very

dusty, good grass in the afternoon in abundance,
but some salaratus ground, and we have rolled
on about 21 miles 21

Mond 19th This morning there was quite a frost, the day

has been pleasant, the roads dusty, in passing a
stony point there was several small hot springs
near one of which I measured some bull Rushes
over 12 feet high standing erect, we passed a
good deal of saline and salaratus ground and
tolerable grass and we have traveled about 20
miles 20

Tues 20th Last night was cool to. has been very hot and

we have travelled over thousands of acres of
salaratus. for the last 3 days the travel has been
on both sides of the river and all the indian
depredation has been on the south side, we are
on the North, have traveled about 18m

Wed 21st On our way today the river passed through a

kanyan and we passed over a mountain, here I
saw some horned toads in reality haveing ten
respectable horns (and but one head) and used

56 ANNALS OF IOWA

them in self defence while the little draggons of
Green river have horns on the body and none on
the head. I also saw a shrub that appears never
to have any leaves — we have traveled about 16
miles 16

Thurs 22nd This forenoon the road was dusty, in the after

very sandy, the atmosphere continues very smoky.
The river seems to diminish in size and we have
rolled ahead about 18 miles 18

Frid 28rd Most of our road today has been sand from 4 to

6 inches deep, the weather hot and the atmosphere
smoky and we have travelled about 17 miles.
There are hundreds of persons with packs on
their backs that live on rose berries and frogs
haveing no other means of subsistence, flour has
been sold at $1 pr pound and two dollars a pound
has been refused in many cases when offered,
grass poor. 17

Sat 24th The road today has led off from the river over

an ash plain and we have traveled 16 miles, the
mountains lay around in low dark masses, partly
Isolated and Seem Shrouded almost in Egyptian
darkness, so dense and smoky is the atmosphere.
Grass is very scarce and our oxen feed on willows,
we have seen no Indians yesterday or today. 16

Sund 25th Most of the way today our road has led through

a greaswood flat and notwithstanding a small
shower this morning it has been very dusty and
our oxen had but little else than willows for feed
last night (and poor feed tonight) and we have
traveled about 14m

Mond 26th This morning after driveing our oxen 2 miles

and swimming the river we took up our march
over an ash plain on which there is neither weeds
nor a spear of grass and but little else than a
small prickly bitter shrub from 6 to 10 inches
high, we traveled on until 11 oclock and watered,
rested 1 hour, then went on until three oclock,
watered again and then drove on until 11 at
night, watered again and drove on, makeing in all
about 40 miles, most of this distance the river
winds its way among high lime and ash banks,
small bottoms but few willows and no grass, and
only a few bites now and we must go further and
this place is not called a desert 40

THE A. W. HARLAN JOURNAL

57

Tues 27th No feed for the oxen yet on the road and we

have turned off to the left and crossed the big
slough for feed which will take us eight miles off
our way. we have found plenty of flags and some
grass among running water, our day's travel will
be about 14 miles. I think that I have seen
more than five hundred dead horses today. I
stopped at one time and counted 43 horses and
5 oxen, at another time 35, all putrid, the scene
can be better imagined than described, about
here there is several thousand acres of tillable
land though to much potash and salt but under
proper tillage could be rendered as fruitful as
old Egypt 14

Wed 28th Today we have laid by all day and cut grass to

last across the Desert, cooked up some victuals,
etc. The atmosphere continues very smoky pre-
venting any considerable view of the country,
many persons are now suffering for provisions
and teams are growing poor

Thurs 29th This forenoon we filled our water Casks with what

we knew to be the leachings off from the putrid
carcasses of thousands of dead horses, mules and
oxen, then put in our grass and at 2 oclock
rolled down 6 miles and then grazed awhile, at
three in the morning went on 6 miles further to
the head of the Lake or pond makeing 12 miles 12
The mountains all the way down the Humboldt
are mere ash hills. The River has but seldom
exceeded 30 yds in width, frogs have been very
numerous and but few muskuitoes. There is no
timber but willows and but few of them exceeding
20 feet high, ducks are plenty also some wild
geese and black snipes or water hens

Frid 30th This morning at the head of the Lake or Sink I

saw some 15 or 20 lodges of Indians, most of them
engaged in gathering and cleaning of a grass seed
or grain much resembling broom corn seed but
flat. Their graneries and fans would do credit
to the engenuity of any people, they also make
sugar from the honeydew. we traveled down
beside this pond about 10 mils, crossed a slough
and went 8 mils further, then got a cup of tea
and went on most of the night through the desert

58 ANNALS OF IOWA

until one of Lawrences oxen gave out. then we
stopped and are here near the middle of the desert
say 18m

Sat 31st This morning all was a desert almost as far as

the eye could extend, it has the appearance of
haveing once been highland, then burned down
to its present level, a great portion of it consists
of small sand hills or cones like hay stacks and
hay cocks blown up by the wind, the only vege-
tation is some scattering grease wood bushes, we
started and went on until near noon, then watered
and fed our teams again, then put the ballan[c]e
of our load in one waggon and spliced teams,
leaving everything that we thought we could
spare, then rolled ahead a few miles further,
there met with J J. Benning beside the road, he
and Mitchell had sent one waggon to the river
and all their oxen, men, women, etc. and will
send back for the other two waggons as soon as
they can. we however were able to reach the
river at 11 o'clock, at night makeing about 22
miles this day, 12 of which was deep sand. I
tried to count the number of wrecks of waggons,
stock, etc. to the mile.

I find there is about 30 waggons to the mile for
40 miles of the road — 1200. the dead animals
will average about 100 to the mile for 40 miles —
4000. water is being sold at $1.00 a gallon 22m

Sund Kept 1st Today we have laid by on Carson River among
hundreds of waggons and lots of elephant tracks. I,
think here in one place of say 20 acres of ground
that there is the remains of 800 waggons, some
persons think 3000. there is perhaps 2000 along
the bank of the River in 6 miles, waggons and
ox yokes are valuable only as firewood and ma[n]y
persons when they abandan their wagg[on]s set
fire to the beds. I have seen say 50 waggons that
had been fired and went out. others pile them
up and then pile on their ox yokes and harness
and consum all together, such bonfires are com-
mon, here in this place a meals victuals cost five
dollars and a tired ox will sell from one to eight
dollars, (cottonwood trees here)

THE A. W. HARLAN JOURNAL

59

Mond Sept 2nd Still laying by I went full eight miles down the
river to cut grass to do our team one day on the
road up the river, there has been pretty good
bunch grass here on the low bottoms but it is
all eat out down the river for 6 miles and for 30
miles up stream, people arrive all hours of the
night, those that reach here with more than
half the team they start in with are considered
fortunate.

Tues 3rd This morning after hailing some hay 6 miles we

left this scene of devastation, takeing up on the
N side of the river, after 6 miles our road ,left
the river and went over a rocky dusty sage plain
16 miles on to the river again, and no grass
scarcely, all haveing been eat out. went 2 miles
further and stopped, as yet we have all our
stock and we are all well, our hearts are light
and so is our stock of provisions, our sugar is
gone, today we eat our last bacon, our fruit
is nearly gone, our supply of rice is bountiful,
coffee and tea to spare, we yet have about 10
days rations of breadstuff 24

Wedns J^ih This morning we went 3 miles to a large Meadow

of 1000 acres, all eat off. we found good grass
further up the river off from the road, here we
sold an ox for 16$. I had drove him loose for
more than 1000 miles, our road then left the
river for 11 miles over, deep hot sand, we are
again encamped on the River, whole days travel

14

Thurs 5th Today we have crossed the river, it is a pretty

stream but seldom exceeding 40 yds in width, our
road has been near the river and yet very dusty,
we have made about 16 miles, hereabouts the
burnt hills rise up high enough to be entitled to
the dignified name of mountains, but no timber
as yet save a few cottonwood trees along the
River, whose shade I have enjoyed several times
today, it is a great luxury to me. this forenoon
grass was plenty but dry. this afternoon scarcely
any 16

Frid 6th In the forenoon our road was near the river, in

the afternoon over a rocky sage plain and our
days travel about 21 miles, today we had a
shower of rain, running in streaks, scrubby Cedars
on the Mountain sides near by. there is spots of

60

ANNALS OF IOWA

Sat 7th

Sund 8th

Mond 9th

Tues 10th

old snow and pine timber on the mountains 3
miles ahead to the right, some packers report
4 inches of new on the highest mountains on the
1st of sept. 21

Today we are in the Carson valley, it consists
of several thousand acres of the best of grazeing
land, considerable quantity fit for cultivation, the
river running through the center, bold Mountains
on the west, well studded with beautiful pine tim-
ber some of which are 6 feet in diameter, many
of them from 3 to 4 feet, lots of good springs,
several pretty brooks, here white people could
live and we have traveled today about 16 miles 16

after going about 2 miles there was a succession
of hot springs at left of our road, several times
I placed my left hand in almost scalding water
and turned up my right eye and viewed those
small though everlasting drifts of snow near by.
the grass has been burnt in several places, the
atmosphere is smoky. The Indians all the way on
Carson river shoot all the oxen they can. they
also shoot at the emigrants every convenient op-
portunity but we think so little of it now that I
had neglected to mention anything about it. we
come about 6 miles and are resting the team and
cutting hay to last over the mountains, a ma-
jority of the emigrants are now on foot with their
packs on their backs, haveing lost almost every-
thing, the speculators are sending large quantities
of provisions to sell to those still behind us 6

This morning we had frost, the wind has blown
a gale all day. we saw several men today with
mules packed with provisions for their friends
that are digging gold north and east of this place
and we ar considerably east of the highest moun-
tains, we have come on 6 miles more and laid by
the rest of the day, preparing for the rugged
mountains ahead, there will not more than 14 of
waggons that started to California ever attempt
to cross the mountains 6

Last night the wind blew a hurricane bareing
down tents, blowing away tinware and hats gen-
erally, this morning as cold as December and
brisk snow squalls this afternoon, we have trav-
eled 12 miles 7 m of which beats anything I

THE A. W. HARLAN JOURNAL . 61

ever saw before, through the Kanyan on the head
of Carson river, here the scenery was most grand
and imposing, the Mountains of light grey granite
rose almost perpendicular to an enormous height,
yet the dark green pines of several varieties and
in great numbers seemes to cling to the mountain
sides and flourish most luxuriantly 12

Wed llth This morning the high Mountains wer covered

with snow, the lowland with hoar frost, ice % in
thick in the water pail. Two new varieties of
elder and several new varieties of currants make
their appearance in this locality, most of the
way today has been among rugged mountains and
dense pine forests, many of them seem on the
decline and dying, we ascended one mountain about
iy2 miles, the road can neither be imagined nor
described, — a person mus[t] both see it and go
over it to appreciate the difficulty, we are en-
camped about half way up another mountain, the
last serious obstacle on our route, and have come
today about 16m.

Thurs 12th In ascending the Mountain this morning I discov-

ered the bluebells and column vine [columbine]
both in bloom 300 ft above the level of perpetual
snow and within 20 ft fresh mad[e] Icickles. we
soon passed among heavy drifts of old snow, the
road steep and rocky, and reached the summit at
9 oclock A. M. near 1000 ft above the level of
perpetual snow, even here among the frozen
earth there are many flowers in bloom, from this
hight we had an extensive view of a very rough
mountainous country far to the wes[t]. we can
now say if we have not rode the Elephant Tri-
umpantly we have at least mounted the highest
portion of the Siera Naved [Nevada] Mountains
successfully, our road has been very rough, the
country well timbered with pines and balsam fir.
traveled 16m

Frid 13th This morning we passed the tragedy springs and

soon came to some large cedars, many of them 3
to 4 feet through. 1 tree was near 7 feet in
diameter but not exceeding 50 feet in height, we
are encamped this evening 2 miles west of the
leek springs, there is to all appearance some

62

ANNALS OF IOWA

little spots of tolerable soil hereabouts. the
country is a dense forest of pines and Balsom fir,
The Fir largely predominateing. there is a few
whortle berries, some Rosberries — a new variety,
and also a goosberry in great abundance, Bigger,
Better and thornyer than anything of the Kind in
the States. The bushes are low, the fruit almost
lying on the ground, our days travel will be
about 13 miles 13.

Sat 14th Today we have laid by all day resting and graze-

ing our stock, but little grass to graze on and.
none at all for the next 40 miles. I have seen
several new kinds of squirrels and birds among
which I saw a mountain Blue Jay, a noble Bird
entirely blue, nearly as large again but in other
respects resembling the Jay of the states, the
Black tailed deer are here in great abundance

Sund 15th we again took up the line of march over the moun-

tains, our road very rough and stony, dense forests
of pines fir and Cedars. Cedar trees do grow 100
feet high and from 2 to 4 feet in diameter, a
few Oaks made their appearance today. The
Emigrants have cut down nearly all of them that
their stock might feed on their leaves and we
have done the same this evening, we have had
a little shower of rain this evening and trav-
eled 14m.

Mond 16th Today we have traveled about 18 miles, the [road]

has been extremely dusty, some portion rocky,
the oaks become more plenty and the forest has
lost its beauty, we are this evening in pleasant
valley, there is no feed here nor anything pleas-
ant save a few very large scrubby oaks 18

Tues llth Our oxen had nothing to eat last [night] save a

few oak leaves and we have come on 10 miles
to a little town called Ringold. here we sold
our team and waggon all together for 295$. he [re]
I separated from my companions and went with
the team to the Diamond springs 2% towards
Sacramento City, at Ringold as at these Springs
I have seen several men digging and washing
gold. I can now say I am fairly into the gold
diggins and will probably cease keeping a Journal

12

ANNALS OF IOWA

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT

THE PLACEMENT OF THE ALLISON MEMORIAL.

One of the most notable provisions for the future made by
any Iowa legislature is a measure known as House File 669,
recognizing and regarding the necessity of the immediate
and correct placement of the Allison Memorial elsewhere than
"upon the Capitol grounds or any extension thereof" as
heretofore provided. For a generation a trend toward the
correction and completion of the grounds surrounding our
State House has been developing. One by one the larger
necessities of the State have been provided. Following the
almost complete rebuilding of the structures of all the Iowa
institutions, the replacing of temporary ill-planned buildings
by those splendidly conceived and, in great part, fire-proof,
the logical time for completing the landscape needs of the
principal building of the State seems to have arrived. It
was so stated in effect in the final message of Governor Car-
roll, and re-stated with emphasis in the inaugural address
of Governor Clarke.

The Secretary of the Allison Commission was authorized
some months ago to obtain a diagram of the location of the
Capitol, the heating plant, the Soldiers and Sailors Monu-
ment, the State Historical Building, the other lands adjacent
owned by the State, and a proposed placement of the Allison
Memorial appropriate to its own value as a work of art and
not detracting from existing structures.

In consequence, E. L. Masqueray, expert advisor of the
Allison Memorial Commission, was directed to prepare such
a sketch as would conform to the above requirements and,
furthermore, would take notice of the needs in the probable
development of our State throughout the remotest future,
and of the natural as well as artificial elements for economical
but correct final disposition of all structures in accordance
with artistic principles.

63

64 ANNALS OF IOWA

Mr. Masqueray submitted his sketch and it was afterward
taken by Governor Clarke as the basis of his plan for
giving the Capitol adequate setting and providing against
random placing of such structures as shall in future be as-
sembled on or near the Capitol grounds, either as gifts or
by appropriation.

Governor Clarke began the presentation of his policy to
members of the legislature first in personal conference, then
in a special message and finally in the form of a bill, which
was passed through both houses on April 8, 1913, by a
vote in the Senate of thirty-four to six, and in the House of
sixty-nine to twenty-eight. The popular method of raising
funds for large expenditures in recent years by millage tax
rather than by appropriation from the general revenues was
adopted in the bill. Therefore a special tax for the pur-
chase and improvement of additional ground was required
to be levied for a period of ten years commencing with the
levy to be made in the year 1913. For the years 1913 and
1914 the levy required to be made is one-half mill on the
dollar on the taxable property of the State, and for each
of the remaining' eight years a levy to be fixed by the
Executive Council that will yield approximately $150,000 an-
nually.1 On the theory that the gradual acquisition of the
lands would result in gradual and enormous increase of cost,
a provision for anticipating the proceeds of the tax and for
immediate acquisition of the lands was devised. So that who-
ever has property the State will need cannot await the gen-
eral rise in values nor have the rise that is inevitable from
the adoption and initiation of the plan. It was further
enacted that the State might condemn the land of any
of whom it could not purchase at reasonable prices. As is
the law in the taking of lands under the right of eminent
domain, such lands are to be appraised by an impartial jury,
and to insure impartiality, special provision was made, tak-
ing the appointment of the jury out of the hands of the
sheriff of the county wherein the lands lie, and placing it in
the hands of the Chief Justice of the Iowa Supreme Court
and requiring that he appoint no two from one county.

!H. F. 669, Chap. 14, Acts 35th G. A.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 65

The measure provides that the general plan secured by the
Allison Commission for its guidance in the placement of the
Allison Memorial be followed in the enlargement and im-
*provement of the grounds. It provides that the Executive
Council serve without pay as agents for the acquisition of
the grounds and as commissioners for the performance of
the work. The Executive Council is granted authority to
ecquire any or all grounds within an area ample for a fin-
ished work unequalled in landscape value in any American
capital and never excelled in economy in any public work.
It is the final touch in the purpose of Gen. Grenville M.
Dodge to make of the tribute to Senator Allison not only an
ideal of art, but a step forward in the annals of all Iowa con-
structive building and business.

JUDGE CALDWELL ON HENRY CLAY DEAN.

Hon. Henry Clay Caldwell communicated his thoughts as
to the sketch of Rev. J. W. Cheney on Henry Clay Dean to the
author of that sketch, and we have requested the privilege of
reproducing Judge Caldw ell's letter:

2195 West 24th St., Los Angeles, Cal.

Nov. 28, 1912.
My Dear Cheney:

I have just finished reading your biography of Henry Clay Dean
in the last number of the Annals,1 and write to compliment you
upon it. It is far and away the best biography of that wonderful
man that has been written.

I esteem myself something of a judge of men and their abilities,
and, in my opinion, Dean was the greatest natural orator and
reasoner I ever heard — and I have heard several men who ranked
among the first orators of the nation. Great genius always con-
tradicts itself. There is no great genius without a tincture of mad-
ness. The partition between great genius and insanity is very
thin in places, and at times liable to be broken down altogether.
No man ever travels through life (if he lives to middle age) with
an unvarying character, and least of all a great genius. Change
of environment insensibly works a change of character.

1 Annals of Iowa, v. 10, p. 320.
5

66 ANNALS OF IOWA

Dean was a great, a very great, natural genius and was pos-
sessed of the weaknesses that belong to such geniuses. The total
absence of the sense of propriety, the utter disregard of almost all
of the conventional rules of society, coupled with his gormandizing
propensities, and indifference to personal cleanliness had the effect
to obscure his great genius, and to cause him to be regarded by
many as a low, vulgar fellow, and unworthy of the applause and
esteem his genius deserved.

We must overlook and forgive many things in a great genius that
we would not forgive in the ordinary man. Great genius must be
measured by the standard that belongs to great genius, and not by
the standard by which we measure the mediocre man. But the
public mind is not governed by this rule; it commonly dwells more
on the weaknesses and follies of men than on the greatness of their
achievements. If Dean's early environments had been of a different
order from what they were many of the eccentricities that marred
his genius would have disappeared.

I have read the arguments of some eminent authors and listened
to the reasoning of some able divines in support of the immor-
tality of the soul, but the most powerful, persuasive and convinc-
ing reasoning on that subject I ever heard or read was from Dean
when preaching the funeral sermon of John R. Wright (Uncle Sim
Wright's son, who was a student in our law office and died in Keo-
sauqua). With a diction as copious and elegant as Macaulay's, and
a power of reasoning equalling if not excelling Daniel Webster's,
he discoursed for two hours without a break in the high and elevated
tone befitting his subject, which for him was unusual, for he
seemed to delight in inserting a blot in his most finished discourses.

But I set out to do nothing more than thank and congratulate
you for your admirable delineation of Dean's character. Both
Wright and Knapp abhorred him, the one on personal and the
other on political grounds, and while I disliked many things he said
and did, I always regarded him as a transcendent natural orator,
which he undoubtedly was. John R. Wright (the Judge's brother)
said of Dean, "It is a pity so great a man should be so big a fool,"
and this remark is a brief but tolerably accurate biography of
the man. You have done justice — and no more — to his memory.

Yours truly,
HENRY C. CALDWELL.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 67

MEMORIES OF INDUSTRIAL DISTRESS.

May, 1894, was a month of apprehension throughout in-
dustrial America. Ominous meetings of the unemployed gave
out promise of conditions worse than idleness. Across the
State of Iowa the Kelly Army made a trail of anxiety. As
is so true in emergencies, the actual danger and distress were
apparent to but few. To the ordinary person the incident
was little more than comedy. It has vanished from the popu-
lar attention to the realm of forgotten things.

The responsibility upon the Governor of Iowa and upon the
authorities of the cities and towns was never felt except by
the officials themselves. From Council Bluffs to Des Moines
by land and from Des Moines to Keokuk by water, this un-
precedented movement of a thousand men kept municipal
corporations on the edge of panic. The Governor, the At-
torney General, the Adjutant General and the railroad
authorities of Iowa remained on the qui vive from the
moment the "army's" eyes in Omaha were turned toward
the Iowa shores to that when the flotilla passed from the
mouth of the Des Moines river. The officials and interests
noted spent anxious moments night and day over rights and
remedies. Charity and religion, science and chicanery, were
busy over the "manifestation," and all unconsciously, were
interfering with the few men on whom the legal burdens
rested.

What information the people at large had is apparent from
the page in the newspapers in our files, but that informa-
tion was largely at variance with the cold facts with which
our officials dealt. What passed under the attention of the
Governor of the State, like so much emergency service in the
executive office, is unrecorded, but has been promised by
Governor Jackson for publication in the ANNALS.

The transactions in the different cities and towns may fairly
be inferred from minutes of the city council and from frag-
mentary manuscripts presented to the Historical Department
by the City of Des Moines. The minutes show that on April

68 ANNALS OF IOWA

19, 1894, the mayor called the attention of the council to a
telegram he had received from the citizens of Council Bluffs
notifying him that Kelly's army had started for Des Moines.
He requested the council to take action regarding the pro-
posed invasion. A motion was adopted referring the matter
to the mayor, the city solicitor and the committee on ways
and means, with instructions to do what in their judgment
seemed best.

On the 27th a motion was adopted directing the mayor
to appoint necessary police "while Kelly's Army is in town."
On the same day the "members of the council from the East
Side are appointed a committee to locate a place for encamp-
ment." Also there was adopted a motion directing the mayor
to appoint a committee of "officials from the head of the
Police Department to act in conjunction with the sheriff to
notify the self-appointed General Kelly of the action taken by
this Council for the disposing of him and his followers." The
action is in the form of the following resolution :

In view of the fact that Kelly and his followers are expected to
arrive at Des Moines within two or three days, Resolved, that upon
their arrival they be required to march through the city as rapidly
as may be without injury to the men, and that under no circum-
stances will they be allowed to camp in Crocker Woods. All dona-
tions made by citizens will be delivered at the camp provided for
them.

Among the manuscripts are the following :

To the People of Des Moines:

I am reliably informed of the near proximity to our city of the
so-called Gen. Kelly and his army. It now seems inevitable that
they will pass through Des Moines. The peace and dignity of our
city must and will be maintained. We will treat these men kindly
but firmly and we will insist that they must not remain with us, but
pass on and such means as are necessary to accomplish this end
will be used. I call upon the citizens to donate such contributions
in the way of food and money as may provide for this company of
men for one day. I am informed that they will need for a day's
rations 1400 loaves of bread and 1000 pounds of beef and 50 pounds
of coffee. These articles may be left at the Commercial Exchange
and will be taken charge of by a committee appointed to look after
this matter, composed of Aldermen Macartney, McElderry and Wil-
kins and Deputy Marshal Shaffer. I counsel moderation in all

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 69

things pertaining to this matter. These people are travelling through
the country without the means of subsistence and our citizens are
willing to give them food as an act of humanity, but we did not
invite them to come here, we are not prepared to take care of them
and we do not want them to stay with us.

ISAAC L. HILLIS,

Mayor.

There were filed with the council such protests as follows:

Messrs. Dean, Longshore, Christy and Redhead wish a protest
entered against encamping the Kelly army on their land adjoining
the east part of the city. JAMES H. DEAN,

GEO. L. LONGSHORE,
GEO. S. REDHEAD,
CHRISTY COAL CO.

On April 30th the council formally acknowledged the re-
ceipt of a letter from Supt. Egan of the Chicago Great West-
ern Railway to which there appears the following response :

To W. P. Egan, Supt.

Chicago Great Western Ry. Co.

Dear Sir: Your communication to the city council and the mayor
giving notice that there is danger that the so-called Kelly Army
will capture one of your trains, is at hand and contents carefully
noted.

In reply let me assure you that we will gladly aid with the police
force of this city at any time or place when you notify us that there
is specific danger of any unlawful act on the part of the said
Kelly's army. Yours Very Respectfully,

ISAAC L. HILLIS,

Mayor.

A resolution was adopted April 30th in the following terms :

It is the sense of the council that the mayor be requested to
inform General Kelly and his army that they move on and that
at once.

It was transmitted with a letter as follows :

Des Moines, Iowa, May 1, 1894.
"General" Kelly,
Des Moines, Iowa.

Dear Sir: Please take notice of the enclosed resolution and
oblige Yours respectfully,

(Signed) ISAAC L. HILLIS,

Mayor.

70 ANNALS OF IOWA

AS TO THE PALMETTO FLAG.

Edgar R. Harlan, Curator Historical Department,

Dear Sir: Des Moines, Iowa.

In the July, 1911, number of the ANNALS is the description
of a "Palmetto Flag", in possession of the Historical Depart-
ment, captured at Columbia, South Carolina, February 17,
1865. In the article reference is made to a similar flag in
possession of The State Historical Society, at Iowa City.

As the two flags1 are not identical, it may be worth while to
describe the flag in possession of The Historical Society. The
material is dark blue bunting, measurement 20x36 feet in its
perfect form, before the removal of about 18 inches from the
bottom of the flag, the entire length, and also the removal of a
strip about six inches in width about half the length of the
flag. It is a fair conjecture that these strips were taken as
souvenirs by some person.

The emblems on the flag are a palmetto tree in the center,
measuring ten feet 8 inches in height, and a crescent in the
upper left-hand corner, measuring 4 feet 8 inches from point
to point. These emblems are not stitched upon the goods of
the flag, but are insertions accurately fitted and nicely stitched.
There is also a very slight difference in the foliage of the
palmetto as compared with the illustration given in connec-
tion with your description of the flag in possession of The
Historical Department.

The flag in possession of The Historical Society "was cap-
tured at Columbia, S. C., Friday, February 17, 1865, by then
First Lieut. William IT. Goodrell, Fifteenth Iowa Volunteer
Infantry, picket officer on the staff of Gen. "William W.
Belknap." The language here quoted is that of Brevet Major
II. C. McArthur, in a recent published account of the capture
of Columbia, who was of the party capturing this flag. Major
McArthur further says that the flag was "found stretched
along the upper edge of the north -wall of the unfinished new
Capitol Building." The flag was presented to The Historical
Society by General Belknap. commanding Crocker's Iowa Bri-
gade, Seventeenth Army Corps. J. W. RICH.
Iowa Citv. Iowa, June 10th. 1912.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 71

NOTES.

The Thirty-fifth. General Assembly appointed Senator N.
J. Schrup and Representative Walter F. Craig to serve on
the Allison Memorial Commission.

An act submitting the creation of the county of Larrabee to
the legal voters of the county of Kossuth, Iowa, passed tho
Thirty-fifth General Assembly. It is proposed to divide
Kossuth county and form of the northern part a new county
named in honor of Ex-Governor William Larrabee.

The State Board of Education in meeting- of February 5th
approved the naming of the women's dormitory at Iowa City
"Currier Hall" in honor of Dean and Mrs. Currier. Dean
Currier had been a member of the faculty over forty years
and at the time of his death probably had a wider acquain-
tance among the alumni of the State University of Iowa than
any other person.

After years of discussion by parties interested, definite ar-
rangements have been made by the Historical Department of
Iowa and the Polk County Pioneers Club for marking the
grave of William Alexander Scott, who in 1856 gave to the
State of Iowa the ground upon which the Capitol now stands.
The grave, which is on the bluff south of the Capitol, will be
marked with a granite boulder bearing a bronze tablet setting
forth briefly the eventful dates of his life.

The Lincoln Memorial Commission, at a conference in the
White House December 4th, accepted the design of Henry
Bacon, a New York architect, for a monument to the martyred
president. The design is for a marble structure in Potomac
Park, 156 feet long and 80 feet wide. In the central hall will
stand a heroic size figure of Abraham Lincoln. The plan calls
for an expenditure of $1,775,000, and has been approved by
Congress.

72 ANNALS OF IOWA

The Thirty-fifth General Assembly held a memorial service
for ex-Governor Larrabee in the House Chamber, March 20th,
Governor George W. Clarke presiding. Prayer was offered by
Rev. John L. Hillman of Des Moines. The memorial address
delivered by U. S. Senator W. S. Kenyon paid fitting tribute
to the character and public services of ex-Governor Larrabee.
Mrs. Larrabee and family were present at the service.

The label attached to each item in a collection of newspapers
in the Historical Department is as follows :

In Commemoration

The West Union Gazette was established at West Union, Iowa, by
Charles H. Talmadge in 1867, and he continued as its editor and'
publisher until his death in 1907. He was a man of high ideals
in journalism and in life, and to his unswerving fidelity to what
he held to be the best interests of Iowa and the nation these vol-
umes bear mute testimony, aside from their value as an historical
record of affairs in Fayette county for a period of forty years.

Mr. Talmadge was born in Pennsylvania in 1842, but was a resi-
dent of Iowa continuously from 1856, with the exception of four
years spent in the union army.

Presented to the Historical Department of Iowa in commemora-
tion of the life of Mr. Talmadge by his son,
May, 1911. D. H. TALMADGE.

The following Concurrent Resolution in regard to an Iowa
State Flag was introduced into the senate by Senator Lar-
rabee, April 15th:

Whereas, our State has no flag known as the official flag of Iowa,
Kesolvcd by the Senate, the House concurring, that the governor,
the adjutant general, and the curator of historical collections be
and they are hereby created a commission to inquire into and
report to the Thirty-sixth General Assembly upon the expediency
of the adoption of an official State flag and upon the appropriate-
ness of the design therefor if they approve of the same.

The resolution was adopted April 15th and messaged over
to the House, called up by Representative Ring and adopted by
the House April 16th.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 73

Extract from Message of Governor Carroll to the Thirty-
fifth General Assembly, January, 1913 :

The Capitol Grounds.

A comprehensive scheme for enlarging the capitol grounds
should be adopted by you and plans made for the eventual acquir-
ing of the lands to be added to the present holdings of the State.
I would recommend that the State buy all of the grounds lying
between East Ninth and East Twelfth Streets, beginning at Capitol
Avenue and extending to the railroad tracks at the foot of the hill
to the south. The grounds thus acquired, lying south of Walnut
street, should be parked and beautified, and upon them should be
placed the Allison monument and such other monuments as may
be erected in the future, and when the State shall build an executive
mansion, it should be placed upon the high point of ground to
the southeast of the capitol building. Upon the block immediately
east of the State House and south of Capitol Avenue, should be
located a judicial building. I would also suggest that when the time
comes that it is necessary to make any considerable improvement in
the State's power plant, it would be wise to consider moving it
to the foot of the hill south and southwest of the State House, where
it could be reached by a switch, thereby saving the large amount
of money that is annually paid for hauling coal with teams and
wagons, and also getting rid of the dirt and smoke and the some-
what unsightly appearance of a heating plant in front of the capitol
building.

In suggesting the enlargement of the capitol grounds, I wish
to say that the owners of some of the lots included in that which
I have referred to, have already expressed a willingness to sell the
same and some have submitted a price for their holdings. I want
also to say that at two or three different times efforts have been
made to secure a change of grade in some of the streets about the
State House, which change would have a very material effect upon
the surroundings, if additional lands are to be acquired. The
council has each time objected to these changes and asked the
parties interested therein to wait and take the matter up with you
with a view to securing co-operation with the city of Des Moines and
the State in some general plan of improving the State House sur-
roundings, and I recommend the appointment by you of a com-
mittee to take the matter into consideration and co-operate with
the officials of the city to the end suggested.

In my opinion the State might profitably dispose of Governor's
Square, allowing the city to purchase it for a park if so desired,
and invest the proceeds in lands above suggested for purchase.

74 ANNALS OF IOWA

Extract from the Inaugural Address of Governor George

W. Clarke :

The Capitol Grounds.

The subject of the extension of the capitol grounds is a matter
that should have consideration. The day is now here when these
grounds surrounding us should be more spacious and they should
be made more beautiful. They do not meet the material demands
of the present and for the future they will be entirely inadequate.
The future should ever be in mind. We build for those who are to
come after us. We should have a vision of what Iowa is to do and
be. In the extension of the grounds a regard should be had for a
better setting of the capitol. The whole question of the enlarge-
ment and location of buildings and monuments should at once be
placed in the hands of the best landscape artist that could be found
with instructions to prepare a plan commensurate with the needs
and ideals of a great, progressive and cultured people. It cannot
all be done at once, but a beginning can be made. Every day of
postponement only makes the realization more expensive and dif-
ficult. What is done should be done in accordance with a plan to
end in both utility and great artistic beauty.

Extract from Special Message of Governor Clarke to Thir-
ty-fifth Assembly, March 26, 1913 :

Capitol Extension-

I desire to submit a word with reference to the extension of the
capitol grounds. It is the need of the present — it is the imperative
demand of the future. It is a matter of the very best business policy.
If looked at only as an investment it would be a remarkably good
one. By extending the payment for the grounds over a period of
ten years it would bring no burden at all upon the people. Never
again can the purchase of ground be so advantageously made as
now. Iowa should do business as competent successful business men
do. Advantage should be taken of the time and the opportunity.
Iowa should announce that she is of age and full-grown. She
should step out of the old conditions that hamper and restrain her
into the new. The legislature should be unafraid. The people will
sustain you. When the work is done they will ever refer to you
as the legislature that was far-seeing and wise enough to extend
the Capitol Grounds, * * * What man is there of you that will
lose this the greatest opportunity of his life to render a great public
service. Listen not to the voice of selfishness. Tolerate not the
"invisible" man. For more than ten years practically all legisla-
tion and all political agitation in this country has been against
human selfishness. Let it proceed. The rights of all men must
be put above the selfishness of a few men. Go forward. Your
duty, as it seems to me, is plain.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 75

NOTAKLE DEATHS.

ANTON HANSMANN was born in Baden, Germany, June 9, 1837; he
filed at D'e Witt, Iowa, March 16, 1913. He emigrated to America in
1855, coming first to Cincinnati, Ohio, the next year to Illinois and
in 1859 to Clinton county, Iowa, where he maintained his residence
until his death. He was a director of the De Witt Savings Bank,
and Representative from Clinton county in the Twenty-seventh and
Twenty-eighth General Assemblies.

CHARLES GATES was born at Marble Rock, Iowa, April 2, 1856;
he died in Des Moines, January 31, 1913, while in attendance as
a senator from the Thirty-ninth district in the Thirty-fifth General
Assembly. He graduated from Marble Rock high school and engaged
in farming for several years, afterwards becoming interested in
the lumber, implement and banking business. He served as mayor
of Greene for three terms and later as alderman. He was elected
State Senator in 1908, and served throughout the Thirty-third,
Thirty-fourth and the beginning of the Thirty-fifth General Assem-
blies. His remains were conveyed to his home in Greene for burial
by a committee from the Senate and House.

ASAHEL MANT* was born in Hendricks county, Indiana, December
4, 1842; he died at Ogden, Utah, February 10, 1913. He removed with
his parents to Fremont county, Iowa, in 1851, and received his early
education in the district schools. He was in Tabor College at the
outbreak of the Civil war and enlisted in Company A, Fourth Iowa
Cavalry. He served throughout the war and participated in many
important engagements. He was taken prisoner at Jones Lane,
Arkansas, and on being exchanged returned to service. He was a
Republican in politics and was elected representative from Fremont
county to the Thirty-second and Thirty-second extra General Assem-
blies. He maintained his home on one farm in Fremont county
from 1851 until his death.

SEWARD SMITH SHIRER was born at La Porte City, Iowa, Septem-
ber 17, 1871; he died at Chicago, February 18, 1913. He received
his early education in the public schools of his native town and
afterward attended Cornell College, Mt. Vernon. He graduated from
the law course at Lake Forest university and was admitted to the
bar in Iowa in 1893. In 1895 he removed to Chicago and was admit-
ted to the Illinois bar. He was appointed assistant U. S. district
attorney in 1906 by Edwin W. Sims and was held in highest regard
as a prosecutor by Mr. Sims and his successor, James H. Wilker-
son. In addition to his work as government prosecutor, Mr. Shirer
was actively identified in the work of civic improvement in the
district in which he lived.

76 ANNALS OF IOWA

RUTHVEN WILSON LEVERICH was born in Muscatine county, Iowa,
May 1, 1838; he died in the city of Muscatine, February 1, 1913. He
received his early education in one of the pioneer log schoolhouses
of the State, and later attended Cornell college, Mt. Vernon. His
career as an educator began in early manhood and he assumed
charge of the Wilton schools in 1870. Shortly thereafter he was
elected county superintendent of schools, and continued in that
capacity for five successive terms. After retiring from the office
of county superintendent he started the Leverich Normal Training
School which came to be recognized as one of the valuable educa-
tional institutions of the State. He conducted this school until
about two years ago, when he was forced to resign on account of
ill-health.

ELI W. BEARD was born in Randolph county, Indiana, February
22, 1836; he died at Inelianola, Iowa, January 8, 1913. In the fall
of 1837 his father moved his family to southeastern Iowa, and his
boyhood was spent among frontier surroundings. He early decided
to adopt school teaching as his profession and therefore attended
Howe's Seminary, a training school conducted by Prof. Samuel F.
Howe at Mount Pleasant. He later took a course at Earlham Col-
lege, Richmond, Indiana. He began teaching in the fall of 1856, and
with the exception of two winters was continuously in the wrork from
that time until the spring of 1912, teaching in private and public
schools both in Indiana and Iowa. As a young man he was recorded
a minister in the society of Friends and during his entire life was
active in church, temperance and philanthropic work.

ERNEST ELDRED HART was born in West Union, Iowa, December
9, 1859; he died at Long Beach, California, February 1, 1913, while
absent from his home in Council Bluffs. While yet a boy he removed
with his family to Council Bluffs and received his early education
there, graduating from the high school with the class of 1875. He
attended Grinnell College for a year and then went to Yale Univer-
sity, graduating from the academic course in 1881. He entered the
real estate business in Council Bluffs, and a few years later con-
ducted a successful loan and mortgage business. In 1891 he opened
a private bank, and in 1902 became president of the First National
Bank of Council Bluffs. His business interests expanded rapidly
until he became known as one of the foremost financiers of the
country. In politics he was a Republican, and was prominent in
political circles, serving for twelve years as Republican national
committeeman from Iowa, and a portion of that time as member of
the executive campaign committee.

BEX.TAMIX W. LACY was born in Locke, Cayuga county, New York,
March 12, 1849; he died at Dubuque, Iowa, September 28, 1912. At
the age of six years he came with his parents to Fayette county,
Iowa, and there spent his childhood and youth, receiving his educa-
tion in the common schools and at Upper Iowa University. When
nineteen years of age, he went to Alexandria, Virginia, working in
the office of his uncle, Judge Wetsel Willoughby, and pursuing his
law studies at Columbia Law School, and for two years serving as
clerk in the census bureau. In 1872, through the influence of his
friend, Senator William B. Allison, he returned to Iowa, entering

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 77

the law office of Adams and Robinson of Dubuque, first as a clerk
and later as a member of the firm. A few years afterward he was
appointed judge of the circuit court and served in that capacity for
several terms. After retiring from the bench he re-entered the
law practice at Dubuque, continuing until his death. He was also
an active business man, being president of the Iowa Trust and
Savings Bank and director in several business concerns. He was
deeply interested in the welfare of the community, serving for
years as an officer of the Young Men's Christian Association and as
a member of the board of directors of the public library.

GEORGE AUGUSTUS GATES was born at Topsham, Vermont, January
24, 1851; he died at Winter Park, Florida, November 19, 1912. He
graduated from Dartmouth College in 1873 with the degree of A. B.
Soon after he went abroad in the capacity of tutor and remained
for some time studying in Germany. In 1880 he graduated from
the Andover Theological Seminary and was ordained in the Con-
gregational ministry. His first pastorate was at Upper Montclair,
New Jersey, from 1880 to 1887. In 1887 he accepted a call to the
presidency of Iowa College at Grinnell, Iowa, and served in that
capacity until the fall of 1900. During this period the degree of
D. D. was conferred upon him by Dartmouth in 1892, and LL. D. by
University of Nebraska in 1893. Prom January to November, 1901,
he was pastor of the First Congregational Church at Cheyenne,
Wyoming. He removed to Claremont, California, and served for
seven years as president of Pomona College. After a few months
rest and recuperation, he became president of Fisk University,
Nashville, Tennessee, and held that position until the opening of
the college year in 1912, when ill-health resulting from a severe
accident, caused him to offer his resignation. He returned to his old
home in Vermont and later sought relief in Florida where his
death occurred.

CORNELIUS CADLE was born in New York City, May 22, 1836; he
died at Cincinnati, Ohio, January 13, 1913. He removed in 1843
with his parents to Muscatine, Iowa, where he received his early
education, later attending Iowa College. He enlisted at the begin-
ning of the Civil war in Company H, Eleventh Iowa Infantry, and
was immediately appointed Adjutant. In 1862 he was assigned to
duty as Acting Assistant Adjutant General, serving in that capacity
through the Vicksburg and Atlanta campaigns. He also participated
in other engagements and was with Sherman on his march to the
sea. At the close of the war he was brevetted Colonel for gallant
and meritorious conduct. His portrait appears in the bas relief —
"The Triumphal Return" — on the Iowa Soldiers' and Sailors' monu-
ment, Des Moines. He was engaged in mining in Alabama from
1865 to 1894, when he removed to Cincinnati. Colonel Cadle took
an active interest in the organization of the Grand Army of the
Republic and served as recording secretary of the Army of the
Tennessee from its inception. At the time of his death he was com-
mander-in-chief of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion and
president of the Ohio society of the Sons of the Revolution. He
served as chairman of the Shiloh National Military Park Commis-
sion and largely through his efforts the old battlefield was trans-
formed into a government military park and a memorial shaft
erected.

78 ANNALS OP IOWA

ISAAC S. STBUBLE was born near Fredericksburg, Virginia, Novem-
ber 3, 1843; he died at Le Mars, Iowa, February 17, 1913. In 1845
his parents removed with their family to Ohio where they remained
until 1857, when they came to Iowa and settled on a farm near Iowa
City. Mr. Struble received his early education in the common
schools of Ohio and Iowa. When eighteen years of age he enlisted
in Company F, Twenty-second Iowa Infantry, and was in active
service throughout the war, participating in the battles of Port
Gibson, siege of Vicksburg, siege of Jackson, Miss., and. Cedar
Creek, Va. He was mustered out July 25, 1865. In 1866 he went
to St. Louis and spent a year in the wholesale house of J. H.
Teasdale & Co. Returning to Iowa he studied law at the State
University and was admitted to the bar in 1870. He practiced in
Polo, Illinois, for two years, removing in 1872 to Le Mars, where
he maintained his residence until his death. He was elected to
the Forty-eighth Congress in 1882 from the Eleventh Iowa district,
and re-nominated by acclamation for three succeeding terms. He
occupied a prominent position on various committees, especially on
the committee on territories. As chairman of that committee in
the Fifty-first Congress he took active part in matters pertaining
to the organization of the territory of Oklahoma and the admission
to the union of Idaho and Wyoming. At the conclusion of his
service in congress he resumed the practice of law and other business
enterprises in Le Mars.

JOSEPH EIUOKCK was born in Hungary, February 23, 1838; he
died at Des Moines, January 8, 1913. He came with his parents to
America early in 1849, and on May 1st of the same year settled in
Dubuque, Iowa, where he was the first apprentice on the first German
paper in Iowa. When eighteen years of age he became a school-
teacher and taught for three years. In 1859 he purchased the Clay-
ton County Journal, a paper published in Garnavillo. removing it
a year later to Elkader, where he continued its publication until
1872. He enlisted on November 18, 1862, in Company E, Ninth
Iowa Infantry, but was discharged for disability after a few months'
service. In 1868 he established the North Iowa Herald at Elkader
which he published for one year. He left the Republican party in
1872 to join the ranks of the Greeley party, and was a delegate to
the convention in Cincinnati which nominated Greeley for the
presidency on the Liberal ticket, and was a prominent advocate
and organizer of the Greeley party in Iowa. In 1873 he was appointed
by Governor Carpenter commissioner to the World's Fair at Vienna.
Upon his return he affiliated with the Democratic party and in 1874
removed to Des Moines and became the editor and publisher of the
Staats-Anzeiger that lie might promulgate his ideas of personal
liberty and democracy among the Germans in Iowa. In 1878 he was
Democratic candidate for Auditor of State, but was defeated by
Buren R. Sherman. He was the author of the History of Clayton
County, published in 1872, History of the Germans in Iowa, pub-
lished in 1900, and while editing the German Rtaats-Ameiaer pub-
lisher! also two English newspapers, the Herald of Liberty and the
Slate Independent.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 79

CARL WILHELM VON COELLN was born in Westphalia, Germany,
August 31, 1830; he died at his home in New London, Iowa, April 20,
1913. He attended the public schools in his native town, later the
gymnasium at Hereford and the University of Bonn. He served
one year in the German army. In 1855 he emigrated to the United
States, taking passage in a sailing vessel which reached New York
after a voyage of fifty-two days. He soon removed to Ohio where
he spent one year on a dairy farm and five years teaching in
private schools and academies in Ashtabula, Trumbull and Summit
counties. In 1861 he removed to Des Moines and taught in the
public schools six months and then opened an academy in Cascade,
Dubuque county. He was professor of mathematics in Iowa Col-
lege, Grinnell, for seven years, and then removed to Kidder, Mis-
souri, where he remained a year and a half, coming back to Iowa
to teach in the Waterloo public schools. From 1876 to 1882 Mr.
von Coelln served as state superintendent of public instruction. At
the expiration of his public work he taught at Denison, and later
was in the employ of D. Appleton & Co., publishers of school books.
In 1892 he removed to Storm Lake where he served as professor of
mathematics in Buena Vista College for four and a half years and
then retired from active life for a number of years. From 1902 to
1904 Mr. von Coelln served as county superintendent of schools in
Crawford county. In the spring of 1904 he removed to New London
and entered the newspaper field as editor of the Farmer-Times and
continued in that position until his death. He always took an
active interest in the educational affairs of the State, framed many
of the school laws now in force, and was known as the "father of
the Iowa school laws." He served as president of the school board
of New London and was an able editor.

JOSHUA MOXROE SHAFFER was born in Washington county, Penn-
sylvania, September 13, 1830; he died at Keokuk, Iowa, March 25,
1913. He entered Washington and Jefferson College at the age of
thirteen years, and graduated in 1848 with the degree of A. B. In
1849 he began the study of medicine with his brother, John E.
Shaffer, at Elizabeth, and attended lectures at the University of
Pennsylvania. He came to Iowa in 1852, locating in Fairfield, where
he practiced medicine. In 1862 the honorary degree of M. D. was
conferred upon him by the State University of Iowa. He became
interested in the organization of the Iowa State Agricultural Society
in 1853, and served as secretary in 1854 and 1855 and again from
1863 to 1873. In 1863 he was appointed surgeon of the board of
enrollment for the First Congressional District of Iowa, and exam-
ined over five thousand men preparatory to their admission to the
army. He was appointed commissioner from Iowa to the Paris
Exposition in 1867, but as no expense fund was provided by the
State he resigned. He was Senator from Jefferson county in the
Ninth and Ninth extra General Assemblies. In 1874 he removed to
Keokuk to act as secretary of the Iowa Life Insurance Company,
and held that position as long as the Company existed. During
the years 1876 and 1877 he lectured at the Keokuk College of
Physicians and Surgeons. D'r. Shaffer was a lifelong student of
natural history and made numerous large collections. His collec-
tion of birds shows his skill as a taxidermist and he was well known

80 ANNALS OF IOWA

by authorities on natural history throughout the United States. He
was also deeply interested in the history of Iowa and the West,
and rendered great assistance in the collection and preservation of
early historical data. He was an especial adviser and supporter of
the founder of the Historical Department of Iowa. In politics he
was a Republican and attended the first Republican convention in
the State, which was held at Pairfield. He was a member of the
Fremont Voters' Association.

W J McGEE was born near Dubuque, Iowa, April 17, 1853; he
died at Washington, D. C., September 4, 1912. Except for three
or four terms in the public schools he was self-educated. In his
earlier years he patented some agricultural implements, studied
and practiced land surveying, read law and wrote for local papers.
In 1875 he commenced the study of Indian mounds and relics in
Iowa and Wisconsin. In 1877 he began a geological and topograph-
ical map of his own and neighboring counties, which he expanded
the following year to include 17,000 square miles in northeastern
Iowa. This work was done entirely at his own expense and was
published in 1891 in the Eleventh Annual Report of the U. S.
Geological Survey. In 1878 he published geological and anthropo-
logical papers in the American Journal of Science and in the Pro-
ceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science. In 1881 he examined and reported upon the building
stones of Iowa. In the following year he became connected with
the U. S. Geological Survey, his first work being a report upon
the extinct lakes of Nevada and California. Later he was given
charge of the coastal plain surveys in the eastern and southern
states. In 1886 he went upon the ground and made a study of
the Charleston earthquake, immediately after its occurrence. Upon
the organization of the Geological Society of America in 1888 he
became its editor, continuing in that capacity for four years. He
also edited the National Geographic Magazine for a number of
years. From 1893 to 1903 he was Ethnologist in charge of the
Bureau of American Ethnology, during which time he explored
Tiburon Island, making report on the savage tribe there never
before studied. This position he resigned in 1903 to become Chief
of the Department of Anthropology at the St. Louis Exposition.
After 1907 he was a member of the U. S. Inland Waterways Com-
mission. His geological maps of the United States and New York,
published in 1885 and 1892 are standards, and his personal geo-
logical surveys formed the basis for the mapping of over 300,000
square miles. The National Cyclopedia of American Biography
states: "He formulated the method of correlation among geologic
formations by homogeny or identity of origin; developed a natural
or genetic classification of geology * * *; and did much to develop
and was the first to apply the principles of geomorphy, or that
branch of geology which deals with land forms." His publications
include Pleistocene History of Northeastern Iowa, Geology of Chesa-
peake Bay, Lafayette Formation, Potable Waters of Eastern United
States, Siouan Indians, Primitive Trephining in Peru, Seri Indians,
Primitive Numbers, numerous scientific memoirs, and over three
hundred articles. An extended biographical account will be pub-
lished later, from the pen of Dr. Charles Keyes.

ANNALS OF IOWA.

VOL. XI, No. 2-3. DBS MOINES, IOWA, JULY-OCT. , 1913. 3D SERIES.

JEFFERSON COUNTY AT THE BEGINNING OF THE
CIVIL WAR1.

BY HON. CHARLES J. FULTON.

It was supposed in Iowa that the virulent boiling of the
political cauldron of 'I860 would subside after the Presidential
election. The opinion prevailed that just as the North, hav-
ing left its cause to the arbitrament of the ballot, would have
acquiesced in the election of Breckenridge, strong as his pro-
slavery professions were, had he been the legal choice of the
voters, so the South for the same reason now would acquiesce
in the election of Lincoln. "No trouble of a, warlike char-
acter" was really anticipated. The wild and furious utter-
ances of Southern sentiment were taken as the emanations of
extremists who knew they must attain their ends, if at all, by
quick, bold, audacious strokes. It was thought there was "a
conservative element in that fiery mass of humanity" which
would temper its conduct and render the threats of its agita-
tors idle and vain.

This belief was destined to a short life. The course of
events with each passing day more and more clearly pointed
to the grim reality that there were those who sought a dissolu-
tion of the Union in order that their own selfish schemes might
prosper. The perception and consciousness of the growing
danger began to stir the latent patriotism of men's hearts.

The Ledger's Carrier's Address of January 1, 1861, tersely
pictured the outward aspects of the Southern situation, but

a chapter in a forthcoming history of Jefferson county.

82 ANNALS OF IOWA

contained no hint that a serious meaning was yet attached to
them. These were the lines :

Ambitious leaders fain would tear

The bonds of Union wide,
And lay in dust that fabric fair

For which our fathers died;
For in the South a plot is laid

To urge Disunion's threat,
And mad appeals are daily made

By Yancy, Toombs and Rhett.

The first week of the year brought so much alarm that on
the evening of January 8th was held at Wells' Hall in Fair-
field, a union meeting for "consulting and expressing views
on the subject of the present secession movement in the
South." George Acheson was chosen president. Daniel Rider
and Evan L. Craine were selected for vice-presidents, and
R. C. Brown and J. A. McKemey for secretaries.

In assuming the duties of the chair, Mr. Acheson made a
short speech:

"I did not come here," he explained, "as the political
friend of the President elect, for it is well known in this
community, and perhaps to all present, that I voted against
him. I voted for his opponent — that statesman, Stephen A.
Douglas — believing that the platform on which he stood — the
doctrine of Popular Sovereignty in the Territories — was the
only true solution of the vexed slavery question — and I think
so yet. Neither, my friends, did I come here as a politician;
but under the latter clause of the call for this meeting, I came
as a lover of the Constitution and the Union — the Constitu-
tion and the Union as our Fathers framed them."

The election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United
States, he asserted, "having been regular and constitutional,
it is the duty of every loyal citizen to insist upon his inaugura-
tion into that office. ' ' With an eager hope that the calamity of
civil war would be averted, he believed "the safest and surest
way to prevent our excited brethren in the South from re-
sorting to force is to prepare to meet them on that basis —
the unarmed man invites attack, whilst he who is prepared to
meet his adversary, by that very preparation keeps him at

JEFFERSON COUNTY POLITICS IN 1861 83

bay. ' ' Declaring that freedom of speech is ' ' one of the dearest
rights to free men," he prayed for the coming of the time
"when this great 'blessing may be enjoyed as securely in Bos-
ton and New Orleans as it is today in Iowa." In concluding
he expressed the wish that they might "say to the world,
calmly and dispassionately, but firmly, that we love with un-
dying devotion the Constitution and the Union as our Fathers
framed them, and that we will love and defend them forever."

James F. Wilson. C. S. Clarke, Christian W. Slagle and
William B. Littleton were named to formulate resolutions for
consideration. After an interval, in which the Fairfield brass
band rendered national airs and a choir sang Hail Columbia,
Yankee Doodle and The Star Spangled Banner, this commit-
tee submitted the product of their conference:

Whereas, The peace of the Nation and the prosperity of the Union
is threatened by the action of certain citizens of the United States,
who are disposed to set the laws and authority of the Government
at defiance; and whereas there is accumulating evidence from day
to day of threatened resistance by force to the inauguration of the
President-elect, thus throwing our Government into chaos and an-
archy in defiance of the expressed will of the people; and whereas
we are willing at all times to abide the verdict of the people at
the Ballot Box, either State or National; therefore, be it

Resolved: 1st. That the existing state of public affairs requires
a vigorous exercise of the power of the Government for the main-
tenance of its authority, and we believe it to be the duty of every
loyal citizen to show his hand and array himself on the side of
the friends of the Constitution and Union as our Fathers framed
them.

2d. That our Government is based upon the theory that a
majority acting under the Constitution shall govern, and Abraham
Lincoln having in a constitutional manner been chosen by the ma-
jority as President of the United States, his inauguration into
that office ought to be maintained and insisted on by every
citizen.

3d. That we are now and forever in favor of the Union, its
preservation and the maintenance of the rights of the States in-
dividually as well as collectively, and the present Constitution of
the United States, so long as it exists, ought to be respected by
every citizen, and the authorities acting under it in obedience to
its provisions should be supported by the people even to the resort
of arms.

84 ANNALS OF IOWA

4th. That we feel assured that our brethren in the disaffected
portion of our country look upon the citizens of the Northern States
as cowards, and therefore the best way to prevent them from re-
sorting to actual force is to be prepared to meet them on that basis.

5th. That any attempt on the part of a portion of the citizens
of the United States to resist or in any manner to prevent the in-
auguration of Abraham Lincoln will be regarded as revolutionary
and treasonable.

6th. That we are in favor of the Constitution of the United
States as it now exists, believing that its guarantees are sufficient
to protect the interests of all sections.

7th. That we are not the enemies of any section and that we
pronounce the charge of hostility on the part of the people of the
North to the constitutional rights of the people of the South to be
false and slanderous.

8th. That the gallant and patriotic conduct of Major Anderson
meets our hearty approbation, and we declare should be supported
by the Government.

The approval of "the resort of arms" to preserve the Union,
the disclamation of Northern cowardice, the avowal of faith
in the amplitude of the guarantees of the Constitution "to
protect the interests of all sections," severally elicited some
discussion in which George Acheson, Col. James Thompson,
"Ward Lamson, d AY. Slagle, Wm. B. Littleton and J. F.
Wilson participated. In the end these views were endorsed
and adopted with the remainder of the report, in the phrasing
of the committee.

Wm. B. Littleton proposed two resolutions:

Resolved, That the course pursued by the extremists, North and
South, in regard to the subject of slavery (which we believe to be
the main cause of the present crisis) meets with our unqualified dis-
approbation.

Resolved, That we believe civil war for the maintenance of the
Government, should only be resorted to when all other, and more
judicious means, have been exhausted.

These did not harmonize with the mood of the meeting.
The first was voted down. The second was amended by the
substitution of another offered by J. F. Wilson, which com-
pressed the whole issue into a simple positive statement:

*Z^*^

JEFFERSON COUNTY POLITICS IN 1861 85

Resolved, That this Government must be sustained, and the Union
must and shall be preserved, peaceably if they can, and forcibly
if they must.

The utmost enthusiasm prevailed throughout the proceed-
ings which ended with " three tremendous cheers each, for
General Jackson and the Constitution and Union."

Locally there was not yet any clear recognition of the im-
minence of an armed conflict. Even by the men best informed,
though they must have had misgivings, it was only felt the
Southern leaders were overbold and overconfident in playing
what was characterized "the game of brag."

On the 2d of February a mass meeting assembled at Wells'
Hall in response to an invitation addressed to "the citizens
of Jefferson county who are in favor of a fair, just and im-
mediate compromise of the Slavery Question in preference to
a Dissolution of the Union or Civil War." The terms of
compromise to be considered were not stated. The call was
signed by thirty-one citizens. It was publicly charged that
among these were some who held that South Carolina had a
right to secede, some who affirmed that the success of the
Republican party in and of itself was sufficient warrant for
secession, some who asserted it was justifiable in the South to
take possession of the Capitol of the nation and to prevent the
inauguration of Lincoln, some who had announced a willing-
ness to join the forces of the South and aid in waging war
against the Government, some who had advocated the divinity
of the institution of human slavery, and some who had boasted
of their good rifles and at what distance they could bring down
an abolitionist. These charges, the indefiniteness of the pro-
posal, and the agitation pervading the community, brought out
a large attendance in which were represented wide differences
of opinion.

The morning was chiefly devoted to effecting an organiza-
tion. Bernhart Henn was chosen to preside over the delibera-
tions. Henry Stoner and Horace Gaylord were selected for
the vice-presidents and I. D. Jones and W. B. Culbertson for
the secretaries. Samuel Jacobs, C. W. Slagle, E. A. Harbour,

86 ANNALS OP IOWA

Joseph Ball and Wm. B. Littleton were named as the Com-
mittee on Resolutions. Owen Bromley, securing recognition,
in the course of his speech stated that he was opposed to com-
promising with traitors. This remark drew a rebuke from the
chair. D. Sheward, called upon to speak, communicated his
purpose to establish a Democratic paper in Fair-field if he
could get support enough. He favored compromise. He did
not want war; but if that had to come, he wanted it to take
place ' ' right here. ' ' This address terminated the preliminary
session.

The afternoon session opened with the reading of the reso-
lutions by Samuel Jacobs :

Whereas, The American Union is now threatened with immediate
dissolution; therefore, Resolved,

1st. That we are unalterably attached to the Union of these
States, endeared to us by the glorious memories of the past, and
which has given us peace and prosperity at home, and respect,
consideration and power throughout the world.

2d. That whilst no foreign enemy invites us to the ordeal of
arms, and when we have treaties of peace, friendship and com-
merce with forty-seven independent nations of the world, — when
distant Japan sends hither her ambassadors laden with peace of-
ferings, and the great-grandson of George the Third, the heir
apparent of England's royalty, makes a respectful pilgrimage to
the tomb of Washington — we present to the world the deplorable
spectacle of the foremost nation of them all trembling on the
verge of financial ruin, and soon to become, perhaps, "a land
rent with civil feuds, and drenched, it may be, in fraternal blood;" —
even now, the States, North and South, are arming for the conflict.

3d. That we concur in the sentiments of Andrew Jackson, ex-
pressed in his farewell address, that "the Constitution cannot be
maintained, nor the Union preserved, in opposition to public feel-
ing, by the mere exertion of the coercive power confided to the
general government. The foundation must be laid in the affections
of the people, in the security it gives to life, liberty, property
and character in every quarter of the country, and the fraternal
attachment which the citizens of the several States bear to one
another, as members of one political family, mutually contributing
to promote the happiness of each other. Hence the citizens of
every State should studiously avoid everything calculated to wound

JEFFERSON COUNTY POLITICS IN 1861 *?

the sensibilities or offend the just pride of the people of other
States; and they should frown upon every proceeding within their
own borders likely to disturb the tranquility of their political
brethren in other portions of the Union."

4th. That we are in favor of the union of conservative men
throughout the country, for the sake of the Union; and that we
disclaim all party ties and platforms which stand in the way of
the perpetuation of a Union that shall guaranty to the several
States thereof full and equal rights under the Constitution — and
this we believe to be the duty of all.

5th. That we hold it to be self-evident that unless there is a
fair, just and prompt compromise of the slavery question, the
process of dissolution cannot be arrested but that it will go on
until there is a total and final severance between the free and the
Slave States; and thus believing, we regard those who protest
that there shall be "no compromise" — "no concession," and who
recommend the immediate employment of force against the seceding
States, or the people thereof — as actual enemies of the Union —
not indeed in motive, but such in reality and in effect.

6th. That whilst the people of neither section of the Union
are faultless, the citizens and States of the North should place
themselves right upon the record and right in fact before they
think of going to war with their brethren of the South.

7th. That the Fugitive Slave Law, and all other laws of Con-
gress, should be obeyed, until they are amended or repealed, or
decided to be unconstitutional by the appropriate judicial tribunal.

8th. That the Supreme Court of the United States is a tribunal
erected by the Constitution itself as the legal and final interpreter
of that instrument, in all those cases that are capable of assuming,
and do actually assume, the character of suits at law, or in equity,
and that the decisions of that court should be obeyed by all good
citizens of the United States and executed in good faith.

9th. That we are in favor of a just and reasonaoie compromise
of the Slavery Question, to be consummated, if necessary, by such
amendments to the Constitution of the United States as comport
with the spirit in which that instrument was originally formed,
and which shall be consistent with its principles.

10th. That while a large portion of the meeting, perhaps a
majority, are decidedly in favor of intrusting the people of the
Territories with the power to provide by laws for the admission
or prohibition of slavery, yet for the sake of the Union, we are
willing to accept the compromise measures offered in the United
States Senate by John J. Crittenden, or the proposition of Stephen
A. Douglas; and as the measures of adjustment, recommended by
the "Border States Committee," seem most likely, in their sub-

88 ANNALS OF IOWA

stance, to receive the sanction of the present Congress, we do
most respectfully and earnestly appeal to the Senators and Rep-
resentatives in Congress, from Iowa, to give those measures their
support — but not to the detriment of any other just and equitable
measure of pacification which can be adopted, and which may be
more satisfactory.

llth. That no semblance of dishonor should attach to those
Republican members of Congress, who in this terrible crisis, con-
sent to a modification of their party platform in respect to slavery,
but on the contrary, those who thus hold out the olive branch
should be hailed as patriots and statesmen; because,

First— Although Abraham Lincoln has been constitutionally
elected President and should be inaugurated and received as such
by all sections of the country, yet he has been elected wholly by
a majority of the people of the free States, against the solid elec-
toral vote of the slave States.

Secondly — A majority of nearly one million of the American peo-
ple cast their votes against Mr. Lincoln and his party platform.

Thirdly— The Supreme Court of the United States has decided
that Congress has no constitutional power to interfere with slavery
in the Territories.

Fourthly — A modification of said party platform is believed to
be necessary to keep even the border slave States in the Union.

12th. That the Union-loving citizens of those Southern States
who have labored and still labor with devotion, courage and patriot-
ism, to withhold their States from the vortex of secession, are en-
titled to the admiration and gratitude of the whole American people.

13th. That the redress of existing difficulties cannot be effected
by crimination and recrimination, but the times demand forbear-
ance of feeling, and the calm maintenance of the constitutional
rights of every State and of every citizen, of whatever section.

14th. That the maintenance inviolate of the rights of the States,
and especially the rights of each State to order and control its
own domestic institutions according to its own judgment exclusively,
is essential to that balance of power on which the perfection and
endurance of our political faith depends.

15th. That to the union of the States this nation owes Its un-
precedented increase in population; its surprising development of
material resources; its rapid augmentation of wealth; its happi-
ness at home and its power abroad.

16th. That the course pursued by the extremists North and
South in regard to the institution of slavery (which we believe
to be the main cause of the present crisis) meets with our unquali-
fied disapprobation.

JEFFERSON COUNTY POLITICS IN 1861 89

The approval of these declarations meant, at least on the
part of Republicans, a repudiation or abandonment of funda-
mental party principles. By such course they would yield
"that the Federal Constitution, the Rights of the States, and
the Union of the States, must and shall be preserved." By
such course they would accept "the new dogma that the
Constitution, of its own force, carries Slavery into any or all
of the Territories of the United States." By such course
they would deny "that the normal condition of all the terri-
tory of the United States is that of freedom." By such
course they would grant "the authority of Congress, of a
territorial legislature, or of any individual, to give legal
existence to Slavery in any Territory of the United States."
The two political faiths would combine no more than oil and
water. Not all who were sincere and patriotic perceived at
the time the irreconcilable difference.

The discussion turned at once upon individual beliefs. Al-
vin Turner inquired whether those who subscribed to the
Chicago platform were to be allowed to vote. The Chair's
response in substance was. that if they considered that enunci-
ation their ultimatum for a compromise, they were not en-
titled to vote. C. W. Slagle, defining his position, said that
under such ruling he had no right to be there. Joseph Ball
stated that he subscribed to the Chicago platform and that he
was opposed to any concession to rebels that required a sur-
render of principles. Owen Bromley desired to know if his
right to vote was recognized. The Chair denied him the right
and refused to entertain an appeal to the house from this
decision. J. F. Wilson explained his attitude. He was a
"compromise man." There were traitors in the South in
fact and in law. He would hang the leaders, but would
grant amnesty to their misled followers, if they would lay
doAvn their arms, give up the property stolen from the general
Government and behave themselves. The Chair called him
to order and himself took the floor. He favored the Critten-
den Compromise, although he did not like any compromise
that would establish a line of demarcation through the coun-
try. M. M. Bleakmore thought that as other gentlemen were

90 ANNALS OP IOWA

permitted to present their ideas of a compromise, Mr. Wil-
son also should have the privilege. Charles Negus attended
to meet men with certain sentiments, by that meaning men
with courage to entertain a spirit of concession. Joseph Ball
announced a determination to speak though all hell stood
at his back. Col. James Thompson was in favor of compro-
mising. There was no treason in advocating the principles
of South Carolina. He did not want to shed his blood for
the dirty, nasty quibble of letting niggers go into the Terri-
tories. The contention was brought to an unceremonious
close by the Chair promptly putting the formal questions on
the reception and adoption of the report. C. W. Slagle with-
out success attempted to present a minority report. The reso-
lutions were declared adopted. Amid much confusion ad-
journment was effected.

The rebuffs experienced in this meeting by those whose
views were at variance with the purposes of its managers led
to an open conference at night. This also was in Wells' Hall.
Dr. C. S. Clarke accepted the position of Chairman on the
condition that no gag law should be applied and that free
discussion should be allowed. W. W. Junkin was Secretary.
After an address by Owen Bromley on "the state of the
country", A. R. Fulton, C. E. Noble and W. M. Clark were
appointed to prepare an expression of the sense of the gather-
ing in regard to the Compromise meeting.

A. M. Scott offered this sentiment which was approved:

Resolved, That it is no time to talk of Compromise when Treason
and Rebellion are stalking abroad in the land. In such a time, the
only proper compromise is a good dose of "Old Hickory."

J. F. Wilson, called upon to speak, denounced the Critt en-
den Compromise, or any such base surrender of principles
on the part of the Republican party.

The committee submitted a report which was unanimously
adopted. It defined the Compromise meeting, "in the lan-
guage of Colonel Thompson," one of its principal actors, as
a " 'Democratic meeting' — used for Democratic purposes —
the extension of slavery and the policy of rule or ruin." In

JEFFERSON COUNTY POLITICS IN 1861 91

severe terms it arraigned Bernhart Henn. It declared him
''entitled to the thanks of South Carolina traitors" for his
enforcement of their maxim "that the minority shall rule
the majority;" that, "while professing to act without prej-
udice," he manifested throughout the entire proceedings,
"the most bitter and uncompromising partisan spirit;" that,
' ' in his action as presiding officer, ' ' he recognized and applied
"the slave- driving opposition to the exercise of free speech;"
that, "in deciding motions carried which were lost," in re-
fusing to sustain motions from any save his partizan asso-
ciates or to entertain appeals from his decisions ' ' he exhibited
a perfect fitness to assist in advancing the work required by
the interests of Southern rebels." It further asserted that
the resolutions he declared adopted had been carried only
by his decision, not by the votes of the persons present; and
that they did "not embrace a fair expression of the senti-
ment" of the majority who "were opposed to any compro-
mise which would be a sacrifice of principle."

A communication from Henry Stoner and Horace Gaylord
was given to the public withdrawing "in justice to them-
selves" their names as vice presidents from the proceedings
of the Compromise meeting, for the reason that it "was not
conducted according to Parliamentary usage, and did not
express the true sentiments of the people present, much less
of the people of the county, and for the further reason that
under the arbitrary and unprecedented ruling of the Chair-
man, B. Henn, a large portion of the people present were
' gagged ' down and not allowed to express their views. ' '

C. W. Single read the resolutions which he and Joseph
Ball had advocated in the committee and sought to present
in a minority report to the Compromise meeting :

Resolved. 4th. That we are opposed to any amendment of the
Constitution of the United States which shall fix the institution
of slavery upon the people of any State or Territory beyond the
power of the people of such State or Territory, during the ex-
istence of either a State or Territorial Government, to reject said
institution of slavery through their legally constituted authorities,
and preserve their State or Territory free, if they desire so to do.

92 ANNALS OF IOWA

5th. That the right of a State to secede from the Union is a
doctrine not recognized by the Constitution of the United States.

6th. That the conduct of the seceding States in their acts of
secession, seizure of the property of the Government, and defiance
of the laws, is either right or wrong. If right, they should be
sustained; if wrong, they should be condemned. In the opinion
of this meeting they are wrong.

Early in the month a portion of the citizens of Des Moines
township met at the Brick College "to consider the threaten-
ing dangers" of the country. Alexander Clark was chair-
man; Abraham Teter and Keuben Ellmaker were the clerks.
These resolutions were offered and adopted:

Whereas, A portion of the States of our Federal Union have
withdrawn; and Whereas, We believe that unless some compromise
is effected other States will withdraw, thereby destroying our Gov-
ernment; and Whereas, We believe the dangers threatening our
country is owing to a belief entertained by the people of the
Southern States, that a growing majority of the North will eventual-
ly, either by an open violation, or misconstruction, or by an altera-
tion of the Federal Constitution, deprive them of their rights as
they now exist in the Government, therefore,

Resolved. 1. That we are indebted to the union of the States
for our great prosperity as a nation. That we believe a dissolu-
tion of our Government would bring upon all parts of our widely-
extended country direful calamities; perhaps the worst evils that
could befall us, civil war; and the entire destruction of our civil
and religious liberties.

2. That as our fathers formed our government by mutual con-
cessions and compromise, we believe it is tbe duty of every pa-
triot to make every reasonable concession to perpetuate it, there-
fore as a compromise, and for to move the question of slavery en-
tirely from the halls of Congress, and to dispel from the minds
of the people of the South the belief that we ever intend to, or
even can deprive them of their rights in the Union, and to restore
peace and harmony to the country, we are in favor of the amend-
ments to the Constitution proposed by Senator Crittenden.

3. That we are opposed to any action of any of the States of
the Union of a warlike nature, believing such action calculated to
beget like action in the other sections of our country, and of adding
fuel to the flame of excitement already burning too fiercely.

4. That we will discountenance all newspapers and periodicals
that pursue a course calculated to keep up sectional strife; that
we will by our influence and by our example and by our votes
discountenance sectionalism in all its forms.

/ £

From a photograph by Brady in John A. Kasson Col-
lection, Historical Department of Iowa.

JEFFERSON COUNTY POLITICS IN 1861 93

5. That we believe it is the duty of the Legislature of every
State of this Union to repeal all laws which hinder the full and
free operation of the fugitive slave law, believing such laws to be
a violation of the compact that binds these States together.

6. That the Union of these States can only be preserved by
restoring the fraternal feeling that existed in the early days of
the Republic; that the Union cannot be preserved by coercive
measures on the part of the Federal Government.

7. That if such feeling cannot be restored as will enable us
to live in peace and harmony, we are in favor of a mutual and
peaceful separation, and of an amicable division of the public
property.

8. That whilst we justify Major Anderson in removing the forces
under his command to the most secure fort in Charleston harbor,
we must condemn the spiking of the guns in the vacated fort as
being eminently calculated to provoke an attack; that we utterly
condemn as the greatest outrage the action of Southern States in
taking possession of United States property.

9. That we will co-operate with all men independent of party
ties who will unite with us in carrying out the foregoing views.

On February 7th, seventy-seven citizens of the county ad-
dressed through Samuel R. Curtis a letter of thanks to John
E. Bouligny, a congressman from Louisiana, for his "manly
and bold declaration of devotion to the American Union"
in the House of Representatives.

They wrote:

You seem to understand us at the North, your people do not.
We are their friends, but they think us enemies. Our prin-
ciples are not understood at the South; we have been sland-
ered and misrepresented. And these base slanders have been
believed by your people. They will not hear us, and if they do
they will not believe us. We trust and hope that Time and the
unfolding of events will prove to them that under all circumstances
and at all times we will respect and guard all their rights in the
Union and under the Constitution. As reasonable men they cannot
demand more, as just men we cannot grant less, and as honorable
men we cannot grant more. We will, therefore, bide our time, until
we are heard and understood, believing that then confidence, peace
and goodwill will be restored, and our happy but now distracted
country will renew her course of honor and glory.

94 ANNALS OF IOWA

In his acknowledgment of the compliment was an inspira-
tion :

If they are lovers of this Union, as I doubt not they are, and
devoted to the flag of our common country, then I accept most
gratefully their sympathy. Under the stars and stripes I was
born, and under them I hope to die.

About the middle of the month the citizens of Coalport and
vicinity formally expressed their sentiments in regard to the
' ' distracted state ' ' of the country. N. Patch was made chair-
man and T. C. Evans, secretary. Resolutions drafted by J.
W. Planett, A. R. Pierce and T. C. Evans were discussed and
adopted :

Whereas, Believing that the true issue between the North and
the South is that of the equilibrium of representation, and that the
extension or non-extension of slavery is only secondary to that of
power, therefore,

Resolved, 1. That we deprecate the present efforts of some of
our political partizans to raise up party strife on a sectional basis.

2. That in our opinion the Chicago platform embodies no prin-
ciple or idea contrary to the Constitution of the United States,
and in that belief we will stand by it as the exponent of the prin-
ciples of the Republican party.

3. That we look with approbation and pride on the firmness
with which our Representatives in Congress resist the aggressive
demands of the South.

4. That secession is rebellion, and rebellion treason; and that
it is the duty of the general Government to enforce the laws.

5. That if the Republican party consent to pass any of the com-
promises offered by the South, it will merit the contempt of the
civilized world.

6. That we are prepared, at whatever sacrifice it may require,
to defend the Constitution of the United States as it is.

7. That any interference with the free navigation of the Mis-
sissippi river will not be tolerated by the North-western States.

8. That we consider the leaders of the Disunion movement as
traitors, and that it would be dishonorable and cowardly to ac-
cept any compromise they offer.

A little later was published over the signature of Samuel
Jacobs a defense of the "Union Meeting" which favored com-

JEFFERSON COUNTY POLITICS IN 1861 95

promise. A few sentences will throw in relief his own mental
attitude at least:

Personal and political considerations should be cast aside in the
present extraordinary and appalling crisis. I hope Democrats and
Republicans will cordially unite in a common effort to save the
country from ruin. * * * There is yet time to compromise,
thanks to the heroic States of Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee
who have run up the flag of truce, and temporarily, at least,
stopped the progress of dissolution, in the hope that an amicable
adjustment can be made, satisfactory to all sections. Let us give
the Union men of the South such a compromise as will enable
them to defeat secession and anarchy in their respective States.

The issue to be faced was becoming clear. Secession was
in the air. " Secession is treason. Those who talk about the
rights of secession talk about the rights of traitors. The
word secession is not so palpable and odious as that of
traitor. It sounds better and does not smack of treason to
the Government. No State has a right under our Constitu-
tion and laws to secede. It is treason — nothing less." Such
was the character of the reasoning which appealed to the
common mind. Under its leavening force, political uncer-
tainty was ripening to pass away, and patriotism was bud-
ding to break into perfect flower.

When the news of the peaceful inauguration of Lincoln
was received, there was a universal feeling of relief. It was
a happy omen. In Fairfield there was a demonstration at
night. Anvils were fired. The Wide Awakes turned out and
paraded the streets to the strains of martial music. Con-
gratulatory speeches were made at the court house by Alvin
Turner, C. W. Slagle, J. F. Wilson, Kirkpatrick and A. M.
Scott. In this hour of jubilation the curtain which concealed
the future still hid the impending dangers.

The wise appealing words of the President's Inaugural
Address allayed much prejudice. They were another element
in unifying the North against the destructive plans of the
maddened and determined South.

96 ANNALS OF IOWA

PROPOSED IMPROVEMENT OF THE IOWA STATE
CAPITOL GROUNDS.

BY EDGAR E. HARLAN.

[This matter was prepared as an address to be read to the Iowa
Chapter American Institute of Architects, at its session in the His-
torical Building, October 22, 1913.]

It is a part of the business of the Historical Department of
Iowa to co-operate and exchange thought with every other
Iowa person and institution standing for true culture. In
that service it has exchanged courtesies with creators as well
as lovers of painting, sculpture, literature, and all the other
arts. It is with peculiar satisfaction and appropriateness that
the opportunity is accepted today, of exchanging thought
with your society as our guests.

The Curator of the Historical Department of Iowa began
early in his service with the Allison Memorial Commission
(a duty conferred upon him by statute1) to confer with mem-

*LAWS OF IOWA, THIRTY-THIRD GENERAL ASSEMBLY, 1909,
CHAPTER 251.

PEDESTAL FOR A MONUMENT TO BE ERECTED IN MEMORY OF
WILLIAM B. ALLISON.

AN ACT to create a commission authorized to locate and erect a pedestal
for a monument to the memory of the late William B. Allison and
making an appropriation to defray the expense thereof.

Whereas, Certain patriotic citizens have undertaken to create by public
subscription a fund to be expended in the erection of a monument at the
city of Des Moines, Iowa, to the memory of the late Senator William B.
Allison, and

Whereas^ It is necessary to provide a pedestal for said monument and
a site for the same, therefore
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Iowa:

Section 1. Commission — how constituted. A commission of five
persons, to consist of the chairman of the Allison monument committee,
the governor of the state of Iowa, the curator of the historical collections,
a member of the senate, to be named by the president of the senate, and
a member of the house of representatives, to be named by the speaker
of the house, is hereby created for the purpose of erecting a suitable
pedestal upon which shall be placed a monument to the memory of the
late William B. Allison.

Sec. 2. Powers. Said commission is hereby clothed with full author-
ity to locate and erect upon the capitol grounds, or any extension thereof,
a suitable pedestal to be used by the Allison monument committee in
erecting thereon a monument to the memory of the late William B.
Allison, and such commission shall have authority to do all things
reasonable and necessary to the location and erection of such pedestal,
and the design for said statue shall be approved by said commission ;

h I I II II ll '
it ; i i, . • «, ;
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Outline map of present and proposed Iowa State Capitol grounds and
environs, Des Moines, Iowa.

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IMPROVEMENT OP CAPITOL GROUNDS 97

bers of your profession in Des Moines and other cities, with a
view to fully fortifying his judgment along architectural
lines. He thus arrived for the first time at a full compre-
hension of the ability of his associates on the Commission,
and of their perception that their duty was not only to avoid
mistake, but also to embrace a really magnificent opportunity ;
that is, while commemorating in sculpture, Iowa 's great states-
man, the Commission could and should in the selection of a
site lead the State from an aimless policy of random place-
ment of its State buildings, out upon the broad, sensible
ground of regular, permanent, artistic arrangement. This
would at once be a further tribute to the memory of Senator
Allison2 and a monument to the business ability of his gen-
eration.

The law creating the Commission provided that the memor-
ial should be placed "upon the capitol grounds or some ex-
tension thereof." Your trained minds instantly perceive that
however well the sculptor may say in plastic language, ' ' This

provided, however, that said commission shall not expend in the erection
of such pedestal a sum in excess of thirty (30%) per cent of the amount
of the popular subscription made for the erection of said monument, and
in no event shall said commission expend to exceed ten thousand ($10,-
000.00) dollars.

Sec. 3. To serve without compensation — expenses. Said commis-
sion shall serve without compensation and shall be allowed only its actual
expenses reasonably incurred while engaged in the discharge of its duties.

Sec. 4. Appropriation — how drawn. There is hereby appropriated
from the funds in the state treasury not otherwise appropriated the sum
of ten thousand dollars ($10,000.00) or so much thereof as may be neces-
sary to defray the authorized expense of erecting said pedestal and of
said commission. The auditor of state is authorized to draw warrants
against said appropriation upon the certificate of said commission showing
that the several sums have, in good faith, been expended in the erection
of said pedestal or in paying the necessary expenses of said commission.

Sec. 5. In effect. This act being deemed of immediate importance
shall take effect and be in force from and after its publication in the
Register and Deader and the Des Moines Capital, newspapers published
in the city of Des Moines, Iowa.

Approved, February 23, A. D. 1909.

2WiLLiAM BOYD ALLISON was born in Wayne county, Ohio, March 2,
1829. He received his early education at Allegheny College, Meadville, Pa.,
and Western Reserve College, Ohio. He took up the study of law, was
admitted to the bar in 1850 and practiced in Ohio for seven years. Im-
mediately upon his removal to Dubuque, Iowa, in 1857, he became an
active and influential factor in Iowa politics. He served as delegate to
the Republican State Convention in 1859 and to the National Convention
that nominated Lincoln at Chicago in 1860. He was a member of the
Governor's staff and aided in raising troops for the Civil War. He was
elected Representative in Congress in 1863 and served until 1871. In
1873 he was elected United States Senator and was a member of that
body continuously until his death, giving effective service as member and
chairman of the appropriations committee and member of the finance
committee. He was chairman of the National Monetary Conference at
Brussels in 1892. He declined Cabinet positions offered him by Presi-
dents Garfield, Harrison and McKinley. He was a candidate for presiden-
tial nomination at the National Republican Conventions of 1888 and 1896
He died at his home in Dubuque, August 4, 1908.

98 ANNALS OF IOWA

was one of the great American minds," our indifference as
to where the work shall stand will say, "But it was a short-
sighted generation in which that famous statesman closed his
fruitful life."

And so it was that the chairman of this Commission, Gen.
Grenville M. Dodge3, one of the great builders of America,
instantly approved the scheme of having the expert committee
of trained men which had been invited to assist in the selec-
tion of the model, also advise upon the selection of the site.
The National Sculpture Society, which delegated this com-
mittee, assigned to us, as sculptor expert, Mr. Karl Bitter4,
and as architect expert, Mr. E. L. Masqueray5. But the day

SGRENVILLE MELLBX DODGE was born at Danvers, Mass., April 12, 1831.
He attended Norwich University in Vermont and graduated in 1850 with
the degree of C. E. The next year he graduated from Captain Partridge's
Military Academy. In 1871 he was employed by the Illinois Central
Railway and the next year by the Chicago & Rock Island Railway, and
was assistant engineer during the construction of the Mississippi & Mis-
souri Railway across the State of Iowa. He was a member of a govern-
ment survey along the Platte for a railway to the Pacific, one of the first
surveys to be instituted for that purpose. He fought through the Civil
war and rose to the rank of Major-General of U. S. Arolunteers. He was
chief engineer of the Union Pacific Railway, 1866 to 1870, and of the Texas
and Pacific Railway, 1871 to 1881. From 1867 to 1869 he served as mem-
ber of congress from the Second Iowa District. In 1898 he was made
president of the commission appointed to investigate the charges of mis-
management relative to the Spanish-American war. In addition to his
interest in the Allison Monument Commission, General Dodge has been
connected with many movements for perpetuating the memories of famous
Americans. He was vice-president of the trustees in charge of the erection
of the Grant monument, New York, and marshal of the day at its dedica-
tion, April 27, 1897 ; chairman of the committee from the Society of the
Army of the Tennessee which obtained the appropriation and erected the
Grant monument, Washington ; chairman of the Sherman monument com-
mittee and commission, Washington ; member of the committee in charge
of the Logan monument, Washington ; chairman of the committees in
charge of the erection of the Lincoln and W. H. Kinsman monuments,
Council Bluffs. He personally erected a monument to James Bridger
at Kansas City and to Marshall F. Hurd at Denver. He has placed in
West Point Memorial Hall a portrait of Maj. Gen. H. W. Halleck, one
of Maj. Gen. J. B. McPherson and a bronze tablet commemorating the
service of West Point men in the army. General Dodge was the repre-
sentative of the Government to whom was assigned the duty of accepting
the Iowa monuments placed in the national military parks at Shiloh,
Vicksburg and Chattanooga.

4KARL THEODORE FRANCIS BITTER, sculptor, was born in Vienna, Austria,
December 6, 1867, and was educated in the gymnasium there. He studied
art in the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts, and came to the United States
in 1889 and was employed in architectural sculpture.

He won a prize in the competition for the Astor memorial gates,
Trinity church, New York, and executed sculpture on the administration
and manufactures buildings of the Chicago exposition and for the resi-
dences of C. P. Huntington, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and others.

He obtained a silver medal at the Paris exposition, 1900, and gold
medals at the Buffalo exposition, 1901, Philadelphia, 1902, and St. Louis
exposition, 1904. He became a National Academician, 1902. He is a
member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters and of the National
Sculpture Society.

5EMMANUEL Louis MASQUERAY, architect, was born in Dieppe France
September, 1861. He was educated at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris,
France, and received the Deschaume prize, 1879, Chaudesaigues prize
1880, and a gold medal at the Salon, 1883. Mr. Masqueray came to

IMPROVEMENT OF CAPITOL GROUNDS 99

for the competition falling on the day of a previous engage-
ment of Mr. Bitter, he yielded to Mr. Charles Grafly8, head of
the sculpture department of the Pennsylvania Society of Fine
Arts. So in the place of Mr. Bitter, Mr. Grafly came to Des
Moines, and with Mr. Masqueray, Governor Carroll, General
Dodge and the Secretary, under the provisions of the statute
began the service of selecting the model and determining the
site7. Membership on the Commission from the Senate and
House had expired, and vacancies remained until the con-
vening of the Thirty-fifth General Assembly.

Mr. Masqueray led in the study of the placement of the
memorial; with your speaker he visited the Capitol and all
the grounds, streets, and alleys within a reasonable radius.
We consulted General Dodge, Governor Carroll8a, Secretary

America in 1887, locating in New York. He was chief of design at the
St Louis exposition, 1904, erecting there the Cascades, Colonnade of
States and Pavilions, Transportation, Agriculture, Horticulture, Fisheries
and Forestry buildings ; also Louisiana Purchase monument and twelve
bridges He has also erected many important structures in various parts
of the country, including Long Island College Hospital, Brooklyn, Cathedral
of St. Paul. Pro- Cathedral of Minneapolis and a cathedral at Wichita,
Kansas. He is at present erecting Archbishop Ireland's great cathedral
at St. Paul. He is a charter member of the Society Beaux Arts Archi-
tects, and also a member of the Architectural League, New York, and
of the American Institute of Architects.

CHARLES GRAFLY, sculptor, was born at Philadelphia, December 3, 1862.
He was a pupil of the Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts and of Chapu
and Dampt, Paris. He received honorable mention Salon of 1891 ; Temple
Trust Fund, Philadelphia, 1892; medal at the Chicago Exposition, 1893;
silver medal, Atlanta Exposition, 1895; Converse gold medal, Pennsyl-
vania Academy of Fine Arts, 1899 ; gold medal, Paris Exposition, 1900 ;
Charleston Exposition, 1901 ; Buffalo Exposition, 1901. He was a mem-
ber of the International Jury of Awards, St. Louis Exposition, 1904, and
has been instructor in the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts since 1892.
Mr. Grafly is represented in the permanent collections of the Pennsylvania
Academy of Fine Arts, Detroit Art Museum, St. Louis Museum and is a
member of the National Institute Arts and Letters, National Sculpture
Society and Philadelphia Art Club. He has done much notable work in
busts, life size and colossal figures and portraits and ideal figures in
groups, largely in bronze.

7As a monument should be designed to fit its surroundings, it is im-
portant that before preparing the programme, the exact site or location
of the proposed work should be determined upon, and that the promoters
of the competition should be ready to supply competitors with plan and
photographs of the site. The placing of a monument is a matter of the
greatest moment, and to select the best site is more difficult than is
generally supposed. It is a matter upon which the committee should
secure expert advice. The Society, while not assuming to dic-

tate the owner's course in conducting competitions, entertains definite
convictions as to the conduct of its own members, and in its by-laws has
declared that it is unprofessional conduct for a sculptor to take part
in any competition the terms of which are not in harmony with the
principles approved by the Society as stated in its Suggestions Relative
to Competitions for Sculpture. — Suggestions for Sculptural Competitions
by National Sculpture Society.

8aBERYL F. CARROLL was born in Davis county, Iowa, March 15, 1860.
He graduated from 'the Missouri State Normal, Kirksville, Missouri, in
1884, and received the degree of LL.D. from Simpson college in 1909.
He was editor of the Davis County Republican from 1891 to 1902. He
was Republican candidate for Iowa House of Representatives, 1893 ;
member of Iowa Senate, 1895-8 (resigned) ; postmaster of Bloomfield,
Iowa, 1898-1902 ; state auditor of Iowa, three terms, 1903-09 : governor
of Iowa, 1909 to 1913."

100 ANNALS OP IOWA

of State HaywarcP, State Auditor Bleakly80, State Treasurer
Morrow83, Secretary Davison10" of the Executive Council and
many others with reference to the immediate and eventual
need of other structures.

We searched pertinent resolutions and bills introduced into
the different legislatures; we read reports of departments for
ten years or more and ascertained the present and proposed
improvements of like nature in other states11 ; we examined all

8bWiLLiAM C. HATWARD was born in Cattaraugus county, New York,
November 22, 1847. He .removed to Winnebago county, Iowa, in 1867. He
taught school for several terms and entered the Iowa State College of
Agriculture and Mechanic Arts as a member of its first class. He returned
to" Winnebago county, was elected county surveyor and purchased a half
interest in the Winnebago Press. In 1873 he removed to Garner, pur-
chased the Hancock Signal, and served as postmaster for eleven years.
He was one of the organizers of the City Bank of Garner and its cashier
He later engaged with William Finch in the grain, coal and stock business,
operating twenty-five stations in Iowa, Minnesota and South Dakota. The
headquarters of the firm were removed to Davenport in 1886 and Mr.
Hay ward removed to that city. He was president of the Union Savings
Bank of Davenport, president of the Davenport National Bank, and a
member of the Davenport school board for nine years. He was elected
State Senator in 1897 and served through the Twenty-seventh, Twenty-
eighth, Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth and Thirty-first General Assemblies. In
1906 he was elected Secretary of State and held that office for three terms.

SCJOHN L. BLEAKLY was born in County Fermanagh, Ireland, February
17, 1857. He emigrated with his parents to the United States in 1863,
settling in Illinois and removing to Linn county, Iowa, in 1872. He was
educated in the public schools of Illinois and Iowa and the Cedar Rapids
Business College. After teaching for several years he engaged in the
banking business and later in the mercantile business in Ida Grove. In
1903 he was elected State Senator from the forty-sixth district and
served in the Thirtieth, Thirty-first, Thirty-second and Thirty-second
Extra General Assemblies. He was elected Auditor of State in 1908
and re-elected in 1910 and 1912.

flaWiLLisoN W. MORROW was born in Guernsey county, Ohio, January 4,
1850. He removed with his father's family in August, 1864, to Iowa, and
located near Afton, in Union county. The land upon which the family
settled in 1864 is a part of the farm now owned by Mr. Morrow. He
was educated in the public schools of Afton and graduated from the high
school. Mr. Morrow represented Union county in the Twenty-third and
Twenty-fourth General Assemblies and was a member of the board of
directors of the State Fair Association for eight years, serving one year
as vice president. He was state treasurer from 1906 to 1912.

10nARTHUR HENRY DAVISON was born in Blooming Valley, Crawford
county, Pennsylvania, March 6, 1857. He attended the public schools of
that county and graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Didactics from
the Pennsylvania State Normal School at Edinboro. He removed to
Lyon county, Iowa, and engaged in school teaching and the real estate
business. He served as county superintendent of schools of Lyon county.
For eleven years he was a director and for several years chairman of
the board of directors of the Rock Rapids schools. In 1893 he was
elected to the Iowa House of Representatives from Lyon and O'Brien
counties and served through the Twenty-fifth General Assembly. Mr.
Davison was appointed Secretary of the Executive Council of Iowa in
January, 1899, continuing in that office to the present time.

11Buenos Aires, city plan, removing 40 squares $200,000,000

India, city plan, new civic center 50,000,000

San Francisco, city plan, architect awarded for design 25,000

San Francisco, exhibition buildings 80,000,000

Queens County, N. Y., city development 10,000,000

Philadelphia parkway system 2,000,000

Madison, Wis., city plan and capitol 5,000,000

Texas, Steel City, Schwab interests 5,000,000

Utah, state capitol 2,500,000

New York City, new thoroughfares, Ernest Flagg, architect. . . 24,000,000
Jefferson City, Mo., city plan and capitol 10,000,000

— Abstract from six months' file of the American Contractor, in letter
of J. Devereux York.

IMPROVEMENT OF CAPITOL GROUNDS 101

the Executive Messages, and took special notice of those of
Governors Larrabee12, Shaw18, Cummins14, Garst15, Carroll and
Clarke16. There is probably no better way of tracing cur-

"WILLIAM LARRABEE was born in Ledyard, Connecticut, January 20,
1832. He received a common school education in Connecticut and spent
two months in a private academy; came to Iowa in 1853; taught school
in Hardin, Allamakee county, for a time and worked on a farm for three
years. In 1856 he engaged in the milling business in Clermont and con-
tinued until 1873, when he sold his milling business and spent three
months in Europe. On his return he engaged in banking and farming
and continued in the enlargement of his interests in Iowa banks and
Iowa farms throughout his life. He was one of the arbiters which ap-
praised the property of the Green Bay and Mississippi Canal company
preparatory to its transfer to the United States government. In 1867
Mr. Larrabee was elected to the State Senate and was four times there-
after nominated by acclamation. In 1885 he was elected governor and
his administration was marked by the influence he exerted on legislation,
especially along the lines of railroad regulation and the suppression of
intemperance. Larrabee's "Railroad Question" is considered an authority.
When the legislature passed the Board of Control law, Governor Larrabee
was selected for chairman of the board. He was chairman of the execu-
tive committee of the Iowa commission of the Louisiana Purchase Exposi-
tion at St. Louis. He died at Clermont, Fayette county, Iowa, November
16, 1912.

"LESLIE MORTIER SHAW was born in Morristown, Vermont, November 2,
1848. He received his early education in the common schools and acad-
emy in Vermont. He moved to Iowa in 1869 and in 1874 graduated from
Cornell college, Mt. Vernon, Iowa. In 1876 he graduated from the Iowa
College of Law, located in Denison and combined the practice of law with
an extensive loan business. He was elected governor of Iowa on the
Republican ticket in 1897, and served for two terms. He was chairman of
the sound money convention which convened in Indianapolis in 1898. At
the expiration of his second term as governor, in 1902, he was appointed
secretary of the treasury by President Roosevelt and held that position
until 1907.

"ALBERT BAIRD CUMMINS was born at Carmichaels, Pennsylvania,
February 15, 1850. He was educated in the academy of Waynesburg, Penn-
sylvania, and received the degree of LL.D. at Waynesburg college in 1903
and at Cornell college, Iowa, in 1904. Mr. Cummins studied surveying
and became assistant chief engineer of the Cincinnati, Richmond and
Fort Wayne R. R. He studied law in the offices of McClellan and Hodges,
Chicago. He was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1875 and practiced in
Chicago from 1875 until 1878, when he removed to Des Moines, Iowa. He
was a member of the Iowa House of Representatives, 1888 ; presidential
elector-at-large, 1892 ; candidate for United States senator, 1894 and 1900;
chairman of the Republican state convention, 1892 and 1896 ; member of
the Republican National Committee, 1896-1900; delegate to the Republican
National conventions, 1892, 1896, 1900, 1904 ; governor of Iowa from 1902
to 1908 ; elected United States senator November 24, 1908, for unexpired
term (expiring March 3, 1909), of Senator Allison, deceased; re-elected
for term, 1909-15.

15WARREN GARST was born at Dayton, Ohio, December 4, 1850. He
removed to Illinois with his parents in 1858, and in 1859 he established
himself in business at Bpone, Iowa, later going to Coon Rapids, Carroll
county, where he and his brother opened a general merchandise store.
To this business Mr. Garst has devoted himself for years. In addition
to this he has been interested in farming and banking. He served during
the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth, Twenty-sixth Extra, Twenty-seventh
Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth and Thirty-first General Assem-
blies. He assumed the office of Lieutenant governor on January 17, 1907,
and became Governor on November 25, 1908, on the election of Governor
Cummins to the United States Senate.

"GEORGE W. CLARKE was born in Shelby county, Indiana, October 24,
1852. He removed with his parents to Davis county, Iowa, in 1856 and
worked on a farm until manhood. He taught school twelve months and
graduated from Oskaloosa college in 1877, and from the law department
of the State University of Iowa in 1878. Immediately upon his graduation
he began the practice of law in Adel and continued in this profession until
his election as governor in 1912. He was a member of the House of
Representatives in the Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth and
Thirty-first General Assemblies and was speaker in the Thirtieth and
Thirty-first General Assemblies. Mr. Clarke was elected lieutenant-gov-
ernor in 1908 and re-elected in 1910. On January 17, 1913, he became
Governor of Iowa.

102 ANNALS OF IOWA

rents of popular thought. State pride is revealed, shortcom-
ing's are stated and remedies suggested, limitations are de-
fined and ways and means outlined. The subject of correct-
ing and completing the Capitol equipment as a part of State
policy is usually expressly advocated. Even at the time the
removal of the capital from Iowa City and the construction of
the Capitol were bitter political issues, no Chief Executive
ever stood against providing that the future might build as
it needed. In the evolution of the plan to correct and com-
plete the Capitol grounds, the following Executive expres-
sions have had their weight:

WILLIAM LARRABEE, Second Biennial Message, February 13, 1890.

The improvement of the capitol grounds ought to be begun at an
early day. The grounds should be in keeping with the capitol,
which is one of the most beautiful on the continent. The expense of
properly laying out the grounds was estimated by the board of
capitol commissioners at $130,786.11. Since that estimate was made
some grading has been done without expense to the State. The sum
of $125,000 would probably be sufficient to complete this work. The
custodian recommends that $50,000 per annum be appropriated for
three ye'ars for the work on the grounds and the interior of the
building.

LESLIE M. SHAW, First Biennial Message, January 8, 1900.

When the present capitol was built it was believed to be as
commodious as the needs of the State would ever require. It has
now been occupied sixteen years, and several of the departments are
seriously congested. An arsenal is needed for the accommodation of
the Adjutant-General's department. Storage of quartermaster sup-
plies is now provided in a building rented for the purpose. It was
found necessary to locate the board of control in committee rooms
back of the senate chamber, which cannot well be spared from their
designed use during session of the General Assembly. A warehouse
for the storage and proper distribution of and reshipment of supplies
for the various institutions under the management of the Board of
Control is much needed and should be provided for at an early date.
A new building for the memorial, historical and art department has
been erected, and partitions and changes in various offices have
been found imperative to make room for the several departments
connected with the State government. Evidently additional build-
ings will be needed in the near future, and these, when erected,
should be fireproof, and of substantial and presentable architecture,
and should be so located as to improve and add dignity to the pres-
ent capitol.

IMPROVEMENT OF CAPITOL GROUNDS 103

I recommend that the two blocks directly north of the oapitol
grounds be immediately purchased, or obtained under condemnation
proceedings. Nothing will be saved by delay, and the erection of
substantial buildings by the owners upon this property may ma-
terially add to the expense. Location of public buildings is a matter
of prime importance, and I think it will be conceded that these two
blocks are very desirable. No location is too good for Iowa, and none
but the best should be considered.

ALBERT B. CUMMINS, Biennial Message, January, 1906.

In accordance with an act of the Thirtieth General Assembly, the
Executive Council sold State Square for $8,500. The authority so to
do was accompanied with a direction to invest the proceeds of the
sale in lots fronting upon Capitol Square. The Council has pur-
chased one lot fronting on Eleventh St., between Capitol Ave. and
Walnut, for $2,250. It has endeavored to purchase other property,
but has hitherto been unable to agree with the owners .upon a price.

WARREN GARST, Biennial Message, January 12, 1909.

I feel that you and all the people of the State ought to be deeply
interested in the matter of providing a suitable setting for our
magnificent State Capitol. It stands today a monument to the good
judgment of those who planned it and provided for its creation,
and to the faithfulness and integrity of the self-sacrificing men who
devoted the best of their lives to its building. Iowa can never pay
its debt to Finkbine, Dey, Foote, Wright, Foreman and others of
the Capitol Commission. They did their full duty; and partly in
their honor and partly that we may complete what they so well
begun, it seems to me there is an obligation upon this generation
that we make the surroundings and approach to this great structure
comport with its dignity and architectural beauty. We have pro-
vided in part for the interior decoration; we have neglected the
exterior and environment. I would recommend, therefore, a commis-
sion authorized to purchase land adjacent to the capitol grounds,
with the right of condemnation where necessary, and with funds
sufficient to secure such land as may be deemed necessary to pro-
vide a beautiful boulevard of approach and surroundings. An appro-
priation of $150,000 would probably suffice.

In making this recommendation I realize that there are those
among you who may feel I have gone far out of my way; but I
would call your attention to the fact that a very large part of the
total cost of the present Capitol represents ornamentation. We
ought to make the building and its surroundings beautiful. We
ought to miake the whole an object of pride to all our people, some-
thing that will be an inspiration to better citizenship and that will
give Iowa higher standing in the family of states. I feel so deeply

104 ANNALS OF IOWA

upon this question, I am loath to leave it for the more practical
matters, but I have full faith that after mature consideration you
will see your way clear to provide for this commission.

BERYL F. CARROLL, Biennial Message, January 14, 1913.

A comprehensive scheme for enlarging the Capitol grounds should
be adopted by you and plans be made for the eventual acquiring of
the lands to be added to the present holdings of the State. I would
recommend that the State buy all the grounds lying between East
Ninth and East Twelfth Streets, beginning at Capitol Avenue and
extending to the railroad tracks at the foot of the hill to the south.
The grounds thus acquired, lying south of Walnut Street, should be
parked and beautified, and upon them should be placed the Allison
monument and such other monuments as may be erected in the
future, and when the State shall build an Executive Mansion, it
should be placed upon the high point of ground to the southeast of
the Capitol building. Upon the block immediately east of the State
House and south of Capitol Avenue should be located a judicial
building. I would also suggest that when the time comes that it is
necessary to make any considerable improvement in the State's
power plant, it would be wise to consider moving it to the foot of
the hill, south and southwest of the State House, where it could be
reached by a switch, thereby saving the large amount of money that
is annually paid for hauling coal with teams and wagons, and also
getting rid of the dirt and smoke and the somewhat unsightly ap-
pearance of a heating plant immediately in front of the Capitol
building.

In suggesting the enlargement of the Capitol Grounds, I wish to
say that the owners of some of the lots included in that which I
have referred to, have already expressed a willingness to sell the
same and some have submitted a price for their holdings. I want
also to say that at two or three different times efforts have been
made to secure a change of grade in some of the streets about the
State House, which change would have a very material effect upon
the surroundings if additional lands are to be acquired. The Council
has each time objected to these changes and asked the parties in-
terested therein to wait and take the matter up with you with a
view to securing co-operation with the City of Des Moines and the
State in some general plan of improving the State House surround-
ings, and I recommend the appointment by you of a committee to
take this matter into consideration and co-operate with the officials
of the city to the end suggested.

In my opinion the State might profitably dispose of Governor's
Square, allowing the city to purchase it for a park if so desired,
and invest the proceeds in lands above suggested for purchase.

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IMPROVEMENT OF CAPITOL GROUNDS 105

GEORGE W. CLARKE, Inaugural Address, January 16, 1913.

The subject of the extension of the Capitol Grounds is a matter
that should have consideration. The day is now here when these
grounds surrounding us should be more spacious and they should be
made more beautiful. They do not meet the material demands of
the present and for the future they will be entirely inadequate. The
future should ever be in mind. We build for those who are to come
after us. We should have a vision of what Iowa is to do and be. In
the extension of the grounds regard should be had for a better set-
ting of the Capitol. The whole question of the enlargement and
location of buildings and monuments should at once be placed in
the hands of the best landscape artist that could be found with in-
structions to prepare a plan commensurate with the needs and
ideals of a great, progressive and cultured people. It cannot all be
done at once, but a beginning can be made. Every day of post-
ponement only makes the realization more expensive and difficult.
What is done should be in accordance with a plan to end in both
utility and great artistic beauty.

GEORGE W. CLARKE, Special Message, March 26, 1913.

I desire to submit a word with reference to the extension of the
Capitol Grounds. It is the need of the present — it is the imperative
demand of the future. It is a matter of the very best business policy.
If looked at only as an investment it would bev a remarkably good
one. By extending the payment for the grounds over a period of
ten years it would bring no burden at all upon the people. Never
again can the purchase of ground be so advantageously made as
now. Iowa should do business as competent successful business men
do. Advantage should be taken of the time and the opportunity.
Iowa should announce that she is of age and full-grown. She
should step out of the old conditions that hamper and restrain her
into the new. The legislature should be unafraid. The people will
sustain you. When the work is done they will ever refer to you
as the legislature that was far-seeing and wise enough to extend
the Capitol Grounds, * * * What man is there of you that will
lose this* the greatest opportunity of his life to render a great public
service. Listen not to the voice of selfishness. Tolerate not the
"invisible" man. For more than ten years practically all legisla-
tion and all political agitation in this country has been against
human selfishness. Let it proceed. The rights of all men must
be put above the selfishness of a few men. Go forward. Your duty,
as it seems to me, is plain.

The great Soldiers and Sailors' Monument, conceived in a
holy enthusiasm and carried out with every good intention,
has never been officially dedicated. In the published proceed-
ings of the Iowa Department G. A. R. are found these words ,

106 ANNALS OF IOWA

The Iowa Soldiers and Sailors' Monument, which fitly commem-
orates the heroic acts of her sons during the greatest epoch of her
history as a State, was completed and erected several years ago at
a cost of over one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The artistic
merit of both design and execution is universally admitted. The
reason for its erection was found in two well defined motives of
our people: First, to commemorate the heroic deeds of her citizen
soldiers and sailors, and second, to teach the present and all future
generations of her people, the lesson of individual patriotism and
collective appreciation of that virtue. The location of this beautiful
monument is defeating both motives. Dwarfed and overshadowed
by our Capitol Building, and hemmed in between a small church
building on one side and unfit surroundings on the other, few if
any of our people give it more than a passing glance. With such
surroundings, the question may well be raised, does this monument
in its present location fitly commemorate the deeds of the men for
whom its erection was deemed proper? Its chief purpose is being
daily defeated. If it were worth while to build this monument at
all, it surely is entitled to a location where it can and will be seen
by the citizens of this great State, who so generously erected it at
great cost. Would it not be just as reasonable to turn the keys in
the locks of our other great educational institutions, as to leave this
educational factor securely put away from their view in its present
location? It has been recently suggested that this monument be
removed to the east bank of the Des Moines river, and located on
an open square between the two main thoroughfares to the Capitol
Building. There it would stand opposite and facing the City
Library on the west bank of the river, and adjacent to the block
where the new City Hall is being erected, and would rear its shaft
in the open, and daily teach its lessons of patriotism 'and duty to
thousands of the people of Iowa.

If the City of Des Moines can be induced, as I believe they can,
to deed the State a sufficient plat of ground at the place suggested,
I most cordially recommend that this organization use its influence
with the next Legislature to pass an act authorizing and directing
the removal of the monument to the proposed location. While I
believe the cost of the removal will be fully compensated and war-
ranted by the more perfect accomplishment of its purpose, I am
persuaded that the project will in effect finance itself. The State
must soon provide locations near the Capitol for additional State
Buildings, and the vacating of the present site of the monument will
release a valuable and suitable site for such purpose, which will
more than compensate in value for the cost of removal.

I therefore recommend that this department, through its repre-
sentatives, approve the suggestion of the removal of the monument

IMPROVEMENT OP CAPITOL GROUNDS 107

to the proposed new site, and that it use all honorable efforts to ac-
complish the same, and I would urge all comrades attending this
Encampment to visit both the present and the proposed locations,
that you may know personally the advantage of the proposed new
site, and that each of you use your influence to bring about this
change.

It will be a matter of great personal pride to your present Com-
mander if this suggestion shall be adopted during his incumbency
of the office, and I believe my successor will be equally gratified if
the accomplishment of this loyal purpose should mark his ad-
ministration17.

At the same Encampment there was adopted the following :

Resolved, That it is the sense of this Department, in annual
Encampment assembled, that all possible honorable efforts should be
made to move the monument to the proposed site on the east bank
of the Des Moines river, and that each Post in this Department be
requested and urged to bring its utmost influence to bear upon the
Representative and Senator from its district to bring about the pro-
posed change15.

To the Thirty-seventh annual Encampment in session at
Muscatine the Commander, quoting this resolution, added
these words:

Desiring to carry out the unanimously expressed wish of the
Encampment, the attention of the Legislative Committee was called
to the matter, and Senator Brown, a member of the committee
drafted a bill, amply protecting the State in every way, for the
purpose of carrying into effect the removal. Comrade Brown was
untiring in his efforts to carry out your wishes, as he was in support
of all measures that came before that body in the interest of the
Veterans. So successful was he that he secured every vote of the
Senate for the measure. The bill then went to the House and was
taken charge of by Comrade Zeller, a member of that body. It was
late in the session before the bill could be- acted on, and some oppo-
sition developed in the House Committee on Appropriations to which
the bill had been referred. A majority of this committee finally
voted for indefinite postponement, with a minority report headed by
Comrade Zeller for passage. Both reports were smothered in com-
mittee, the chairman refusing to report the bill to the House. Thus
the project failed. It was not deemed necessary to have the full

17Address of Commander M. McDonald, Iowa Department G. A. R., Des
Moines, June, 1910. Journal of Proceedings, 36th Annual Encampment,
p. 18-20.

18Resolution, Iowa Department G'. A. R., June, 1910. Journal of Proceed-
ings, 36th Annual Encampment, p. 81.

108 ANNALS OF IOWA

Legislative Committee in attendance, although they would have
responded if notified that their services were needed. Past Com-
mander M. McDonald came on call more than once, and Comrade
R. L. Chase, a resident of Des Moines, was continually on the ground,
and his efforts were unceasing and valuable. He secured the assist-
ance of the sub-committee of the Greater Des Moines Committee who
rendered valuable aid. They are all entitled to your approbation.
Senator Brown should receive the especial thanks of this Encamp-
ment for his faithful and untiring efforts to carry out your expressed
desires. Considering what there was to contend against, most of
the State Department being opposed to the removal, it is remark-
able that it passed the Senate without a dissenting vote; and I am
informed the votes were pledged for its passage in the House
provided it came upon the floor. This Department will feel grateful
to the Senate, and to those members of the House who pledged their
support. Your Department officers had no more interest in the
matter than any comrade, but felt it their duty to carry out so far
as they could your commands. We failed; but the monument be-
longs to the State, and if the patriotic people of Iowa are satisfied
to allow it to remain in a location that an expert in such matters
remarked, "that it was almost an insult to the men it was intended
to honor," to allow it to remain in its present location, where all the
objects for which it was erected are lost, we ought to be able to
stand it. My advice would be to allow all future efforts in that
direction to be furthered by those interested, without suggestion
from the Grand Army of the Republic19.

The Encampment adopted a special resolution as follows:

Past Department Commander M. McDonald: I wish to offer a
resolution for the benefit of the Encampment. It is this:

"Resolved, That the thanks of this Encampment are tendered to
Comrade John D. Brown, a Senator in the Thirty-fourth General
Assembly, for his untiring efforts to carry out the expressed desires
of the Department, and also for his zealous activity for all legislation
in the interest of the Veterans."

Commander, in my report a year ago I suggested that the monu-
ment that was scarcely seen by a few be removed down to the river
bank, where it would be an instructive object for all time to come.
The Committee on Commander's Address approved of it, and as I
was on the Committee on Legislation we went down to see if we
could induce the legislature to appropriate a small sum of money to
carry out the request of that Encampment. Through the activity of

"Address of Commander H. A. Dyer, Iowa Department G. A. R., Mus-
catine, June, 1911. Journal of Proceedings, S7th Annual Encampment,
p. 15.

IMPROVEMENT OF CAPITOL GROUNDS 109

Comrade Brown it passed the Senate, as you were informed, with no
vote against it. It went into the House and we were overjoyed,
thinking that our request would be carried out, and that that beau-
tiful monument would stay down there on the river bank where
everyone who visited the City of Des Moines could not help but see
it, and those that didn't know anything about your valor would ask:
"What did that represent?" And they would say: "It represents
the valor of the soldiers of Iowa." It was defeated in the House,
much to our regret, but I want to say to you, my comrades, being
there two or three times during the winter, and seeing the activity
of Comrade Brown, there is nothing in the gift of this Department
that is too good for that man. That is the reason I want to say
that I would like some time to see him rewarded for his generosity.

Comrade T. R. Bickley, Post 69: Second the motion.

Past Department Commander Chas. A. Clarke: Commander, I am
glad to second the adoption of the resolution.

The motion to adopt the resolution was then put and duly
arried20.

To the Thirty-eighth Annual Encampment the Department
Commander said:

Your Commander deems it wise to have your attention again
called to the propriety of remedying a great mistake by a former
General Assembly, in location of the monument. It should not
require a great amount of wisdom to understand that the monument,
to be of any educational advantage, should be located where large
numbers of people continually pass and repass in its vicinity. And
where its public location would protect it from vandals, which is
not the case now. All the walks that can be built from any angle
leading from the State House will not persuade or cajole people to
go out of their way to visit the monument. The walk now under
construction is a poor makeshift, suggested by those opposed to the
monument's removal. It is a modest suggestion, that it might be
well to change the location during the lifetime of a few of the men
in whose honor and memory it was erected. It might thereby
create sufficient interest among our people to at least dedicate it
to the purpose for which it was intended. I leave the matter in
your hands for such action as you deem best21.

^Resolution, Iowa Department G. A. R., June, 1911. Journal of
Proceedings, 87th Annual Encampment, p. 92-3.

21Address of Commander Lot Abraham, Iowa Department G. A. R.
Mason City, June, 1912. Journal of Proceedings, S8th Annual Encamp-
ment, p. 15-16.

110 ANNALS OF IOWA

Among the resolutions adopted is the following:

Resolved, That we heartily endorse that part of the report of
Department Commander Abraham concerning the removal of the
Iowa Soldiers and Sailors' Monument to a more suitable site in the
City of Des Moines22.

At the Home-Coining Encampment, in Des Moines, June,
1913, the Thirty-ninth Annual Encampment, the Commander,
Capt. John D. Brown, in his annual address, made no ref-
erence to the removal of the Soldiers and Sailors' Monument,
but at the Camp Fire, Tuesday evening, June 10, 1913, Gen.
Grenville M. Dodge, being introduced, spoke as follows :

This year our governor and legislature have performed a great
service to the veterans of the State, in enlarging our Capitol
Grounds and in giving the proper setting to our Memorial Monu-
ment (applause), to our war veterans, and when their work is
completed as planned, then those that follow us will look back upon
it as one of the most beneficial acts of our State, and give the credit
due to our governor and our legislature for their foresight and
patriotism. And I hope every comrade while he is here will go up
on the Capitol Grounds and look at it as it is today, and then go into
the Capitol and see the plan of what it will be in a few years more,
and what our monument there will be, that everyone will go to
see it, and I hope that Commander Brown, the commander of the
G. A. R., will take the proper action for the veterans of Iowa in
thanking that legislature and the governor for their great work
for us. (Applause.)23

In the session of June 12th, the committee on resolutions,
consisting of John F. Lacey, Henry H. Rice, A. W. Jaques,
Henry Karwarth, E. A. Snycler and M. W. Harmon, reported
among other resolutions the following:

Resolved, That we approve of the enlargement of the Capitol Park
so as to make the grounds suitable in area and character for the
patriotic monuments and memorials already erected and that may
hereafter be required by our prosperous commonwealth.

On motion of Major Lacey, adopted21.

"Resolution, Iowa Department G. A. R., June, 1912. Journal of Pro-
ceedings, 38th Annual Encampment, p. 73.

23Address of Gen. G. M. Dodge, before Iowa Department G. A. R., Des
Moines, June, 1913. Journal of Proceedings, 39th Annual Encampment.
p. 124-5.

24Resolution, Iowa Department G. A. R. June, 1913. Journal of Pro-
ceedings,, SDth Annual Encampment, p. 49.

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IMPROVEMENT OP CAPITOL GROUNDS 111

Special attention therefore has been given to the eventual
appropriate treatment of our great Soldiers and Sailors' Mon-
ument. With grounds ideally enlarged and treated, with the
certainty that the monument will outlast even the Capitol
itself, the center of the viewing population upon State prop-
erty will be eastward of the latter. The mass and height of
the monument, the honor in which the men and events it
commemorates will forever be held, demand its placement at
the intersection of the two principal streets of the enlarged
grounds, on the easterly axis of the Capitol. There in the
center of such a parade ground as would admit of appropriate
patriotic or military occasions, now impossible except in streets,
with its four sides clearly visible a thousand feet and more,
its grandeur and impressiveness would be incalculably en-
hanced. The best thought is that this great work, after its
ideal placement, shall be regarded as the deliberate artistic
expression of the generation producing it and even if any
slight deficiency of artistic merit then remain, the whole
will be of too sacred a character to be touched by other
hands. For the average mind will more and more revere it
as the sacrifice which it betokens farther and farther recedes,
and as tradition more and more hallows the monument itself.

Out of all this was brought a plan contemplating :

1st. The immediate and correct placement of the Allison
Memorial, contracted to be erected in 1915, at a cost of $50,-
000.00.

2d. The eventual appropriate placement of our great Sol-
diers and Sailors' Monument.

3d. The eventual removal of the heating plant to the rail-
road, relieving the State of the perpetual hauling of coal and
ashes and saving the priceless property from the insidious
but fatal work of gas and smoke.

4th. Provision for an eventual office and storage room for
the Adjutant General, which at present costs the State an
annual rental of about $5,000.00.

5th. An eventual Executive Mansion, such as has already
been provided in Montana, Nevadr., ^j ennessee, Texas, Vir-

112 ANNALS OP IOWA

ginia, West Virginia, Nebraska and New York, and is pro-
posed in other states.

6th. Provision for eventual office buildings such as are
proposed in California, where ornamental grounds of some
thirty-one acres, instead of being impinged upon for a building
site, are being protected by the purchase of adjacent grounds
at a cost of nearly $700,000.00. Many other states already
have or contemplate similar equipment in buildings other
than their capitols.

7th. Provisions for an eventual Supreme Court building,
wherein the priceless records of that tribunal, together with
its library and other indispensable auxiliaries may have per-
petual growth and constant accessibility ; such buildings have
been provided in the states of Connecticut, Florida, Illinois
and Missouri, and are proposed in other states.

8th. Mr. Masqueray observed and proposed the restora-
tion of the natural scenic value of the capitol site ; recognized
the probable commemoration in future by monuments and
other structures of noted men and events of Iowa ; the lack of
parade grounds so greatly needed on occasion ; the value of
an unobstructed view from trunk line trains but a thousand
feet away23.

There is danger of surrounding areas becoming unsightly,
rendering the whole in some sense incomplete. It was, there-
fore, thought proper to suggest the acquisition of an area in

25The writer was of the company when Right Hon. James Bryce,
British Ambassador, on his last visit to our State, inquired what building
it was whose gilded pinnacle he could see from his train. "That is the
Capitol of Iowa," Governor Carroll responded, "I think our people will
improve the surroundings soon." The Ambassador then uttered the
substance of his well-known remarks to the American Civic Association,
to which he said :

"The world seems likely to last a long, long time, and we ought to
make provision for the future.

"The population of the world goes on constantly increasing and no-
where increasing so fast as in North America.

"A taste for natural beauty is increasing, and as we hope, will go
on increasing.

"The places of scenic beauty do not increase, but, on the contrary are
in danger of being reduced in number and diminished in quantity, and
the danger is always increasing with the accumulation of wealth, owing
to the desire of private persons to appropriate these places. There is
•no better service we can render to the masses of the people than to set
;about and preserve for them wide spaces of fine scenery for their delight.

"From these propositions I draw the conclusion that it is necessary
to save what we have got, and to extend the policy which you have wisely
adopted, by acquiring and preserving still further areas for the perpetual
enjoyment of the people."

IMPROVEMENT OF CAPITOL GROUNDS 113

addition to that indispensable for foundations of all eventual
structures. Thus the State, through its own work or the
work of other owners under its restrictions, would complete
the group and grounds in harmony with the State 's own
standards. Your minds, far more quickly than my own, will
comprehend, and I believe, more resolutely sustain this
thought. The business mind as easily comprehends the prof-
its inuring to the State in adjacent areas, if any such should
be acquired and finally be found unnecessary to the plan of
improvement adopted by the State.

• Please observe that much of the space on the edge of the
proposed enlargement is occupied by schools and churches26.
You easily foresee that if Iowa abandons haphazard place-
ment and keeps to the best in grounds and architecture, no
inferior structure will ever be obtruded by public fund or
private benefaction, as witness the quality of recent buildings
of Des Moines. By harmonizing with the State's standards
others will thus enhance the beauty and value of all adjacent
property.

Your profession could scarcely have better revealed its tal-
ent for the instant and accurate statement and solution of
structural problems than to have produced through one of
its members this plan27 for the most certain, economical, yet
desirable correction and completion of the Iowa State Capitol
grounds28.

The selection of some plan, immediate and final, as to the
placement of the Allison memorial, having regard for the
artistic and economic values of the Capitol and the splendid
Soldiers and Sailors' Monument, a plan upon which could
be expended not vast funds, but any money, with every
care and all skill, was, and is, manifestly obligatory on the
present and will be advantageous to all the future. To your

26See map of proposed improved Capitol grounds and environs, facing
p. 96.

27See E. L. Masqueray's plan of location of Allison monument, facing
p. 104.

. E. L. Masqueray's birds-eye view of Allison monument and ad-

joining- grounds, facing p. 110.

114 ANNALS OF IOWA

profession I feel the Allison Commission should and does, in
this acknowledgment, pay its respects.

It is with extraordinary satisfaction I say to you that this
plan and the law enacting it, when submitted to individual
members of your society and of your profession in this coun-
try and in Europe, has never failed to evoke expressions of
respect and even praise for our governors, for the members
of the General Assembly and for General Dodge. It is re-
garded as the most complete seizure of opportunity, through
public law, an American commonwealth has recently made.
If this were not deserved, surely technical minds, such as
you possess, would long since have warned me. The popular
thought has never been at rest upon the random placement
of the structures about the Capitol. It is not a question of
art or beauty more than of business. No man owning and
living in his own house likes to concede the right of careless
use or unsightly appearance of adjacent property. The
cleanly, sightly, safe and lasting arrangement of permanent
property is now mere household taste, not a professional ques-
tion in Iowa. As for myself, driven rather by hunger than
ambition, and led rather by appreciation of things done or
diagrammed than by imagination, I can yet say I have had
the greatest satisfaction of my whole life in a connection with
men, whose tribute to achievement is by way of eternal bronze
and stone — whose best work like your own is by fixed prin-
ciples and once completed is forever done.

Assorted Cargo. — The steamer Pizzaro, lately left St. Louis
for the mouth of Kansas river with the following cargo for
that point, viz. 20 spinning wheels, twenty looms and their
appendages, 300 axes and one hundred ploughs, and last
though not least $10,000 in specie. This pretty little outfit
is said to be for the Iowa and other Indians. — Iowa Sun,
Davenport, November 13, 1839.

NOTES

ON

WISCONSIN TERRITORY,

WITH A MAP.

BY

LIEUTENANT ALBERT M. LEA,

UNITED STATES DRAGOONS.

PHILADELPHIA.

HENRY S. TANNER-SHAKESPEAR BUILDINGS.
1836.

Herewith we present the text of the book published by Albert M. Lea
and widely used by students and writers upon the region which is now
the State of Iowa. The writings of Mr. Lea have been discussed and
reviewed most ably by Mr. Clifford Powell in the Iowa Journal of History
and Politics for January, 1911. Mr. Powell states he is aware of only
eight copies extant of this edition — EDITOR ANNALS.

ANNALS OF IOWA

ii.

ENTERED according to the Act of Congress, in the year
1836,

By H. S. TANNER,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Eastern
District of Pennsylvania.

lit,

NOTES

.
<T

BY
LIEUTENANT ALBERT M. LEA,

UNITED STATES BRAGOONS. f

PHILADELPHIA.

HEKKY S. Tj^NNER—SHAKESPEAR BUILDINGS.
1836.

Facsimile of title page of the copy of Albert M. Lea's "Notes on
Wisconsin Territory" owned by the Historical Department of Iowa.

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 117

iii.

PREFACE.

IN the following NOTES, the Author designs to place
within the reach of the public, correct information in re-
gard to a very interesting portion of the Western country,
especially of that part of it known as the "IOWA DISTRICT,"
one of the divisions of the new TERRITORY of WISCONSIN.

That the reader may know what degree of confidence
he may place in these Notes, he ought first to be made ac-
quainted with the means of information possessed by the
Author.

He has been employed in his professional duties for
more than a year, within the limits of the country repre-
sented by the accompanying map. During that time, he
has travelled extensively, and has been sedulous in collect-
ing information from surveyors, traders, explorers, and re-
sidents. The whole route of the dragoons during the sum-
mer of 1835, as designated on the map, was meandered
with a compass, tnd the distances estimated by the time
and rate of travelling them; and in like manner, the D'es
Moines river was reconnoitred from Racoon river to the
mouth, and the route thence to Rock-Island, by the west
side of the Mississippi. In addition to these sources of
information, he has procured from the proper bureaus at
Washington, the maps sent in by the surveyors of the se-
veral Indian boundaries laid down, and of the far-famed
Half-Breed Tract of the Sauk and Fox Indians.

The author is under obligation to several gentlemen for
valuable information: among the number are Captain
Boone, of the Dragoons; Major William Gordon, of Iowa
District; and Hon. George W. Jones of Wisconsin. They
will please accept his thanks for their kindness.

118 ANNALS OF IOWA

iv PREFACE

The reader will perceive that the following "Notes,"
are confined to such subjects only as are interesting, par-
ticularly to the emigrant, the speculator, and the legisla-
tor. The author reserves for another work, the notice of
such topics connected with that country, as are better
suited to the more general reader.

Baltimore, Md. April, 1836.

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 119

LETTER

To the Author, from the Hon. Q-eo. W. Jones,
Delegate in Congress from the Territory of
Wisconsin.

HOUSE OP REPRESENTATIVES,
Washington City, April 26th, 1836.

LIEUT. A. M. LEA,

MY DEAE SIB,

THE perusal of your "Notes on the Iowa District of
Wisconsin Territory," which you had the kindness to lend
me, has afforded me much pleasure, and I cannot but offer
you, at least, my thanks for the favour.

Your account of the country is certainly interesting
and candid, as I was confident it would be, when I heard
that you were writing on the subject, from the fact of your
having explored the country in person, from your liberal
and just views of the "far north-west," and from the am-
ple means which you have had of obtaining information.

Your Map, too, accompanying the "Notes," gives so
correct a view of the situation of the rivers, towns, &c.
that I should have said it was taken from actual survey,
if I had not known that no survey had ever been made,
except that of the Indian boundary lines.

The country which you have described, is undoubtedly
not surpassed as a farming and mining country, by any
in the known world; and the manner in which you have
set forth its advantages, must ensure to your work an ex-
tensive circulation. The numerous applicants that have
come to me from the east, the south, and the west, for in-
formation in relation to this country, I take pleasure in

120 ANNALS OF IOWA

vi PREFACE.

referring to your Notes, with the hope that you will very
soon publish them to the world. You have said much for
the country, but I do not believe that you could have said
too much in commendation of its fertility and natural re-
sources.

I am, with very great regard,

Your obliged humble servant,

GEO. W. JONES,
Of Qinsinawa Mound, Wisconsin Territory.

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 121

IOWA DISTRICT

OF

WISCONSIN TERRITORY.

CHAPTER I.
General Description.

THE IOWA DISTRICT lies between 40° 20' and 43° north
latitude, and 18°10' and 15° 15' west from Washington;
and is bounded by the Neutral Grounds between the Sauks
and Sioux Indians on the north; by the lands of the Sauks
and Foxes on the west; by the state of Missouri on the
south; and by the Mississippi river on the east. It is
about 190 miles in length, 50 miles wide near each end,
and 40 miles wide near the middle, opposite to Rock-Isl-
and; and would make a parallelogram of 180 by 50 miles,
equivalent to 9000 square miles, or 5,760,000 'acres, in-
cluding Keokuk's Reserve of 400 square miles.

This country has been alternately in the possession of
various tribes of Indians, but last in that of the Sauks and
Foxes, of whom it was obtained by treaty at the close of
the Black-Hawk War, in 1832. General Scott was one of
the commissioners appointed by the President to make this
treaty; hence the District under review has been often
called "Scott's Purchase" and it is sometimes called the
"Black-Hawk Purchase;" but from the extent and beauty

122 ANNALS OF IOWA

8 NOTES ON

of the Iowa river which runs centrally through the Dis-
trict, and gives character to most of it, the name of that
stream being both euphoneous and appropriate, has been
given to the District itself.

In the year 1832, immediately after the treaty above
named, several families crossed the Mississippi and set-
tled on the Purchase; but as the time provided for the In-
dians to give possession, was the 1st of June, 1833, these
settlers were dispossessed by order of government, and
hence the first permanent settlement of whites in the Iowa
District, did not take place until the summer of 1833.
Since then, nothing has happened to mar the peace, hap-
piness, and prosperity of a rapidly increasing population,
which has already given to many portions of the District
the impress of a cultivated people. It is true, that a few
whites had been living somewhat longer on the tract of
land belonging to certain half-breeds; but as they were
very few, and were living there only by sufferance, they
need not be ranked as settlers of the District.

THE CLIMATE is such as would be naturally expected in
this latitude. The thermometer does not range more widely
here than in similar latitudes east of the Allegheny moun-
tains; nor perhaps as much so, as in those districts be-
yond the influence of the sea-breeze; for here, we have
every day a breeze, from some quarter of our broad prai-
ries almost as refreshing as that from the ocean. We are
exempt, too, from the effects of the easterly winds, so chill-
ing and so annoying along the Atlantic seaboard; but in
lieu of them, we have frequently cold blasts from the prai-
ries, sufficiently annoying to the traveller, when the mer-
cury is at zero. The prevailing winds are from the south-
west. I have known the wind at Rock-Island, to remain
constant in that quarter for three weeks successively, and
it is said to have so remained during six weeks at Prairie
du Chien.

The salubriousness of this climate varies according to
locality. Along the Mississippi, where there are marshy
grounds, especially from the Des Moines to the vicinity of

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 123

WISCONSIN. 9

Rock-Island, there will of course be much bilious disease.
But even what we call much here, is little compared with
that on the river below the Des Moines Rapids. As we
ascend the river, in fact, the causes of disease diminish,
and the atmosphere becomes purer; and when we arrive
at the Rapids at Rock-Island, we enter upon a country as
healthy as the Allegheny mountains. There are some
diseases, common in other parts of the United States, not
known here; and pulmonary consumption is one of them.
But whether above or below the Upper Rapids, the coun-
try at a distance from the swamps of the Mississippi, is
elevated, and is as healthy as any can be, where there is a
free circulation of air, good water and rolling grounds;
but where there is also much vegetable matter to decay.
This evil is incident to all new countries; and the richer
the country in point of soil, the greater is the evil; but it
is one that is continually diminishing with the progress of
cultivation.

The Winter is generally dry, cold, and bracing; the
waters are all bridged with ice; the snow is frequently
deep enough to afford good sleighing, and it is consider-
ed the best season for travelling, by those who are able to
bear exposure to a cold atmosphere. The winter usually
commences about the 1st of December, and ends early in
March; though in the southern part of the District, we
often have fine pleasant weather in mid-winter. There
is never so much snow, even as far north as Prairie du
Chien, as to interrupt the travelling; and as every prai-
rie is a high road, we scarcely feel the obclusion of the
icy season.

The Spring is any thing but what we have been taught
to expect from that usually delightful season. It is a suc-
cession of rains, blows, and chills: and if the sun hap-
pen to shine, it does so gloomily, as if boding a coming
storm. The whole country becomes saturated with water;
the low lands are overflowed; the streams are swollen;
and locomotion is rendered difficult except by water. But
as this means of travelling is greatly facilitated and ex-
tended by the floods, we even contrive to pass comforta-

ANNALS OF IOWA

10 NOTES ON

bly enough the six weeks of rain, and fog, and wind that
changes the freezing winter into the warm 'and genial
summer. We have no gradual gliding from cold to warm;
it is snowy — then stormy — then balmy and delightful.
There is great difficulty in planting and sowing the grains
of the Spring; and sometimes even after the seeds are in
the earth, the rains are too great to admit of proper cul-
ture. But with experience in the climate, the agricultu-
rists will learn to adapt themselves to its requirements,
and be able to assure themselves of crops worthy of the
soil they have to cultivate.

The Summer is generally of sufficient warmth to pro-
duce rapid vegetation; and yet it is seldom oppressively
hot. I have, in fact, ridden through grass six feet high,
in the month of July, when, for weeks together, I scarcely
experienced the sensation of excessive heat. During this
season, the appearance of the country is gay and beauti-
ful, being clothed in grass, foliage, and flowers.

Of all the seasons in the year, the Autumn is the most
delightful. The heat of the summer is over by the middle
of August; and from that time till December, we have al-
most one continuous succession of bright clear delightful
sunny days. Nothing can exceed the beauty of Summer
and Autumn in this country, where, on one hand, we have
the expansive prairie strewed with flowers still growing;
and on the other, the forests which skirt it, presenting all
the varieties of colour incident to the fading foliage of a
thousand different trees.

THE SOIL is generally about two feet deep, and is com-
posed of clay, sand, and vegetable mould. Much of it Is
too tenacious of water for the most convenient production
of such grains as are planted in the Spring. It is of a dark
brown colour near the surface, and gradually becomes
lighter and lighter in descending, till it imperceptibly
passes into a yellowish clay, which, in turn is based upon
a blue marl, containing pebbles, and which always affords
good water when penetrated. This latter stratum is found
from fifteen to thirty feet below the surface in the upland

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 125

WISCONSIN 11

prairies, so that it is only necessary to sink a well to that
depth to obtain excellent water wherever it may be want-
ed. This is the general character of the soil of the higher
prairies.

In the bottom lands along the rivers, the soil is more
sandy, and is little affected by excessive rains, except such
portions as are liable to be overflowed. The low grounds
are peculiarly adapted to the growth of Indian corn, and
the elevated lands to the growth of small grain; though
the yellow maize of the North succeeds remarkably well
on the coldest soils of our dry prairies.

THE GENERAL APPEARANCE of the country is one of
great beauty. It may be represented as one grand rolling
prairie, along one side of which flows the mightiest river
in the world, and through which numerous navigable
streams pursue their devious way towards the ocean. In
every part of this whole District, beautiful rivers and
creeks are to be found, whose transparent waters are per-
petually renewed by the springs from which they flow.
Many of these streams are connected with lakes; and
hence their supply of water is remarkably uniform through-
out the seasons. All these rivers, creeks, and lakes, are
skirted by woods, often several miles in width, affording
shelter from intense cold or heat to the animals that may
there take refuge from the contiguous prairies. These
woods also afford the timber necessary for building houses,
fences, and boats. Though probably three-fourths of the
District is without trees, yet so conveniently and admirably
are the water and the woods distributed throughout, that na-
ture appears to have made an effort to arrange them in the
most desirable manner possible. Where there is no water,
isolated groves are frequently found to break the monoto-
ny of the prairie, or to afford the necessary timber for the
enclosure of the farmer. No part of the District is proba-
bly more than three miles from good timber; and hence
it is scarcely any where necessary to build beyond the
limits of the woods to be convenient to farming lands the
most distant from them, as the trouble of hauling the

126 ANNALS OF IOWA

12 NOTES ON

the timber necessary for farming purposes, a distance of
one, two or three miles, is trifling. Taking this District
all in all, for convenience of navigation, water, fuel, and
timber; for richness of soil; for beauty of appearance; and
for pleasantness of climate, it surpasses any portion of the
United States with which I am acquainted.

Could I present to the mind of the reader that view of
this country that is now before my eyes, he would not deem
my assertion unfounded. He would see the broad Mississip-
pi with its ten thousand islands, flowing gently and linger-
ingly along one entire side of this District, as if in regret
at leaving so delightful a region; he would see half a dozen
navigable rivers taking their sources in distant regions,
and gradually accumulating their waters as they glide
steadily along through this favoured region to pay their
tribute to the great "Father of Waters;" he would see in-
numerable creeks and rivulets meandering through rich
pasturages, where now the domestic ox has taken the
place of the untamed bison; he would see here and there
neat groves of oak, and elm, and walnut, half shading half
concealing beautiful little lakes, that mirror back their
waiving branches; he would see neat looking prairies of
two or three miles in extent, and apparently enclosed by
woods on all sides, and along the borders of which are
ranged the neat hewed log cabins of the emigrants with
their fields stretching far into the prairies, where their
herds are luxuriating on the native grass; he would see
villages springing up, as by magic, along the banks of the
rivers, and even far in the interior; and he would see the
swift moving steam-boats, as they ply up and down the
Mississippi, to supply the wants of the settlers, to take away
their surplus produce, or to bring an accession to this grow-
ing population, anxious to participate in the enjoyment of
nature's bounties, here so liberally dispensed.

THE PRODUCTS of this District are chiefly mineral and
agricultural, though manufactures will undoubtedly take
their place in due time.

Bituminous Coal, the oxides and the sulphurets of iron,

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 127

WISCONSIN 13

limestone, sandstone, and fire-clay, are found in numerous
places; and some of these minerals occur in great abun-
dance. But the chief mineral wealth of this region con-
sists in its Lead Mines. The finest mines in the United
States are those near Du Baque, in the northern part of
the District. The galena has been found throughout an
extensive tract; and I have little doubt that it will be found
extending entirely across the District, running in a south-
west direction towards the mines of Missouri.

The agricultural productions consist chiefly of maize,
wheat, rye, oats, and potatoes. The large white corn of
the south may be produced as far north as Rock-Island,
and yields from fifty to one hundred bushels per acre;
but the yellow flint-corn grows well anywhere, and yields
from forty to seventy-five bushels per acre; the latter is
the more certain crop. Wheat is produced with a facility
unknown except in the west. I have known the sod of
the prairie to be simply turned over, the seed harrowed in,
and thirty bushels per acre to be harvested. But the usual
crop, after the first, is from twenty-five to forty bushels
per acre with negligent farming. Oats yield usually from
sixty to seventy bushels per acre, and seventy-five bushels
have been cut at Du Baque. Potatoes grow abundantly,
and are famous throughout the west for their fine qua-
lity.

The growing of stock of various kinds will doubtless be
extensively pursued, as few countries afford more facili-
ties for such purposes; and in consequence of the abun-
dance of excellent timber along the smaller rivers and
creeks, those towns on the Mississippi, even as low down
as St. Louis, will probably in a great measure be sup-
plied with that article from the forests of Iowa. Already
numerous mills have been put in operation; but lumber
for exportation has not yet been thought of by the set-
tlers.

The larger GAME will, of course, soon disappear from
the settlement; but at present there is a great deal of
deer, some bear, and some buffalo within reach. Turkies,

128 ANNALS OF IOWA

14 NOTES ON

grouse, and ducks will long be abundant; and of Fish
there can never be any scarcity. Every stream is filled
with them; and among them may be found the pike, the
pickerel, the catfish, the trout, and many other varieties.
Immense quantities are taken about the several Rapids,
where they may be easily speared.

THE POPULATION of the whole District, exclusive of In-
dians, was about sixteen thousand, at the end of 1835, a
time little more than two years after the first settlement
was made. During the year 1835, the chief part of this po-
pulation arrived; and there is every indication of a vast
accession during the year 1836. Indeed large portions of
the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky and Mis-
souri seem to be about to emigrate to this region. There
are now here emigrants from all these States, and every
other State in the Union, as well as many foreigners.
Whole neighborhoods are moving from Indiana and Il-
linois to this land of promise. During a ride of 150 miles
through the District, in the month of January, 1836, I was
surprised at the number of improvements then being made,
for occupation as soon as the warm season should set in.

The character of this population is such as is rarely to
be found in our newly acquired territories. With very
few exceptions, there is not a more orderly, industrious,
active, pains-taking population west of the Alleghenies,
than is this of the Iowa District. Those who have been
accustomed to associate the name of Squatter with the
idea of idleness and recklessness, would be quite surprised
to see the systematic manner in which every thing is here
conducted. For intelligence, I boldly assert that they
are not surpassed, as a body, by an equal number of citi-
zens of any country in the world.

It is matter of surprise that, about the Mining Region,
there should be so little of the recklessness that is usual
in that sort of life. Here is a mixed mass of English,
French, German, Irish, Scotch, and citizens of every part
of the United States, each steadily pursuing his own busi-
ness without interrupting his neighbor. This regularity

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 129

WISCONSIN 15

and propriety is to be attributed to the preponderance of
well-informed and well-intentioned gentlemen among
them, as well as to the disposition of the mass of the peo-
ple. It is but within a few years past that persons of high
and cultivated character have emigrated, in great num-
bers, to our frontiers. Formerly, it was, with some nota-
ble exceptions, the reckless in character, the desperate in
fortune, or the bold hunter, that sought concealment,
wealth, or game, in the "wilds of the west." Now, it is
the virtuous, the intelligent, and the wealthy that seek, in
the favoured and flowery regions beyond these "wilds,'" a
congenial abode for themselves and their posterity.

This District, being north of the State of Missouri, is
for ever free from the institution of slavery, according to
the compact made on the admission of that State into the
Union. So far as the political wealth and strength of the
country is concerned, this is a very great advantage; for
the region is too far north for negroes to be profitable.
Besides, all experience teaches us that, ceteris paribus,
free States grow far more rapidly than slave States. Com-
pare, for example, the States of Ohio and Kentucky; and,
what would not Missouri have now been, had she never
have admitted slavery within her borders?

The population of the surrounding country is very va-
rious, whites on one side, and Indians on the other. That
of Wisconsin and Illinois, being immediately east of the
northern part of the District, is very similar to that al-
ready described as belonging to the District itself. These
people take their tone from the active and enterprising
people of the northern and eastern States; whilst those
of the more southern part of Illinois and of Missouri, par-
take much more of the character of the Middle States.

On the west and north, are the Sauk and Fox, and the
Sioux tribes of Indians. These people have become so
much reduced in number, and are so perfectly convinced
of their utter inferiority, that they will never have an idea
of again making war upon our settlements. Their prox-
imity will indeed be rather an advantage to the District

130 ANNALS OF IOWA

16 NOTES ON

than otherwise, as a profitable trade may be carried on
with them.

THE TRADE of this District is confined almost entirely
to the grand thorough-fare of the Mississippi. By it, the
produce of the mines is carried away, and all the wants
of a new population are supplied. Saint Louis is the port
through which all the exchanges are at present effected;
though the town of Alton, on the east side of the Missis-
sippi, just above the mouth of Missouri river, is now set-
ting up a rivalship for this trade. The only important ar-
ticle of export, as yet, is lead; the amount of which is not
correctly ascertained, even for one year, and as it is daily
increasing, and capable of indefinite extension, it is enough
to say that it is a profitable — a very profitable — source of
trade. The town of Quincy, forty miles below the mouth
of the Des Moines, derives its supply of coal from the
banks of that river; and it is almost certain that a large
trade will be carried on in that article, as the demand for
it increases.

All kinds of agricultural products have heretofore found
ready consumers in the increasing population of every
neighbourhood; and this cause will continue to afford a
market at every man's door for years to come. After the
emigration shall have abated, the mines will afford always
a ready market for whatever can be produced within reach
of them. But should this market fail, there are numerous
navigable rivers intersecting the District, and leading into
the broad Mississippi, an ample highway to any part of
the world.

There are ten or twelve steamboats continually plying
between Saint Louis and the various ports on the Upper
Mississippi, as far up as the Palls of Saint Anthony. The
usual trip is from Saint Louis to the Lead Mines, a dis-
tance of 450 miles, to make which requires about three
days, and an equal time to load and return. This would
give an average of more than a boat daily each way, after
making allowance for the casualties of trade. But whilst
I am now writing, this thing is all changing; for such is

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 131

WISCONSIN. 17

the rapidity of growth of this country, and such is the fa-
cility with which these people accommodate the wants of
the public, that I would not be surprised to find the num-
ber of boats doubled within the current year.

The Mississippi is, and must continue to be, the main
avenue of trade for this country; but there is a reasona-
ble prospect of our soon having a more direct and speedy
communication with our brethren of the east. New York
is now pushing her rail road from the Hudson to Lake
Erie, where it will be met by another from Pennsylvania;
thence the united rail road will be continued around the
southern shore of Lake Erie, and cross the States of Ohio,
Indiana, and Illinois, to the Mississippi, near the mouth of
Rock River, touching upon the southern end of Lake Mi-
chigan in its route, and receiving the tribute of the vari-
ous local works which it will intersect. This work would
place the centre of the Iowa District within sixty hours
of the city of New York; and if any of the "down-easters"
think this project chimerical, let them take a tour of a
few weeks to the Upper Mississippi, and they will agree
with me, that it is already demanded by the interests of
the country.

GOVERNMENT. From the first of June, 1833, to the thir-
tieth of June, 1834, the settlers in this District were with-
out any municipal law whatever. At the latter date Con-
gress passed a law attaching it to the Territory of Michi-
gan, "for judicial purposes;" and under that law, the
Legislative Council of Michigan extended her laws over
the District, dividing it into two counties, and providing
for the regular administration of justice. But when Mi-
chigan determined to assume her place as one of the
States of the Union, she could no longer govern any dis-
trict as a Territory. Accordingly, she cast off what was
then called Wisconsin, together with this District, direct-
ing them to form a government for themselves, and pro-
viding that her own laws should continue in force, until
superseded by others. Under this provision, the authori-
ties of Iowa District have continued to act; and all the

2*

132 ANNALS OP IOWA

18 NOTES ON

ordinary local business has been regularly transacted un-
der the laws of Michigan, though the Judge of the Dis-
trict Court of the United States has refused to consider
any cases of appeal taken to his court from the west side
of the Mississippi. It is a matter of some doubt, in fact,
whether there be any law at all among these people; but
this question will soon be put at rest by the organization
of the TERRITORY of WISCONSIN, within which the Iowa
District is by law included.

Though this District may be considered, for a time, as
forming a part of the Wisconsin Territory, yet the intel-
ligent reader will have little difficulty in foreseeing that a
separate government will soon be required for Iowa. Al-
ready it has a population of nearly twenty thousand,
which will swell to thirty thousand by the close of 1836.
By casting an eye on the map, it will be seen that some
of the most beautiful country in the world is lying imme-
diately along this District on the west side. Prom this
country, the Indians are now moving over to the Des
Moines; and finding the country on the Wabesapinica,
the Iowa, the Bison, and the Chacagua rivers, of no use
to them, they are already anxious to sell; and the press
of population along the border has already created a de-
mand for its purchase. A short time, then, will cause the
western boundary of the District to be extended; and with
this extension, will come a corresponding increase of popu-
lation. It is hazarding little to say, that this District will
have population sufficient to entitle it to a place among
the States of the Union by the time that the census of
1840 shall have been completed.

LAND TITLES. In that portion of the District known
as the Half-Breed Tract, the titles to lands are thus situ-
ated: In 1824, by treaty with the Sauk and Pox tribe of
Indians, this tract was set apart for the use of the Half-
Breeds of that tribe, said tract to be held by the same
right and in the same manner as other Indian lands are
held. In February, 1834, Congress released to the Half-
Breeds, the reversionary rights of the Government to these

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 133

WISCONSIN. 19

lands, vesting in them the -fee simple title. But it was an
undivided interest; and the number of claimants, even,
was not then, and is not yet, known. Each of these Half-
Breeds is entitled to his equal portion of these lands, when-
ever they may be divided; or he may live upon them
unmolested until the division; but when this division may
take place, is a matter of great uncertainty, as it is diffi-
cult to ascertain who the claim-ants are, and as it will in-
volve the necessity of troublesome legal processes.

In the District generally, the land titles are in an ano-
malous condition. The country was freed from its In-
dian occupants in 1833; hundreds immediately flocked
in, each selecting such place as suited him best, and each
respecting the premises of those who had preceded him.
It is now clearly understood what improvement it takes
to constitute a claim to any portion of these lands; and a
claim to a farm, regularly established, is just as good, for
the time being, as if the occupant had the Government
patent for it. An emigrant comes into the country; he
looks around him, and finds a situation that pleases him;
here, he says, "I will make an improvement;" and forth-
with he goes to work, builds a house, fences a piece of
ground, ploughs and plants it; he stakes out his half a
section of land, one quarter section probably being wood-
land, and the other quarter being prairie; and then his
home is secure from trespass by any one whatever, until
the Government shall think proper to prefer its claims.
If he think proper to sell his claim, he is at perfect liberty
to do so ; and the purchaser succeeds to all the rights of
the first settler. It is usual in such sales, for the purchaser
to take a bond of the previous occupant, to transfer any
right that the latter may acquire, in consequence of his
previous occupancy, under the operation of the laws of the
United States relative to occupant titles.

Where towns are laid out, as it is not expected that each
holder of a lot would be able to obtain a separate title
from Government, it is arranged that the proprietor shall
secure the fee simple title, in his own name, for the whole
site, by the best means in his power; and he gives his

134 ANNALS OF IOWA

20 NOTES ON

bond to make a title to the purchaser, whenever he shall
have secured it to himself.

The people of this whole District have entered into an
agreement to support each other in their claims, against
any unjust action of the Government, or against any at-
tempt at improper speculation by capitalists at a distance.
And those who know the potency of such leagues, will
feel perfectly assured, that whatever is protected by this
one, will be safe from molestation. They say that it has
been the uniform policy of the Government, for many
years past, to extend to actual settlers on the public do-
main, the right of pre-emption, as it is termed. By this
is understood, the privilege, given to one who has settled
upon, and cultivated a piece of land, before it be brought
into market, to purchase 160 acres, (one quarter section,)
at the Government price, ($1 25 per acre,) without having
it exposed to public sale. This privilege has been con-
sidered as justly due to the settler, in consideration of the
increased value given to other lands around him, at the
expense of great toil and privation to himself. The pio-
neers of every country are necessarily subjected to many
privations; often they are the barrier between a savage
foe and the peaceful citizens of the older countries, as has
actually been the case with some of the settlers in this
District. The privilege of retaining possession of lands
which they have peacefully occupied and cultivated for
years, is what these settlers now claim of their Govern-
ment, on condition of paying for them just as much as
that Government asks for unfilled lands, equally fertile,
around them: nor do they claim the privilege of thus buy-
ing unreasonably large bodies of land; they only ask to
have extended to them the same advantages as have been
granted to all pioneers before them; they expect the pri-
vilege of entering each one quarter section. For, what-
ever more they may respectively want, they are ready to
come forward, and compete for it in the open market;
though they cannot but deem it a want of liberality to
make them pay an enhanced price for a piece of land,
when that very enhancement has been alone produced by

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 135

WISCONSIN. 21

the labour of their own hands. The liberality of the Go-
vernment will probab.ly make some provision for securing,
in the possession of their own labour, those whose im-
provements have extended beyond the narrow limits of a
quarter of a mile.

As this country has not yet been surveyed, it might be
supposed that much confusion would result from the new
arrangement of boundaries, when -the lands shall be regu-
larly surveyed, as public lands usually are. But this dif-
ficulty is easily obviated; for instance, — the claims of A.
and B. join each other; when the section lines shall be
run, it may be found that a portion of A.'s land is within
the quarter section including B.'s improvement, and vice
versa; but in the meantime, A. and B. have entered into
an agreement, that if any such awkward lines should
be run, they would mutually relinquish lands to each
other, so that the lines of their several tracts shall be the
same after, as before the survey and sale. This want of
surveys is an actual advantage in some respects. The
farms are all now arranged, with reference to the locali-
ties, with the woods, prairies, water, flat and rolling
lands, as well disposed as it is possible; whereas, when
the country is surveyed before being settled, that very fact
forces the emigrants to confine themselves to the arbitra-
ry north and south, east and west, lines of the public sur-
veyor. The little inconvenience produced by this absence
of survey, is more than compensated by its advantages.

136 ANNALS OP IOWA

22 NOTES ON

CHAPTER II

Water Courses and Local Divisions.

The MISSISSIPPI RIVER, washes one half of the entire
circumference of the District, no part of which, from its
peculiar shape, is more than fifty miles from the river.
In a country so open as this, where no artificial roads are
necessary, this common contiguity to such a river as the
Mississippi, places every part of it within convenient
reach of the balance of the world.

The Mississippi is continually navigated, except when
obcluded by ice, by steam-boats drawing three feet water,
as far up as Prairie du Chien; and frequently they run
up to the Falls of Saint Anthony, a distance of 800 miles
above Saint Louis. There are only two permanent ob-
structions to its easy navigation, except at very low water,
throughout this whole distance; and they occur opposite
to different points in the District. The first is the Des
Moines Rapids, beginning a few miles above the outlet of
the river of that name, and extending up about 14 miles,
to a point nearly opposite the town of Commerce. In this
distance there is a fall of 25 feet; but the current is ne-
ver too rapid for boats to stem it; and there is seldom less
than three feet of depth in the channel. When the water
becomes very low, it is the practice to unload the steam-
boats, pass them light over the Rapids, and take the
freight over in keel-boats of less draught. These keel-
boats, when ascending, are towed up along the western
shore, by horses moving along the natural beach. This
rapid is a source of great annoyance, expense and delay;
and yet it is susceptible of being so easily improved, as
to be matter of surprise that it has not already been done.

The second obstruction is the Rock-Island Rapids very

,. -\

Map of part of the Wisconsin Territory by Lieut. Albert M. Lea.

/! \J
} 1 •'
'. J- *,-'--. -V -^

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 137

WISCONSIN 23

similar in character to those below; but I am not aware
that any minute survey has been made of them with a
view to their improvement. It is said, that by damming
the narrower sluice at Rock-Island, the difficult bar on
these shoals may be overcome.

The river is generally from three quarters of a mile to
one mile in width, and is filled with island of every size,
From the flatness of the general bed of the river, the chan-
nel runs frequently from one shore to the other, rendering
the navigation intricate at low water; but there is not
perhaps a stream in the world more beautiful, in itself, or
naturally more free from dangerous obstructions, than is
the Upper Mississippi.

The general character of this part of the river is very
different from that below the mouth of the Missouri.
Here, the water is limpid, the current is gentle, and the
banks are permanent; there, the water is muddy, the cur-
rent impetuous, and the banks are continually changing.
The annual freshets in this part of the river do not usually
rise more than ten feet above low water mark; and in this
feature, it has greatly the advantage of the Ohio, with which
it is often compared. Even in the highest freshets, the colour
of its water remains unchanged, and its current easy; and
there is about the whole river a calmness, a purity, and
a peacefulness of expression, perfectly enchanting.

Rocky cliffs sometimes present themselves along the
shore, either surmounted with forest trees, or covered with
a rich coating of prairie grass; frequently, low and w*et
prairies skirt along the river, and stretch far back to the
bluffs, over ground from which the water has gradually
receded; and sometimes, the highlands slope down to the
water's edge, covered with waving grass and clusters of
trees, grouped here and there, or set about at intervals,
presenting an orchard-like appearance.

From the vicinity of Rock-Island downward, the shores
are, with a few exceptions, either very abrupt and rocky,
or low and marshy: but thence upward, to the highlands
above Prairie du Chien, the beautiful sloping shores, just
mentioned, are almost continuous. Those who have seen

138 ANNALS OF IOWA

24 NOTES ON

this part of the country need no description of it; and
those who have not seen it, would think me painting from
imagination, were I to describe it true to the life.

The lands bordering on the Mississippi are not gene-
rally so productive as those retired from it. The hills are
more exposed to have the soil washed from them into the
basin of the river; and the low grounds are apt to be too
wet or too sandy; yet the lands lying on the river will al-
ways be the most valuable, in consequence of their supe-
rior advantages of market.

THE DES MOIXES RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES afford
fine lands, well diversified with wood and prairie, as far
up as I am acquainted with them, some fifty miles above
the "Upper Porks." There is much that is inviting in
the general character of the country bordering on the Des
Moines; level meadows, rolling woodlands, and deep fo-
rests, present themselves by turns. The soil is usually
rich and productive; and when there are no natural
springs, there is no difficulty in obtaining water, by dig-
ging, at almost any point in the highland-prairies.

Having specially reconnoitred the Des Moines river
during the summer of 1835, I can speak of it more confi-
dently than of any of the other smaller rivers watering
the District.

From Racoon river to the Cedar, the Des Moines is from
80 to 100 yards in width, shallow, crooked, and filled with
rocks, sand-bars, and snags, and is impetuous in current
at high water; yet it is certain that keel-boats may navi-
gate this portion of the river, being 96 miles, during a
great part of the spring and fall; and it is not impossible
that even steam-boats may run there.

But from the Cedar river to the Mississippi, except a few
miles near the mouth, there is no obstruction to the navi-
gation of the Des Moines in a tolerable stage of water.
For four months of the year, boats of two and a half feet
draught, will perform this distance of 170 miles without
difficulty. The width is from 150 to 250 yards except a
few miles above the mouth, where it is only from 80 to

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 139

WISCONSIN 25

100 yards wide; its bed is perfectly smooth and flat; and
the bottom is generally a thin coating of sand and gravel
over a blue limestone rock, until you descend within the
influence of the back water from the Mississippi, where
there is much alluvial deposit with many snags. By the
removal of a part of these snags and a few loose rocks
above, every thing will be done for the navigation that can
be done without augmenting the supply of water. The
first rapids that occur in the river, above the mouth, are
those near the lower end of the Great Bend. There is a
ledge of limestone rock running across the river 'here;
but the chief obstruction is caused by loose rocks lodged
upon this ledge. The chief rapids between the Racoon
and the mouth, are some 40 miles above Cedar river. Here
is considerable fall for several miles, a sudden pitch of se-
veral inches, many large loose rocks, and a very sudden
bend, altogether making a difficult pass in the river.

The mineral productions of this river are interesting.
Sandstone, suitable for building, occurs frequently, as far
down as Tollman's, 14 miles from the mouth. Limestone
is found along the whole distance, from a point 15 miles
above Cedar river, to the Mississippi bottom. Bituminous
coal of excellent quality occurs abundantly at many points
between Racoon and Cedar rivers, and also near the Mis-
souri line. I also found large masses of the oxide, sul-
phuret and native sulphate of iron, lignite, and the earths
usually found in coal formations.

It is about seventy-five miles from the -mouth, by water,
to the Indian boundary. The lands, on both sides of the
river, throughout the greater part of this distance, are ex-
ceedingly fertile, and many of them are covered with for-
ests of the finest walnut, oak, ash, elm, and cherry; and
back of these wooded bottoms are extensive prairies, both
flat and rolling. The settlements have long since, that is
in the fall of 1835, extended along the river entirely up to
the line, and are beginning to spread out on either side,
especially towards the head waters of Sugar creek. There
are already some extensive farms along this river, and
others are in rapid progress.

3

140 ANNALS OF IOWA

26 NOTES ON

THE HALF-BREED TRACT, which lies in the angle be-
tween the Des Moines and Mississippi, has attracted much
attention on account of the speculations which have been
made in those lands. Their history has been already given
in the remarks upon Land Titles, except that most of these
claims have passed from the hands of the original owners
into those of speculators. There are about 136,000 acres
in this tract, which it was formerly supposed was to be di-
vided amongst about 40 claimants; but recently many
others have preferred claims to shares; and it is not yet
known with any tolerable certainty how many will ulti-
mately establish them.

This tract contains much good land, and some good
timber; but it is not nearly so valuable for agricultural pur-
poses as it has been represented to be. Much of it is oc-
cupied by the broken grounds along the rivers; a good
deal of it is sandy prairie; and much of it is too low and
wet. Still, the larger portion of it is very fne land, espe-
cially that bordering on Sugar creek. This creek, though
running a great distance in the rainy season, affords little
water in the summer and autumn, as is the case with
most of the smaller streams of the Des Moines. It affords
no mill site.

Manitou creek rises in a most productive section, a little
to the north of the Half-Breed Line, and affords fine lands
and timber entirely to its mouth. It is said that there is a
tolerable site for a mill on this stream. It takes its name
of Manitou, or Devil creek, from its impetuosity in freshet,
and from its quicksands and rafts which render it fre-
quently difficult of passage. It is very uneven in its sup-
ply of water, having almost no current in dry weather.

But few persons have yet settled upon this Half-Breed
Tract, owing to the unsettled condition of Titles. Nobody
knows yet where his particular share is to lie and conse-
quently nobody is willing to improve any part.

An attempt has been made to extend the northern boun-
dary of this Tract, so as to make it to include about three
or four times as much as at present; but it is a fruitless

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 141

WISCONSIN 27

attempt: it can never be done without the most unblush-
ing corruption of public men.

The position of this Tract between two navigable rivers,
its own fertility, and its excellent landing places, must ren-
der it a very valuable section of the country.

CHACAGUA RIVER is generally swift in current, rises and
falls rapidly, seldom overflows the alluvial lands along its
borders, and furnishes much excellent timber. There are
many fine springs along its bluffs, and along the tributary
creeks: and the whole body of its soil may be said to be
of excellent quality. Large settlements have, already been
made upon the river, and its tributaries. In the autumn
of 1835, there were about 120 families in the vicinity of
Crookshank's Point; and arrangements have been made
for as many more to settle 'on Cedar creek, this spring.
The improvements have extended up the river and up
Crooked creek to the line. The. lands on Richland and
Crooked creeks are said to be peculiarly fine.

To what extent this river may be navigated, it is diffi-
cult to say. A small keel-boat has frequently ascended
it, even at low water, a distance of 60 miles; and it is
probable that it may be navigated much further. Steam-
boats have not yet been upon it; but there appears to be no
reason that they should not perform upon it to advantage.

Owing to the rapidity of its current, it affords great
water-power. A large mill, both for sawing and grinding
has been established about 10 miles above the mouth. To
effect this, a dam has been thrown across the river; thus
creating an obstruction to navigation, which must be
abated as soon as the settlements above shall call for it.
There are also a few snags in the mouth of the river, which
will require removal.

FLINT CREEK is supplied chiefly by springs, and is con-
sequently never very low. As it has great fall near where
it passes from the high prairie to the level of the Missis-
sippi bottom, and affords at all times a good supply of wa-
ter, it is considered a stream well adapted to move ma-

142 ANNALS OF IOWA

28 NOTES ON

chinery. Two saw-mills are already erected upon it, and
more machinery will probably follow. There is some ex-
cellent land about the head of this creek, and good timber
throughout its length. There is no navigation in it, ex-
cept where it connects with a slue of the river, one or two
miles long. Extensive settlements have been made on this
creek, and a town has been laid out near its source. It
was one of the first sections in attracting the attention of
emigrants.

IOWA RIVER has been usually much less esteemed than
its advantages deserve. It is the largest tributary of the
Mississippi above the Illinois, and probably affords more
water than that river. It takes its rise among the innu-
merable lakes in the high flat country which divides the
waters which run north-west into the Saint Peter's river,
from those which run south-east into the Mississippi. This
high country is a continuation of that which, being inter-
sected by the action of the current, overhangs the Missis-
sippi below Lake Pepin, and is there called "The High-
lands." Having its source in these lakes, the river is
perennially supplied with pure and limpid water, and as
it meanders its way for 300 miles to the Father of Wa-
ters, receiving large tributary streams, as it moves along
through rich meadows, deep forests, projecting cliffs, and
sloping landscapes, it presents to the imagination the finest
picture on earth of a country prepared by Providence for
the habitation of man.

There are two principal branches of this river. That
marked on the map as "Iowa or Red-Cedar," is by far
the largest of the two. It is usually called "Red-Cedar
Fork," and is so designated in the treaty of purchase of
the District; but as that part of the river below the junc-
tion of this fork with the other is universally called Iowa;
and as there is some confusion about the name of Red-Ce-
dar, other streams being called by the same name, I have
affixed the name of the united stream to the main tributa-
ry. The river marked on the map as "Bison R. usually
called Iowa River'' is sometimes called Horse River, and

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 143

WISCONSIN 29

sometimes Buffalo River. It is little known, and therefore
I can say nothing of that part of it above the District line,
except that tourists report the country along it, as well as
all that between the Des Moines and Mississippi, as ex-
ceedingly beautiful and fertile. Major Gordon, who passed
through it in August, 1835, and who has travelled exten-
sively, says that "In point of beauty and fertility it is un-
surpassed by any portion of the United States."

About the mouth of the Iowa, the country is flat, and
is frequently flooded. It is two miles from the mouth to
the bluffs, on one side, and about seven miles on the other
side; and for a long way up both the forks, far above the
line of the District, the river runs through a deep valley
which it has gradually hollowed out for itself. From the
mouth to the forks, this valley is full a mile in width, and
above that, it is divided between the two streams. The
river oscillates from side to side of this low ground, pre-
senting alternately flats and bluffs. The high grounds in
rear of the bottoms are sometimes precipitous and some-
times sloping, but uniformly about 200 feet high, and are
frequently crowned with fine forests of oak and hickory.
The current is rapid; sand-bars and snags are frequent;
and the channel often changes position. In these respects,
it is said much to resemble the Missouri river. It is be-
lieved that the main river can be easily navigated, during
three or four months of the year, by steam-boats of light
draught, as far up as some rapids near Poiskeik's village,
a distance of 100 miles. These rapids are caused by the
same ledge of rocks which makes the rapids of the Mis-
sissippi at Rock-Island: and the same ledge probably af-
fects the Bison River. This obstruction once passed, boats
will run with ease about 100 miles further to the mouth of
Shell-Rock river, near the Neutral Grounds. By reference
to the map, the reader will see where the dragoons crossed
it last summer. At the lower crossing on a rocky rapid,
it was two and a half feet deep; and at the upper crossing,
not far from the lakes where it rises, it was 45 yards wide
and four and a half feet deep: but here the current is very
sluggish, and the size of the stream here does not indicate

3*

144 ANNALS OP IOWA

30 NOTES ON

its size below. It is probable that the lower crossing is
about the smallest part of the river; and if so, keel-boats
may ascend it to its very source.

The Bottoms along the river are usually prairie, and
somewhat inclined to be sandy; but they are said to be
admirably adapted to the growing of maize. The uplands
are rich and dry. Extensive forests skirt the river and all
its tributaries; fine springs are abundant; the smaller
creeks afford good mill-sites; and there appears to be lit-
tle left to be desired. The advantages of this region are
marked by the fact, that the whole tribe of the Sauks and
Poxes was congregated here, until after the sale of the
District in 1832, although, as is shown by the map, they
had almost a boundless region from which to select the
sites for their villages, and their hunting grounds.

THE INDIAN RESERVE, designated on the map, contains
400 square miles, and was laid off to include Keokuk's
old village. The Indians, finding themselves uncomforta-
ble so near the whites, are all moving over to the Des
Moines; and deeming this Reserve of no use to them, they
are anxious to sell it. The Government has already taken
measures to make the necessary treaty; and the Reserve
may now be regarded as subject to settlement; in fact,
many have already gone upon it; and every day adds to
their number. But this Reserve has heretofore prevented
many from settling upon the Iowa, as it was uncertain
where the boundaries would be, and it was not known
that it would soon be purchased. Now, however, the tide
of emigration seems to be running chiefly towards the
Iowa country.

THE MUSCATINE SLUE is about 80 yards wide, except
where it spreads out, here and there, into small lakes; its
current is gentle, and it affords a channel of about 4 feet
in depth. And as the land around the exterior of the
curve is exceedingly fertile, boats will probably run along
the slue to carry off its rich productions. The island is a
continuous marsh, and of course must give rise to much

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 145

WISCONSIN 31

malaria; but it is well adapted to the grazing of cattle
during the summer and autumn. The point at the head of
this sluice may be considered the ultima thule of the
sickly region of the Mississippi; above this, the atmo-
sphere is as pure and wholesome as that of any other cli-
mate in the world.

PINE RIVER. Instead of a large stream and a great
forest of pines, as one would expect from this name, there
is only a small creek and about twenty trees to be found.
Though the creek be small, being fed by springs, it is con-
stant; and having great fall, it affords good sites for* ma-
chinery; and it has also good land and good timber upon
its borders. The bluff, which is to be found all along the
Mississippi, either overhanging the water, or separated
from it by flat grounds, or sloping down to the water's
edge, here assumes the latter character; and on one side
of the Pine is a fine sloping prairie, and on the other an
open grove of oak. In this general slope, time has worn
a wide and deep ravine, through which Pine River finds
its way to the Mississippi. About one mile above the
mouth, the Pine meets the back water from the Missis-
sippi, and grows deeper and wider to the mouth; 600 yards
above which, it is fifty yards wide, and five and a half feet
deep; it affords a most excellent harbour for boats; the
banks are sloping, and the landings on either side are
convenient.

From the Pine up to the Wabesapinica, there are nu-
merous creeks that empty into the Mississippi; some of
them afford good water power; all of them have more or
less timber along them; and as they rise far back in the
prairie, and interlock with others running into the Iowa
and Wabesapinica, there is no part of the large and fertile
tract, lying between these three rivers, that is not conve-
niently supplied with timber. It is from the mouth of
Pine river upward, that the beautiful country of the Mis-
sissippi begins to show itself.

146 ANNALS OF IOWA

32 NOTES ON

WAKES APIXICA RIVER. Of this stream I can only speak
in the most general manner. About 30 miles above its
mouth, it is 70 yards wide; and as it is unusually deep
for its width, and no obstructions are known in it, it is
probable that it will be navigated for many miles. Two
men ascended it last summer about 200 miles in a ca-
noe. It is said that there are very fine lands upon it; but
that here, the timber begins to grow scarcer than on the
Iowa; and that between it and the Great Mequoquetois,
the soil is less productive.

GREAT MEQUOQUETOIS. This stream may be considered
as the southern boundary of the mineral lands. I have a
specimen of the ore of copper from this river, supposed to
be valuable; and it is asserted that a very large body of
it has been found, some days march up the river. There
is a large swamp between this stream and the Wabesapi-
nica; but what may be the particular character of the soil
upon the Mequoquetois itself, I know not. It would be
difficult, however, to find inferior soil over any large por-
tion of this country. On a branch of this stream, within
a short distance of navigable water, there is said to be
very great water power, which is yet unoccupied.

TETES DES MORTS RIVER. Again the good farming
land re-appears upon this stream. The timber also is
found in sufficient quantities for agricultural purposes;
and there is good water power at various places along it.
Lead ore is abundant on both sides of it, though the min-
ing operations have not yet been extended thus far from
Du Baque.

CATICHE CREEK. This is a beautiful little stream, af-
fording fine woods, rich lands, good water-power, and is
very desirable for residences, on account of the numerous
springs of fine water by which it is supplied.

CATFISH CREEK. The same remarks will apply to this
creek as to the preceding, with the addition, that it Is

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 147

WISCONSIN 33

much larger, and possesses the same advantages in a
greater degree.

LITTLE MEQUOQUETOIS. This stream has been a favour-
ite among the enterprising people who have settled on the
west side of the Mississippi. Its stream is clear and ra-
pid, affording several good sites for machinery, through-
out the greater part of its course. It affords a depth of
fifteen feet for two and a half miles above the mouth, and
is wide enough to admit that far the largest boats that na-
vigate the Upper Mississippi. The fertile lands on its
borders are said to be extensive; and it affords large
forests, also, composed chiefly of oak, walnut, ash, and
cherry.

PEXACA OR TURKEY RIVER. The Turkey river is navi-
gable about thirty miles, for any steam-boat on the Upper
Mississippi. The finest soil, the finest timber, and the
finest mines are to be found on this river of all that lie
within the mining region. For agricultural purposes
alone, it is highly desirable; but if the mineral wealth be-
neath the soil be considered, it is not wonderful that
crowds of emigrants should be hastening to It, as thej
now are.

This stream and its tributaries traverse the north-west-
ern part of the region heretofore ascertained to afford ga-
lena; but from observations made by myself and others as
far north as Wabashaw's Village, I have no doubt that this
mineral will be found to extend over a portion of the ter-
ritory vastly larger than has heretofore been supposed.

148 ANNALS OF IOWA

34 NOTES ON

CHAPTER III.

Remarks upon Towns, Landings, and Roads.

In this embryo State, those interested are anxiously
looking out for places where are to be the future cities to
do 'the trade and manufacturing of the country. I propose
making a few remarks upon places that have attracted
most attention.

WARSAW, situated in Hancock County, Illinois, on the
east bank of the Mississippi, immediately opposite the
mouth of the Des Moines, is destined to do all the forward-
ing trade of that river. There is no place on the Des
Moines itself, within less than 14 miles of the mouth,
where a town can be built. On the west side of the Mis-
sissippi, below the mouth, the ground is too low and sub-
ject to be flooded: and above the mouth, on the same side,
it is three or four miles before you can reach suitable
ground for building. As the current of the river is very
strong, this distance would effectually prevent the ascent
of flat boats to that point; whereas, they might easily
cross the river to the opposite town. Warsaw will be a
place of considerable business, derived from its own back
country, and being so conveniently situated for the trade
of the Des Moines, the two together must make it an im-
portant town.

It is situated in part under, and in part upon the bluff,
which is abrupt and about 200 feet high. The convenient
space for building near the water is quite limited; but
there is ample room, for the town to spread upon the hill,
and the ascent from the river is easy. Pew buildings are
yet erected; but the public attention has been recently
much directed to the place, and it is beginning to grow

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 149

WISCONSIN 35

rapidly. Water lots sold there, in the autumn of 1835, at
the rate of ten dollars per foot; but the building lots on
the hill are yet sold at very low rates. The proprietors
are men of character and respectability, and give indis-
putable titles to lots.

KEOKTJK is situated on the west bank of the Mississippi,
near the foot of the Lower Rapids, and derives its chief
importance from that obstruction. Boats stop here to
change their freight; and sometimes they store their car-
goes to await a rise in the water. When the Half-Breed
lands were surveyed, a mile square was laid off here for a
town-site, and it is understood that this is to be held in
common by all the claimants to these lands. It was ex-
pected that large storages would be made at this place
for all the trade of that part of the Mississippi lying above
these rapids; but as the means of obviating the difficulties
caused by them are improved, the less will this trade con-
tribute to the growth of this town. It has a small back
country along the Mississippi opposite the rapids, and
on the Des Moines and Sugar Creek. No fee-simple titles
to lots can yet be procured, as the town site is subject to
the same difficulties as the Half-Breed tract generally.

FORT D'ES MOINES. There is a good landing here, a
fine site for a town, and some good farming lands around.
Being situated just at the head of the rapids, it is the
most convenient place for the larger boats to change their
freight to and from the smaller boats that take it over the
rapids. It is said to have been the site of an old French
village; and there are some remains of such a settlement.
This spot is at present occupied by a detachment of the
United States Dragoons; but it is probable that the post
will soon be abandoned; and then it will be subject to oc-
cupation, as are other Half-Breed lands.

MADISON. This is the site of old Fort Madison, which
was abandoned by its garrison and burnt during the last
war with Britain. Nature seems to have designed this

150 ANNALS OF IOWA

36 NOTES ON

place for the trade of an extensive back country. It has
an excellent landing, the only good one from Fort Des
Moines to Burlington; and the locality is well adapted to
an extensive city. By casting the eye on the map, it will
be perceived that all that fine country between the Des
Moines and Chacaqua rivers must do its import and ex-
port business at this point. This place was laid out in
lots in November, 1835; the lots were immediately sold
out, and building is now rapidly progressing.

BURLIXGTOX. This place has a good landing, and a to-
lerable site for building. There is a fine quarry of sand-
stone within the town. The first settlement was made
here in 1833, and the town was laid out in 1834. It con-
tained about 400 inhabitants at the close of 1835, and lots
of 60 feet front, in the best situations, were then selling as
high as fifteen hundred dollars. The country back of this
town of yesterday, has the appearance of an old settled re-
gion. Here are farms containing as much as 350 acres
under cultivation, in places where a plough had never
been a year before. As there is no other convenient site
for a town on the Mississippi, between the Chacaqua and
Iowa rivers, an inspection of the map will show a large
and fertile region that must necessarily do all its trading
at Burlington. It is at present the seat of justice of Des
Moines County.

There are several sites for towns spoken of about the
mouth of the Iowa; but none of these places can have
any importance; as I deem it certain that there can be
no town of magnitude near the Mississippi, unless it be
on the Mississippi, except in very peculiar cases, such as
that of Galena in the Lead Mines.

NEW BOSTON, situated on the Illinois shore, opposite to
the mouth of the Iowa, will do the forwarding business of
that river, as Warsaw will that of the Des Moines, and for
similar reasons. This place has a good landing and a
fine harbour; but its site is excessively sandy, and the
stagnant water in the vicinity renders it unhealthy.

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 151

WISCONSIN 37

KASEY'S. A gentleman of this name intends laying out
a town at the head of the Muscatine Slue. The place
possesses the advantages of an excellent landing, and of a
fine- back country; but the bluff, probably 200 feet high,
approaches the river very abruptly, allowing little room
for building below it, and rendering difficult the ascent to
the level ground above. The contiguity of the swamps of
the Muscatine Island and of Sturgeon Bay, will have a
tendency to create much disease at this point. Notwith-
standing these disadvantages, it must be a place of con-
siderable trade; as it is the first place above Burlington,
where a town can be built on the west bank of the Mis-
sissippi, thus leaving an interval between these two places
of forty miles on the river.

IOWA. This is the name of a town to be laid out at the
mouth of Pine river, about 330 miles above Saint Louis.
From its situation at the apex of a great bend in the Mis-
sissippi, it is central to a large district of country; and the
near approach of the Iowa river just back of it, brings all
the settlements along a great part of that stream, within
a short distance of this place. It possesses the most con-
venient landing from Burlington to the head of the Upper
Rapids; and no place could be better adapted to the erec-
tion of buildings. The harbour of Pine river runs through
the town, affording good landings on both sides; and
boats may land any where on the Mississippi shore, for a
mile and a half above the mouth of Pine. This will be
the point of deposit for the trade of the country included
between the Iowa, Wabesapinica, and Mississippi; and
for the disembarkation of emigrants going to that region.
But a simple inspection of the map is sufficient to show
its' general advantages of position. Its local conveniences
are, its landing, its harbour, its fine sloping grounds, its
good water, its water-power, its timber, and its building-
stone.

As soon as the Legislative Council of Wisconsin shall
be assembled, the District will be re-divided into counties;
and Madison and Iowa will probably be made county

4

152 ANNALS OF IOWA

38 NOTES ON

towns. Should the seat of Government of the future State
of Iowa be located on the Mississippi, it would probably
be fixed at Iowa, owing to the central position and com-
mercial advantages of that place; and if it be located in
the interior, it must be near the Iowa river, as the
weight of population will be there; and then the town of
Iowa will be the nearest port on the Mississippi to the
Capital of the State. There are some of the most beauti-
ful sites for private residences between this and Rock
Island, that can be desired; Nature here has made her
finest display of gay and cheerful beauty.

THBOCKMORTON'S LANDING. About six miles above Iowa
is the next landing; and it is said to be a very convenient
one. This point is stated by the surveyor of the boundary
line of the purchase, to be just forty miles from the angle
of that line on the Iowa river. It is a handsome place,
and belongs to a worthy man, who knows how to prize its
value.

CLARK'S FERRY. This is the most convenient place to
cross the Mississippi, that I have seen any where between
the Balize and Prairie du Chien. Nature seems to have
designed it for a great crossing place, by arranging good
banks just opposite to an opening in the islands, and at a
point where a good ferry would naturally be much want-
ed. All persons coming from the direction of the Illinois
river to the great Mining Region of the Iowa District, or
passing toward the Capital of the future State of Iowa,
would naturally cross the Mississippi at this ferry. Were
the landing good on the west side, there would certainly
be a large town there, instead of the site at the mouth of
Pine river.

DAVENPORT. This is a town just laid out on a Reserve
belonging to Antoine Leclair; and as he has the fee-sim-
ple title to his Reserve, the titles to lots sold here are
subject to no difficulty whatever. It is nearly opposite to
the lower end of Rock-Island, about 350 miles by water,

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 153

WISCONSIN 39

above Saint Louis, and is situated on high ground, with a
beautiful range of sloping hills running in the rear of it.
The 'town of Stephenson, the mouth of Rock river, the
picturesque works on Rock-Island, and Leclair's house
and plantation, are all within full view of this point Its
situation is certainly delightful, so far as beauty and
health are concerned; but there is doubt as to the conve-
nience of landing. Its position, near the foot of the Ra-
pids, where navigation is much obstructed, will cause it
to be resorted to as a place of shipment, both for persons
and freight. Water-power, building stone, and bituminous
coal are convenient, and abundance of excellent timber is
to be found on the hills and creeks of the vicinity.

The town has been laid out on a liberal scale, with a
view to its becoming a large city. Three public squares
have been reserved from sale, one of which, it is supposed
by the proprietors, will be occupied by the public build-
ings of the future State of Iowa; for they confidently pre-
dict that the seat of Government of this forth-coming
commonwealth will be no other than the city of Daven-
port itself. Nous verrons.

PARKHURST. Of this place, not yet laid out, it is suffi-
cient to say that the site is beautiful, the landing good,
building material convenient, and the back country fine.
There is nothing wanting to make it a town but the peo-
ple and the houses, and these will soon be there. Its po-
sition at the head of the Rapids will throw a little more
trade and storage there, than it would otherwise have. A
good deal of the trade of the Wabesapinica will find a
port at Parkhurst; and many persons, emigrating from
Illinois and the Lakes, will pass by this route.

BELLEVTJE. This place has a good landing, where boats
approach close to shore for one and a half miles above the
mouth of the Tetes des Morts. There is no room for
building near the water's edge, in consequence of the prox-
imity of the bluff to the river; but an easy ascent may
be effected from the landing to the heights, where there

154 ANNALS OP IOWA

40 NOTES ON

is no want of space for a town of any magnitude. The
prairie runs back from the river about one mile; and in
rear of that again there is open woods for several miles.
Pine white limestone, approaching marble, is found abun-
dantly in this bluff; and a saw-mill at hand affords lum-
ber convenient for building. There is a good ferry al-
ready established; and the mineral and agricultural re-
sources of the contiguous region are attracting many emi-
grants. The town was laid out in 1835, and immediately
after several houses were erected, and lots sold at prices
varying from one to two dollars per foot. It must soon
be a place of much trade.

CATFISH. This is a little place laid out in 1832, on a
piece of flat ground, containing about fifteen acres, and
hemmed in on all sides by a precipitous rocky bluff, the
Mississippi, and the creek of the same name. It pos-
sesses great advantages in the richness of the contiguous
mines, has a good landing, a mill near at hand, and is
withal a very busy little place. It takes its name from
the quantities of catfish that are found in the sluggish
water at the mouth of the creek.

RIPROW. Here are mines along the sloping hill side;
where, as you sweep along the Mississippi on the noisy
steamer, you may see the hardy miners, as they tear the
lead from the bowels of the earth. Here, too, are some of
the finest smelting establishments in the world. The land-
ing is good, and fuel and building materials are conve-
nient. Several stores are already established about the
furnaces, though no grounds have yet been laid off for sale
as town lots.

DU BUQUE. This is the centre of the Mining Region
of the Iowa District. The operations in these mines were
commenced in the year 1832, when the country was still
in the possession of the Indians; and in 1833, after the
acquisition of the District by the United States, the town
was laid out and permanently settled. It contained in the

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 155

WISCONSIN 41

autumn of 1835, about twenty-five dry good stores, nu-
merous groceries, four taverns, a court-house, a jail, and
three churches. One of these, the Catholic, is a beautiful
little building. Ten steam-boats, which run between this
and Saint Louis, are partly owned here; and there is also
here a steam-ferry-boat. The site of the town is very
handsome, and building materials and fuel are convenient.
The surrounding country is as fertile in grain and grass
as productive in mineral.

In the autumn of 1835, the population was about 1,200
and was rapidly increasing. The people of this town are
exceedingly active and enterprising, carrying on an ex-
tensive trade in the products of their mines, and in sup-
plying the miners with the necessaries and comforts of life.
Every thing here is in a nourishing condition, for all la-
bour is well paid.

As the lands yet belong to the United States, and no
regulations have been made in relation to the working of
the mines, they are subject to the occupation of any one
who may think proper to take possession. New deposits
are discovered daily, and there are doubtless others yet to
be found as rich as any already explored. The miners
here pay no tribute, as they do at the mines about Galena;
nor will they be called on to do so, until the country shall
be surveyed and brought into market; and in the mean-
time, the settler may make money enough to pay for
many quarter sections of land.

THE ART OF MINING is said to be more skilfully prac-
tised at these mines than in any other part of the world.
Here are capital, western enterprise, foreign experience,
and Yankee ingenuity combined; and they have brought
to their assistance the powers of both water and steam.
The smelting establishments have recently been much im-
proved, and are now conducted with scientific accuracy,
yielding seventy or eighty per cent of lead from the na-
tive sulphuret.

PERU. On the south of the Little Nequoquetois, a

4*

156 ANNALS OP IOWA

42 NOTES ON

strip of low ground, about a mile wide and covered with
timber, separates the high ground from the Mississippi;
but boats readily run up the stream to the heights, where
is beautifully situated, on rolling ground, the town of
Peru, so named from the richness of the mines by which
it is surrounded. It has beauty of situation, richness of
surrounding soil, great mineral wealth in its vicinity, con-
venience of wood, stone and lumber, and every thing that
could be desired for a town in this climate, except that it
is not exactly on the Mississippi. Nevertheless, Peru
must be a place of much trade in the products of the con-
tiguous mines.

There are many smaller towns, and sites for towns in
expectation, not mentioned in these notes. Some of these
places deserve a particular description; but it is not in
the power of the author to give it, for want of sufficient
information.

ROADS. The natural surface of the ground is the only
road yet to be found in Iowa District; and such is the na-
ture of the soil, that in dry weather we need no other.
The country being so very open and free from mountains,
artificial roads are little required. A few trees taken out
of the way, where the routes much travelled traverse the
narrow woods, and a few bridges thrown over the deeper
creeks, is all the work necessary to give good roads in
any direction.

A post-route has been established from Saint Louis to
Du Buque, passing by the west side of the Mississippi;
and it is quite probable, that by the first of September
next, post coaches, drawn by four horses, will be running
regularly through that route.

It may appear to some unacquainted with the charac-
ter of our western people, and not apprized of the rapid
growth of this country, that some of my descriptions and
predictions are fanciful; but if there be error in them, it
is rather that the truth is not fully expressed than that it
is transcended.

NOTES

THE WISCONSIN TERRITOR

HILADELPHA

Facsimile of cover of Lea's "Notes on Wisconsin Territory" owned by
the Historical Department of Iowa.

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 157

WISCONSIN 43

AN ACT

For establishing the Territorial Government
of Wisconsin.

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of America in Con-
gress assembled, That from and after the third day of July
next, the country included within the following boundaries
shall constitute a separate Territory, for the purposes of
temporary government, by the name of Wisconsin; that is
to say: Bounded on the east, by a line drawn from the
north-east corner of the State of Illinois, through the mid-
dle of Lake Michigan, to a point in the middle of said lake,
and opposite the main channel of Green Bay, and through
said channel and Green Bay to the mouth of the Menomo-
nie river; thence through the middle of the main channel
of said river, to that head of said river nearest to the Lake
of the Desert; thence in a direct line, to the middle of
said lake; thence through the middle of the main channel
of the Montreal river, to its mouth; thence with a direct
line across Lake Superior, to where the territorial line of
the United States touches said lake north-west; thence on
the north, with the said territorial line, to the White-earth
river; on the west, by a line from the said boundary line
following down the middle of the main channel of White-
earth river,, to the Missouri river, and down the middle of
the main channel of the Missouri river to a point due west
from the north-west corner of the state of Missouri; and
on the south, from said point, due east to the north-west
corner of the state of Missouri; and thence with the boun-
daries of the States of Missouri and Illinois, as already
fixed by act of Congress. And after the said third day of

158 ANNALS OF IOWA

44 NOTES ON

July next, all power and authority of the Government of
Michigan in and over the territory hereby constituted, shall
cease; Provided, That nothing in this act contained shall
be construed to impair the rights of person or property now
appertaining to any Indians within the said Territory, so
long as such rights shall remain unextinguished by treaty
between the United States and such Indians, or to impair
the obligations of any treaty now existing between the
United States and such Indians, or to impair or anywise to
affect the authority of the Government of the United States
to make any regulations respecting such Indians, their
lands, property, or other rights, by treaty, or law, or other-
wise, which it would have been competent to the Govern-
ment to make if this act had never been passed: Provided,
That nothing in this act contained shall be construed to in-
hibit the Government of the United States from dividing the
territory hereby established into one or more other Territo-
ries, in such manner, and at such times, as Congress shall
in its discretion, deem convenient and proper, or from at-
taching any portion of said Territory to any other State
or Territory of the United States.

SEC. 2. And ~be it further enacted, That the Execu-
tive power and authority in and over the said Territory
shall be vested in a Governor, who shall hold his office for
three years, unless sooner removed by the President of the
United States. The Governor shall reside within the said
Territory, shall be commander-in-chief of the militia there-
of, shall perform the duties and receive the emoluments of
superintendent of Indian affairs, and shall approve of all
laws passed by the Legislative Assembly before they shall
take effect; he may grant pardons for offences against the
laws of the said Territory, and reprieves for offences against
the laws of the United States, until the decision of the Pre-
sident can be made known thereon; he shall commission
all officers who shall be appointed to office under the laws
of the said Territory, and shall take care that the laws be
faithfully executed.

SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That there shall

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 159

WISCONSIN 45

be a Secretary of the said Territory, who shall reside therein,
and hold his office for four years, unless sooner removed by
the President of the United States; he shall record and pre-
serve all the laws and proceedings of the Legislative Assem-
bly hereinafter constituted; and all the acts and proceedings
of the Governor in his executive department; he shall trans-
mit one copy of the laws and one copy of the Executive pro-
ceedings, on or before the first Monday in December in each
year, to the President of the United States; and at the same
time, two copies of the laws to the Speaker of the House of
Representatives, for the use of Congress. And in case of
the death, removal, resignation, or necessary absence of the
Governor from the Territory, the Secretary shall have and
he is hereby authorized and required to execute and per-
form, all the powers and duties of the Governor during
such vacancy or necessary absence.

SEC. 4. And be it further enacted, That the Legisla-
tive power shall be vested in the Governor and a Legisla-
tive Assembly. The Legislative Assembly shall consist of
a Council and House of Representatives. The Council
shall consist of thirteen members, having the qualifications
of voters as hereinafter described, whose term of service
shall continue four years. The House of Representatives
shall consist of twenty-six members, possessing the same
qualifications as prescribed for the members of the Coun-
cil, and whose term of service shall continue two years.
An apportionment shall be made, as nearly equal as prac-
ticable, among the several counties, for the election of the
Council and Representatives, giving to each section of the
Territory representation in the ratio of its population, In-
dians excepted, as nearly as may be. And the said mem-
bers of the Council and House of Representatives shall
reside in and be inhabitants of the district for which they
may be elected. Previous to the first election, the Gover-
nor of the Territory shall cause the census or enumeration
of the inhabitants of the several counties in the Territory
to be taken and made by the sheriffs of the said counties,
respectively, and returns thereof made by said sheriffs to

4**

160 ANNALS OP IOWA

46 NOTES ON

the Governor. The first election shall be held at such
time and place, and be conducted in such manner, as the
Governor shall appoint and direct; and he shall, at the
same time,, declare the number of members of the Council
and House of Representatives to which each of the coun-
ties is entitled under this act. The number of persons
authorized to be elected having the greatest number of
votes in each of the said counties for the Council, shall be
declared, by the said Governor, to be duly elected to the
said Council; and the person or persons having the great-
est number of votes for the House of Representatives, equal
to the number to which each county may be entitled, shall
also be declared, by the Governor, to be duly elected; Pro-
vided, The Governor shall order a new election when
there is a tie between two or more persons voted for, to
supply the vacancy made by such tie. And the persons
thus elected to the Legislative Assembly shall meet at
such place on such day as he shall appoint; but thereaf-
ter, the time, place, and manner of holding and conducting
all elections by the people, and the apportioning the repre-
sentation in the several counties to the Council and House
of Representatives, according to population, shall be pre-
scribed by law, as well as the day of the annual commence-
ment of the session of the said Legislative Assembly; but.
no session, in any year, shall exceed the term of seventy-
five days.

SEC. 5. And ~be it further enacted, That every free white
male citizen of the United States, above the age of twenty-
one years, who shall have been an inhabitant of said Ter-
ritory at the time of its organization, shall be entitled to -
vote at the first election, and shall be eligible to any office
within the said Territory; but the qualifications of voters
at all subsequent elections shall be such as shall be deter-
mined by the Legislative Assembly; Provided, That the
right of suffrage shall be exercised only by citizens of the
United States.

SEC. 6. And le it further enacted, That the Legisla-
tive power of the Territory shall extend to all rightful sub-

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 161

WISCONSIN 47

jects of legislation; but no law shall be passed interfering
with the primary disposal of the soil; no tax shall be im-
posed upon the property of the United States; nor shall
the lands or other property of non-residents be taxed higher
than the lands or other property of residents. All the laws
of the Governor and Legislative Assembly shall be sub-
mitted to, and if .disapproved by the Congress of the Unit-
ed States, the same shall be null and of no effect.

SEC. 7. And be it further enacted, That all township
officers, and all county officers, except judicial officers, jus-
tices of the peace, sheriffs, and clerks of courts, shall be
elected by the people, in such manner as may be provided
by the Governor and Legislative Assembly. . The Gover-
nor shall nominate, and by and with the advice and con-
sent of the Legislative Council, shall appoint, all judicial
officers, justices of the peace, sheriffs, and all militia offi-
cers, except those of the staff, and all civil officers not
herein provided for. Vacancies occurring in the recess of
the Council shall be filled by appointments from the Go-
vernor, which shall expire at the end of the next session
of the Legislative Assembly, but the said Governor may
appoint, in the first instance, the aforesaid officers, who
shall hold their offices until the end of the next session of
the said Legislative Assembly.

SEC. 8. And be it further enacted, That no member of
the Legislative Assembly shall hold or be appointed to any
office created, or the salary or emoluments of which shall
have been increased, whilst he was a member, during the
term for which he shall have been elected, and for one
year after the expiration of such term; and no person hold-
ing a commission under the United States, or any of its
officers, except as a militia officer, shall be a member of
the said Council, or shall hold any office under the Go-
vernment of the said Territory.

•SEC. 9. And be it further enacted, That -the Judicial
power of the said Territory shall be vested in a supreme
court, district court, probate courts, and in justices of the
peace. The supreme court shall consist of a chief justice

162 ANNALS OF IOWA

48 NOTES ON

and two associate judges, any two of whom shall be a quo-
rum, and who shall hold a term at the seat of Government
of the said Territory, annually, and they shall hold their
offices during good behavior. The said Territory shall
be divided into three judicial districts; and a district court
or courts shall be held in each of the three districts, by one
of the judges of the supreme court, at, such times and
places as may be prescribed by law. The jurisdiction of
the several courts herein provided for, both appellate and
original, and that of the probate courts, and of the justices
of the peace, shall be as limited by law: Provided, How-
ever, That justices of the peace shall not have jurisdiction
of any matter of controversy, when the title of boundaries
of land may be in dispute, or where the debt or sum claim-
ed exceeds fifty dollars. And the said supreme and dis-
trict courts, respectively, shall possess chancery as well as
common law jurisdiction. Each district court shall appoint
its clerk, who shall keep his office at the place where the
court may be held, and the said clerks shall also be the
registers in chancery; and any vacancy in said office of
clerk happening in the vacation of said court, may be filled
by the judge of said district, which appointment shall con-
tinue until the next term of said court. And writs of er-
ror, bills of exception, and appeals in chancery causes, shall
be allowed in all cases from the final decisions of said dis-
trict courts to the supreme court, under such regulations as
may be prescribed by law; but in no case removed to the
supreme court, shall a trial by jury be allowed in said
court. The supreme court may appoint its own clerk,
and every clerk shall hold his office at the pleasure of the
court by which he shall have been appointed. And writs
of error and appeals from the final decisions of the said
supreme court shall be allowed and taken to the Supreme
Court of the United States in the same manner, and under
the same regulations, as from the circuit courts of the
United States, where the value of the property, or the
amount in controversy, to be ascertained by the oath or
affirmation of either party, shall exceed one thousand dol-

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 163

WISCONSIN 49

lars. And each of the said district courts shall have and
exercise the same jurisdiction, in all cases arising under
the constitution and laws of the United States, as is vested
in the circuit and district courts of the United States. And
the first six days of every term of the said courts, or so
much thereof as shall be necessary, shall be appropriated
to the trial of causes arising under the said constitution
and laws. And writs of error, and appeals from the final
decisions of the said courts, in all such cases, shall be
made to the supreme court of the Territory, in the same
manner as in other cases. The said clerks shall receive,
in all such cases, the same fees which the clerk of the dis-
trict court of the United States in the northern district of
the State of New York receives for similar services.

SEC. 10. And be it further enacted, That there shall be
an attorney for the said Territory appointed, who shall
continue in office four years, unless sooner removed by the
President, and who shall receive the same fees and salary
as the attorney of the United States for the Michigan
Territory. There shall also be a marshal for the Territory
appointed, who shall hold his office for four years, unless
sooner removed by the President, who shall execute all
process issuing from the said courts when exercising their
jurisdiction as circuit and district courts of the United
States. He shall perform the same duties, be subject to
the same regulations and penalties, and be entitled to the
same fees, as the marshal of the district court of the Unit-
ed States for the northern district of the State of New
York; and shall, in addition, be paid the sum of two hun-
dred dollars, annually, as a compensation for extra ser-
vices.

SEC. 11. And ~be it further enacted, That the Governor,
Secretary, Chief Justice and Associate Judges, Attorney,
and Marshal, shall be nominated, and, by and with the
advice and consent of the Senate, appointed by the Presi-
dent of the United States. The Governor and Secretary,
to be appointed as aforesaid, shall, before they act as such,
respectively take an oath or affirmation before some judge
or justice of the peace in the existing Territory of Michi-

164 ANNALS OF IOWA

50 NOTES ON

gan, duly commissioned and qualified to administer an
oath or affirmation, to support the Constitution of the
United States, and for the faithful discharge of the duties
of their respective offices; which said oaths, when so
taken, shall be certified by the person before whom the
same shall have been taken, and such certificate shall be
received and recorded by the said Secretary among the
Executive proceedings. And, afterwards, the Chief Jus-
tice and Associate Judges, and all other civil officers in
said Territory, before they act as such, shall take a like
oath or affirmation before the said Governor or Secretary,
or some judge or justice of the Territory who may be duly
commissioned and qualified, which said oath or affirma-
tion shall be certified and transmitted by the person tak-
ing the same to the Secretary, to be by him recorded as
aforesaid; and, afterwards, the like oath or affirmation
shall be taken, certified, and recorded, in such manner and
form as may be prescribed by law. The Governor shall re-
ceive an annual salary of two thousand five hundred dol-
lars for his services as Governor, and as superintendent of
Indian Affairs. The said Chief Justice and Associate
Judges shall each receive an annual salary of eighteen
hundred dollars. The Secretary shall receive an annual
salary of twelve hundred dollars. The said salaries shall
be paid quarter-yearly, at the Treasury of the United
States. The members of the Legislative Assembly shall
be entitled to receive three dollars each per day, during
their attendance at the sessions thereof; and three dollars
each for every twenty miles' travel in going to, and re-
turning from, the said sessions, estimated according to the
nearest usually travelled route. There shall be appropri-
ated, annually, the sum of three hundred and fifty dollars,
to be expended by the Governor to defray the contingent
expenses of the Territory; and there shall also be appro-
priated, annually, a sufficient sum, to be expended by the
Secretary of the Territory, and upon an estimate to be
made by the Secretary of the Treasury of the United
States, to defray the expenses of the Legislative Assem-
bly, the printing of the laws, and other incidental expenses;

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 165

WISCONSIN. 51

and the Secretary of the Territory shall annually account
to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States for
the manner in which the aforesaid sum shall have been
expended.

SEC. 12. And be it further enacted, That the inhabitants
of the said Territory shall be entitled to, and enjoy, all
and singular the rights, privileges, and advantages, grant-
ed and secured to the people of the Territory of the Unit-
ed States north-west of the river Ohio, by the articles of
the compact contained in the ordinance for the govern-
ment of the said Territory, passed on the thirteenth day
of July, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven;
and shall be subject to all the conditions and restrictions
and prohibitions in said articles of compact imposed upon
the people of the said Territory. The said inhabitants
shall also be entitled to all the rights, privileges, and im-
munities heretofore granted and secured to the Territory
of Michigan, and to its inhabitants, and the existing laws
of the Territory of Michigan shall be extended over said
Territory, so far as the same be not incompatible with the
provisions of this act, subject, nevertheless, to be altered,
modified, or repealed, by the Governor and Legislative
Assembly of the said Territory of Wisconsin; and further,
the laws of the United States are hereby extended over,
and shall be in force in, said Territory, so far as the
same, or any provisions thereof, may be applicable.

SEC. 13. And ~be it further enacted, That the Legislative
Assembly of the Territory of Wisconsin shall hold its
first session at such time and place in said Territory as
the Governor thereof shall appoint and direct; and at said
session, or as soon thereafter as may by them be deemed
expedient, the said Governor and Legislative Assembly
shall proceed to locate and establish the seat of Govern-
ment for said Territory, at such place as they may deem
eligible, which place, however, shall thereafter be subject
to be changed by the said Governor and Legislative As-
sembly. And twenty thousand dollars, to be paid out of
any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, is
hereby given to the said Territory, which shall be applied

166 ANNALS OF IOWA

52 NOTES ON

by the Governor and Legislative Assembly to defray the
expenses of erecting public buildings at the seat of Go-
vernment.

SEC. 14. And be it further enacted, That a delegate to
the House of Representatives of the United States, to serve
for the term of two years, may be elected by the voters
qualified to elect members of the Legislative Assembly,
who shall be entitled to the same rights and privileges as
have been granted to the delegates from the several Ter-
ritories of the United States to the said House of Repre-
sentatives. The first election shall be held at such time
and place, or places, and be conducted in such manner,
as the Governor shall appoint and direct. The person
having the greatest number of votes shall be declared by
the Governor to be duly elected, and a certificate thereof
shall be given to the person so elected.

SEC. 15. And be it further enacted, That all suits, pro-
cess, and proceedings, and all indictments and informa-
tions, which shall be undetermined on the third day of
July next, in the courts held by the additional judge for
the Michigan Territory, in the counties of Brown and
Iowa; and all suits, process, and proceedings, and all in-
dictments and informations, which shall be undetermined
on the said third day of July, in the county courts of the
several counties of Crawford, Brown, Iowa, Dubuque,
Milwalke, and Desmoines, shall be transferred to be heard,
tried, prosecuted, and determined in the district courts
hereby established, which may include the said counties.

SEC. 16. And be it -further enacted, That all causes
which shall have been, or may be removed from the courts
held by the additional judge for the Michigan Territory,
in the counties of Brown and Iowa, by appeal or other-
wise, into the supreme court for the Territory of Michi-
gan, and which shall be undetermined therein on the third
day of July next, shall be certified by the clerk of the
said supreme court, and transferred to the supreme court
of said Territory of Wisconsin, there to be proceeded in
to final determination, in the same manner that they

LEA'S NOTES ON WISCONSIN TERRITORY 167

WISCONSIN. 53

might have been in the said supreme court of the Terri-
tory of Michigan.

SEC. 17. And be it further enacted, That the sum of five
thousand dollars be, and the same is hereby, appropriated,
out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appro-
priated, to be expended by and under the direction of the
Legislative Assembly of said Territory, in the purchase
of a library for the accommodation of said Assembly, and
of the supreme court hereby established.

JAMES K. POLK,
Speaker of the House of Representatives.

M. VAN BUREN,
Vice-President of the United States,

and President of the Senate.
Approved: 20th April, 1836.

ANDREW JACKSON.

168 ANNALS OP IOWA

INSTALLATION OF THE TEMPLE TABLET,
JUNE 17, 1913.

ADDRESS BY HON. THOMAS HEDGE.

I thank you for this privilege of joining you while you are
taking thought of yesterday, seeking to keep the past secure,
recalling its lessons of soberness and steadiness for today and
of illuminating guidance for tomorrow.

A frequent mandate of our most ancient and authentic book
of law is to remember. As a sound memory is a humanly
prescribed requisite for a last will, a sound and active mem-
ory is a divinely ordained prerequisite for the informed, in-
structed and benevolent will which insures right conduct
and develops1 pure character.

We and those who are to come owe and are to owe a great
debt to Mr. Edward Temple for providing in the Historical
Department of Iowa a memorial of a group of pioneers,
which not only shall perpetuate for those who knew them
delightful memories of their personal traits, their familiar
conversation, and their habits of life, but also, arresting the
attention of another generation who knew them not, shall
excite curiosity, stimulate the study of the times and condi-
tions in which they lived and the searching out of the
qualities of mind and heart, by the exercise of which this
commonwealth of Iowa, their heritage, was founded and
builded and handed down to them "a goodly heritage."

Those conditions were strange but these were not strange
men. If they had been there might be no lesson or inspira-
tion for us in their story. They might have furnished no
pattern or compelling example for us common men.

Because they were like ourselves, of like passions and lim-
itations and "often infirmities" that story of adventurous
enterprise, of hardness endured, of importunate energy, of
difficulties overcome, of faith, of patience, of public spirit

TEMPLE MEMORIAL TABLET 169

and neighborly kindness may not only justify our pride in our
origin, but also quicken our sense of our own responsibility
and impart to us sane notions of private conduct and of civil
duty.

While these seven men were all native Americans their
places of nativity were widely separate. Reckoning the ways
and means of travel then, they were as remote from one an-
other as Des1 Moines is today from Jerusalem — Jerusalem
old or new.

The senior of them all, George Temple, or Major Temple
as he was always addressed or spoken of, was born in West-
moreland, New Hampshire, in 1804 and was thirty-two years
old when he came to Burlington, then in Wisconsin Territory.
Levi Hager, whose counterfeit presentment you have not been
able to obtain, was born in Hagerstown, Maryland, and came
to Burlington in 1837. All the others were at least ten years
younger. Anthony Wayne Carpenter, named for his father's
famous friend, born in Lancaster County, Penn., was twenty-
three and William B. Remey, born in Kentucky, was twenty-
two when they landed at Burlington in 1837. Bernhart Henn
was born in Cherry Valley, New York, a few miles from the
home of James Fenimore Cooper, birthplace of the Indian of
romance, and caught his first sight of Iowa Indians when, a
boy of eighteen, he landed at Burlington in 1838.

William F. Coolbaugh from Pike County, Penn., came later
in 1842 at the age of twenty-one years and William Salter,
a native of Brooklyn, New York, came in 1843 at the age of
twenty-two years.

If time served it would be pleasant to attend in particular
detail to the personal characteristics of these interesting men,
their ways of life, the vicissitudes of their fortune, their
fortitude under disappointment and failure, their moderation
in success. They were as various in their personalities as seven
North Americans well could be; so various that they might
have seemed the epitome of all the stalwart and dominant
races of mankind. But whatever this diversity of accident
and external they were all true men, men of force and dignity,

170 ANNALS OF IOWA

who won and held the friendship of each other and the esteem
and confidence of all their neighbors in the new community.

It is pleasant to remember the urbane and handsome Major
Temple, in manner and attire ever indicating his real nature
as "a gentleman of the old school;" the busy and ubiquitous
Levi Hager from HJagerstown, whose every waking hour might
have disproved Robert Ingersoll's libel of inertness on the
native Marylander ; the attractive and engaging ways of An-
thony Carpenter whose sterling integrity and manifest human
kindness secured his wide and lasting influence among all our
people; the calm and genial presence, "the good gray head
that all men knew" of Major Remey; that embodiment of
energy and initiative, William F. Coolbaugh, our great mer-
chant, an effective public speaker, who became our leading
banker and then the first financial authority in Chicago.

It was not my privilege to know Mr. Bernhart Henn, but I
have heard and read enough of him to count him an equal in
that noble brotherhood and to presume that his employment
in the land sales at Burlington in November, 1838, was one
of his delightful memories.

Some of you may not know that every one who entered
and occupied laud in southeastern Iowa (then Michigan and
Wisconsin Territory) from June 1, 1833, until November,
1838, did so in disregard of written law, that he was a tres-
passer, as the strenuous one might say "a malefactor". March
3, 1807, Congress passed and President Jefferson approved an
act providing that any person who should thus enter public
lands and make any claim to any part thereof and attempt to
define the limits of the land thus claimed by marking of trees
or otherwise, unless thereto duly authorized by law should
forfeit his right, title or claim of whatsoever nature to said
land, and that it would be lawful for the President to re-
move him therefrom at his discretion, etc. A law beautifully
adapted to the conservation of our natural resources in its
prohibition of their discovery, also a warning as apt and ef-
fectual as might have been a written notice to the rain to keep
off the grass. Later, Congress perceiving that the rain con-
tinued to fall, or to drop the figure, that free Americans were

TEMPLE MEMORIAL TABLET 171

going in increasing numbers whithersoever they listed on the
public lands and were staking out claims thereon, and perhaps
catching a glimmer of the principle that government, like the
Sabbath, was made for man and not man for the government,
enacted laws recognizing preemption rights in certain parts
of the west and southwest, but none of these laws applied in
terms to our neighborhood. So while our settlers held on their
uncharted and unchartered course, this condition gave rise to
general anxiety, to doubts, to controversies and to law suits.
Three cases may be found in our Morris' Reports in which the
defense is the alleged invalidity of a transfer of a settler's
claim as a consideration of the promise to pay for it. The case
of Hill against Smith tells the whole story. Judge Charles
Mason's statement of the facts with his reasons for his judg-
ment (sustaining the note) make what Horace Greeley would
call mighty interesting reading, not only for lawyers but for
any one desirous of learning through how great and how mul-
tifarious tribulation our fathers entered into this kingdom.

Finally the act of June 22, 1838, recognized, with condi-
tions, preemption rights in Iowa. Land offices were estab-
lished at Dubuque and Burlington. Gen. Augustus Caesar
Dodge was made Register of the Land Office at Burlington and
sales were duly ordered. Bernhart Henn was appointed crier
at the sales. Of course everybody was on hand. Two thou-
sand people they say were lodged or encamped in and about
Burlington, many sober and all in sober earnest. "To estab-
lish justice, to promote the general welfare, and to provide for
the common defense," claim clubs had been organized in every
township. Each settler's claim with his name inscribed there-
on was platted, and this plat thus inscribed placed in the
hands of the able-bodied young settler who had been agreed
upon as bidder for all concerned.

So all things had been prepared "decently and in order."
At the sale "a decent respect to the opinions of mankind "
(that mankind carrying big sticks) seems to have repressed
ardor of competition for there was only one bid for each par-
cel of land. When young Bernhart cried "sold" in response
to this solitary but unanimous bid, he seemed the herald of

172 ANNALS OP IOWA

repose. This magic word removed the trespasser's transgres-
sion from him and changed the Stars and Stripes from a
portent of eviction to a promise of protection.

Some twelve or fifteen years later Mr. Henn was our rep-
resentative in congress but there is no record that any pro-
phetic sense of a Sherman law ever stirred him to move for an
annulment of his sales because of conspiracy or wicked com-
bination or other rudimental methods of our rude forefathers.

In 1843 the American Home Missionary Society sent hither
eleven young Christian ministers named in our annals "The
Iowa Band" or "The Andover Band". The youngest of these
was William Salter, who first crossed the river at Burlington,
November 10, 1843. His first allotted field was Maquoketa
and the region round about. His colleague, Horace Hutchin-
son, assigned to Burlington, died in 1846, and in April of that
year began William Salter 's ministry in the Congregational
church of Burlington, which was vouchsafed to be continued
for sixty-five years. He followed his Master never afar off,
so seeing and doing his will in "the daily round, the common
task," that his example came to be our approved exposition
of the Sermon 011 the Mount. His simple Avay, his easy dig-
nity, his enlightened sympathy, his plain unbounded charity
for all sorts and conditions of men, drew all men unto him.
Men of whatever belief or of whatever unbelief believed in him.

Persuaded that memory is a divine gift, its exercise a trust
to be fulfilled, to his latest days he busied himself in the study
and preservation of the annals of the past. On the day he
became eighty-three years old he gave us "Iowa, the First
Free State in the Louisiana Purchase", as thirty years before
he had given us in his "Life of James W. Grimes", an inval-
uable record of the beginnings in Iowa and of her advance to
prosperity and power.

But it is needless to dwell upon this individual history. The
fact that George Temple and Levi Hager and Anthony Car-
penter were mayors of Burlington and Major Temple the
Speaker of our Iowa House of Representatives; that Major
Remey was our recorder and county treasurer for many

TEMPLE MEMORIAL TABLET 173

years, — has its best significance as evidence of the good sense
of their neighbors and of the high character they demanded
in the public service.

These men are best remembered not as exceptional men but
as representatives of an exceptional class of men, for, as it
seems to me, the men and women who entered and possessed
our southeastern neighborhood in the territorial days from
June, 1833, to December, 1846, were, taken as a whole, of that
fine sort which might justify the ancient doctrine of election
so far as it may be applicable to the world that now is.

It is worth noting that as a rule they did not come as col-
onists. The village of Denmark in Lee county, settled in 1838
by a group of families from New Hampshire is the only ex-
ception that I now call to mind. They came independently,
each, as he would have described it, on his own hook. They
were not Pilgrim Fathers seeking religious freedom. What-
ever religion they were endowed with had had ample room for
exercise at home. Nor were they Argonauts exploring for a
golden fleece. They were simply the young, healthy, sane-
minded, venturesome sons and daughters of well-doing and
well-to-do families of New England, New York, Pennsylvania,
Virginia, North Carolina and Kentucky, who came hither to
find among the wooded hills on the further side of the great
river, on the silent, lonesome prairie, stretching so vastly
toward the setting sun, work places and dwelling places. They
came to make their way, to earn their living, to establish homes
by the exercise of the homely virtues.

Not "the roll of the stirring drum", nor the "trumpet that
sings of fame, ' ' but the axe ringing in the timber first sounded
the advance of our vanguard of civilization.

We cannot claim that they were all in danger of being trans-
lated ; then as now, no man could become a saint who was not
capable of being a sinner. We cannot deny that here and
there and now and then they were burdened by the idle, dis-
tressed by the vicious and infested by the common varieties
of inconvenient citizens, enough to try the strength of their
manhood and the grace of their womanhood, but we are thank-

174 ANNALS OF IOWA

ful to remember that that strength and that grace were suffi-
cient for the day.

I am not prepared to admit that I am misled by the enchant-
ment that distance lends in my view of our territorial age as
our golden age. Of course I do not mean in its material and
temporal aspect, but only that it was the age in which the
conditions and exactions of daily life, calling into constant
action even the reserve forces of mind and heart, brought forth
the finest qualities of manhood and womanhood ; to a high de-
gree the strength and beauty of human character. Earning a
living they entered into life.

Theirs was a community separate and sequestered, whose
connection and communication with the great body of their
own race was unfrequent, intermittent and precarious. They
were a long way from home. For them the sun rose in a wil-
derness and set in a desert, for that part of Illinois from which
the rising morning awakened their "Flint Hills" was yet a
solitary plain girded by the forest primeval, and the zig-zag
rails that outlined the limit of the white man's progress were
within the sweep of one's evening horizon, a single day's
wagon journey from the bank of the Mississippi.

That river was "their way of necessity" to the outer and the
older world. Whenever the smoke of a coming steamboat was
descried over the southeastern bluff, almost the entire popu-
lation hurried to the landing place, eager for the sight of new
faces, or of old, familiar faces, for supplies, for newspapers
and for letters. To get a letter was an event, for the letter
was a composition of study, of deliberation, full of vital sub-
stance. There were letter writers in those days.

There was little of luxury or of elegance in their belongings.
If of different degrees of origin as society was measured at
their birthplaces, all were of one social order here. Hospitality
was universal, a blessing and a need to the giver as to the
receiver. While the habit of overcoming difficulties which the
struggles of their daily life imposed upon them had bred in
them a fine and constant self-reliance, they recognized and
valued their mutual dependence; the common interest bound

TEMPLE MEMORIAL TABLET 175-

them. Bringing with them a diversity of experience, of opin-
ion, of prejudice and of manners from their widely separated
eastern homes, they found something to compare, to exchange
and to learn from one another. There was the charm of nov-
elty in their conversation. They enjoyed the great advantage
of hobnobbing with those who saw things differently, and in
their intercourse, at once becoming close and intimate, these
original provincials instructed, educated, enlarged and Amer-
icanized each other, discovered their real kinship and common
likeness, found that their first unlikeness had been only ex-
ternal and adventitious, never of the substance or of the spirit.

The transitory nature of their sectional prejudices is illus-
trated if not proved by certain transactions deemed important
in those simple days:

Major Temple of New Hampshire married a daughter of
Old Virginia, Sarah Forrest Beaton of Salem. Young Mr.
Eemey of Kentucky won a girl born in Vermont, a lineal de-
scendant of John Rowland of the "Mayflower", and William
F. Coolbaugh of Pennsylvania surrendered to a Kentucky
maiden. I need only say further that these unions were per-
petual, ending only when death did them part as was the
fashion of the pioneers. It could hardly have been otherwise
for the pioneer wife and mother was in this image and after
this likeness:

"The heart of her husband doth safely trust in her. She
will do him good and not evil all the days of her life.

She seeketh wool, and flax, and worketh willingly with her
hands.

She layeth her hands to the spindle, and her hands hold the
distaff.

She stretcheth out her hand to the poor; yea, she reacheth
forth her hands to the needy.

She openeth her mouth with wisdom; and in her tongue is
the law of kindness.

She looketh well to the ways of her household, and eatetb
not the bread of idleness. ' '

176 ANNALS OF IOWA

A queen was she in the cabin of the pioneer as she had been
a queen in the tents of Israel three thousand years ago ; as her
daughter is to be a queen encompassed by the love and loyalty
and reverence of all men who honor the home as the inner
sanctuary of the human soul, its hearthstone as the real foun-
dation of our social order and of our civil liberty, until she
herself shall fling away her scepter.

It seems a far cry from the radiator, whose canned heat may
sometimes warm but never cheers or inebriates, back to the
roaring, leaping hickory fire, lighted by the tinder and flint
and steel, whose rioting flames " shooting sparkles out" kin-
dled happy thoughts and bright fancies and fond recollections
and new hope in the souls of our toil-worn forefathers. It
seems ages past, counting by events and changes, when the
puncheon floor was supplanted by the rough-sawn oaken boards
and bricks and mortar began to supersede the log walls and
riven roofs of the first cabins; when the great rafts of pine
from the AVisconsin woods, with their lusty turbulent crews,
first vexed the shining surface of our river. An ancient day
it was when the hour for evening meetings was fixed at early
candle light and the luxuriously-minded opulent lugged their
little foot stoves to the place of Avorship ; when the spinning
wheel hummed in every dwelling and yoked oxen dragged the
plow through every clearing as they had dragged hither over
the long and difficult way our "peculiar ship of state", the
prairie schooner, with its cargo of reinforcements for the con-
quest of the land ; a dim past wherein men had not yet begun
to dream that the earth shaking lightning might be the reveal-
ing of a force given to be harnessed and controlled for their
common uses.

They were truly primitive times. They were not always
hurried in those days. They sometimes had time to think and
to think matters of thought out. Books were few, but "famed
books", "read, marked and inwardly digested".

The Bible was still regarded as the authentic body of rules
for right living, and also searched and studied as the crown,
the consummation and the preservative of literature. Even
lawyers could cite its proverbs, its parables, its phrases to

TEMPLE MEMORIAL TABLET 177

illustrate their points and their juries and judges were com-
petent to apprehend them. Law books1, too, were few in that
golden age, and so the lawyer had to learn to use his mind,
to train his mental vision in searching out the intrinsic rea-
sonableness of his proposition, the self-evident truth of his
postulate, that, seeing it clearly he might state it plainly, for
self-evident truths are not always or often apparent to the
cursory or squandering glance. They hold within themselves
their own demonstration like the problem in geometry; they
shine by their own light like the fixed star, but only the open
and attentive mind may receive the mathematical truth, only
the practiced and assisted eye may discern the star.

So legal argument was an appeal to reason, a search for
fixed principles, not a mere profert of "modern instances"
wherewith to ascertain by comparison of their bulk and num-
ber what is called the weight of authority, as if there could be
ponderable authority apart from reason. Its proper instru-
ment was the telescope rather than the kaleidoscope. It was
an employment worthy of a sane mind, conducive to the
growth of a strong mind, informing its reason and energizing
all its powers. And there were legal giants in that golden age.

The men and women we celebrate and their associates did
their thinking on lines straight, practical and fundamental.
They kept their feet upon the ground. The flight of the wild
pigeon interested them more deeply than the moral or politi-
cal flights of aviating theorists or feather-brained flutterers.
They never discussed the "dignity of labor." It would have
seemed as useful and sensible to discuss the convenience or the
propriety of vitality, for in their view there is little dignity
among men except in labor. The man who did things, who
made things, who produced things was the man who had best
proved his right to be. With them dignity kept its ancient
meaning of worthiness and usefulness was their measure of
that worthiness. They held that it is the equal right and
equal duty of every man to attain to that degree of usefulness
or dignity, that measure of worthiness for which his natural
gifts, duly trained and honestly used, may fit him.
7

178 ANNALS OF IOWA

It never occurred to their unsophisticated minds that any
workingman 's dignity might be enhanced by his submission to
the order of a walking delegate to lessen the sum of his day's
work or to debase its quality. They were concerned in the
dignity of the laborer, in his individual independence, in his
self mastery. And masters of themselves they became master
workmen, master builders, builders of homes, of towns, of in-
stitutions and of a State whereof the workman hath no need
to be ashamed.

In their minds any conflict between capital and labor was
as unnatural and visionary as a conflict between the blade and
the ear and the full corn in the ear. The dollar earned yes-
terday and saved, was capital as respectable as the dollar
earned today, with the added mark of respectability that while
the dollar earned proved useful industry, the dollar earned
and saved proves also foresight and self denial. Of such crude
and elemental sort was their political economy.

Busy men and women, compelled by the exigencies of their
daily life to be busy, to husband their resources, to gather and
not to scatter their physical and moral energies, they gave lit-
tle time or talk to measures of general uplift and remote re-
form. With them, Christian civilization like charity began
at home. Their consciences were preoccupied with their own
shortcomings. Their hands and their heads found enough to
do in bringing up their own children, in providing diligently
for their own households, in the practice of all the kindly of-
fices of good neighborhood. Mrs. Jellaby, if heard of, was
only smiled at and Mrs. Pankhurst was not yet born.

Speaking ironically, not ironically, I am not sure that the
pioneer mother's switch was not as far-reaching and benefi-
cent in its influence as the Mother's Club is now. At any
rate those boys, whose faculty of discrimination between good
and bad had been sharpened, whose sense of duty, whose gen-
eral moral sense had been awakened to activity under its ap-
plication, showed themselves a very finished product of home
discipline at Donelson and Shiloh and Vicksburg and on the
march to the sea.

TEMPLE MEMORIAL TABLET 179-

Again I thank you for permitting me to join in commemo-
rating these worthy lives, these strong characters, these file
leaders of a chosen people. I believe in the worship of ances-
tors, in guarding their foundations with a jealous and an un-
sleeping care, in holding fast to the faith and the wisdom of
the ages, in treasuring the durable riches of the past, being
persuaded that so long and only so long, as this shall be a
land of memory shall it remain a land of promise.

HENRY COUNTY DISTRICT COURT.

Mr. Editvr: — The District Court for the county of Henry
closed its spring term last Saturday evening about 10 o'clock.
Considerable business was transacted during the term, of
which it is unnecessary to speak. There was one case, how-
ever, determined at this term, which (as it will remove and
triumphantly refute some objections and erroneous opinions
heretofore entertained of the citizens of this territory by
a portion of our neighbors) it may be proper to lay before
your numerous readers. The action was debt, founded on
the fourth section of the act of Congress, approved Feb-
ruary 12, 1793, brought by Thomas Flynt, a citizen of
Boone county, Missouri, against Reuben Jay, Sr., John Fisher
and Reuben Jay, Jr., to recover the sum forfeited by harbor-
ing or concealing .a runaway negro or fugitive slave. The
trial occupied two days. His Honor Chief Justice Mason
presided — J. B. & G. W. Teas and J. D. Learned were the
counsel for the plaintiff; C. Olney, William H. Starr and
H. H. Buckland for the defendants. Late on Saturday even-
ing the jury retired under the instruction of the court, and
after a few minutes' consultation returned into court a ver-
dict for the plaintiff. A LOOKER ON.

Mt. Pleasant, March 23, 1840.

• — Iowa Territorial Gazette and Burlington Advertiser, Bur-
lington, I. T., March 28, 1840.

180 ANNALS OF IOWA

W J McGEE, GEOLOGIST, ANTHROPOLOGIST,
HYDROLOGIST.

BY CHARLES KEYES.

Witli the recent passing of our fellow citizen Iowa mourns
for her most distinguished scientist, the Nation loses a re-
nowned personage and public official, and the World laments
the extinguishment of one of her rarer species — the philo-
sophical naturalist. W J McGee was almost -the last of that
famous coterie of American scientific men who especially
made noteworthy the closing decades of the last century and
to whom the title of naturalist was peculiarly and happily
fitted.

In the ever widening circles of modern science and the con-
comitant ever narrowing vista of nature which the investigator
of today in his outlook must face, the removal of one who in
name and fame has left the stamp of his genius in more than
a single field of knowledge occasions a conspicuous void.
When we pass his varied activities in review and eliminate
for the moment all else but the salient features in order to
more clearly grasp their proper purport and to appreciate
more fully their true position in the general scheme, our ad-
miration for his abilities is the more enhanced and our feeling
of loss is the keener.

W J McGee was born April 17, 1853, near Farley, in
Dubuque county, Iowa. lie died in Washington, D. C., Sep-
tember 4, 1912. At the time of his demise he was, therefore,
in his sixtieth year. Although during much of his lifetime
our lowan was away from his native State he never lost either
his citizenship therein or his keen interest in everything which
conduced to her welfare. His parents were James and Martha
(Anderson) McGee; the father being a native of Ireland and
the mother a Kentuckian.

1TJ

W J McGEE 181

McGee 's youth was spent mainly on a Dubuque County
farm. Although his educational opportunities were neces-
sarily quite limited, his inordinate thirst for knowledge en-
abled him, with some assistance, to acquire a fair grasp of
Latin, mathematics, surveying and astronomy. His faculty
of mathematical reasoning gave decided color to some of his
later philosophical speculations.

The fortunes of his birth not having afforded him either
the means or the chance to carry on immediately any chosen
line of professional labor that his mathematical inclination
dictated, young McGee was obliged to turn his energies for
the time in other directions. At the age of twenty he began
reading law and for two or three years he practiced in the
justice courts. His many-sided mind then turned him to-
wards the manufacturing of agricultural implements, a num-
ber of inventions and patents standing to his credit. For
several years, but with- constantly diminishing interest, he
followed this vocation.

In the meanwhile McGee became deeply interested in the
subjects of geology and archeology; and he was soon out in
the fields and valleys delving into the secrets of the rocks.
During four years he devoted the greater part of his time to
the study of the geologic features of the northeastern portion
of Iowa, the final results of which appeared a decade later in
a sumptuous monograph1 published by the Federal govern-
ment. These were fruitful years for McGee and the effects
of their influence are apparent in all his subsequent writings.
During the latter part of this period his first important papers
were published in the scientific journals.

In 1881 came the opportunity for wider application of his
recently acquired knowledge on the geological characteristics
of his native State. Through the influence of the late Senator
Allison, whose home was in Dubuque, McGee was appointed
agent of the United States Census Bureau, with a commission
to work up the Iowa building stones. Into this work he
entered with zest and in the spring and summer of the year
mentioned accomplished a prodigious amount of investigation.

Annual Report U. S. G. Survey, 1889-90.

182 ANNALS OP IOWA

Thus he was enabled to extend his geologic studies over every
county of the State. The direct results of this extended in-
quiry are contained in a large, lucid and very creditable
report2 published by the Government.

It was at this time that I first came in contact with McGee.
This was the beginning of a long, close and happy friend-
ship which was only interrupted recently by the hand of
death. I well recall that initial meeting. It was in the
Devil's gap, a wild, dark spot north of Des Moines. He and
Prof. R. Ellsworth Call, who was at that time residing
in the capital city, had been tramping all day over the sur-
rounding country studying the loess and the glacial drift
sections, and had finally come up to an unusually fine and
extensive exposure which had been recently opened up in
a road-cutting. There they found Uly Grant3 and me busily
extracting molluscan shells from the loams. We had already
collected a large quantity of exceptionally fine specimens over
which both geologists at once went into ecstasies. At that
time Grant and I were kiddies preparing for college; and
among other things we had been devoting a good deal of
extra time to Greek and Latin. We were also mightily in-
terested in natural history and had been putting the dead
languages to great practical use. Through the aid of Professor
Call we had learned to know all the loess fossils and to call
them familiarly by their long scientific names. When the two
school boys began innocently to rattle off glibly all the num-
erous Latin titles of the shells, McGee was visibly affected
for he had just finished relating to us something of his own
prowess in the ancient languages, but, as we afterwards dis-
covered, he did not know the name of a single shell. A score
of years after, at a geological gathering, he told, with some
embellishments of course, the story of that meeting and how
it had greatly disconcerted him and for the time being deeply
wounded his pride.

2U. S. 10th Census, v. 10, p. 256.

3Dr. Ulysses Sherman Grant, now one of the most distinguished sci-
entists of this country, at the present time occupies the chair of geology
in Northwestern University. He was a Des Moines boy.

W J McGEE 183

The work on the Tenth Census led to the calling of McGee
to Washington and to his attachment to the corps of tHe
United States Geological Survey. For a period of ten years
he held this post, most of the time as chief of one of the im-
portant divisions of the Survey. It was the first of many
responsible commissions which he held in the service of the
Government.

McGee 's first geological work for the Governent was in the
deserts of Nevada. After assuming charge of the Potomac
Division of the Survey his efforts were largely confined to
the Atlantic border. In spite of a mountain of administrative
routine, the volume of which rapidly grew as the years went
by, McGee was able to find time to visit many parts of the na-
tional domain, besides superintending the work of others
in these fields. Although somewhat technical in statement
the following appear to be the principal scientific achieve-
ments of our lowan during this remarkably productive dec-
ade: The demonstration of the glacial origin of the loess
in northeastern Iowa; the elucidation of certain principles
of glacial action; the discrimination and classification of a
wide variety of topographic forms resulting both from ice-
action and water-action; the development of the "law of
land profiles," the law of varigradation, ' ' and the "law of
foothills;" reconnaissance mapping of northeastern Iowa;
reconnaissance of southeastern United States; compilation of
a general geologic map of the United States; discrimination
and description of three great geologic formations of wide
extent and great significance in the history of the continent ;
the elucidation of a considerable part of the Neozoic con-
tinental history of southeastern United States; the develop-
ment of a method of geologic correlation, entitled homogeny,
whereby more definite results are thought to be obtainable
than in any other way; substantial contributions to the
science of physiography; the approximate determination of
the extent and limitations of the theory of isostasy ; contribu-
tions to knowledge of general deformation of the terrestrial
crust; a study of the origin and distribution of natural gas
and rock-oil; the formulation of the principles of evidence

184 ANNALS OP IOWA

concerning the antiquity of man, and the proposal of a
scheme of genetic taxonomy of geological phenomena.

When the subject of our sketch laid down the responsi-
bilities of his position on the Geological Survey to go with
Major Powell as chief in charge of the Bureau of Ameri-
can Ethnology, he merely took up vigorously another line
of scientific research in which he earlier had been deeply
interested, and which he had sporadically followed from
time to time in spite of pressing geological duties. During
the period of ten years in which he served in this capacity
his contributions to anthropology and especially to the
knowledge of the American Indians were of lasting im-
portance.

McGee's greatest work in the field of ethnology was on
the little known Seri Indians of Tiburon island,4 in the Gulf
of California, which was also one of his first official investi-
gations. Soon, however, owing to the failing health of his
superior, the administrative duties rapidly became more and
more burdensome, so that he found little time to devote to
field studies. During the last two or three years of his con-
nection with the Ethnological Bureau he was completely oc-
cupied in the supervision of the work of others.

When the World's Fair at St. Louis wTas established, in
1903, to commemorate the Louisiana Purchase, Doctor Mc-
Gee was appointed Chief of the Department of Anthropology.
As in all he undertook he at once brought into play his
tremendous stores of energy. The huge and varied as-
semblages of the peoples of the earth that he brought together
amply attest the unprecedented success of his efforts. At the
close of the exposition St. Louis chose him to organize the
vast, new Public Museum, a labor involving extraordinary
endurance, foresight and planning, since the nucleus of this
great undertaking consisted of the exhibits acquired from the
Fair. As it were, a Noachian flood of materials required im-
mediate attention and installment. The usual wrork of many
years had to be accomplished in a few weeks and months.
McGee rose to the occasion.

417th Report Bureau of Ethnology, 1896, pt. I, p. 1-344.

W J McGEE 185

The great and novel achievement of a vast public museum
in a large city created in a day instead of developed through
a century, being accomplished satisfactorily, the director re-
signed his arduous post to accept one scarcely less arduous.
He was appointed by President Roosevelt as a member of the
Inland Waters Commission. The work of this organization
and that of the Hydrographic Division of the Agricultural
Department at Washington occupied the undivided attention
of McGee until a short time before his "demise.

In 1888 McGee was united in marriage to Miss Anita New-
comb, daughter of Professor Simon Newcomb, the astronomer.
Mrs, McGee is a mathematician of more than national repu-
tation and a physician in Washington. The honeymoon was
a novelty, being converted into a geological exploration. Start-
ing in Florida in early summer the pair traversed Georgia,
Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky and Illinois,
reaching Iowa three months later. The entire trip was made
on horseback, tracing the Columbia and Lafayette terranes.

Doctor McGee was a voluminous and interesting writer.
Besides his more comprehensive works, which comprise a
dozen or more large volumes, he was the author of upwards
of three hundred shorter memoirs and articles. Of his larger
efforts special mention should be made of the Pleistocene
History of Northeastern Iowa, the Geology of Chesapeake
Bay, the Lafayette Formation, Potable Waters of Eastern
United States, Siouan Indians, Seri Indians and Outlines
of Hydrology.

The wide scope of McGee 's intellect, the keenness of his
perception and the accuracy of his reasoning can only be ap-
preciated by direct reference to the long list of his publica-
tions. He wrote in charming style and his descriptions of
some of the grander phenomena of geology often displayed
a highly artistic use of language.

Time and suffering did not diminish this scientist's activity.
He was vigorous to the end. He died of cancer of the stomach.
A few days before his death he dictated one of the most
graphic and detailed descriptions of the symptoms of the

186 ANNALS OF IOWA

dreadful malady that has ever appeared in the English
language. It was printed in Science shortly after his pass-
ing away.5 His heroic nature was well displayed in a letter
which he wrote me a month before his demise. After fully
discussing certain geologic problems in which he had been
long interested he mentioned briefly his illness. He grimly
closed with the remark: "I am now on my back, which looks
well for the disease and bad for the man."

Doctor McGee was a prominent member of many of the
learned societies. Among other honors bestowed upon him at
different times were the following: United States Commis-
sioner of the American International Commission of Archeol-
ogy; Chairman of the organizing committee for the Inter-
national Geographical Congress; Senior speaker for the De-
partment of Anthropology at the World's Congress of Arts
and Sciences; Secretary of the Conference of Governors at
the White House ; leading founder of the Columbian His-
torical Society; President of the American Anthropological
Association ; President of the Washington Anthropological
Society; Acting President of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science ; President of the National Geo-
graphical Society, and Secretary and Vice President of the
Archeological Institute of America. Cornell College in 1901
conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL. D.

In later life Doctor McGee presented a very distinguished,
almost picturesque, appearance. In conversation he was
fascinating because of his ever keen interest in the subjects
under discussion. He was a past master in lecturing and
especially in delivering in abstract the substance of technical
papers. Grace, directness and lucidity marked these occa-
sions. Stalwart, versatile, tireless, brave and gentle to the
last was our departed friend. As Doctor Hovey, the eminent
secretary of the Geological Society of America, wrote me
a few days after the demise: "Doctor McGee was a man of
tremendous energy, wide reading and observation, clear think-
ing and good writing, so that he will be greatly missed from
the ranks of geologists. ' '

BScience, v. 36, September 13, 1912.

W J McGEE 187

To one familiar with the ground covered by McGee's record-
ed work, it is quite manifest that he was not only a brilliant
thinker, but also an original reasoner. His various specula-
tions on glacial geology, on homogenic correlation of geologic
terranes, and on the origin of desert plains were no doubt
founded on a large amount of original research in the field
and on the skilful use of the results of others. Yet a care-
ful review of his incessant efforts shows that they were of
the old reconnaissant type such as characterized his earlier
investigations in northeastern Iowa. There is a clear lack
of detailed and critical inquiry which is so essential in the
formulation of hypotheses and in the rigid testing of them step
by step. By this deficiency he was severely limited, and his
later work was partly circumscribed by the conceptions and
methods of his early results. This tendency is well illus-
trated in his glacial labors and in his observations on the
development of desert landscapes. Ten years before any
suggestion was even made he had discovered and published
all the facts which supported the tenet of the complexity of
the glacial period. He was the first to offer a plausible ex-
planation for the existence of the remarkable rock-floors of
the arid plains, but he ascribed the phenomenon to flood-
sheet erosion when the erosive effects by water were almost
nil. In both cases he misinterpreted the testimony pre-
sented and thus he came within a hair's breadth of making
two of the half dozen great geologic discoveries of the nine-
teenth century. On the whole, and especially on the sugges-
tive side of American geology, McGee's scientific work will
rank high.

We stop the press to announce a difficulty between the
Sacs and Winebagoes. It appears that the Foxes and Wine-
bagoes had agreed to hunt on the same ground during the
fall and winter, some 50 or 60 miles west of DuBuque, on
the heads of the Waubesepinacon river. Two or three days
after, a party of Sacs, headed by Pashapahoo, or Stabbing
Chief, attacked the Winebagoes and killed 40 or 50. Two
of the Sacs were killed.

— Iowa Sun, Davenport, November 13, 1839.

188 ANNALS OP IOWA

A BEAUTIFUL LIFE— A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.

BY ANNA HOWELL CLARKSON.

In the passing of Mrs. Druscilla Allen Stoddard, June 1,
1913, a most interesting life came to a peaceful close. To the
generation which is now in mature years, Mrs. Stoddard was
known as an educator of unusual merit and distinction and
as a woman of extraordinary intelligence. Iowa has never
known a more forceful or more remarkable character. Her
type of womanhood has gone the way of much that is unique
and past the point of reproduction.

Mrs. Stoddard had her origin in the days of plain living
and high thinking, in a time when a belief was a settled con-
viction, when men and women would die at the stake for prin-
ciple and count themselves favored in having the privilege.
She belonged to the hour of the Emma Willard, Lucretia Mott
and Francis Gage influence, and in the time of Harriet Beecher
Stowe, Marianne Dascombe and Caroline Severance — periods
full of dignity and sublimity which left their mark upon those
whose characters were formed in that early day.

Mrs. Stoddard was born near Batavia, New York, on June
18, 1821. Isaac Allen, her father, was of English descent, his
family having come to America several generations before the
[Revolutionary war. The Aliens Avho lived in that time were pa^
triots and fought well for their adopted country. Lydia Bart-
lett, her mother, was also English and of the Quaker faith ; her
mother, in turn was a Harper, and Scotch-Irish. Lydia 's
grandfather, Captain George Harper, and his seven sons served
all through the War of the Revolution. Mrs. Stoddard 's father
was a Presbyterian, but was won over to the Quaker doctrinal
views by his earnest and devout wife, Lydia. The broad, lib-
eral standards of that organization recognized woman as a
power and she was considered the equal of man in all points
of right and privilege. It followed that the girls in Quaker

A BEAUTIFUL LIFE 189

families were given unusual advantages. Mrs. Stoddard early
began an educational course which never ended. It was not
possible to satisfy her desire for knowledge. The lapse of
years did not dim her outlook into the unknown and the un-
seen. To the hour of her demise she drew in great draughts'
of wisdom from every available source.

The Aliens were people of culture and believed in higher
education for women as well as for men. The young Druscilla
was sent to a Quaker boarding school at the age of fifteen ; at
seventeen she began her career of teaching in another Quaker
school as an assistant to an intelligent woman who exercised
a strong uplifting influence over her life.

Later, she entered the seminary in Troy, New York, which
was founded by Mrs. Emma Willard in 1821, and completed
a full course of study under this gifted pioneer instructor who
opened the way for the young women of America. She was
graduated in 1845, and at once entered upon the work of teach-
ing in the mission school which had been established by the
Quakers for the Seneca Indians in the Cattaraugus Reserva-
tion. She was most successful in this undertaking, but gave
up the work in 1847 to marry Dr. Ira Joy Stoddard. Dr.
Stoddard was a graduate of Colgate University, in Hamilton,
New York, 1845, and is now its oldest living graduate. They
started at once for India, where Dr. Stoddard had been
assigned as a Baptist missionary to the Nowgong District
in Assam. The long journey to Calcutta was their wed-
ding trip. They feasted on salt provisions, hard tack and sea
biscuits during this notable honeymoon.

When they reached Calcutta the monthly steamer which
carried passengers up the Hoogly river had the day before
departed, so they were obliged to wait in Calcutta for the
next trip. The weather was hot and cholera was raging
in the city; every one who could leave had fled to the high-
lands. Without fear this young couple braved the conditions
and improved the hours of waiting in seeing the wonders of
that interesting region. Every library, museum, garden and
spot of interest claimed their attention. The Government mis-
sion schools, which were established by the Free Church of

190 ANNALS OF IOWA

Scotland and managed by that prince of missionaries, Dr. Duff,
appealed especially to Mrs. Stoddard. There she found a
thousand native boys studying in the English language all
branches of educational work. The Museum of the Asiatic
Society was another source of pleasure and information. She
visited Serampore, sixteen miles from Calcutta, where the
missionaries had planted their standard before the East India
Company allowed them in their territory. This spot was
owned by the Danes. Nothing escaped this zealous seeker for
instruction which would help her in her intercourse with the
natives. She knew nothing of the strange language and the
numerous dialects of the country, but before the month rolled
around she had made a start in the study of the Assamese
tongue, and supplied herself with the necessary books of in-
struction. She became very proficient in a short time an^ was
able to translate for others who were not so clever.

The journey to Nowgong involved a further trip of nearly
four weeks by land and water. After nearly seven months of
travel and delay they were installed in the mission and teach-
ing in the large orphan school which was within their juris-
diction. While Dr. Stoddard preached and taught, Mrs. Stod-
dard supervised the girls of the school, personally attending
to their studies, food and clothing, nursed the ailing, and
taught all the time as well. Intuitively she learned to heal
the sick. Necessity, as well as being the mother of invention,
is the mistress- of all trades and secrets. She set her house in
order (and her "order" was as exact as the planetary system),
and trained the queer little brown men and women to do her
bidding.

It was fortunate for workers in the mission that it was near
some English gentle-folk. These families kept them sup-
plied with the latest periodicals and books as they came from
the mother-country — a, valued boon, as Baptist missionaries
had no money to spend on luxuries.

For nine years the development of the mission went on suc-
cessfully. At the end of that time Dr. Stoddard was pros-
trated with continuous fevers incident to the country and was
ordered back to America, Mrs. Stoddard had passed safely

A BEAUTIFUL LIFE - 191

through the ordeal of acclimatization soon after her arrival
and was in perfect health, although her hearing had been im-
paired by the successive fevers and the use of remedial drugs.
Three children had been added to the family, Bertha, Ella, and
Ira Joy, Jr., all of whom are now living.

With great sorrow the edict to leave the mission was re-
ceived and plans made for the homeward journey. Upon
reaching this country, a high dry climate was sought, and
Iowa was decided upon. The delightfully unique town of
Pella held an inducement as it was the seat of a Baptist Col-
lege, the Iowa Central University. This school had been
founded in 1853, and was at this time about to occupy its per-
manent college building. Mrs. Stoddard was invited to take
charge of the Woman's department, and as its principal she
began her work in 1858, in which year Dr. Elihu Gunn was
elected president. Dr. Emmanuel Scarff was the Director of
the Academic department, with professors Caleb Caldwell,
Carleton C. Cory and Julia Tollman as assistants. Dr.
Amos N. Currier, who later was for many years a member of
the faculty of the State University of Iowa, was the professor
of Greek and Latin. It would be difficult to compile a sketch
of the life of any one of these faithful supports of the young
college without including them all, as their interests were iden-
tical and their lives ran in the same grooves.

Here, in this co-educational institution, indoctrinated with
the Baptist faith, Mrs. Stoddard began a new era of useful-
ness. Her success was immediate. An extraordinary talent
for teaching and controlling, combined with her rare enthu-
siasm brought rich results. The fame which she had earned as-
an instructor and organizer in the far East had preceded her
and attracted the attention of the Baptists of the State who<
had sons and daughters to educate, to the advantages of the;
Pella school. Parents came from near and far to consult her
about their young people, and after seeing this model teacher
and learning of her methods, many sacrifices were made in
order that her influence might be exercised over their children.
She became a mother to the whole school and taught a large
share of the classes which contained both young men and
women.

192 ANNALS OP IOWA

The necessity for earnest work in securing students for the
institution became apparent. The country was1 new, money
was scarce, with strong wild-cat tendencies, no one had a penny
to use foolishly, and while it seemed the fair thing to give a
boy as good an education as possible, it did not seem so nec-
essary to the average parent for the daughters of the family
to have a course in college. The young women themselves had
not put in a plea for equal advantages, and the hard-worked
fathers and mothers had not yet realized that they had any
right to them. Every man was a pioneer and every woman
was a partner in all of his hardships and sacrifices. On the
farms the daughters worked side by side with the sons in the
busy seasons. A few who lived in the towns and villages had
plenty and to spare, but there was no waste and no luxury
in the small western communities.

Mrs. Stoddard realized the conditions and bent her energies
to meet them. Her big heart yearned over the girls in the
scanty homes; she knew the value of a liberal education to a
young woman and the part it would play in each one's life,
and she was determined that every girl within her influence
should have as large a share of knowledge as she could possi-
bly gain for her. A conference was held. The school expenses
were cut down to the lowest rate. The homes in Pella were
canvassed to see how reasonably the students could obtain
board. Xo one in that early day dared to charge more than
seventy-five cents or a dollar a week for good, wholesome food
and a corner in a comfortable room; oft-times the latter was
shared with half a dozen other students or members of the fam-
ily. Rooms were searched for near and far, where students
might board themselves and cook their own supplies brought
from the farm. Mrs. Stoddard 's "plain living and high think-
ing" philosophy imparted itself to the youth under her care,
and no one murmured over any stress or privation. Many
men and women of importance in Iowa today owe more than
they can express to this noble Avoman who made the fight for
them in the "fifties" and "sixties", which resulted in their
obtaining a college education. Their children and their grand-
children are trained to love and reverence this wise friend who

A BEAUTIFUL LIFE 193

saw into their future as a true guardian of the rights of the
young.

All through the long summers Dr. Scarff and Dr. and Mrs.
Stoddard campaigned the country districts for students, tell-
ing the parents of the minimized expense. It was not long
before the college halls were well filled. Nearly four hundred
students were in attendance in 1861. When Fort Sumter fell,
in April of that year, the first class was about to be graduated.
The sad boom of the Nation's guns rolled out over the Iowa
prairies and the big college bell tolled, calling for volunteers.
The school was depopulated. Every man and every boy who
was old enough to carry a gun enlisted, Dr. Currier marching
out with the younger men. Dr. Scarff and Mrs. Stoddard were
all that remained of the faculty. A few primary pupils and
a half dozen or so of matriculating girls from Pella and the
neighboring towns comprised the student body. If Mrs. Stod-
dard was wonderful and capable before, she was now pos-
sessed of an added glory. Her great eyes shone with a new
light; every hour gave her fresh courage. The school must
live, — she would put her whole life into it.

The two consecrated and devoted officials kept the college
alive, not closing for a day or missing a recitation. The hearts
of those who remember this devotion will swell with pride and
emotion as they read the foregoing lines. Many of the young
pupils who made up the college roll were needed at home, or
the small amount of money paid for their board could not be
raised. Not one of them could be spared. It was lonesome
enough as it was. Those who could not afford to stay were
given homes here and there. Dr. Scarff took all that his house
would hold and Mrs. Stoddard filled her long, low rooms to
overflowing. Trustees, doctors, and deacons housed a number,
and the day was saved ; the little remnant was kept together.
This involved the closest economy in the homes of the two
teachers. It all seemed as a matter of course at the time but
larger experience shows this unselfishness in its true light.
There was no repining or quailing ; the Scarffs and the Stod-
dards were as cheerful and optimistic as if the affairs of the
Nation and the almost as important college were at high tide.

194 ANNALS OF IOWA

Mrs. Stoddard was essentially a moulder of character; she
instilled in every pupil a highminded view of life ; her influ-
ence was elevating and ennobling in the greatest degree. She
was an uncompromising purist in mind and manner. Her
speech was lofty in tone, free from mannerism and prevalent
jargon. Her fashion of dealing with her pupils and fixing
their interest was most unique. There was no dozing in her
class-room ; her mental ray reached all minds however stupid.
Finding out what each student could best accomplish, she de-
veloped their thought along indicated lines. She inspired an
uncontrollable desire to know all of the secrets in nature's
laboratory.

While she was filling the lives and minds of others with in-
terest and inspiration, what can be said of the fragrance which
did or did not come into the life of this noble and unselfish
woman ?

It is the way of humankind to assume that in whatever
position one is found, there is where he or she belongs. A
larger view changes our thought. Without a knowledge of a
world whose fields are rich with the allurements of science, art,
and philosophy, we realize nothing of the temptations which
they possess for those used to loitering in their boundaries. We
can know nothing of the heart hunger for the pabulum wThich
to them is meat and drink, even life itself, nor of the lure of
close contact with superior minds and cultivated tastes, (once
felt, always longed for,) unless we have felt their compelling
power.

Mrs. Stoddard was reared in an atmosphere of literary op-
portunity, her tastes were scientific, her habit studious and
exploring. While she was' retiring and somewhat diffident,
she had the elements of leadership, commanding attention
whenever she spoke or appeared in public. An argument was
her delight and her points were always discussed in a clear
and analytical manner. Who would dream it — she loved lux-
ury as a child loves sunlight, and reveled in the beautiful in
art and nature with rapt appreciation.

Every nature has two sides — one which is turned toward the
sun, the other resting in shade, only coming into sight when

A BEAUTIFUL LIFE 195

the light is strong. It takes courage to turn one's back on the
sunny side of life, the one which is alluring and satisfying,
and to confine the walk to the strict path of duty as it presents
itself. We learn to love the way of duty, for it means disci-
pline, and in the end, victory. None who walks therein would
retrace his steps. Mrs. Stoddard sacrificed her natural long-
ings to the enthusiastic love of the youth under her guidance,
smothered the cry within her breast for more light, and kept
bravely on.

With the close of the Civil war prosperity again visited the
Central University, and the old-time interest revived. Twenty-
five of the "Soldier Boys" had passed beyond the call of their
class-mates, but many returned to finish their interrupted
courses.

Dr. Stoddard, who had found health in Iowa, had been for
some time the financial agent of the college, but his heart was
longing for the work with the natives in India. At his earnest
solicitation he received another assignment. This was a hard
dispensation for the community and almost more than the
students could bear. Who would or could take the place of
Mrs. Stoddard? None would attempt it. During the war
there was not enough money coming into the college fund
to pay expenses. Dr. Stoddard did not want to go away
leaving the college in debt. When Professor Currier returned,
in 1865, he found the institution sadly in arrears. Dr. Scarff
tells how it was cleared from all incumbrance :

We were completely swamped. Stoddard, Currier and myself,
and of course Mrs. Stoddard, formed a plan to raise the indebtedness,
provided the Board would let us take the matter into our own
hands. They consented and we went to work. At the Board
meeting in 1866, we had the pleasure of showing that the college
debt was entirely wiped out. Dr. Stoddard was our agent and
canvassed the State, traveling five thousand miles in his buggy.
Professor Currier was our secretary and treasurer. Without a
'Currier,' we would have failed. He was our right hand man.

All of these philanthropists worked for almost nothing and
gave about all of it back to the college. They accomplished
what seemed impossible. Mrs. Stoddard was always a part of

196 ANNALS OF IOWA

the executive meetings. She had a fine business sense, was
fertile in plans and able to give specifications. The cashier
of the Pella National Bank, Mr. Henry P. Scholte, writes of
her financial ability: "You need make no apologies about
your intelligence in business or financial matters. I have never
done business with any lady who comprehended financial af-
fairs so intelligently. ' '

With the college once more on the highway of prosperity,
Dr. Stoddard felt that he could be spared. His mission was
established in the southwest part of Assam, among the Garos,
an absolutely savage tribe which had never been visited by
white men. The tribe proper lived in the hills and were un-
approachable ; they were not subject to British rule. The less
savage Garos who lived in the foot hills were on British terri-
tory, and in a measurably safe region, and here the mission
was founded.

In the first five years over five hundred Garos were evan-
gelized and baptized. In 1899, twenty-eight years later, the
Church had gathered into its fold over five thousand. Many
organizations were formed and many chapels and school houses
dotted the hillsides.

Mrs. Stoddard stayed with the Garo Mission three years,
when she became a victim to the lowland fevers and returned to
Iowa, leaving Dr. Stoddard in India, where he remained four
years. As soon as' Mrs. Stoddard regained her health she re-
sumed her work in the college, and continued until advancing
years and her infirmity of deafness made attendance in the
class-room impossible. But she did not for one moment fail in
her interest ; her home was the rendezvous of the students, just
as usual, and she really deserved a good salary as an "Advis-
ory committee on the whole. ' '

For the third time, in 1881, this devoted couple went to New
York, determined to return to their mission in India. The
Examining Board decided against them and they were obliged
to give up all thought of finishing their days in the work which
seemed to them the most glorious of all effort, teaching the
untaught and benighted.

Again Pella, a veritable retreat for rest, became their home.
Beloved and honored by all, it seemed a fitting place for them

A BEAUTIFUL LIFE 197

to tarry in their sunset days. If Pella had possessed a large
public library, a few museums, and an advanced lecture course,
Mrs. Stoddard might have been content there to end her life.
But her sands were not run out and she must know what the
busy world was doing, and be near the storm center.

After the founding of the State Historical Library, Mrs.
Stoddard made many trips to Des Moines to spend the day in
research, in the valuable store of documents and fascinating
books. Mr. Charles Aldrich always welcomed her with pleas-
ure, for he knew that his monumental work in gathering all
this interesting State data was thoroughly appreciated by this
educated and discriminating visitor. An observer might fre-
quently see Mrs. Stoddard boarding an early train at the sta-
tion in Pella, bound for a long day in the Historical building.
At ten o'clock at night she might again be seen alighting at
the same station, tired but happy, and feeling well repaid for
her three hours of travel.

In 1904 she and Dr. Stoddard removed to Plainfield, New
Jersey, to be with their daughter, Mrs. Henry Whitney, and
her family. She found great pleasure in being so near New
York City, with its multitudinous advantages, libraries, parks
and museums, and journeyed frequently to the great city to
absorb its many delights and wonders.

The Emma Willard Association (New York City) of which
she was a member brought her many happy days. At the
meetings she sometimes met comrades of her own time in the
seminary. The writer had the privilege many times of attend-
ing the business meetings and annual banquets with Mrs. Stod-
dard. On the last gala occasion, November, 1912, in company
with Mrs. Stoddard, and her grand-daughter, Mrs. Lewis-
Ryan, a delightful afternoon was spent. Mrs. Stoddard was
announced as the oldest graduate of the Emma Willard Sem-
inary present, and a call was made for a speech. Without a
moment's hesitation, she arose, made a quaint courtesy and
said, "Thank you, girls," and sat down. It was done so dain-
tily that every one cheered.

198 ANNALS OF IOWA

In 1911 Mrs. Stoddard was seized with "wanderlust," and
made a trip to California to visit her daughter, Mrs. Thomas
Ryan, travelling entirely alone. She was then ninety years
of age, in perfect health and mental vigor.

Her visit was a triumphal progress. Many students of
"Central" and old friends from Iowa were scattered up and
clown the coast. They vied with each other in showing her
attention. She returned full of spirited and happy reminis-
cence. She visited Pella during Commencement week on her
return trip, and met many of the college friends and old-time
students. Her enjoyment of life was keen because she kept
pace with the times and was never behind the movements of
the world. Deeply religious on a broad plane, her interest
was unflagging in the affairs of the Church. An exponent of
good government, she was posted on political lore. She feast-
ed on the advancing views of the hour, and read everything
that was worth reading on various subjects. Time did not
hang heavy on her hands; she found so much to do.

For the last few winters, Dr. and Mrs. Stoddard lived in
Germantown, Pennsylvania, during the severe weather in the
comfortable Nugent Home. It was there that the last sum-
mons came, after an illness of only two days. A week before
her death she returned from a visit to her grandson, Captain
Ryan, and his family, in Fort DuPont, Delaware. A slight
cold was troubling her which gradually increased in severity.
Unwillingly she kept her bed on Saturday. On Sunday even-
ing, with a wave of her hand, and a calm "Goodnight," on
her lips, her spirit passed into the other life which is eternal.

The remains of our dearly-loved friend lie in a quiet spot
in the college town of Pella. As was her way, everything was
prepared for this home-coming. Two of her children were
present at the memorial services in the church and the college
chapel. Many from various parts of the State assembled to
do her honor, and spoke from full hearts words of apprecia-
tion and affection.

Dr. and Mrs. Stoddard dwelt together sixty-five happy, har-
monious years without a note of discord. What a lesson in

A BEAUTIFUL LIFE 199

this moving feast of matrimony of today ! They were not at
all similar in character but their temperaments proved to be
complementary equations, governed by a great deal of common
sense, bearing and forbearing. Dr. Stoddard survives his
loving mate ; he is ninety-three years of age, in delicate health,
and deeply stricken by the loss he has sustained. His is a
lovely character ; he is always carrying a mantle of charity to
throw over an erring friend. May all of the good which he
has so freely bestowed return to him now a thousand fold.

Dr. and Mrs. Stoddard were always devoted and true to
their friends, and they had no enemies.

We cannot call the out-going of Mrs. Stoddard "death," it
is the moving on of generations ; one passeth away and an-
other generation cometh, but the Earth abideth forever.

$200 REWARD.

Ran away or were stolen from the subscriber from a house
near Salem, in Henry county, Iowa Territory, on Thursday
night the 11 inst., two negro men, whose names are Winston
and Henry but they having been runaways since the llth of
August last, have called themselves Jack and Bill. They had
found their way into the new purchase of Iowa, and the sub-
scriber found them there, and was returning with them home
to Missouri stopped to stay at a house, from which they escaped
tor were stolen.

Winston is 26 or 27 years of age, is black, 5 ft. 8 or 9 inches
high, wore away a sealskin cap, blue jeans coat with the skirts
cut off, and dark casinet pantaloons. Henry is a yellow boy,
18 or 19 years old, 5 ft. 5 or 6 inches high, wore a blue cotton
frock coat, gingham roundabout, new fur hat and buckskin
pantaloons. I will pay the above reward to any person who
may bring them to me in Boon County, Missouri, or $100 for
either of them; or $100 for securing them or giving me such
information as may enable me to get them. It is supposed that
said runaways will be assisted to escape by some particular
white men. THOMAS FLYNT.

— Iowa Territorial Gazette and Burlington Advertiser,
Burlington I T., April 6, 1839.

20C ANNALS OF IOWA

THE CASE OF ARCHIE P. WEBB, A FREE NEGRO.

BY NATHAN E. COFFIN.

In Polk County litigation one of the judicial reviews that
was of keenest local interest, and under a different combina-
tion of circumstances might have been as famous as the Dred
Scott case, is that entitled "Archie P. Webb vs. I. W.
Griffith.'-' The judge, John Henry Gray, was born in Prince
George's County, Maryland, October 16, 1831, and was only
thirty-one years of age when he rendered this opinion. His
ancestors came to that state with Lord Baltimore, and were
prominent in building up some of the towns on the Potomac
and Patuxent Rivers, among which were Benedict and Leonard
Town.

Having passed through the common school with much credit
to himself, he entered Allegheny College, Meadville, Pennsyl-
vania, where he graduated with honors in 1853. Subsequently
he studied law and was admitted to practice in Newark, Ohio.
In a few months he went to Fort AVayne, Indiana, where, in
May. 1855, he was married to Miss Maria Freeman, a native
of Massachusetts, who was at that time Preceptress in Fort
Wayne Male and Female College. Miss Freeman graduated
at the Wesleyan Seminary, Wilbraham, Massachusetts, and
came West as a teacher in 1852, under the auspices of the
National Board of Popular Education. Immediately after
their marriage .Mr. Gray and his wife started for Des Moines,
Iowa.

In the fall of 1856, Mr. Gray was elected Prosecuting1 Attor-
ney of Polk County, which place he filled until he was elected
Judge of the Fifth Judicial District in 1858. Having served
the people faithfully during one term, he was re-elected in
1862 by a large majority, and, though in failing health, con-
tinued his official work until a few days before his death,
which occurred on October 14, 1865, at his home in Des
Moines.

THE CASE OP ARCHIE P. WEBB 201

Archie P. Webb, while employed as a laborer in Delaware
township, Polk County, and quietly earning his livelihood,
was notified by a gang of persecutors to leave the State. This
he refused to do. By order of the Justice of the Peace he
was arrested, fined, and sent to jail. He was forthwith re-
leased by a writ of habeas corpus, issued by Judge Gray, and
when the case was brought before him, the Judge gave it a
p.atient hearing, and with a full appreciation of its import-
ance, bestowed upon it thoughtful attention.

Chapter 32, Acts of the Third General Assembly, which was
the basis of the suit, is as follows :

AN ACT to prohibit the immigration of free negroes into this
State:

Section 1. Be it enacted l)y the General Assembly of the State
of Iowa, That from and after the passage of this act, no free negro
or mulatto, shall be permitted to settle in this State.

Sec. 2. It shall be- the duty of all township and county officers,
to notify all free negroes who may immigrate to this State, to leave
the same within three days from the time of notice, and upon their
failure to do so, it shall be the duty of the constable of the proper
township, sheriff of the county, marshal or other police officer of
the town, to arrest such free negro, and take him or her before a
justice of the peace or county judge, and it shall be the duty of
such justice or judge to fine such free negro, the sum of two dollars,
for each day he may remain in the State after such notice, and
costs of such prosecution; and to commit such free negro to the
jail of the county or the nearest one thereto, until such fine and
costs are paid, or until he will consent to leave the state; Provided,
it shall be ascertained that he or she is unable to pay such fine or
costs.

Sec. 3. That all free negroes now living in this State, who
have complied with the laws now in force, shall be permitted to
remain here, and enjoy such property as they may now possess, or
may hereafter acquire.

Sec. 4. On the trial of any free negro under this act, the justice
or judge shall determine from, and irrespective of his person,
whether the person on trial comes under the denomination of free
negro or mulatto.

Sec. 5. This act to take effect, and be in force, by publication in
the Iowa True Democrat, a weekly newspaper published in Mount
Pleasant.

Approved February 5th, 1851.

202 ANNALS OF IOWA

The petition for the writ of habeas corpus filed January
20, 1863, in Polk county, alleged that the defendant was
sheriff of Polk County, Iowa ; that plaintiff, Archie P. Webb,
was imprisoned in the Polk County jail and that according
to his best information and belief he was so restrained under
a pretended order issued by Stephen Harvey, a justice of
the peace in Delaware Township, Polk County, Iowa, and
that said order purported to be issued by virtue of proceed-
ings against plaintiff as a free negro living in the State of
Iowa after notice to leave ; that said restraint was illegal
because plaintiff was not arrested on any warrant for the
commission of any crime and was allowed no trial by jury
and did not waive a trial by jury; that he was tried for
no crime or offense against the laws of Iowa or the United
States and was confronted with no witnesses and was ordered
imprisoned without proof or trial and fined in the sum of
Twelve Dollars and costs and in default of payment was or-
dered imprisoned as aforesaid; and that these illegal proceed-
ings were had on the 20th day of January, A. D. 1863. Plain-
tiff further alleged that he was informed and believed that
the proceedings were void and of no effect and that the pre-
tended law under which the proceedings were had, was never
in force and was unconstitutional and void. Wherefore he
asked that a writ of habeas corpus issue in order that he might
be discharged from imprisonment. The petition is sworn to
and the affidavit is signed by Webb in a clear and legible hand.
Stephen Sibley appeared as attorney for plaintiff.

Six days later, Webb filed an amendment to his original pe-
tition in which amendment he sets out a copy of the order of
the writ issued by Justice Harvey to the sheriff of Polk Coun-
ty, Iowa, commanding the sheriff to receive Webb into custody
and detain him in the Polk County jail until legally discharged
because of his default to answer to the fine of Twelve Dollars
and costs amounting to $2.90. In this amendment, Webb fur-
ther alleges that his restraint is illegal in that he was arrested
upon no warrant, nor in the act of committing any crime and
that no information was filed before said justice of any char-
acter whatever; and that he was accused before said justice

THE CASE OF ARCHIE P. WEBB 203

of no crime whatever; and that he was ordered imprisoned
without any trial whatever ; and without the production of a
single witness against him; and was imprisoned without due
process of law and without a trial by jury and without the
benefit of any counsellor at law ; and further alleges that he is
informed and believes that said pretended trial and proceed-
ings were under and by virtue of a pretended law that the
State of Iowa passed February 5, 1851, to prohibit the immi-
gration of free negroes into this State, which he^ avers is not a
valid, constitutional or existing law in this State. Wherefore
he asks to be granted his liberty.

Upon the filing of the petition, Judge J. H. Gray issued an
order directed to I. W. Griffith, Sheriff of Polk County, Iowa,
commanding him to have the body of Archie P. Webb before
the court at 9 :00 A. M. of the 21st day of January, A. D. 1863.
The sheriff appeared in person and by his attorney J. S. Polk
and stated that he now had the body of the said Archie P.
Webb before his honor J. H. Gray, Judge, and was detaining
him under and by virtue of a writ issued by S. Harvey, Jus-
tice of the Peace. Sheriff Griffith also filed an answer, setting
up a copy of said writ. The cause appears to have been tried
before Judge Gray, and the court upon due consideration or-
dered the defendant released on the 2d day of February, 1863.

Webb also appears to have appealed to the district court
from the fine, in January, 1863, but this appeal was probably
dropped. Both parties filed bills of exceptions in the Habeas
Corpus case so as to have the record in shape for an appeal.

It is shown in the plaintiff's bill of exceptions that the plain-
tiff introduced one James Wright, a witness who testified that
he was Secretary of State for the State of Iowa and had
searched his office for any certificate of publication of the laws
passed by the Third General Assembly of the State, exclusive
of the code, as well as for any certificate for the distribution
of said laws and also for any certificate of the publication in
the True Democrat newspaper of an act entitled "An act to
prohibit the immigration of Free Negroes to the State," and
no certificate of any of the above mentioned facts could be
found in his office. And plaintiff's attorney also introduced

204 ANNALS OF IOWA

the pamphlet edition of the said session laws wherein there is
no certificate of publication of said act in said True Democrat,
nor is there printed nor appended to said volume any certifi-
cate of publication or the distribution of said law. As these
matters were not included in the bill of exceptions filed by the
defendant Griffith, the judge made them also a part of the
record, upon request of plaintiff.

The defendant's bill of exceptions merely recited that the
only evidence 'offered and read to the court was the plaintiff's
admissions that he was born a slave in the state of Mississippi
but was a free negro and immigrated to the State of Iowa from
the State of Arkansas since 1861 and that he had taken an
appeal from the justice court to the district court in the case
in which the fine was levied; and that the mittimus under
which he was imprisoned was in due form of law.

The defendant through his attorneys, Casady & Polk, served
notice of appeal to the Supreme Court of Iowa, but the case
was evidently never docketed in the Supreme Court, as it does
not appear in list of decided cases as found in McClain's Iowa
Digest, nor in the Supreme Court reports. It is the recollec-
tion of the family of Judge Gray, however, that the case was
appealed and was affirmed by the Supreme Court.

The opinion in full, rendered by Judge J. H. Gray on Feb-
ruary 2, 1863, was published in the Iowa State Register next
day, and was as follows :

ARCHIE P. WEBB, vs. I. W. GRIFFITH, SHERIFF: — This cause came
before me in vacation, and at the suggestion of defendant's counsel,
an agreement was entered into with the counsel for the plaintiff to
continue the hearing thereof until the first day of the present term
of court. The facts are briefly these: The plaintiff herein was
notified by one of the trustees of Delaware township, in Polk
county, to leave the State within three days. He refused. An order
was made by Stephen Harvey, a justice of the peace, in and for said
township, for the plaintiff's arrest. The sheriff arrested him, took
him before the said justice, and he was then tried and fined in the
sum of twelve dollars and costs and sent to jail until he should pay
the fine and costs or consent to leave the State. In vacation a writ
was issued to the sheriff to bring the plaintiff before me to inquire
into the legality of his imprisonment. On the trial it was agreed

THE CASE OF ARCHIE P. WEBB 205

that plaintiff is a free negro, born in the United States, and that he
came from the State of Arkansas to this State since the passage of
the law of 1851 excluding free negroes from this State. Upon these
facts this cause is submitted to this court. This action arises under
that which purports to be a law enacted by the Third General
Assembly of the State of Iowa, held in January, 1851, and entitled,
"An Act to prohibit the immigration of Free 'Negroes into this
State," and approved February 5, 1851. The first section thereof
excludes -free negroes and, mulattoes, from and after the passage of
this act, from settling in this State. The second section makes it
"the duty of all township and county officers to notify all free
negroes who may immigrate to this State, to leave the same within
three days from the time of notice, and upon their failure so to do,
it shall be the duty of the constable of the proper township, sheriff
of the county, marshal or other police officer of the town, to arrest
such free negro and take him or her before a justice of the peace
or county judge, and it shall be the duty of such justice or judge
to fine such free negro the sum of two dollars for each day he may
remain in the State after such notice, and costs of such prosecution,
and to commit such free negro to the jail of the county or to the
nearest one thereto, until such fine and costs are paid, or until he
will consent to leave the State; provided that it shall be ascertained
that he or she is unable to pay such fine and costs." The third
section provides that "all free negroes now living in this State who
have complied with the laws now in force, shall be permitted to
remain," etc. The fourth section provides "that on the trial of any
such free negro under this act, the justice or judge shall determine
from and irrespective of his person, whether the person on trial
comes under the denomination of free negro and mulatto." The
fifth section provides for its publication, and says, "that it shall
take effect and be in force ~by publication in the Iowa True
Democrat."

The time consumed in the argument, the ability and zeal mani-
fested by the counsel on either side, the very considerable interest
manifested by the public and the importance necessarily attached to
this case have induced the court to give it a patient hearing and
justify an opinion in writing upon the material points urged. In
doing so the court will indulge in no evasion nor admit of any
equivocation.

The questions to be determined in the case pertain to the validity
of this law, and the main points urged by counsel are embraced in
the following inquiries:

1st. Has the court jurisdiction of this case?

2d. Is this law in conflict with the Constitution of the United
States?

206 ANNALS OF IOWA

3d. Did it conflict with the old Constitution of this State under
which it was enacted?

4th. Has it ever been repealed, either by subsequent legislation
or by the adoption of our new Constitution?
5th. Was the law ever legally published?

I. — Has this court jurisdiction to hear and determine this case on
writ of habeas corpus? There can be no doubt of the proposition
urged by defendant's counsel that where a justice of the peace, or
inferior court, has jurisdiction of a cause, and proceeds to try and
determine the same and render final judgment, that a superior court
will not review such proceedings on writ of habeas corpus. Had
this justice the jurisdiction to try and determine this cause? Sec-
tion 4427 of the revision says that "A crime or public offense in the
meaning of this Code is any act or omission forbidden by law and to
which is annexed upon conviction thereof a punishment." Section
4432 of the revision says that "every offense must be prosecuted by
indictment, except — 1st, Offenses of public officers, when a different
mode of procedure is prescribed by law; 2d, Offenses exclusively
within the jurisdiction of a justice of the peace, or of police or city
courts; 3rd, Offenses in cases arising in the army," &c. Every
offense, therefore, that does not come within some one of these three
exceptions, the law says must be prosecuted by indictment. Is this
case embraced in either one of these exceptions? No one can con-
tend that it is embraced in either, unless it be in the 2nd. Then is
it an offense exclusively within the jurisdiction of a justice of the
peace or of a police or city court? It cannot be exclusively within
the jurisdiction of the justice when the law says in terms expressly
that either a justice or a county judge shall have jurisdiction to
hear and determine the case. It cannot be asserted that a county
judge can hold either a police or city court. Therefore, it being a
public offense — neither within the exclusive jurisdiction of a justice,
or city or police court — it must be prosecuted by indictment. But
should it be contended that the sections to which the court has
referred are in conflict with the eleventh section of the Bill of Rights
of the new constitution— a question which is not here decided— then
had the justice jurisdiction under that section, which says that his
jurisdiction in criminal causes shall extend only to a fine of one
hundred dollars or imprisonment for thirty days? Clearly not.
For, suppose the plaintiff to have had notice to leave the state and
did not leave, but remained here two months or sixty days after he
received such notice and before he was arrested! Suppose him then
to have been arrested and brought before the justice under this
law! — what would have been his duty? First, to have found him
guilty; then the number of days he had remained since notice, and
then to impose the fine of two dollars per day — for such the law

THE CASE OF ARCHIE P. WEBB 207

says he shall do. What would have been the fine in such case?
Certainly more than one hundred dollars, and this the justice, by the
positive terms of this law, could not escape. A justice, under this
section, has no jurisdiction to hear and finally determine any offense
the penalty to which can, on any contingency, exceed the sum of one
hundred dollars or thirty days' imprisonment. The Court is there-
fore of the opinion that the justice had not jurisdiction to finally
determine this case and that the cause is properly before this Court.

II. — Was this Act of the Legislature a violation of the second
clause of the fourth Article of the Constitution of the United States,
which says: "That the citizens of each State shall be entitled to all
the privileges and immunities of the citizens of the several States"?
The Court understands this to mean that the citizens of any one
State have the right to go into any other State and enjoy the same
privileges that such State has conferred upon its own citizens of the
same description — (See 2nd Kent, 7th ed., page 35.) To illustrate: —
If citizen women or minors from another State come to Iowa — and
they have the same privileges here as are given by the laws of this
State to women and minors in Iowa — if, therefore, the Constitution
or paramount law of this State withholds the privilege of the elec-
tive franchise from women and minors in Iowa, the same descrip-
tion of citizens subsequently immigrating to Iowa cannot claim that
privilege. But they are entitled to all other privileges not thus ex-
pressly denied to such citizens in this State. And if the Constitution
secures to them all privileges not thus expressly denied — how much
more does it secure to them absolute and natural rights expressly
guaranteed by the Constitution of this State to all such citizens in
this State! Or to more aptly illustrate: If free negroes, born in
allegiance to the United States, are citizens of the United States, and
residing in any other State, remove from thence to this State, they
have all the privileges that are not expressly withheld by the laws of
Iowa from free negroes residing in Iowa; and if the Constitution of
the United States thus secures to them such privileges how much
more does it secure all natural and absolute rights, which are
guaranteed by the Constitution of this State to such citizens in this
State? But it is urged that a negro, though he be free and was born
in the United States, of parents whose ancestors were here at the
time of the Revolution and thereafter remained loyal to this Govern-
ment, is, nevertheless, not a citizen within the meaning of the Con-
stitution of the United States. A question of so much importance,
rendered complex by precedents of great authority on both sides, and
urged at a time when the nation struggles as in the agonies of
death, and when the horrors of civil war remind us of our mis-
fortunes relative to this unfortunate race, presents no pleasant or
easy task for a court. But it is far better that it be settled by the

208 ANNALS OF IOWA

courts of this State soon — that the question may be at rest — and
the validity of this law determined. Nearly all the authorities
cited upon this question are reviewed or alluded to in a note to
Kent's Commentaries (vol. 2, 7th ed., page 278), and the doctrine is
there laid down, that citizens under our Constitutions and Laws
mean free inhabitants, born within the United States, or naturalized
by the laws of Congress; that negroes born free, or slaves native
born but manumitted, are citizens, but under such disabilities as
may be imposed by the laws of a State. The authorities upon this
question are divided, and as every freeman born in allegiance to
this Government is, or ought to be, considered prima facie a citizen,
a safer conclusion may be drawn from a consideration of the rea-
sons urged to deprive such a person of his citizenship.

III. — The reasons urged for the support of the doctrine that free,
native born persons of color are not citizens of the United States
are: 1st — They are a degraded race; 2d — They are not in any of
the States admitted to all the privileges and immunities of white
citizens; 3d — That they were not represented in that body which
formed our National Constitution and therefore are not embraced in
the words, "We, the people," &c., which are the first words of our
Constitution. As to the first of these reasons: It is more a ques-
tion of history than of law, and I propose to leave to history that
which in my judgment can in no wise affect the law. It may be
submitted to the enlightened conscience and the determination of
a Christian world whether a race of men forced from home to
foreign shores, which they never sought, and sold into bondage,
should be more despised than pitied. The second reason urged is:
That they are not in any of the States admitted to all the rights
and immunities of white citizens. Suppose that be true. Does it
follow that they are not citizens? The privileges usually withheld
from them by a majority of the States are those of voting, holding
office, being militiamen and attending school with white children, and
the Court is of the opinion without doubt that these privileges may
be legally and properly withheld from them by the laws of any
State. There is a distinction between rights and privileges. The
Constitution guarantees to us our natural rights and the means of
enjoying them. But it may confer or withhold political privileges
and such are those we have enumerated. Do not the Constitution
and laws of nearly all the States withhold privileges from some and
confer them upon others of their white citizens? In nearly all the
States the laws create certain offices, as for instance Governor; but
withhold the privilege of any white person from holding it until
he arrives at a certain age. Yet, they are citizens before they attain
that age, though not eligible to that privileged position. Will it do
to say that because the elective franchise is withheld from some,

THE CASE OF ARCHIE P. WEBB ' 209

yea, many white citizens — that therefore they are not citizens?
The Constitution neither by letter nor spirit has imposed any such
conditions for citizenship. It leaves to the several States the
right to bestow or withhold the elective franchise as a privilege upon
the citizens thereof, as each State may see proper. And each State
by its constitution has declared who shall and who shall not enjoy
that privilege. Hence all the States exclude females and minors
from voting; and some of the States formerly confined the privilege
of voting to owners of real estate. Some of them now impose
property qualifications upon adult white citizens as a requisite to the
privilege of voting. The right to base the privilege of voting upon
such a condition, is coupled with the right to entirely withhold it —
because the subject may never be able to perform the condition,
and therefore never able to enjoy the right depending upon it.
Will anyone maintain that females, and native white persons whose
right to the elective franchise thus depended upon conditions which
they have never performed — have not the constitutional right to go
into any of the States over which that Constitution extends its
authority? Suppose the Legislature of the State of Iowa to have
passed a law excluding from Iowa all adult native white men of the
State of Virginia, whose right to vote in that State depended upon
a property qualification, imposed by the laws of Virginia, which
they never possessed and were therefore not voters in that State;
would it be contended that they were not citizens of the United
States, because their poverty had prevented their voting in Virginia,
and that therefore the law so excluding them was valid? Or sup-
pose it excluded females and minors from the State — would it be
contended that the fundamental principles securing the right to life,
liberty and property, laid down in the Constitution, do not go with
them and protect them in every State of this Union, though no
State has conferred on them the privilege of voting? I urge this to
show that the authorities most fully sustain — that citizenship under
the Constitution of the United States does not in any manner depend
upon the right to vote or upon privileges granted. That by virtue of
a man or woman being born in allegiance to this Government, and
being free — the Constitution confers upon him or her the high pre-
rogative of citizenship — requires of all their support in whatever
State they may be found, and guarantees to each its protection in
xrhatever State he or she may enter. The third reason upon which
this doctrine has been urged remains to be considered. That is,
that thev were not represented in that body which formed our
National Constitution, and therefore are not embraced in the words,
"We, the people," which are the first words of our. Constitution. At
the time of the ratification of the articles of confederation all free
native-born inhabitants of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New
9

210 ANNALS OP IOWA

York, New Jersey, and North Carolina, who had other necessary
qualifications, though descended from African slaves, were not only
citizens but voters in each of those States. When the Articles of
Confederation were under consideration by Congress, a member
from South Carolina offered to amend the fourth article by inserting
after the word "free" and before the word "inhabitant" the word
"white" so that the article would then read the "free white inhabi-
tants of each of these States, paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from
justice excepted, shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities
of free citizens in the several States," &c. But it was voted down
by a large majority. Thus these persons still exercised the rights of
citizens and even voted in those States under the Confederation.
When, therefore, these States were called upon to send delegates or
representatives to that body which framed our National Constitution,
it is reasonable to suppose that these same colored freemen in those
States exercised the privilege of suffrage — at least they enjoyed the
right so to do. It therefore follows that they who represented those
states represented all who had the privilege of the elective fran-
chise in those States. And it is untrue that they were not a part
of the people so represented. Nay, more: In those States above
mentioned, they had the privilege of voting and doubtless did vote
upon the ratification of our Constitution. After an examination of
the authorities upon this question, together with the reasons upon
which they are founded, it appears that a native-born free man of
color, whether born free or a slave and manumitted, is a citizen
within the meaning of the National Constitution.

If therefore they be citizens of the United States, they are entitled
to all the rights guaranteed to, and privileges conferred upon, citi-
zens of the same description in this State. What rights are guar-
anteed to such citizens in this State by the Constitution thereof?
What privileges are withheld from them by our Constitution and
laws? The privileges withheld are those of the elective franchise,
to hold office and to be militiamen. The rights guaranteed to such
citizens in this State by the Constitution under which this law was
enacted are, those of "enjoying and defending life and liberty, ac-
quiring, possessing, and protecting property, and pursuing and
obtaining safety and happiness." And these rights are guaranteed
to such citizens in this State who resided here at the adoption of
the Old Constitution. Therefore under the Constitution of the
United States the same description of citizens in other States could
enjoy these rights in this State. The Constitution of this State is
in perfect harmony with the Constitution of the United States in
denying to free negroes the privilege of voting, of holding office and
being militiamen. But the Legislature had no right to pass a law
denying them the right to live in the State when the Constitution
guarantees this right to all such citizens in this State at its

THE CASE OP ARCHIE P. WEBB 211

adoption. But stress may be placed upon the words "citizens of
each State" in this clause, that, therefore, this plaintiff not being a
citizen of the State of Arkansas is not referred to or embraced
under the meaning of this clause. But free negroes are citizens of
some of the New England States by the laws thereof. Hence, this
law if valid, would equally exclude them though citizens of those
States. But if this clause refers only to citizens in the sense of
citizens of a State merely — then it is equally invalid because it
excludes a description of persons who are citizens in some States
by the laws thereof. But it cannot be valid as to the citizens of
some of the States, and inoperative as to others. If there be one
State, the citizens whereof it cannot exclude, neither can it exclude
the same description of citizens in any other State. If therefore they
have the right to reside in the State and possess property here, how
can they enjoy these rights in Iowa when the law, if valid, says
that they shall not enter the State, directs its officers to arrest and
fine them, and forces upon them the entertainment and hospitality
of our jails?

IV.— Was this law a violation of the old Constitution of this
State under which it was enacted? Article 1st of the Bill of Rights
says that "All men are by nature free and independent, and have
certain inalienable rights, among which are life and liberty — acquir-
ing, possessing, and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining
safety and happiness." For whose benefit was this clause adopted?
Manifestly for all men who were and should thereafter be a part
and portion of the PEOPLE of Iowa. What is here meant by all merit
The term defines itself — it can mean nothing less than all the human
race, and when used in this clause means such of the human race
as may be within the bounds of the State of Iowa. It is not hard to
see that a negro is one of the human race, but it is very difficult to
see how he can enjoy the right of life, liberty, acquire, possess, and
protect property, and obtain happiness and safety in the State of
Iowa when the law banishes him from the State. It will be ob-
served that there can be no nice technicalities about citizenship
here, for the term used is, all men. But again, Section 8, of the
Bill of Rights says "that the right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable seizures
and searches shall not be violated. Is a law reasonable that arrests
and imprisons a man where the only crime charged is that he is a
freeman and has settled in the State of Iowa? And where the only
issue that can be tried is, is he a free negro or mulatto? And has he
come to Iowa since the passage of this law? And has he had notice
to leave the State? If this law authorizes a reasonable seizure, then
what would be an unreasonable seizure? But again, Section 10 of
the old Constitution says that in ALL criminal prosecutions the

212 ANNALS OP IOWA

accused shall have a right to a speedy trial by an impartial jury and
be informed of the accusation against him." It cannot be main-
tained that this is not a criminal prosecution, for the law itself
directs, first, a notice to leave, then his arrest, then his trial, then
a fine and payment of all "costs of the prosecution,'" and then his
imprisonment. What more can be added to complete a criminal
prosecution? But the Constitution says: "In ALL criminal prosecu~
tions." If this is one, then it is clearly embraced in the term "all,"
and is covered directly by this clause. It says that the accused
shall have the right to a speedy trial by an impartial jury. Here
no technical doubts can arise, either as to citizenship, color or con-
dition, for the language is plain. It is "the accused shall have", etc.
This law fixes upon the negro the accusation and designates him
as the accused. Then the Constitution says he shall have the right
to a speedy trial by an impartial JURY. But what does this law say?
It says that "on the trial of any free negro under this act, the
justice or judge shall determine from, and irrespective of his person,
whether the person on trial comes under the denomination of a free
negro or mulatto." How can he have an impartial trial by jury,
when the law says that the justice or judge shall determine the only
issue that can be tried? Can a law so at variance with the Consti-
tution be valid? But can this section of the law be void and the
remaining sections of it be in force? By close attention to the
reading of the law it will be observed that this is the only section
that legally defines the crime by stating the issue to be tried. A
law that only fixes a penalty without defining the crime, when it is
one of statutory creation and unknown to common law, is inopera-
tive and void, and such is the case with this law under the consti-
tution in force at its enactment.

V. — As to the repeal of this law, but a word need be added.
What has been said relative to the old Constitution applies with
still greater force under the new Constitution, and if the law had
been in force under a Constitution allowing its enactment — it would
have been repealed by the adoption of our new Constitution. Section
4426 of the revision says that "all laws coming within the purview
of this act, shall become repealed when this act goes into effect,
except as hereinafter provided." The Court is of the opinion that
the fourth section of this act does come within the purview of
Section 4432, which says that "every public offense must be prose-
cuted by indictment, except (see 2d clause) offenses exclusively
within the jurisdiction of justices of the peace or of police or city
courts, etc., and that, therefore, so much of this law was thereby
repealed. This section being the only one legally stating the issue
to be tried, or crime, created by the law, the law itself is therefore
rendered of no effect.

THE CASE OF ARCHIE P. WEBB 213

The position assumed, that the law was repealed by non user, is
so untenable as to need no refutation. For the law is well settled
that before custom can make or non user repeal a law, either must
be of such duration as that the memory of men runneth not to the
contrary. The fact that the law has remained a dead letter and has
not been enforced for twelve years is not a sufficient non user
to repeal it.

The last inquiry is as to whether this law, if valid, was ever
legally published. The evidence before the court shows clearly that
the Session Laws of 1851 were distributed as required by the law,
though there are informalities about the evidence of that fact. The
position that the law authorizes its taking effect "by publication"
in a newspaper, and that it was never so published, and therefore it
never did become a law, is in the opinion of the court equally un-
founded. The code passed at that session, made provision for the
taking effect of all laws not published as directed in newspapers.
This construction certainly introduces too technical a practice, and
therefore should not maintain. If therefore the law had been valid,
it would have gone into effect as did other laws of that session.

Having thus disposed of all material points urged by counsel the
judgment of the Court is that the law under which the plaintiff was
arrested is inoperative and void; that the proceedings thereunder
were therefore unauthorized, that the plaintiff herein is entitled to
his liberty, and that he is hereby discharged from imprisonment.

Of the opinion rendered in the case editorial comment ran
as follows :

We publish in full in this issue of the REGISTER the Decision
of Judge Gray, rendered on the 2d inst. in the case of ARCHIE P.
WEBB. The case was one of great interest, and the Judge, with a
full appreciation of its importance, has bestowed upon it thoughtful
attention. His opinion is one of marked ability, and will be read
with satisfaction by every citizen who cares to see justice impar-
tially administered among men.

What other scheme of rascality the miserable demagogues who
impelled this prosecution will attempt next, time will probably
develop. They have been marked by a reading and thinking public,
and will not be soon forgiven or forgotten!1

(Special Dispatch to the Chicago Tribune.)

Des Moines, Iowa, Feb. 2d, 1863. — Judge Gray of the District
Court today read his decision in the habeas corpus case of the
negro, Archie P. Webb. The court house was filled by an anxious

Editorial, Des Moines Daily State Register, February 3, 1863.

214 ANNALS OF IOWA

audience, and the reading of the decision was listened to with
breathless attention. The Judge held that under the Constitution of
the United States a free negro is entitled to the rights of citizen-
ship; that Archie P. Webb is a free negro, and as such entered
the State of Iowa; that the act of 1851, under which he had been
arrested and imprisoned, was in flagrant violation of the old Con-
stitution then in force, and the new, which is now the fundamental
law of the State, ,and overrides the plainest principles of the com-
mon law. He held the act to be null and void, and his decision,
therefore, was that Archie has been unwarrantably arrested and
imprisoned, and must be immediately set at liberty.

The opinion had been prepared with care and will be published
in full. Thus has ended a wicked scheme of a gang of semi-traitors
to inaugurate a general system of persecution against the free ne-
groes in this State, and to that extent embarrass the execution of
the President's Emancipation Proclamation in the Mississippi Valley

The Burlington Hau'k-Eye published a lengthy article upon
this decision from which the following is quoted :

The Judge gave his opinion today. It was elaborate and forcible,
covering all the ground necessary to a complete vindication of
the right of every man to liberty who has not forfeited it by crime.
With a frankness and boldness that does him honor, Judge Gray
met the case before him. He rejoiced in the opportunity to estab-
lish in this case the unity of justice and law. The people of Iowa
will thank Judge Gray for vindicating the charter of their liberties,
and throwing the shield of the law over the weak and helpless, who
have sought a refuge in our midst. When he decreed the freedom
of Archie P. Webb, and snapped the meshes that had been so art-
fully thrown around an innocent and unoffending man, he gave a
verdict that will be sustained by the highest legal tribunals of the
Country and the chancery of Heaven.

25 CENTS REWARD.

Ran away from the subscriber on the night of the 19th
instant, an indented apprentice, named DENA KILLING,
about 12 years of age. Any person returning said appren-
tice shall receive the above reward but no charges.

ELIJAH BUED.
Lyons, Sept. 25, '39.

—Iowa Sun, Davenport, November 13, 1839.

THE SONG "SHERMAN'S MARCH TO THE SEA" 215

THE SONG "SHERMAN'S MARCH TO THE SEA."

BY CHARLES ALDRICH.

[Charles Aldrich prepared many statements upon men and events
of interest in the record of our State which had not been published
at the time of his death. His habit of accumulating what he called
"side lights" on great men and events is well known and illustrated
in numerous of his editorial paragraphs in the ANNALS and the
various newspapers with which he was connected. One of these
"side lights" that did not reach the columns of the ANNALS while
lie lived is presented herewith. — Editor.]

Only the other day1 at Washington City a grand equestrian
monument was dedicated to Sherman, the Leader of the March
to the Sea. The monument was placed on the very spot where
the great commander stood at the close of the war and beheld
his veteran armies of the west march down Pennsylvania Ave-
nue. It was one of the world's great days, that day of the
Review in 1865. This later day — of the unveiling of the
statue — at Washington was also a great day, for the President
and his cabinet and a multitude of soldiers and notable men
were present. One of the bas-reliefs of the monument is a
representation of "Sherman's March to the Sea." The cere-
mony at the monument recalls the story of how the great
march got its name.

It was an Iowa man languishing in prison at Columbia,
South Carolina, who, keeping step in prison to the far-off bu-
gle sound of Sherman's army, was inspired to write a song.
A negro had carried into the prison, secreted in a loaf of bread,
the great news of Sherman's tramp from Atlanta oceanward.
It was a little Columbia newspaper, done up into a wad not
bigger than a lady's thimble, but between its troubled lines
the prisoners had read of how Atlanta, Milledgeville, Savan-
nah, and everything else in Georgia had fallen before the boys
in blue. That night the song of "Sherman's March to the

iQctober 15, 1903.

216 ANNALS OF IOWA

Sea" was penned by Adjutant S. H. M. Byers of the Fifth
Iowa Infantry. He little dreamed it then, but the name he
gave the campaign passed into history for a thousand years.

There was an accomplished glee, club in the prison, led by
Major John H. Isett of the Eighth Iowa Cavalry, and one
afternoon the great crowd of men in the prison were electri-
fied and moved to their hearts' depths by the singing of the
glee club when it reached the song of "Sherman's March to
the Sea." Major Isett was the first who ever sang the song.
The obscure author of the words instantly became a hero
among his comrades. A fellow prisoner named W. 0. Rock-
well had composed the music for the poem, though later it had
a dozen settings in the North. It was carried through the
lines to the Union army by Lieutenant D. W. Tower, also an
Iowa man, who had secreted it in a, wooden leg. There it was
instantly adopted by the soldiers. A million copies of it were
sold at the close of the war, and the great campaign had got
its name forever. It brought the author little money, but
much repute and not a few advantages. It led to an occasion
by which he escaped from prison. It gave him a position on
the Commander's Staff, and led to the lifelong friendship of
him who inarched to the sea.

As the war Avas closing he was offered a position in the reg-
ular army, but declined the honor. In its place he accepted
the consulship tendered him at Sherman's request by Presi-
dent Grant. It is recalled how Grant, as he was signing the
commission, laughingly said, with a twinkle in his eye, "Well,
Sherman, here it is, and I expect a certain song had lots to do
with it." Sherman only smiled.

The author went abroad, and as consul, consul-general and
acting minister, served under five presidents. He won a high
record at the department of state, just as he had won a high
record with his regiment in the army.

All his leisure abroad was spent in writing for the best mag-
azines in this country. He also published books, both in prose
and verse. Critics have pronounced numbers of his war poems
the best of their kind written since the great rebellion. His

THE SONG "SHERMAN'S MARCH TO THE SEA" 217

love and sentimental poems received high, approbation from
the poets Whittier, Holmes and Story.

In recent years Major Byers has been living quietly in his
beautiful home "St. Helens," at Deg Moines, his time occu-
pied with an occasional magazine article, a poem or a book.
It is a life of taste and beautiful though not indolent ease.

General Sherman,' in his Memoirs, gives a succinct account
of the receipt by him of the copy of this song, which was very
famous at the close of the war and for some years afterward,
and is even now often sung or recited. While describing his
entry at the head of his army into the city of Columbia, S. C.,
he writes :

About this time I noticed several men trying to get through the
crowd to speak with me, and called to some black people to make
room for them; when they reached me they explained that they were
officers of our army, who had been prisoners, had escaped from the
rebel prison and guard, and were of course overjoyed to find them-
selves safe with us. I told them that, as soon as things settled
down, they should report to General Howard, who would provide
for their safety, and enable them to travel with us. One of them
handed me a paper, asking me to read it at my leisure; I put it in
my breast pocket and rode on. * * * * After we had got, as it
were, settled in Blanton Duncan's house, say about 2:00 P. M., I
overhauled my pocket according to custom, to read more carefully
the various notes and memoranda received during the day, and
found the paper which had been given me, as described, by one of
our escaped prisoners. It proved to be the song of "Sherman's
March to the Sea," which had been composed by Adjutant S. H. M.
Byers, of the Fifth Iowa Infantry, when a prisoner in the asylum at
Columbia, which had been beautifully written off by a fellow-
prisoner and handed to me in person. This appeared to me so
good that I at once sent for Byers, attached him to my staff, pro-
vided him with horse and equipment, and took him as far as Fay-
etteville, North Carolina, whence he was sent to Washington as
bearer of dispatches.2

2Memoirs of Gen. W. T. Sherman; v. II., p. 281-3.

218 ANNALS OP IOWA

AFTER THE BATTLE OF PLEASANT HILL, LA.

BY CAPT. MICHAEL ACKKRMAN.

On the evening of April 8, 1864, at the cemetery of Pleas-
ant Hill, several officers were standing together, discussing the
events of the day. The Seventeenth corps had been defeated
and retreated into our lines demoralized and badly used up.
The officers talking over the situation were Lieut. Col. Ed-
ward U. Mix, Gapt. Amos B. Miller of Company B, Capt. Hu-
bert F. Peebles of Company C, Lieut. Thomas 0. Howard of
Company B, myself and others. Colonel Mix looked up and
said: "There, I see the moon over my right shoulder. Ac-
cording to the old saying it is a good omen and I need not
worry." Of these officers just twenty- four hours later, Col-
onel Mix was dead, Captain Miller, Captain Peebles and Lieu-
tenant Howard were mortally wounded and I was left on the
field for dead with two severe wounds, — one bullet through my
left knee and another through my right hip. How we formed
in line of battle on April 9th ; how we stood our ground until
nearly half of the regiment was wiped out; how Company A
went into battle with thirty-four men in line and only five
answered to roll call next morning, I need not tell. You have
that in history.

I fell about sundown, and only a few minutes after was
stripped by the Confederates of everything except my pants,
shirt and underclothing. I had eighty-five dollars in the right
pocket of my pants which belonged to the heirs of John Bash-
am who had died in the hospital. One of the Confederates
put his hand in my pocket and would have robbed me of that
money. The pocket was full of blood from the wound in my
hip, and that proved too much even for him. With an oath
he withdrew his hand and left me the eighty-five dollars.
Money never did me as much good as that did, as you will see
later on. They took my watch which had been hit by a ball,

AFTER THE BATTLE OF PLEASANT HILL 219

the works destroyed and its value as a timekeeper lost. But
one of them said, "The case will make good stars or bars."
I remarked that such men as he never would have use for
stars or bars. I expected they would finish me and at that
time I did not expect to see another sunrise. They stripped
Colonel Mix and others stark naked.

About that time the rebels struck our second line. Did you
ever take shelter in a hail storm under a board roof? If you
did, you can form some idea of the rattling of musketry and
the striking- of .balls around us. I think I got scared for the
first time that day. When I was shot I fell beside a ditch
about four feet deep, five feet wide and with two inches of
water in it. I now rolled into this ditch to be out of the way
of our own bullets. Was it not strange ? Here I was, not ex-
pecting to live, and yet rolled into the ditch for fear of being
hit by any more balls.

I describe this ditch more particularly because it is the grave
of many of our brave boys of the Thirty-second. It is the
grave of Colonel Mix and such men as fell dead around there.
I learned afterwards that they were tumbled into this ditch
indiscriminately, rebels and Union men, and a little dirt
thrown over them.

About twelve o'clock, as near as I could judge, I got very
cold, and hearing some one talking and walking near me, 1
asked him to help me out of the ditch. He was a rebel chap-
lain and very small, but his heart was as big as an ox. He
tried, but could not lift me, so I told him to raise up my legs
and I would crawl out. This we managed. Somebody had
built a fire. I got beside it and was soon asleep. When I
waked up the sun was high up and the boys had put a shelter
(part of a dog tent) over me to keep off the sun. John Talbut
of my company came to talk to me but I could not understand
what he said. A minie ball had entered his mouth, cut off his
tongue and passed out through the neck. The poor boy only
lived about nine days.

Looking around the place where but twenty-four hours ago
we had been standing in all the strength of our manhood, I
saw the ground strewn with the dead and wounded so that a

220 ANNALS OF IOWA

person might go as far as I could see on the bodies of the dead
and wounded without once stepping on the bare ground. Here
and there a group of wounded gathered around a little fire.

About nine o'clock that evening Captain Miller and myself
were put in an ambulance and taken about a mile or a mile
and a half to a log house and laid on a blanket on the floor.
There were from six to ten others there. One was Robert Mack
of my company. He was wounded in the shoulder and the
ball had lodged under and at the edge of his shoulder blade.
He came to me with an old, dull jackknife and wanted me to
cut the ball out. I tried, but the knife was too dull. He went
and sharpened it on a cobblestone and came back, but I could
not do it as my nerves were not in a fit condition. He per-
suaded some one else to do the butchering and lived and got
well.

The next day, April llth, we were very hungry. None of us
had had anything to eat since before the battle. Captain Mil-
ler said if I would reach under his head I would find some
hard-tack which he had there and we might eat some. There
were four and we each ate one. That night Captain Miller
died. He had been shot through the bowels, and although he
knew he could not live,, he was cheerful to the last minute. He
did not give me any keepsake or word to carry home for neith-
er he nor I expected I would ever get there.

I stayed in this log house four days without seeing a sur-
geon or having anything to eat except the two hard-tack Cap-
tain Miller had left me. You would naturally ask why, when
there were seven doctors detailed and left there from our own
army, there should be none to attend to us. We were left there
by a blunder. There were two places used for hospitals and
the surgeons were there and had all they could do.

After being in this house four days I was removed to the
new academy now used as a hospital, and laid on the same
blanket with Captain Peebles of Company C. He had been
shot through the knee and his leg was already cut off. The
doctors said he was doing very well and if his constitution held
out he would get well. He was cheerful and in good spirits,

AFTER THE BATTLE OF PLEASANT HILL 221

but his constitution was not strong. Lieutenant Howard I
never saw. He had died before this.

About this time I had my first experience with prison fare.
Some one brought me a dish of, — I don't know what you would
call it. It was musty cornmeal, unsifted, mixed with water
and just about warmed through, with a lump of bloody beef
in it. I said, ''Boys, you have not half cooked this." They
answered that they had done the best they could; that there
were over three hundred of us and only three kettles to cook
with. Is it any wonder that so many died there ? It was not
all wounds that killed them. I don't blame the rebels any on
that score. That was all they had. After some of our men
were taken to Tyler, Texas, and many more died, they had a
better way of preparing their meals and our cooking was better.

I don't know how long it was, but it must have been some
eight or ten days after I was put with Captain Peebles that I
woke up one night 'and he was singing and praying and tear-
ing away at his wound. I reached down and found his limb
bleeding. I called the doctor, but it was too late. He had
torn off the bandage and the flesh from his stump and lost
so much blood that he died before morning.

My back got so sore lying on the hard floor with nothing
but a blanket under me, that the bare backbone stuck out and
bothered me more than either of my wounds, so they put me
on a cot. The maggots troubled us a good deal, but I will
leave what I saw and felt about that untold and tell some-
thing more pleasing.

A lady by the name of Cole came to this hospital once and
sometimes twice a week with a one horse light wagon loaded
with chicken broth, pies and other good things to eat. She
distributed these to the most needy of us and never would
take anything for it. Her husband was an officer in the rebel
army. She was about forty years old. Her image is deeply
impressed upon our hearts and will never be dimmed or
erased. If ever a woman deserved the gratitude of a nation,
Mrs. Cole is entitled to it. Several times I saw her when
some of the boys came to her and asked for something to eat,
tell them with tears running down her cheeks that it was all
gone but that she would go and get what she could and bring

222 ANNALS OP IOWA

it in. May God bless her evermore. A few years ago I wrote
to the postmaster at Pleasant Hill, inquiring about her, but
he could give me no information.

There is one other thing I must not forget. I cannot give
the time, but it must have been some five or six weeks after
we were taken prisoner that one day two army wagons loaded
with sanitary goods came with a flag of truce. Think of our
joy, not only for the goods that these wagons contained, but
in the thought that our friends, possibly our near relatives,
thousands of miles away had thought of us, prisoners of war,
wounded and sick, and had sent to us with their blessing
delicacies their hands had prepared. I have often heard dur-
ing and since the war that most of the sanitary goods were
squandered and that those that deserved them never received
any, but we received our share. Out of the tens of thousands
of sick and wounded in the United States army, we, only a
handful of about sixty or seventy, received two big wagon
loads. Every one of the boys who were there at that time
will say with me to those ladies who worked so hard and
steadfastly that they did not work in vain and that they have
our heartfelt thanks and gratitude.

With the money -I had in my pocket when I was wounded,
which the rebels tried to take and didn't, I bought eggs,
chickens and tobacco. I paid one dollar per dozen for eggs,
one dollar for a fried chicken and four dollars per pound
for tobacco. I got about two eggs out of a dozen and about
a shank and wing out of a chicken and about the same pro-
portion of the tobacco. But how could it be otherwise 1 The
boys had no money, over four months' pay was due us and
no prospect of getting any very soon. Maybe you don't know
how it seems to be eating something good and a lot of half-
starved, wounded and sick boys looking on. Well, one or two
dozen eggs and one or two chickens did not last long.
Tobacco, as now, was always free. When the money was al-
most half gone I did better. I traded U. S. money for Con-
federate money, one dollar for five, and their money bought
the same as ours.

As time wore on some one would come in to tell me that
such and such a one died last night, or this morning, and

AFTER THE BATTLE OF PLEASANT HILL 223

that such and such a one was not expected to live. This went
on until about the 17th of June when a rebel officer came
with our paroles. Here was a dilemma. We were seventeen
miles from the boat landing. Of the fifty-three of us that
had survived some could walk but the most of us had to go in
wagons. Ambulances there were none, nor a spring wagon
in that part of the country, so there was nothing left but the
army wagon-. It was decided by the surgeons that a comrade
and myself could not be moved. Dr. Wm. L. Huston, Assist-
ant Surgeon of the Thirty-second Iowa Infantry, told me with
tears in his eyes that they would have to leave me. I begged
him to take me but he said it would be of no use; I would
die on the road. I implored him with all the eloquence in
my power ; promised him I would not die, or if I did, it would
not be his fault. Told him to throw me out and go on. It
would not be worse than if I were left alone and I would
surely die if left.

Finally he promised he would see what he could do. Poor
Doctor! he had no more idea of taking me there alive than
he ha<l of flying. In a little while he returned and said he
had procured a conveyance, such as it was. I can see it yet, —
an old sorre] horse and an old shackly wagon without
springs, but it corresponded with the passenger for I was in
a very dilapidated condition.

After I was loaded in, the Doctor gave me a canteen full
of Louisiana rum and told me to drink it and have the canteen
empty before we got to the river. He told me whenever I
felt pain to let him know and he would give me opium. "We
started with the Doctor driving. All along the road the boys
would pick blackberries and give me a tin cup full with milk.
I don't know where they got the milk, but guess they had
not forgotten how to forage. When we reached the river my
canteen was empty and the Doctor said he had given me four-
teen grains of opium going the seventeen miles. I did not
feel the liquor any more than so much water. I felt happy
and without pain on that whole trip.

Fifty-two of us started from Pleasant Hill that fine June
morning, and fifty-two arrived in New Orleans, I don't know
how soon after, but it did not seem long to me.

224 ANNALS OP IOWA

I will have to relate an incident that happened on this trip
down Eed River. George A. Demander of Company F had
received a shot in the eye (I think, the left). The hall passed
in at the eye and passed out back of his ear and caused him
to be partially out of his head. There was also a lieutenant
of a New York regiment on board. The boys said that when
his regiment was going into line of battle this lieutenant
made a misstep and sprained his ankle, and fell behind or
under a fence. Anyway, the rebels captured him and he was
not wounded or hurt. On the boat he ordered George to get
him some water to wash in, George would not do it, so he
gave George a lick on the head and knocked him down. This
happened on the hurricane deck. The Doctor in charge of us,
a big stout fellow, grabbed the lieutenant, and from there
down to the foot of the stairs it looked to me as if the Doctor
had a dozen legs, every leg had a foot and every foot struck
this lieutenant on that part of his breeches that he was in
the habit of sitting on. When they got downstairs the lieu-
tenant said to the Doctor, "I'll make it hot for you when we
get into our lines. ' ' The Doctor told him to go to h — 1 ; he 'd
teach him not to meddle with any of his patients. How the
boys cheered !

We arrived in New Orleans in due time, a happy lot of
half-starved and crippled soldiers, our fighting days over.
While here I had a craving for something sour and sent one
of the waiters to get me some pickled pigs' feet. I ate one,
and wasn't I sick! I parted with every particle of corn-
meal and blue beef I had eaten for the last nine weeks while
in the rebel prison. They called for the Doctor and he was
mad. He wanted to know who gave me those pickles; he
would have him courtmartialled. But he never found out.
I told him that was my business ; I had sent for them myself
and paid for them.

Well, this is about all ! We stayed in New Orleans three
days, then were sent to Memphis, from there to St. Louis and
finally home. This is a short history of our army wander-
ings after the battle of Pleasant Hill.

3

S Q

H

ANNALS OF IOWA

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT

INSTALLATION OF THE EDWARD AMES TEMPLE
MEMORIAL TABLET.

The bronze memorial tablet provided by the will of Edward
Ames Temple to perpetuate the memories of seven pioneer
citizens of Burlington, Iowa,, was installed with appropriate
ceremony in the Historical Building, Tuesday, June 17, 1913.
The tablet was placed on the wall at the head of the grand
stairway. The exercises of installation were held in the cor-
ridor, a beautiful and appropriate setting for the occasion.
Gov. George W. Clarke presided. Rev. Charles J. Shutt,
pastor of St. Mark's Church, of which Mr. Temple had been
a member, offered prayer, and Hon. Thomas Hedge of Bur-
lington, whose father was a compeer of the men commemo-
rated, gave the address of the day which is printed in full
elsewhere in this issue.

The presentation was made by Mr. E. E. Clark, successor
to Mr. Temple as president of the Bankers' Life Association,
in the following words:

The Executors of the Estate of Edward A. Temple, following the
mandate of his will, now tender to the Historical Department of
the State of Iowa the memorial tablet for the making of which
Mr. Temple provided funds.

Under the terms of his will the tablet was to be procured under
the supervision of Mr. John T. Remey and Mr. E: H. Carpenter.
The work fell largely into the hands of Mr. Remey, who has spared
no pains to collect the photographs from which the bronze medal-
lions were prepared and who devoted much time and care to procure
the results you see here today.

The tablet recites that it perpetuates delightful memories of the
strong men named. And so it does. None the less it keeps alive the
memory of the giver himself, worthy, as he was, of companionship
with such a gallery of strong and useful men.

Judge Scott M. Ladd accepted the tablet on behalf of the
Historical Department of Iowa, and at his request the Curator
reviewed briefly the work undertaken by the Department.
10

226 ANNALS OF IOWA

Edward Ames Temple, donor of the tablet, was a native of
Illinois but came with his parents in 1837 to Burlington,
Iowa, where he grew to manhood in close touch and personal
friendship with the, pioneers of that city. The vivid and
pleasant recollections of seven of the most prominent men of
that early day remained with him during his lifetime and led
him to provide this commemorative tablet.

William D. Mitchell of New York designed the tablet. The
sculptor was Allen G. Newman, who at one time was assist-
ant to John Quincy Adams Ward and who has executed nu-
merous historical groups, portrait busts and commemorative
tablets. No likeness of Levi Hager being obtainable, the tab-
let bears bas-relief medallion portraits of six only of the pio-
neers commemorated, — William Salter, George Temple, Wil-
liam B. Remey, Bernhart Henn, Anthony W. Carpenter and
William F. Coolbaugh. The border of the tablet is composed
mainly of oak leaves, showing acorns and acorn cups, with
which are mingled pine branches and pine cones. In the cen-
ter of the band of oak leaves <and sprays of wheat which sep-
arates the portraits from the inscription appears the Ameri-
can eagle, with out-stretched pinions, symbolic of the great
sweep and extent of our country, while immediately behind
the eagle is a representation of the setting sun with rays
streaming therefrom, leading the thought to the sun setting
below the horizon of the western prairies. In the center of
the border at the bottom is placed the seal of Iowa.

The inscription reads as follows:

THIS TABLET WAS ERECTED THROUGH A PROVISION IN
THE WILL OF

EDWARD AMES TEMPLE

TO PERPETUATE THE MEMORY OF

WILLIAM SALTER GEORGE TEMPLE WILLIAM B. REMEY

BERNHART HENN ANTHONY W. CARPENTER

WILLIAM F. COOLBAUGH LEVI HAGER

PIONEER CITIZENS OF BURLINGTON, IOWA

AS AN EXPRESSION OF THE DEEP RESPECT

IN WHICH THEY WERE HELD BY THEIR FELLOW CITIZENS

AND HIS OWN DELIGHTFUL MEMORIES OF THEM

AS HIS PERSONAL FRIENDS. MCMXII.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 227

COMPLEXITY OF THE GLACIAL PERIOD, AND
IOWA'S ROLE IN ITS ESTABLISHMENT.

Although Louis Agassiz's theory of continental glaciation
was one of the most brilliant generalizations of modern
science, it was neither so complete nor so widely applicable
as was at first supposed. What was even more important to
its scientific value than the bare statement of the concep-
tion itself was the recognition of the fact that there was not
one but many glacial epochs in the earth's history. Of
course Croll's hypothesis urged the necessity of successive
glacial periods, but it was soon shown that his astronomical
dates were too far apart to account for the vicissitudes of the
epoch which we are now mainly studying. So we have to go
back to the testimony of the glacial deposits themselves for
our fundamental data.

In the great world-wide controversy which warmly waged
for more than a generation, Iowa chanced to bear a con-
spicuous part. It was in Iowa that the first real evidences
were found indicating the multiple instead of the unal char-
acter of the glacial epoch. They were Iowa men who made
this great discovery. In Iowa were finally differentiated not
one but five great glacial drift-sheets, or deposits, marking
the successive advancement of the vast fields of northern
continental ice. On Iowa men chiefly devolved the responsi-
bility of first working out the complete and genetic relation-
ships of these remarkable glacial till-mantles. Today the
Iowa classification of the Great Ice Age is accepted for the
whole world.

In order fully to appreciate the genuine importance of the
Iowa results bearing upon glacial complexity as opposed to
glacial unity the facts leading up to the birth of the idea
may be briefly reviewed. So early as 1870 Edward Orton
observed peat-beds in the glacial deposits of Ohio, and he
rightly concluded that this feature indicated a warm inter-
glacial epoch. He stated that evidence was at hand for the
orderly arrangement of post-Tertiary deposits. This dual
aspect of the glacial debris was further substantiated by

228 ANNALS OP IOWA

Leverett, Chamberlain, Gilbert, McGee and others. In the
prolix discussion which followed on the duality of the Glacial
period the real facts were overlooked or misinterpreted and
the possibility of a multiple instead of either an unal or dual
Ice age was lost sight of. Once suggested the multiple hypothe-
sis, about the year 1893, rapidly gained general acceptance
among scientific men.

The arguments for a dual Glacial period and at the time
of its proposal for a multiple Ice age were based mainly
upon the fact of the presence in till-sections of thin black
soil streaks, replaced here and there by thicker peat-beds.
That there might be extensive interglacial sand or clay de-
posits was not thought of. Yet they were actually recorded
and described a full decade prior to the time when their true
significance was pointed out. Such an interglacial deposit
clearly intercalated between two great till-sheets is the one on
Capitol Hill in Des Moines, described in detail by W J Mc-
Gee in 1882.1 It seems to be the first one ever recorded the
stratigraphic relations of which were unmistakable.

C. K.

NOTES.

The First National Bank of Davenport, Iowa, commemo-
rative of the completion of the fiftieth year of its present
legal status, published a volume which is entitled to more
consideration than that given a mere record of financial devel-
opment of a community. The foreword by the President of
the Bank, Hon. A. F. Dawson, is a chapter on the banking
history both of Iowa and the country at large:

In presenting this little volume to the public the aim has been to
set forth in concise form the facts leading up to the establishment
of the first bank which opened its doors for business under the
National Bank Act of 1863', together with a history of its progress
for the half century of its existence, and to make plain the marked

American Journal of Science, v. 24, pp. 202-23.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 229

\

advance which has occurred during the past seventy years in lifting
the banking institutions of the United States on to a higher plane
of efficiency, stability and permanency.

Naturally, more- than ordinary interest attaches to the first of any
species, and so a great many requests have been made that the
history of the bank which first began business under the law of 1863
should be compiled. The National Banking system has grown to be
such a powerful factor in handling the fiscal transactions of a great
commercial nation ; it has done so much to furnish the people with a
safe and uniform currency, and its wise and sound provisions have
exerted such a wide influence in shaping legislation governing State
banks in the different commonwealths of the Union, that a desire
naturally arises to know more of the bank which first set forth
under that system to transact a banking business.

It is a matter of some comment that the first National Bank to
begin operations under the Act of 1863 should be located in the
Middle West, but this is attributable to the energy of the founders
of the First National Bank of Davenport. The first group of banks
chartered under the law had an even start in this regard, as their
charters were signed on the same day— June 22, 1863 — and sent
forth simultaneously from the Comptroller's office. Fourteen char-
ters were signed by the Comptroller of the Currency before he
affixed his signature to the one of the First National Bank of
Davenport. But a charter is not a bank — it is simply the grant of
privilege to open a bank. A bank is an institution for receiving and
lending money, and it becomes such when it opens its doors and
begins the transaction of such business. The First National Bank
of Davenport became the first National bank in the United States
on June 29, 1863, when its doors were opened to the public and it
began to perform all the functions of a banking institution — the
receipt of deposits, the selling of exchange and the making of loans.
For two days it enjoyed the distinction of being the one National
bank in all the domain of the United States. On July 1st several
others came into being, and thereafter the number increased rapidly.

It is natural that the history of one National bank does not
differ in its essential details very widely from all other banks of
the same kind, but a study of the activities of such an institution
discloses the evolution which has occurred in banking methods dur-
ing the past half century. The record of this bank, which has
always stood for the highest ideals and the best methods of render-
ing efficient service to the community, may be studied with profit.

A comprehensive glance at the progress in banking and finance
during the past half century brings into strong relief two facts of
paramount importance. Banking has been effectually separated
from the fierce passion of partisan politics, and the business has

230 ANNALS OF IOWA

become firmly planted on the high plane of conservatism, integrity
and uniformity. With the establishment of these fundamentals, we
may look forward to the future with confidence that legislation to
meet changing conditions and handle properly and effectively the
expanding business of a sturdy and progressive nation will be drawn
on safe and sound lines.

For the general historical portion of this volume the author is
indebted to numerous standard treatises and to the reports issued by
the Government. Local histories and the files of the daily news-
papers have been drawn upon for a considerable part of the bio-
graphical material and that portion of the story of the First National
Bank which was lacking in the records of the institution. If this
little volume shall serve to give us a better understanding of the
progress of the past half century, and a keener appreciation of the
advantages of the age in which we live, its publication will have
been amply justified.

Davenport, Iowa, June 9, 1913.

Allen G. Newman, sculptor of the Temple memorial tablet,
was born in New York City in 1875. He began his career
as sculptor in 1895. For four years, 1897 to 1901, he was an
•assistant to John Quincy Adams Ward. After leaving Ward's
studio he studied at the Academy of design for some time be-
fore opening his own studio. His principal works are as
follows :

Playing fountain, "Music of the Waters," on Riverside Drive and
156th St., New York. Bought by the City of New York. Erected
in 1910.

Colossal bronze sculptured electric light standard, commemorating
the discovery of the Hudson river by Hendrik Hudson, given to the
City of New York by the Colonial Dames of America and erected on
Riverside Drive and 72d St.

Statues of "Justice" and "Liberty" on New York state building,
St. Louis Exposition.

Panels in high relief, Historical Scenes of Early American His-
tory, New York state building, Portland Exposition, Portland, Ore.

Heroic bronze statue "The Hiker," a soldier of the Spanish-
American war, originally erected at Jamestown Exposition. Perma-
nently erected in bronze by Spanish-American war veterans in Bay-
onne, N. J., also in North Burial Ground, Providence, R. I. To be
erected in a number of cities by the Spanish-American war veterans.

Bronze portrait of General Gates, Governor of Alabama. Erected
in Montgomery, Ala.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 231

Colossal bronze group "Spirit of Peace Forbidding War," com-
memorating the ending of the war between the North and the South.
Erected at the entrance to Piedmont Park, Atlanta, Ga., by the
Gate City Guard of Atlanta.

Joel Chandler Harris Monument, with tablet and portrait.
Erected at Atlanta, Ga.

Sculptured marble figures on the Night and Day Bank, New
York City.

Gten. Philip Sheridan monument, large portrait relief with flag
and bas-relief panel "Sheridan's Ride." Erected at Scranton, Pa,

Statue "Pioneer" in front of State Capitol, Salem, Oregon.

Portrait bust, William Allen, New York City.

Statue "Egyptian Water Carrier," University Court, New York
City.

Large bronze tablets on Seamen's Institute, New York City,
commemorating gift of Mrs. Russell Sage.

Bronze statue "I. Marks," at Meridian, Miss.

Bronze portrait of William Glodomore Leake, erected in Rock-
ingham Memorial Hospital, Harrisonburg, Va.

Bronze portrait of Edward W. Sparrow, erected in the Edward
W. Sparrow Memorial Hospital, Lansing, Mich.

Bronze portrait of Jonathan Dwight, founder of the Church of the
Unity, Springfield, Mass., erected in Springfield, Mass.

Bronze portrait of General Russell, erected in U. S. Military
Academy, West Point, N. Y.

Bronze portrait of Newton P. Walker, erected in the Institution
for the Deaf and Blind, Cedar Springs, South Carolina. Ordered
by the State of South Carolina.

Bronze portrait of Thomas Wrigley, erected on the Wrigley
Memorial monument, Paterson, N. J.

Colossal bronze crucifix for St. John the Baptist Greek Catholic
Church, erected in Perth Amboy, N. J.

Bas-relief, tomb door, Erb mausoleum.

The new Methodist Meeting House in this city is now oc-
cupied by the Legislative Assembly. It is a very neat and
substantial building. The basement story — partitioned off for
Conference and school rooms — is composed of stone, and the
upper story of brick. It is in a commanding situation, and
when finished, with its cupola and bell, it will be a great orna-
ment and acquisition to the city of Burlington. — Burlington,
I. T.— Burlington Patriot, Dec. 13, 1838. (Prospectus)

232 ANNALS OF IOWA

NOTABLE DEATHS.

WILLIAM LARRABEE was born in Ledyard, Connecticut, January
20, 1832; he died at Clermont, Fayette county, Iowa, November 16,
1912. He was raised on a farm, educated in the common schools, and
at the age of nineteen began teaching. In 1853 he removed to the
town of Hardin, Allanmkee county, Iowa, where he resumed teach-
ing. For some three years he managed the farm interests of his
brother-in-law, Judge E. H. Williams, whose agricultural interests
lay chiefly in Clayton county. Mr. Larrabee became interested in
the flour mills at Clermont in 1856 and soon became their sole
owner. He also manufactured brick and tile, and later turned his
attention to practical farming, acquiring large areas of good farm
lands in northeastern Iowa. He established or had interest in sev-
eral different banks at different periods. With remarkably close
attention to personal business Mr. Larrabee nevertheless found time
and sufficient patriotism to make himself the benefactor of his
generation through a long, arduous, faithful and successful career
as a public servant. A tender of his services as a soldier in the
War of the Rebellion was rejected because of deficient sight. He
was elected to the Iowa Senate in 1867 continuing by subsequent
election for eighteen years, resigning to accept the nomination for
Governor. He was elected and served from 1888 to 1890. His
service in the Senate was for the greater part of the time as chair-
man of the Committee on Ways and Means. In the Executive office
his great influence, industry and poise were factors in a pronounced
general advance in state government and particularly in the adoption
and effectuation of beneficial laws along the line of railroad regula-
tion and suppression of intemperance. After retiring from the
Executive's office he continued his active and efficient interest in
public matters. Scarcely a public man in Iowa who had been or
desired to be connected with the progress Governor Larrabee had
headed, but was in constant conference or correspondence with him.
Largely from this constant call there was produced Governor Larra-
bee's volume, "The Railroad Question," which took place as and
has remained an authority. Among the reforms that originated
with Governor Larrabee or were early espoused by him was that
of the placing of all the state institutions, except those for education,
in the charge of a Board of Control. A law establishing this
system was passed by the Twenty-seventh General Assembly and
became effective on July 1, 1898. Governor Larrabee was appointed
one of its three members and became its chairman, and his influence
in the introduction of the system is apparent to this day in its
simple and effective business methods. The strength and system in
Governor Larrabee's life extended beyond personal pecuniary success
and public political service. Rounded out as few Iowa men have
caused their lives to be, Governor Larrabee early interested himself
in matters of art and culture, his home life having been shared
almost continuously by leaders in educational and artistic pursuits.
He erected monuments to the memory of the nation's heroes in his
home town, and advised and encouraged Charles Aldrich in his
early and late struggle for the establishment of the State Historical
Department at Des Moines. He gave to the Iowa Commission at the
Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis in 1903 a most unselfish
and efficient service. He was chairman of the Executive Committee

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 233

of this commission, and contributed largely of his personal funds.
He selected and paid for a number of art objects that gave the
building an interest that has never been equalled by any similar
headquarters at any of the expositions. A more extended bio-
graphical account of Governor Larrabee will be presented hereafter.

WARREN SCOTT DUNGAN was born at Frankfort Springs, Beaver
county, Pennsylvania, September 12, 1822; he died at Chariton, Iowa,
May 9, 1913. He was of Scotch-Irish descent and three of his
ancestors served in the war of the Revolution. He obtained his early
education in the academy at Frankfort Springs. In 1851 he went
south, first to Louisiana and later to Panola, Mississippi, where he
taught school and studied law for three years. In 1855 he returned
to Pennsylvania, entered the law office of Roberts & Quay and the
next year was admitted to the practice and removed to Iowa. He
located at Chariton, took up the practice of law and maintained his
residence there until his death. In 1862 he represented the Twelfth
District, composed of Lucas and Monroe counties, as Senator in the
Ninth General Assembly. He resigned his position to recruit a
company which became Company K, Thirty-fourth Iowa Infantry, of
which he was elected Captain. In 1862 he was commissioned
Lieutenant Colonel and on May 25, 1865, was brevetted Colonel. He
participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Vicksburg, Fort
Blakeley, Mobile and other engagements. The last six months of his
service were spent on the staff of Maj. Gen. C. C. Andrews as
Inspector General of the Second Division Thirteenth Army Corps.
He was mustered out at Houston, Texas, July 15, 1865. Colonel
Dungan was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in
1872, and a presidential elector from the Seventh Iowa District when
General Grant was elected president. He served as Representative
in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth General Assemblies and again as
Senator in the Twenty-second and Twenty-third General Assemblies.
He was Lieutenant Governor of Iowa from 1894 to 1896, and after-
ward county attorney of Lucas county for two years. Colonel
Dungan's career of fifty-seven years in Iowa was marked with
success as a lawyer, soldier, orator and citizen. He was of in-
valuable service to Charles Aldrich in the formation of the early
plans for founding the Historical Department of Iowa.

ORLANDO HARRISON BAKER was born in Union county, Indiana,
September 16, 1830; he died on board the United States transport
"Thomas" in the harbor of Nagasaki, Japan, August 6, 1913. At an
early age he attended Mt. Morris Seminary at Mt. Morris, Illinois,
and later had a term in Alleghany College, Meadville, Pennsylvania.
After working and teaching to earn the necessary funds he entered
Asbury University, now De Pauw University, at Greencastle, Indiana,
and received the degree of A.B. therefrom in 1857. Three years
later the degree .of A.M. was conferred upon him by the same
university and in 1905 Simpson College bestowed upon him the de-
gree of LL.D. He began teaching in Indiana but removed to Indi-
anola, Iowa, in 1863, and served as principal of the Indianola Male
and Female Seminary, now Simpson College, until 1867. From 1865
to 1870 he studied law and was admitted to the bar. After a year's
teaching in the Methodist Conference School at Glenwood, he
was elected professor of Greek and Latin in Simpson Centenary
College and remained until 1871, when he was appointed principal

234 ANNALS OP IOWA

of Algona College which position he filled until 1875. He served
as pastor of the Methodist Church at Cambridge and at Boones-
boro from 1875 to 1877, having been ordained a minister of
the Methodist Church in 1858. In 1879 he returned to Indian-
ola and the next year became editor of the Indianola Herald,
continuing in that capacity until 1886. From 1886 to 1892 he
traveled as correspondent for the Chicago Inter Ocean. In
1893 he received from the Government the appointment of
consul to the port of Copenhagen, Denmark. In 1900 he was ad-
vanced to the position of United States consul at Sydney, Australia,
where he remained for eight years, when he was sent with
similar duties to Sandakan, North Borneo. He was on six months'
leave of absence from this post of consular duty at the time of
his death.

WILLIAM HARVEY BROWN was born at Des Moines, August 22,
1862; he died at Salisbury, Rhodesia, South Africa, April 5, 1913. He
was educated in the public schools of Des Moines and the University
of Kansas, at Lawrence, Kansas, where he took the degree of B.Sc.
In 1886 he joined W. T. Hornaday in an expedition to Montana to
secure skins and skeletons of the American bison. Subsequently he
entered the Natural History Department of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution, Washington, D. C. In 1889 he was appointed naturalist on a
scientific expedition sent to Angola by the United States Government.
After a short time spent on the west coast of Africa he went to
Cape Town and in 1890 joined the British South Africa Company
Pioneer Corps, formed by Cecil Rhodes, and with it went to Mashona-
land, participating in all the hardships endured by the pioneers in
that country and continuing his work as a naturalist. Many speci-
mens collected by him were sent to the Smithsonian Institution
while others are to be found in the Cape Town Museum. He took
part in the Matabele war in 1893 and assisted in quelling the
Mashonaland rebellion, in which he was quite severely wounded. He
revisited America and in 1899 published his book, "On the South
African Frontier." He returned to Africa and settled on a farm five
miles from Salisbury, and devoted himself mainly to farming and
agricultural matters. He was actively interested in the public
affairs of Salisbury, serving at various times as member of the
Chamber of Mines, Chamber of Commerce, Salisbury Municipal
Council, as Mayor and later as member for the Salisbury division in
the Legislative Council. He also took a prominent part in the
Mashonaland Farmers' Association, the Rhodesia Agricultural Union
and Rhodesia Agricultural and Horticultural Societies.

JACOB RICH was born in New York City, December 18, 1832; he
died at Dubuque, Iowa, September 11, 1913. His early education was
received in Philadelphia. He removed to the West in 1856 and spent
some months in Dubuque. He located in Buchanan county where he
commenced the publication of the Quasqueton Guardian which in
1858 he removed to Independence and continued its publication as
the Buchanan County Guardian until 1865, serving also part of that
time as postmaster of Independence. In 1864 he was chief clerk of
the House of Representatives in the Tenth General Assembly. In
1865 he went to Washington as clerk of the naval committee of the
United States Senate, and remained there until 1869. After spending
a year in travel abroad, he purchased a half interest in the Dubuque

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 235

Times and assumed editorial control which, he held until 1875. He
served as chairman of the Republican State Central Committee of
Iowa in 1872 and again in 1877. He was appointed pension agent
at Dubuque in 1874 and held office until after the removal of the
agency to Des Moines. He was one of the organizers of the Iowa
Trust & Savings Bank and acted as director until the last annual
meeting, when he resigned on account of ill health. He became
president of the Board of Library Trustees at its organization and
held the office until his death. Mr. Rich was a brilliant writer and
took high rank among the editors of his day. He was prominent in
politics, a close friend of Senator Allison and had an active part in
his campaign for Republican nomination for President in 1888. His
interest in Dubuque was manifested by his efforts to obtain the best
of city government and city ordinances.

CHARLES E. PUTNAM was born in Nashua, New Hampshire, July
10, 1839; he died at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, May 23, 1913'. His early
education was received at Nashua Academy, one of the oldest insti-
tutions of the kind in New Hampshire. In 1854 he removed with his
parents to Cedar Rapids and acted as clerk in a store for a short
time. In April, 1855, he went on a hunting trip to Kossuth county,
then almost in the wilderness, and remained there three years. Re-
turning in 1858 he attended Western College and taught school until
the outbreak of the Civil War. He enlisted in the fall of 1861 in
Company G, Thirteenth Iowa Volunteer Infantry and was made
Second Lieutenant. He was rapidly promoted to Captain and par-
ticipated in the battles of Shiloh, Corinth, luka and Vicksburg. In
April, 1863, he was made Judge Advocate General for the district of
Vicksburg, and later detailed as mustering officer and assigned to
the fourth division of the Seventeenth Army Corps, serving on the
staffs of Major Generals Walter Q Gresham, Giles A. Smith and
W. W. Belknap. He was in the hardest fighting at Atlanta and
with Sherman tm the march to the sea. He was on the staffs of
Governors Drake and Shaw with the rank of Colonel. At the close
of the war he spent a year in Chicago and then engaged in the
mercantile business at Mt. Vernon. He was elected county registrar
at Marion and served for eight years, and afterward for many
years acted as cashier of the Merchants National Bank at Cedar
Rapids. For six years prior to his death he had held the position
of State Bank Examiner.

BENJAMIN BEACH was born in Hamilton, Butler county, Ohio,
January 20, 1827; he died at Muscatine, Iowa, May 16, 1913. When
thirteen years of age he was apprenticed to a tinsmith in Richmond,
Indiana, and after learning that trade followed it for many years.
At the outbreak of the Mexican War he enlisted in the First Ohio
Volunteers and remained in the service about sixteen months, par-
ticipating in the most of the marches and campaigns, and received
honorable discharge at the close of the war. In 1850 he removed to
Muscatine, Iowa, and opened a store which he conducted until the
beginning of the Civil War. On April 17, 1861, he enlisted in
Company A, First Iowa Volunteers, was elected First Lieutenant and
served through three months' campaign, participating in the battle
of Wilson's Creek. He then organized a company for the Eleventh
Iowa Regiment and re-enlisted as Captain of Company H for a
service of three years. He participated in the battles of Shiloh,
Corinth, Vicksburg, the campaign against Atlanta, and was present

236 ANNALS OF IOWA

at the grand review in Washington in May, 1865. During this time
he was promoted rapidly until he reached the rank of Colonel.
He had the unusual record of never being off duty by illness, never
wounded or captured and but once absent on leave. He was mus-
tered out of the service at Louisville, Kentucky, July 19, 1865. He
returned to Muscatine and engaged successfully in the hardware,
grocery and tile manufacturing business, and for eight years acted
as postmaster of Muscatine.

JOSEPH B. LEAKE was born in Deerfield, N. J., April 1, 1828; he
died at Chicago, Illinois, June 1, 1913. He removed with his parents
to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he received his early education. He
graduated from Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, in 1846, studied law
under Hon. W. S. Groesbeck, and was admitted to the bar in Janu-
ary, 1850. After practicing in Cincinnati for about six years he
removed to Davenport, Iowa. He was member of the House of
Representatives from Scott county in the Eighth General Assembly
and Senator during the Ninth, Ninth Extra and Eleventh General
Assemblies. At the outbreak of the war he recruited a company,
was elected Captain, mustered into the Twentieth Iowa Infantry and
later commissioned Lieutenant Colonel. He was wounded and made
prisoner at Morganza, and participated in the siege of Vicksburg,
Mobile, Spanish Fort and other engagements. He was mustered out
with the title of brevet brigadier general. He resumed the practice
of law at Davenport and served as county attorney and president of
the Board of Education. In 1871 he removed to Chicago and con-
tinued his law practice and in 1879 was appointed by President
Hayes district attorney for the Northern District of Illinois. For
several years he was attorney for the Board of Education.

DELOS E. LYOX was born in Franklinville, New York, November
14, 1832; he died at Dubuque, Iowa, April 10, 1913. He attended the
schools of Franklinville and Buffalo, was clerk in a country store
for about a year and then passed three years in study at Oberlin
College, Oberlin, Ohio. He returned to Franklinville and successfully
conducted a store until 1857, then studied law and passed the New
York state bar examination in 1859 in the same class with Grover
Cleveland and other afterward noted lawyers. He immediately re-
moved to Dubuque, Iowa, and entered upon the practice of law at
the corner of Fifth and Main Streets, where he maintained his office,
associated with various partners, for fifty-four years. During the
Civil War he proposed to volunteer first in the Sixteenth Iowa
Infantry and later in the Eighth Cavalry, but at the request of the
Adjutant General remained in the recruiting service and rendered
valuable service as recruiting officer and aide-de-camp on the staffs
of Governors Kirkwood and Stone. Colonel Lyon was a Republican
in politics, casting his first vote for John C. Fremont. He was city
attorney and surveyor of the port of Dubuque, attorney for impor-
tant railroad and express companies and practiced in all the state
and federal courts including the Supreme Court of the United States.

DAVID J. PATTEE was born in Chittenden county, Vermont, "De-
cember 22, 1839; he died at Okoboji, Iowa, July 1, 1912. He received
his education • in the public schools and academy of Georgia, Ver-
mont, and was clerk in a general store in that town until the out-
break of the Civil War. He enlisted in Company A, Ninth Vermont

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 237

Volunteer Infantry and was taken prisoner in the battle of Harper's
Ferry. He was paroled shortly afterward and sent to Camp Douglas
near Chicago in charge of rebel prisoners, but soon received his
discharge on account of disability. He came, to Des Moines, recov-
ered his health, and in June, 1864, re-enlisted in Company P, Forty-
seventh Iowa Volunteer Infantry, and soon after was promoted to
Captain. After a service of a few months he received honorable
discharge and returned to Des Moines, engaging in the mercantile
business. He was a Republican in politics and held the positions of
county supervisor, mayor and postmaster. He was elected Represen-
tative from Dallas county in 1883 and served through the Twentieth
and Twenty-first General Assemblies. He was always deeply inter-
ested in all movements that contributed toward the welfare of Perry
and gave to the city twenty acres of land for a park.

JULIAN PHEOLPS was born in Chittenden county, Vermont, April
4, 1838; he died at Hollywood, California, February 25, 1913. He
received his early education in Vermont and entered the Vermont
State University in 1860. In 1864, just previous to his graduation, he
enlisted in the Eleventh Vermont Infantry and was wounded soon
after at the battle of Cold Harbor. He recovered sufficiently to
graduate with his class and then returned to the war and served
until its close, participating in the battles of Spottsylvania, Peters-
burg and other engagements. In 1865 he entered the Albany Law
School and received his degree in 1867. He removed the same year
to Lewis, Iowa, and began the practice of law. When the county
seat was changed to Atlantic he removed to that town, continuing
the practice of his profession there. In 189.3 he was elected to the
legislature and represented the Cass-Shelby District as Senator in
the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twenty-sixth Extra General
Assemblies. In 1897 President McKinley appointed him consul to
Crefeld, Germany, which position he filled for four years. Soon
after his return to the United States he removed to Hollywood,
California, where he maintained his residence until his death.

HENRY Louis BOUSQUET was born in Amsterdam, Holland, Feb-
ruary 14, 1840; he died at Des Moines, July 23, 1913. When nine
years of age he emigrated with his father's family to America and
located with the Holland colony at Pella, Iowa. He was educated in
the public schools and attended Central University for two years.
He engaged in mercantile pursuits until July, 1862, when he enlisted
in Company G, Thirty-third Volunteer Infantry. In 1864 he was
transferred to the Fourth Arkansas Cavalry and was commissioned
First Lieutenant and Regimental Quartermaster. At the close of
the war he returned to Pella and was elected county clerk of Marion
county and held office four years. He then became assistant cashier
of the Pella National Bank. In 1884 he removed to Knoxville and
engaged in the mercantile business. In 1903 he was appointed
deputy clerk of the supreme court. John C. Crockett, clerk, resigned
in 1908. Mr. Bousquet succeeded him as clerk and was re-elected
for another term. Thereafter he remained an assistant in that
office.

THOMAS STIVERS was born in Pomeroy, Ohio, September 4, 1848;
he died at Burlington, Iowa, September 9, 1913. He received his
education in the public schools of his native city. At the age of
sixteen he entered a newspaper office where he familiarized himself

238 ANNALS OP IOWA

thoroughly with all departments of the business. From 1870 to 1884
he was in newspaper work in Atchison, Kansas, as city editor of the
Atchison Champion and owner of the Atchison Patriot. After dis-
posing of his newspaper interests in Atchison he lived for three
years in Leavenworth where he built a street railway line. In 1887
he removed to Burlington and purchased the Burlington Gazette,
which had been established in 1837. His brother, Henry Stivers, who
was associated with him withdrew at the end of the first year and
from that time until his death, Mr. Stivers remained sole owner of
that publication, giving his personal attention to its management,
endeavoring to make it a publication for the people. He was a life-
long Democrat and active in politics, interested in the development
of his city and energetic and enthusiastic in every cause undertaken
by him.

JOHN STILLMAN LOTHROP was born in Dover, Maine, October 9,
1836; he died at Sioux City, Iowa, July 1, 1913'. He was educated
in the common schools of his native town. In 1852 he removed with
his father's family to Illinois where he spent seven years on a farm.
He entered the Chicago Law School and received his legal education
from Prof. Henry Booth. At the outbreak of the Civil War he en-
listed in Company I, Eleventh Illinois Infantry, arid at the expira-
tion of his three months' service re-enlisted in Company E, Twenty-
sixth Illinois Infantry and was promoted Captain. He participated
in the battles of Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth and
other engagements. After the close of the war he practiced law in
Ottawa and Champaign, Illinois, until 1884, when he removed to
Sioux City and continued his practice there. He was a Republican
in politics and was appointed by President Harrison Collector of
United States Internal Revenues for the Third Iowa District. He
represented Woodbury county in the Senate of the Twenty-sixth,
Twenty-sixth Extra and Twenty-seventh General Assemblies.

BENJAMIN F. KEABLES was born in Elba, Genesee county, New
York, November 30, 1828; he died at Pella, Iowa, May 8, 1911. He
removed when a child with his parents to Michigan and then to
Illinois, where he engaged in school teaching, and in his spare
moments studying medicine. In 1850 he went to Keokuk to attend
medical lectures and pursue his studies. He later graduated from
the Rush Medical College in Chicago. In 1852 he removed to Pella
and continued in the practice of medicine in that city until a short
time prior to his death. In 1862 he enlisted as assistant surgeon in
the Third Iowa Volunteer Infantry, was soon promoted to surgeon
and held this position until the regiment was mustered out in 1864.
He represented Marion county in the House of the Thirteenth and
Fourteenth General Assemblies. He took a very deep interest in
the upbuilding of his town, especially along educational lines, serv-
ing for many years as a member of the school board and of the
board of trustees of Central University.

CHRISTIAN HEDGES was born in Richland county, Ohio, May 3,
1830; he died at Marengo, Iowa, February 26, 1913. Though his
early years were spent on a farm, he received a good academic
education and later graduated from the Cincinnati Law School. He
commenced the practice of law at Mansfield, Ohio, but went to Cali-
fornia during the gold excitement in 1849, and remained there ten

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 239

years. He returned east and located in Marengo, Iowa, where he
continued the practice of law, ranking as the oldest lawyer in Iowa
county at the time of his death. At the outbreak of the Civil War
he recruited Company G, Seventh Iowa Infantry, was elected Captain
and served until near the close of the war. He was elected Senator
from Iowa county to the Eighteenth General Assembly, and before
the expiration of the term was elected circuit judge of the Eighth
District, holding that position from 1881 to 1886.

JOSEPH HAMILTON PRESTON was born in Benton Center, Yates
county, New York, July 9, 1838 ; he died at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, July
29, 1913. His parents removed with their family to Marion, Iowa,
in 1842, and he attended the public schools of Marion and also
Cornell College, Mt. Vernon. He graduated from the Union Law
School of Cleveland, Ohio, in 1860 with the degree of LL.B. and
upon admission to the Iowa bar, engaged in practice with his father
at Marion for eight years. In 1869 he removed to Waterloo and
continued in practice there until 1881 when he removed to Cedar
Rapids where he maintained his home until his death. He was
elected district attorney for the Eighth Judicial District and later
judge for the same district. In 1886 he was elected judge of the
Eighteenth Judicial District and held the office until 1894 when he
resigned from the bench to re-enter private practice. He was a
prominent member of the Iowa bar for over fifty year's.

LEWIS FOEDYCE was born in Wabash county, Illinois, November 5,
1820; he died at his home near Liberty ville, March 24, 1912. He
came with his parents to Iowa when a youth of seventeen, and
assisted his father in developing a farm in Lee county. In 1849 he
moved to Van Buren county, residing there until 1873 when he
secured a large farm in Jefferson county and made his home there.
For thirty-five years in his early life he was engaged in the ministry,
extending his labors throughout Missouri and southeastern Iowa,
and for the same number of years was secretary of the State Asso-
ciation of the Christian Church. He was one of the organizers of the
Republican party in Van Buren county, and represented that county
in the Fourth General Assembly. He also occupied a seat in the
Twentieth General Assembly as a Representative from Jefferson
county.

SAMUEL EWING McKEE was born in Alleghany county, Pennsyl-
vania, September 26, 1836^ he died in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
June 27, 1913. He attended the common schools of his native
county until able to teach for a few terms and earn sufficient to
give him a course in Jefferson College. He graduated in 1851 and
give him a course in Jefferson College. He graduated in 1851
he entered Alleghany Theological Seminary and graduated there-
from in 1856. The same year he came west and was employed for a
number of years in various places as pastor, missionary and teacher.
In 1873 he settled in Washington," Iowa, and became principal of
the Washington Academy of which institution he was the main
originator. His connection with this institution continued until
1896. He was known as one of the foremost educators of the State.
The last years of his life were passed in his native State.

240 ANNALS OP IOWA

GUSTAV DIEDERICH was born in Minden, Province of Westphalia,
Germany, March 14, 1845; he died at Frankfort on the Main, June
10, 1912. At the age of sixteen he emigrated to the United States and
lived for a few years in New York City. In 1865 he removed to
Davenport, Iowa, and in 1870 to Avoca, where he engaged in mer-
cantile business. He was first president of the Pottawattamie County
Fair Association and held that office for several years. He served
three terms as mayor of Avoca. He was elected Representative
from Pottawattamie county to the Twenty-fifth General Assembly
and served on the committees on Ways and Means, Industrial Schools
and Telegraph and Telephones. Mr. Diederich died while on a visit
in Europe, and his remains were brought to Avoca for burial.

FRANCIS M. ESTES was born in Andrew county, Missouri, Sep-
tember 3, 1846; he died at Cement, Oklahoma, October 7, 1911. In
1859 he went with his father to Colorado where they located what is
now known as Estes Park. He remained in Colorado until 1866,
when he came to Fremont county, Iowa, making his home there
until 1907. He was a successful farmer and stock raiser and took
especial pride in his work of horticulturist. He was a Democrat in
politics and represented his district in the Iowa House of Repre-
sentatives in the Twenty-second and Twenty-third General Assem-
blies. He was an advocate of election reform and instrumental in
passing the Australian ballot law through the Twenty-fourth General
Assembly. In 1907 he removed to Cement, Oklahoma, where he
engaged in banking, serving as president of three banks.

WILLIAM BREMNEK was born in Scotland, May 21, 1831; he died
at Iowa City, Iowa, August 29, 1911. His parents emigrated to the
United States while he was an infant, making their home for a few
years in New York and Massachusetts and finally settling in New
Hampshire in 1839, where he grew to manhood. Mr. Bremner
studied engineering and later law. He removed to Marshalltown,
Iowa, in 1856 and formed a partnership with Hon. W. P. Hepburn,
which was continued for a few years. Preferring outdoor life, he
took up surveying and in 1865 was elected county surveyor, which
position he held for forty-five years. He also held the position of
city engineer of Marshalltown from 1863' until shortly before his
death. He represented Marshall county in the Eighth and Eighth
Extra General Assemblies.

JOSEPH A. KECK was born in Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania,
December 7, 1827; he died in Seattle, Washington, February 6, 1913.
In 1846 he removed with his parents to Van Buren county, Iowa,
settling near Utica, on a farm, where he made his continuous home
until 1910, when he removed to the Pacific coast. During the gold
excitement in the early fifties he crossed the plains with an ox
team, and passed a year in California. He was a Republican in
politics and was chosen first president of the Fremont Voters' Club
of his congressional district. He filled other positions of trust and
responsibility and was for several years the president of the Van
Buren County Agricultural Society. He was elected and served as
a Representative in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly from Van
Buren county.

fi'

ANNALS OF IOWA.

VOL. XI, No. 4. DES MOINES, IA., JANUARY, 1914. 3D SERIES

EARLY IOWA INDIAN TREATIES AND BOUNDARIES.

BY COL. ALONZO ABERNETHY.

From colonial times our Government has exercised the sole
right of extinguishing Indian titles to land.

By the proclamation of the Colonial Congress of September
23, 1783, all persons were prohibited "from making settle-
ments on land inhabited or claimed by Indians, without the
limits of any particular State, and from purchasing or re-
ceiving any gift or cession of such lands or claims without
the express authority and direction of the United States in
Congress assembled."

This early policy has been maintained by the Government
to the present time, except that the President, through his
agents, has exercised the power of acquiring terrritory by
treaty, first granted to Congress. Until 1871 Indian titles
were extinguished only under the treaty-making clause of the
Constitution, even though the tribe had been reduced to an
insignificant band. Since then acquisitions of territory from
the Indians have been made by simple agreements.

The Neutral Line in Iowa.

In 1825 the territorial governors in the West united in an
•effort to check the hostilities of two aggressive and warlike
tribes in what is now northeastern Iowa. Gov. William Clark
of St. Louis, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and Gov.
Lewis Cass of Detroit, came to Prairie du Chien and nego-
tiated a treaty with various Indian tribes on August 19th of
that year. This treaty contained a number of articles, but
only the second and a portion of the eleventh had reference
to Iowa territory.

Article 2 reads as follows:

It is agreed between the confederated Tribes of the Sacs and
Foxes, and the Sioux, that the Line between their respective coun-
16

242 ANNALS OF IOWA

tries shall be as follows: Commencing at the mouth of the Upper
Iowa River, on the west bank of the Mississippi, and ascending the
said Iowa river, to its left fork; thence up that fork to its source;
thence crossing the fork of Red Cedar river, in a direct line to the
second or upper fork of the Dfsmoines river; and thence in a direct
line to the lower fork ot the Calumet river; and down that river to
its juncture with the Missouri river. But the Yancton band of the
Sioux tribe, being principally interested in the establishment of the
line from the Porks of the Desmoines to the Missouri, and not
being sufficiently represented to render the definitive establishment
of that line proper, it is expressly declared that the line from the
forks of the Desmoines to the forks of the Calumet river, and down
that river to the Missouri, is not to be considered as settled until
the assent of the Yancton band shall be given thereto. And if the
said band should refuse their assent, the arrangement of that part
of the boundary line shall be void, and the rights of the parties to
the country bounded thereby, shall be the same as if no provision
had been made for the extension of the line west of the forks of
the Desmoines. And the Sacs and Foxes relinquish to the tribes
interested therein, all their claim to land on the east side of the
Mississippi river.'

The last clause of the eleventh article adds:

It is agreed, however, that a Council shall be ' held with the
Yancton band of the Sioux, during the year 1826, to explain to them
the stipulations of this treaty, and to procure their assent thereto,
should they be disposed to give it, and also with the Ottoes, to.
settle and adjust their title to any of the country claimed by the
Sacs, Foxes, and Io\vays.-

The council of 1826 Avas never held to ratify the latter part
o!' this treaty, Imt a similar one was agreed to five years later.

The imaginary lino provided for in the above-named treaty
did not prove to have the desired effect of restraining; the
hostile tendencies of: these aggressive and lawless peoples, and
so another council was arranged for at the same place, and
held July 15, 18:]().

The parties to this council were : Sank and Fox, Mede-
wakanton, Wahpekuta, \Vahpetoii and Sisseton hands of
Sioux, Omaha, Iowa, Olo and Missouri.

The first, three articles of the treaty adopted at this time
are as follows:

's Indian Affairs, Laics and Treaties, v. IT, p. 250.
-KTapplcr's Indian Affairs, Laics and Treaties, v. JI, p. 253.

EARLY IOWA INDIAN TREATIES AND BOUNDARIES 243

ART. I. The said Tribes cede and relinquish to the United States
forever all their right and title to the lands lying within the fol-
lowing boundaries, to-wit: Beginning at the upper fork of the
Demoine River, and passing the sources of the Little Sioux, and
Floyds Rivers, to the fork of the first creek which falls into the Big
Sioux or Calumet on the east side; thence, down said creek, and
Calumet River to the Missouri River; thence down said Missouri
River to the Missouri State line, above the Kansas; thence along
said line to the northwest corner of the said State, thence to the
high lands between the waters falling into the Missouri and Des-
moines, passing to said high lands along the dividing ridge between
the forks of the Grand River; thence along said high lands or ridge
separating the waters of the Missouri from those of the Demoine,
to a point opposite the source of Boyer River, and thence in a
direct line to the upper fork of the Demoine, the place of beginning.
But it is understood that the lands ceded and relinquished by this
Treaty, are to be assigned and allotted under the direction of the
President of the United States, to the Tribes now living thereon,
or to such other Tribes as the President may locate thereon for
hunting, and other purposes.

ART. II. The confederated Tribes of the Sacs and Foxes, cede
and relinquish to the United States forever, a. tract of country
twenty miles in width, from the Mississippi to the Demoine; situ-
ate south, and adjoining the line between the said confederated
Tribes of Sacs and Foxes, and the Sioux; as established by the
second article of the Treaty of Prairie du Chien of the nineteenth of
August one thousand eight hundred and twenty-five.

ART. III. The Medawah-Kanton, Wah-pa-coota, Wahpeton and
Sisseton P>ands of the Sioux cede and relinquish to the United States
forever, a Tract of Country twenty miles in width, from the Mis-
sissippi to the Demoine River, situate north1, and adjoining the line
mentioned in the preceding articled

It was nearly two years, however, before the survey pro-
vided for by these two councils was commenced.

Survey of the Neutral Line.

Captain Nathan Boone was detailed for the purpose, and
began the work April 19, 1832, at the initial point, the mouth
of the Upper Iowa river, to locate first the dividing line be-
tween the Sacs and Foxes on the south and the Sioux on the
north. The field notes indicate that the initial point of the
main channel of the Upper Iowa and its confluence with the
Mississippi was inaccessible. Probably the Mississippi at this

3Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties, v. II, p. 300.

244 ANNALS OF IOWA

point was then, as now, several miles wide, and that the waters
of the smaller stream were merged into those of the larger
before the middle of the main channel was reached. The
initial point must have been near the middle of the west side
of Township No. 100, Range No. 3, on the east side of Iowa
Township, Allamakee county.

The meandered line from this point to the left fork of the
Upper Iowa was 40 miles and 17 chains ; but the actual dis-
tance was 21 miles, and the direction S. 62° 20' "W. The fork
named, the mouth of Trout creek, is in Section 9-98-7, Glen-
wood Township, Winneshiek county, about six miles below
Decorah.

I visited the place several years ago, and found the 20 foot
ledge of rock mentioned on the lower side of the fork as noted
in the field notes.

The survey proceeded thence, S. 17° 15' E. to the source of
this creek, in about Section 14-97-7, Franklin Township, "Win-
neshiek county.

Captain Boono then ran what is called a random line,
S. 70° 15' AY. to the Des Moines river, and found that he
was four miles and five chains above the fork named in the
treaty, and again meandered from there down to the forks.
The random line was 130 miles and 63 chains long; the true
line, 133 miles and 43 chains. The direction was found to be
S. 73 15' AY.

A post was planted here on the east side of the Des Moines
river at high water mark. Two witness trees were marked,
one. a rod elm, two feet in diameter, 3.41 chains distant, bear-
ing X. 69° AY. ; the other, a red elm, one foot in diameter, 9.34
chains distant, bearing S. 78° E.. standing on the southwest
side of a natural mound 40 to 50 feet wide and 10 feet high.

This mound is said to be standing there yet as described.
The point is probably in Section 19-91-28, in or near Dakotah,
in Humboldt county.

Survey of the Sioux 20 Mile Cession of The Neutral Ground.

Having established this original dividing line between the
two tribes. Captain Boone next proceeded to survey the Sioux

EARLY IOWA INDIAN TREATIES AND BOUNDARIES 245

20 mile cession, by meandering the Des Moines river along
the east side the required distance to a point in or near Sec-
tion 35-94-31, in the southeast corner of Palo Alto county.

The length of the meander was 25 miles and 66 chains:
that of the true line, 20 miles from the base.

When this point had been marked, the survey of the north
side was run parallel to the dividing line 127 miles, where
the corner was established opposite the source of the Upper
Iowa river. Each mile of this line was witnessed by burying
a cylinder of charcoal at the bottom of a stake, and marking
witness trees when in the timber.

The location of this line is easily identified by the distances
noted between the various streams crossed, and especially by
the fact that it skirted the north side of the lake since named
Clear Lake in Cerro Gordo county. The east end of this line
was probably in Section 32-100-10, in Fremont township,
Winneshiek county. The party stopped here several days and
ran a line across to the fork of the Iowa to prove the work.

The survey then turned N. 17° 15' W. and ran 51/2 miles.
At 2 miles and 3 chains they crossed the Upper Iowa, 125
links wide, and followed up that stream 2 miles and 56 chains,
where another corner was established. This point is probably
in Section 6-100-10, in Minnesota, just across the line from
the northwest corner of Winneshiek county.

At this point the line turned N. 62° 20' E. to the Mississippi
river, crossing several small creeks and Root river on the 38th
mile, and reaching the Mississippi about four miles above the
mouth of Root river. This line was 441/2 miles long.

A line was then meandered down on the west side of the
Mississippi to the mouth of the Upper Iowa, where the survey
started, 21 miles and 52 chains by the meander. This part
of the survey was completed June 19, 1832.

Survey of the Sac and Fox Cession of The Neutral Ground.

Captain Boone proceeded next to survey the remaining
tract. He meandered the river down 20 miles further, the
meandered length being 37 miles and 70.50 chains, and es-

246 ANNALS OF IOWA

tablished the corner at a noted Indian rock about 200 feet
in height, facing the river. This conspicuous cliff was known
as ''Painted Rock", and its location as the southeast corner
of the Neutral Ground seems clearly verified by the follow-
ing1 excerpt :

And this brings us to 1he question of the "Painted Rock," on
section 3, in Fairvicw township. On the face of a bold cliff, facing
the river, and some half way up the bluff, was at some time painted
the figure of an animal, and the word "Tiger," with some names
and other symbols. Judge Murdock said the painting was there in
1843, and looked ancient at that time; and as far as we have been
able to ascertain, the question of when or why it was put there,
or by whom, has ever been a matter of speculation without a satis-
factory answer. From various facts it is very evident that this
was the point at which the southern boundary line of the neutral
ground of IS30 touched the river, one of the proofs of which is as
follows: At the session of the County Commissioners of Clayton
County, held April 4, 1844, the boundaries of various election pre-
cincts were defined, and one precinct was established as follows:
"Yellow River precinct ( Xo. 4), commencing at the Painted Rock
on the Mississippi River; thence down said river to the corner of
township ninety-five, ranue three, west of the fifth principal merid-
ian: tht' nee down said river t\vo miles, thence clue west on section
line to the vest side of towiihhip ninety-five, range four, west;
th 01109 north to the neutral line: thence following said line to the
place of commencing, -'ft Painted Rock." This fact being established,
what more remarkable to suppose than that the authorities at Prairie
<!u Chien should cause this prominent cliff — this natural "bulletin-
boiird" as it were — to bo- so plainly marked as to designate the
•.'Oimdary line in a manner nol 1o he mistaken by the natives; and
what more natural than that the subordinates who performed the
duty shouid elocorute the rock with representations of wild animals
and strange figures, rh<> mure ;•( a'lily to attract the attention of
t;ie Sioux hunting expeditions as they descended the river in their
canoes and \varn them that they had reached the limit of the hunt-
ing grounds permitted to them. Neither is it strange that they
should take the opportunity of placing their own names where they
might become famous, though they have long since become illegible."

A permanent marker could doubtless even yet be placed,
showing very nearly it' not the precise location of this south-
east corner of the Neutral Ground, from the description of
the field notes, as follows:

'Alexander's Jlistory of Winncshick and Alhunakcc Counties,, pp. 369-70.

EARLY IOWA INDIAN TREATIES AND BOUNDARIES 247

Here planted a stake from which a white oak, 16 inches in
diameter, hears N. 27° E. 186 links distant, marked thus, "U. S.,"
and a hickory, 12 inches in diameter, hears S. 63° E. 29 links dis-
tant, with a hlaze and notch over it, and a white oak, 14 inches in
diameter, bears S. 28° W. 240 links distant. Prom this corner
a very noted rock of about 200 ft. in height bears N. 31° W. 540
links distant.

It is doubtful if either of the three tree markers will be
found standing, but the Painted Rock probably remains.

Having established this corner, Captain Boone proceeded
to locate the south line parallel to the two already established,
taking the course S. 62° 20' W., and got far enough to plant
the two-mile post, when his record closes with the following
statement: "discontinued on account of hostilities of the
Indians. ' '

The specific nature of the hostilities which induced him to
stop the survey at this point is not stated. They were doubt-
less sufficient to warn him that it was not safe to proceed
further with his work at that time.

The survey, however, was resumed and completed the same
autumn by Captain James Craig, who began where Captain
Boone left off, running 19 miles farther out, where he estab-
lished and marked this corner, probably in Section 22-95-6,
thence S. 17° 15' E., 7 miles, crossing a bend of the Turkey
river on the seventh mile, and placing the corner stake 2y2
chains from the east bank of the river. The line then crossed
the river, running S. 73° 15' "W. to the Des Moines river.

The field notes of this last run are very meager, mentioning
the distance between principal streams only. The length
of the line is given as 125 miles and 33 chains. This length
seems quite evidently incorrect, since there is no point on the
Des Moines river which is within ten miles of the distance
named in the field notes. The point where this line reached
the Des Moines river was probably near the northwest cor-
ner of section 15-87-27, in Webster township, Webster county.1

The point, however, where the line reached the river can be
determined quite accurately from other sources. In the first
place the perpendicular distance from the neutral line should

'Where notable landmarks in a survey do not agree with courses and
distances given, the former prevail. — ED. ANNALS.

248 ANNALS OF IOWA

be about 20 miles. As a matter of fact the distance is greater
than that.

Second, some notes of a trip up the Des Moines, in the
summer of 1848, published in the ANNALS July, 1909, state
that the south line of the neutral ground was in that immedi-
ate vicinity.5 The author writes of crossing the Boone, and
that half a mile beyond was the farthest any settlement had
been made, where Henry Lott had settled in the spring of
1846. Later he adds, "above Lett's two miles is the mouth
of a creek," and, "one mile further up, at the foot of a steep
hill 175 feet high is the line of the Neutral Land, the present
location of the Winnebago tribe of Indians."

This places the line, in this writer's estimate, between five
and six miles north of the mouth of the Boone river, possi-
bly in Section 15-87-27, Webster township, Webster county.

Third, the line passing up the river from this point is
meandered, the meander following the river. The length of
this meander is 37 miles and 70.50 chains. The diagram of
this meander shows that there is but one place where the
course of the river at all corresponds to the meandered line.

The Indians Surrender Claims to Western Iowa.

Returning to Article I, of the treaty of July 15, 1830, we
find that these several tribes ceded all claim to what is now
western Iowa. The line began at the upper forks of the Des
Moines, thence passing the sources of the Little Sioux and the
Floyd's rivers, down Rock and Big Sioux rivers, thence down
the Missouri to the mouth of the Kansas river, thence up
along the western and northern boundary of Missouri, at
that time, to the highlands dividing the waters which flow
into the Missouri and the Des Moines, thence northerly along
said ridge to the source of the Boyer river, thence in a
straight line to the place of beginning.

The northern part of this line was surveyed by James
Craig in October, 1835. The line meandered the west fork
of the Des Moines to near its source, 1041^ miles, thence
southwesterly to a point 134 miles and 5.50 chains from the

5 Annals of Iowa, v. IX, pp. 96-97.

-

EARLY IOWA INDIAN TREATIES AND BOUNDARIES 249

place of beginning. Then commencing at the mouth of the
Big Sioux and running up that stream to the first fork on
the east side, Eock river, thence up that stream to a junc-
tion with the first line, 88 miles and 11 chains.8

Chippewa, Ottawa, and Pottawattamie Tribes Removed to
Southwestern Iowa.

At a council held at Chicago, September 27, 1833, the above
named tribes were removed from the western shore of Lake
Michigan to a tract of 5,000,000 acres in southwestern Iowa,
part of the tract surrendered by the Sacs and Foxes under
Article I of the treaty of July 15, 1830.

Winnebagoes Removed to, and from the Neutral Ground,

Before the surveyors had completed their work of mark-
ing the boundary of the Neutral Ground, government offi-
cers had concluded another treaty, providing for the removal
of a tribe of Winnebagoes from the east side of the Missis-
sippi to the eastern half of this tract, namely, that part lying
east of the Cedar river.

A council was held with the Winnebagoes from the Fox
river and Green Bay territory, September 15, 1832, on the
west side of the Mississippi, where Davenport now stands.
This peaceable tribe was removed here and remained on the
western part of the tract for about fifteen years, though as
early as November 1, 1831, they were required to move their
lodges twenty miles back from the river, and use the vacated
territory for hunting purposes only. This order resulted in
changing the Government Agency and the Mission House
from Yellow River to Fort Atkinson.

Then, October 13, 1846, they were again induced to re-cede
this territory, close up to the lines of which the whites were
already crowding, in exchange for lands north of St. Peter
river in Minnesota, and the last of them finally left the
tract in June, 1848.

A number of surveyors were at once set to work along the
southern boundary, to establish township lines and stake off
quarter sections for the incoming horde of white settlers.

•The blue print of this survey is in the possession of the Historical
Department of Iowa.

250 ANNALS OF IOWA

The Black Hawk Purchase.

A second council was held at the same place as the pre-
vious one, Sept. 21, 1832, with the Sacs and Foxes, which
really opened the first tract in Iowa to white settlement.

Gen. "Winfield Scott of the army, and Gov. John Reynolds
of Illinois, were the Government's representatives in secur-
ing this cession.

The first, two articles of the treaty were as follows:

ART. I. Accordingly, the confederated tribes of Sacs and Foxes
hereby cede to the United States forever, all the lands to which the
said tribes have title, or claim, ('with the exception of the reserva-
tion hereinafter made.) included within the following bounds, to-
wit: Beginning on the Mississippi river, at the point where the
Sac and Fox northern boundary line, as established by the second
article of the treaty of Prairie du Chien, of the fifteenth of vJuly,
oi\o thousand eight hundred and thirty, strikes said river; thence,
up said boundary line To a point fifty miles from the Mississippi,
measured on said line; thence, in a right line to the nearest point
on the Red Cedar of the iov>ay, forty miles from the Mississippi
river; thence, in a right line to a point in the northern boundary
of the State of Missouri, fifty miles, measured on said boundary,
from the Mississippi river; thence, by the last mentioned boundary
to the Mississippi river, arid by the western shore of said river to
the place of beginning. * * * *

ART. II. Gut of the cession made in the preceding article, the
United States ngrr-e to a reservation for the use of the said con-
federated tribes, of a tract of land containing four hundred square
miles, to lie laid of!' under the directions of the President of the
United States, from thn boundary line crossing the loway river, in
siii-h manner that nearly an equal portion of the reservation may
be on both sides of said river, and extending downwards, so as to
include Ke-o-luick's principal village on its right bank, which village
is about twelve miles from the Mississippi river.7

This cession was required of the Sacs and Foxes as indem-
nity for the expenses of the Black Hawk Avar.

The tract was surveyed by Charles DeWard in October,
1835. Of the three points which determined the western
boundary, the northern and southern were each to be fifty
miles from the Mississippi measured respectively on the
southern boundary o£ the Neutral Ground and the northern

7Kuppler's Indian Affairs, Laivs and Treaties., v. II, p. 349.

EARLY IOWA INDIAN TREATIES AND BOUNDARIES 251

boundary of the State of Missouri. A middle point was to
be on the Cedar river forty miles from the Mississippi.

Having determined this latter point, the survey probably
began on the south boundary of the State at the specified
distance, which was located 9.90 chains east of the 122d mile
post of the northern boundary of Missouri; and when a re-
survey of the Iowa-Missouri boundary was made in 1850, the
range line between ranges 12 and 13 was found to be 17.55
chains east of the 121st mile boundary post. Therefore the
southwest corner of the Black Hawk Purchase would be 9.90
chains less than one mile and 17.55 chains east of the 121st
mile post ; that is, one mile and 7.65 chains east of the south-
west corner of Roscoe township, Davis county, in section
17-67-12.

Some one, possibly the authorities of Davis county, ought
to place a permanent marker at this historic point, as it is
one of the few points in these earliest surveys in our State,
that can now be definitely located. Two others, at least, can
probably be as precisely located ; namely, that at the Painted
Rock, and the one on the mound at the confluence of the
forks of the Upper Des Monies, if not also tAvo or three of
those in Winneshiek county.

From this point the survey ran N. 28° E., 95 miles and
43.15 chains to the Red Cedar in or near section 18-81-4, in
Linn township, Cedar county., about a mile east of the John-
son county line; thence N. 29° 16' W., 75 miles and 14.50
chains, to the south boundary of the Neutral Ground, in or
near section 4-92-10, in Fremont township, Fayette county.

From this cession, however, a reservation was made, later
called "Keokuk's Reservation," of a tract extending on
either side of the Iowa river, down to within less than 10
miles of the Mississippi, about 10 miles wide, and supposed
to contain 400 square miles, about half on each side of the
Iowa river.

The survey of this tract began on the west line of the ces-
sion, about 13 miles below the 40 mile post on the Cedar, at
about section 13-79-6, in Lucas township, Johnson county,

252 ANNALS OP IOWA

about two miles east of Iowa City. It ran 9 miles and 37.17
chains along that line, to about section 30-78-6, in Liberty
township, Johnson county, thence S. 20° E., 42 miles and 30
chains to about section 34-72-3, in Yellow Springs township,
Des Moines county, near the present town of Mediapolis;
thence N. 28° "W., 9 miles and 37.17 chains, crossing the
Cedar about a, mile from the end, which was in or near sec-
tion 21-73-2, in Jefferson township, Louisa county; thence
N. 20° E. to the starting point.

The Government blue print of this survey indicates the lo-
cation of Keokuk's principal village at the south end of this
reservation; Wapello's village, 8 or 10 miles farther up; and
Poweshiek's village near the upper end of the reservation.

These Indians did not remain long in this reservation, as
in the very nature of things, they could not. September
28, 1836, less than a year after the reservation had been sur-
veyed, they re-ceded it to the Government, at a council held
on the west bank of the Mississippi, opposite Rock Island,
the Indians agreeing to remove by the first day of November.

This well-meaning and kindly effort to protect the inter-
ests of friendly Indians gives us at the present day a pathetic
picture of its utter futility. What could these poor savages
do, wedged into this narrow strip, when the white settlers
were crowding up to their lines on every side, before the
government surveyors could run even the township lines
anywhere in the vicinity.

It was a full year after this before any government sur-
veyors entered the Black Hawk Purchase, to lay off town-
ship lines, and moi'e than three years before a land office
was opened in Iowa. The Dubuque land office was opened
November 5, 1838, and the Burlington office, November 19,
the same year. Forty-eight townships were placed on sale
at that time.

The Second Black Hawk Purchase.

The Sacs and Foxes surrendered another million and a
quarter acres by a treaty made in Washington, D. C., October
21, 1837, as follows :

EARLY IOWA INDIAN TREATIES AND BOUNDARIES 253

First. Of all right or interest in the country between the Mis-
souri and Mississippi rivers and the boundary line between the Sac
and Fox and the Sioux Indians, described in the second article of
the treaty made with these anjd other tribes on the 19tlh of August,
1825, to the full extent to which said claim was recognized in the
third article of said treaty; and of all interest or claim by virtue
of the provisions of any treaties since made by the United States
with the Sacs and Poxes.

Second. Of all right to locate, for hunting or other purposes, on
the land ceded in the first article of the treaty of July 15th, 1830,
which by the authority therein conferred on the President of the
United States they may be permitted by him to enjoy.8

C. F. Larrabee, Acting Commissioner of Indian Affairs, in
a letter dated Washington, D. C., March 23, 1906, says:

The western boundary of the second Black Hawk Purchase, re-
ferred to in the first article of the Sac and Pox treaty of October 21,
1837, was surveyed by Charles Bracken in the summer of 1839. He
began at the junction of the two boundary lines of the first purchase
located by Major Gordon in 1835 at the 40 mile post on the Red
Cedar River, thence he ran west 25 miles and 51.1 chains where a
mound was erected on the prairie on the bank of a branch, 10 feet
square at the base and 8 feet high, thence he ran the first one of
the western boundary lines N. 9° 57' W. 69 miles and 2.32 chains
to the 50th mile post on the line of the neutral ground. The other
line was run from said mound S. 13° 9' W. 87 miles and 40 chains
to the 50th mile post on the Missouri state line.

This cession extended the area open to settlement to about
section 14-81-9, in Lenox township, Iowa county, and a mile
beyond the western boundary of Johnson county, and pro-
vided homes for nearly eight thousand more families with
the regulation quarter section each. This remained the west-
ern limit of settlement for nearly five years.

Governor Dodge had ordered a census to be taken Sep-
tember, 1836, of the two counties organized west of the Mis-
sissippi, Des Moines and Dubuque, and his census takers
had recorded the names of 10,531 residents already on this
Black Hawk Purchase.

Territories of Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa.

Thus far it was either the Territory of Michigan or the
Territory of Wisconsin that was being opened up for settle-

8Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties f v. II, p. 497.

254 ANNALS OF IOWA

ment by the onrushing tide of immigrants inspired with zeal
for homes in the western wilds. But on the 12th of June,
1838, less than a month after Governor Dodge's second census
takers had enumerated 22,859 residents, Congress established
the new Territory of Iowa, to take effect July 3 of that year.

Purchase of Central Iowa.

The first territorial governor of Iowa, Robert Lucas, had
given place to Gov. John Chambers, when, October 11, 1842,
the Governor met chiefs of the Sacs and Foxes at their agency
011 the Des Monies river, a few miles west of the border, and
was finally able to convince them that Iowa would no longer
afford them hunting grounds suited to their needs; and a
treaty was concluded, by which they ceded all their lands in
Iowa to the Government. They were to vacate the eastern
portion May 1, 1842, and the remainder October 11, 1845.
The dividing ]jne was to run due north and south from a
noted Indian land mark, called Painted or Red Rocks, on the
Des Moines river, to the Neutral Ground on the north, and
south to the northern Missouri boundary.

The commissioner who ran this line, Mr. George AV. Har-
rison, states that he expected to find the neutral line near the
end of the 64th mile, but not finding it there after two days'
searching, extended the line to the 68th mile, and still failed
to find the said line. It would seem from later measurements
011 the map of Iowa that he must have crossed the line near
the end of the 671 h mile but was not able to find it.

This treaty and its survey is fully and interestingly de-
scribed in the ANNALS, April, 1911, by Mr. C. C. Stiles, Super-
intendent of Public Archives," with field notes and maps.

Removal of Hie Pottawattamies from Western Iowa.

As the time was approaching, October 11, 1846, for the
final removal of the Sacs and Foxes, Col. Peter A. Sarpy, in
charge of the Pottawattamies, Chippewa and Ottawa Agency
at Trader's Point on the Missouri river in Mills county, held
a council with their representatives, June 5 and 17, 1845,

"Annals of Iowa, \. X, pp. 1-33.

EARLY IOWA INDIAN TREATIES AND BOUNDARIES 255

and secured a treaty by which these tribes surrendered all
claim to tracts north of the Missouri river and embraced in
the limits of the Territory of Iowa.

Removal of the Sioux from Northern Iowa.

July 23, 1851, nearly five years after Iowa had been ad-
mitted to the Union as a State, a final council was held at
Traverse des Sioux, Minn., at which these Indians surrendered
all claims to lands in Iowa and the last of them departed
for their hunting ground in the northwest during the summer
of that year.

The Muskquaka Band of the Sac and Fox Indians.

In 1845-46, these Indians were removed to a new reserva-
tion in Kansas, but some of them, dissatisfied with their west-
ern home, returned to their old hunting grounds, and finally
secured several hundred acres of land along the Iowa river
in the western part of Tama county, where they remain to
the present time, retaining many features of their old-time
life and habits, an interesting relic of a by-gone age.

Some Still Earlier Concessions.

It may be worth while to make brief mention of two or
three still earlier claims, made or granted, on territory now
within the limits of our State.

The Diibuque Mines of Spain.

Julien Dubuque came to the lead mine district where the
city of Dubuque now stands in 1788; and secured a conces-
sion to mine lead from Fox Indian chiefs of Prairie du Chien,
for a tract extending from Catfish creek, below where the
city of Dubuque now stands, to the little Maquoketa above.
He also, it seems, claimed to have secured later, a concession
from Baron de Carondelet, Spanish Governor of Louisiana
Territory. He sold and willed his claim to others, however,
before his death. After a half century's contest the claim
was disallowed by the U. S. Supreme Court. He called the
property the Mines of Spain. His death occurred in 1810
and he was buried on a bluff near the river.

256 ANNALS OF IOWA

The Half Breed Tract.

August 4, 1824, the Sacs and Foxes ceded 119,000 acres for
the use of the half-breeds belonging to their nations, called
the Half-breed Tract in Lee county, lying between the Mis-
sissippi and Des Moines rivers and a line corresponding to
the extension of the north Missouri boundary to the Missis-
sippi river. This line began near the southwest corner of
section 7-67-7. on the Des Moines, and ended in section 4-67-
4. within the present limits of Ft. Madison, Lee county.

TJir Antoine L( Claire Section.

AY hen the Sacs and Foxes ceded the Black Hawk Purchase,
they reserved, iirst, Keokuk's 400 square miles, and second,
M one-section tract, where the city of Davenport now stands,
for Antoine LeClaire. He had been a great friend to them
Tor many years. This concession was later approved by the
government.

Tlio first of the above tracts is fully described by the late
M. M. Ham of Dubuque, in Vol. II, of the ANNALS, pp. 329-
:U4.

The second is described in a very interesting paper by
Mr. .11 F. 'Wick of Cedar Rapids, with map, in Vol. VII of
\\\(> ANNALS, pp. 16-29.

With Ihe thought of placing before the students of this
subject the actual facts so far as I have been able to gather
lliem, I shall hereafter set out the field notes of the various
lines with which I have dealt as the same have come to me
from government authority.

FIELD NOTES.

Fi<l<l Xotcs of the Neutral Line.10

Field Notes of Survey of the Lines between the Sioux and Sac and
Fox Indians agreeable to the 2nd Article of the Treaty of Prairie du
Chien August 111, 1825 (7 Stats., p. 272), run by Nathan Boone,
commencing April 19, 1832.

After taking the variation of the compass and finding it to be
f.»c E., he began the Survey.

Beginning at a point inaccessible in the middle of the main
channel of the Upper Iowa and its confluence with the Mississippi
river, thence running up the Iowa river as follows:

"•Furnished 1>\- Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Department of the
Intorior, Washington, D. C.

EARLY IOWA INDIAN TREATIES AND BOUNDARIES 257

N. 82 W. 25 chains; S. 86 W. 10 chains; S. 54 W. 7 chains; N. 67
W. 5 chains; N. 75 W. 20 chains; N. 42 W. 13 chains (1 mile);
N. 18 W. 25 chains; N. 43 W. 24 chains; N. 10 W. 18 chains; N. 28
W. 5 chains; S. 75 W. 8 chains (2 miles); S. 75 W. 12 chains; N.
45 W. 17 chains; S. 19 W. 42 chains; S. 82 W. 9 chains (3 miles);
S. 69 W. 7 chains; S. 70 W. 21 chains; S. 46 W. 20 chains; S. 25 W.
12 chains; S. 79 W. 10 chains; S. 47 W. 10 chains (4th mile); S. 47
W. 68 chains; S. 4 E. 5 chains; S. 33 E. 7 chains (5th mile); S.
33 E. 5 chains; S. 51 W. 16 chains; S. 35 E. 12 chains; S. 35 W.
30 chains; S. 70 W. 10 chains; N. 60 W. 7 chains (6th mile); S, 60
W. 55 chains; S. 36 W. 15 chains; S. 60 W. 10 chains (7th mile);
S. 38 W. 25 chains; S. 25 W. 15 chains; S. 46 W. 20 chains; S.
72 W. 20 chains (8th mile) ; S. 55 W. 36 chains; N. 20 W. 44 chains
(9th mile); N. 20 W. 28 chains; N. 71 W. 20 chains; N. 33 W. 15
chains; S. 71 W. 17 chains (10th mile).

S. 71 W. 13 chains; S. 23 W. 25 chains; S. 39 W. 11 chains;
S. 2 E. 23 chains; S. 28 W. 8 chains (llth mile) ; S. 45 W. 6 chains;
S. 88 W. 35 chains; N. 68 W. 32 chains; N. 41 W. 7 chains (12th
mile); N. 41 W. 23 chains; S. 69 W. 48 chains; S. 55 W. 9 chains
(13th mile); S. 55 W. 6 chains; S. 42 W. 20 chains; S. 57 W. 54
chains (14th mile) ; S. 57 W. 5 chains; S. 78 W. 6 chains; N. 67 W.
14 chains; N. 61 W. 20 chains; S. 84 W. 10 chains;
N. 83 W. 20 chains; N. 69 W. 5 chains; (15th mile);
N. 49 W. 42 chains; S. 37 W. 38 chains (16th mile); S.
37 W. 27 chains; S. 67 W. 5 chains; N. 88 W. 38 chains;
N. 50 W. 10 chains (17th mile); N. 50 W. 13 chains; N. 26 W.
44 chains; N. 74 W. 23 chains (18th mile); N. 74 W. 12 chains;
S. 20 W. 48 chains; N. 85 W. 12 chains; N. 56 W. 8 chains (19th
mile); N. 56 W. 38 chains; S. 74" W. 12 chains; S. 8 W. 8 chains;
S. 50 E. 6 chains; S. 23 E. 16 chains (20th mile).

S. 14 E. 15 chains; S. 2 W. 13 chains; S. 35 W. 11 chains; S. 53
W. 13 chains; S. 79 W. 10 chains; S. 48 W. 18 chains (21st mile);
S. 48 W. 49 chains; S. 83 W. 6 chains; N. 50 W. 5 chains; N. 69
W. 20 chains (22nd mile); N. 69 W. 2 chains; North 42 chains; S.
80 W. 36 chains (23rd mile) ; S. 80 W. 80 chains (24th mile) ; S. 80
W. 9 chains; S. 32 E. 45 chains; East 26 chains (25th mile); East
30 chains; S. 12 E. 23 chains; South 25 chains; S. 63 W. 2 chains
(26th mile); S. 63 W. 80 chains (27th mile); S. 63 W. 9 chains;
S. 29 W. 25 chains; S. 21 E. 15 chains; S. 82 E. 31 chains (28th
mile); S. 82 E. 31 chains; S. 25 E. 29 chains; S. 52 W. 20 chains
(29th mile); S. 52 W. 49 chains; N. 66 W. 31 chains (30th mile).

N. 66 W. 24 chains; N. 14 W. 56 chains (31st mile); S. 83 W.
56 chains; S. 36 W. 9 chains; S. 18 E. 15 chains (32nd mile); S.
18 E. 28 chains; S. 50 W. 22 chains; S. 73 W. 30 chains (33rd mile) ;
S. 73 W. 10 chains; S. 55 E. 60 chains; S. 10 E. 10 chains (34th
mile); S. 10 E. 14 chains; S. 30 W. 20 chains; S. 64 W. 25 chains;
17

258 ANNALS OF IOWA

S. 58 W. 8 chains; S. 70> W. 13 chains (35th mile); S. 81 W. 32
chains; S. 20 W. 20 chains; S. 88 W. 28 chains (36th mile); S. 88
W. 32 chains; S. 38 W. 21 chains; S. 29 E. 4 chains; S. 42 E. 23
chains (37th mile) ; S. 42 E. 3 chains; S. 22 E. 6 chains; N. 83 W.
10 chains; N. 59 W. 9 chains; N. 55 W. 21 chains; N. 38 W. 18
chains; S. 17 W. 6 chains; S. 15 W. 7 chains (38th mile); S. 15
W. 18 chains: S. 50 W. 13 chains; S. 72 W. 49 chains (39th mile);
S. 72 W. 18 chains; S. 8 W. 14 chains; S. 15 E. 10 chains; S. 13 W.
c'-S chains (40th mile).

S. 13 W. 12 chains; S. 25 W. 5 chains; to a branch 50 links wide,
puts in from the South East. The Left Hand Fork of the Iowa River.

This fork being 40 miles and 17 chains from the mouth of the
Iowa River by its meanders. On the lower side of the fork is a
cliff about 20 feet high. Immediately in the forks stand 3 elm trees
within a few feet of each other. I ascertained this to be the Fork
mentioned in the 2nd article of the treaty of August 19, 1825, by
the road leading from Prairie du Chien to the Red Cedar crossing
it as the only fork or branch of the Iowa River that the road crosses.

Thence proceeded up said left hand fork S. 20 W. 55 chains; S. 5
E. 25 chains (1st mile from the forks) : S. 5 E. 65 chains; S. 22 E. 15
chains (2nd mile) ; S. 22 E. 80 chains (3rd mile) ; S. 22 E. 20 chains;
S. 9 W. 52 chains; S. 55 W. 8 chains (4th mile) ; S. 55 W. 22 chains;
S. 30 W. 45 chains; S. 11 E. 13 chains (5th mile) ; S. 37 E. 20 chains;
S. 24 E. 23 chains; S. 56 W. 23 chains; S. 42 E. 24 chains (6th mile) ;
S. 42 E. 10 chains; S. 78 E. 19 chains; S. 43 E. 25 chains; S. 26 E.
26 chains (7th mile); S. 26 E. 42 chains; S. 52 E. 16 chains; here
the trace leading from Prairie du Chien to Red Cedar crosses this
fork 12 links wide; S. 58 E. 22 chains (8th mile); S. 58 E. 28
chains; S. 64 E. 52 chains (9th mile); S. 64 E. 18 chains; S. 19 E.
45 chains to the source of the left hand fork of the Iowa River
where set a stake and raised a mound, being nine miles and 63
chains from the mouth of the said fork to its source.

From this point ran a random line S. 75 W., to strike the second
or upper fork of the Des Moines River — ran this line 130 miles and 46
chains to the east bank of the second or upper fork of the Des
Moines River 150' links wide running S.W. which was found to be 4
Moines River 150 links wide running S.W. which was found to be 4
miles and 5 chains northerly of the said fork. Thence ran S. 15 E.
300 chains; S. 75 W. 165 chains; S. 15 E. 25 chains; S. 75 W. 96
chains to the upper or second fork of the Des Mloines River — making
the length of the random line equal to 133 miles 36 chains (the true
line 133 miles 43 chains from the source of the left hand fork of the
Upper Iowa River to the upper or second fork of the River Des
Moines).

Here established a corner on the East Side and at the junction of
said fork with the River Des Moines and planted a post in prairie
at highwater mark, from which a red elm 24 in. in diam. bears N.

EARLY IOWA INDIAN TREATIES AND BOUNDARIES 259

69 W. 341 links distant standing on the east side of said fork
marked U. S. A red elm 12 in. in diam. bears S. 78 E. 934 links
distant standing on the east bank of the River Des Moines and on
the S.W. side of a natural mound of from 40 to 50 feet in width at
base and 10 ft. in height. Immediately opposite this tree and mound
is the head or upper point of an island the main channel of the
river passes on the east side of the island. The last mentioned
bearing tree is marked U. S.

The true line from this point to the head of the left hand fork of
the Iowa River is N. 73° 15' E.

(To "be continued in April number.)

Burlington I. T., April 6, 1839.

It is a source of the pleasure to inform our eastern readers
that our prairies are in many places covered with a mantle
of green, bespangled with the most beautiful flowers. The
cattle have forsaken the barn yard ancl are now satisfied with
the tender grass.

Our farmers have sowed their spring wheat, oats and flax,
and are preparing their ground for corn, potatoes, and other
productions. The wheat sown last fall looks well, and we
have no doubt our farmers will have an abundant crop. Since
the opening of navigation our lovely little village has been
thronged with travellers and emigrants. The tide of emigra-
tion is so great to this place, that it is almost impossible to
procure houses to accommodate them, although our carpenters
are busily engaged in putting up buildings, yet still, they
are filled as fast as erected, and the demand appears to in-
crease.

Many houses have already been built this spring and sev-
eral others are in a considerable state of forwardness but the
demand is so great that it would require some six or eight
houses to be completed weekly to supply the wants of the
emigrants.

The beauty and healthfulness of the country around Rock
Island, together with its fertility holds out sufficient induce-
ments to the industrious mechanic and agriculturalist to lo-
cate in this healthy and fertile region even if they should
experience a little inconvenience on their first arrival. — Iowa
Sun, Davenport, April 17, 1839.

260 ANNALS OF IOWA

ATTEMPTED LYNCHINGS IN IOWA.1

BY PAUL WALTON BLACK.

In this paper an attempt has been made to set forth the
various attempted lynchings in Iowa in such a way as to
he of value to the students of history and sociology. In doing
this a brief history of the various cases has been given, fol-
lowed by a critical analysis and interpretation of them, and
closing with a chronological list of the cases with a short his-
tory of each.

It is probably true that some of the cases of attempted
lynching have not been discovered by the writer, but it is
believed that the investigation has resulted in obtaining ap-
proximately all of them. It is certainly true that enough
of them have been discovered to make the conclusions drawn
from the analysis practically the same as if it were known
that all of them had been discovered.

The phenomenon of lynching is distinctively American and
probably had its origin in the United States in the latter part
of the eighteenth century." Other countries have had mob
violence, but the mobs of other countries have not exercised
the same correctional power over offenders as the mobs in
the United States.

The term Lynch Law lias been so broad in its meaning as
to include many kinds of punishment administered by a mob.
The change in the content of the term has been characteristic
of it in Iowa as elsewhere, and in order to get a definition
that would include all the social phenomena which were at
any time included in it, it was necessary to select a very broad
statement of what could be termed a lynching. The best at-

]A history of the lynching in Towa was Driven in The Iowa Journal
of History and Politics, April, 1912, Vol. X, No. 2.

-Cutler's Lyrch Law (1905). p. '•'$ ; Black's Lyncliings In loiva in The
Jowa Journal of History and Politics, April, 1912, Vol. X, No. 2, p. 151.

ATTEMPTED LYNCHINGS IN IOWA 261

tempt at defining it was found in the Ohio Laws of 1896.3
Here a lynching is defined as follows :

Any collection of individuals assembled for any unlawful pur-
pose intending to do damage or injury to anyone, or pretending
to exercise correctional power over persons by violence, without
authority of law, shall for the purpose of this act be regarded as a
"mob" and any act of violence exercised by them upon the body
ot any person, shall constitute a. lynching.

This very definitely defines a lynching. An attempted
lynching would be any trial at accomplishing such violence
as is denned in the above law which results in failure for
any reason whatsoever. The cases enumerated in the chrono-
logical list have found place there because they were at-
tempted lynchings according to this definition.

For data on the cases here given the writer searched through
approximately all of the existing files of newspapers pub-
lished in the State from 1834 to 1860, after which time the
search was continued and confined to the files of the Iowa
State Register, Burlington Hawk-Eye, and the Iowa, City Re-
publican. These files were found in the collections of the
Historical Department of Iowa at Des Monies and The State
Historical Society of Iowa at Iowa City and in various other
libraries and newspaper offices in the central and eastern part
of Iowa. Such other sources as the ANNALS OP IOWA, annals
of counties, the Iowa Biographical Scries, The Iowa Journal
of History and Politics, county histories, etc., as well as cor-
respondence with about three hundred persons who were ac-
quainted with the facts relative to the various cases, were
freely used in order that the cases might be justly presented.

To the persons included in the list of correspondence the
writer is deeply indebted, for much information that other-
wise would have been unobtainable. Especially to Professor
F. I. Herriott of Drake University, and Professor J. L. Gil-
lin, previously of the State University of Iowa, now of the
University of Wisconsin, is he indebted for encouragement
and helpful criticism.

'Cutler's Lynch Law (1905), pp. 236. 237, where there is a quotation
from 92 Ohio Laws 136, and a reference to 93 Ohio Laws 161, sections
4426-4 to 4426-14 of the Revised Statutes, and 93 Ohio Laws 411, sections
5908 of Title I, Part Fourth, Revised Statutes, Crimes and Offenses;
Black's Limchings in Iowa in The Iowa Journal of History and Politics,
April, 1912, Vol. X, No. 2, pp. 151, 152.

262 ANNALS OF IOWA

In a number of cases the names of the persons who were
objects of attempted lynchings could not be found, and where
this occurred blank spaces have been left to indicate the fact
in the chronological list of the cases. In other cases the ex-
act place and time of occurrence could not be found, and
where this difficulty was encountered the internal evidence
was used, where there was any, to define the place and time,
and where there was no evidence as to the time and place
an arbitrary arrangement in the chronological list was neces-
sary.

"With the opening of the Black Hawk Purchase in 1833 a
large influx of immigrants began in that part of the present
State of Iowa lying north of the Des Moines river and directly
west of the Mississippi, a tract of land about fifty miles wide
reaching as far north as Clayton county. The majority of
the very early immigrants came from the South. After a
short time other districts of the United States contributed
in larger proportions. It was long after the State was ad-
mitted to the Union that the native-born gained the majority.
A statistical analysis of the census reports will show a very
complex population in the early part of Iowa history and
with this fact in mind the student of sociology is not sur-
prised at the large amount of such crime as lynching in the
State.

Those who came to Iowa in the early immigration move-
ment were rugged, aggressive people whose home life pre-
vious had been in the less favorable districts of the United
States for obtaining subsistence, and as a result they were
constantly used to doing things for themselves and not wait-
ing for the slow arm of the law to effect them. Coming from
the rough and broken districts of the South and the eastern
parts of the United States, they naturally settled along the
rivers and streams in Iowa where fuel, water, and protection
were near at hand. Considering the prairies as unfertile be-
cause no trees grew on them, the wooded region was more
attractive and became settled first. This fact brought the dis-
trict in which crime was committed within the rougher dis-
tricts for the most part. More than that, criminals could

ATTEMPTED LYNCHINGS IN IOWA 263

commit crime and escape justice easier in the wooded dis-
tricts than in any other, and for this reason, together with
many other contributory ones, the crime districts of Iowa
in the early days were confined largely to these wooded dis-
tricts. The same environment favorable to crime lent facility
to lynchings, and as a result the lynchings were likewise more
frequent here than elsewhere.

So far as this investigation has been able to disclose, there
have been at least sixty-eight attempted lynchings in Iowa.
These have not been evenly distributed over the time space
from 1834 to 1912, but if one glances at the chronological
description of these cases he will see that they have been
becoming increasingly prevalent if an absolute number basis
is taken for a comparison. On the other hand if one com-
pares the attempted lynchings of recent times with those of
the early period on a per capita basis he will find that they
are becoming less frequent.

The causes for the attempted lynchings may be classed as
direct and indirect. The direct causes were the occasions for
the attempts and the indirect causes were the conditions of
the environment that were favorable to lynching. Of the di-
rect causes there were political, economic, and social ones.
The largest number of these were social, of which murder
was the most frequent. It occurred more than thirty times.
Of all the cases that could be definitely located it was found
that fifty-three per cent of them occurred in wooded districts.
This fact shows that probably the environment added much
indirectly to the cases of attempted lynching. This fact when
considered along with the fact that the districts were popu-
lated with a large Southern element coming from the less
favorable districts of the South, adds something towards the
explanation of the lynching phenomenon.

It- was found that the months of the year when the most
of the attempted lynchings occurred were April and July.
If the time of occurrence is charted it will be seen that the
general tendency is for the attempts to increase with the gen-
eral rise in temperature, reaching the highest mark in July.

264 ANNALS OF IOWA

A statistical analysis of the day of the week on which the
different attempts occurred, showed a marked tendency to
approach a maximum on Wednesday and on Saturday. This
varied from the curve representing the lynchings in that they
tended to occur most often at the last of the week.4 A possi-
ble explanation may suggest itself in the economic conditions -
which make attempted crimes and especially lynchings more
easily successful at the close of the week when the work of
the week is done and crowds gathered in the towns for trad-
ing and social intercourse.

An investigation into the time of day when the attempted
lynchings occurred showed that they were most frequent
in the night when rapid fulfillment of plans and escape of
detection were possible.

The causes of failure to accomplish the purpose of the mob
gatherings are varied. Many failed on account of the ef-
ficiency of the police force and the strength of the ."jails, others
by the escape of the victim and lack of mob leadership, and
still others by the compliance of the intended victim with
the demands of the mob.

The mobs that attempted to lynch in Iowa varied in size,
but so far as estimates could be obtained they showed an
average of more than three hundred per mob.

The mob composition has been varied. Some were com-
posed of liquor men. some of farmers with no organization
behind them, some were composed of Vigilantes and Regu-
lators, and still others of various elements.

Other indirect causes might be mentioned, among which
are "yellow journalism,'' inadequacy of the courts, etc.
Such causes have added to the mob excitement and the degree
of openness with which they acted. The participants have
reverted to the primitive instincts and allowed conditions ad-
verse to self-preservation to draw them into actions impossi-
ble in calmer moments.

4Black's Lmicliv.ifjs in Iowa in The Iowa Journal of History and Politics,
April, 1912, 'Vol. X, No. 2, p. 162.

ATTEMPTED LYNCHINGS IN IOWA 265

A DESCRIPTION OP THE VARIOUS ATTEMPTED LYNCHINGS IN IOWA,
CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED.

Patrick Brennan. — "A Mr. John O'Morra was knocked on
the head with a club while sky-larking, as they called it, by
Patrick Brennan — rather rough playing as the poor man
died immediately. The officers of the lynch law turned out
to arrest the offender, but he had made his escape. ' 'c

G. W. Hayes, Jefferson County. — One of the early claim
holders in Jefferson county was G. W. Hayes. He laid claim
to a much larger tract of land than was usual for a settler,
and when his neighbors remonstrated with him he remained
obstinate, refusing to give up any of it and went to Fairfield
to enter his claim. While he was away a mob came to his
house, thinking he was at home, and attempted to frighten
him out by shooting holes in his house. His wife, being the
only one at home, was badly frightened and was able with
much difficulty to persuade the mob that her husband had
gone to Fairfield to enter the claim.6

G. W. Hayes, Jefferson County. — At another time the mob
came to the home of G. "W". Hayes and placed a board over
the chimney and attempted to smoke him out but they failed
in this also. Hayes persuaded them that he had sufficient
evidence to convict them in court and they ceased to molest
him.7

Patrick O'Connor, Dubuque County, May 19, 1834.— This
same Patrick O'Connor who was mentioned in the article on
Lynchings in Ioivas was the object of an attempted lynching
on May 19, 1834. This mob action occurred just after the
murder of George O'Keaf when the people were highly ex-
cited by the news of the murder. The more conservative mem-
bers of the mob persuaded them to desist and allow the man
a fair trial.9

5Langworthy's Dubuque: Its History, Mines, Indian Legends, etc., in
The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. VIII, No. 3, 1910, p. 391.

"Correspondence of the writer.

Correspondence of the writer.

8Mill's Story of the Earliest Hanging in Iowa in The Register and
Leader (Des Moines), September 25, 1910.

°The History of Polk Countv, Iowa (Union Historical Company, Des
Moines, 1880), p. 518; Porter's Annals of Polk County, Iowa, and the
City of Des Moines (1898), pp. 504, 505.

266 ANNALS OF IOWA

The Reeves family, Polk County. — The Reeves family was
suspected of being connected with the gang of horse thieves
that were doing so much work in Polk county, and a mob of
citizens went to the Reeves home and gave them orders to
leave the country under penalty of severe punishment if they
refused to go. Then the family moved to Fort Des Moines
from their home in Linn Grove on the North River. There
were two old men and several grown sons in the Reeves
family.10

The Reeves family, Polk County. — The Reeves family had
not lived in Fort Des Moines long when Cameron Reeves
killed James Phipps. The citizens of North River heard of
it. and fearing that some trouble would arise over it they
took upon themselves the trouble of forcing them again to
move. Cameron had been placed in jail at Oskaloosa, so he
escaped the visit of the mob. The remaining family were
visited one day by about sixty men and were again told to
leave the country. When the mob was approaching, Presley
Reeves saw them and thought that he would make a run for
liberty, and started across a corn field. He was captured in
a short time and brought back. The mob forced them to load
all their possessions on wagons and leave. After their de-
parture they seem to have made a better record, as Cameron
became a prominent man in Omaha and served as sheriff for
several years.11

Harvey Leonard,12 — , Scott County, September 5,

1855. — "We learn from the Davenport Gazette that a mob of
Germans, armed with pitchforks, and old muskets and re-
volvers, made a demonstration upon the office of a Justice of
the Peace in that city, on Wednesday last, to recover pos-
session of some liquor seized and deposited there under the
liquor law. Four of the ringleaders of the crowd were ar-

v'Thc Jlistorn of Polk County, Iowa (Union Historical Company, Des
AToines. 1880). pp. r>18, r>19 ; Porter's Annals of Polk County, Iowa and
the City of Des Moines (1898), pp. 505-507.

1l7'fre History of Polk County, loiva (Union Historical Company, Des
Moinen. 1SSO). pp. 51.8. 519: Porter's Annals of Polk County, Iowa, and
the City of Dcv Moines (1898), pp. 505-507.

12The account of this case does not give the name of the sheriff or
deputy sheriff, and it is assumed that Harvey Leonard was the first man
since he was sheriff at that time. The name of the deputy could not be
found. See Downer's History of Davenport and Scott County, Iowa (1910),

ATTEMPTED LYNCHINGS IN IOWA 267

rested, not, however, without stout resistance, in which the
sheriff was severely pounded over the head with a club, and
his assistant shot in the side.

' ' The Anti-Temperance ticket was successful in that county
at the late election and hence these 'first fruits' of the
Locofoco Liquor triumph."1

Richard Ouster, "Washington County, April 15, 1856.—
A sturdy blacksmith of Marion township, Washington county,
named Richard Ouster, was accused of adultery and the
spirit ran so high that a lynching party was organized.
Probably about fifteen men went to his home on the night of
April 15, 1856, at ten o'clock, and attacked the house. Ouster
defended himself and shot John Deweese and killed him.
Deweese was the mob leader, and when he fell, Ouster made
his escape in the confusion and the mob were unable to find
him when they had regained their self-control.14

Isaac Ridgway, Poweshiek County, 1857. — Isaac Ridgway
was the father-in-law of William B. Thomas wrho was lynched
in Poweshiek county in 1857. The Ridgway family had made
a bad record in the county and surrounding country and the
citizens finally decided to rid the country of them. In the
spring of 1857 a mob came to the Ridgway home and gave
them orders to leave the country within ten days. In the
ten days' time allowed, Isaac went to Des Moines and, before
Judge W. H. McHenry, filed information against eight or
ten of them. These men were brought up and examined be-
fore the Mayor of Des Moines and after a time were dis-
charged. Those who had been thus brought up then charged
Ridgway with perjury and had him brought before a justice
of the peace. Ridgway was allowed to give bail and it was
purposely arranged that as many of his family as possible
should have their names attached to the bond, for they knew
that this would be the last of Ridgway. As soon as Ridgway
was released on this bond, he and his whole family left the
country.15

™The Daily Gate City (Keokuk), September 11, 1855; Daily Journal
(Muscatine), September 13, 1855; and the Des Moines Valley Whig (Keo-
kuk), September 12, 1855.

"Correspondence of the writer.

^Porter's Annals of Polk County, Iowa, and the City of Des Moines
(1898), pp. 512-515.

268 ANNALS OF IOWA

Canada McCullough, Cedar County, 1857. — As lynching in
Cedar county became more frequent in 1857, some of the best
citizens began to denounce it as a means of justice and to
censure those who participated therein. Among those who
thus denounced lynching was Canada McCullough, a wealthy
farmer of Cedar county. The Regulators heard that he had
been denouncing them arid they gave him orders to leave the
country. McCullough decided to remain in the country and
defied their power to control his denunciations. He provided
himself with three rifles for self-defense and made portholes
in his cabin so that he might be ready for an attack. One
day in 1857 the Regulators came up on horseback and stopped
in front of his home. McCullough stepped to the door with
a, loaded rifle, ordered the leader to stop and make known his
business. He was informed that he must cease denouncing
the Regulators or leave the country at once. McCullough
replied that lie would do as lie pleased about that and or-
dered the mob to withdraw or suffer the consequences. The
mob knew that lie was a sure shot and that he would defend
himself with his life, and after a short parley they withdrew
and did not molest him again. The Regulators were from
Big Rock and they were well known by McCullough.16

John Pardee. Xat Pardee, Ben Pardee, Bart Pardee, Boone
County, spring of LS57. — In the spring of 1857 the Pardee
family, consisting of John, Nat, Ben, and Bart, were sus-
pected of stealing and were ordered out of the country. They
did not obey the orders and finally the farmers of Boone
comity attacked the house, but they found it well fortified.
Being unable to get the Pardees out of the house in this
manner, they tried burning them out. A wagon loaded with
bundles of oats was prepared and rolled toward the house,
and as it approached the bundles were lighted with fire. As
they were about to cast the burning oats bundles on the house
the Pardees opened fire and frustrated the attempt. One of
the mob was killed and some others were wounded. After a
parley they decided to wait until morning and then attack
the house again, but when morning came the mob found that

"'The History of Cedar County with a History of Iowa (Historical
Publishing Company, Chicago, Cedar Rapids, 1901), Vol. I, pp. 369-371.

ATTEMPTED LYNCHINGS IN IOWA 269

the Pardee family had left the country. The house not being
watched closely during the night, the Pardees secretly
escaped.17

Henry Garrett,18 Jackson County, April 17,19 1857.— The
confession of Gifford to the murder of Ingles implicated
David McDonald and Henry Garrett. Gifford said that these
two men had hired him to kill Ingles. A mob gathered and
after a short search found Henry Garrett. In order to get
him to surrender, the mob had to promise him a fair trial in
the courts. He had been so well fortified in his home that
he could defy the mob, and they had to make this concession
to get him without loss of life among themselves. The mob
never intended to carry out their promise, but to make it
appear that they did they turned him over to the officers, in-
tending to get him later from them. The justice of the peace,
Eleazer Mann, learned that the mob intended to lynch him,
and he took his prisoner secretly out of the back door of the
jail and transferred him to Davenport, going via Fulton and
Bellevue. From Davenport he was again taken to Fort
Madison for safe keeping. When the mob heard that he was
transferred to Fort Madison they gave up hopes of getting
him, but it was not until they had followed close upon the
heels of the prisoner for some time that they ceased to
follow him.20

William B. Thomas, Poweshiek County, April 17, 1857.—
William B. Thomas, alias "Comequick", when on trial at
Montezuma for the murder of Mr. and Mrs. Casteel, came
near being lynched on April 17, 1857, by a mob that col-
lected because of the delay of the case in the court. The
lynching was prevented by a strong guard force that had
been placed about the court room. Judge Stone and others

17/n Days -uohen Horse Thieves Had Way Stations Near Boone in The
Register and Leader (Des Moines), August 22, 1909; The History of
Boone County, Iowa (Union Historical Company, Des Moines, 1880), pp.
471, 472 ; and correspondence of the writer.

. lsEllis says that the man's name was Jarrett.

"Ellis also says that the date was the day following the Gifford lynch-
ing which would be the 32th of April, but The Washington Press says it
was on the Friday before the 22nd of April, which would be the 17th.

20Ellis's More About the Thrilling Crimes in Pioneer Days, in the
Annals of Jackson County, Iowa, No. 3, July-October, 1906, pp. 68-75 ;
The Washington Press, April 22, 1857.,

270 ANNALS OF IOWA

made addresses to the mob and finally succeeded in dispers-
ing it. Thomas was lynched a little later.21

— , - — , - — , Cedar County, June,
1857. — About the 25th of June, 1857, a woman and two men
were chased out of Cedar county because they had been sus-
pected of harboring horse thieves. The Committee seems to
have followed them as far as Burlington where they found
that one of the men had gone through that place only a few
hours in advance of the Committee. So far as has been
learned, the mob did not catch any of them.22

— , Jackson County, July, 1857. — Because the
vigilance committee in Jackson county thought that the taxes
were too high in one township, they met in July, 1857, and
demanded that the assessor reduce them. The assessor was
waited upon by the committee in order to force him to accede
to their demands.23

— , Jackson County, July, 1857. — A certain sur-
veyor established a line in Jackson county that was not agree-
able to a member of the vigilance committee, and he, too, was
the object of the committee's visitation in July, 1857. As a
result of this visitation the surveyor packed up his possessions
and left the country.24

— , - — , Cedar County, July 31, 1857.— The
organization of the ''Law and Order" men did good work in
Cedar county on July 31, 1857, when they prevented a mob
from lynching two men they had taken from Mechanicsville.25

J. W. Brown, Mahaska County, August 3, 1857. — On the
night of the election in Oskaloosa, August 3, 1857, J. W.
Brown, the editor of the Herald, and E. "W. Rice sat talking
in the office of the former, when about midnight a saloon
keeper. Bowen, and his gang, came past. Brown and Bowen
had difficulty in getting along peaceably with each other.
Stopping under the office window they began to make threats

Moines ValJc.'/ Whig (Keokuk), May 20, 1857.
-The Daily Hawk-Eye (Burlington), July 1, 1857.
-'••Muscaiine Daily Journal, July 17, 1857.
-^Muscatinc Daily Journal, July -17, 1857.
-'Quusqueton Guardian, August 1, 1857.

ATTEMPTED LYNCHINGS IN IOWA 271

upon the life of Brown, which were easily overheard within.
As the threats became more violent, Brown armed himself
and stood ready for defense. A few minutes later Bowen was
heard to declare that he would head the gang and they would
clear the office. As he started for the door, Brown called out
to him to stop or suffer the consequences. Bowen reached the
door and started to break it open, but was shot before he
succeeded. He fell, mortally wounded, and the mob did not
dare go further.26

Leonard Brown, Polk County, I860.— In 1860 Leonard
Brown was prosecuting some saloon keepers in Des Moines
and their anger was so aroused against him that they at-
tempted to mob him. Brown escaped, however."7

A. N. Marsh, Polk County, 1862.— The marshal of Des
Moines, A. N. Marsh, in 1862, killed a man named King with
whom he had had trouble and at the time was attempting to
arrest. As soon as Marsh saw that his victim was dying he
fled to his home and from thence to parts unknown. A mob
pursued him, threatening to use summary vengeance if they
were able to catch him.28

— , Keokuk County, 1863. — The vigilance committee
became aware that a thief was at work in Keokuk county
some time in 1863, and they set about to catch and lynch him.
The committee gathered at a school house one night and
hitched their horses in the woods nearby. It is reported that
while they were organizing within, the thief passed by, saw
the horses and knowing what it meant, left the country. The
mob was estimated at about a hundred men.20

Benjamin McComb, "Wapello County, August 31, 1864.—
Benjamin McComb was on trial for a double murder in
Ottumwa in 1864 and a mob, which grew irritated at the long
proceedings in the courts, on August 31st, attempted to lynch

2«The Daily Hau-k-Eye (Burlington), August 6, 1857.

^Correspondence of the writer.

-^Porter's Annals of Polk County, Iowa, and the City of Des Moines
(1898), pp. 521-524.

^The History of Keokuk County, Iowa (Union Historical Company,
Des Moines 1880), p. 451.

272 ANNALS OP IOWA

him, but by doubling the guard force the officers were able to
prevent it.30

— , Poweshiek County, October, 1864. — Some officers
were sent to arrest a number of Copperheads about fourteen
miles south of Grinnell in October, 1864, and in making the
arrest one of the officers was shot and mortally wounded.
One of the Copperheads was also wounded and captured. He
was taken to Grinnell where he came near being lynched by
a mob."1

Emerson Reed, - - Green, - - Shields, Dubuque County,
March, 1865. — Emerson Reed, Mr. Green, and Mr. Shields
were arrested in Galena, Illinois, and brought to Dubuque for
trial. They were met by a mob of about four hundred men
crying ''Hang them", but the prisoners were finally safely
lodged in jail in spite of the mob efforts to lynch them:1"'

James Madison Kibbon, Henry County, April 16, 1865. —
James Madison Kibbon "was a Virginian and a Democrat and
though at all times loyal to the Union he felt that the Civil
War was brought about through the machinations of politi-
cians and could have been avoided. He was kindly disposed
toward the Southern people and while for the Union was not
entirely friendly toward Lincoln.

"Mt. Pleasant was intensely loyal to both the Union cause
and Abraham Lincoln, and Mr. Kibben 's ideas were un-
popular in the community. There had been murmurings
against him and by some he had been stigmatized from time
to time as a 'Copperhead'. Throughout the War some evi-
dences of ill will had been shown the family. His daughter,
Mary, was a teacher of mathematics in the college at Mount
Pleasant. While there was no direct cause for it, the feeling
was such that she resigned. The entire family withdrew from
membership in the Methodist Episcopal church. Mrs. Kibben
and her daughters afterwards returned, but Mr. Kibben did
not,

lon-a State Register ( Des Moines), February 21, 1865.
Zllowa City Republican (Weekly), October 5, 1S64.
c Semi-Weekly Times, March 10, 1S65.

ATTEMPTED LYNCHINGS IN IOWA 273

"During the War a stranger called at the house and tried
to gain the confidence of Mr. Kibben and beguile him into
expressions of sympathy with the Southern cause. It was
always thought by the family that this man was a spy. Near
the end of the War a son, Walter Kibben, resigned his posi-
tion in Sanders & Kibben 's bank because of the ill will grow-
ing out of the discussion of War subjects.

"In these matters the Kibben family were not so ill-used
as some others in Mount Pleasant.

"No personal violence wras suggested until the day after
the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Kibben had gone
to the bank as usual and was sitting in the bank office when
the news of the calamity came. In discussing it he said in
the presence of quite a number that were assembled that, 'the
country could not afford the loss at that time as well as it
might at an earlier period.' This was misconstrued and mis-
quoted by some person unknown, until in the words of the
mob that assembled it was claimed that he had said that,
'it was too bad that it had not happened before'. One Wray
Beattie, hearing the rumor, went to the bank to demand an
explanation but did not find Mr. Kibben, who had started for
home. Not gaining any satisfactory information, Beattie
gathered from the street corners and from in front of the
post office a group of men which soon grew into a mob, and
they started after Kibben shouting 'hang him', 'hang him.'
The mob on its way, Beattie dropped out. They overtook
Mr. Kibben at his gate and demanded a retraction. Being a
man of stern disposition, there was no possibility of any re-
traction from him. His daughters came out of the house and
asked him to say anything that the mob wanted in order that
he might come in and be left in peace. He said to them that
he was an old man, and infirm, and that he 'might as well
die now as at any time'.

"The disturbance attracted the attention of William Cork-
hill and Charles Snider, both prominent Republicans, Aboli-
tionists and Lincoln men. They came and appealed to the
mob for reason, finally proposing that Kibben return to the
Bank, repeat his remark and explain the meaning. This he
18

274 ANNALS OF IOWA

consented to do if the mob would precede him to the bank,
refusing to go with the mob or in their custody. The mob
having left, he proceeded with Messrs. Corkhill and Snider to
the bank, where he stated his true meaning and the crowd
dispersed. The family cannot recall the names of any of the
mob, but are sure that it did not include any persons of stand-
ing in the community.

"There was no further trouble, but for a long time there
were threats of violence. The family purchased firearms and
prepared to defend themselves, but there was never any occa-
sion for their use. After a time a reaction set in and former
friends were reconciled."

— , - — , - — , Jackson County, 1867. —

Not long after the Conk murder trial in 1867, in Jackson
county, three men were taken to the jail at Andrew on charge
of murder. The citizens were aroused and a well-laid plot
was made to lynch the prisoners. The town was picketed so
that the prisoners could not escape. It became known to the
officers that a lynching was intended, and in order to save the
prisoners it was necessary to run the picket and get aid from
Maquoketa. A little boy was selected and sent out as if to
get the cows, and by morning a posse came from Maquoketa
just in time to save the prisoners. The mob had arrived at
9 :00 a. in. but the plans were defeated when the aid came.'*

Hiram Wilson, Lucas County, July 6, 1870. — Hiram Wilson
was captured in the woods near Chariton by a mob on July 6,
1870, and only by a stout fight by the officers did he escape
being lynched. The reason for the attempt at lynching was
that he had mortally wounded Sheriff Lyman of that city.
He was lynched later on the same day when the news of the
death of the sheriff had spread."'"

George W. Turkman,"" Polk County, December, 1874.—
George W. Kirkman had the reputation of being a very cruel

•'"Correspondence of the writer.

"*Tke History of Jackson Count u, loica (Western Historical Company,
Chicago, 1870), pp. 356-407.

•"'The History of T,vc(is Conntij, Iowa (State Historical Company, Des
Moines, 1881), p. 565; (See also Chariton Democrat, July 12, 1870.)

'MThe loica State Rrnister (Weekly, Des Moines), December 25, 1874,.
gives the name as George A. Kirkman.

ATTEMPTED LYNCHINGS IN IOWA 275

husband. He drove two of his sons from home and his wife
also left, refusing to live with him. She fled to the home of
"William Zinsmaster, her brother-in-law. Kirkman had prop-
erty in Polk and Story counties and was of considerable
wealth, and when Mrs. Kirkman fled from his home, the
neighbors, judging from his actions, thought he had gone in-
sane and an attempt was made to divide up the property for
the support of the family. Kirkman refused to have this
done and attempted to get his wife to return. Zinsmaster had
been appointed to make a division of the property and of
course some feeling arose on account of it between him and
Kirkman. A few nights afterwards Zinsmaster 's barn was
burned and evidence pointed to Kirkman as the offender.
The citizens took the matter up and sent him an invitation to
attend an investigation meeting. He declined this invitation.
A mob of citizens took him to the woods and threatened to
hang him, but after a long parley he was allowed to go.
He was lynched a little later.37

Samuel E. Watkins, Monona County, June 27, 1877.—
During the night of June 27, 1877, a mob raided the Onawa
jail with the intention of lynching Samuel E. Watkins who
was confined there on charge of murder. Through the efforts
of the sheriff the prisoner was saved.38

Reuben Proctor, Warren County, November 12, 1877. —
The lynching of Reuben Proctor was prevented on November
12, 1877, because of the strength of the jail at Indianola. The
jail was stormed for several hours and finally the mob gave
up and left, thinking they could not break open the door.
If they had known it, only a little further effort would have
made it successful as the door was almost ready to give way
when they ceased. Proctor had been confined for assault.
Miss Augusta Cading, the victim, died a little later, and as
he was on trial another mob succeeded in lynching him.39

37The Iowa State Register (Weekly, Des Moines), December 25, 1874;
The History of Polk County, Iowa (Union Historical Company, Des
Moines, 1880), p. 530; The Daily Iowa State Register (Des Moines),
December 17, 1874.

3SIowa State Register (Des Moines), June 27, 1877.

39T7?.e History of Warren Courtly, Iowa (Union Historical Company, Des
Moines, 1879), pp. 462, 463.

276 ANNALS OF IOWA

Henry Weese, Lee County, March, 1878. — On the fifteenth
day of March, 1878, occurred the murder of Henry and Mar-
garet Greaser in Jefferson township, Lee county. Evidence
led to the arrest of Henry Weese and Fredrick Knoch as the
murderers. Knoch proved an alibi but Weese was retained
in Ft. Madison jail for trial. A search through the clothes
of Weese discovered more than $1,900. He was considered
guilty by such a number that finally a mob went to the jail
one night and demanded that he be delivered to them. The
former mayor, Dr. A. C. Roberts, then editor of the Democrat
was a popular man, and as he lived near the jail he was se-
cured to address the mob, and after a time he was able to
disperse them. Weese was tried later for the double murder,
proven guilt}7, and sentenced to the penitentiary for life.4(i

- Jones, Benton County, June 10, 1878.— After a mob
had burned William Hick's barn, wounded him and fright-
ened him out of the country, they immediately went to the
house of Jones, June 10, 1878, and attempted to lynch him,
but they did not find him. Several volleys were fired into
the house in a vain effort to get him out, but no response
came and they finally disbanded.41

— , Green County, July, 1878. — "At Grand Junc-
tion a few days ago a tramp attempted to commit an outrage
on two little girls, six and seven years, whom he had enticed
off in the weeds, but was frightened off by parties who dis-
covered his designs, arrested and narrowly escaped lynching."
This happened about the middle of July, 1878.42

Henry Abel, Washington County, July 2, 1879. — An ex-
convict, Henry Abel, was paying his respects to Miss Haskins
of Clay township, Washington county, when an objection
made by the parents caused him to murder both of them.
Abel was searched for by the mob who intended to lynch him
if they caught him, but they were unsuccessful. This was
on July 2, 1879.43

MThe History of Lee County, Iowa (Western Historical Company, Chi-
r-a.yo, 1879), pp. 462, 462.

nTle History of Bcnion County, Inwa (Western Historical Company,
Chicago, 3878), p. 380.

•'-Iowa State Register (Des Moines), July 19, 1S78.

v-Iowa State Register (Des Moines), July 3, 1879.

ATTEMPTED LYNCHINGS IN IOWA 277

"William Pickering, Louisa County, July 3, 1879. — The
murder in Louisa county, of William Teets by William Pick-
ering on July 3, 1879, called out a large mob which pursued
the murderer, intending to lynch him. Pickering evidently
had committed the murder because of the marriage of his
mother-in-law to the victim, whom he disliked."

Jerome West, Jones County, October 1, 1880.— An ex-
convict, Jerome West, was arrested and placed in the peni-
tentiary on charge of murdering George W. Yule of Jackson
township, Jones county, and on October 1, 1880, a mob of
about four hundred men, thinking he had been placed in the
county jail, attacked the jail and were disappointed to find
that West was not there.45

John Weise, John Gwinn, Charles D. Errickson, Polk
County, April 14, 1882. — At the time of the murder of Mayor
R. W. Stubbs of Polk City, Polk county, John Weise, John
Gwinn, and Charles D. Errickson were arrested on charge of
murder. An attempt was made by a mob in Polk City on
April 14, 1882, to lynch these men, but the officers succeeded
in getting them away to Des Moines for safe-keeping.40

Leonard Brown, Polk County, July, 1883. — Leonard Brown
was outspoken against mob action at the time of the murder
of Mayor R. W. Stubbs of Polk City, and some of his neigh-
bors set upon him one day in July, 1883, in order to force
him to keep quiet on the subject.47

William Barber, Isaac Barber, Bremer County, June 6,
1883. — William and Isaac Barber, two desperadoes well
known in Iowa, were arrested in 1883 on charge of murder
and confined in the jail at Waverly. Rumors of a lynching
party being formed put the officers on their guard and they
took the prisoners to Independence for safe-keeping. In the
night, June 6, 1883, the mob came to the jail at Waverly and
demanded the Barber brothers, but they were disappointed
to find they were not in the jail.48

"Iowa State Register (Des Moines), July 10, 1879.

4~alowa State Register (Des Moines), October 13, and October 20, 1880.

^Burlington Hawk-Eye, April 18, 1882.

"Correspondence of the writer.

**The Burlington Hawk-Eye, June 8, 1883.

278 ANNALS OF IOWA

Robert Moore, Cerro Gordo County, September 18, 1884. —
During the fair at Mason City in September, 1884, quite a
disturbance was created by an insult offered a married woman
by Robert Moore of Freeport, Illinois. The husband of the
woman knocked the offender down, and in a few minutes a
guard of soldiers came and placed him in custody. About
midnight, September 18th, a mob came to the guard house
and attempted to lynch Moore, but the officers succeeded in
defending their prisoner.49

James Reynolds, Decatur County, August 2, 1887. — The
assault upon Mrs. Lewis Noble of Leon caused the arrest of
James Reynolds, the offender, and his confinement in the Leon
jail. The officers feared a lynching and removed the prisoner.
On August 2, 1887, a mob came to the jail and searched it
in vain to find Reynolds. The next morning the sheriff
brought him back to Leon and bail was secured for him.
This was a bad move, for Reynolds assaulted three other
women as soon as he was loosed. He was arrested again and
a mob lynched him on the night of the fourteenth.50

Frank Pierce, Des Moines County, June 30, 1891.— The
graveyard at Burlington was used as a dumping ground for
garbage by a few individuals and it became necessary to for-
bid it. On June 30, 1891, Frank Pierce came to the grave-
yard with a load of garbage and was informed by B. H.
Wishard that he could no longer unload there. Pierce had a
reputation for ugly acts, and he drew two revolvers and shot
Wishard. Pierce Avas arrested and brought to jail, and by
the time he arrived a mob of about five hundred awaited him.
They would have lynched him had not the militia been called
out and blank cartridges used. This was the second time
that a mob came near lynching him, as he had been sought
by one in 1888.51

Edward Walton, Wapello County, October 16, 1893.— Dr.
Edward "Walton was arrested for the murder of Melinda
Amelia Cook, upon whom he had performed a criminal opera-

State Register (Des Moines), September 19, 1884.
MThe Iowa State Register (Des Moines), August 3, 1887.
^The Burlington Hawk-Eye, July 1, 1891.

ATTEMPTED LYNCHINGS IN IOWA 279

tion, and as the officers brought him in a carriage to the jail
in Ottumwa, a mob attacked the officers in an attempt to
wrest Walton from their hands and lynch him. The officers
succeeded in getting him safely lodged in jail, but the talk
of lynching was kept up all day and the mob remained about
the town until night.52

Leon Lozier, Pottawattamie County, January 17, 1893. —
The well-known sprinter of Council Bluffs, Leon Lozier, was
arrested for assault on Madaline Anderson, a girl five years
old, and as he was being taken to jail a mob followed, threat-
ening to lynch him. The mob was addressed by Sheriff Hazen
and the Dodge Life Guards were called out to protect the
jail. Several other speeches were made and finally the mob
dispersed. The leaders were arrested, but whether they were
finally prosecuted has not been learned.53

John Hamil, John Krout, George "Weems, Polk County,
May, 1894. — A conductor on the Great Western Railroad,
Lucias Blake Ridpath, was killed May 19, 1894, by two men
while he was on his way to take charge of his train in Des
Moines. The next day John Hamil and John Krout were ar-
rested and charged with the crime. On the 21st George
Weems was also arrested as one of the perpetrators of the
murder. Krout was talkative and told much about the crime.
The people became much aroused and threats of lynching
were frequently made. A mob gathered at the police sta-
tion, but because of lack of organization and also because of
the efficient police force the mob was not able to get the
prisoners. On the way from the police station to the county
jail another mob was encountered, and with difficulty the
men were lodged in jail. The mob remained about the jail
for hours. The prisoners were secretly taken out of the city
to prevent their being found if the mob should ' become un-
managable. Krout was released after a time and Hamil and
Weems were convicted and sentenced to be hanged.54

™The Towa State Register (Des Moines), October 17, 1893; The Ot-
tumwa Weekty Courier, November 23, 1893.

™The Iowa State Register (Des Moines), January 20, 1894.

54Porter's Annals of Polk Countv. Iowa, and the City of Des Moines
(1898), pp. 567-569.

280 ANNALS OF IOWA

-, Pottawattamie County, May 31, 1894.-

A tramp brutally assaulted Mrs. George Smith of Pottawat-
tamie county on May 31, 1894, and a mob collected and pur-
sued the tramp with ropes, intending to lynch him, but he
could not be found.5'"1

Orlando P. "Wilkins, Charles W. Crawford, Madison County,
March 6, 1895. — The bank robbers, Orlando P. Wilkins and
Charles W. Crawford, were arrested on March 6, 1895, before
they had got very far from the robbed bank in Adel. After
the capture a mob came and wanted to lynch Crawford who
had been placed in jail, but by persuasion they were dis-
persed. Wilkins was shot to death in the capture.50

R. E. Martin, Wapello County, April 4, 1896.— Little Eva
Moore, twelve years old, was assaulted on April 13, 1896, at
Ottumwa, and the news spread so rapidly that in a very
short time many people were on the streets curious to see
the results of the search for the offender by the police. As
the excitement grew more intense a rope was procured and
the mob awaited the time when the little girl should identify
the offender among those constantly brought in by the police.
The mob thought R. E. Martin would be identified when he
was brought in and they intended to lynch him, but the little
girl could not recognize him as the man. The craze subsided
after a time and the mob dispersed."

Wilbur Smith, Charles Harris, Ralph Duncan, Wapello
County, August 28, 1896.— Three men, Wilbur Smith, Charles
Harris, and Ralph Duncan were arrested for entering a house
in Ottumwa and assaulting Miss Nellie Warner, twenty years
of age, and a mob of about three hundred attempted to wrest
them from the sheriff but the sheriff was on his guard and
prevented it. Harris was from Blakesburg and Duncan was
from Illinois:"''

A. D. Storms, Des Monies County, February 9, 1898.— The
dead bodies of Mrs. Fannie Rathbun and her daughter, Mary,

•••••• 7'. 'tc Iou-a Mfttc Rryister (Des Moines), June 1, 1894.

™The Towa Stntc Jte<ri*tcr (Des Moines), March 7, 1895; Dallas County
Record, March 8, and March 15, 1895.

•"77te Ifwa State Register (Des Moines), April 14, 1896.
^'Ihc Iowa State L'cr/istcr ( Des Moines), August 29, 1896.

ATTEMPTED LYNCHINGS IN IOWA 281

were found by the police at their home, 1616 Dodge St., Bur-
lington, on the 30th of January, 1898. They had evidently
been dead for a week. Evidence was discovered that caused
the arrest of A. D. Storms as principal and F. Fox, S. John-
son, William "Williams, Jones Lannon, and Joseph Burchman
as associates. The excitement grew intense over the affair and
finally a mob, said to be led by W. A. Pruden and Charles
Gallagher, formed at Patterson's barn and went to the jail
to lynch Storms. The mob was probably composed of as
many as five hundred men. Placards had been posted to
arouse the citizens and call them to the mob meeting. The
police mixed with the mob, found out their intentions and
succeeded in getting Storms out of the back door of the jail
just in time to save him. This mob collected on Tuesday
evening, February 9, 1898, and after a short time went to the
jail. When the officers told the mob that Storms was not
there, they refused to believe it until a search had been made
of the jail and even through the home of the sheriff, with
no success. Even the room of the sheriff's daughter, who
lay critically ill, was invaded and the closets broken open in
a mad search for the suspected man. Scouting parties were
put out to search the city and these did not give up the idea
of finding Storms until after midnight. At one time the
mob passed within one block of the closed carriage that con-
tained Storms, but they did not know it and Storms was
taken to Mediapolis and then to Anamosa for safe-keeping.
Storms later confessed to the crime and implicated many
others in his confession.59

Alva Brooker, Monroe County, November 24, 1900. — The
rape of Mrs. Sarah Hovel of Albia caused the arrest of Alva
Brooker (colored), charged with the crime. A large mob at-
tempted to lynch him on November 24, 1900, but Company G
of the Iowa National Guards prevented it.60

Charles Arnett, Webster County, December 19, 1900.— A
large mob gathered at the jail in Ft. Dodge on December 19,
1900, and made such a noise about the premises that Charles

™The Burlington Hawk-Eye, February 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, and 10, 1898; The
Saturday Evening Post (Burlington), February 5, and 12, 1898.
80/oit?a City Weekly Republican, November 28, 1900.

282 ANNALS OP IOWA

Arnett was frightened into confession of his guilt by the
threats of lynching from the outside. The charge against
Arnett was theft.61

Seymour AVashington, Polk County, September 1, 1901. —
As Miss Ada Ware was crossing the fields on her way to
Valley Junction on September 1, 1901, two negroes as-
saulted her. She succeeded in getting away and ran home.
Her father mounted a swift horse and rode to town as quickly
as possible and aroused the police. Search for the offender
was begun, and many suspects were brought in for identifi-
cation by Miss Ware. The newrs spread and caused a large
mob to gather about the jail, and the ones brought in were
closely watched. Finally Miss Ware identified one negro,
Seymour Washington, and the mob, already very much ex-
cited, grew worse and ropes were procured and attempts
were made to lynch him. The jail was besieged and was the
object of a bombardment of flying missiles for some time.
Washington was placed in a car and taken to Des Moines
as soon as possible, and the lynching was prevented.62

Edward Davidson, Wapello County, February, 1902. — The
twelve year old daughter of William Gallagher, living two
miles northeast of Eddyville, was criminally assaulted by
Edward Davidson of Pekay, in February, 1902. Davidson
was arrested and confined at Eddyville. Plans were laid to
lynch him, but the officers heard of them and took him to
Ottumwa and thus frustrated the plans of the mob.83

W. L. Horn, Appanoose County, December 21, 1903. — A
murder near Salem church, Appanoose county, on December
21, 1903, called forth a mob that searched all night for the
offender. He was found dead the next morning, having evi-
dently killed himself rather than allow the mob to lynch him,
which they intended to do if they had found him alive.84

Burk, Zimmerman, Pottawattamie

County, December 28, 1903. — Two negroes, Burk and Zim-

wlowa City Weekly Republican,, December 19, 1900.

""The Burlington Hawk-Eye, September 3, 1901.

'-'•The Reveille (Rolfe), February 21, 1902.

'•*Thc Register and Leader (Des Moines), December 22, 1903.

ATTEMPTED LYNCHINGS IN IOWA .283

merman, assaulted, robbed, and offended two women in Coun-
cil Bluffs, December 28, 1903, and when they were arrested
and placed in jail a large mob attempted to lynch them, but
an extra guard force made the jail secure and prevented the
lynching.80

Harry Thompson, "Woodbury County, April 18, 1904. —
Continued disturbances were made in Sioux City by Harry
Thompson, and finally Mayor John Bunn caused a warrant
to be issued for his arrest. When the warrant was read to
Thompson, he resisted, escaped, procured weapons, and shot
Bunn. The citizens tried to lynch him, but the sheriff took
him in charge and suceeded in getting him aboard a train and
out of the city.66

James Price, Boone County, November 19, 1904. — A negro,
James Price, shot and fatally wounded Thomas Albright and
then escaped to the woods in Boone county. On November
19, 1904, a mob searched for him, and judging from their
talk they would probably have lynched him if he had been
found. Stories spread about that he had been cornered on
a sand-bar and lynched, but no evidence can be found to
verify this story.87

Victor Lee, Henry County, August 2, 1905. — The public
sentiment against Victor Lee was shown on August 2, 1905,
when he took his wife from New London to the insane asy-
lum at Mt. Pleasant. The citizens sympathized with his wife
and felt this was only a means of getting rid of her. They
probably would have lynched him as he went away but the
sheriff had him too well guarded. When Green Lee returned
that night they egged him, and evidently they thought Victor
Lee would return also, but he remained at Mt. Pleasant and
thus escaped.68

Frank Brothers, Polk County ^ September 27, 1905.— How-
ard Wittell was arrested and brought to the police station
on September 27, 1905, by Detective Frank Brothers. In the

Daily Nonpareil (Council Bluffs), December 30, 1903.
^Dallas County Neics (Adel), April, 20, 1904.
«7The Register and Leader (Des Moines), November 20, 1904.
™The Mt. Pleasant Journal, August 4, 1905.

284 ANNALS OF IOWA

arrest Brothers had wounded the boy with a shot from his
revolver, and this aroused the citizens so that a mob followed
him to the station. No man was found among them who
would dare lead the mob to lynch him, and finally they dis-
persed.69

Robert Hyde, Charles Martin, Polk County, July 16, 1906.—
Two negroes, Robert Hyde and Charles Martin, pushed a
white woman off the sidewalk in Des Moines on the night of
July 16, 1906, and they came near being lynched for their
aggressiveness. A mob took a rope from a street car and
would have hanged them if the police had not been re-enforced
just at that moment. The mob grew in size and did not dis-
perse for some time.70

Thomas Grimes, Henry County, January 22, 1907. — The
jail was besieged at New London on January 22, 1907, by a
mob who sought Thomas Grimes (colored), supposed to be
confined there on charge of the murder of J. W. Govin. The
mob was outwitted by the officers who had learned of the
danger of a lynching and had removed the prisoner to Mt.
Pleasant,71

Ray Edwards, Wapello County, January 25, 1908.— On the
night of January 24, 1908, Mrs. Clara Erwin was assaulted
by a negro. Ray Edwards was arrested and charged with
the assault. The indignant citizens came to the jail in a mob
and demanded Edwards. The officers put out all lights in
the jail and sent in a riot call to the police headquarters.
When the sheriff came before the mob he told them Edwards
was not in the jail, and to make sure, a committee from the
mob searched the building but failed to find him. He had
been secretly taken to Albia for safe-keeping.72

John Junkin, Wapello County, February 21, 1909.— The
murderer of Clara Rosen of Ottumwa created much trouble
for the authorities, as several attempts were made to lynch
him. The assault on Mrs. C. M. Johnson made the state of

™Thc Register and Leader (Des Moines), September 27, and 28, 1905.
~nTlir Register and Leader (Des Moines), July 17, 1906.
~lThe Register and Leader (Des Moines), January 25, 1907.
'-The Keosanqna I'eprd)Ueau, January 30, 1908.

ATTEMPTED LYNCHINGS IN IOWA 285

feeling worse, and a mob went to the jail, February 21, 1909,
to lynch him. Being admitted to the jail by the officers they
made search for him but were unable to find him. He had
been taken to Albia."

John Junkin, Des Moines County, February, 1909. — When
the officers were taking John Junkin to Ft. Madison in Feb-
ruary, 1909, a mob met them at Burlington and showed their
attitude by casting missiles at Junkin.74

John Junkin, Wapello County, March 12, 1909.— When
John Junkin was brought back to Ottumwa on March 12,
1909, he was sought by a mob at the jail, but after staying
about the jail for a time, creating much disturbance, the mob
dispersed.75

John Junkin. Appanoose County, June 1, 1909. — Immedi-
ately following the death sentence of John Junkin in Center-
ville, a mob attempted to lynch the prisoner and the officers
had a hard time getting him safely on the car for Ft. Madi-
son. This was June 1, 1909.70

J. A. Keefiier,77 Polk County, August 8, 1910. — Because J.
A. Keefner's automobile caused a runaway and the injury
of the team by running into a wire fence, a mob of farmers
threatened to lynch Mr. Keefner. Word was sent to Des
Moines and officers came to his rescue within a very short
time.78

-The Burlington Hawk-Eye. February 23, 1909.

AThe Register and Lender (Des Moineg), March 12, 1909.

•'The Burlington Hawk-Eye, March 12, 1909.

The Burlington Hawk-Eye, June 2, 1909.

The Des Moines Capital gives J. A. Kulfner.

*TJie Des Moines News, August 8, 1910; The Des Moines Capital, Aug-
ust 8, 1910.

286 ANNALS OF IOWA

CHARLES BALDWIN.

BY HON. ROBERT SLOAN.

Charles Baldwin was born in Guernsey County, Ohio, in
1818 ; came to IowTa in 1840 ; married in 1844 ; was a part of
Keosauqua and Van Buren County for fifty-eight years. His
name was not widely known, but he did a man's work and
filled a man's place in the world. He, and such as he, caused
civilization to take its full step upward in the last generation.
Such as he are pushing civilization a shade higher in this
generation; and such as they, a little bigger and better pos-
sibly than their fathers, will advance it another grade in their
time ; and so on, from generation to generation.

He was rather taller than the average man, very erect and
dignified in his carriage. Few people slapped him on the
back and called him by his first name ; but some did, and
very heartily. Rather shunning than courting recognition or
popularity, his advice was asked and his judgment was in-
fluential in determining matters of important public concern.
Without posing as the purest, he was pretty sure to be right
on moral questions. His judgment on economic matters was
sound. He attended church regularly with his religious wife,
and his authority, rather more perhaps than her gentle ad-
monition, took their children always to Sunday-school. He
was a thoughtful, well-ivad, non-religious man, who year after
year attended an orthodox church Sunday after Sunday,
largely because he had a growing family and his wife wanted
him to. With no college training himself, and always in
moderate circumstances, he sent each of his children in turn
to college; and the time never came when they could not get
information from their self-educated father. When young,
they went to the public school every day, rain or shine, no
excuse being alloAved but sickness, and genuine sickness, at
that. The mother might have been talked over when the rain

CHARLES BALDWIN 287

was heavy or the roads were icy, but the father never. He
was his own children's disciplinarian, not only at home but
on the street and at school. He felt responsible for their
behavior everywhere.

Rather strict and austere with his own children, there
never was a time when they did not know he would have
gone to the stake for. the least worthy of them. Like a good
winter apple, he grew mellow with age, and his grandchildren
ran over him much as they did their grandmother, and every-
body ran over her. While his children stood a little in awe
of him, they loved and respected him, and believed there was
nothing too hard for him. To them he was a very encyclo-
pedia of knowledge. Without any pretense to scholarship he
was an omnivorous reader; and from choice, as well as be-
cause he was the head of the family and responsible for its
intellectual as well as material advancement, he read good
books, and stored his mind with useful knowledge, which be-
came a mine of information.

He came to Iowa when it as well as he was young, arid
located in Keosauqua when that promised to be one of the
leading cities of the State. It was then full of bright, am-
bitious young men, many of whom have since achieved state
and national reputation.

He was married there in 1844 to Rachel Wright. She was
a sister of Judge George G. Wright, called in life, "The
Grand Old Man" of Iowa, and of Governor Joseph A. Wright,
of Indiana, Senator from that state, and our Ambassador to
Germany at the time of his death.

The family life was a devoted one. They lived long enough
to celebrate their golden wedding in the old homestead, sur-
rounded by children, grand-children and a multitude of
friends. They were greatly esteemed in the community and
much beloved, far and near, as * ' Uncle Charley ' ' and ' ' Aunt
Rachel". They were gifted socially, and their home in
Keosauqua was long an example of generous and cordial hos-
pitality. He died January 28, 1898, and Mrs. Baldwin died
April 15, 1902.

288 ANNALS OF IOWA

The writer's acquaintance with Mr. Baldwin began in 1860,
when he was a member of the firm of Wright and Baldwin,
attorneys-at-law, which association was formed upon the re-
tirement of Judge Wright from the supreme bench in Janu-
ary. Upon the death of Judge Stockton, in the summer of
that year, Judge Wright was invited to fill the vacancy and
resumed his position as one of the Justices of the Supreme
Court. Mr. Baldwin then formed a partnership with Col.
Henry II. Trimble, under the firm name of Trimble and
Baldwin, which business relation was continued for many
years, except during the interval when Colonel Trimble was
Judge of the District Court.

Mr. Baldwin was forty years of age when he entered the
legal profession, but he had had a wide business experience,
and was a wise counsellor. He Avas not only capable of giving
to a client a sound opinion as to his legal rights but that
sensible form of legal advice which often prevents or settles
litigation.

During his long career at the bar he always held the con-
fidence of the public, the respect of the courts and the hearty
<>'ood will of his associates.

The writer recalls some notable causes which he managed
with unusual skill and great success, among them the well-
known Avery case, wherein he secured priority for a large
right of way claim over a railway mortgage. I recollect that
his conduct of this case called forth the admiration of Hon.
Samuel F. Miller, who was opposing counsel, and was soon
thereafter appointed by Abraham Lincoln to be a Justice
of the Supreme Court of the United States — the beginning
.of an illustrious judicial career.

Mr. Baldwin's greatest legal triumph was, perhaps, in the
ease of Tribelcock vs. Wilson, 12 Wallace, 687, in the Su-
preme Court of the United States. This case arose during
the Civil War upon a note secured by land mortgage, exe-
cuted prior to the passage of the "Legal Tender Act" — the
note being drawn payable "in gold arid silver coin of the
United States."

CHARLES BALDWIN 289

The opinion of the Supreme Court delivered by Justice
Field (Justices Bradley and Miller dissenting), in January,
1872, settled for all time the great question that such an
agreement was enforceable and the creditor entitled to pay-
ment in coin as stipulated in the contract.

The principle involved was of great importance and the
cause excited wide public interest at the time, it being held
by the Supreme Court a year after argument and pending
its final decision.

The case was prepared and carried through the Supreme
Court by Mr. Baldwin. The District Court at home (Judge
Trimble presiding) held adversely to his contention. He ap-
pealed to the Supreme Court of Iowa and was beaten there.
He thereupon appealed to the Supreme Court of the United
States and secured a reversal and a signal victory for the
great doctrine of the inviolability of contract, for which he
was contending.

The principle involved was of scarcely less importance
than that in the celebrated Dartmouth College case which
gave such fame to Daniel Webster as a Constitutional lawyer.

Mr. Cleveland appointed Mr. Baldwin postmaster at Keo-
sauqua, which position he held for four years. In his early
political career he affiliated with the Whig party, and in 1852
was elected Clerk of the District Court. He was bitterly
opposed to the Know-Nothing party, because of the secrecy
of its organization, which had something to do with his oppo-
sition to the Republican party during the period of its in-
fancy. In 1856 he cast his lot with the Democratic party
and acted with it during the rest of his life, and its continued
minority position in Van Buren county was undoubtedly the
cause which prevented his receiving greater political prefer-
ment.

Early in the Civil war he raised a cavalry company in
this county and tendered it for the Third Iowa Cavalry then
recruiting at Keokuk, but the regiment was practically full
and his recruits were distributed to other companies.

19

290 ANNALS OF IOWA

Independence and integrity were perhaps the predomin-
ating traits of Mr. Baldwin's character. He did his own
thinking, and followed his own convictions. His honesty was
not just the common honesty of the man who keeps his con-
tracts, pays his debts and does not steal. It was the higher
intellectual honesty which looks facts squarely in the face and
conforms opinion to them rather than makes facts conform
to his opinions. In private matters, he could see the other
men's rights quite as clearly as his own. In public affairs,
he was frank, open and outspoken; he never believed a thing
or pretended to because it was popular, and never advocated
a thing he did not believe. Indeed, on public questions he
was often in the minority, and often in the right. His legal
learning, high sense of justice, and strong hatred of fraud
and double-dealing would have made him a fine equity judge.

He died poor, but with the knowledge that he had lived
his life well, paid his way, had contributed more to the world
than he had cost, did not owe any man a dollar or an-unre-
turned kindness, and that he left enough of this world's goods
to carry his lifelong helpmate with comfort through the re-
mainder of her journey. Such men as he, self-effacing but-
self -respecting ; well informed without being pedantic ; con-
servatively progressive ; honored and admired by their neigh-
bors, but never taking the center of the stage ; moral, upright
and devoted to their homes and families, and believing sin-
cerely that the world moves and that they must help it move,
are to be found in almost every county seat in Iowa. They
are not so numerous as to be in the way, nor so common but
that they are admired and looked up to hy their neighbors.

/

PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN IOWA 291

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DIOCESE OF IOWA,

PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

AMERICA.

BY REV. FRANCIS E. JUDD, D. D.1

When the Rector of St. Luke's Church, Rev. Henry Wash-
ington Lee, Rochester, New York, received intelligence of his
election to the Episcopate as the "First Bishop of Iowa",
necessarily a new interest was awakened in the geographical
position of his proposed diocese. Upon examining the map
he found to his surprise that the extreme southeast county of
the State of Iowa bore his name "Lee", and greater became
his astonishment upon discovering that the two counties
lying north of "Lee" were called respectively, "Henry" and
"Washington", thus inscribing on the map his indexed name.
No wonder that he was somewhat impressed by this singular
coincidence to which he sometimes referred, half jocularly
perhaps, as providentially indicating that he ought to accept
the diocese thus geographically assigned to him. Certainly,
the result proved that he was rightly guided in this most im-
portant decision in his useful life ; for as a pioneer missionary
bishop in a widely-extended, and, in many respects, very
difficult field of labor, he was always earnest, self-denying,
helpful, and favored with such success as under the circum-
stances was possible.

Henry Washington Lee was born in Hamden, Connecticut,
on the 29th of July, 1815. His father Boswell Lee, whose
native place was Spencertown, New York, was the worthy
representative of a family whose name is illustrious in the
annals of the Revolution, and as an evidence of the confidence

'Rev. Francis Emerson Judd, D. D.. principal of the preparatory de-
partment of Griswold College, Davenport, Iowa, 1859 ; Rector of Trinity
Church, Davenport, 1860-66; President of the Standing Committee, Secre-
tary of the Diocesan Convention, Delegate to the General Convention of
1895, etc. His active work in Iowa extended over a period of more than
forty years. He died in Portland, Ore., Feb. 25, 1902.

292 ANNALS OF IOWA

placed in his integrity and ability, held the position of Super-
intendent of the Armory at Springfield, Mass., for nineteen
years. He had in all eight children who lived to maturity.
His removal to Springfield took place during the infancy of
Henry, and brings to the mind of the writer, one of those
pleasantries in conversation with which the Bishop was wont
to enliven any social circle of which he happened to be a
member.

At a little clerical gathering in honor of one who had ex-
changed his cure in Iowa for a charge in Connecticut, but
had returned to his former home for a brief visit, the brethren
were relating some of their parochial experiences. The visitor
prefaced a story he was about to tell with the remark that
perhaps he ought not to proceed, as what he had to say was
not creditable to the Bishop's native State. "Don't spoil
your story for relation's sake/' exclaimed the Bishop, "It
is true I was born in Connecticut, but I removed to Massa-
chusetts when I was six months old and took my mother
with me ! ' '

On the twenty-seventh day of May, 1838, in Grace Church,
New Bedford, Massachusetts, the future Bishop of Iowa was
ordained ''Deacon'' by the venerable Bishop Griswold, for
whom he entertained a deep affection and profound respect.
Having passed his examination with great credit, at the con-
clusion of his diacoiiate in New Bedford, he wras advanced to
the priesthood, October 8, 1839, being ordained by the same
Bishop, at a service held in St. Anne's Church, Lowell, Mas-
sachusetts. He was called to the rectorship of Christ Church,
Springfield, Mass., and on the second day of April, 1840,
entered upon his duties, which for three years were discharged
so faithfully that his good report reached the ears of the
vestry of St. Luke's Church, Rochester, New York. He ac-
cepted a call from this large and influential parish, and was
its beloved and successful rector for eleven years.

He received the degree of D. D. from Hobart College in
1850, and from the University of Rochester in 1852. In the
year 1867 the degree of LL. D. was conferred upon the first
Bishop of Iowa by the University of Cambridge, England.

PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN IOWA 293

While yet a deacon, in 1839, Henry "Washington Lee, of
New Bedford, Mass., was united in the bonds of holy matri-
mony to Lydia Mason Morton, of Taunton, Mass., daughter
of Gov. Marcus Morton, a union dissolved by death after
thirty-five years of exceptional domestic happiness.

The first convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church
in Iowa convened on May 31, 1854, in a church building
kindly loaned for the occasion by the Presbyterians of Daven-
port, and was presided over by the venerable Bishop Jackson
Kemper in whose missionary jurisdiction the State of Iowa
was then included. In concluding his annual report the
Bishop thus addressed the assembled clergymen and delegates :

As you are now fully organized, you will be anxious to enjoy
every privilege and at the earliest possible day to secure to your-
selves a diocesan. I will cordially co-operate with you in such
efforts, and will rejoice to welcome another bisibop in the West.
Seek out a man of God, one wiho is earnest and single-minded, one
who is patient of fatigue, ready to endure hardship with a cheerful
spirit, for the Redeemer's sake, and who will consecrate all his
energies to the work before him, which unquestionably will be the
building up of the diocese in strength and (holiness.

On Thursday, June 1, 1854, the election took place, Dr.
Henry Washington Lee of Rochester, New York, receiving a
majority of both clerical and lay ballots. Certainly, the man
thus called to preside over the Diocese of Iowa as its first
bishop, fully answered to the ideal presented by the words of
good Bishop Kemper.

He was consecrated in St. Luke's Church, Rochester, on St.
Luke's Day, Wednesday, October 18, 1854, the Bishop of
Vermont presiding, and the Bishops of Michigan, Western
New York, Massachusetts, Maine and Illinois being present
and assisting. Bishop Eastman of Massachusetts preached
the sermon.

Dr. Lee remained in charge of St. Luke's until January 1,
1855, when was severed the strong tie which for precisely
eleven years had bound him to a faithful and beloved people.
But before this resignation the Bishop visited his diocese, ar-
riving at Dubuque Saturday, October 28, and on Sunday,
October 29, preached for the first time in Iowa, in St. John's

294 ANNALS OF IOWA

Church of that city, of which the Rev. Robert D. Brooke was
the devoted pioneer rector. His sermons, both morning and
evening, produced a deep impression, and all who heard them
pictured a bright future for the diocese presided over by a
man so prepossessing in appearance, so attractive in dis-
course, and above all, so fully consecrated to his work. The
Bishop visited Muscatine, Davenport and Burlington, leaving
for the east on the 8th of November. In Trinity Church,
Davenport, for the first time he administered the rite of con-
firmation. This short visit to Iowa seemed an earnest of
great good in the future, so favorable were the impressions
everywhere made by the Bishop in both his official and social
intercourse with the people.

On Sunday, December 24, it was the delightful privilege of
Bishop Lee to confirm thirty-five of the flock, which as pastor
for eleven years he had cared for and loved, and on the Sun-
day following with mingled emotions of regret and gratitude
he took leave of his beloved parishioners.

The second annual convention of the diocese of Iowa, being
the first one which Bishop Lee presided over, was held in
Christ Church, Burlington, of which the Rev. F. R. Hoff was
the devoted and successful rector. The Bishop preached the
sermon, after which the Rev. George "W. Watson, deacon, was
admitted to the order of priests. In his convention address
the great importance of a diocesan fund for the support of
the episcopate was spoken of as having been so effectually
urged upon his attention that he entered at once upon the
arduous task of raising it, and in so doing made a tour of
the more wealthy eastern parishes. As the final result of
his most successful efforts, "The Iowa Episcopate Fund"
amounted to $7,933.74, with which 6488 80-100 acres of de-
sirable land were purchased and held for sale. This fund
has provided for the erection of a handsome residence for
the Bishop in Davenport, costing over $20,000, and also fur-
nished investments yielding an annual income of over $3,000.
Thus Bishop Lee's wisdom and thoughtful foresight are kept
in perpetual remembrance by a grateful diocese.

PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN IOWA - 295

On Saturday, October 27, 1855, the Bishop returned from
his eastern tour of solicitation, accompanied by his family,
and made Davenport his home. Thenceforth from time to
time he visited the various parishes, missionary stations, and
in fact every accessible portion of the State in which any en-
couragement for Church work was offered. How arduous
were his labors, only they whose experience realized the diffi-
culties of travel in Iowa before the days of railroads can
know; but the robust health and untiring energy of the Mis-
sionary Bishop never gave way, however great the difficulties
encountered. "We can appreciate what he found in the coun-
try, when, in the city of his residence, Davenport, while at-
tempting to cross Second Street near the foot of Brady, he
sank so deep in the mud that passers-by hastened to his assist-
ance and pulled him out. Being a large man, six feet in
height and weighing over two hundred and eighty pounds, he
met with frequent disasters while traveling, breaking car-
riages on the road, and chairs and bedsteads in the houses
where he was entertained. He had many amusing stories to
relate regarding these mishaps.

In accordance with canonical requirement, in the third
year of his episcopate, Bishop Lee addressed to the clergy of
his diocese his primary charge, taking as its subject "Sancti-
fication, as a Doctrine, and as a Personal Attainment". In
this charge, as in fact in all his sermons and addresses, one
cannot fail to be impressed with his earnest faith and deep
spiritual experiences, so continuously and so forcibly was he
accustomed to emphasize the infinite importance and blessed-
ness of the "likeness to Christ." In closing this primary
charge he says:

It will be my chief ambition to be known and recognized among
all Christian people, as a faithful preacher of the Gospel, and as a
bishop who is determined in his great work to know nothing "save
Jesus Christ and Him crucified." Whether God shall permit me
to devote a long life to this He only knows, but be my time of
labor long or short, I am determined to consecrate it to the truest
and highest interests of our beloved Zion, and if, when my work
sihall be done, and the scenes of time are passing away, I sihall be
privileged to behold here a spiritual building, fitly framed together,
resting upon a true foundation, and growing into a holy temple to

296 ANNALS OF IOWA

the Lord, I shall depart in peace. But if, in that solemn hour, I
shall be doomed to look upon the diocese to which my best days
and best services have been devoted, and see its light dimmed and
its glory tarnished by a worldly-minded people under the lead of
an UTJ sanctified ministry, I should go down with sorrow to the
grave. May God make us a holy Church! May we as a diocese
become eminent in spirituality! May we be of one heart and mind
in the great work entrusted to our hands, striving together in tihe
faith of the gospel! Brethren, the time is short! Soon our work
will be finished and others will enter into our labors. O, then, be
faithful! Be faithful unto death, if you would have a crown of
life.

These words declare eloquently the Bishop's keen sense of
personal responsibility to the Divine Master.

On the Eighth Sunday after Trinity, July 13, 1856, by
the invitation of Bishop Kemper, Bishop Lee preached in
Omaha City the first sermon by a Church Bishop in the
Territory of Nebraska. At that time the Rev. George W.
Watson divided his most successful ministry between Council
Bluffs, Iowa, and Omaha City. Bishop Lee left Oskaloosa
on Monday, July 7, and was joined by Bishop Kemper at Fort
Des Moiiies. He reached Council Bluffs on Friday, July 11,
thus having been five days on the journey.

In his address to the sixth annual convention, on May 30r
1860, the Bishop announced the purchase of what \vas then
known as the "Iowa College" property in the city of Daven-
port. Iowa College had been moved to Grinnell and the en-
tire property, consisting of two city squares, with a large
college building built of stone, and a frame boarding house,
was purchased for $36,000, the contract having been made
with the Bishop individually. Possession was taken on the
first day of August and the Bishop said : "To myself it was
an interesting circumstance that this full and final decision
to purchase the 'Iowa College' property was made on my
forty-fourth birthday, July 29th".

A semi-annual convocation was held at Davenport, Decem-
ber 6-8, in connection with the services of which, a college
corporation was organized and the name of the late presiding
Bishop Griswold was unanimously adopted as that of the
institution. In his sixth annual address already referred to,
Bishop Lee paid Bishop Griswold this tribute:

PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN IOWA 297

From this now sainted man I received the holy rite of confirma-
tion, and by him I was admitted to the diaeonate and the priest-
hood, and I have ever regarded him as one of the wisest and purest
prelates that ever adorned our Church, or the Mother Church of
England.

On Dec. 12, 1859, the preparatory department of Griswold
College was opened under the charge of the Rev. Francis
Emerson Judd, M. A.., who for this purpose at the Bishop's
request, resigned the rectorship of St. Michael's Church,
Mount Pleasant. He was assisted by Prof. D. S. Sheldon,
late of Iowa College, and the institution opened with over
thirty pupils. The following spring found Bishop Lee in the
East raising funds for the college and meeting with his usual
success.

The eighth annual convention of the Diocese of Iowa con-
vened in Dubuque, May 29, 1861, and in his address the
Bishop spoke most earnestly and with intense loyalty regard-
ing the fearful dangers threatening the commonwealth and
the grave responsibilities resting upon its citizens. He said
in conclusion:

While I thus speak out of the fullness of a heart that grieves
and agonizes over the darkened hopes and purposes of our beloved
country, and w'hile as a Christian and a Christian teacher, I mourn
over the deep and awful corruption of man's nature, which has so
long resisted the combined influences of civilization and religion,
I cannot yet do otherwise than exhort both cleTgy and people to
defend the nation's honor and uphold the nation's laws. As the
world is, wars and commotions must needs be; and in spite of their
incompatibility with the pure principles of the Gospel of Christ, we
will believe, that God, in His wise providence, will bring good out
of evil and extend His Kingdom among the ruins of nations and
empires. Even the present troubles and afflictions of our country
undoubtedly will be overruled to the furtherance of those divine
plans which render certain the final, though gradual triumph of
civilization and Christianity.

He also adds:

Nor can I refrain from giving utterance to a desire long-con-
tinued, and now greatly increased, and not inconsistent with char-
ity towards those who hold widely different sentiments, that in
God's own time, by means which he can approve, the social and
domes-tic institution (slavery) which has so plagued, and irritated,

298 ANNALS OF IOWA

and divided us as a nation, may be removed from human society,
and take its place, side by side in the history of the world, with
bad and obsolete systems of human government, and with other
things which God has winked at, or permitted, but never com-
mended or sanctioned, as His own chosen and permanent appoint-
ments among the children of men.

The good Bishop lived to see this philanthropic desire most
fully and gloriously accomplished.

In October, 1862, Bishop Lee attended the General Con-
vention of the Church assembled in New York, of which he
thus speaks in his ninth annual address at Iowa City, May
27, 1863:

The principal discussions in this Council of the Church had
reference to the unhappy condition of our country, especially in its
bearing on our ecclesiastical affairs, and the final action of both
houses was singularly accordant with that of our own diocesan
convention eighteen months before. The general tenor of my own
remarks on this subject, in the conventional address of 1861, and
the unanimous resolution of the convention itself, may be regarded
as having been virtually sanctioned by the Church at large. Our
Church has ever and wisely stood aloof from entangling alliances
and unholy intermeddling with political parties and party politics,
but in the awful crisis through which the nation is passing, she has
faithfully echoed the voice of Holy Writ, as to the duty of Christian
people to the civil authority; and uttered her firm but kind remon-
strance in opposition to all that hasty and premature action by
which our brethren in the seceding states have sought to divide
the Church, before the great question of civil division is determined
and settled according to the usages of the nations of the earth.

During the continuance of the war Bishop Lee set forth
suitable prayers to be used 011 the duly appointed national
fast days, and on April 17, 1865, he issued a pastoral letter
to the diocese having reference to the tragic and untimely
death of President Lincoln; setting forth also a suitable
prayer to be used on the day of humiliation and fasting ap-
pointed by the Governor of the State in consequence of the
sad event." On the day of the obsequies in Washington,
April 19th, Bishop Lee took part in solemn funeral services
held in the chapel of Griswold College, in honor of the de-

2Proclamation on the Death of Abraham Lincoln, by Gov. W. M. Stone,
April 15, 1865.

PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN IOWA 299

ceased President, at which the Eev. H. N. Powers3 delivered
an appropriate and eloquent discourse. On every occasion
and in every emergency when he could exert an influence,
either officially or privately, for the good of his country,
Bishop Lee always proved himself a wise and true patriot ; a
worthy descendant of the heroes of the Kevolution.

On August 14, 1867, the Bishop of Iowa sailed for England,
and having arrived safely was present at all the sessions of
the Pan- Anglican Conference in Lambeth Palace. He after-
wards made a tour through England, Ireland and Scotland,
visiting also the most interesting portions of France and
Switzerland. He made several addresses, one of them at the
Church Congress at Wolverhampton, and preached ten times
in England, once in Ireland and twice in Paris. Unfor-
tunately, he was compelled by indications of failing health to
return home sooner than he desired, but he enjoyed the
European sojourn exceedingly. In his convention address of
1868 he thus speaks of it :

It afforded me rare and precious opportunities of social and offi-
cial intercourse. I visited places and objects of the deepest his-
torical interest, and received impressions especially respecting Eng-
land and its Clhurch which I trust will be of great use to me the
rest of my life.

In this same address, referring to the ritualistic practices
then agitating ecclesiastical circles in England, and regard-
ing which he had written an open letter to the Bishop of
London he thus concludes :

Notwithstanding our existing differences and troubles, I look
for returning unity, peace and concord, and for a fulfillment of that
great and glorious destiny which would seem to be awaiting us as
a Church; a destiny foreshadowed by our essential 'primitive fea-
tures, by our evident and peculiar mission in this land, by our past
history, and by that wise system of means and instrumentalities so
admirably adapted to maintain the true worship and word of God,
and to extend pure and undefiled religion among all mankind.

3Rev. Horatio Nelson Powers, D. D., was born in Amenia, N. Y., April 30,
1826 ; he died in Piermont, N. Y., Sept. 6, 1890. He was educated in Union
College and the General P. E. theological seminary in New York, and
was ordained as a deacon of Trinity Church. He was rector of St. Luke's
Church, Davenport, Iowa, 1857-62 and president of Griswold College in
1864-67.

300 ANNALS OF IOWA

These words recall another very frequent utterance of the

Bishop: "Our Church is the balance-wheel of American

Society."

The annual address of 1868 thus concluded (he had just
before spoken of the death of the venerable Bishop Hopkins
of Vermont) :

My dear Brethren we are all passing away, and soon we shall
close our earth^ stewardship and go to our final account. I
feel more deeply than ever the awful responsibility of the min-
istry of the Gospel, and of the position of all who are members
of the Ohurch of the living God. A few days since I completed
thirty years of my own ministry, nearly fourteen of whiclh have
been spent in my present work as Bishop of this Diocese. I have
thus labored in the divers orders of the sacred office for that entire
term of years usually alloted for a generation; and as I look back
over the past, all seems like a flitting shadow and passing dream.
I feel that I have accomplished little for the Master and His King-
dom, and that very limited success is now attending my labors. This
may be a proper and salutary feeling, but it is certainly very humili-
ating and distressing and at times overwhelming. I earnestly ask
your prayers that I may be more faithful in my appointed work,
and more entirely devoted to Him, who is the gracious Bishop and
Shepherd of our souls; assuring you from my heart, that both as
ministers and people, you have my affectionate sympathy and re-
gard, and that I shall not cease to implore the God of all grace to
have you in His holy keeping', prospering your united and co-opera-
tive labors in the work of the Lord, and welcoming you at last to
the rewards of faithful servants in His presence and glory on high.

The twenty-first annual convention of the Diocese of Iowa
was held in Grace Cathedral, Davenport, and in his address
upon that occasion the Bishop said :

The consecration of Grace Cathedral, where we are now as-
sembled took place on Wednesday, the 18th of June last, in the
services of which most interesting occasion, I was assisted by the
Bishops of Minnesota and Nebraska, and by a large number of the
clergy, some of whom were from other dioceses. The Bishop of
Minnesota kindly preached the consecration sermon. The building
was consecrated as a cathedral at the request of the last conven-
tion, and the name "Grace" was adopted as being that of a well-
known church in the city of New York, from members of which came
the largest offerings towards its erection; though a kindnhearted
individual of another parish in the same city, formerly of Chicago,
originally suggested the undertaking and gave largely towards its
accomplishment.

PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN IOWA 301

In the same address the Bishop announces the completion
of the Episcopal residence and the taking possession of it by
his family. He also referred to the then recent organization
of the so-called "Reformed Episcopal Church," which move-
ment he most heartily regretted and openly condemned, in
the following language :

It is based on a narrow foundation. It would seem there was
no adequate excuse for such a movement, when the evils complained
of could have been so mudh better met and remedied in the Church
itself. In my opinion it was ill-advised and unfortunate. I have
no harsh or unkind words, however, for those engaged in it; but
I may give utterance to my deep regret and sorrow that these
brethren have made so sad a mistake and taken upon themselves
such a fearful responsibility. I have in another form spoken freely
and somewhat at length upon this subject. My personal relations
to the late Assistant Bishop of Kentucky, the leader in this move-
ment induced me to address him a pastoral letter of remonstrance
and explanation. I had been one of his consecrators, and for years
an intimate friend, and I felt it to be a solemn duty to put on
record my decided testimony against a new and unnecessary divi-
sion among those who profess and call themselves Christians. The
letter was published in our diocesan paper, and thus lhas a perma-
nent place in the records of the Church. It also appeared in various
Church papers, and in the secular journals.

They who listened so attentively to their beloved Bishop's
address, had indeed no thought that it would be his last. He
seemed in his usual health and vigor, and the impressive
earnestness of his speech was in no wise diminished. Yet, on
the twenty-sixth day of the following September, "he fell
asleep. ' '

Notwithstanding his apparent physical strength, the
Bishop had not been well for some time before he met with
the accident which apparently hastened his death. Making
a misstep, he fell upon the stairs of his residence and so in-
jured his hand, that, owing to the diseased condition of his
system, the result was speedily fatal. One can hardly imagine
the thrill of surprise and sorrow that ran through the diocese
when the news of his death was heard. A vivid remembrance
of his genial manners and unaffected earnestness filled with
tears many eyes, -and heartfelt messages of sympathy came
from every direction, far and near to his suffering family.

302 ANNALS OF IOWA

The funeral services, held in Grace Cathedral on the 29th
of September, were attended not only by a large concourse of
the citizens of Davenport, but also by lay representatives
from parishes throughout the State, and by the mass of his
own clergy with many brethren from neighboring and other
dioceses. Bishops Henry B. "Whipple, of Minnesota, Charles
F. Robertson of Missouri, and Thomas H. Vail of Kansas, con-
ducted the services, the Bishop of Kansas preaching the ser-
mon in which he paid his friend and brother an eloquent
tribute of affectionate esteem.

The first Bishop of Iowa completed his twenty years of
arduous and most faithful labors, labors requiring many
thousand miles of travel, and a continued series of services,
sermons and addresses, including also many journeys east-
ward, undertaken for the purpose of raising the means to
carry on his numerous and important enterprises. Truly his
works do follow him. "Being dead he yet speaketh." Aye,
and will speak so long as the early history of the Diocese of
IowTa shall be known.

At the special convention called by the Standing Com-
mittee and held in Grace Cathedral, Dec. 9, 1874, less than
three months after the Bishop's decease, the writer by re-
quest preached a sermon commemorative of his beloved
Diocesan, and perhaps he cannot conclude this imperfect
sketch more fittingly than in words taken from his discourse
upon that occasion:

In material possessions our Diocese for its age is rich, and, what
is of far more importance, within it the foundations of the American
Catholic Churcih have been wisely laid broad and deep. No spirit of
narrow bigotry and no effort of intolerance has ever found en-
couragement in the policy of the large-minded, large-hearted man,
whose comprehensive views and charitable rule for twenty years
have guided the development of our youthful Diocese. All Bishop
Lee's writings, his letters, his sermons, his convention addresses,
his pastorals and triennial charges, bear unmistakably the impress
of Christ's character and teaching. These testify; each and all of
them, how sacredly he regarded his consecration vow to "faithfully
exercise himself in the Holy Scriptures and call upon God by prayer
for the true understanding of the same." He was in every respect
a representative man; showing fairly both the ecclesiastical and

PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH IN IOWA 303

doctrinal position of that branch of the "Holy Ghurcfa. Universal"
known for the time being as the "Protestant Episcopal Church in
the United States of America."

But if Bishop Lee was eminent in all pertaining to his official
position, <he was also eminently Christian in the various relations
of private life. As a husband and father he was tenderly thought-
ful and affectionate; as a friend, considerate and true, and as an
acquaintance and neighbor most sociable and charitable. His cheer-
ful manners and entertaining conversation rendered his society
universally attractive. His words of cheer and deeds of judicious
but unostentatious benevolence cheered many an anxious heart and
gladdened many a needy home.

CAMANCHE AND ALBANY
FERRY.

The subscriber respectfully informs the traveling public,
that he has in complete operation a large and commodious
Ferry Boat, propelled by horse power plying between the
above places, at one of the best locations for a ferry on the
Mississippi, river, and on the most direct route from Chicago
or in fact all the eastern travel through Iowa Territory to the
settlements on Cedar, Iowa, Waubesepineca, or Macoqueta,
rivers. This Boat is large and safe for teams and heavy car-
riages, and will land on either side of the Meridosia to ac-
commodate passengers. — The subscriber hopes by always be-
ing in readiness to accommodate the public, to merit and re-
ceive the patronage of travellers and emigrants.

JAMES CLAIBURN,

Proprietor.
Camanche, June 5, 1839.

— Iowa Sun, Davenport, November 13, 1839.

ANNALS OF IOWA

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT

THE KEOKUK MONUMENT.

There can be nothing but satisfaction in the minds of any
who love our State, her art, her literature and all her influ-
ences for culture, in knowing that Iowa has been distinguished
by having another of the noted American Indians connected
with her history appropriately commemorated in sculpture.
The first was the Iowa Mahaska, whose statue by Frye was
presented to the city of Oskaloosa by Mr. James D. Edmund-
soii of Des Moines.

Through provisions of the Keokuk Chapter, Iowa Daugh-
ters of the American Revolution, there was unveiled on October
22, 1913, a statue of Keokuk, modeled by Miss Nellie V. Walker
of Chicago, a native Iowa woman. This beautiful bronze
piece, upon the site where now rest the bones of the famous
Sac chieftain, overlooks the Mississippi river at one of the
notable scenic points along that stream.

By a courteous interchange with the Iowa Daughters of
the American He volution, the monument also notes that
locality as being the starting point of a most interesting over-
land travel in the pioneer period of Iowa history. An early
allusion to this travel in what is now Appanoose county is
found in the notes and map of the Red Rock Survey of 1842 as
;tBee hunters trace from the mouth of the Des Moines River".
A tablet upon the base of the monument bears this inscription :

TO THE MEMORY OF

THE TIONEERS
WHO ENTERED IOWA BY KEOKUK

THE GATE CITY
AND EITHER SETTLING IN OUR STATE OR

PASSING FARTHER WEST

TRAVELED OVER THE WELL-WORN ROAD
KXOWN AS THE MORMON TRAIL.

WITH THIS TABLET THE DAUGHTERS
OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

OF IOWA

OFFICIALLY OPEN THE MARKING OF THAT

EARLY AND IMPORTANT

PIONEER HIGHWAY.

KEOKUCK.

Statue by Miss Nellie V. Walker. Erected by Keokuk Chapter
D. A. R. The pedestal formerly supported a shaft above the
bones of the noted Sac chief.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 305

'THEY CROSSED THE PRAIRIES, AS OF OLD

THE PILGRIMS CROSSED THE SEA,
TO MAKE THE WEST, AS THEY THE EAST,
THE HOMESTEAD OF THE FREE."

ERECTED OCTOBER TWENTY-SECOND
NINETEEN HUNDRED AND THIRTEEN.

MARKING THE MORMON TRAIL.

For some twenty years the present Curator of the His-
torical Department of Iowa has been accumulating informa-
tion upon trans-state commerce prior to the opening of the
Union Pacific Railway. Some years ago he first presented to
an Iowa state convention of the Daughters of the American
Revolution, his views upon the travel and traffic over and
settlement along the old Mormon Trail. Suggesting the ex-
tensive use of this route for emigration to California and other
notable movements eastward and westward both before and
after the gold excitement, he advocated the expenditure by
that patriotic order of both thought and money upon the erec-
tion of appropriate markers along the route.

There has resulted a gradual awakening of interest and re-
trieving of information upon the subject. The distinction
has been clearly drawn between the subject of Travel along
the Mormon Trail, which was commended, and those of the
Mormon travel or Mormon trails. The sincere convictions
of the people of our State against the tenet of polyg-
amy, entangle us in a feeling against all institutions
and names associated with it. But a study of the travel on
the Mormon Trail has had a beneficial effect in that it has
aided us to look through the name "Mormon Trail" to the
really important early travel over it.

A glimpse of what that travel was, and was expected to
become, can be had through the eyes of the early prophets of
Iowa, one of whom, James W. Grimes, in 1853 published in
his Iowa Farmer and Horticulturist an editorial on "The
Future Markets of Iowa" wherein he said:

Conversing a short time since with a returned Californian, and
informing him of the vast numbers of cattle, sheep, &c., driven
through our State this spring, he remarked that numerous as were
20

306 ANNALS OF IOWA

the California drovers of 1853, they were nothing to what would
come hereafter. . . . Hundreds of men in the G-olden State were
laying up money for the sole purpose of coming to Iowa and Illi-
nois to purchase and drive cattle and sheep. This trade is the most
profitable of any now carried on in California and is one which
we are assured it is impossible to overdo for the next twenty-five
years. The drovers come, not with the rags of eastern shinplaster
mills, too often mere phantoms and shadows of a currency, but
with solid gold which cannot easily take wings and disappear, even
while you clutch it in your hand. They ask no credit, and pay
fair and remunerating prices. The further west the cattle are found,
the better they suit their purposes, and the more readily are they
sold. No market need be sought, for the purchaser seeks the ven-
dor at his home, and at once pays his money and drives off his
purchase. The heavier the stock on hand, the greater the attrac-
tion for the buyer. No more profitable and satisfactory business
need be asked by any man than the future which is opening up to
the farmer of the prairies of Iowa.

On these and similar facts and reasons, through this and
110 other vision, came Salmon P. Chase's bill of 1853 appro-
priating funds for a survey for a Pacific railway.

There was no considerable traffic across our State up to
the opening of the Union Pacific Railway that did not go
over some portion of the old Mormon Trail. In one decade
the traffic was transferred to railways and the old route
abandoned. Memory both of traffic and route had been
dimmed by time and further obscured by the tragic events
of the Civil war. Records of even the Western Stage Com-
pany are meager indeed. The subject of Mormons, Mormon
church, Mormon travels and Mormon routes are of but trivial
importance in Iowa annals. But the movements of the
pioneers upon the Mormon Trail is one of the most fruitful
themes of inquiry. It is most worthy to be commemorated
by markers along its ancient way.

HISTORICAL PORTRAIT COLLECTING.

Iowa, through the Historical Department at Des Moinesr
has a notable collection of pictorial data of her more noted
citizens. Our oil portraits are exhibited in accordance with
the best gallery rules, and afford to the visitor as satisfactor}r

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 307

opportunity for inspection and study as is given by the best
European art collections.

Our visitors, and visitors to all similar collections, are
often of the opinion that portraits displayed are or should be
gathered and exhibited solely for their art character. Some
are of the opinion that only art considerations should govern
the acquisition of portraits, and especially their exhibition in
public galleries. But the Iowa policy has ever been that the
collection should be first historically, then artistically valu-
able and if possible, both. But of those personages essen-
tially part of the forward movement in Iowa affairs, some
record of face and figure should exist.

Charles Aldrich was wont to go for guidance to the rules
and examples of British collectors of historical and biographi-
cal materials. The present curator has sedulously endeavored
to advance along the course found so well marked out. He
has not come upon an opinion so well presented and so pre-
cisely defining the duty of our Department as that called to
his attention by a British curator, from the pen of Thomas
Carlyle. So far as portraiture is of value to the historian the
view presented is our belief:

First of all, then, I have to tell you, as a fact of personal ex-
perience, that in all my poor Historical investigations it has been,
and always is, one of the most primary wants to procure a bodily
likeness of the personage inquired after; a good Portrait if such
qxists; failing that, even an indifferent if sincere one. In short,
any representation, made by a faithful human creature, of that Face
and Figure, which he saw with his eyes, and which I can never see
with mine, is now valuable to me, and much better than none at all.
This, which is my own deep experience, I believe to be, in a deeper
or less deep degree, the universal one; and that every student and
reader of History, who strives earnestly to conceive for himself
what manner of Fact and Man this or the other vague Historical
Name can have been, will, as the first and directest indication of all,
search eagerly for a Portrait, for all the reasonable Portraits there
are; and never rest till he have made out, if possible, what the
man's natural face was like. Often I have found a Portrait superior
in real instruction to half-a-dozen written "Biographies," as Biog-
raphies are written; — or rather, let me say, I have found that
the Portrait was as a small lighted candle by which the Biographies
could for the first time be read, and some human interpretation
be made of them; the Biographied Personage no longer an empty

308 ANNALS OF IOWA

impossible Phantasm, or distracting Aggregate of inconsistent ru-
mours— (in which state, alas his usual one, he is worth nothing
to anybody, except it be as a dried thistle for Pedants to thrash,
and for men to fly out of the way of), — but yielding at last some
features which one could admit to be human. Next in directness
are a man's genuine Letters, if he have left any, and you can get
to read them to the bottom; of course, a man's actions are the
most complete and indubitable stamp of him; but without these
aids, or Portraits and Letters, they are in themselves so infinitely
abstruse a stamp, and so confused by foreign rumour and false
tradition of them, as to be oftenest undecipherable with certainty.

This kind of value and interest I may take as the highest pitch
of interest there is in Historical Portraits; this, which the zealous
and studious Historian feels in them: and one may say, all men,
just in proportion as they are "Historians" (which every mortal
is, who has a memory, and attachments and possessions in the Past),
will feel something of the same, — every human creature, something.
So that I suppose there is absolutely nobody so dark and dull, and
everyway sunk and stupefied, that a Series of Historical Portraits,
especially of his native country, would not be of real interest to
him; — real 'I mean, as coming from himself and his own heart,
not imaginary, and preached-in upon him by the newspapers; which
is an important distinction.

And all this is quite apart from the artistic value of the portraits
(which also is a real value, of its sort, especially for some classes,
however exaggerated it may sometimes be) : ail this is a quantity
to be added to the artistic value, whatever it may be; and appeals to
a far deeper and more universal principle in human nature than
the love of pictures is. Of which principle some dimmer or clearer
form may be seen continually active wherever men are; — in your,
antiquarian museum, for example, may be seen, giving very con-
spicuous proofs of itself, sanctioned more or less by all the world!
If one would buy an indisputably authentic old shoe of William
Wallace for hundreds of pounds, and run to look at it from all ends
of Scotland, what would one give for an authentic visible shadow
of his face, could such, by art natural or art magic, now be had!

It has always struck me that historical portrait-galleries far trans-
cend in worth all other kinds of national collections of pictures what-
ever; that in fact they ought to exist (for many reasons, of all degrees
of weight) in every country, as among the most popular and cherish-
ed national possessions: — and it is not a joyful reflection, but an
extremely mournful one, that in no country is there at present such
a thing to be found. What Louis-Phillippe may have collected, in
the way of French historical portrait, at Versailles, I did not see;
if worth much (which I hear it is not), it might have proved the
best memorial left by him, one day. Chancellor Clarendon made a

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 309

brave attempt in that kind for England; but his House and 'Gallery'
fell all asunder, in a sad way; and as yet there has been no second
attempt that I can hear of1.

DR. REUBEN GOLD THWAITES.

American historical and library interests are laid under a
great burden by the death on October 22, 1913, of Reuben
Gold Thwaites. He was born May 15, 1853, in Massachusetts,
where he availed himself of the grammar and high schools of
Dorchester. He then gave liberally that self instruction
which produces the highest practical efficiency, the fullest
success and highest honors. He became a printer .and then
the editor of the Wisconsin State Journal for ten years.

In 1886 he transferred his activities to the Wisconsin State
Historical Society. Dr. Lyman C. Draper, with a matchless
zeal to collect, had not had the time to arrange and edit an
almost marvelous collection of Western historical manuscripts
he had gathered. In this Doctor Thwaites found an ideal field
for the exercise of his talent to organize, arrange and edit,
with which he combined the rare collector's qualities. From
the lives of these two great and good men, the State of Wis-
consin gathers a harvest of historical accomplishment that
directly will sustain her and indirectly will encourage her
sister states for generations in struggles toward ideal admin-
istration of historical work.

The Historical Department of Iowa from its inception and
the present editor of the ANNALS from the beginning of his
work were ever welcomed by Doctor Thwaites in our appeals
for counsel on our problems. The bar or the clergy know no
finer ethics than those in the professional intercourse of
Doctor Thwaites with us. His was the most ideal personal
influence in the western historical field. Wisconsin historical
interests are too well grounded to flag from even her great
loss. Yet even in Iowa it will be sadly felt.

1Carlyle's Critical and Miscellaneous Essays — Rational Exhibition of
Scottish Portraits, Lond. 1869.

310 ANNALS OF IOWA

INTERPRETATION OF THE CAPITOL GROUNDS EX-
TENSION LAW.

The Iowa Supreme Court on December 15, 1913, unani-
mously concurring in an opinion by Hon. Scott M. Ladd, one of
its members, sustained in all its essential parts Chapter 14,
Acts of the 35th General Assembly. The opinion follows :

Appeal from District Court, Polk County, J. H. Applegate, Judge.

Action by citizens of Van Buren and Wapello Counties to enjoin the
executive council of the state from purchasing certain real estate
and from issuing interest-bearing certificates in payment thereof as
authorized by chapter 14 of the Acts of the Thirty-Fifth General
Assembly. Decree was entered enjoining the issuance of certificates
in payment of said property; otherwise the relief prayed was denied.
Both parties appeal, that of defendants being first perfected. Re-
versed.

LADD, J. The executive council of the state consists of the
Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer of State, and the Auditor
of State. It employs a secretary. The object of this action is to
enjoin the executive council as such and each member thereof from
acquiring for the state the property described in and issuing the
certificates authorized by chapter 14 of the Acts of the Thirty-Fifth
General Assembly, for that, as is contended, the provisions thereof
are in violation of sections 2 and 5 of the seventh article of the Con-
stitution of the state. Section 2 of the act in question authorizes
and directs the executive council, for the purpose of extending the
capitol grounds, to "purchase from time to time within said period
of ten years any or all of the real estate not already owned by the
state" appearing on the annexed plat.

Lots 1 to 6, inclusive, in block 5, four lots in block 4, and five
lots in block 7 belong to the state as, of course, does the tract on
which the capitol building is located. The purchase directed is of
all other lots in the plat. With streets vacated there are over 50
acres in all and, if laid out and improved, as required, in accord-
ance with the Allison Memorial Commission plan on file in the
office of the Secretary of State made a part of the act by section 3,
the grounds undoubtedly would be artistic and of great beauty.
For the purpose of acquiring the land necessary and improving the
grounds, section 1 of the act provides that "there shall be levied
annually for a period of ten (10) years, commencing with the first

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 311

levy made after the passage of this act, a special tax as follows; in
each of the years 1913 and 1914, one-half mill on the dollar of the
taxable property in the state, and in each of the remaining eight
years such rate of levy to be fixed by the executive council as will
yield approximately one hundred and fifty thousand dollars ($150,-
000) annually. The proceeds of such levies shall be carried into
the state treasury to the credit of a fund to be called the capitol
grounds extension and improvement fund. The amount so realized
by said levies shall be in lieu of all of the appropriations for said
purposes during the said period of ten years." Section 4 authorizes
the executive council to acquire any or all of said real estate for
the state and in so doing purchase same "on option, contracts or
in any other way which said council may deem expedient, * * *
at any time within said period of ten years at its discretion and as
the amount of money in said fund at any time may enable them
to do. Payment for said real estate may be made by said executive
council certifying to the State Auditor the amount due to any per-
son at any time and the auditor then drawing a warrant in his
favor on the State Treasurer out of the fund herein created." Section
5 relates to condemnation of any property the council is unable to
purchase, and section 6 to the leasing of property purchased until
buildings thereupon are removed and the disposition of said build-
ings, the proceeds to be included in the said fund. Section 7 directs
the sale of a tract of land known as Governor Square, the proceeds to
be turned into said fund, and section 8 declares that no part of the
purchase price nor warrants or certificates issued therefor or inter-
est thereon shall be paid otherwise than from said fund.

Were the lots to be paid only from this fund known as the
capitol extension and improvement fund derived from the source
mentioned on warrants drawn on the state treasury, the foregoing
sections, it will be noted in passing, are complete in themselves
and adequate for the objects intended. The sections following re-
late entirely to the anticipation of part or all of said fund. Section
9 enacts: "That for the purpose of accomplishing the earliest
possible completion of the work contemplated herein and the carry-
ing out of the plans provided for in this act, the executive council
may anticipate the collection of the tax herein authorized to be levied
for the extension and improvement of the capitol grounds, and for
that purpose may issue interest-bearing warrants or certificates carry-
ing a rate of interest not to exceed five per cent, per annum to be
denominated 'capitol grounds extension and improvement warrants
or certificates' and said warrants or certificates and interest there-
on shall be secured by said assessment and levy and shall be pay-
able out of the respective funds hereinbefore named, pledged to the
payment of the same, and no warrants shall be issued in excess of
taxes authorized or to be levied to secure the payment of the same.

312 ANNALS OP IOWA

It shall be the duty of the State Treasurer to collect said several
funds and to hold the same separate and apart in trust for the pay-
ment of said warrants or certificates and interest and to apply the
proceeds of said funds pledged for that purpose to the payment of
said warrants or certificates and interest. Such warrants or cer-
tificates shall be issued in sums of not less than one hundred nor
more than one thousand dollars each running not more than ten
years bearing interest not exceeding five per cent, per annum,
payable annually or semi-annually and shall be substantially in the
following form." Following this is a form of such certificate, not
necessary to be set out. Section 10 directs that the certificates be
issued only in pursuance of a resolution of the executive council
specifying conditions as to amount, rate of interest and the like.
Section 11 provides for the registry of said certificates, with the
Treasurer of State, and section 12 authorizes the sale thereof at not
less than par value. The contention of the plaintiffs is that the
entire act is in violation of sections 2 and 5 of article 7 of the Con-
stitution of the state, in that it authorized the creation of an in-
debtedness in excess of that therein permitted, without submitting
the question to a vote of the people. These constitutional pro-
visions may as well be set out:

"Sec. 2. The state may contract debts to supply casual deficits
or failures in revenues; or to meet expenses not otherwise pro-
vided for; but the aggregate amount of such debts, direct and con-
tingent whether contracted by virtue of one or more acts of the
general assembly, or at different periods of time, shall never exceed
the sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars; and the money
arising from the creation of such debts shall be applied to the
purpose for which it was obtained, or to repay the debts so con-
tracted, and to no other purpose whatever."

"Sec. 5. Except the debts hereinbefore specified in this article,
no debt shall be hereafter contracted by, or on behalf of the state,
unless such debt shall be authorized by some law for some single
work or object, to be distinctly specified therein; and such law shall
impose and provide for the collection of a direct annual tax,
sufficient to pay the interest on such debt, as it falls due, and also
to pay and discharge the principal of such debt, within twenty years
from the time of the contracting thereof; but no such law shall
take effect until at a general election it shall have been submitted to
the people, and have received a majority of all the votes cast for
and against it at such election; and all money raised by authority
of such law, shall be applied only to the specific object therein
stated, or to the payment of the debt created thereby; and such law
shall be published in at least one newspaper in each county, if one
is published therein throughout the state, for three months preced-
ing the election at which it is submitted to the people." '

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 313

In determining whether the act in authorizing the issuance of
interest-bearing certificates or warrants is inimical to these pro-
visions of the Constitution, several questions necessarily are in-
volved: (1) Would these certificates, if issued, constitute "expenses
not otherwise provided for" within the meaning of section 2 of
article 7 of the Constitution? (2) Can the executive council antic-
ipate the revenues collectible within the biennial period by the
issuance of certificates in advance payable therefrom as authorized
without creating a debt within the meaning of these sections?
(3) If these inquiries be answered in the affirmative, should the
act be interpreted as empowering the executive council to issue
certificates in anticipation of current revenues and in an amount
beyond these not exceeding $250,000, or equaling the collectible taxes
during the entire ten years within which levies are directed to be
made? (4) If the latter be the true construction, then does the
act authorize the creation of a debt in excess of the constitutional
limitation?

I. Plainly enough, the certificates contemplated in section 9 of
the act were not intended " to supply casual deficits or failure in
revenues." Might they be issued "to meet expenses not otherwise
provided for"? The state was created by the people to perform for
them certain functions, the necessity for the performance of which
was the only object of its creation. These are in part defined in the
Constitution and more fully in the statutes. The three co-ordinate
branches of government created for the protection and well-being
of the people must be maintained and afforded facilities and equip-
ment essential to the efficient discharge of the duties devolving up-
on them. The insane and feeble-minded are to be cared for, those
convicted of crime restrained of their liberty, the free school system
maintained, opportunities for higher education afforded, and in-
stitutions provided for the deaf, dumb, and blind, as well as for such
others as the humane sentiments of modern life deem proper sub-
jects for the care of the state. The attainment of these objects in-
volves the exercise of great business sagacity and the expenditure
of large sums of money, and the manifest design of the people in
inserting this clause in the Constitution was to enable those charged
with the duty of providing necessary funds for the maintenance of
the government to exercise some discretion in distributing the
burden of taxation, in event unusual or extraordinary expenditures
are deemed necessary beyond the period for which ordinary revenues
are provided. To meet expenses not otherwise provided for — that is,
not made available in some other or different way or manner — the
General Assembly is authorized to incur an indebtedness to a
limited amount precisely as is done in the exigencies of private
business. In other words, the state is not denied the advantage of
postponing payment of expenses which may be extraordinary or

314 ANNALS OF IOWA

unusual which are found beneficial in the ordinary enterprises of
life. The objects for which "expenses" may be incurred are not
denned, but left to the discretion of those endowed with the power
of incurring them. "Expense" is defined in Webster's Dictionary
as meaning "that which is expended, laid out or consumed; outlay;
and hence the burden of expenditure; charge; cost." And "price"
is said to be a synonym. Expenses when incurred is evidently what
is meant, for there could be no expense by the state unless made in
pursuance of law and the debt authorized may be created to meet
such expenses. Manifestly, the levy of a tax collectible in the future
would not constitute a provision for expenses presently created, and
the mere fact that a future levy of taxes is authorized and the col-
lection of these may subsequently be available to discharge the
obligation assumed in the present expenditures does not obviate
right to create debt therefor. In other words, a statute may
authorize expenses to be incurred, and at the same time direct the
issuance of evidence of debt in the way of bonds, warrants, or cer-
tificates, to meet such expenses and in the same act provide for
taxation out of which to extinguish the debt. The act under con-
sideration directs the executive council to purchase the grounds
about the capitol and thereby to incur an expense. For this purpose,
the levy of one-half of a mill on all taxable property of the state
is ordered for each of the years of the biennial period, 1914 and
1915. Whether the revenue for these years available for the pur-
chase of the grounds will be sufficient was not known. Were this
inadequate, however, there would be no fund to meet this deficiency,
and such deficiency might not be anticipated as will hereafter
appear without incurring an indebtedness by the state. True,
the levy of taxes sufficient to provide $150,000 per annum
thereafter is authorized by the act, but this might not be available
"for the purpose of accomplishing the earliest possible completion of
the work contemplated."

The manifest design in allowing the executive council to issue
certificates payable out of funds other than those collected during
the biennial period was to assure "the earliest possible completion
of the work," and we are of opinion that any deficiency in the
revenues collectible within that period and available for this pur-
pose would be an expense to meet which a debt against the state
not exceeding $250,000 may be incurred by the issuance of certifi-
cates or warrants in pursuance of the last four sections of the act
under consideration.

II. Certificates or warrants issued in anticipation of revenues
collectible within the biennial period and payable therefrom do not
create a "debt" within the meaning of that term as used in the
Constitution. The General Assembly convenes on the second Mon-
day of January of the odd-numbered years and provides for reve-

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 315

nues necessary to the performance of the different governmental
functions during the ensuing two years. Its power of taxation is
unlimited, and the taxes authorized to be levied and collected are
legally certain to reach the state treasury, and therefore are as cer-
tainly available to meet the expenses authorized as are those col-
lectible annually by a municipality.

It. is well settled in this state that a municipality may anticipate
the collection of taxes, and in defraying ordinary expenses may
make appropriations and incur valid obligations to pay "in advance
of the receipt of its revenues," even though the treasury be empty,
and no actual levy made, and the city be otherwise indebted to the
full limit. Grant v. City of Davenport, 36 Iowa, 396; Dively v. City
of Cedar Falls, 27 Iowa, 227; French v. City of Burlington, 42 Iowa,
614; Phillips v. Reed, 107 Iowa, 331, 76 N. W. 850, 77 N. W. 1031;
City of Cedar Rapids v. Bechtel, 110 Iowa, 198, 81 N. W. 468. In
some other states the levy of taxes must actually have been made in*
order to warrant the anticipation of revenues by issuing warrants
in advance.

In the Phillips Case it was said, in speaking of certain warrants:
"If the city had on hand or in prospect, at the time these warrants
were issued, funds with which to meet them without trenching
upon the rights of creditors for current expenses of the city, then
the warrants were valid, although such funds may have been there-
after wrongfully applied to another purpose."

Warrants issued in anticipation of taxes are held not to constitute
a debt on the theory that moneys, the receipt of which is certain
from the collection of taxes, are regarded as for all practical pur-
poses already in the treasury and the contracts made upon the
strength thereof are treated as cash transactions. Even though
a municipality is indebted to the constitutional limit, this does not
prevent it from levying such taxes as are authorized by law nor
from issuing warrants within the limits of such levy in anticipation
of their collection, and, if the warrants issued are within the
amounts lawfully levied, they do not create an additional debt. The
proper officers of the state, as the executive council in this state,
may anticipate the revenues to be expended by it which the Legis-
lature has authorized to be collected within the biennial period,
and contracts contemplating the appropriation of these are not re-
garded as debts against the state. As said by Field, C. J., in State
v. McCauley, 15 Cal. 430: "The eighth article (that limiting the
state indebtedness corresponding to this state) was intended to
guard the state from running into debt, and to keep her expendi-
tures, except in certain cases within her revenues. These revenues
may be appropriated in anticipation of their receipt as effectually
as when actually in the treasury."

The same rule was laid down in State v. Medberry, 7 Ohio St.
529; the court saying; "So long as this financial system is carried

316 ANNALS OF IOWA

out in accordance with the requirements of the Constitution (two
years' restriction), unless there is a failure or defect of revenue,
or the General Assembly have failed, for some cause, to provide
revenue sufficient to meet the claims against the state, they do not
and cannot accumulate into a debt. Under this system of prompt
payment of expenses and claims as they accrue, there is, undoubted-
ly, after the accruing of the claim, and before its actual presenta-
tion and payment, a period of time intervening in which the claim
exists unpaid; but to hold that for this reason a debt is created
would be the misapplication of the term 'debt,' and substituting for
the fiscal period a point of time between the accruing of a claim and
its payment, for the purpose of finding a debt; but, appropriations
having been previously made and revenue provided for payment as
prescribed by the Constitution, such debts, if they may so be called,
are, in fact, in respect of the fiscal year, provided for, with a view
to immediate adjustment and payment. Such financial transactions
are not therefore to be deemed debts." The same rule was laid
down in State v. Parkinson, 5 Nev. 15.

The Supreme Court of South Dakota was called upon to advise
the Governor of that state concerning the anticipation of the reve-
nue by the issuing of warrants, and in response thereto said: "By
general law, the Legislature has provided for the levy of an annual
tax for meeting the ordinary expenses of the state. By so providing,
in a constitutional manner, for the levy of a sufficient tax, it has
provided a revenue, to the extent of the tax, for the payment of the
ordinary or current expenses of the state. It may then make ap-
propriation of such revenue for diverse and specific purposes, in-
cluded within the ordinary expenses of the state, and may authorize
the issue of evidence of such appropriation in the form of warrants,
without incurring an indebtedness therefor, within the meaning of
said section 2, art. 13, of the Constitution. If this were not so,
then the appropriations of each Legislature in excess of the cash
actually in the hands of the State Treasurer, and in the fund from
which such appropriations were made, would, to the extent of such
excess, constitute the creation of a debt against the state. It is
well understood that the aggregate of the general appropriations of
each Legislature in this, as in other states, generally greatly ex-
ceeds the amount of actual cash in the hands of the State Treasurer
when such appropriations are made. The taxes levied and in
process of collection are treated as in the state treasury, though
not yet actually paid over to the State Treasurer. It has been
ruled in several cases, and by high judicial authority, that state
funds, so in sight, but not yet in hand, may be anticipated and
appropriated as though actually in possession of the State Treasurer.
Critically considered, it may constitute the incurring of an indebted-
ness; but it is not an indebtedness repugnant to the Constitution,

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 317

because its payment is legally provided for by funds constructively
in the treasury. If the drawing of a warrant upon the state
treasury is the incurring of indebtedness by the state, then the
drawing of such warrant would violate the Constitution, even if
there was money in the state treasury to pay it, if the constitutional
limit of indebtedness had been reached; for there must always be
some time intervening between the drawing of the warrant and its
payment, and during such time the indebtedness of the state would
be increased beyond the constitutional limit. Such an interpreta-
tion of the constitutional limitation would obviously be too hyper-
critical to be practicable or reasonable. It being once established,
as we think, it is by the authorities already cited, that the reve-
nues of the state, assessed and in process of collection, may be
considered as constructively in the treasury, they may be appro-
priated and treated as though actually and physically there; and an
appropriation of them by the Legislature does not constitute the
incurring of an indebtedness, within the meaning of section 2, art.
13."

See, also, In re Incurring of State Debts, 19 R. I. 610, 37 Atl. 14,
where the court said, in answer to the inquiry from the Governor
as to whether the General Assembly could in time of peace incur
state indebtedness or borrow money in excess of the limit in the
Constitution, that "in thus answering (in the negative) we do not
mean to be understood that the General Assembly may not make
appropriations or authorize the expenditure of money to an amount
exceeding the sum named. The power of taxation resides in the
General Assembly, and therefore it has power to raise by taxation
such sums as it may deem necessary for the expenses of "the state
and the public benefit; and it may appropriate or authorize the
expenditure of the money so raised for the purposes for which they
are raised, and even, as we think, in anticipation of their actual
payment into the state treasury."

The principle seems well established in reason and by authority.
The power of General Assembly to tax is unlimited save by the two
years' period. Of course, it may enact laws exacting the levy of a
tax annually for any period in the future, but this is always sub-
ject to repeal or modification by subsequent General Assemblies.
But revenues provided for during the biennial period are available
to a legal certainty, for no General Assembly will convene to
repeal or modify within that time. The anticipation then by the
issuance of warrants or certificates to be paid therefrom is of the
revenues certainly to be collected, and therefore is in the nature of
a previous appropriation of funds subsequently to reach the
treasury, the setting apart a portion thereof for a specified purpose,
rather than the creation of an indebtedness against the state.
(To be continued in April number.)

318 ANNALS OF IOWA

NOTABLE DEATHS

L. J. PALDA was born at Vodian, Bohemia, October 28, 1847; he
died at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, June 9, 1913. At the early age of four-
teen years he went to Vienna and learned the trade of silk weaver,
educating himself in his spare moments, and by travel through
Germany and Switzerland. In 1867 he emigrated to the United
States, making short stays in Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia,
New York and Michigan, working as a common laborer, painter,
weaver and cigar maker. In 1870 he began editorial work on the
National Xews, a Bohemian paper published in Chicago. He soon
returned to the cigar manufacturing business which he followed for
many years in connection with his literary labors. In 1875 he
commenced publishing a labor paper called the Workingmaris News,
which while published at New York was known as the most influ-
ential Bohemian publication in this country. Mr. Palda became
prominent among labor organizations as a lecturer and as an organ-
izer of workingmen's associations throughout the country. In 1879
he removed to Cedar Rapids where he was an influential and honored
citizen until his death. He was correspondent for several news-
papers in the United States and was interested in the educational
work of his city.

CASSIUS M. BROWX was born in Knox county, Ohio, November 7,
1845; he died at Sigourney, Iowa, May 8, 1913. He received his edu-
cation in the common schools of his native county and was student
for some time of Kenyon College. His early life was that of a
farmer. He enlisted in the 142d Ohio Volunteers and served until
the close of the war. He removed to Iowa in 1868, settling in
Muscatine and taking up the study of law in the office of Hon.
Thomas Hanna. He graduated from the law department of the
State University of Iowa in 1871, and removed the same year to
Sigourney where he formed a partnership with Hon. E. S. Sampson.
He was elected State Senator from the Twelfth District and served
during the Nineteenth and Twentieth General Assemblies.

THOMAS A. TIIORMH KG was born in Wayne county, Indiana, April
9, 1847; he died at his home in Linden, Iowa, July 1, 1912. He came
with his parents to Dallas county, Iowa, in 1856, and acquired his
education in the public schools and at the State University of Iowa.
At the age of seventeen he enlisted in Company C, Forty-sixth
Volunteer Infantry, and served until mustered out in the fall of
1864. He returned home, finished his course at the university, and
then engaged in farming and stock raising which he followed very
successfully throughout his lifetime. He was interested for many
years in the township and school affairs of his district and served as
member of the House of Representatives from' Dallas county in the
Twenty-second and Twenty-third General Assemblies.

JOHN P. WADE was born in Burlington, Vermont, April 7, 1859 ;
he died at Des Moines, September 16, 1913. He removed with his
parents to Butler county, Iowa, at an early age and received his
education in the common schools of this State. He engaged in

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 319

farming and stock raising in Butler county and was also interested
in the lumber business. He was a Democrat and took an active
part in politics. He represented the Thirty-ninth District compris-
ing Butler and Bremer counties in the Senate of the Thirtieth,
Thirty-first and Thirty-second General Assemblies. He was ap-
pointed a member of the Board of Control by Governor Carroll in
1909, and lived in Des Moines afterwards, maintaining his residence
in Butler county.

SAMUEL H. MOOEE was born in Greene county, Pennsylvania,
March 9, 1845; he died at Humeston, Iowa, August 20, 1912. He grew
to manhood in his native state. He enlisted in the Eighty-fifth
Pennsylvania Infantry but was soon transferred to the Eighty-
eighth. He participated in the siege of Petersburg, the engagement
at Richmond, Ware Bottom Church and Deep Run. At the close of
the war he returned to Pennsylvania and lived there until 1870,
when he removed to Iowa, settling in Iowa and engaging in farming
and stock raising. He held numerous township and county offices
and represented Wayne county in the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-
fifth General Assemblies.

JAMES A. SKILLEN was born at Cherry Valley, New York, Febru-
ary 26, 1832; he died at Waverly, Iowa, November 7, 1912. He grew
to manhood in New York, came west and spent two years in Iowa,
returned to New York for a few years and finally in 1862 made his
home near Tripoli, Iowa, where he resided for thirty years. He was
elected Representative from Bremer county to the Fourteenth Gen-
eral Assembly and served on the Committee on Highways, and was
also particularly interested in educational and historical matters. In
1892 he removed to Waverly and for six years prior to his death
acted as president of the Waverly Savings Bank.

HENRY C. SCHRQEDER was born in Germany, October 5, 1854; he
died at his home in Schleswig, Crawford county, Iowa, July 13, 1911.
He attended school in Germany until fifteen years of a?e. He
emigrated to the United States in 1870 and located in Illinois where
he remained eight years. In 1878 he removed to Crawford county,
Iowa. He was a Democrat in nolitics, and for some years was
township clerk and member of the board of supervisors. In 1906
he was elected Representative from Crawford county and served
through the Thirty-second, Thirty-second Extra and Thirty-third
General Assemblies.

FRANK A. TIIAYER was born at Monmouth, Illinois, December 22,
1853; he died at his home near Dows, Iowa, March 1, 1913. He
removed to Iowa when a boy, locating first at Iowa Falls. When
seventeen years of age he removed to a farm in Oakland township,
Franklin county, where he maintained his home until his death.
He was a genial man, an honored citizen, and held many positions
of trust in his township. He was elected Representative from
Franklin county to the Thirty-fifth General Assembly, and had
served only half of the term when his death occurred.

GEORGE C. CALKINS was born in Glenville, Schenectady county,
New York, October 4, 1835; he died June 28, 1911. His education
was received in the common schools of Schenectady county and in

320 ANNALS OF IOWA

Kingsborough Academy. In 1859 he removed to Illinois where he
remained as teacher, farmer and auctioneer until 1871. In that
year he removed to Adams county, Iowa where he made his home
until his death. He was a Democrat in politics and represented
Adams county in the House of the Thirty-second, Thirty-second
Extra and Thirty-third General Assemblies.

ZENO H. GURLEY was born at LaHarpe, Illinois, February 24, 1842;
he died at his home in Canton, Missouri, November 22, 1912. He
was for many years a leading minister and apostle of the Reorgan-
ized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. He served as
Representative from Decatur county in the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-
sixth and Twenty-sixth Extra General Assemblies, and for some
time as deputy warden of the penitentiary at Anamosa.

HIRAM DEWELL was born in Indiana, May 20, 1849; he died, at
Clarence, Cedar county, Iowa, on July 19, 1911. He removed to
Cedar county in 1855, where he became a successful farmer, inter-
ested in all local affairs, particularly school matters. He served as
Representative from Cedar county in the Thirty-second, Thirty-
second Extra and Thirty-third General Assemblies.

:-: •;. ".' . B. A .1 SON.

ANNALS OF IOWA.

VOL. XI, No. 5. DES MOINES, IA., APRIL, 1914. 3D SERIES

WILLIAM B. ALLISON.1
By HENRY CABOT LODGED

Advancing years impose their penalties upon every man.
In their silent action there is a terrible certainty and an un-
sparing equality of distribution, but among all their warn-
ings, among all the milestones which they place to mark the
passage of time, none is more mournful than the task of
reading the letters and biographies of those whom we have
known and loved, or the sad duty which compels us to give
utterance to our words of praise and affection for the friends,
the companions, the long-trusted leaders who have gone. Yet
all these trials must be faced as we look into the eyes of Fate
or listen to its knocking at the door. All that we can do is
to meet them seriously and solemnly, yet in the right spirit,
without empty and helpless lamentations.

I recall with great vividness my first meeting with Senator
Allison at dinner in 1874, at the house of Mr. Samuel Hooper,
a distinguished Member of Congress representing one of the
Boston districts. The party was a small one, consisting only
of our host, his nephew, myself, Senator Conkling, and Sena-
tor Allison.- I was a boy just out of college and Mr. Allison
appeared to me a person of great age and dignity. As a mat-
ter of fact, he was only forty-five, which seems to me now
quite young, and he had but just begun that career in the
Senate which was destined to prove so long and so memorable.
Mr. Hooper's nephew, a classmate and lifelong friend of

Sena?e,iSFebruaryatP1909.fr°m a mem°rial address in the United States
2Henry Cabot Lodge was born in Boston, Massachusetts, May 12 1850
H(L Wias ,gr^iduated from Harvard College in 1871 and from the Law
School of Harvard University in 1875. He was editor of the North
American Review from 1873 to 1876 and of the International Review
from 1879 to 1881. He has served in the Massachusetts Legislature, as
delegate to the Republican National Conventions of 1880 and 1884 as
member of the National House of Representatives and as United States
1893.

21

322 ANNALS OF IOWA

mine, and I sat by and listened to all that was said that
evening with deep and silent interest. The talk was very
good and well worth listening to. To those who remember the
men it is needless to say that Mr. Conkling took the un-
questioned lead in the conversation, and that when he crit-
icised, as he frequently did, he spared no one.

My remembrance of Mr. Conkling and of the character of
his talk is very sharp and clear-cut, and that is all. My
recollection of Senator Allison is equally distinct, but it
brings with it a gentle memory of the kindness of a dis-
tinguished and much older man to a young fellow whom he
never expected to see again, of a sense of humor as kindly
as it was keen, of a good nature which took even Mr. Conk-
ling's gibes with a quiet dignity and easy patience, very
pleasant to witness and very pleasant still to recall.

The qualities which I then saw, as I thought, in Mr. Allison
were really among his most conspicuous attributes. He did
not wear his heart upon his sleeve, but his gentleness, his
humor, his innate kindliness were as apparent to the casual
and humble stranger as to those who knew him best. He did
not cover them with austerity, solemnity, or pomposity and
reserve them only for the benefit of the leading actors upon
the great stage where his life was passed, but he gave them
freely to all the world, and made the world thereby, so far
as his influence went, a happier place to live in.

After I went to Washington it was my good fortune to
know Senator Allison better while I was still in the House,
and for fifteen years in the Senate I saw him constantly and
intimately every day of each session. The nearer view changed
in no respect, although it enhanced, what my first brief
glance of him had revealed. But years of a common service
disclosed to me what I had only dimly perceived before, his
qualities as a public man and as a statesman, for he was uni-
versally admitted to deserve the latter title long before the
fulfillment of the last hard condition which turns a successful
politician into a statesman. It is of Mr. Allison in this
capacity that I desire particularly to speak. His life will
be told by his biographers in the time to come with adequate

WILLIAM B. ALLISON 323

materials and in the large historical proportions which it so
well deserves. My purpose is a very modest one, merely to
attempt to give my impression of Mr. Allison as a statesman
and of the type of public man which he presented in his long,
useful, and honorable service of more than forty years. That
service was crowded with incessant work, for no more indus-
trious, no more conscientious man ever lived. The hardest
suffering of his last year was the sense that he could not do
all the work which pertained to his high position as he had
been wont to do it.

The great measures to which, as the years passed by, his
name was attached would be an imposing list ; and if we were
to add to this those in which he had a large, shaping, and even
controlling part, it would fill pages. His monument as a law-
maker, a great function when properly fulfilled, is to be
found in the statutes and the history of the United States
during the last forty years. But his most valuable work, if
we would look at it as a whole, as his personal contribution to
the welfare of his fellow-beings, is not conspicuous in the
printed pages of books of law or books of history, now that
he is dead, any more than it was in the mouths of men while
he was living.

To value him rightly we must understand the Senate and
its daily work. The brilliant oration, the violent diatribe, the
coarse invective, the vulgar abuse are spread in large letters
and in long columns before the public eye; and except in
the case of a great speech, contributing to the settlement of
a great question, they fade as quickly as the tints of the
rainbow on the breaking wave and are rarely able to find,
in the days when the account is made up, even the slight
remembrance of a historian's footnote. No mistake is com-
moner than that which confuses notoriety with fame. Fame
may be the last infirmity of noble mind, but it is built upon
the rocks of deeds done, while notoriety is always fleeting and
generally vulgar. Mr. Allison's fame rests securely not only
upon the great historic measures in which he had a leading
share, but upon his steady work done day by day, quietly,
diligently, thoroughly, without the glare of headlines, for the

324 ANNALS OF IOWA

most part unobserved and largely unappreciated by the
American people, who profited so greatly by its results. Sen-
ator Hale from Maine had a favorite phrase of description in
regard to some of those who served in the Senate. When he
would praise highly, he said such a man was "a good Sena-
tor." This has nothing to do with character or disposition,
or with virtue, public or private, but means that a Senator
does the work of the Senate well — the work of carrying on
the Government, of advancing good measures and arresting
bad ones, the obscure work, the essential work, in which there
is much labor and little glory and which demands constant
attendance and unflagging attention. Tried by this exacting
test, who would hesitate to say that for many years Mr. Alli-
son was our best Senator?

He was a party leader, a wise adviser and framer of policies,
but he was also, and above all, one of the men who carry on
the Government. They are not many at any time and they
are absolutely essential at all times. In the midst of political
strife, in the tumult which attends the rise and fall of par-
ties, to use the English phrase, "The King's Government
must be carried on." Whatever storm may rage, however
bitter and loud may be the strife of contending factions, the
public debts must be paid, national credit maintained, the
army and navy kept on a proper footing, the mails must be
delivered, and the revenue collected. No matter what hap-
pens, some one must be at work " ohne hast, ohne rast" to
see that these things are done in due season.

Macaulay has said that Attila did not conduct his cam-
paigns on exchequer bills, but we do; and what is more im-
portant, we maintain the orderly movement of our Govern-
ment in that way from day to day. It is a heavy burden and
the country owes much to those who bear it. This was Mr.
Allison's task during more than the lifetime of a generation.
Beyond any one in our time, perhaps beyond any one in our
history, did he bear this great responsibility, and he never
.failed in his duty. For thirty-six years a member of the Com-
mittee on Appropriations, for twenty-five years its chairman,
he became a sort of permanent chancellor of the exchequer. In

WILLIAM B. ALLISON 325

the long list of eminent men who have filled that great office in
England there is not one who has surpassed him in knowledge,
in the dexterity and skill with which he drafted laws and
reconciled conflicting views, in financial ability or in the
strength of capacity with which he gauged the sources of rev-
enue and adjusted expenditures to income. No one ever ap-
plied to him the cheap title of "watchdog of the Treasury,"
whose glory comes merely from barking so as to split the ears
of the groundlings and whose niggard and unenlightened re-
sistance to every expenditure, no matter how meritorious,
usually causes enormous and increased outlay in the end. Mr.
Allison was too great as well as too experienced a man to
think parsimony was statesmanship, and not to know that a
wise liberality was as a rule the truest economy of the public
money.

Very few persons realize what labor, what knowledge, what
experience he brought to his work. We saw a great bill re-
ported, we watched him handle it with a tact and skill which
I have never seen equaled, we noted that he was familiar
with every item and could answer every question, and we were
satisfied with the result and did not pause to consider what
it all meant. To achieve this result implied a minute knowl-
edge of every branch of the Government and every detail of
expenditure which had cost days and nights of labor and
years of experience. Scrupulous honesty, of course, was his,
but that would have gone but a short distance without the
trained intelligence, the unswerving diligence, the disciplined
mind which controlled the disposition of the millions upon
millions that passed unscathed through his strong, clean
'hands.

The standing joke about his caution and his avoidance of
unqualified statement, which no one enjoyed more than he,
grew out of certain temperamental attributes. But it is well
to remember that, however guarded he was in speech, he never
failed to vote, which is the real and final index of political
courage and of constancy of opinion and conviction. He may
have put clauses of limitation into what he said, but he never
shrank from, never evaded, a vote.

326 ANNALS OF IOWA

Presidents and cabinets, Speakers and House chairmen
came and went, but he remained at his post until he was re-
garded in the field of finance and appropriation almost, as
was said of "Webster, like an institution of the country. Six
times did the legislature of Iowa elect him to the Senate.
Pride in the State, pride in him, and personal affection counted
for much in their action; but I can not but think that they
realized also their responsibility to the country which prized
so highly the services of their Senator. It is the fashion, just
now, to decry legislatures, but we shall wait long before we
find any form of election which will represent as truly the
real will, not only of the people of a State, but of the people
of all the States, as did the legislature of Iowa during those
thirty-six years. It will be a sorry day for Government and
people alike when we lose that permanence and continuity,
that directing and guiding force, which such careers and such
service as Mr. Allison's have given to the Senate.

Where, then, shall we rank him? To put him out of or
above the class to which he rightfully belongs would not be
the part of love and affection, but of vain eulogy, which per-
ishes with the breath which utters it. He did not stand in
the class with Lincoln, savior of the state, greatest, as an
English historian has said, of all the figures of the nineteenth
century. He did not reach that lonely height. Nor was he
one of the class of men like Bismarck and Cavour, builders of
nations, relentless wielders of armies, masters of all the subtle
arts of diplomacy. Mr. Allison belongs to that class of states-
men of which the history of the English-speaking race fur-
nishes, happily, many examples. They are the men who carry
on the Government and who have made possible the practical
success of free representative institutions. Wise, farseeing,
prudent, devoted to their country, and abounding in good
sense, they command by their absolute honesty and capacity
the entire confidence of senates and parliaments. Among the
chief statesmen of this class Mr. Allison holds his high place.

If Mr. Allison had done the work and held the place in
England that he did and held in America, his memoirs would
appear in fit and stately volumes like those which recount

WILLIAM B. ALLISON 327

the life of the late Lord Granville, whom Mr. Allison re-
sembled in service and character, although the fields of their
activity were different. Had he been a great English states-
man, as he was a great American statesman, his statue would
have its place in the Capitol, the scene of his labors, as at
Westminster we find the statues of English prime ministers
and parliamentary leaders, many of whom Mr. Allison sur-
passed in all that goes to make a statesman. I trust that this
may yet be done.

I say all this of Mr. Allison, not in the beaten way of
eulogy or tribute, but because I wish, by historical standards
and, so far as possible, with the coolness of history, to vindi-
cate the place of a man who was a great public servant, a
statesman as eminent as he was modest, and to whom this
country owes a large debt, not merely for his lifelong labors,
but for the example he set to us all and the dignity he gave
to the Government of the United States.

And yet, when everything has been said, strive as hard as
we may to govern ourselves by the tests of history and to
award to Mr. Allison the place which was rightfully his, and
which all men should acknowledge, at the end it is the man
of whom we think and not the Senator. His death meant a
personal loss to all his friends. His abilities, his honesty,
his unstinted devotion to the country, his fine character,
his keen sense of humor, we do well to tell them over.
He fully deserves it all. But what history or posterity can
not feel or know is the one thing we feel most and know best.
He inspired love and affection. He was beloved by all who
knew him. Great powers were his, but the greatest of all his
attributes was that kind, warm heart, that goodness to others
which cast a spell over everyone who came within his influence.

His life was gentle, and the elements

So mix'd in him that Nature might stand up

And say to all the world, "This was a man."

328 ANNALS OP IOWA

EAELY COMMERCIAL TRAVELLING IN IOWA.
BY FRANK M. MILLS.

In 1868, while employed on the old Iowa State Register,
I suggested the formation of the Old Settlers Association,
and called a meeting at the Demoine House for the purpose
of organization. It so happened that I could not be present.
There were a goodly number of first settlers there, so they
constituted themselves charter members, and limited the first-
class members to those who came prior to January 1, 1856.
This cut out many prominent citizens who came in 1856.
(After '56 hard times came on and there was not much more
immigration here until after the war.) I was out by about
ten days. Those who had been here fifteen years were al-
lowed afterward to join.

When I arrived first in Des Moines it was a village of less
than two thousand people, but about the liveliest village you
ever saw. I came early in January of 1856 on a voyage of
discovery, crossed the Mississippi on the ice at Burlington,
and took the stage coach there for Fort Des Moines in about
the coldest of weather.

When the coach reached Oskaloosa, I was met by an old
Indiana friend or two, the versatile " Linkensale ' n of later
newspaper fame, and Ed Alvord, scion of the head of the
Western Stage Company, who insisted I should abandon my
visit to Raccoon Forks and settle in Oskaloosa, as the Fort
was a dirty, sickly hole which never would be more than a
struggling hamlet. I told them I would see Des Moines first,
but that if I did not like it, I would come back to Oskaloosa.

I decided the future capital was good enough for me, and
went back to Indiana to arrange for moving out. In the
early spring I came by boat from Cincinnati, arriving at

nLurton Dunham Ingersoll.

EARLY COMMERCIAL TRAVELLING 329

Keokuk, Iowa's greatest city at that time, on April 4, 1857,
my twenty-fifth birthday. There with my wife and ten- weeks'
old baby, I took the coach for Des Moines where we arrived
after six days and nights constant going, as the frost was
just coming out and the roads breaking up. There were
twenty in and on our coach. Some of us walked and carried
a rail part of the time. In the early morning of the tenth
we arrived at Uncle Tom Mitchell's stage station2 and waited
for daylight and breakfast. There were ten coach loads of
us for the same purpose, meeting from Burlington, Iowa City
and Des Moines.3

When we got to the village the river was up and the float
bridge swung round and no crossing. Fort Des Moines was
a very lively point just then. The Capital had just been
voted from Iowa City. The commissioners were in town and
had located the site and there was great rejoicing on the
East Side and much indignation on the "West Side of the
river. Land seekers, town-lot speculators and settlers rushed
to the new seat of government. Building was rampant,
shanties were going up by the hundred, and the noise of the
hammer and the saw waked you in the early morning and
kept you awake until midnight.

I came here intending to open up a shoe store, but it was
impossible to find a vacant room, so John Daugherty, a brick-
maker, who came when I did, and I joined forces and started
a brick yard. S. A. Robertson arrived the next day after
I did and was at once offered the superintendency of the
erection of the Savery (now Kirkwood House). Conrad
Youngerman had arrived shortly before with but a dollar
and a half in his pocket, as he told me, and had started a
brick business. Mr. Robertson also started one and we three
good friends, although in a sense competitors, made our im-
press on the season's building. I furnished the brick for the
Sherman block on Court avenue, for the big Methodist church

2Now Mitchellville, Polk County.— Editor.

3The travel from Keokuk on the Old Dragoon Trail was joined usually
by the Burlington travel at Agency City, Wapello County, but often
at Brattain's Grove, near Utica, Van Buren County, or above that point.
The travel from Davenport, and Iowa City, Dubuque, Marion and Marengo
joined the Old Dragoon trail usually near Mitchellville, Polk County.—
Editor.

330 ANNALS OF IOWA

where the Iowa Loan & Trust Building now stands, for the
three-story Jim Campbell building for steamboat supplies on
the point, for the Jones Hotel on the East Side, and many
other buildings, beside piecing out the Savery House, the
Exchange Block, and other buildings, mainly supplied by
my competitors. Near the close of the season Mr. Daugherty
said the prudent thing was to stop as the weather might
block us. However, I was ever optimistic so bought his in-
terest in the plant and hired him to burn another kiln, which
proved a success. I sold the kiln to A. Newton to build his
fine home on Fifth street, and cleaned up $800 profit, which,
with what I brought with me and my share of the summer's
business, gave me a capital of $3,500 to start my shoe busi-
ness. I also sold eighty acres of land adjoining Isaac Coop-
er's farm on Four Mile Creek, which I had bought a year or
two before at five dollars per acre, for $800, with which I
bought a lot next the Baker Drug Store on Court avenue.4

I graduated in the brick business in the fall, but Robertson
and Youngerman continued, and each of them accumulated
in it at least a half million dollars, and were to the last among
the city's most prominent and progressive citizens.

To secure a location, I was compelled to buy a building on
Court avenue for $1,200 cash. Not to encroach on my store
capital, I borrowed of Col. J. N. Dewey the necessary sum
for six months at forty per cent interest per annum, the
standard rate then, which I was able to pay at maturity. Col.
Dewey always was a good friend, but seemed to consider him-
self thereafter a sort of benefactor and sponsor for my success.

At the same time I started my shoe store my brother Webb5
and my older brother J. "W. and myself each put in two
hundred dollars to start a small job printing office, that
Webb might have something to make a living at until he got
ready to go into the practice of law, he having already been
admitted to the bar. When I opened my shoe store in the fall

4The Baker Drugr Store was on the southeast corner of Third Street
and Court Avenue.

5Noah W. Mills enlisted May 4, 1861. Appointed Second Lieutenant.
Promoted Captain June 1, 1861. Wounded in battle of Corinth, October 4,
1862, "while fighting with the most conspicuous courage and coolness."
Was promoted Colonel October 8, 1862, and died of wounds October 12, 1862.

EARLY COMMERCIAL TRAVELLING 331

there was but one other shoe store, that of Stacy Johns. B.
H. Corning and Jim Kemps made boots and shoes but kept no
general stock. Charley Kahler was an apprentice to Corning.

The next spring there were seven shoe stores. In the mean-
time, the job printing was successful, and having a good op-
portunity, I sold my shoe business and building and invested
the proceeds in the printing concern, and Webb and I under-
took to boost the printing and publishing business to the
limit of our capacity. Soon we had Tac Hussey, who had
come a few months before I did, as our chief artist. We
started a blank book and stationery and county supply de-
partment, and by dint of hard work and persistent canvass-
ing we acquired an extensive clientage.

When the Civil war broke out, Webb, having been Captain
of the Wide Awakes in the Lincoln campaign and an officer
in the local military company, insisted that I should waive
my right as elder and allow him to go into the field, and that
I should remain and look out for the business and our little
families. We owed a large sum of money, had much money
coming to us, and a considerable stock of merchandise on
hand. Things looked pretty blue for the business. In addi-
tion to this every man in our employ able to bear arms en-
listed. Business was poor. I spent a large part of my time
the rest of 1861 in raising the Tenth Iowa Regiment, which I
recruited and swore into service and transferred to the State
government. I also raised afterward some two hundred re-
cruits for the Second and Tenth regiments.

The loss of my brother at the battle of Corinth left me
with the entire responsibility of the business and our fam-
ilies. I had to hustle. I boomed the business to the extent
of my capacity, and incidentally, I boomed and boosted for
Des Moines to such an extent that for years our business be-
came known far beyond the boundaries of the State, reaching
into Missouri and Minnesota, and covering Kansas, Nebraska,
the Dakotas, Colorado, Wyoming and other territories, even
bearding the lion in his den and making a good customer of
Brigham Young himself, selling him and his Zion Co-Oper-
ative Mercantile Institution several thousand dollars' worth

332 ANNALS OP IOWA

of our products in the course of a few years. The first en-
graving of his portrait was done by us to go on their cer-
tificate of stock.

Ours was about the only concern which caused the outside
world to pay tribute to Des Moines. In the early days before
we had railways, every stage coach which left Des Moines was
loaded in its boot with our shipments of orders filled. The
United States Express Company reported by Billy Quick
that we were their largest customers in the State.

In the meantime our business had grown so that larger
quarters were necessary, so we built on Fourth street the
building that is the present Hunger European Hotel. We
added lithographing, wood engraving, map engraving, color-
ing and mounting, law book and other publishing, stereotyp-
ing and electrotyping, we did the State binding and printing
for years, published the Register, the Homestead, and sundry
weekly and monthly publications. All of this required some
two hundred hands and much money. We found an able and
willing helper in Des Moines' first great banker, Frank Allen.
We owed him at one time through his three banks here and
his two outside ones, over $150,000. Bad banking it would
be called now, but we were depositing much of the time near a
thousand dollars a day. He had no other security than his
faith in us, yet when he afterwards failed and final settle-
ment was made there was a balance in our favor.

To keep up the volume of business persistent effort was
necessary. We kept out from four to a dozen travelers. In
the earlier days I went out a good deal myself, in all sorts of
weather and conditions that now would not be undergone
by any rash traveler. Orders were for much smaller amounts
than now, except for county supply for their first outfit. We
had aggressive competition for this, and we kept our men on
the frontier. We invaded Denver, and our traveler Charley
Cranston took an order from a Denver bookseller for several
hundred volumes of octavo sheep-bound standard poems. This
necessitated a hurried trip to Chicago, where I ransacked
wholesale and retail book houses, and then could not half fill

EARLY COMMERCIAL TRAVELLING 333

the order. The poets were wanted by the miners and pros-
pectors for company in their lonely mining shacks.

I made many trips over the State and elsewhere, some days
driving a whole day for forty miles between houses, and now
I frequently find myself wondering how I happened to escape
dire disaster in storms encountered. I had often to stop for
the night at homesteaders' cabins where the food was only
corn bread and sorghum molasses, with parched corn coffee
or hickory bark tea. I noticed one thing which seemed rather
peculiar ; where there was the least to eat there were more fer-
vent thanks for the bounties spread before us. Often too the
meal did not seem worth that price.

I went once with a two-horse covered sleigh with a load of
county supplies. This trip lasted two whole months, all the
time on runners. I went through all the southern part of
Iowa, crossing the Missouri Eiver on the ice into Nebraska
City, driving on the river and crossing back and forth on the
ice all the way up to Sioux City.

Returning, I passed through Shelby county. There was
only one house at the county seat, Harlan. I went on to the
home of County Judge Tarkington, three miles farther. The
Judge was a superannuated Methodist preacher, about sev-
enty-five years old. I was given a bed and being tired slept
the sleep of the righteous. The next morning before break-
fast, the Judge, taking up the big family bible, said: "Mr.
Mills, I am almost blind, won't you please read for me?" I
assented, of course, * * * Then we went down on our
marrowbones and for awhile silence prevailed. I looked
around, and saw that he and all in the house were looking
right at me. I suppose they thought I was wrestling with
the spirit and having a hard time. I nodded at the Judge
who was still looking over his spectacles at me, but he was too
blind to see, and as he was deaf as well as blind, I called out
at the top of my voice, "Go ahead, Judge," and he did. I
presume he had not had an audience from the outside world
for some time and he made a wonderful effort. He took me
right to headquarters, prayed for me fervently, and asked that
I might be spared long in the good work I was doing, and

334 ANNALS OP IOWA

that I might go on my way securely and safely over the
slippery roads, that there might be no accident to myself or
team, and that I might have a successful trip, to which I
silently added a fervent "Amen." After breakfast, the old
gentleman and I talked business, which resulted in an order
for something over two thousand dollars for county supplies.
It was the quickest answer to prayer in my experience. Only
a night or two before, I had accompanied Judge Whiting of
Monona County to a dance at Onawa City given to raise'
money to fence in the graveyard. It was a festive time for
a grave purpose, and I danced my best.

No one who did not go about in the early days can have an
adequate idea of the discomforts and hardships. The houses
were either cabins or shacks built of the native cottonwood
lumber, in which the festive bedbug was incubated, and often
sleep was impossible in the summer time. Houses were often,
in fact generally in the country, of but one room, and when
strangers or company came, three or four had to occupy one
bed. The feeling of hospitality which was prevalent then did
not allow the settler to refuse food and lodging to any one
who came along. The houses were too far apart to justify
sending the wayfarer to the next house.

I slept more than once in a one-room house where there
were fifteen or twenty of us and only two beds. One night
when I was on my way to see Judge Morris, who was then
county judge of Carroll County, night came on when I was
still miles away from my destination. I came to a little cabin
where there were four or five rough-looking men about the
shed stable, and was allowed to stop for the night. I had
over six hundred dollars with me which I had collected, and
I was a little nervous. Not long after supper, the old grand-
dad, a veteran of seventy-five or eighty years, got down on
his knees, said his "Now I lay me," and rolled to the back of
the bed which I was also to occupy. When he got on his knees,
my fears vanished.

The man of the house with his wife and four of the children
at the foot, took the only other bedstead. A shake-down was
made on the floor where four of the men were accommodated.

EARLY COMMERCIAL TRAVELLING 335

Boosting in the fifties was altogether another thing from
that of the present day. Now it is principally done in the
newspapers or speeches, in town meetings and commercial
clubs, or somebody goes out with a subscription list. Then
we just went out and did things ourselves. It was hard,
every-day, constant work. It was work, not words alone. I
will present an instance :

About 1868 or 1869 there was a great exodus from the
states east of us of land seekers passing through Iowa for
homesteads, with "Kansas (or Nebraska) or bust," painted
on many of the wagon covers. I thought it a shame they
should pass through fair Iowa to so much worse things be-
yond. We sent one of our Iowa State Register force out to
the Sioux City land office to make a map of all the vacant
land of that land district, and to give a full write-up of
every county in the northwest. We published the map and
the county write-ups in the Register, daily and weekly, and
in a pamphlet under the title of "Free Homes in Iowa" and
scattered them broadcast. We turned the tide of immigra-
tion and before the season was over nearly every quarter
section in northwestern Iowa was covered with homesteaders
living in cabins or shacks, in tents or wagons. We got the
credit of settling up that section, but two or three seasons
later when they experienced the great grasshopper raid the
settlers anathematized us as much as they had before praised
us. Those who could get away did so, but many could not go,
and stuck it out, and were well rewarded for remaining. You
cannot in all that country now buy a farm for less than from
$150 to $250 per acre.

When I came to Des Moines the real pioneers were still
here, Judge Casady, David Bush, Tom McMullin, Ed Clapp,
Wiley Burton, the Lynns, Busicks, the Griffiths, the Doctors
Grimmel, and that quartette of Christian pioneer evangelists,
Ezra Rathbun, John A. Nash, Thompson Bird and Dr. Peet,
followed soon after by Father Brazil and Dr. Frisbie, the lat-
ter still with us. This city owes more for the morality and
solid character of its people to these six sainted men than to
almost every other interest combined.

336 ANNALS OP IOWA

"OUR VANISHING WILD LIFE," BY DR. WILLIAM
TEMPLE HORNADAY.

BY HON. JOHN F. LACEY.

Dr. Hornaday has recently published a very important
work on "Our Vanishing Wild Life."

Dr. Hornaday, though born in Indiana, spent his early life
in Iowa and is fully identified with the history of his adopted
State. He is today one of the world's foremost naturalists,
and his latest work comes with authority from a man of his
research and experience.

In 1886 he conducted an expedition to investigate the ex-
termination of the buffalo, and his report of that journey is
one of the saddest chapters in the history of the wild life of
the world. The buffalo was the greatest of the surviving
mammals of the new world and existed in such numbers that
had they been properly conserved upon the plains there
would have been no "high cost of meat" problem for the
present generation. In ages they had become adapted to the
surroundings of the arid plains. Had the Government as-
serted title to these herds of millions and regulated their use
and slaughter they would have remained a great and per-
manent asset in the nation's wealth. The complete extinc-
tion of the species was narrowly averted and, perhaps, there
are today 2,500 to 3,000 successors to those mighty herds.
They are scattered in small herds in different parts of the
country, under suitable protection, and the complete extinc-
tion of the species has been prevented.

Through the awakening of the public conscience by the pub-
lished report of Dr. Hornaday much of the legislation in be-
half of wild life has been accomplished.

It was the good fortune of the writer to have been enabled
to secure the enactment of the first national law to protect the
remaining wild life in the United States, under which a large

"OUR VANISHING WILD LIFE" 337

number of preserves and breeding grounds for birds and
mammals have been set apart upon the public domain. There
are now sixty-one of these bird reservations under the ' ' Lacey
Act" and the last addition to the list is the entire chain of
the Aleutian Islands set aside as bird refuges, reindeer breed-
ing grounds and fisheries.

In all this good work Dr. Hornaday 's influence has been
most effectual. He is now director of the New York Zoologi-
cal Park, where his intimate knowledge of the habits and
needs of the animals and birds under his charge has enabled
him to make his prisoners feel at home instead of chafing in
their confinement. One of the rarest of the choice exhibits
of that wonderful collection is a small herd of musk oxen
which may be seen grazing contentedly in the park.

Dr. Hornaday has done much original constructive work
in the way of wild life protection. To do things it is highly
essential to know things, and he is a most thorough and pains-
taking naturalist. No man can make a great success in any
undertaking unless he is in love with his work.

His greatest work, no doubt, is the designing and develop-
ment of the Zoological Park among the rocks of the Bronx
region. It is just to the promoters of this great institution
to quote what Dr. Hornaday himself says of them:

The original impulse and effort for the creation of the New
York Zoological Society came from Madison Grant, then a sports-
man and student of nature and by profession a lawyer; and very
early in its career the new organization secured the active support
of Prof. Henry Fairfield Osborn. It is impossible to overstate
the influence of those two men on the Society's undertaking, and
their devotion to the task, year in and year out. Without them,
New York would have at this time no Zoological Park!

On the other hand the secretary of the New York Zoological
Society, Mr. Madison Grant, thoroughly appreciates the worth
and work of the director. Mr. Grant says in one of the
bulletins of the park :

A portion of this second year of the Society's existence had
been devoted by Mr. Hornaday to a thorough study of the Zoo-
logical Gardens of Europe, the results of which were embodied in
28

338 ANNALS OP IOWA

a report to the committee. Mr. Hornaday also prepared the gen-
eral ground plan of the Zoological Park, out of which has devel-
oped, during the last ten years, the existing scheme of the Park.
Modifications have been made in small matters, but on the whole
the substantial manner in which Mr. Hornaday's original design
has been found to meet actual .conditions has proved his fore-
sight in its preparation.

A brief synopsis of the life, travels and literary work of
Dr. Hornaday is as follows :

Born Plainfield, Indiana, December 1, 1854, son of William
and Martha (Varner) Hornaday; educated Oskaloosa Col-
lege, 1871 and 1872; Iowa State College, class of '76; Ward's
Natural Science Establishment, Rochester, New York; Sc. D.,
University of Pittsburg, 1906; married at Battle Creek,
Michigan, September 11, 1879, to Josephine E. Chamberlain,
and has one daughter, Mrs. Helen Hornaday Fielding. Travels
(zoological) : Cuba and Florida, 1875; South America, West
Indies, 1876 ; Egypt, India, 1876-77 ; Ceylon, Malay Peninsula,
Borneo, 1878; China and Japan, 1879; Smithsonian Expedi-
tion for Buffalo, Montana, 1886; hunt in Wyoming, 1889;
exploration in Canadian Rockies, 1905 ; exploration in Arizona
and Mexico, 1907. Director New York Zoological Park since
1896. Author : ' ' Two Years in the Jungle, ' ' 1885 ; "Ameri-
can Natural History, ' ' 1904 ; * ' Taxidermy and Zoological Col-
lecting," 1894; "Camp-Fires in the Canadian Rockies," 1906;
"Camp-Fires on Desert and Lava," 1908; "Our Vanishing
Wild Life," 1913 (all Scribners) ; also, "The Man Who Be-
came a Savage," 1895. Independent in politics. Protestant.
Fellow New York Academy Sciences and New York Zoological
Society; honorary member Philadelphia Zoological Society,
Shikar Club, London, and Society for the Preservation of the
Fauna of the British Empire ; corresponding member Zoologi-
cal Society of London; ex-president Camp-Fire Club and
American Bison Society. Recreation: Big-game hunting.
Address: New York Zoological Park, 183d Street and South-
ern Boulevard, New York City.

Among the practical results of his work are :

The Montana National Bison Herd is an accomplished fact.
Fifty-one fine animals now occupy in perpetuity a magnificent

"OUR VANISHING WILD LIFE" 339

range of twenty-eight square miles, all owned by the United
States Government. This was his original proposition.

The Wichita National Bison Herd is also an accomplished
fact. Twenty-three fine animals occupy a range of fourteen
square miles, all owned by the Government. This, too, was
his original proposition.

Goat Mountain Park in British Columbia is established.
A splendid sanctuary of 450 square miles, stocked with moun-
tain goats, sheep, elk, deer and bear, exists on the Elk and
Bull Rivers, East Kootenay, as a game preserve. This was
Dr. Hornaday's original suggestion.

A New York Bison Herd would today be in existence but
for the veto of Gov. Charles E. Hughes.

A Fur-Seal Salvage Law, the Fur-Seal Treaty, and five-year
close season law are on the statute books, all as he demanded
in 1909.

The Snow Creek Game Preserve, Montana, is an accom-
plished fact. This was his original idea.

The "Bayne Law," in New York, prohibiting sale of all
native wild game in that State, was passed as his original sug-
gestion. Massachusetts has copied this same law, and Cali-
fornia is trying to do so.

Among the subjects to which he has devoted recent con-
servation work are: prevention of marketing wild game;
prevention of spring and late winter shooting ; prohibition of
the killing of insectivorous and song birds for food or millin-
ery purposes; the increase of the number of bird and game
preserves; the prohibition of the use of extra deadly auto-
matic and pump guns in hunting, giving the wild creatures
some chance for their lives; the securing of perpetual closed
seasons for all such species of wild life as are threatened with
total extinction. This is a goodly program.

The statement is made in his recent book, ' ' Our Vanishing
Wild Life," that of all the countless millions of wild pigeons
that once clouded our skies and thronged our forests there is
today only one living specimen, and that poor creature is in
captivity in Milwaukee. Only one left to emphasize the ex-
termination of this beautiful American bird !

340 ANNALS OP IOWA

Dr. Hornaday's book ought to be in all the public school
libraries. The little boys and girls should be taught what
has been lost to them, so that they may treasure the precious
remains of the wealth of the past. They should "hear the
call of the wild remnant."

This book is both timely and convincing. No one can read
it without regret for our national recklessness and disregard
of our blessings. It is a heart-breaking story.

It is hard to make people realize that the invention of
deadly weapons imposes self-restraint upon the people who
possess such almost limitless powers of destruction. The rifle
in the hand of the professional killer of game, together with
the offer of fifty cents for each skin, covered our western
plains with the dead carcases of buffalo by thousands.

Cars were arranged with many decks to hold the live
pigeons and the busy nets swept them from the earth for the
markets in a few years.

The hunter puts his dogs in the baggage car, takes a Pull-
man and in a night's run has gone five hundred miles into
the hunting regions where, with the finest and deadliest of
weapons, he works great havoc among the few remaining
birds. Soon they disappear and the hunter buys his ticket
for more distant grounds. Such limitless power to kill
makes rigorous legal restraint absolutely necessary. The fly-
ing machine and speedy motorboat will further add to man's
power to kill.

Few men can withhold when the opportunity comes to slay.
Not only must the laws be rigorous, but they must be en-
forced without fear or favor.

Dr. Hornaday has been a mighty hunter himself and
realizes the enjoyment the sportsman feels in this great
pastime. Fortunately such men as George Shiras 3d have
been teaching a new method of hunting with the camera. The
camera captures but does not kill, and all the keen delight
of the hunter is enjoyed when searching for the wild creatures
in their natural resorts.

"OUR VANISHING WILD LIFE" 341

Mr. Shiras by flashlight photographed an albino porcupine
one season and placed the picture in his album, instead of
the stuffed skin of the dead animal upon his study walls or
in a museum. The next year he captured the same albino
again with his camera and again left the harmless creature
to enjoy life in its native woods. "Any fool can kill a bird;
but it takes a genius to photograph one and get a good photo-
graph," says Dr. Hornaday.

I remember Dr. Hornaday when as a boy he came from
the farm in Marion county to study at old Oskaloosa College.
His subsequent career has gratified the friends of his Iowa
boyhood, who prophesied a bright future. His present book is
not merely the work of the few months spent in putting his
thoughts upon paper; it is the record and fruits of a life
work in studying God's wild creatures in their native haunts.
It is a note of warning and alarm. The nation should heed it.

God in His slow processes spent millions of years creat-
ing the passenger pigeon and the bison. A single generation
has seen them swept away. The high cultivation of a large
part of our country makes it impossible for much of the old
wild life to remain. But the birds can still be saved. They
are rapid breeders and but give them a chance and they will
remain with us.

Since this book came from the press the McLean Law pro-
tecting migratory birds has been enacted by Congress. Many
states had forbidden spring shooting. Many states had vainly
protected the robin and other of man's gentlest and best
friends. These birds spent the spring and summer in our
dooryards and nested in our shade trees only to go south
there to be treated as "game birds" and to be slaughtered
by the thousands. The pest of the boll weevil awakened the
consciences of many of the cotton growing states, leading to
local legislation for the protection of the birds which de-
stroyed their enemies of the cotton fields.

342 ANNALS OF IOWA

A EEPUBLIC WITHIN THE CONFEDERACY AND
OTHER RECOLLECTIONS OF 1864.

BY W. A. DUCKWORTH.

In January, 1864, at Pulaski, Tennessee, I was appointed
a Lieutenant in the 110th Colored Infantry. I had been
serving as Corporal of Company G, 2d Iowa Veteran In-
fantry. After guarding a tunnel and trestle work on the
railway near Pulaski, I was assigned, with six companies of
the regiment, to garrison the town and district of Athens,
Alabama. Col. Wallace Campbell of the 110th, was in com-
mand of the post and district.

My own company was detailed as provost guard, and was
quartered in a building on the northwest corner of the public
square in Athens. I was very pleasantly situated during the
spring and summer, and my duties, while constant, were not
arduous. I boarded with a family by the name of Tanner,
consisting of Mr. and Mrs. Tanner and three grown daughters.
One of the daughters was a widow, her husband having been
killed about the time of the battle of Shiloh, in a cavalry
skirmish near their home. We patrolled the town and I
scouted a good deal with a detachment of East Tennessee
Cavalry. Quite a number of prisoners - were picked up by
us on these expeditions, and we captured a quantity of medi-
cine that was being smuggled through the lines from Nash-
ville, for the use of the Confederate army in the field. I
made one capture, near the Tennessee river, between Hunts-
ville and Decatur, of a lady, with a fine horse and buggy.
This lady had in her possession about three thousand dollars'
worth of quinine and morphine.

We also made a survey of the country for military pur-
poses, locating all roads, bridges, streams, and tactical points
of defense which might be made available in the future opera-
tions of the army.

RECOLLECTIONS OP 1864 343

Civil affairs were administered through the provost mar-
shal's office and as I acted in the capacity of provost
marshal, it fell to me a good part of the time to preside over
civil suits. I heard many complaints, and adjusted numer-
ous differences. In connection with my duties, I issued mar-
riage licenses, rented houses, collected license taxes from all
persons in mercantile business of whatsoever sort, issued
provisions to refugees and other indigent persons and had
supervision over the county jail. This was well filled with
prisoners of almost ev.ery variety and description, some of
the desperate characters being kept in irons.

Some colored soldiers of Capt. Adam Poe's1 company of
the lllth regiment were employed in guarding a bridge on
the outskirts of Athens, and were quartered in a block house.
A party of these, while out marauding at night, murdered
a farmer named Tanner and pillaged his house. Tanner's
wife was bedfast at the time.

Naturally, there was much excitement in the town and
county over this murder. Measures were at once taken to
apprehend the criminals, and with the aid of a very efficient
detective named Louis Kimmel, from St. Louis, we captured
them, and had them safely in the jail at the time of our cap-
ture by General Forrest in September. Just what disposi-
tion General Forrest made of them I never knew for certain.
There was a rumor when we we're captured, that he had
hung them summarily when the jail was taken by his forces.

There was a female seminary in Athens, under the super-
vision of a lady from Washington. We kept a guard stationed
in the seminary grounds and often visited the institution.
As a rule we timed our visits so as to be present at the morn-
ing exercises.

Under the military regulations, no person was allowed out-
side his or her domicile after dark without a pass or escort.
There were no meetings of any kind at night, except an occa-

. Adam Poe was a son of the Adam Poe who was at that time
connected with the Methodist Book Concern, at Gincinnati, and a grand-
son of the Adam Poe who killed the big footed Indian, of which an ac-
count is given in the early history of Ohio and Kentucky.

344 ANNALS OF IOWA

sional dance which was under military supervision or sur-
veillance.

The members of the Masonic Lodge met in the afternoon.
I met with them often and was treated with great consider-
ation. I also attended a few select parties, and at one of
them, I remember, I came very near getting too much eggnog.
It was made by a different formula from what I had been
used to.

The most disagreeable duty which devolved upon me while
at Athens, was caring for a lady prisoner who was being
banished as a spy through the Confederate lines, under a
flag of truce. Being a lady of respectable appearance, I did
not send her to the common prison, but accepted her word
of honor not to attempt to escape. I communicated by flag
of truce with General Roddy of the Confederate forces across
the river, concerning her reception, and in the meantime
paid her board and lodging at the hotel for two days.

The only armed foes with whom we came in contact during
the summer, were the forces of General Wheeler who fired on
our picket lines while raiding through the country. This
was about the first week in September, and the incident of
course created a furor for a few days.

General Hood moved North during the latter part of
September with the purpose of striking General Sherman's
communications, preparatory to his campaign into Tennessee
that resulted in the terrible battles of Franklin and Nashville
and utterly destroyed his army. General Forrest, the fore-
runner of Hood, crossed the Tennessee river at Mussel Shoals
below Decatur, and on the 23d of September struck Athens
in force. The pickets were driven in about noon, and there
was more or less skirmishing all the afternoon.

The fort built by order of General Dodge for the defense
of Athens, was about three-fourths of a mile from the public
square in a westerly direction, varying a little south. As my
own company was quartered on the corner of the square and
was the only one in town, we had quite a spirited time during
the afternoon and until about nine o'clock at night. The

RECOLLECTIONS OF 1864 345

Confederates burned the railway depot which was situated in
the public square, and the Quartermaster's stores on the south
side, before we evacuated the town.

Between eight and nine o'clock a detachment of the enemy's
cavalry coming up the street from the west, stampeded a team
attached to a wagon being loaded by the men of my com-
pany in front of their quarter. A little later we captured a
sergeant and four privates who as a guard for the night were
trying to find General Buford's headquarters, which they in-
formed us were at a certain house in the adjoining block. We
sent them under guard to the fort as prisoners.

About nine o'clock in the evening we marched out of the
town to the fort, and I was detailed with sixteen picked men
from my company for picket duty, on the side of the fort
next the town. The fort was held until about nine o'clock
the next morning. During the night, the Confederate forces
had closely invested the fort and were using 'their artillery
and sharpshooters in a lively manner.

About nine o'clock in the morning a flag of truce was sent
in by the Confederates, demanding the surrender of the fort
and the Federal forces. The flag was borne by Major Strange,
General Forrest's Adjutant General, was received by me on
my picket post and was forwarded to Colonel Campbell's head-
quarters in the fort. Upon receiving it Colonel Campbell
ordered us all into the fort. After he had ridden out through
General Forrest's lines and satisfied himself as to the num-
bers of the Confederates, he returned and entered into a
formal surrender. Some of our colored soldiers had to be
forced to give up their arms. The flag was hauled down and
trailed in the dust and we were prisoners of war.

During the negotiations for our surrender, the 18th Mich-
igan and the 102d Ohio were surrounded and captured within
two miles of Athens while coming to our relief from the post
at Decatur. They made a determined resistance and we could
plainly hear the firing, but were powerless to join them. They
were brought in and added to the crowd of prisoners. There
were about three hundred of them, while the prisoners taken

346 ANNALS OP IOWA

in the fort numbered six hundred. General Forrest's forces
numbered about seven thousand.

Several officers, not of our forces, were taken prisoner in
the fort. They were on their way to the front, and were
delayed at Athens on account of the railway bridges being
destroyed. Two of them I remember were Col. Eli Lily of
the 7th Indiana Cavalry, and Captain Callahan, of the 1st
Missouri Light Artillery.

"We were treated fairly well and were allowed to retain our
side arms and private property, including our money. After
being herded on the commons outside of the fort for a few
hours, we were started south, and crossed the Tennessee river
near Florence, Alabama.

We were marched twenty-five miles per day by our captors,
and fed on cold water and ears of corn. The only way we
had of preparing the corn for eating was to char the outer
ends of the grains while on the cob.

At Bear Creek, however, we were stopped and furnished
corn meal, flour, bacon, and what we thought was the best
beef we had ever tasted. "We were very hungry. After cross-
ing Bear Creek we were put aboard the cars, passing through
luka and Corinth. There were three trains of eight common
freight and stock cars each, with a wheezy old engine for
each train. The prisoners were inside of the cars and the
guards on top. After passing Tupelo one of the trains was
wrecked by the breaking down of a culvert which resulted in
the total destruction of a car and the killing and crippling of
seven guards and three prisoners.

About a half mile west of Okolona, the trains were all
stopped. We disembarked and were herded on the prairie
and allowed to cook and eat our dinners. We were guarded
from the time of our capture until our arrival at Meridian,
Mississippi, by the 20th Tennessee Mounted Infantry. They
were old soldiers from the firing line, which was a godsend
to us. We fared on the trip the same as they did. At
Meridian, Home Guards took charge of us, relieving the 20th
Tennessee, and we found them very exacting and hard to
please.

RECOLLECTIONS OP 1864 347

While dinner was being prepared at Okolona I was per-
mitted by one of the captains of our guard, who was a Mason,
to go up to the city, with a Lieutenant Milligan, whom I
vouched for, to get our dinners. We went without an escort.
Some of the citizens gazed at us quite hard but we were not
molested. We got our dinners at a private house where we
furnished the "sure enough coffee", a small supply of which
we had left. The lady of the house shared this with us with
the greatest of pleasure, it being the first real coffee she had
tasted for three years. While the prisoners at camp were
getting their dinners, a man of the 18th Michigan, being given
permission to go outside of the guard line to attend the call
of nature, kept edging away and edging away, after being re-
peatedly told to come back. He finally made a break across
the field to a piece of jack oak woods. He was followed and
perhaps fifty shots fired at him without effect. The jack oak
timber was very dense in that country and the man was com-
paratively safe as soon as he reached its shelter. He suc-
ceeded in making his escape.

Boarding the train again after dinner, we proceeded to
Meridian, Mississippi, where we were confined in a stockade
prison pen for one day and night. Then we were taken south
fifteen miles on the Mobile & Ohio railway to Enterprise.
This was a town of ten or twelve hundred inhabitants, on the
Pascagoula river. Here we were paroled and given the limits
of the town, which was about a mile by a mile and a half in
area.

The Pascagoula river at Enterprise was about one hundred
feet wide and very deep. The town was situated on both
sides of the river. The railway depot and business section
was on the east side and the resident section on the west.
We prisoners were quartered in the residence portion, occupy-
ing a number of vacant houses and boarding .with the citizens.
There were one hundred and nineteen of us at Enterprise,
consisting of the commissioned officers captured at Athens
and vicinity, the non-commissioned officers and privates hav-
ing been sent to Cahaba, Alabama.

348 ANNALS OF IOWA

"We succeeded in getting board at fifty cents per day each
in Confederate money. Confederate money at that time was
worth from a seventh to a fourteenth of its nominal value in
United States "greenbacks". That is to say, one dollar in
greenbacks was worth from seven to fourteen dollars in Con-
federate paper money.

The Confederates furnished us with beef, bacon and flour.
The balance of our provisions, chiefly sweet potatoes, we pur-
chased in the town market. These we not only ate but also
charred them in the vessel on the fire and used them as a
substitute for coffee. We had plenty of money and our good
clothes, and never fared better at any time during the war,
which is a different story from that told by most prisoners
of war.

On Sundays we attended church. One Methodist preacher,
in his leading prayer, besought the Lord to rain fire and brim-
stone on the heads of the Yankees who were invading the
Southern states. His prayer did not disturb us greatly, as
we had our doubts about the Lord's willingness to perform
the service asked of Him, but we did have some trouble with
a fiery Irish lieutenant who resented that kind of petition to
the throne of grace. We calmed the lieutenant down, how-
ever, and would not allow him to attend church any more
where that preacher was in charge of the services.

We were at Enterprise on the day of the presidential elec-
tion in November, 1864, but could not vote, though nearly
every man was in favor of Lincoln's election.

We had a very pleasant time during our stay at Enter-
prise, with no particular disturbance. A few of our men did
participate a little too generously in a lot of whisky of a very
poor quality which they succeeded in finding; but this for-
tunately resulted in no detriment to the other prisoners. We
visited with the citizens, but paid our visits at night. They
were fearful of being denounced to the military authorities
if they showed too much friendship with us.

The people of Jones county, Mississippi, which corners with
Clark, the county in which Enterprise is situated, had seceded

RECOLLECTIONS OF 1864 349

from the Southern Confederacy and organized a government
of their own, which they designated the "Republic of Jones".
This small republic had a president, secretary of war, and
other officials and an army which was well organized and
equipped. Their leader and military commander was Gen-
eral Newton Knight. They had given the Confederate Gov-
ernment considerable trouble the year previous, and a small
division of the Confederate army had been sent, under the
command of General Maury, to suppress them but with only
partial success. This infant republic was at war with the
United States, as well as with the Confederate States, and
when they learned that a lot of Federal prisoners were con-
fined at Enterprise they organized an expedition to murder
us.

Tidings of this projected action reached Enterprise and
caused quite a commotion, not only in our quarters but in the
town as well. "We were unarmed, with the exception of a few
small revolvers, and there were only fourteen Confederate
soldiers in the town. It was garrisoned as a military post,
under command of a major and one lieutenant, with fourteen
non-commissioned officers and privates, all belonging to their
invalid corps. The whole country, it is to be understood, was
under military rule. So, prisoners and garrison, acting in con-
junction, organized night guards, consisting of two Yankee
officers and one Confederate soldier on each guard post sta-
tioned on the roads leading west and south, on the west side
of the river. We also kept a detachment at the river bridge,
with orders to remove the planking as soon as all the people
were over, in case the town was attacked. Prisoners were
located along the principal streets that led south and west,
with clubs in their hands, and their orders were, to strike the
plank fences and then send the signal along the streets to the
Methodist Church, where a man was stationed to ring the bell
the instant the signal was given.

The ringing of the bell was to be the rallying tocsin for all
the people on the opposite side of the river to hasten across
the bridge and proceed to the depot, where the Confederate
major had two railway trains in readiness. These trains were

350 ANNALS OP IOWA

kept fired up day and night for several days. But for some
reason the forces from the Jones County Republic failed to
appear — and we were permitted to continue at Enterprise in
peace.

The last week in November, we were sent through the lines
to Memphis, Tennessee, by the way of Meridian, Jackson,
Canton, Grenada and Hernando under the escort of a Meth-
odist preacher who was a captain in the Confederate army
and connected with the Exchange Bureau. He was very kind
to us and took charge of a lot of Confederate money which
we had procured, at twenty-one dollars for one of our money,
from post funds which we had saved when captured. The
captain delivered this money to our enlisted men who were
confined at Cahaba, Alabama, along with some articles of
wearing apparel which we sent them, thus proving himself a
man of honor and good faith.

"We were not guarded on the trip from Enterprise to our
line near Memphis; we made it a point to keep with our
escort. We were delayed at a number of places on account
of the miserable condition of the railway lines, particularly at
Canton and other towns between Jackson, and Hernando. At
Canton we were delayed one night and a part of a day, but
had a nice dance in a vacant hotel building, participated in
by natives as well as by a goodly number of our party. We
secured meals at the homes of a number of the citizens who
treated us kindly but had little to say.

From Grenada to Hernando there were no engines to haul
the trains, which were flat cars drawn by horses, the bridges
being planked for that purpose. At some of the broken
bridges we walked across or were taken over in boats, chang-
ing to other cars. We met a detachment of our cavalry under
a flag of truce, after passing the Confederate lines between
Hernando and Memphis. The detachment was composed in
part of Company G, 3d Iowa Cavalry, many members of whom
are now living in Van Buren county, Iowa.

We were delivered up to the United States Army, and were
once more under the protecting care of the Old Flag.

RECOLLECTIONS OF 1864 351

After about forty days at the Parole Camp in St. Louis
and at home, we were declared exchanged by the Secretary
of War, E. M. Stanton, and ordered to report to General
Sherman at Savannah, Georgia. Going by way of New York
we took passage to Savannah on the steamer Fulton, a large
side-wheeler and reported to General Sherman just in time
to go on the campaign through the Carolinas to Goldsboro,
North Carolina.

DAVENPORT,

Saturday, November 9, 1839.

November 6, a pleasant day — snow disappeared from the
ground before noon. — 7, a hard frost last night — the first we
have had during the fall. A warm and pleasant day, after
sunset the west was decked in its richest hues, the few clouds
that hung about the horizon were fringed with the richest gold,
and the whole heavens appeared to be lit up by rays of light
reflected from the unruffled bosom of the great western ocean.
No pen can describe, no pencil paint the beauties of a western
sunset on such an evening. 8, a beautiful morning, the air
rather cold, fine day, more like April than November, not a
cloud to be seen, or a breath of wind to ruffle the bosom of
the majestic Mississipi. The Steamer Trubedore arrived from
DuBuque yesterday, and left this day for St. Louis. — Edi-
torial. Davenport, Iowa Sun, Nov. 13, 1839.

"The Western Adventurer and Advocate of Free Discus-
sion" has just been established in the Far West — published
simultaneously at Commerce, Illinois, and Montrose, Wiscon-
sin, on a large and fair sheet, at $2 per annum. We are sur-
prised that so large and fair a paper can be afforded at that
price so far West. It seems to be devoted in good part to the
discussion of Slavery. — Th. Gregg, Editor. Albany, N. Y. —
The Jeffersonian, March 3, 1838.

352 ANNALS OF IOWA

THE WRITINGS OF JUDGE GEORGE G. WRIGHT.

[During his later years the Honorable George G. Wright wrote
much that was never published on Iowa biographical and historical
subjects. He was singularly apt in the interpretation and delinea-
tion of character. His memoranda are therefore valuable contribu-
tions. A muscular difficulty combined with a rapidity of mental
operation produced a handwriting as noted in its way as that of
Horace Greeley. William W. Baldwin, of Burlington, his nephew,
a close associate, and Mr. Simon Casady, of Des Moines, likewise
long associated with him, have assisted in the reading and have
verified the most difficult passages. — EDITOR.]

GENERAL BAKER.

Among the most eccentric and yet in his line ablest and
most efficient officials ever in Iowa was Gen. Nathaniel B.
Baker.

With good education — a graduate of the best New England
university — having read in the office of Franklin Pierce, a
lawyer — member of the New Hampshire legislature — Speaker
thereof for two terms — his only service, — Governor of the
state in 1854 — editor of the Patriot, leading paper of his
party (Democratic) — coming to Iowa in 1856 — settled in Clin-
ton Go. — elected to the Iowa House in 1860 — and was in what
is known as the War Session, 1861 — in July, 1861, was made
Adjutant General and reappointed in 1864, — it will thus be
seen that his official relations with the two states were almost
continuous and in all respects leading. A Democrat in New
Hampshire and when coming to Iowa — at the very moment
of the War of the Rebellion, outspoken and most active for
the cause of the Union, — standing with the gallant Major
Kellogg and others of his party for the most aggressive war-
fare and liberal appropriation for the flag and suppression of
the Rebellion, ever strong as a Republican, he was at once
recognized as a man of great value and strength — one whose
services were not to be either overlooked nor under-estimated.

Facsimile page of manuscript of Hon. George G. Wright, reading:
«* * * creeping cat like quiet that stamps all sinister, two-sided
men," etc. See page 353.

WRITINGS OF GEORGE G. WRIGHT 353

General Baker was sui generis. Not by any means a tee-
totaler— taking more interest in a policy or growing party
than the work of Speaker of the New Hampshire legislature
or the duties of Governor — text books, whether in Latin or
mathematics, engrossed his attention much less than a good
cigar or a free enjoying time with his classmates, — not a
plodder — never a bookworm, he yet had a mind so active that
he grasped readily leading principles and clove to his lessons
and conclusions with a constancy which gave him a good
standing in his classes and high position in any place to which
he was elected.

I have said he was eccentric. By this I mean that he pre-
ferred rest to work — a good time to close attention to his
official duties — talked about everything in a rambling, ap-
parently incoherent way — was on the street more than in his
office — never seemed to know what was going on or to influ-
ence his subordinates — and yet whether as Speaker, legislator,
Governor or Adjutant General was among the most efficient,
painstaking and correct officials ever in Iowa or elsewhere.
His records in all the multifarious work of the war and fol-
lowing, are models of neatness, completeness and correctness.
It may be doubted whether in another like office in any state
a record can be found in all respects so satisfactory and
readily comprehended and understood. He was prompt, ener-
getic and systematic, and to such an extent as to elicit the
most flattering compliments from the press and others in al-
most every state in the Union. Of few other things are the
people of this State more justly proud.

General Baker was a man of commanding presence — always
plain-spoken and earnest — but little if any of the courtier —
none of ' ' that creeping, cat-like quiet that stamps all sinister,
two-sided men."

His nature was phenomenally generous and the warmest in
its attachments and friendships. The needy 'or those in pov-
erty he never passed without a kindly word or help. Such
a man never made money — never accumulated — he spent as
he earned, either for actual needs or to gratify his tastes or
charitable disposition.
23

354 ANNALS OP IOWA

Was he studious? I answer, no, if by that is meant appli-
cation to tasks or the many details of business. How then
did he so well succeed and so well acquit himself in public
life and especially in the office of all others — the last he held
—requiring watchfulness and constant attention to men, com-
panies, regiments and statistics? I answer, by reason of his
natural ability to grasp things as if by inspiration — to mar-
shal his forces — his many clerks — to select the best men — and
so condense and arrange as to give evidence of the extremest
personal care and attention. Then he was so large-hearted
and genial that he commanded the best service and inspired
unlimited confidence in his work. Had his habits been better —
such as to rally around him a different and higher moral
element, — such was his nobility of nature, quick, active in-
tellect and generosity of spirit — he might have ranked in
state and nation among the most able and influential. But
he was Nat. Baker and could not be another.

JONATHAN W. CATTELL.

I wish to leave a word of testimony to the high official char-
acter and great personal worth of Jonathan "W. Cat-tell.

Was a member of the Senate from Cedar county for two
terms (1856-58) — State Auditor three terms (1859-65) — again
a member of the Senate from Polk, 1866 — and at the time of
the trouble with Auditor Brown (1885-86) was appointed to
the office by the Governor (Sherman) and acted for several
months and until the impeachment proceedings were ended.
He was also prominently connected with important insurance
companies and recognized by all as among the best and most
faithful business men of the State. He died within the last
three years on his farm near Des Moines, where he had lived
for years in the quiet enjoyment of a happy home.

Was of the best Quaker stock — tall — not especially courtly
—having rather the plain manners and habits of the Friend —
of the best and most exemplary habits — fairly strong, intel-
lectual face — a good thinker — honest to the State and its
every interest — one of the best legislators and officials — true
as steel to every trust — he loved Iowa, and Iowa trusted and

WRITINGS OP GEORGE G. WRIGHT 355

relied upon him as upon few others. Was not an orator if
noise, big words and rotund sentences so count, and yet was
so thoroughly posted in all the affairs of state — a kind of
walking encyclopedia of all its departments, that he was al-
ways listened to with interest and like profit. Was apparently
as artless as a child, and yet not of the enduring, easily-
imposed upon class. Of generous, trustful nature, he was
admittedly a good judge of men — weighed well, dispassion-
ately and unselfishly all sides of a problem and the claims of
all— reaching his conclusions according to what he believed
to be the very right of the matter. Was intense in his anti-
slavery views, a most ardent partisan — believed in his very
heart that his party was right and those opposed wrong, and
forever so. Left no family except his widow, who was of like
Quaker stock, and was in all respects a most worthy and effi-
cient helpmate.

STEWART GOODRELL.

Stewart Goodrell, who lived first in Brighton in Washing-
ton county and afterward in Des Moines, where he died some
two years or more since, was of good size — florid complexion, —
a mechanic, — of moderate education only, and yet in many
ways well informed himself on the affairs of the State.

We first find him a member of the Second Constitutional
Convention (1846), then of the first and second State Gen-
eral Assemblies, then again of the 8th, 1860, from Polk, one
of the commissioners to locate the capitol (1856) and pension
agent at Des Moines at the time of his death. Was twice
married, the second wife being the sister of Alex Scott, who
was one of the earliest settlers of Des Moines and the owner
of a large part of the ground covered by the (east) part of
the original city.

Not much of a talker, but of the most royal good sense —
pleasant and popular manners, he always had good influence
and took the front rank as a legislator. It will be seen that
his last legislative service was in the well-known War session
(1860-61) , composed of an exceptionally strong body of men —
Judges Hall, Caldwell, Clagett, Riddle, Euddick— as also

356 ANNALS OP IOWA

General Baker, Major Kellogg, Geo. "W. Bemis, [Lieut.] Gov.
Gue, "W. H. F. Gurley, Rush Clark, A. H. Bereman, N. G.
Hedges, and other well-known legislators being his colleagues.
That he held a good position his places on committees as well
as the proceedings of those two unusually active sessions
(there was an extra session in May, 1861) abundantly attest.
He would always have friends and have their help and active
assistance if the occasion demanded. v A most enthusiastic
Republican, he was still so cordial in his relations with all
his fellows that, outside of politics, he seldom provoked
antagonism.

Was honest — died poor — left a most excellent family, —
loved a good joke as well on himself as on others. Among
those he enjoyed most was this:

After his services in the House and the distinction of the
Constitutional Convention, he was ambitious for the Senate, —
very much so. When the committee met he seemed to have
things all his owrn way. He concluded to play the martyr
role, and when his name was suggested, took the floor and told
the delegates at what great sacrifice he had served the people
before, — how he was neglecting his business — was poor, — and
proceeded to name several worthy gentlemen of whom they
ought to demand the sacrifice. More than one good friend
appealed to him — that he had so well cared for their interests,
and that this was the time when they needed good and strong
men, &c. To these he replied, begging off, and finally with
apparent great reluctance said if he must, he must, &c. In
the meantime, another name of those referred to by him, had
been mentioned — they balloted, and to use his own language
"the damned fools took him at his word and nominated the
other fellow. ' ' He always wound up by saying that he wanted
the place very much indeed, and concluded that he would
never again so act the idiot. Always try to tell the truth and
ask for what you want — if you do want it — in politics as in
everything else. Not that a man should be a place or office
seeker, but if he determine to seek tell the truth when the
time comes and the occasion demands. Other aspirants as I

WRITINGS OF GEORGE G. WRIGHT 357

know have failed just as the Colonel did, and greatly to their
disappointment.

Of the non professional men — those of limited education
and few opportunities — without the aid of money or strong
family influence, Colonel Goodrell will be long remembered as
among the strong, active and worthy. — He was a good type of
a pioneer legislator and sound sense in official and business
life.

Possibly "to point a moral" if not "adorn a tale", I note
this instance :

As stated,, Colonel Goodrell was pension agent at Des
Moines at the time of his death. His death occurring late in
the night was not announced in the morning papers. I was
in the Senate and not unreasonably would have a voice in
nominating his successor. Ignorant myself of his decease,
soon after breakfast a friend whom I esteemed highly called
at my library and said he wanted the agency. I said, "Why,
there is no vacancy. " " Yes, ' ' he said, c ' Colonel Goodrell died
last night," and about four or five hours before he called.
I said, ' ' I like you and would be glad to recommend you, but
I will not help one who is so anxious that he cannot wait
until our mutual friend is buried. You indicate a too active
desire for office. ' ' And I did not recommend him and he was
not appointed.

IOWA. — It appears from a paragraph in the Cincinnati
Gazette, that "civil government is at an end," for a time in
the territory of Iowa. That paper says: — Strife has arisen
between Gov. Lucas and the Iowa Territorial legislature on a
question of power. The Governor insists that all laws and
resolutions must be approved by him before they are of any
force. The Legislative body contest this position. Both par-
ties spunk up — and all public business is delayed in conse-
quence.— Albany, N. Y. — The Jeffersonian, January 19, 1839.

358 ANNALS OP IOWA

EARLY IOWA INDIAN TREATIES
AND BOUNDARIES.1

BY COL. ALONZO ABERNETHY.

(Concluded.)

FIELD NOTES

Field Notes of the Sioux Cession of the Neutral Ground.

Commencing at the corner Established on the East bank of the
Desmoin as Described on the preceding page and Run up the River
Desmoin on the Eastern Side as follows —

N. 70 W. at 300 links came to the fork at low water mark 295
links wide— bears N. 15 E. 37.00 Chs; N. 53 W. 43.00 Chs (1 mile);
N. 53 W. 20.00 Chs; N. 15 E. 29.00 Chs; N. 12 W. 31.00 Chs (2
mile); N. 12 W. 22.00 Chs; N. 1G E. 12.00 Chs; N. 5 E. 29.00 Chs;
N. 29 E. 10.00 Chs; N. 14 W. 7.00 Chs (3 mile); Rained a part of
this Day This the 20th day of May— 1832; N. 14 W. 4.00 Chs;
N. 12 W. 76.00 Chs (4 mile) ; N. 12 W. 9.00 Chs; N. 40 W. 71.00 Chs
(5 mile) ; N. 40 W. 80.00 Chs (6 mile) ; N. 40 W. 80.00 Chs (7 mile) ;
N. 68 W. 80.00 Chs (8 mile) ; N. 68 W. 80.00 Chs (9 mile) ; N. 68 W.
80.00 Chs (10 mile).

N. 68 W. 80.00 Chs (11 mile); N. 68 W. 80.00 Chs (12 mile);
N. 68 W. 80.00 Chs (13 mile); N. 68 W. 80.00 Chs (14 mile);
N. 68 W. 80.00 Chs (15 mile); N. 68 W. 80.00 Chs (16 mile);
N. 40 W. 80.00 Chs (17 mile); N. 40 W. 70.00 Chs; N. 3 W. 10.00
Chs (18 mile) : N. 3 W. 80.00 Chs (19 mile) ; N. 3 W. 80'.00 Chs
(20 mile).

Correction.— The two articles of a treaty of October 21, 1837, quoted
in the ANNALS, p. ?53, January, 1914. from Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laws
and Treaties, v. TT. p. 407. should have been attributed to the same
authority, p. 405, the text being as follows:

The Sacs and Foxes make to the United States the following cessions,
viz. :

First. Of a tract of country containing 1,250,000 acres lying West and
adjoining the tract conveyed by them to the United States in the treaty
of September 21. 1S."2. Tt is understood that thp points of termination for
the present cession shall be the northern and southern points of said
tract as fixed by the survey made under the authority of the United
States, and that a line shall be drawn between them, so as to intersect
a line extended westwardly from the angle of said tract nearly opposite
to Rock Island as laid down in the above survey, so far as may be
necessary to include the number of acres hereby ceded, which last-men-
tioned line, it is estimated, will be about twenty-five miles.

Second. Of all right or interest in the land ceded by said confederated
tribes on the 15th of Julv, 1830, which might be claimed by them, under
the phraseology of the first Article of said treaty.

EARLY IOWA INDIAN TREATIES AND BOUNDARIES 359

N. 3 W. 63.00 Chs; N. 16 E. 12.00 Chs; N. 10- W. 5.00 Chs (21
mile) ; Frosty, May 21st 1832 N. 10 W. 3.00 Chs; N. 45 E. 36.00 Chs;
N. 4 S.W. 41.00 Chs (22 male); N. 4 W. 27. Chs; North 23.00 Chs;
N. 43 W. 13.00 Chs; N. 32 W. 17.00 Chs (23 mile); N. 68 W. 32.50
Iks to a creek 25 Iks wide Runs South 80.00 Chs (24 mile) ; N. 68 W.
80.00 Chs (25 mile) ; N. 68 W. 40.00 Chs; N. 73% W. 26.00 Chs to
the East Bank of the River Desmoin; where Established the South
West corner of the Sioux Session to the U. States by Planting a
Stake and Raising a Mound. With a Cillinder of Charcoal under-
neath it as Required, from which a Red Elm 16 in in diameter
bears S. 26° E. 5-10 links Marked thus U S — and a Red Elm 18
inches in diameter bears N. 84 W. 16.37 Iks Distant Marked thus
SIOUX at this Place the River Runs S. 25 E. for a Short Distance
and in ascending the River it bears S. 84 W. and is 150 links wide
Deep and Sluggish Mteiy 22nd 1832 From thence as follows N.
73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 1 mile Raised a mound and Deported Charcoal
as Required Land level Prairy Soil Good fit for cultivation —

Continued N. 73.15 E. at 70.00 Chs a Branch 25 links wide Runs
South 80.00 Chs Or 2 mile Raised a mound and Deposited a Cilinder
of Charcoal as Required Land level Soil Good fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs— 3 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilinder of Charcoal as Required Land Roling Prairy
Soil good fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs — 4 mile Raised a mound and De-
posited a cilinder of charcoal as Required Land flat Prairy Soil
good fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs — 5 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited Charcoal as Required Land Gently Roling; Soil 1st
Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs— 6 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilinder of Charcoal as Required Land flat wet Prairy
Pond mostly fit for cultivation

Continued N 73.15 E. 42.50 Iks a Branch 50 links wide S.E. 80.00
Chs — 7 mile Raised a mound and Deposited a cilinder of Charcoal
as Required Land Gently Roling Soil good fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15° E. 80.00 Chs — 6 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited cinders of Charcoal as Required Land Gently Roling
Soil good fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs— 9 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a Stone as Required Land level Prairy Soil first Rate
fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs— 10 Mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cinders of Charcoal as Required Land Gently Roling
Soil 1st Rate fit for cultivation

360 ANNALS OF IOWA

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 11 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cinders of Charcoal as Required. Land level and Rick
but mostly wet

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs — 12 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cinder of Charcoal as Required The greater part of this
mile is covered with water; Ponds not fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs— 13 mile — Raised a mound and
Deposited a cinder of Charcoal as Required — Land level and Rich
fit for cultivation.

May 23rd 1832

Continued N. 73.15 E. 13.10 Iks to a white Oak 12 inches in diam-
eter bear S Struck the timber 19.50 Iks to the West Bank of the
Second or uper fork of the River Desmoin 1.20 Iks wide Runs
S.E. Sluggish current at 36.00 Chs Struck the Bluff and left the
timber 80.00 Chs — 14 mile Raised a mound and Deposited a
cilinder of Charcoal as Required Land Roling and Rich fit for
cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs — 15 mile — Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilinder of Charcoal as Required Land level 1st Rate
fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. SO'.OO Chs 16 mile — Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilinder of Charcoal as Required Land level 1st Rate
fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs— 17 mile— Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal Land level and good fit for cul-
tivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 18 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required This mile intersperced
with Ponds not fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs — 19 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land level and wet
not fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs — 20 mile, Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land level 1st Rate
fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs — 21 mile — Raised a mound and
Deposited a cinder of Charcoal as Required Land level 1st Rate
fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00- Chs — 22 mile, — Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land level Soil 1st
Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs— 23 mile— Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land level and Rich
fit for cultivation

EARLY IOWA INDIAN TREATIES AND BOUNDARIES 361

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs — 24 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land level and Rich
fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs — 25 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land level 2nd Rate
fit for cultivation.

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 26 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilinder of Charcoal as Required Land level 2d Rate
fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs — 27 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required — Land level 2nd
Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs — 28 mile — Raised a mound and
Deposited a cinder of Charcoal as Required Land level Soil good
fit for cultivation

May 24th 1832

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs — 29 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land level Soil 2nd
Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs— ,30 mile — here being necessarily
compelled I have Raised a mound without Coal or Stone Land level
2nd Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. at 76.50 Iks Struck a pond 7.50 Iks wide at
the 80.00 Chs or 31 mile Raised no mound but it being inaccessible
at 84.00 Chs Raised a mound with no Coal nor Stone in Land level
1st Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00' Chs — 32 mile Raised a mound with
no cinders under Land gently Roling fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs— 33 mile — Raised a mound
without Coal or Stone Land Gently Roling 1st Rate fit for cul-
tivation

Continued 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs — 34 mile — Raised a mound without
cilender of Coal or Stone Land gently Roling Soil 1st Rate fit for
cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs — 35 mile — Raised a mound with
no cinders in Land level 1st Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs— 36 mile. Raised a mound with-
out cinders or Stone Land gently Roling Soil 1st Rate fit for
cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs — 37 mile Raised a mound with
no cinder nor Stone Land level 1st Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. SO'.OO Chs— 38 mile — Raised a mound with-
out a cinder or a Stone Land gently Roling Soil good fit for cul-
tivation

362 ANNALS OP IOWA

May 25th 1832

On the day above mentioned left off work about 4 'Oclock P. M.
and Encamped about 4 mile off the line, it being the most convenient
timber; — for the Purpose of Burning Coal

25th May 1832

On the Morning of 26th Sent Back on the line and Deposited in
the mounds as Required by the Instructions at 10 Oclock proceeded
on with the line

Continued N. 73.15 E. at 5.00 Chs Struck a pond at 40.00 Chs
left the pond and Struck the hig land 80.00 Chs 239-38 mile Raised
a mound and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required The
last 40.00 Chs of this mile gently Roling Prairie Soil good fit for
cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs — 40-39 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required — Land gently Roling
Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs— 41-40 mile; Raised a mound
and Deposited a cillender of Charcoal as Required Land Roling
1st Rate Soil fit for cultivation.

Continued N. 73.15 E. 20.00 Chs to a marsh Or pond 80.00 Chs
42-41 mile 42-41 M at 95.00 Chs left the marsh or pond where Raised
a mound and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required — this
Being Raised here is in consequence of water being Entirely over
this marsh

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs — 43-42 mile. Raised a mound
and Deposited Charcoal as Required Land level Soil 2nd Rate fit
for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 44-43 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
1st Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 45-44 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
1st Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 46-45 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land level Soil 2nd
Rate fit for cultivation here found 2 canoes

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 47-46. mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land level 2nd Rate
fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 48-47 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
and Intersperced with ponds Dry land good and fit for cultivation

2From this point forward the notes indicate miles thus : 39-38 40-39,
etc., because of a miscount later described.

EARLY IOWA INDIAN TREATIES AND BOUNDARIES 363

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 49-48 mile — Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land Roling Soil
good fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 50-49 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required — Land gently Soil
1st Rate, fit for cultivation

May 26th 1832

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 51-50 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required this mound Stands
Immediately in the Edge of the head of a lake which bears an
Eastwardly Direction Land Roling and Intersperced with Ponds —

Continued N. 73.15 E. 46.00 Chs across the above mentioned lake
to the hill 80.00 Chs 52-51 mile — Raised a mound and Deposited a
cilender of Charcoal as Required Land Roling

Continued N. 73-15 E. 80.00 Chs 53-52 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cinder of Charcoal as Required this mile Running
parrallel with this lake at this Point the lake is Probably a half -a
mile in width and some timber on the South Side Land Roling
Soil 1st Rate fit for cultivation — At this Point the line Bears off
from the Lake and appears to be below this on the North Side of a
large grove of timber

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 54-53 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required — Land gently Roling
Soil first Rate, fit for Cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 55-54 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required the line Bordering in
on the lake the whole length of this mile Land gently Roling Soil
good fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 56-55 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land Roling Soil
good fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 20'.00 Chs Struck the timber 62.50 Iks to
a white Oak 15 inches in Diameter 80.00 Chs 57-56 mile where set
a Stake from which a white Oak 15 inches in Diameter bears S.
2. E. 37 Iks marked thus U. S. 56. M — and a white Oak 18 inches
in diameter bears S. 23 W. 61 Iks distant Marked thus U. S. 56. M.
and a white Oak 24 inches in Diameter bears N. 41 E. 49 Iks
Distant Marked thus SIOUX 56 M. and a white Oak 20 inches in
Diameter bears N. 19 W. 145 Iks distant Marked thus SIOUX 56 M.

May 27th 1832

Continued N. 73.15 E. 32.00 a white Oak 15 inches in Diameter
75.00 Chs left the timber 80.00 Chs 58-57 mile. Raised a mound
and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land Roling and
Rich Timber white and Black Oak Undergrowth hazle and quakenasp

364 ANNALS OF IOWA

Continued N. 73.15 E. 49.75 Iks to a small creek 25 Iks wide bears
South 80.00 Chs 59-58 mile Raised a mound and Deposited a
cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling Soil Good
fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 60^59 mile — Raised a mound
and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land level first
Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 61-60 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land level first Rate
fit for cultivation

Continued N 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 62-61 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil 1st Rate fit for cultivation —

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 63-62 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil 1st Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 64-63 mile — Raised a mound
and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land level Soil
1st Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. SO.0'0 Chs 65-64 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil first Rate fit for cultivation Carried over to Book 2nd

Nathan Boone

Surveyor

On May 26th 1832— at 41 Mile line is where the Sock & Sioux
had a fight last year & Several Killed. This Sock In camp situate
on a high perrai hill about 25 Ch to the South this Mound and
near the East Side of a Lake a pond this pond is a small grove of
timber about y± of a Mile West of the Sock camps —

The Sioux were encamped in a grove of timber & on the North
Side of a Lake situate about four Mile Dis N.W. from the Soc camp —
This information was given Me by a Soc indian who is with us

I certify that the foregoing notes on page one to Seventy Seven,
inclusive are the original field notes of the Survey of the Indian
boundary line; as executed under the 2nd article of a treaty made
with the SOCS — FOXES & Sioux Indians on the 19th August 1825
& 15th July 1830; and that the lines courses and distances, were all
taken with my compass set at a variation of nine degrees East

Indian Office August 7th 1832

Nathan Boone
Deputy Surveyor

EARLY IOWA INDIAN TREATIES AND BOUNDARIES 365

Continued the line of Survey betwean the Sioux and the U.,
States

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 66-65 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a Cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
with hazle Brush growing Over' it Soil first Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 19.50 Iks to a Small Creek 25 Iks wide bears
S.E. — 80.00 Chs 67-66 mile. Raised a mound and Deposited a
cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling with some
scattering Bunches of hazle Brush Over it, — Soil first Rate; fit for
cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. at 5.00 Chs Struck the timber 60.00 Chs to
a Bur Oak 12 inches in Diameter 72.00 to the West fork of English
River 75 links wide Runs S.E. This Creek is Shoally and Rocky
Bottom The banks also Rocky 80.00 Chs 68-67 mile. Raised a
mound and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land
gently Roling Soil 1st Rate Timber low and scrubby Oak lynn
and quakenasp — Undergrowth hazle Oak quackenasp and prickly
ash

May 28th 1832

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 69-68 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required. Land gently Roling
1st Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 70-69 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilinder of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil first Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 71-70 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilinder of Charcoal as Required — Land gently Roling
Soil 1st Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00' Chs 72-71 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil first Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 73-72 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilinder of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil first Rate, fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 4.00 Chs to the west Bank of the East
fork of the English River 175 Iks wide Runs S.E. This River is
Shoally and appears to be lined with a perpendicular Rock alter-
nately Either on the Right or left Bank of from 10 to 20 feet in
hights about 20 chain below the line is a perpendicular fall of
about four feet On the East Bank Struck the timber 9.30 Iks to
a Red Oak 14 inches in Diameter at 25.00 Chs left the timber 80.00
Chs 74-73 mile Raised a mound and Deposited a cilender of Char-
coal as Required Land Roling 2nd Rate timber white and Black Oak
low and Scrubby — Land fit for cultivation Undergrowth Oak
hazle and Shoe make —

366 ANNALS OP IOWA

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 75-74 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently roling
Soil 1st Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 76-75 mile Raised a mound and Deposited
a cilinder of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling Soil 1st
Rate fit for cultivation

May 29th 1832

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 77-76 mile. Raised a mound and

Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil 1st Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 78-77 mile. Raised a mound and

Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil 1st Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 79-78 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil 1st Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 80-79 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling.
Soil 1st Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 81-80 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil 1st Rate, fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 82-81 mile where set a Stake from
which a white Oak 18 inches in diameter bears S 46 W. 63 Iks
distant marked Thus U. S. 81 M and a white Oak 15 inches in
diameter bears 3 44.30 E 118 links distant marked Thus U. S. 81 M
and a white Oak 15 inches in Diameter bears N 64 E. 66 links
distant Marked Thus SIOUX 81 M: and a white Oak 15 inches in
diameter bears N 41 E 196 links distant Marked Thus SIOUX 81 M
at this corner Struck the timber Land gently Roling Soil 1st Rate
fit for cultivation —

Continued N. 73.15 E. at 10 44 Iks Struck a small creek 25 Iks
wide Runs South at 44.10 Iks to a white Oak 9 inches in Diameter
where left the timber 80.00 Chs 83-82 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
1st Rate Timber white and Red Oak low and scrubby Land fit for
cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 84-83 mile. Raised a mound and

Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
1 st Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 85-84 mile. Raised a mound and

Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil 1st Rate fit for cultivation

EARLY IOWA INDIAN TREATIES AND BOUNDARIES 367

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 86-85 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil first Rate with some hazle growing on it fit for cultivation

May 30th 1832

Continued N. 73.15 E. at 15.00 Chs Struck the timber 22.50 Iks
to the west Bank of Red Cedar 200 Iks wide Runs S.E. This River
is Shoally and Rocky Banks 37.50 Iks to a Blue Ash 14 inches in
diameter 80.00 Chs 87-86, mile where set a Stake from which a Red
Oak 20 inches in Diameter bears N 9 E 155 Iks Distant marked
thus SIOUX 86 M. and a Slippery Elm 20 inches in Diameter bears. .
S 30 W. 34 Iks. . Distant marked thus U.S. 86 M — Land Roling
Soil 1st Rate timber Oak Elm lynn and Sugar-tree Undergrowth
same fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 16.13 Iks a white Oak 24 inches in diameter
at 60.00 Chs left the timber 80.00 Chs 88-87 mile. Raised a mound
and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently
Roling Soil 1st Rate timber Oak Lynn and Elm Undergrowth hazie
oak and quakenasp

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 89-88 anile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as .Required Land gently Roling
Soil 1st Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 90-89 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil 1st Rate This land fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 91-90 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil 1st Rate fit for cultivation

May 31st 1832

Continued N. 73.15 E. SO'.OO Chs 92-91 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil 1st Rate, with some scattering hazle Brush, fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E, 80.00 Chs 93-92 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 94-93 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil first Rate with some scattering trees thickly set with hazle
Brush, fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 95-94 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 8.00 Chs Struck the timber 10.00 Chs to
creek 50 Iks wide Runs South Strong current 80.001 Chs 96-95 mile
where set a Stake from which a white Oak 15 inches in diameter

368 ANNALS OF IOWA

bears N. 11 E. 2.04 Iks distant marked thus SIOUX 95 M and a Red
Oak 18 inches in diameter bears S 14 W 2.91 links distant marked
thus U.S. 95 M. Land gently Roling Soil 2nd Rate timber Scattering
low and scrubby white and Red Oak undergrowth hazle and Oak
Continued N. 73.15 B. 24.50 Iks to a white at 45.00 Chs Oak 9
inches in Diameter left the timber 80.00 Chs 97-96 mile. Raised a
mound and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land
gently Roling Soil good timber Red and white Oak undergrowth
same fit for cultivation

June 1st 1832

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 98-97 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil 1st Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 99-98 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required. Land gently Roling —
1st Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 100-99 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Rolin
2nd Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. at 5.00 Chs Struck the timber 15.50 Iks to
the west Bank of a creek 30 Iks wide Runs S.E — 80.00 101-100
mile where sat a Stake from which a Red Oak 14 inches in Diameter
bears N. 1. W 90 links Distant marked thus SIOUX 100 M and a
white Oak 14 inches in Diameter bears S 3. E 103 links Distant
marked Thus U.S. 100 M— Land gently Roling Soil thin timber
Oak Ash and Elm undergrowth Same

Continued N. 73.15 E. 30.10 Iks to a Red Oak 9 inches in Diam-
eter— at 70.00 Chs left the timber 80.00 Chs 102-101 mile. Raised
hazle Oak and Adder fit for cultivation Rained all the fore noon

of this day

June 2nd 1832

Detained this day in csequence of Rain and wind

June 3rd 1832

Continued N. 7'3.15 E. 80.00 Chs 103-102 mile. Raised a mound
and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently
Roling 2nd Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 104-103 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation —

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 105-104 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required — Land gently Roling.
Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 106-105 mile— Raised a mound
and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently
Roling Soil 1st Rate fit for cultivation

EARLY IOWA INDIAN TREATIES AND BOUNDARIES 369

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 107-106 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil 1st Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 108-107 mile. Raised a mound
and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently
Roling Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 109-108 mile where set a post
from which a Red Oak 14 inches in Diameter bears N 9 W. 24 links
distant marked thus SIOUX 108 M and a Red Oak 14 inches in
Diameter bears S 2 W 48 links Distant Marked thus U S. 108 M —
Land gently Roling 1st Rate

Continued N. 73. 15 E. at 10:00 Chs left the timber Red and white
Oak 17.00 Chs to small creek 20 Iks 'wide Runs South 37.54 Iks to
a white Oak standing alone in the Prairy 18 in dia 80.00 Chs 110^109
mile. Raised a mound and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as
Required — Land gently Roling Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 111-110 mile. Raised a mound
and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently
Roling Soil 1st Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 112-111 mile. Raised a Mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 113-112 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilinder of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil 2nd Rate fit for Cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 114-113 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a 'Cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 115-114 anile. Raised a mound
and Deposited a Cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently
Roling Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 116-115 mile. Raised a mound
and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently
Roling Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 116-117 mile. Raised a mound
and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently

Roling Soil 2nd rate fit for cultivation T

June 4th 1832

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 118-117 mile. Raised a mound
and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently
Roling Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 119-118 mile. Raised a mound
and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently
Roling Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation
24

370 ANNALS OP IOWA

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 120-119 mile Raised a mound
and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently
Roling Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. SO'.OO Chs 121-120 mile. Raised a mound
and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently
Roling Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 121-122 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil 2nd Rate fit for culitvation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 123-122 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 124-123 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 125-124 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land Roling Soil 2nd
Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 126-125 mile Raised a mound
and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land Roling
Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 73.15 E. 80.00 Chs 127-126 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land Broken and Rich
(In Establishing this corner I discovered that I had made a Mis-
take in numbering this corner) This is corner from which I run N
17-Vi W — from At 127. mile Established a corner oposite the
Source of the left hand fork of the loway River by Raising a mound
and Depositing a cilender of Charcoal as Required —

June 5th 1832—

Lay by the 6th — The 7:8 and a part of the 9th Spent in running
across to the mouth of the Left hand fork of the loway River — for
the purpose of proeving the work

Continued the line as follows — N. 17-i/i W. 80.00 Chs — 1 mile
Raised a mound and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required
Land Broken not fit for cultivation —

Continued N. 17-1/4 W. 80.00 Chs — 2 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land Roling with
hazle Brush and Oak on it Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation —

Continued N. 1744 W. 3.00 Chs to the loway River 150 Iks wide
Runs East 22.69 links to a Bur Oak 14 inches in Diameter 70.00 Chs
Struck the heavy timber — 80.00 Chs — 3 mile where sat a ,Stake
from which a white Oak 30 inches in Diameter hears N 77 E. 38
links Distant marked thus U S 3 M — and a white Oak 36 inches in
diameter bears S 68-Mj W 102 links Distant marked thus SIOUX
3 M —

EARLY IOWA INDIAN TREATIES AND BOUNDARIES 371

June 9th 1832

Continued N. 17-i/i W— 18.00 to the loway River 125 links wide
Runs South — 28.50 Iks Struck the loway River and Run with the
channel at 38.50 links left the channel of the River— 59.00 Ghs
Struck the loway River 75 links wide Runs East 80.00 Chs — 4 mile
where sat a Stake — from which a white Oak 15 inches in Diameter
bears S 72-% W 175 links Distant marked thus SIOUX 4 M and a
white Oak 15 inches in diameter bears S 87-% E 137 links Distant
marked thus U.S 4 M — Land Broken Soil thin timber low —
White and Red Oak Undergrowth Same —

Continued N. 17-*4 W. 80.00 Chs — 5 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land Broken and
poor timber white and Black Oak small low and scrubby — under-
growth same

Continued N. 17-i/i W. 40.00 Chs — 5-% mile. Raised a mound
and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land Roling
Barony land timber scattering and small fit for cultivation —

Continued thence N. 62°.20'3 E. 47.92 links to a white Oak 8 inches
in Diameter — 80.00 Chs — l mile. Raised a mound and Deposited
a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling Soil thin
timber low scattering and scrubby white Oak — Undergrowth Same —

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 80.00 Chs — 2 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land gently Roling
Soil 2nd Rate white and Red Oak low Scattering and Small-
Undergrowth hazle and Oak — fit for cultivation

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 95.00 Chs Struck the open Prairy— 80.00
Chs — 3 mile. Raised a mound and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal
as Required Land gently Roling Soil 2nd Rate timber white and
Red Oak Scrubby and Scattering Undergrowth hazle and Oak fit
for cultivation

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 80.00 Chs— 4 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required This mile open
Barrons timber Scattering and Small Land gently Roling Soil 2nd
Rate: fit for cultivation

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 80.00 Chs — 5 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land Gently Roling
2nd Rate Barrons, timber low and Scattering white Oak under-
growth hazle and Oak — fit for cultivation

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 80.00 Chs— 6 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required This mile Brushy
Prairy hazle and Oak Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation

3The varying indications of course, 78.15, 62.°20' &c. is according to
certified copy.

372 ANNALS OP IOWA

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 40.94 links to a white Oak 15 inches in
Diameter — 80.00 Chs — 7 mile. Raised a mound and Deposited a
cilender of Charcoal as required This mile Barrens Timber white
oak Land gently Roling Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation —

Continued N. 62°. 20'' E. 42.37 links to a white oak 10 inches in
Diameter 80.00 Chs — 8 mile Raised a mound and Deposited a
cilender of Charcoal as Required This mile Barrens. Timber low
and Scattering white oaks Land gently Roling, Soil 2nd Rate fit
for cultivation

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 80.00 Chs— 9 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required This mile Broken
Barrens Timber white and Red oak Undergrowth hazle Oak and
quakenasp Not fit for cultivation —

June 10th 1832

Continued N. 62.20 E. 80.00 Chs — 10 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required Land Broken Prairy
Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 37.89 links to a white oak 18 inches in
Diameter 80.00 Chs — 11 mile. Raised a mound and Deposited a
cilender of Charcoal as Required This mile mostly Barrens and
Broken — Timber white oak Not fit for cultivation

Continued N. 62°. 20'' E. 66.80 links to a white oak 6 inches in
Diameter — 80.00 Chs — 12 mile Raised a mound and Deposited a
cilender of Charcoal as Required This mile Barrens timber small
and Scattering Land gently Roling Soil 2nd Rate fit for cultivation

Continued N. 62°. 20' E. at 54.00 Chs Struck a heavy Boddy of
timber 63.00 Chs to a Red* oak 12 inches in Diameter This Boddy of
timber is of but little (value) contineuned. Becomes Barrons —
80.00 Chs — 13 mile. Raised a mound and Deposited a cilender of
Charcoal as Required Land Roling Soil 2nd Rate timber white oak
Red oak quakenasp and Lynn Undergrowth mostly hazle

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 22.94 links to a quakenasp 12 inches in
Diameter 80.00 Chs — 14 mile where Sat a post from which a
quakenasp 14 inches in Diameter bears S 44 W 43 Iks distant marked
thus U S 14 M and a quakenasp 15 inches in Diameter bears N 34 E.
51 links Distant marked thus SIOUX 14 M — Land Roling Soil
good timber Red and white Oak quakenasp and Lynn Undergrowth
Oak quakenasp and hazle

Continued N. 62°. 20' E. 28.08 link to a white oak 12 inches in
Diameter 33.50' links to a creek 50 links wide Runs N.W. 80.00
Chs — 15 mile Rais a mound and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal
as Required The first 33.50 link of this mile thick timber and very
Broken the last Part Barrons and Brushy gently Roling 2nd Rate —
Continued N. 62°. 20' E. 30.96 links to a white oak 6 inches in
Diameter — 80.00 Chs — 16 mile Raised a mound and Deposited a

EARLY IOWA INDIAN TREATIES AND BOUNDARIES 373

cilender of Charcoal as Required — Land Roling Soil thin timber
Small and Scattering white oak

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 17.12 links to a white oak 8 inches in
Diameter 80.00 Chs — 17 mile where sat a post from which a white
oak 12 inches in diamieter bears N 37-% E. 56 links marked thus
SIOUX 17 M. and a white oak 14 inches in Diameter bears S 2 E. 44
links Distant marked thus U.S. 17 M— Land gently Roling Soil 2nd
Rate timber low and scattering — fit for cultivation

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 80.00 Chs — 18 mile. Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required — This mile hilly and
Barony — Some Scrubby timber white and Red Oak — Not fit
for cultivation

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 45.23 links to a white oak 8 inches in
Diameter 80.00 Chs— 19 mile, where Sat a Stake from which a Black
oak 14 inches in Diameter bears N 3. W 114 links Distant marked
thus SIOUX 19M. and a Black oak 12 inches in Diameter bears N
79 E 152 links Distant marked thus U.S. 19 M. this mile Rocky and
hilly Some Scattering trees low and Scrubby Not fit for cultivation

June llth 1832

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 26.59 links to a Black oak 10 inches in
Diameter 80.00 Chs — 20 mile where Sat a Stake from which a Black
oak 14 inches in diameter bears N 27 E 236 links Distant marked
thus SIOUX 20 M and a Black Oak 15 inches in Diameter bears S
1°.30' E 81 — links Distant marked thus U.S 20 M This mile
Broken and Barrony timber low and scattering white and Black
oak Undergrowth Oak Not fit for cultivation

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 37.16 links to a white oak 6 inches in
Dia — 74.00 to a creek 40 links wide Runs North Deep gentle current
80.00 Chs — 21 mile. Raised a mound and Deposited a cilender of
Charcoal as Required This mile hills with some scattering timber
white and Black Oak Not fit for cultivation

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 80.00 Chs— 22 mile Raised a^ mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required This mile hills and
hollows Not fit for cultivation

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 30.69 links to a Black oak 6 inches in
Diameter 80.00 Chs — 23 mile where Sat a post from which a Red
oak 15 inches in Diameter bears S 50-% E 225 links Distant marked
thus U S. 23 M and a white oak 12 inches in Diameter bears N
27-%. W 378 links Distant marked thus SIOUX 23 M. This mile
kills — timber Scattering low scrubby Oak Undergrowth same Not
fit for cultivation

Continued N. 62°. 20' E. 80.00 Chs — 24 mile where sat a post from
which a Red oak 14 inches in Diameter bears N. 38-% W 276 Iks
Distant marked thus SIOUX 24 M and a Red oak 12 inches in

374 ANNALS OP IOWA

Diameter bears S 61 E 196 links Distant marked thus U S. 24 M
Land Broken and poor timber low and Scattering white and Red
Oak Undergrowth same

Continued 80.00 Chs — 25 mile. Raised a mound and Deposited a
cilender of Charcoal as Required This mile hills and poor timber
low scattering and Scrubby Undergrowth same

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 46.87 links to a Black oak 6 inches in
Diameter 80.00 Chs — 26 mile where sat a Stake from which a Black
oak 12 inches in Diameter bears S 22 W 61 links Distant Marked
thus U S 26 MJ and a Black Oak 14 inches in Diameter bears North
126 links Distant marked thus SIOUX 26 M Land Barrens poor
timber white and Black Oak Scattering and scrubby Undergrowth
same

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 80.00 Chs— 27 mile — Raised a mound
and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required This mile
Barrony hills — timber white and Black oak scrubby

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 15.50 links to a small creek 35 links wide
Runs N.W. deep and tolerably strong current — 80.00 Chs— 28 mile —
Raised a mound and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required
this mile hilly no timber some Oak Brush

Continued N. 62°. 20' E. 64.71 links to a Black oak 8 inches in Dia
80.00 Chs — 29 mile where Sat a Stake from which a Black oak 14
inches in Diameter bears S 29 W 53 links Distant marked thus U.S.
29 M and a Black oak 15 inches in Diameter bears N 34 E 54 links
Distant marked thus SIOUX 29 M this mile hilly and Broken timber
Black and white oak Undergrowth same

Continued N. 62°. 20' E. 56.00 Chs to a white oak 6 inches in
Diameter 80.00 Chs — 30 mile Raised a mound and Deposited a
cilender of Charcoal as Required This mile Broken timber white
oak Scattering and Scrubby

June 12th 1832

Continued N. 62°. 20' E. 40.39 links to a Red oak 18 inches in
Diameter 80.00 Chs — 31 mile where Sat a Stake from which a white
oak 14 inches in Diameter bears N 65-^j W 399 links Distant
marked thus SIOUX 31 M and a white oak 10 inches in Diameter
bears S 53 E 105 links Distant marked thus U S 31 M Land Broken
and hilly and Poor timber white and Red Oak Undergrowth same

Continued N. 62°. 20' E. 39 Chs to a Black oak 10' inches in Diam-
eter 54.43 links to a Black oak 14 inches in Diameter 80.00 Chs — 32
mile where Sat a Stake from which a Black Oak 14 inches in
DiameteT bears N 18-V2 W 44 links Distant marked thus SIOUX
32 M — and a white oak 18 inches in Diameter bears S 22-U E 77
links Distant marked thus U S 32 M this mile Broken and hilly
timber Black and white oak Undergrowth Same Not fit for cultivation

EARLY IOWA INDIAN TREATIES AND BOUNDARIES 375

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 32.77 links to a Black oak 18 inches in
Diam 80.00 Chs — 33 mile where Sat a Stake from which a Black
oak 12 inches in Diameter bears S 3 W 150 links Distant marked
thus U S 33 M and a Black oak 16 inches in Diameter bears N 00°.30'
E 15 links Distant marked thus SIOUX 33 M — This mile broken
and hilly timber white and Black Oak Undergrowth same Not fit
for cultivation

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 53.45 links to a white oak 10 inches in
Diameter 80.00 Chs — 34 mile where Sat a Stake from which a
Black oak 8 inches in Diameter bears S 46-1/£ E— 105 links Distant
marked thus U S. 34 M — and a Black oak 18 inches in Diameter
bears N 3-% W 191 links Distant marked thus SIOUX 34 M— This
mile Broken and hilly — timber white and Black oak undergrowth
same Not fit for cultivation

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 80.00 Chs — 35 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required — This mile Broken
Barrony land not fit for cultivation timber Black and white oak low
and Scattering —

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 80.00 Chs— 36 mile Raised a mound and
Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required This mile Broken
Prairy

Continued N. 62°.20 E. 80.00 Chs — 37 mile where Raised a mound
and Deposited a cilender of Charcoal as Required This mile hilly
Barrens — timber — Black Oak Undergrowth Same — At 75 Chs
on this mile Struck the low lands of Root River Bottom Prairy

June 13th 1832

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 38.24 links to the S. W. Bank of Root
River — 340 links wide Runs S E 45 chain Struck the hills at 47
chs a white Oak 10 inches in Diameter — 65 chains a Black oak 12
inches in Diameter 80.00 chs — 38 mile where Sat a post from which a
white Oak 15 inches in Diameter bears N 52 W 30 links Distant
marked Thus SIOUX 38 mile and a white oak 15 inches in Diameter
bears S 56 E 71 links Distant marked thus U S 38 M— The first
% mile level Prairy the last y2 mile Broken Soil thin Timber Oak

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 21.50 Iks a Black oak 18 inches in Diam-
eter 50.00 chs a Black Oak 15 inches in Diameter 80.00 chs — 39 mile
where Sat a post from which a Black Walnut 15 inches in Diameter
bears N 2 E 21 links Distant marked thus SIOUX 39 M and a Black
oak 15 inches in Diameter bears S 30 W 8 links Dist marked thus
U. S 39 M — This mile Broken and Rocky timber mostly Oak

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 33.50 links a white oak 15 inches in Dia
80.00 Chs— 40 mile where Sat a Post from which a Black oak 16
inches in Diameter bears N 38 W 41 links Distant marked thus
SIOUX 40 M— and a Black Oak 14 inches in Diameter bears

376 ANNALS OF IOWA

s IQ E — 30 links Distant marked thus U S. 40 M Land Broken
and poor Timber mostly Oak

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 60.00 Chs a Black Oak 15 inches in Diam-
eter 80.00 Chs — 41 mile where Sat a post from which a white Oak 15
in in Diameter bears N 38 W 16 links Distant marked thus SIOUX
41 M and a Black oak 14 inches in Diameter bears S 48 E 26 links
Distant marked thus U S— 41 M—

Continued N. 62°. 20' E. 70.00' Chs a Black oak 15 inches in Diam-
eter 80.00 Chs — 42 mile where Sat a post from which a Black oak
18 inches in Diameter bears N 14 E. 19 links Distant marked thus
SIOUX 42 mile and a white oak 15 in dia brs 623 W 40 Iks Marked
thus U S 42 M This mile Broken and Poor timber white and
Black Oak Undergrowth same

Continued N. 62°. 20' E. 15 Chs a Black oak 20 inches in Diameter
55 00 chs a Branch 30 links wide Runs East 80.00 chs 43 mile where
Sat a post frcon which a Black oak 12 in Dia bears N 45 W. 15
links Distant marked thus SIOUX 43 M and a Black Oak 20 inches
in Diameter bears S 42 E 25 links Distant marked thus U. S — 43
M — Land Roling Soil thin Timber Black oak Undergrowth Same

June 14th 1832

Continued N. 62°. 20' E. at 17.50 Iks a Black oak 14 inches in
Diameter 18.00 chs the low lans of the Mississippi 80.00 Chs Set
a post from which a Elm 14 in in dia brs N 31 W 14 Links Distant
Marked thus SIOUX 44 M— and a Black ash 14 inches in diameter
bears S 40 E 26 Iks marked thus U S 44 M— The Last 62 chain
level inundated Land part prairy and part Timber

Continued N. 62°.20' E. 47.50 Iks to the western Bank of the
Mississippi River To hickory tree the N. West corner of the Sioux
Session from which a hackberry 15 inches in diameter brs N 54 W
52 Iks marked thus SIOUX 44-% M — and a Elm 14 inches in
diameter bears S 35 E. 37 Iks marked Thus U S 44-% M and a
white oak 12 inches in Dia brs N 43 W. 11 Iks marked SIOUX
44-% M and a Black ash 10 in in Diameter brs S 13 W 24 links
marked Thus U S. 44-% M There being no objects of Notoriety in
view of this place on Either Side of the River further than this
corner Stands Immediately oposite the head of an Island, at this
place the River Runs S 10 E— Land this y2 mile inundated from
one to three feet deep

June 16th 1832

From thence down the Mississippi as follows: S. 12 E. 80.00 Chs;
S. 20 E. SO'.OO Chs; S. 10 E. 75.00 Chs; S. 43 E. 70.00 Chs; S. 9 E.
30.00 Chs; S. 4 E. 64.00 Chs to Root River 400 Iks wide Runs S. E.;
S. 40 E. 32.00 Chs; S. 23 E. 20.00 Chs; S. 5 W. 38.00 Chs; S. 26 W.
60.00 Chs; S. 5 E. 25.00 Chs; S. 5 W. 20.00 Chs; S. 23 W. 20.00 Chs;
S. 35 W. 20.00 Chs; S. 26 W. 22.00 Chs; South 30.00 Chs; S. 11 E.

EARLY IOWA INDIAN TREATIES AND BOUNDARIES 377

35.00 Chs; S. 5 W. 30.00 Chs; S. 13 E. 38.00 Chs; S. 10 W. 20>.00
Chs; S. 2 E. 22.00 Chs; S. 16 W. 15.00 Chs; S. 10 E. 35.00 Chs; S. 7
W. 20.00' Chs; S. 6 E. 15.00 Chs; S. 12 E, 75.00 Chs; S. 14 W. 10.00
Chs; -South 35.00 Chs; S. 8 W. 13.00 Chs; S. 5 E. 20.00 Chs; S. 13
W. 15.00 Chs; S. 35 W. 8.00 Chs; S. 57 W. 10.00 Chs; S. 89 W. 10.00
Chs; S. 40 W. 20.00 Chs; S. 58 W. 17.00 Chs; S. 7 W. 12.00 Chs; S.
15 E. 20.0'0 Chs; S. 58 E. 19.00 Chs; S. 9 W. 15.00 Chs; S. 3 E.. 30.00
Chs; S. 1 W. 18.00 Chs; S. 8 W. 9.00 Chs; S. 2 E. 60.00 Chs; S. 14 W.
20.00 Chs; S. 3 W. 54.00 Chs; S. 5 E. 80.00 Chs; S. 50 E. 50>.00 Chs;
S. 9 E. 65.00 Chs; S. '20 E. 74.00 Chs; S. 30 W. 48.00 Chs; S. 25 W.
38.0'0 Chs; S. 5 E. 130.00 Chs To the Mouth of the loway River it
will be here observed that those Mounds are not taken immediately
on the bank of the River owing to many places being inundated

by waters

June 19th 1832

Run to the two Meridian variation 9. E. —

Nathan Boone

Surveyor

I certify that the foregoing notes, on pages one to fifty-eight, are
the original field notes of the Survey therein contained as executed
under the 2nd article of a treaty made the 19th August 1825 & 15th
July 1830 with the SOCS FOXES, & SIOUX Indians; and that the
line courses and distances were all taken with my Compass set to
a variation of 9° East.

Indian Office August 7th 1832

Natahan Boone
Deputy Surveyor

Field Notes of Sac and Fox Cession of Neutral Ground.

Field Notes of Survey of the Sac and Fox cession agreeable to
the 2nd Article of the Treaty of July 15, 1830 (7 Stats., p. 329)
by Nathan Boone, commencing June 19, 1832.

Beginning at the mouth of the Upper Iowa river at a Black Ash
tree 12 in. in diam. Thence down and along the west bank of the
Mississippi river as follows: South 27 E. 60 chs; S. 14 E. 85 chs; S.
21 E. 10 chs; S. 16 E. 70 chs; S. 3 E. 15 chs; S, 15 W. 26 chs;
S. 40 E. 10 chs; S. 69 E. 10 chs; S. 40 E. 17 chs; S. 29 E. 20 chs;
S. 24 E. 25 chs; S, 37 E. 3 chs; S. 37 E. 13 chs; S. 22 E. 25 chs;
S. 36 E. 80 chs; S. 83 E. 5 chs; S. 37 E. 20 chs; S. 48 E. 10 chs;
S. 40 E. 56 chs; S. 26 E. 20 chs; S. 15 E. 12 chs; S. 57 W. 17 chs;
S. 23 E. 14 chs; S. 62 E. 20 chs; S. 34 E. 20 chs; S. 43 E. 28 chs
to Flint Creek about 100 links wide bears E, & W.; S. 84 E. 11 chs;
S. 73 E. 13 chs; S. 79 E. 20 chs; S.. 83 E. 5 chs; S. 70' E. 32 chs;
S. 60 E. 10 chs; S, 52 E. 15 chs; S. 38 E. 48 chs; S. 89 E. 12 chs;
N. 85 E. 19 chs; S. 75 E. 17 chs; S. 60 E. 40 chs; S. 73 E. 47 chs;

378 ANNALS OP IOWA

S. 56 E. 12 chs; S. 76 E. 7 chs; S. 61 E. 22 chs; S. 42 E. 40 chs;
S. 43 E. 23 chs; South 10 chs; S. 60 E. 29 chs; S. 32 E. 43 chs;
S. 83 E. 20 chs; S. 41 E, 40 chs; S. 32 E. 6 chs; S. 21 E. 30 chs;
S. 10 E. 27 chs; S. 1 E. 15 chs; S. 13 W. 21 chs; S. 13 W. 10 chs;
S. 2 W. 56 chs; S. 14 W. 40 chs; S. 22 W. 8 chs; S. 28 W. 10 chs;
S. 33 W. 48 chs; S. 25 W. 11 chs; S. 21 W. 40 chs; S. 29 W. 20 chs;
S. 41 W. 80 chs; S. 41 W. 40 chs; S. 18 W. 80 chs; S. 18 W. 25 chs;
S. 50 W. 15 chs; N. 81 W. 3.50 chs; N. 75 W. 8 chs; S. 58 W. 15
chs; S. 33 W. 27 chs; S. 25 W. 30 chs; S. 20 W. 35 chs; S. 14 W.
25 chs; S. 8 W. 10 chs; S. 13 W. 50 chs, where sat a stake*
on the West bank of the Mississippi river for the N. E. (S. E.?)
corner of the Sac and Fox cession, from which a white oak 16 in. in
diameter bears N. 27 E. 186 links distant marked U. S. and a
hickory 12 in. in diam. bears S. 63 E. 29 links distant with a blaze
and notch over it and a white oak 14 in. in diameter bears
S. 28 W. 240 links distant. From this corner a very noted Rock of
about 200 feet in height bears N. 31 W. 540 links distant and imme-
diately at this place the "Trading Road" leading to the Red Cedar
leaves the river. This road is known by the name of Rolets' Road.

From this corner ran as follows: S. 62°.20' W. 80 chains (1 mile) ;
S. 62°.20'' W. 80 chains (2 miles); set a post from which a white
oak 20 in in diameter bears N. 46 W. 22 links dist. marked
"U. S. 2 m" and a Lynn 24 in in diameter bears N. 46 E. 55 links
dist. marked U. S. 2 m and a white oak 30 in in diam. bears S. 48
W. 43 links dist. marked "SACS 2 m" and a white oak 36 in in diam.
bears S. 52 E. 61 links dist. marked "SACS 2 M."

Quit work June 26, 1832, in consequence of the hostilities of
the Indians.

James Craig on September 8, 1833 commenced the survey of the
Southern boundary of the said Sac and Fox cession, at the point
where Major Boone left off in June 1832 two miles from the
Painted Rock, whence Rolets Road leaves the Mississippi about 7
miles above Prairie du Chien — Varia. of Compass 9° E. Thence ran:

S. 62°.20' W. 1520 chains 21st mile Planted a post from which a
burr oak 8 in in diam. bears N. 87° W. 8 links dist. and another
burr oak 9 in in diam. bears S. 36 E. 95 links marked "SACS 21 m",
and burr oak 10 in. in diam. N. 70 W. 432 links.

S. 17M5' E. 560 chains 7 mile — (Crossing Turkey river on 7th
mile)— Planted post whence burr oak 12 in. in diam. bears
N. 12 E. 15 links Marked Sacs 7th mile. Burr oak 10 in in diam.
bears N. 44 W. 18 links marked U. S. 7th mile — Burr oak 12 in
in diam. bears S. 29 E. 11 links marked Sacs 7th mile

Thence S. 73.15 W. — 125 miles 33 chains to Des Moines River—

At 2.50 chains crossed Turkey River 200 links wide.

*[24 miles, 78.50 chains from place of beginning.— Author.]

EARLY IOWA INDIAN TREATIES AND BOUNDARIES 379

At 11 miles 22.50 chains crossed W. Branch of Turkey River 100
links wide.

At 13 miles 35 chains reached the Little Mac-qua-tois creek.

At 29 miles a mound near several large granite rocks.

At 47 miles, 57 chains reached east bank of Red Cedar River 250
links wide

At 59 miles 79 chains reached creek 200 links wide on the course
S. emptying into the Iowa.

At 88 miles 29.50* chains, reached the N. fork of the Des Mloines
river, 140 links wide

At 116 miles 64 chains reached the middle fork of the Des Moines
river 175 links wide.

At 125 miles 33 chains reach the Des Moines river, where above
high water mark and on the East bank of said river stands a
double cottonwood tree, one 36 in. in diam. and the other 30 in. in
diam. The large one marked on South side "SACS 125 m 33 ch."
and on the North side "U. S. 125 m. 33 ch."

From this tree an elm 20 in. in diameter bears S. 74 E. 18 links
marked "SACS 125 m Sept. 1833" and a cottonwood 33 in. in diam.
bears N. 60 W. 94 links marked "U. S. 125 m."

Thence we proceeded to meander the river on the East side as
follows: —

N. 52 W. 16 chs; N. 65 W. 7 chs; N. 78 W. 7 chs; N. 75 W. 17 chs;
S. 55 W. 33 chs (1 mile); S. 55 W. 2 chs; S. 77 W. 10 chs; West
10 chs; S. 45 W. 15 €hs; South 7 chs; S. 20 W. 10 chs; S. 20 E.
26 chs (2 mile); S. 20 E. 2 chs; S. 35 W. 17 chs; S. 55 W. 28 chs;
S. 76 W. 25 chs; N. 55 W. 8 chs (3 mile); N. 55 W. 7 chs; N. 25
E. 20 chs; North 20 chs; N. 20 W. 32 chs; N. 55 W. 1 ch (4 mile) ;
N. 55 W. 20 chs; West 14 chs; N. 76 W. 38 chs; N. 35 W. 8 chs
(5 mile); N. 35 W. 2 chs; N. 54 W. 15 chs (to where our former
line crossed the river) ; N. 42 W. 9 chs; N. 35 W. 54 chs (6 mile) ;
N. 35 W. 15 chs; N. 14 W. 8 chs; North 10 chs; N. 11 E. 25 chs;
N. 5 W. 15 chs; N. 30 W. 7 chs (7 mile); N. 30' W. 3 chs; North

9 chs; N. 39 W. 8 chs; N. 70 W. 20 chs; N. 50 W. 15 chs; N. 75 W. 25
chs (8 mile); N. 75 W. 2 chs; N. 60 W. 10 chs; N. 80 W. 18 chs;
N. 25 W. 28 chs; North 15 chs; N. 18 E. 7 chs (9 mile); N. 45 E.

10 chs; N. 25 E. 5 chs; N. 45 E. 14 chs; N. 15 E. 8 €hs; N. 50 E. 15
chs; North 20 chs; N. 20 W. 8 chs (10 mile).

N. 20 W. 7 chs; N. 50 W. 22 chs; West 7 chs; N. 60 W. 10 chs;
West 34 chs (11 mile); West 30 chs; N. 50' W. 8 chs; N. 15 W. 24
chs; North 5 chs; N. 15 E. 13 chs (12 mile); N. 15 E. 6 chs;
N. 70 E. 8 chs; East 10 chs; S. 70 E. 12 chs; N. 80 E. 11 chs;
East 7 chs; N. 78 E. 26 chs (13 mile); N. 78 E. 9 chs; N. 55 E.
10 chs; N. 25 E. 15 chs; North 23 chs; N. 75 E. 5 chs; N. 25 E.
7 chs; N. 30 W. 11 chs (14 mile) ; N. 30 W. 12 chs; N. 45 W. 20 chs;
N. 55 W. 10 chs; N. 70 W. 5 chs; N. 60 W. 10 chs; N. 80 W. 20 chs;

380 ANNALS OP IOWA

West 3 chs (15 mile); West 52 chs; N. 45 W. 5 chs; West 5 chs;
S. 70 W. 15 chs; S. 80 W. 3 chs (16 mile); S. 80' W. 27 chs; S. 50
W. 13 chs; S. 70 W. 5 chs; S. 35 W. 10 chs; West 5 chs; S. 65 W.
5 chs; West 15 chs (17 mile); West 25 chs; N. 75 W. 10 chs;
N. 55 W. 25 chs; North 14 chs; N. 30 E. 6 chs (18 mile); N. 30 E.
4 chs; N. 10 E. 7 chs; N. 34 E. 8 chs; N. 50 E. 5 chs; N. 5 E. 5
chs; N. 9 E. 30 chs; North 21 chs (19 mile); North 19 chs; N. 30
W. 8 chs; N. 5 W. 9 chs; N. 35 W. 10 chs; N. 55 W. 18 chs;
N. 70 W. 16 chs (201 mile).

N. 70 W. 2 chs; West 5 chs; N. 70 W. 15 chs; West 40 chs;
N. 45 W. 5 chs; West 13 chs (21 mile); West 10 chs; N. 61
W. 50 chs; N. 75 W. 5 chs; N. 65 W. 15 chs (22 mile); N. 65
W. 10 chs; N. 75 W. 5 chs; N. 22 W. 25 chs; North 20 chs; N. 35
E. 10 chs; N. 60 E. 8 chs; N. 30 E. 2 chs (23 mile); N. 30 E. 11
chs; North 20 chs; N. 25 W. 45 chs; N. 55 W. 4 chs (24 mile);
N. 55 W. 51 chs; N. 30 W. 29 chs (25 mile); N. 30 W. 1 ch; N. 55
W. 21 chs; N. 25 W. 20 chs; North 10 chs; N. 25 E. 5 chs; N. 45
E. 4 chs; N. 5 E. 19 chs (26 mile); N. 5 E. 80 chs (27 mile);
N. 5 E. 1 ch; North 30 chs; N. 45 W. 49 chs (28 mile); N. 45 W.
1 ch; N. 12 E. 79 chs (29 mile) ; N. 12 E. 15 chs; N. 25 W. 55 chs;
North 30 chs (30 mile).

N. 45 W. 8 chs; N. 15 W. 7 chs; N. 70 W. 10 chs; N. 49 W. 35 chs
(31 mile) ; N. 49 W. 10 chs; N. 36 W. 37 chs; North 5 chs; N. 22 E.
15 chs; North 13 chs (32 mile); North 12 chs; N. 25 E. 30 chs;
N. 50 E. 20 chs; N. 20 E. 5 chs; N. 45 E. 10 chs; North 3 chs
(33 mile); North 17 chs; N. 25 W. 10 chs; N. 12 E. 30 chs; N.
37 E. 15 chs; N. 17 E. 8 chs (34 mile); N. 17 E. 12 chs; N. 43 E.
45 chs; N. 48 E. 23 chs (35 mile); N. 48 E. 7 chs; N. 35 E. 8 chs;
N. 70 E. 7 chs; N. 40 E. 5 chs; N. 5 E. 8 chs; N. 33 E. 15 chs;
N. 7 E. 15 chs; N. 14 E. 15 chs; (36 mile); N. 5 E. 80 chs (37
mile); N. 26 W. 30 chs; N. 50' W. 20 chs; N. 70 W. 12 chs; N. 83
W. 8.50 chs to the corner

Established by Major Boone last season at the forks of the Des
Moines River agreeably to the treaty of Prairie Du Chien of 1825.
The Distance by the meanders are as stated 37 miles 70 chains and
50 links and the base is 20 miles and 21 chains

Finished Oct. 4, 1833

ANNALS OF IOWA

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT

WILLIAM B. ALLISON.

. The memorial to Senator Allison is rapidly approaching
completion, and in order that the flight of memory may be
arrested for a moment as well as that a brief record in the
ANNALS may be made of contemporaneous opinion of his ac-
complishments deemed worthy of commemorating, we publish
an article by Hon. Henry Cabot Lodge, adapted from an ad-
dress in the Senate. It is apropos to here present the thought
of two others of Senator Allison 's colleagues in one paragraph
that seems almost precision and in another that was almost
prophecy :

He never attempted oratory, but by cool, logical argument he
moulded the opinions of legislators. He was one of those even-
tempered, level-headed, sound, sensible men to whom we naturally
turned when there were difficult questions to settle. We all had
confidence in his judgment, and his integrity of purpose was never
doubted. By his wise conservatism as chairman of the Committee on
Appropriations he saved the Government untold millions of dol-
lars. At the same time he was not unreasonably economical. He
realized the growth of the nation and its growing necessities, and
appropriated accordingly.

Memorial Address in Congress, Shelby M. Cullom, Feb. 6, 1909.

We may not doubt that there will be occasions in the future
when the Senate will need the counsel and guidance of Senator
Allison. But it is not too much to believe that the lessons of
toleration and respect for the opinions of others which are taught
in the life of this great American statesman will never lose their
influence in the Government of the United States. For, after all,
it is not of the exploits of a parliamentary leader, nor the achieve-
ments of an experienced legislator, that we are thinking today. It
is rather the quiet, courtly life he lived among us, the helpful
things he did, the gentle and gracious words he used to speak, which
are in our hearts at this hour and will be kept in our memories
while we live. Already the Senate, departing from the custom of a
long time, has directed that a picture of him shall be hung in a
corridor of the Capitol by the side of the favorite statesmen of
other generations.

382 ANNALS OF IOW.A.

The people of Iowa who followed him with loving confidence for
nearly half a century, even down to the valley of the shadow of
death, will build a monument to him within the borders of the
State which gave him his high commission, and will ask permission
to erect a statue here, that the affection and reverence of the
Nation which gave a crown of peculiar glory to his old age may
have a permanent expression in the Capitol where the great work of
his life was done.

Memorial Address in Congress, Jonathan P. Dolliver, Feb. 6, 1909.

PROPOSED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF IOWA.

In 1892 Prof. Frederick Starr published "A Bibliography
of Iowa Antiquities"1 and in 1895 a "Summary of the Ar-
chaeology of Iowa."5 He planned the "organization of ex-
ploration in every part of the State; collection of data, dia-
grams, plans; making of a working map, showing the loca-
tion of mounds, shell-heaps, trails, village-sites, etc. — in other
words, field work," and other work. "How far this plan is
to be realized remains to be seen" says Professor Starr, and
now after a score of years and a little excellent scientific work
we do see that the curio hunter has increased; land that
bore identifiable prehistoric work in 1892 denuded of forests
and increased in value from fifteen and twenty dollars per
acre to a hundred and fifty or two hundred; mounds that
rose from one to two and a half feet and yielded valuable
specimens, leveled till only the memory of them remain.

We feel it to be imperative that some institution or activity
in Iowa very soon provide the State with such a survey as
Professor Starr proposed, embracing each township in the
State and every work reputed to be of prehistoric origin ; that
the rights of exploration should be secured and preserved to
those able and competent to display, record and publish re-
sults; there should be encouragement and cooperation with
land owners and others interested in the appropriate appre-
ciation of the matter and the whole subject put in the class
with bird life and other popular studies. We will assist in
such effort or assume the responsibility of leadership if no
one else assumes it soon.

^Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, Vol. VI,
p. 1.

"Ibid, p. 53.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 383

NOTES.

The Thirty-fifth General Assembly enacted a group of laws
which the Historical Department of Iowa joined other patri-
otic persons and associations in advocating.

House File 669 introduced by the Committee on Appro-
priations, approved April 10, 1913, as Chapter 14, provides
for the appropriate placement of the Allison Memorial and
the correction and completion of the capitol grounds.

Senate File 80, introduced by Senator Chase, approved
April 9, 1913, as Chapter 348, provides for a pension of $20.00
per month for the survivors of the Spirit Lake Expedition of
1857. The survivors availing themselves of this statute are D.
H. Baker, Tiskilwa, Illinois; Daniel Morrissey, Hamilton,
Montana; Albert H. Johnson, Monrovia, California; Charles
B. Eichards, San Diego, California, and the following resi-
dents of Iowa: Thomas B. Bonebright, Webster City; James
Hickey, Emmetsburg; A. H. Malcolm, Rolfe; John N. Max-
well, Webster City ; Guernsey Smith, Hawkeye, and Roderick
A. Smith, Okoboji.

House File 323, introduced by Representative Grout, ap-
proved April 14, 1913, as Chapter 308, repeals section 5028-a
of the Supplement to the Code of 1907 and makes the using
of the National or State flag for purposes tending to produce
contempt, a misdemeanor. This statute has been adopted by
many of our sister states, and was brought to the attention
of the Thirty-fifth General Assembly through the activities
of the Iowa officials and members of G. A. R., S. A. R. and
D. A. R.

A concurrent resolution was offered by Senator Larrabee
and adopted as follows:

Whereas, our state has no flag known as the official flag of Iowa,

Resolved by the Senate, the House concurring, that the governor,

the adjutant general, and the curator of historical collections be

and they are hereby created a commission to inquire into and report

384 ANNALS OF IOWA

to the Thirty-sixth General Assembly upon the expediency of the
adoption of an official state flag and upon the appropriateness of
the design therefor if they approve of the same.

A concurrent resolution was offered by Senator DeWolf
and adopted as follows :

Concurrent Resolution Relative to the Participation of the State
Historical Department in the Panama-Pacific International Ex-
hibition at San Francisco, California.

Whereas, the people of Iowa are conscious of the tender ties of
blood and sentiment that bind them to the people of California, and,

Whereas, in any participation of the people of Iowa with the
people of California in the opening and commercial use of the
Panama canal it may be desirable to stimulate interest in the his-
tory and traditions of our state, and

Whereas, the historical collections of the state have never been
allowed to be carried outside the state without express authority
from the General Assembly, therefore

Be it resolved by the Senate, the House concurring that the cura-
tor of historical collections be and he is hereby authorized and
directed, by and with the consent of the board of trustees of the
state historical department to prepare and ship a suitable collec-
tion of portraits, documents and object materials for use and dis-
play in connection with any exhibition or participation by or on be-
half of the state of Iowa that may be made at the Panama-Pacific
International Exhibition at San Francisco.

A NEW FLAG PROTECTION LAW.

The Thirty-fifth General Assembly enacted as Chapter 308
of its laws, House File 323, introduced by Representative
Grout at the instance of Iowa patriotic organizations and in-
dividuals. It is a statute uniform, if not identical, with those
of many of our sister states. The text of the law is as fol-
lows:

AN ACT to repeal section five thousand twenty-eight-a (5028-a) of
the supplement to the code, 1907, and to enact a substitute there-
for, relative to the prevention and punishment of the desecration,
mutilation or improper use of the flag of the United States of
America and the flag of the state of Iowa.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 385

Be it enacted ~by the General Assembly of the State of Iowa:

SECTION 1. Repeal — desecration defined. That section five
thousand twenty-eight-a (5028-a) of the supplement to the
code, 1907, be and the same is hereby repealed, and the fol-
lowing enacted in lieu thereof:

Any person, who in any manner, for exhibition, or display,
shall place or cause to be placed, any word, figure, mark, pic-
ture, design, drawing, or any advertisement of any nature,
upon any flag, standard, color or ensign of the United States
or state flag of this state, or ensign, or shall expose or cause
to be exposed to public view any such flag, standard, color or
ensign, upon which shall have been printed, painted or other-
wise placed, or to which shall be attached, appended, affixed,
or annexed, any word, figure, mark, picture, design, or draw-
ing, or any advertisement of any nature, or who shall expose
to public view, manufacture, sell, expose for sale, give away,
or have in possession for sale, or to give away, or for use for
any purpose, any article, or substance, being an article of
merchandise, or a receptacle of merchandise or article or thing
for carrying or transporting merchandise, upon which shall
have been printed, painted, attached or otherwise placed, a
representation of any such flag, standard, color or ensign, to
advertise, call attention to, decorate, mark, or distinguish, the
article, or substance, on which so placed, or who shall publicly
mutilate, deface, defile, or defy, trample upon, or cast con-
tempt, either by words or act, upon any such flag, standard,
color or ensign, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and
shall be punished by a fine not exceeding one hundred dol-
lars or by imprisonment for not more than thirty days; and
shall also forfeit a penalty of fifty dollars for each such of-
fense, to be recovered with costs in a civil action, or suit, in
any court having jurisdiction, and such action or suit may
be brought by and in the name of any citizen of this state, and
such penalty when collected, less the reasonable cost and ex-
pense of action or suit and recovery, to be certified by the
clerk of the district court of the county in which the offense
is committed, shall be paid into the county treasury for the
benefit of the school fund, and two or more penalties may be
25

386 ANNALS OP IOWA

sued for and recovered in the same action or suit. The words,
"flag, standard, color or ensign," as used in this section, shall
include any flag, standard, color, ensign, or any picture or
representation of either thereof, made of any substance or
represented on any substance, and of any size, evidently
purporting to be, either of, said flag, standard, color or en-
sign, of the United States of America, or a picture or a
representation, of either thereof, upon which shall be shown
the colors, the stars, and the stripes, in any number of either
thereof, or by which the person seeing the same, without
deliberation may believe the same to represent the flag, colors,
standard, or ensign of the United States of America.

The possession after this act takes effect, by any person
other than a public officer, as such, of any such flag, standard,
color or ensign, on which shall be anything made unlawful by
this section, or of any article or substance or thing on which
shall be anything made unlawful by this section, shall be pre-
sumptive evidence that the same is in violation of this section,
and was made, done or created after this act takes effect, and
that such flag, standard, color, ensign or article, substance,
or thing, did not exist when this act takes effect.

SEC. 2. In effect. This act shall be in full force and effect
on and after January 1st, 1914.

Approved April 14 A. D. 1913.

Miss Evelyn Beatrice Longman, who was awarded the
commission for the Allison Memorial at Des Moines, is one of
the few women sculptors who have won renown for them-
selves. Of this few, the larger proportion has come from the
West, and to this group belongs Miss Longman. Born in
Winchester, Ohio, of English parents, her earliest years were
spent amid humble surroundings, She received an ordinary
public school education and at the age of fourteen years be-
gan to earn her living in a large wholesale house in Chicago.
Inheriting a love for the artistic from her father who was a
musician and something of an artist, she used her first sav-
ings in studying drawing and painting in Olivet College,
Michigan. Here she began her first efforts in modeling. In

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 387

1899 she returned to Chicago and studied at the Art Institute
under Lorado Taft for two years. After her course there
she went to New York and worked with Hermon A. MacNeil,
Isidor Konti and as assistant in the studio of Daniel C. French.
Her first work of importance was a colossal ' ' Victory ' ' which
was placed on Festival Hall, at the Louisiana Purchase Ex-
position at St. Louis, and won a silver medal for its designer.
She has executed notable portrait busts of John Stewart
Kennedy, Col. Robert M. Thompson, J. G. Schmidlapp and
Kate Parsenow. Her work on the Foster mausoleum at
Middleburgh, New York, and the "Wells memorial and the
Storey memorial at Lowell, Massachusetts, is significant for
its virility and beauty. Another phase of her work is seen
in the magnificent bronze doors for the chapel of the United
States Naval Academy at Annapolis and the less elaborate
but equally interesting doors for the library building at
Wellesley College. Miss Longman is a member of the Na-
tional Sculpture Society and her studio is at present in New
York City, overlooking Central Park.

Mr. Henry Bacon, associate architect of the Allison Memo-
rial, is the designer of the Lincoln Memorial at' Washington,
D. C. He is a western man, born at Watseka, Illinois, Novem-
ber 28, 1866. His parents were from New England. In 1884
he spent a year in the University of Illinois, after which he
worked in the office of Chamberlin & Whidden, architects,
Boston, for three years and then in the office of McKim, Mead
& White of New York. In 1889 he won the Rotch traveling
scholarship which gave him opportunity to spend two years
abroad, studying the buildings of Italy and Greece. In 1897
he formed a partnership with James Brite which lastqd until
1903. He has practiced alone since that date and has de-
signed the architectural setting for more than sixty monu-
ments, working with Augustus Saint Gaudens, Daniel C.
French, Charles H. Niehaus, Karl Bitter and others. He has
also designed the public library at Paterson, New Jersey, the
general hospital at Waterbury, Connecticut, and other public
buildings.

388 ANNALS OP IOWA

INTERPRETATION OF THE CAPITOL GROUNDS
EXTENSION LAW.

(Concluded.)

III. In so far then as the act authorizes the issuance of warrants
or certificates in anticipation of taxes to be collected during a
biennial period and to cover any deficiency therein to meet ex-
penses incurred in executing its purposes, not exceeding $250,000,
it ought not to be denounced as inimical to the provisions of the
Constitution quoted. If the last four sections of the act were to be
construed as plaintiffs contend these should be, however, a differ-
ent conclusion would necessarily follow. They say that these au-
thorize the executive council to anticipate the taxes to be levied
during the entire ten years amounting in the aggregate to over
$2,200,000, $1,200,000 of which must be collected after the first
biennial period. Were it to be so construed, the limit of $250,000
might be exceeded, and unless the principle which governed in
Swanson v. City of Ottumwa, 118 Iowa, 161, 91 N. W. 1048, 59 L.
R. A. 620, shall obtain, this would be in violation of section 2 of
article 7 of the Constitution. There, the city was authorized to
levy a tax annually for a series of years out of which to create
a sinking fund for the purpose of the purchase or erection of a
system of waterworks, and, in order to meet the present cost, to
create a specific fund, by issuing bonds payable only from said
sinking fund, from which and the sinking fund on hand to pay the
contract price for the erection and completion of said system of
waterworks. For the payment of these bonds with interest "shall
be pledged the entire proceeds of the two mills sinking fund tax,"
"and so much of the proceeds of the water rates and rentals col-
lected from consumers and of the water tax * * * as shall not
be needed for maintenance and operation, repairs and proper and
necessary extensions, additions and improvements of said water-
works." The plan was approved by a vote of the electors, a contract
entered into, and the city was about to issue bonds such as con-
templated, when suit was instituted to enjoin the issuance of the
bonds for that, as was claimed, the indebtedness of the city then
equalled the constitutional limit and such bonds would create a
debt within the meaning of section 3, art. 11, of the Constitution,
declaring that "no county or other political or municipal corpora-
tion shall be allowed to become indebted in any manner, or for
any purpose, to an amount in the aggregate, exceeding five per

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 389

centum on the value of the taxable property within such county
or corporation." On great consideration, the bonds were held not to
create a "debt" such as contemplated in the above section; the
court, after an exhaustive review of the authorities, saying: "Were
we to give the word 'debt' the broad significance that some of the
authorities would justify, we should destroy the corporate life and
efficiency of every municipality which reached the allowed limit
of indebtedness. But the construction we give it has strong sup-
port in the decisions of the courts of other states, is in strict line
with the opinion we have heretofore frequently expressed, and pre-
serves the integrity of the Constitution according to its evident
meaning and intent, while entailing no disastrous consequences to
the city or to its citizens. The right of a city to construct and
own works of public utility, if such rights exist, is one of great im-
portance, and should not be embarrassed or rendered nugatory by
strained or technical construction of the Constitution or of the
statutes. Its importance is not so much in the fact that public
ownership is in itself wise or desirable (concerning which there
may be much difference of opinion) as in the fact that with such
power in reserve municipalities are placed in position to deal with
private owners on equal terms, and avoid vexations which their
helplessness might otherwise invite."

That case is readily distinguishable from that now before us. After
the bonds were issued and the system of waterworks purchased or
erected, the municipality would have no escape from the levy and
collection of the taxes stipulated and the application thereof to the
satisfaction of the bonds and interest. In this case, however, the
action of one General Assembly is not binding on its successor un-
less so declared in the fundamental law, and, though the Thirty-
Fifth General Assembly did enact these statutes relating to the ex-
tension of the state capitol grounds, the succeeding General As-
semblies are in no manner inhibited from repealing them. Indeed,
it will be within the power of the next General Assembly, or any of
its successors, if so disposed, not only to repeal chapter 14 of the
acts of the Thirty-Fifth General Assembly in its entirety but to dis-
pose of the property acquired thereunder. It is said that the hold-
ers of the certificates or warrants take that risk, as these are pay-
able only from the taxes provided in the act. But this is so with
every state debt. Though the debt created may constitute a legal
obligation, no remedy exists for its enforcement, unless possibly
held by another state except as the state may permit, and necessari-
ly the holder must rely upon payment at the option of the state
from the only resource available, i. e., taxation. State v. Young,
20 Minn. 474, 9 N. W. 737. Being nonenforceable, such a debt is
akin to a moral obligation, and, though condemned as in violation
of good morals and as against sound public policy, no one has ever

390 ANNALS OP IOWA

questioned the power of a state to repudiate its debts. A subse-
quent Legislature might repeal chapter 14, and this would leave the
certificate without a fund from which to be paid; but it is scarcely
conceivable that, after having received the proceeds of the certifi-
cates and made use of its own purposes the state would deem the
denial of any obligation to repay as consistent with the honor and
integrity of a great people. Moreover, section 5 of article 7 of the
Constitution prescribes how a debt exceeding $250,000 shall be creat-
ed and paid: (1) For some single work or object; (2) to be paid
with interest from an annual tax within 20 years; and (3) applied
only thereon. The particular method of creating a fund out of
which the state debt, authorized by a vote of the people, shall be
paid, is precisely like that contemplated in this act and approved
in the Swanson Case. The only possible distinction between the
statutory method of providing for the payment of municipal bonds
and the constitutional method of providing for the payment of a
state debt, voted by a majority of the people, is that, under the
former, the bonds are expressly made payable from the sinking
fund created by the levy and collection of the taxes authorized only
while under the latter the limitation of payment therefrom only is
plainly to be implied. The Constitution having particularly pre-
scribed the manner of raising a revenue out of which a debt of the
state shall be satisfied, an obligation for an object such as defined in
the Constitution and to be discharged as therein directed ought not
to be denominated as other than a debt of the state.

Nor do we find the weight of authority otherwise. Section 10 of
article 7 of the Constitution of New York, though differing some,
is in substance like section 2 of article 7, and is in words follow-
ing: "The state may, to meet casual deficits or failures in reve-
nues, or for expenses not provided for, contract debts, but such
debts, direct and contingent, singly or in the aggregate,
shall not at any time, exceed one million of dollars; and the
money arising from the loans creating such debts, shall be ap-
plied to the purpose for which they were obtained, or to repay the
debt so contracted, and to no other purpose whatever." Section 12,
art. 7, Const. 1846 (section 4, art. 7, Const. 1894) is, in all essential
particulars, like section 5 of our article 7, and the Court of Appeals,
in Newell v. People, 7 N. Y. 11, declared an act authorizing the crea-
tion of a fund by the sale of canal revenue certificates for the en-
largement and completion of the Erie, Genesee Valley, and Black
River Canals and the payment of these from revenue to be derived
from taxation during 21 years void as creating a debt in excess of
the limitation contained in the section quoted.

Article 12 of the Constitution of North Dakota declares that "the
state may, to meet casual deficits, or failure in revenue, or in case
of extraordinary emergencies, contract debts but such debts shall
never in the aggregate exceed the sum of two hundred thousand

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 391

dollars," with provisions like those contained in sections 4 and 5
of article 7 of our Constitution following. In State v. McMillan, 12
N. D. 280, 96 N. W. 310, the Supreme Court of that state, speaking
through Young, C. J., declared an act of the Legislature authorizing
the issuance of bonds for the construction of school buildings and
payable in the future out of funds derived from the sale of lands set
apart for the schools of a state debt and, as that outstanding
equalled the limit fixed by the Constitution, the act was held to be
in violation thereof; the court following Newell v. People, supra.

Section 5 of article 9 of the Constitution of Minnesota reads: "For
the purpose of defraying ordinary expenditures, the state may con-
tract public debts, but such debts shall never, in the aggregate, ex-
ceed $250,000; every such debt shall be authorized by law, for some
single object, to be distinctly specified therein; and no such law shall
take effect until it shall have been passed by the vote of two thirds of
the members of each branch of the Legislature, to be recorded by
yeas and nays on the journals of each house respectively; and every
such law shall levy a tax annually sufficient to pay the annual in-
terest of such debt, and also a tax sufficient to pay the principal
of such debt within ten years from the final passage of such law,
and shall specially appropriate the proceeds of such taxes to the
payment of such principal and interest; and such appropriation
and taxes shall not be repealed, postponed or diminished, until the
principal and interest of such debt shall have been wholly paid."
In Brown v. Ringdal, 109 Minn. 6, 122 N. W. 469, the Supreme Court
of that state upheld an act authorizing the issuance of interest-bear-
ing certificates of indebtedness, as funds were needed for the con-
struction of a new state prison costing $2,250,000, said certificates
to be payable out of a fund produced by the levy and collection of
taxes amounting to $225,000 per year, following Flecten v. Lamber-
ton, 69 Minn. 187, 72 N. W. 65, the court saying: "Counsel for
plaintiff differentiates the Lamberton Case by the fact that no cer-
tificates of indebtedness were there Authorized to be issued, and
earnestly insists that this feature of the act under consideration
renders it wholly void. We are unable to concur in this claim. The
certificates in and of themselves create no indebtedness against the
state. On the contrary, they are mere evidence of the holder's
right to demand and receive 'from the State Treasurer the proceeds
of the tax authorized by the act to be levied and collected, and
known and classified as the "Prison Building Fund." ' Fairly con-
strued, the act contemplates their payment from this fund ex-
clusively, and they are not general obligations of the state. What-
ever indebtedness, if any, was created by this act, is, within the
Lamberton Case, found in the provisions thereof appropriating
$2,250,000 for the construction of the new prison and the levy of a
tax extending over a period of nine years to produce the same,
and not by the issuance of certificates indebtedness evidencing the

392 ANNALS OF IOWA

right of the holders thereof to the fund when collected. If the
certificates could be construed as creating an indebtedness against
the state payable from the general revenue fund, a different ques-
tion would be presented. But they are not. They are to be issued
in anticipation of funds provided for and appropriated, rightfully
under the Lamberton Case, and are valid only as respects that fund
when paid into the state treasury."

The majority intimate that but for the prior decision a different
conclusion might be reached, but the act considered in the former
case merely appropriated any surplus thereafter in the state
treasury and the proceeds of an annual levy of two-tenths of a mill
upon the assessed valuation of the state for not exceeding ten years
to the purchase of a site and the erection of a capitol building at a
cost of not exceeding $2,000,000. It in no manner contemplated the
creation of a debt nor authorized the revenues to be anticipated by
the issuance of evidence of debt. It might have been repealed by
any subsequent Legislature, but, of course, was the law of the state
until repealed in authorizing the levy and collection of this like
other taxes. This was pointed out by Lewis, J., in his dissenting
opinion in the Brown Case, adding: "The majority hold that the
Legislature may provide for the present capitalization of such
future conditions by issuing certificates of indebtedness to draw
interest to be sold to the public upon the assurance that the credit
of the state is behind them, and that the money will be forthcom-
ing when the certificates mature. By this arrangement the entire
amount of the tax levy is anticipated, and the amount is available
for present purposes. Thus the evidence of a present indebtedness
is furnished which may be received with confidence in the commer-
cial world."

The opinion in Flecten v. Lamberton, supra, does not disclose
that the point now being considered was involved, and as the court
in Brown v. Ringdal, supra, gave the question scant, if any, con-
sideration, the latter decision is not persuasive authority. More-
over, in that state a debt in excess of the limit may be authorized
by a two-thirds vote of the members of each House of the General
Assembly, and whether the act for the construction of the prison
was so passed does not appear.

California adopted a Constitution in 1849, article 7 of which pro-
vided that the "Legislature shall not in any manner create any
debt or debts, liability or liabilities, which shall singly, or in the
aggregate, with any previous debts or liabilities exceed the sum of
three hundred thousand dollars." Then follows an exception in case
of war, invasion, or insurrection, similar to section 4 of article 7
of our Constitution, and provisions for the creation of a debt ex-
ceeding that amount like section 5 of that article. In People v.
Pacheco, 27 Cal. 175, the Supreme Court of that state, speaking

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 393

through Sawyer, J., held an act of the Legislature, in substance
agreeing to pay the interest on $1,500,000 of bonds issued by the
Central Pacific Railway Company for a period of 20 years and direct-
ing that an annual tax of 8 cents on the $1,000 taxable property of
the state for that purpose, any deficiency to be paid from the gen-
eral fund on hand and in consideration thereof, the company under-
took to carry public messages, lunatics and convicts to and from
asylums and prisons, materials for the construction of the state
capitol, and munitions of war without other compensation. The
preamble indicated it was a war measure and the court upheld it as
such. But it also declared that, though the state was indebted be-
yond the constitutional limit, the act did create a "debt" within
the meaning of the article a part of which we have quoted. In
doing so, the court, after full consideration, concludes: "Here is a
provision for raising a fund and setting apart and appropriating it
to the payment of the interest on the bonds in question, more
specific than those in the cases of State v. McCauley, 15 Cal. 429,
McCauley v. Brooks, 16 Cal. 24, and Koppikus v. State Capitol Com-
missioners, 16 Cal. 249, because in those cases the payment was to be
made, generally, out of 'moneys in the treasury not otherwise appro-
priated,' without providing any specific fund and devoting it to that
use alone, or knowing whether or not there would in fact be any un-
appropriated moneys in the treasury at the time payments would fall
due. In this case, a specific fund is provided and set apart, to be de-
voted to the payment of the interest in question alone; and it would
seem to be more than ample for the purpose, as the tax provided for on
a sum much less than the present assessed valuation of the taxable
property in the state, would produce the required amount, and the
appropriation from the general fund will not be required until the
specific fund is exhausted, which may, and in all probability never
will, occur. For these reasons there would be even less propriety
in holding this appropriation to be a debt or liability, within the
meaning of the constitutional restriction, than those which were
the subjects of discussion in the cases cited. The Legislature has
provided a fund, and made an appropriation for the entire amount.
No further legislation is required upon the subject. Nothing fur-
ther remains to be done on the part of the state, but the ministerial
duty of collecting taxes and paying the interest out of the proceeds,
as it from year to year accrues. Of course the state cannot, without
a breach of good faith, refuse through its officers to perform this
ministerial duty."

An examination of the earlier cases relied upon discloses that,
while the contracts entered into extended beyond the time for which
taxes were available, no liability was created in excess of which
would be in the treasury to meet it. No attention was given the
thought that the scheme was like that provided in the article for
the creation of an indebtedness in excess of the amount . limited.

394 ANNALS OF IOWA

The court appears to have relied largely on State v. Medberry, 7
Ohio St. 526; but there the decision was that the state might antici-
pate the revenues to be collected within the biennial period for
which the General Assembly may authorize the levy and collection
of taxes, and, as a clause in the Constitution forbade appropriations
for more than two years, the act authorizing a contract extending
over a period of five years was denounced as invalid.

For the reasons already stated, we are not inclined to follow the
California decisions. To do so would defeat the manifest design
of the people in adopting the section of the Constitution in limiting
indebtedness the General Assembly may create. The salutary pur-
pose was to prevent mortgaging the revenues of the state in the
future, beyond a specified amount, and, if this is to be rendered, it
is quite as essential to denounce a scheme to incur a debt for the
payment of which provision is made by a scheme of taxation as a
debt to the payment of which no thought has been given. In either
event, the funds to meet the obligation must be raised by taxation,
and, in either, it is certain to be paid.

The decision in Swanson v. City of Ottumwa, supra, then is not
controlling, and, were the act to be construed as authorizing the
issuance of certificates payable from taxes levied beyond the bien-
nial period exceeding $250,000, it would have to be denounced as
inimical to section 2 of article 7 of the Constitution.

IV. The last four sections of the act then are valid, if they may
be construed as authorizing the issuance of certificates in anticipa-
tion of taxes to be levied and collected in the biennial period dur-
ing the period of such issue and for any deficiency beyond that to
meet the expenses incurred in pursuance of the first eight sections
not exceeding $250,000. If, however, the act must be construed as
conferring authority to issue certificates to cover such deficiency
in excess of such amount, the last four sections must be denounced
to be inimicable to the fundamental law. The test, as contended
by plaintiffs, is not what has been or may be done under the act,
but what is authorized to be done in pursuance thereof. As said in
City of Beatrice v. Wright, 72 Neb. 689, 101 N. W. 1039: "The vital
point to be determined is: What is authorized to be done? The
constitutional validity of the law is to be tested, not by what
possibly has been or may be done under it," but what can "be done
under and by virtue of its provisions," and in the light of the Con-
stitution. The members of the General Assembly which enacts and
the Governor who approves, a statute have sworn quite as solemnly
to support the Constitution as the members of this court and are to
be assumed to have intended to conform their conduct with such
obligation. If then two constructions are open and possible with-
out doing violence to the language of the act, one upholding the
act as not in violation of the Constitution and the other denouncing

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 395

it as inconsistent therewith, the courts should assume that the
lawmakers intended the former and so construe the language there-
of as to render it harmonious with the fundamental law. This is
in accord with the rule that only when clearly and palpably in
violation of some provision of the Constitution will a statute be
denounced as inimicable thereto.

In McCullough V.Virginia, 172 U. S. 122, 19 Sup. Ct. 138, 43 L. Ed.
382, the principle is well stated: "It is elementary law that every
statute is to be read in the light of the Constitution. However
broad and general its language, it cannot be interpreted as extend-
ing beyond those matters which it was within the constitutional
power of the Legislature to reach. It is the same rule which obtains
in the interpretation of any private contract between individuals.
That, whatever may be its words, it is always to be considered in
the light of the statute, of the law then in force, of the circum-
stances and conditions of the parties. So, although general lan-
guage was introduced into the statute of 1871, it is not to be read as
reaching to matters in respect to which the Legislature had no con-
stitutional power, but only as to those matters within its control
and if there were, as it seems there were, certain special taxes and
dues which under the existing provisions of the state Constitution
could not be affected by legislative action, the statute is to be read
as though it in terms excluded them from its operation."

Again, in Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. Co. v. Kentucky, 179 U. S. 388,
394, 21 Sup. Ct. 103, 45 L. Ed. 244: "Indeed, we are by no means
satisfied that the Court of Appeals did not give the correct con-
struction to this statute in limiting its operations to domestic com-
merce. It is scarcely courteous to impute to a Legislature the enact-
ment of a law which it knew to be unconstitutional, and if it were
settled that a separate coach law was unconstitutional, as applied
to interstate commerce, the law applying on its face to all passen-
gers should be limited to such as the Legislature were competent
to deal with. The Court of Appeals has found such to be the in-
tention of the General Assembly in this case, or, at least, that if
such were not its intention, the law may be supported as applying
alone to domestic commerce. In thus holding the act to be sever-
able, it is laying down a principle of construction from which there
is no appeal."

Reverting to the terms of the act, it will be noted that, from the
capitol grounds and extension fund, the executive council may
purchase the lands included in the plat "from time to time, with-
in said period" (section 2) "on option or contracts or any other
way which said council may deem expedient * * * at any time
within said period of ten years" (section 4). When the several
tracts are to be acquired for the state is entirely within the dis-
cretion of the executive council. "For the purpose of accom-

396 ANNALS OP IOWA

plishing the earliest possible completion of the work contem-
plated herein and the carrying out the plan provided for in this
act, the executive council may anticipate the collection of the taxes
here authorized, * * * may issue interest-bearing warrants or
certificates" payable from the contemplated fund "each running not
more than ten years." Section 9. The executive council may but is
not bound to complete the work at the earliest moment. It may
but is not bound to issue certificates. If it so elects, the
entire ten years may be taken within which to acquire the
land. Even if it should elect to purchase all of that
included in the plat, not owned by the state, immediately the evi-
dence is without dispute, that this can be accomplished from the
funds available from the taxes to be levied and collected for the
years 1913 and 1914 together with the proceeds of certificates not
exceeding $250,000 in amount. Surely then the act ought not to
be construed as authorizing the creation of a "debt" in excess of
the limitation contained in section 2 of article 7 of the Constitu-
tion. Even if this would not suffice, it is not to be assumed that
the executive council would issue certificates exceeding such limit.
Every act of the General Assembly is to be read in the light
of the Constitution, and the limitations contained therein are
as effective as though written into the legislative act. The judici-
ary is not the only department of government upon which the duty
of observing and obeying the provisions of the Constitution de-
volves. Each of the other departments, legislative and executive,
are under precisely the same obligation to know these and obey,
and it ought not to be said that such obligation rests more light-
ly on the one than on the other. All are representatives of the
people with different functions to perform, and though the courts
are by the Constitution itself made the final arbitrators, in con-
struing its terms and interpreting its meaning, it is never to
be lost sight of that, until the contrary appears beyond reasonable
doubt, the courts will proceed on the theory that the legislative
and executive departments have obeyed its commands and will
yield to its injunctions. With the wisdom or expediency of legis-
lation, the courts as such have no concern. Their duty is to con-
strue, apply, and interpret the law, not to enact it, and in so do-
ing we conclude that, when construed in connection with the provi-
sions of the Constitution, the act under consideration cannot be
said to authorize the executive council to violate any of its pro-
visions, and, in our opinion, the district court erred in construing
any portion of the act as unconstitutional.
Reversed. All the Judges concur.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 397

NOTABLE DEATHS

GEORGE W. CROSLEY was born in New Haven, Ohio, March 4, 1839;
he died at Webster City, Iowa, December 27, 1913. When he was
four years of age his parents emigrated to Illinois wlhere he grew
to manhood. In 1856 they removed to Story county, Iowa, where
he assisted his father in cultivating a farm now within the limits
of Ames. Two years later he removed to Nevada where he re-
mained until the outbreak of the Civil war. On May 21, 1861, he
enlisted in Company E, Third Iowa Volunteer Infantry and served
throughout the war, participating in many important engagements.
He was promoted to Major of his regiment and was brevetted
Colonel for meritorious service. At the close of the war he located
in Webster City where he engaged in the mercantile business. He
was postmaster during Grant's administration, and a commercial
traveler for some time. In 1879 he was elected sheriff and by ire-
election served two terms. In 1884 he was appointed warden of the
Iowa penitentiary at Ft. Madison and filled that position for six
years. Returning to Webster City he served six years as member
of the city 'council. In 1907 he began his work on tlhe Roster Board
whidh prepared the roster of all Iowa soldiers under the direction
of the Thirty-second General Assembly. Colonel Crosley was ap-
pointed secretary of the Board and for more than four years spent
practically all his time in that work, -preparing the historical
sketches and compiling and revising the records.

IRVIN ST. CLARE PEPPER was born in Davis county, Iowa, June 10,
1S76; he died at Clinton, December 22, 1913. He was the youngest
of a family of nine children and worked on his father's farm in
summer and attended school in winter until he was seventeen years
old, when he entered the Southern Iowa Normal School at Bloomr
field, graduating therefrom in 1897. He taught rural scfhools for a
few years and then became principal for three years of the Atalissa
schools. In 1901 he became principal of the Washington school at
Muscatine and served two years. In the summer of 1902 he began
the study of law at the summer school of Drake University, Des
Moines. In 1903 he went to Washington as secretary to Congress-
man Martin J. Wade, and in addition to his work as secretary he
completed in the first year at the capital his first and second year
law courses. The next year he took the senior course and gradu-
ated in 1905 from the Washington University with the degree of
LL. B. He returned to Muscatine and became a member of the
law firm of Carskaddan, Bruk and Pepper. He was nominated
county attorney by the Democratic party in 1906, was elected, and
served two terms. After a short, decisive campaign he was elected
Representative in the Sixty-second Congress from the second Iowa
district, and re-elected for a second term. Congressman Pepper was
conspicuous in his defense of administration policies. He made great
effort to better the condition of the militia and aid the Federal ar-
senal at Rock Island, and was always interested in the biological sta-
tion and clam hatchery at Fairport. Probably the most conspicuous

398 ANNALS OF IOWA

honor that came to him during his service at Washington was his
election as secretary of the Democratic Congressional Committee.

JOSEPH M. JUNKIN was born in Fairfield, Iowa, April 8, 1852; he
died at Red Oak, October 11, 1913. He received his early education
in the public schools of Fairfield and Red Oak and graduated from
the law school of the State University of Iowa in 1879. Returning
to Red Oak he became associated in the practice of law with Horace
E. Deemer, and this partnership continued until 1887 when Mr.
Ueemer became district judge. After practicing some years alone,
he formed a partnership with Mr. Ralph Pringle which lasted until
his death. He was a Republican and was always active in politics.
He was <?ity attorney from 1880 to 1884. He was elected State
Senator from the Mills-Montgomery district in 1896 and served
through the Twenty-sixth, Twenty-sixth Extra, Twenty-seventh,
Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth General Assemblies. He was a
member of the code revision committee during the extra session of
1897 and chairman of the committee on ways and means in the
Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth General Assemblies.

SAMUEL A. ROBERTSOX was born in Preble county, Ohio, December
23, 1835; he died at Des Moines, December 9, 1913. He was educated
in the district schools of Preble county and later in the Dayton
schools. At the age of fourteen years he was apprenticed as a
bricklayer and served a three years' term. His first contract on his
own responsibility was the erection of a roundhouse and shops for
the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati Railroad Company and the
Indianapolis & Bellefontaine Railway, which was successfully carried
out. He removed to Des Moines in 1856 and obtained employment
on the old Savery, now the Kirkwood Hotel. This was the begin-
ning of his work as contractor and builder in Des Moines which
continued until his death. He v,Tas contractor for the remodeling of
the postoffice and supplied part of the stone for the State capitol. In
1878 he became a member of the city council and was largely respon-
sible for the extensive sewerage system of Des Moines. He opened
and developed large quarries and lime kilns at Earlham and in
1890 organized the Des Moines Brick Manufacturing Company. He
served for several years as president of the Iowa National Bank
and as president of the Royal Union Life Insurance Company.

EDWIX BALDWIN STIILMAN was born in New Haven, Connecticut,
October 4, 1837; he died at Riceville, Iowa, November 16, 1913. He
attended for some years the academy at Nassau, New York, but was
thrown on his own resources at the early age of fourteen years. He
went west to Ohio, and after a month's apprenticeship to a black-
smith, gave up that work and in 1852 entered the office of the
Summit County Beacon at Akron. In 1856 he removed with his
employer to Iowa City, Iowa, and for two years worked on the
Iowa City Republican. At the expiration of that time he again re-
moved with his employer, this time to Des Moines, and for several
years was foreman of the Register office and (had charge of the State
printing. In 1863 he founded the Sioux City Journal at Sioux City.
In 1866 he removed to Chicago and established a job printing office,
remaining there fifteen years. The great Chicago fire caused him
serious losses. In 1880 he purchased a flouring mill at Waucoma,

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 399

Iowa, which he operated for four years. In 1884, he removed to
Jefferson and purchased the Jefferson Bee which he conducted, first
alone and afterward in partnership with his sons until a few years
ago. The last years of his life have been spent in travel and well-
earned rest. For almost thirty years he was a strong factor in the
religious, social and political life of his community. The Jefferson
.Bee under his management gained high rank among weekly news-
papers. As. a stump speaker Mr. Stillman was earnest, forceful and
logical and did much to mould the public opinion upon tlhe political
questions of his day.

CHARLES RUSH BENEDICT was born in Bedford county, Pennsyl-
vania, October 27, 1853; he died at Shelby, Iowa, August 25, 1913.
He received his early education in the schools of Fort Littleton and
Berlin, Pennsylvania. In 1876 he removed to Iowa, settling in Shelby
county in September of that year, becoming closely identified with
the interests of that county. He was director in the Shelby Lumber
Company and the Shelby Independent Telephone Company, a direc-
tor of the Methodist hospital in Des Moines and a trustee of Simpson
College at Indianola. Mr. Benedict was prominent in political af-
fairs, serving as chairman of the Shelby county Republican central
committee for a number of terms and being his party's candidate
for representative and state senator at different times. In 1896 he
went to Des Moines as private secretary to H. W. Byers, Speaker
of the House of Representatives, and acted in that capacity for two
sessions, in one of which the code was revised. In 1902 he was
made Chief Clerk of the House of Representatives and was re-
elected, serving for seven consecutive sessions, becoming known
throughout the State and referred to as an authority on all points
of parliamentary procedure.

CHARLES ALBERT CARPENTER was born in Louisa county, Iowa,
January 12, 1864; he died at his home in Columbus Junction, Octo-
ber 5, 1913. His early education was received in the Louisa county
rural schools and later at Columbus Junction and the academy at
Towa City. He graduated from the law department of the State
University of Iowa in 1884 at twenty years of age and was admitted
to the bar the next year. He served as city attorney and for three
terms as mayor of Columbus Junction. He was elected to the State
Senate before he was thirty years of age and represented Louisa
and Muscatine counties in the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twen-
ty-sixth Extra General Assemblies. In the Twenty-sixth General As-
sembly he was chairman of the committee on code revision which
revised the code of 1873. In 1904 he was delegate to the Repub-
lican national convention which nominated President Roosevelt. In
1906 he allowed the use of his name as Republican candidate for
congress but did nothing to promote his candidacy. In 1912 he
took charge of the Progressive Republican campaign in his district
and was an earnest supporter of Mr. Cummins and Mr. Kenyon in
their candidacies for United States Senator. Mr. Carpenter ranked
as one of the foremost lawyers and business men of southeastern
Iowa.

CHESTER CICERO COLE was born in Oxford, Chenango county, New
York, June 24, 1824; he died at Des Moines, October 4, 1913. He
attended the public schools and academy at Oxford until thirteen
years of age and then for five years acted as clerk in a store. He

400 ANNALS OF IOWA

read law in the office of Judge Balcom, entered Harvard Law School
at the age of twenty-one and completed the course in 1848. He re-
moved to Marion, Kentucky, was admitted to the bar of Crittenden
county and during his stay of nine years gained a high reputation in
criminal law. In 1857 'he located in Des Moines where he main-
tained his residence until his death. In 1859 he was nominated
by the Democratic convention for Associate Justice of the Supreme
Court and in 1860 was nominated for Representative in Congress
but was defeated by General Samuel R. Curtis. At the outbreak
of the Civil war he allied himself with the Union men in support of
the Government and left the Democratic party. He gave strong
support to the candidacy of William M. Stone for governor on the
Republican ticket. In March, 1864, in recognition of (his labor in
behalf of the Union, Governor Stone appointed him an Associate
Justice of the Supreme Court. He was re-elected in October and
served on the Supreme Bench for twelve years, acting as Chief
Justice in 1870. The degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by
Iowa College at Grinnell in that year. In 1876 he resigned from
the Bench to resume the practice of law. With Judge George G.
Wright, his court associate, he organized the Iowa Law School at
Des Moines, which, in 1868, was merged with the Law Department
of the State University of Iowa, Judge Wright and Judge Cole re-
maining the law lecturers. Judge Cole continued this service for
ten years. At the expiration of that service he founded the Iowa
College of Law at Des Moines of which he became dean. It was
associated with Drake University in 1881. In 1907 :he received from
the Carnegie Foundation an allowance of $1,280.00 a year in recog-
nition of his forty-two years service as a teacher of law. He retired
from teaching at the age of eighty-three years and was made dean
emeritus of Drake University. He continued this law practice until
he was eighty-seven years of age.

O «-

ANNALS OF IOWA.

VOL. XI, No. 6. DES MOINES, IOWA, JULY, 1914. 3D SERIES

FOUNDATION OF MODERN GEOLOGIC SCIENCE IN

AMERICA.

BY CHARLES KEYES.

For permitting Iowa to furnish the foundation stones of
modern science in the New World the Fates appear mainly
responsible. Just a hundred years ago this work was accom-
plished. In several respects its bearings are more than state-
wide. In the history of American geology it assumes national
import and far-reaching influence. In the history of that
science the circumstances surrounding the earliest discoveries
within the limits of our State are worthy of special record and
attention.

The scientific discoveries to which I allude were made in
Iowa-land before Iowa was a State, before she was a territory,
before she was hardly a part of the United States. It was
in the earliest springtime of the last century, when our
Nation was yet new, when the region was still remote and
unknown, and when even the land itself was yet to receive
its name.

For several reasons this pioneer scientific work is of ex-
ceptional historic interest. It was the first time that modern
geological principles were successfully applied in this coun-
try. It was, up to the time, the boldest stroke at uni-
versal correlation of geological formations ever attempted by
geologists. It was the first definite recognition of the two
greatest geologic formations found on our continent. It was
the first chronologic comparison of American Carbonic rocks
with those of the typical locality in the Old World. It fur-
nished the basis for all subsequent investigations of the mid-
continental. region. It gave rise to a host of perplexing prob-
lems many of which are still unsolved. Where else in all the
26

402 ANNALS OF IOWA

world have not the echoes of a century-long discussion long
since died away ? Singular is it that our Iowa should be the
pivotal point.

When in England about a century ago, earth-study was
made a modern science through William Smith's famous
geologic discovery that the relative age and natural sequence
of rock-layers were susceptible of accurate determination by
means of the contained organic remains, America very early
and from a wholly unexpected quarter furnished important
aid in support of the newly-established principles. The cir-
cumstances were long since all but forgotten. In the few
casual references made to them in later years either their
importance was misunderstood or familiarity with the at-
tendant conditions was entirely wanting. As the first suc-
cessful application of modern geological principles in the
New World the episode must ever remain of great historic
interest.

Singularly, this primal American effort to correlate by
their faunal contents geologic formations widely separated
geographically, was not made in that portion of our continent
which was most accessible and where it was most natural to
expect it — that is, along the well-settled Atlantic border —
but it was in the then remotest section of the Upper Mis-
sissippi valley. First fruits of research and observation were
obtained in a region which was then perfect wilderness, but
which now forms part of the great and populous State of
Iowa. Moreover, these remarkable observations were made
within a decade of the time when the novel method was
originally announced in England. They antedated by fifteen
years Samuel Morton's similar effort on the Tertiaries of
OUT- Atlantic coast, commonly regarded as the maiden attempt
in America along these lines. By two decades they were in
advance of the first work of that pioneer American paleon-
tologist, Lardner Vanuxem. They anticipated by a full gen-
eration the famous investigations of Thomas Conrad and
James Hall in New York. Indeed they were the means of
actually and correctly interpreting the true position and biotic
relations of the Carbonic rocks of the continental interior a

MODERN GEOLOGIC SCIENCE IN AMERICA 403

half century before their geologic age was otherwise generally
admitted. The Mississippian limestones, as the rocks are now
called, remain today as compact and as sharply delimited a
sequence of geologic terranes as they appeared when first
recognized in that memorable summer of the year 1809.

This successful use in America of fauna! criteria for pur-
poses of solving problems of geologic correlation and of iden-
tifying geological formations was the first real ray of modern
light to penetrate the stratigraphic darkness shrouding the
New World. The happy application of these criteria was due
directly to the keen scientific perception and peculiar reason-
ing of one who was never known as a geologist at all, but who
was raised to fame through a wholly different channel of
scientific activity. This truly remarkable personage was
Thomas Nuttall, botanist.

Nuttall's extensive travels in America were undertaken
chiefly in the interests of his monumental works on North
American plants and of his valuable contributions to Ameri-
can ornithology. On his first great trip, after traversing the
southern shore of Lake Erie, and coasting by canoe Lakes
Huron and Michigan, he entered Green bay, and, following to
the "West that famous all-water route which the Indians had
used from time immemorial, ascended Fox river to the
portage to the Wisconsin river, down which stream he floated
to its mouth, near Prairie du Chien, thence down the Mis-
sissippi river to St. Louis, Subsequent trips took him far up
the Missouri and Arkansas rivers.

On his Mississippi venture, besides garnering great quan-
tities of interesting plants and taking voluminous notes on
the birds, he appears to have made extensive collections of
the fossils which he found along his path abundantly scat-
tered through the limestones which in high cliffs bordered
both sides of the great stream. In the course of his explana-
tions of the geologic features of the region through which he
passed, Nuttall naively notes that he is "fully satisfied that
almost every fossil shell figured and described in the Petri-
facta Derliensia of Martin was to be found throughout the
great calcareous platform of Secondary rocks exposed in the

404 ANNALS OP IOWA

eastern Mississippi valley." Thus by means of fossils he
parallels these limestones of the Mississippi river with the
Mountain limestone of the Pennine range, in Derbyshire,
England, to which, several years later, Conybeare gave the
title of Carboniferous.

Along the Mississippi river, as we now know, Nuttall really
encountered little else than rocks of Early Carbonic age, so
that his identifications of the fossils were doubtless, with very
few exceptions, correct. Moreover, at this date and for some
time afterward, the- lower portions of the exposed strati-
graphic sections, it must be remembered, were entirely un-
differentiated, the great sequence of older beds which were
subsequently separated from one another being jumbled to-
gether under the title of the Transition group. It was not
until more than a quarter of a century later that out of them,
in Britain, Murchison and Sedgwick established the Cam-
brian, Silurian and Devonian systems.

Another important geologic correlation is to be credited to
Xuttall. On his journey up the Missouri river, in 1810, which
he undertook with John Bradbury,1 a Scotch naturalist, he
reached the Mandan villages on the upper reaches of that
stream. He makes especial mention of the Omaha village
situated below the mouth of the Big Sioux river. A short
distance upstream from the last-mentioned point he exam-
ined strata which, by means of their fossils presumably, he
referred to the Chalk division of the Floetz, or Secondary
rocks of northern France and southern England. This is
the earliest definite recognition of beds of Cretacic age in
America. It preceded by a decade and a half the separation
by John Finch, of the newer Secondary rocks from the Ter-
tiary section in the Atlantic states, and Lardner Vanuxem's
and Samuel Morton's references of the same deposits to the
Cretaceous age. Thus, also, was another great succession of
one of our main geologic periods discovered in a then remote
part of our continent years before it was recognized in the
East.

^Travels in interior of America in 180D-1S11, London, 1817.

MODERN GEOLOGIC SCIENCE IN AMERICA 405

At the mouth of the Big Sioux river Nuttall fell in with
an old trapper who described to him the great falls which
blocked navigation at a distance of one hundred miles up
that stream, and who told him of the famous Indian pipe-
stone quarries beyond.

The analogy established by Nuttall between the general
Carbonic section of Iowa and the Upper Mississippi valley
and that of northern England was one of the important geo-
logic discoveries in America. Its great significance was
pointed out by Owen a couple of decades later. Its historical
value grows with the advancing years. In the final recogni-
tion of a standard Carbonic section for this continent the se-
quence displayed in the Mississippi basin must prevail, since
it is now generally conceded that the Appalachian succession
of strata can never be considered as the typical development.

So conspicuously botanical in character are Nuttall's serv-
ices to science that one can but wonder under what circum-
stances he could have obtained his keen insight into matters
geological. Elias Durand said of him immediately after his
death: "No other explorer of the botany of North America
has personally made more discoveries ; no writer on American
plants, except perhaps Asa Gray, has described more new
genera and species. Lists of his published memoirs and pa-
pers quite generally omit all reference to his recorded geo-
logical observations, probably because their importance would
hardly be appreciated by writers in other fields of science.
In the present connection our main interest centers on the
transplanting so early to the interior of the American con-
tinent of William Smith's novel ideas concerning fossils.
Brief reference to some of the early events in Nuttall's life
seems to offer a clue.

Nuttall was born in Yorkshire, England, in the Mountain
limestone belt and near the scene of Martin's labors on the
Carbonic fossils of Derbyshire. He was early apprenticed
to the printer's trade and after a few years removed to
London. There he followed his trade until at the age of
twenty-two years he set out for America, in 1808. He ap-
pears to have been a printer of the Benjamin Franklin order,

406 ANNALS OF IOWA

since while engaged at his trade he became proficient in the
knowledge of the sciences, Greek and Latin and kindred sub-
jects. During the period of six or seven years that he was
in London he seems to have made the acquaintance of a num-
ber of the scientific men of the day. At least it is probable
that at this time he acquired some familiarity with Smith's
discoveries which were at that date attracting wide attention
from English scientists. It is also quite possible that Nuttall
gained much of his scientific information through setting up
the types for those very memoirs which have since become
geologic classics. It is not unlikely also that he even met
Smith, since the latter is known to have been often in London
at that time and to have taken up his permanent residence
there several years before the printer-naturalist left his
native country.

At any rate Nuttall had been in America scarcely a year
before he was putting his geological knowledge to test. His
familiarity with Martin's Pctrifacta Derbicnsia and Smith's
principles clearly indicates that he must certainly have ac-
quired his information at least several years previous. Then,
too. his acquaintance with that pioneer American geologist,
AVilliam McClure, for twenty years president of the American
Philosophical Society at this period should not escape notice.
Two other papers, partly geological in nature but chiefly min-
eral ogieal in character, 011 the rocks and minerals of Hoboken
and of Sparta, New Jersey, and the many keen observations
on the rocks recorded in his journal of a trip from Philadel-
phia to Pittslrarg, attest his unusual intimacy with matters
in geology.

Notwithstanding the fact that the brief memoir2 which
Thomas Nuttall published on Iowa-land and the contiguous
regions was the only one which he seems ever to have printed
on strictly geological subjects, so important are the principles
set forth for the first time in this single, simple, short con-
tribution to the literature of American terranal correlation
that it places its author in the front rank among pioneer
geologists, not only of Iowa, but of our country. Although

-Observations on Geological Structure of Mississippi Valley; Jour. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Vol. II, pp. 14-52, Philadelphia, 1821.

MODERN GEOLOGIC SCIENCE IN AMERICA 407

one of the foremost botanists of his day and an ornithologist
of world-wide reputation, his great service in first pointing
out by method arid by means the fundamental concepts of
modern historical geology in America should not be forgotten.

REMOVAL OF THE POTTAWATTAMIES.

The following account of the gathering of the Pottawatamy
tribe of Indians for removal furnishes an interesting picture
of frontier scenes. It is from the Logansport, la., Telegraph
of the 15th ultimo:

A small military force left Logansport on Wednesday, the
29th August, and having been reinforced on the route, reached
the Indian chapel on Twin Lakes, in Marshall county, about
11 o'clock on Thursday. Here the principal chiefs with sev-
eral other Indians were found and surrounded to prevent their
escape. General Tipton then held a council with those present,
and four chiefs appearing somewhat refractory, were taken
and placed under guard in one of the rooms of the building
which had been occupied as a chapel. The Indians present
were then told that they must prepare to emigrate — that in
'three days they must be ready to go West; that they need
not hope to remain on the lands which they occupied, for
they would be compelled to leave them. They were further
told that wagons would be provided to convey their furniture
and utensils into camp, to be carried for them to their homes
in the West ; that their cornfields should be appraised by dis-
interested persons, and that they (the Indians) should receive
the amount of their valuation ; that the Government would fur-
nish them with provisions and clothing and farming utensils
for the term of one year from and after their arrival upon
the lands assigned to them beyond the Mississippi ; that they
would not again be compelled to remove and that the Govern-
ment would protect them in their new homes.

Parties of dragoons were then dispatched in different direc-
tions with orders to bring the various bands of Indians into
camp. The dragoons were also ordered to treat the Indians
kindly, to preserve their moveable property and to burn their
wigwams. * * * *

The encampment occupied a space about one hundred yards
square upon the banks of the Twin Lakes. This area was
almost completely filled with Indian tents, ponies, pigs, public
officers, dogs, cats,, sentinels, wagons, &c. Throughout the whole
proceedings great decision, energy and activity were dis-
played, accompanied By very little if any cruelty — that is,
viewing the whole as a matter of settled national policy. —
Albany, N. Y.—The Jeffersonian, Nov. 10, 1838.

408 ANNALS OF IOWA

SOME ADDITIONAL MATERIALS ON THE SPIRIT
LAKE MASSACRE.

[When the memorial tablet in the Hamilton county courthouse
and the monument at Lake Okoboji were respectively erected, ma-
terials upon the Spirit Lake massacre and on the various attendant
features were extensively published. Prom time to time thereafter
we have received materials adding somewhat to the record. We
herewith present contributions on three phases of the subject.

The first is a paper prepared by Prof. O. C. Howe at the time of
the dedication of the monument. Professor Howe was one of the
party of four who discovered the victims and carried the report
back to Fort Dodge.

' The second is a communication from Mr. R. A. Smith of the
relief expedition, who explains the division of the party in the face
of a hazard from which Captain Johnson and Mr. Burkholder lost
their lives.

The third is a memorandum of the founder of the Historical
Department upon his labors in connection with the commemoration
of the service of Hamilton County men on the relief expedition,
rather more frankly told than as published in the ANNALS during
his life.— EDITOR.]

THE DISCOVERY OF THE SPIRIT LAKE MASSACRE.
BY ORLANDO C. HOWE.

On the 15th1 day of March, 1857, our party, consisting of
Robert Wheelock, B. F. Parmenter, C. Snyder and 0. C.
Howe, after a tedious trip of more than three Aveeks, came
in sight of the beautiful lakes in Dickinson County, Iowa.
AVe had been exposed to the storms of that terrible winter
and apparently had reached the promised land. The weather
in the afternoon had softened, the clouds vanished for a time,
and the shining sun over these groves seemed like a Avelcome.
Our point of view was from the highlands east of the southern
point of the Okoboji groves.

Mr. Wheelock and I had been at the lakes in the preceding
fall for a week or more, leaving on the last day of November,
1856. While there, we stayed at the cabin of Joel Howe and
selected for a town site a tract near the southwesterly shore

'Mr. Smith's article following gives the date as the 16th, and that
date corresponds with Mr. Howe's account of each day's happenings until
they reached Ft. Dodge. — Ed.

ON THE SPIRIT LAKE MASSACRE 409

of Spirit Lake and extending south nearly to the present town
of Spirit Lake. We examined the country adjacent, and
easily found a sufficient number of claims for a large settle-
ment. While we were there, two Indians came to Mr. Howe 's
cabin, one of them morose and silent, while the other, being
able to talk English and very friendly, was very playful with
the children.

Two days before we left, wishing to know more about the
outlines of Spirit Lake, I started in the afternoon to go
around the lake on horseback and visit the camp where the
Indian said there were about a hundred of his people. I in-
tended, if they wished it, to stay over night, but if they acted
so as to give rise to suspicion of their honesty, to go around
to Mr. Marble's cabin, the only one then on that lake. On
arriving at the camp, my acquaintance of the day before
greeted me kindly and I had, by his interpretation, a little
talk with his people and was urged to stay in their camp.
They pointed out the fact that the snow was falling lightly,
admired my horse, as well as myself, and it seemed best for
me to make the acquaintance of Mr. Marble even at the
risk of staying over night alone in the grove. I was satisfied
that my Indian friends had exaggerated their number.

I went on my way, and about eleven o'clock found the
cabin and called to Mr. Marble. He sprang out of bed, and
hastily insisted that I should come in and stay with them.
He said his wife was suspicious of the Indians, which rather
amused us. Before I had fallen asleep, other comers were
at the door, and we found that two Indians wanted their
supper. We gave them supper, and they wanted to stay that
night, but Mrs. Marble objected. One of them was a bleared-
eyed Indian, and his advanced age was security for his peace-
fulness. Mr. Marble and myself did not like their manner,
and especially the way they went out to examine my horse.

When Wheelock and I left the lakes, we expected to return
before January and help prepare for my family which would
come early in the spring, for we had not at that time even a
suspicion of danger. By reason of the storms of that winter,

410 ANNALS OF IOWA

our team was the last, so far as we had learned, that left the
lakes till after our return.

Our description of the country had induced Messrs. Par-
menter and Snyder to join in our enterprise, and now when
the whole basin of the lakes appeared before us, they said
wo had not in any way exaggerated their beauty. Wheelock
and I instantly recognized the situation of Howe's houso and
also Thatcher's.

Our party had, however, received warning that ought to
have been heeded. Before we reached the Boone river, Mr.
Hewett Ross informed us that there had been trouble in Clay
county from Indians, but he had no definite knowledge as
to what had occurred. But two old frontiersmen, Messrs.
Lane and Ray, had reported in the fall, that there was danger
in that county, had left, and were now near Fort Dodge. At
Fort Dodge, Major Williams told us more about it, and said
there was some danger of trouble. He advised us not to go
to the lakes. Three or four miles above Fort Dodge a Mr.
Ray met us and inquired where we were going, and being
told, he advised us not to go farther, as he was sure there
had been trouble in Clay county, and that Spirit Lake was
in great danger.

But we obstinately pressed on our way. hearing no news
from the lakes till we reached Mr. Carter's on the west fork
of the Dos Moines river. Mr. Carter informed us that he
did not think there was any danger from Indians, but that
Inkapaduta was probably in the vicinity and was thought to
be one of the bad ones. He told us that one of that band,
about sixteen years old, had lived Avith him a year, and had
by some Indian ceremony become a brother of his son who
was about the same ago. Both Carter and this son were sure
that they would be told by this Indian brother of any attack
intended to be made on the whites. Mr. Carter had also
heard from Clay county later than the other rumor had
given as the time of the troubles there. He did not believe
there was danger of trouble at the lakes. There had been
some dispute between some of the settlers from Minnesota
and those from Iowa on account of claims, and it was ru-

ON THE SPIRIT LAKE MASSACRE 411

mored that very serious threats had been made, and in his
opinion there was more danger from a quarrel between the
whites than there was from the Indians.

We learned there also, that a son and son-in-law of Mr.
Howe had heard there was danger of the starvation of the
people at the lakes, and that they, with hand sleds, had taken
provisions across the prairie from north of us. Another man
some time in the winter had attempted to go with a team, but
could not take any load, and had left his team and load some-
where on the river, returning on foot.

After leaving Fort Dodge, we found no one had been more
than twelve miles with a team since we had left in the fall.
When we came to where there was no broken path or track,
we found it much quicker traveling with our ox teams than
with horses. We were compelled by the blizzards to remain
at Carter's several days, and from what we had heard of the
clanger of starvation, we concluded to leave our horses and
one load and to take about a ton of provisions on a sleigh,
and with two hand sleds and the oxen to start on. Where
the snow was soft we were compelled to draw the provisions
on our hand sleds to where it was harder, and then driving
the oxen in the track we had made, bring up the sleigh that
held our load.

When going down in the fall, we had made an arrange-
ment with a Doctor Bidwell to stop at his log house, which
he had just put up. He sold us hay that he had in a stack,
and on our return trip we were to stay there as long as we
wished. After talking with Carter about the best point to
leave the river to go to the lakes, we mentioned the arrange-
ment we had made with Bidwell, and he thought that would
be the best place for us to leave all the old trails, and strike
for the point we wished to reach at the lakes,

We stopped at BidwelFs cabin to recruit ourselves, (two
of us being sick) and to rest our oxen. We heard from a
Mr. Reed who lived about two miles from there, that the
two men who had left the river on foot, to take provisions to
their relatives on hand sleds, had not been heard from for
ten days, and it was feared that they had starved. This

412 ANNALS OF IOWA

made it necessary for renewed exertion so we started. After
two days of hard work and two sleepless nights, we drew
near the end of our journey, carrying relief to the starving.
Many have felt the joy of saving human life, and no others
could have understood our feelings at that time. We shouted,
we cheered, we sang, and hurried on, but there was a fore-
boding and uncertainty which we could hardly understand
that soon checked our rejoicing. We feared we were too late
and might find them starved, so our efforts were increased.

It soon was apparent that night would overtake us before
the end of our journey. Our oxen were tired and could go
no faster, and we concluded to leave them at some place near
the first timber and with a hand sled load of provisions strike
for Howe's house, hoping to be able to carry enough provi-
sions for that part of the settlement for one night at least.
After seeing the house, and leaving the team with feed for
the night, we traveled some miles and could have been seen
by any one anywhere near several of the houses in the settle-
ment. We took with us our only fire arm, a rifle, and soon
came in sight of other houses, and proceeded, if possible,
faster than before. Mr. Parmeiiter noticed that while for
many days from every house in sight, some one had come to
meet us, having seen 110 one from abroad since winter set in,
none here appeared to welcome us. AVe said little, but that
foreboding of trouble and also danger to ourselves was one
that cannot be described.

As we hurried nearer a dog was seen, but it soon ran howl-
ing into the woods, and in a short time we silently reached
a silent house. The beds and clothing were in confusion on
the floor and no living being in sight. There was no time
for consideration. Immediate action was necessary. Wheelock
and I started for Thatcher's place over a mile distant. Par-
menter handed us the rifle and said that he and Snyder
would make things ready for a fire and wait for our return.
On taking the rifle the hammer was found to be broken off
and so we had no fire arms whatever.

Wheelock and I each took a hatchet and a large knife and
started out. It was after sunset and the sign of the blizzard

ON THE SPIRIT LAKE MASSACRE 413

began to cover the sky. There was a beaten track in the
snow where there had been travel between the two houses.
However, .only a few persons had left a track over it for
two or three days as there had been a recent snow. A recent
moccasin track at last came into view and Wheeloek said
that it was probably made by Howe who was wearing mocca-
sins in the fall. As we approached nearer Thatcher's we
passed the body of an ox recently killed; a small part of the
meat was taken away, also a sinew such as the Sioux Indians
then used for bow strings.

Upon our arrival at Thatcher's place we saw confusion
similar to that at Howe's. Feather beds and pillows had
been ripped open and the feathers scattered over the snow.
Wheelock said, ' ' That is an Indian habit and everybody here
has been killed by the Indians. We will not go into the
house, for we know what we shall find there." I said, "We
must learn all we can." I then went up to the door and
piles of clothing scattered in confusion and the dead bodies
of two men met my eyes.

We immediately returned in haste to our party. Parmenter
met us and , related that he had found a corpse in Howe's
house and said that he believed all the inhabitants of the
settlement had starved. We told him that there was more
than one corpse, and described the situation at Thatcher's,
stating that we did not believe there was a single white person
alive in the settlement.

By this time the threatened blizzard was upon us. We
carried in some wood which had been cut, and agreed that
the first thing to do was to have supper, as all of our strength
and reason were needed. In addition to some coffee and meat
we had prepared, we baked some cakes and ate what we
could, with little or no talking but much thinking. We found
chairs and seats enough for all four, and sat closely around
the stove, while the remainder of the floor was nearly covered
by clothes lying in heaps. The body they had seen was near
the farther end of the cabin. While eating, I noticed a foot
nearly under my chair and drew Snyder's attention to it.
He was next to me. He looked up, startled, but was instantly
composed.

414 ANNALS OF IOWA

As soon as we had finished our supper, Snyder said, "Now
is the time for a council of war." The storm was howling
outside, and at first thought it seemed that all hope had
vanished. But as we could again reason calmly, we deter-
mined that if it were possible we would be unanimous in our
decision as to what we should do. It was suggested that we
might examine the bodies already discovered, and the heaps
in the room, and arrive at a conclusion as to the means of
death. After some consideration we concluded that the storm
would make it impossible to go to the other settlements in
the night, and that there was great danger of ourselves being
murdered by the Indians, so we decided to postpone the exam-
ination of the bodies and make ready to start for somewhere
as soon as we were able to see.

it was later suggested that if we found the people had
been murdered by the Indians, we should attempt to warn
the colony on the Des Moines river; if we found they had
starved, we would go with provisions tp all the houses about
the lake. We, therefore, prepared our sled and put on it
the provisions we had brought from the sleigh, except a por-
tion left for any unfortunate wanderer that might chance to
come that way. Wheelock and Snyder stood at the door,
while I examined the bodies and noticed the wounds and
Parmenter made pencil memoranda. The first was an un-
known man twenty-five or thirty years of age, supposed by
us to be the son of Joel Howe. He had been killed by a gun
shot under the chin, which came out at the top of his head.
The next one examined was Sardis Howe, a young woman
eighteen years of age, who had been hired by me in the fall
to do housework as soon as I came back with my family. She
was shot through the breast. Mrs. Howe was under the bed
with her skull crushed. Alfred Howe, about fifteen years
old and Philetus Howe, about thirteen years old, were shot.
The latter had in his hand a piece of iron with which he had
made resistance. We did not find Mr. Joel Howe nor a son
of his that was missing. Several of the persons had been
tortured and horribly mangled.

ON THE SPIRIT LAKE MASSACRE 415

By this time, no doubt remained but that there had been
an Indian massacre. Our long night's discussion, as we
thought, had prepared us to use our reason, yet it was hard
to control our anger and awful thirst for revenge. Wheelock
proposed that we take our knives and hatchets, hunt up the
murderers, pretend to surrender, and then each one do his
best to kill one of them and thus have the satisfaction of
doing them justice; as we supposed we were about to die
anyway, we might so enrage them as to compel them to kill
us without torture. Snyder said that as there was not more
than one chance in a thousand of saving our lives' by going
away, he too would try to avoid torture. I admitted that
there was no apparent chance of either Parmenter or myself,
in that storm, having the strength to reach the Colony on the
river, but suggested that it would be folly to resign ourselves
to death without an effort to save the people there. Parmenter
agreed, and said that even if there was but one chance in
ten thousand, we would die in discharge of a plain duty. All
agreeing, we started to return to our team.

We followed the track near the edge of the timber. The
storm increased as time passed, occasionally being so dense
that we could see but a few yards ahead of us. On the pre-
ceding night, Snyder had taken the point of compass from a
hill in sight of our oxen, and of the point where Howe's
house was, and so we carried the compass to guide us. About
a mile from the house, in a lull of the wind, we found that
our track ten paces back of us was entirely filled with snow.
Advancing about one hundred yards, we found a plain mocca-
sin track pointing in the direction of a settlement on the river
north of the Colony. We waited a moment to account for it,
but the storm burst again and filled that track. We passed
on convinced by this evidence, that the Indians, as was always
their custom, were watching and in all probability had seen
us as we were coming in with our team.

By following the compass we soon reached the sled, took
off the wagon bed, put most of our load in it, left a few light
boards, and took with us a sack of flour, some sugar and
coffee, sufficient to sustain us a few days, also a bunch of hay,

416 ANNALS OF IOWA

some axes, hatchets and knives, blankets and other bedding
and started with the cattle eastward to reach the river settle-
ment. We talked little, and endeavored to save all our
strength.

At one of our many necessary rests we talked about that
moccasin track, and decided that it must have been made by
a runner sent by the Indians to some other Indian camp on
the lakes east of the Des Moines river, but upon reflection
thought probably, since the track was made by a moccasin
smaller than the average that it was the Indian, Joe, going
to warn his adopted brother, Carter. Subsequent events, how-
ever, convinced us that he was a messenger to another band
and raised a strong suspicion that Joe had been sent as a
spy, to live with the whites, and was yet acting as such.

We knew that some fuel or shelter from the timber would
be necessary to enable us to live through the night, so we
started in a direction a little north of a grove that was on the
north of us while on our way to the lakes, but after consulta-
tion concluded that we would not change our course, but go
in the same direction until opposite the timber, and then turn
south so as to reach it.

As we traveled, the weather grew colder, and the gusts
stronger, but with almost a calm at times. At last wTe caught
sight of the grove and carried out our plan. We went so as
to approach it from the south, and at about four o'clock in
the afternoon were at its edge. We tried to go in, but found
it was impossible on account of the depth and softness of the
snow, and we were compelled to camp at the edge. There
were many scattered trees about our camp that could be used
for fuel, and soon Ave were hard at work in preparation for
the night. It had ceased snowing and the wind lessened. The
sun was shining for an hour or more before sunset which
cheered us much.

Several of the large oaks were soon felled and the branches
made a good windbreak with our sleds turned sideways
against them. The bodies of the large trees being placed
where the snow was of little depth, we soon had a bright fire
built. After sunset the storm came on with renewed strength

ON THE SPIRIT LAKE MASSACRE 417

and the cold increased till nearly daybreak. It required all
our efforts to keep from freezing. Wheelock and Snyder con-
tinued chopping until late in the night, while the others
brought the wood to the fire. Several years after this, a per-
son coming to the lakes inquired what settler was fool enough
to take a claim in that grove and do nothing but cut down
and burn up so large an amount of timber. He could not be-
lieve it, when he was told that all the chopping was done by
two men in one night.

When sufficient fuel was brought, we ate some of our pro-
visions and used an incredible amount of coffee and sugar.
Then we began to talk of our chances and form plans. We
called this ' ' a council of war. ' ' Our talk now as on the pre-
vious night was not wholly solemn and depressing, but occa-
sional touches of humor enlivened us and at times brought a
genuine laugh. But we were conscious that our danger was
still great, and the others claimed playfully that Parmenter
and I were too sick to live if we had to walk to the Colony,
and so ought have no right to vote in the council. All of us
agreed that there was nothing to do but start for the river,
and so there was nothing further for the council to decide.

At about four o'clock in the morning the wind ceased and
the stars came out and we were soon ready to move on. But
the cold was intense. At the first break of day we started
and when the sun arose the grove was quite a distance behind
us. We all walked so that our teams would not tire till we
could reach the river bottom where the snow would be so soft
they could not travel with the sleigh.

It was to us a long day. The sun shown so brightly upon
the snow that it nearly blinded Snyder and myself, and
Wheelock was also affected by it. By noon talking ceased and
some one would be continually straggling along and the others
would call him back. We had for nearly a month worked
harder than ever before, and having been without sleep
many nights while on the journey, we were almost completely
exhausted. At one time I wandered and soon lost conscious-
ness of things around me. Visions and thoughts beyond ma-
terial objects, such as cause vague theories and are elements
27

418 ANNALS OP IOWA

of much superstition were before me. I saw myself on the
snow, either dead or perishing and heard my wife and her
sister, Mrs. Parmenter, trying to learn where they could find
the body. I heard long conversations ; then hearing my name
called, I answered "What is the matter?" and rose from the
snow but no one was 'in sight. My recollection soon returned
and Wheelock came over a hill calling to me and I was then
fully awakened. My dream went through many hours, but
it was only while they were traveling less than fifty yards.
They had passed over a knoll and Snyder sat down on the
sled and fell asleep, and while picking him up Wheelock
noticed my absence and hunted me up.

As soon as we started again I proposed that as all of us
had had a turn at wandering, one of us be placed on the
sleigh and sleep five minutes while all the others walked.
1 took the first ride and was instantly asleep, and being
awakened, was surprised that I had slept only ten minutes.
They had doubled the time agreed upon, when they decided
it was not cold enough to freeze us. It was not long until
each had taken his turn at sleeping several times, from which
came so much refreshment and strength as to enable us to
lie sure of reaching the river safely, and was, I believe, the
only thing that could have sustained us.

As the day wore away we were anxious to see the timber,
and toward night Parmenter saw it plainly. A few minutes
afterwards Snyder could distinguish it. The others were
too nearly snow-blind to see any distance. They told us that
tlie timber Avas a long way off, but we felt strong and thought
we could afford to hurry. After several miles, Wheelock was
also able to see the timber. Snyder and Parmenter had no
knowledge of that part of the river, and we had been anxious
to know whether or not we were traveling in the right direc-
tion. Wheelock, at first, could not recognize it, for it ap-
peared like two little lines some distance apart. The others
said they had noticed that from the first, and we were dis-
couraged again.

Just before sunset we passed over a ridge and my eyesight
returned and I could distinctly see the two lines of timber.

ON THE SPIRIT LAKE MASSACRE 419

Very soon I recollected Medium Lake beyond the river and
I knew we were going just right. Wheelock then could see
that we were going in the right direction, and we struck
toward the timber, traveled by the compass, came to the river
bottom after sunset, and the twilight gave us light enough to
enable us to see the timber which we estimated to be from
two to four miles distant. The snow was not hard enough
to bear the oxen, and we left the cattle and sleigh with half
a sack of flour for feed for them. The snow bearing us up,
we traveled faster than at any previous time on the journey,
and in fact, too fast, for after going farther than our esti-
mate of four miles no timber was yet in sight, and we were
nearly exhausted. We could often see lights, and hear all
manner of sounds, but the others would insist that they were
mere fancies. We found these frequent disappointments
were weakening, and concluded that we would not talk of
anything we saw or heard until we were sure it was real.

We traveled silently a mile or two more, as we estimated it,
when Parmenter gave a start and looked keenly a little to
the right of our course where I had just imagined I had seen
a light. Immediately a shower of sparks as from a chimney
was seen by all of us and we were strong again. In a few
minutes we found a track in the snow where it was soft,
plainly made since the blizzard had subsided, and by the aid
of matches found that it was the track of one man going in
our direction. The barking of a dog was distinctly heard,
and in our joy we talked so loudly as to apparently awaken
every dog in the settlement. We soon struck the river, and
following down it on the ice we came to a trodden path where
cattle went down to drink, thence by a good road we reached
the foot of the bluff.

Still talking among ourselves we heard the voices of several
persons, and stupidly hurrying up the hill, we heard the click
of guns and the sharp cry, ' ' Stop and answer or we will fire. ' '
Recognizing the voice, I called out, "Jim Hicky, is that you?"
He instantly shouted to his companions, "It is the boys from
the lake, Howe and Wheelock ! call Thatcher ! " In a moment
Thatcher was before us and so haggard that we did not know

420 ANNALS OP IOWA

him. He took my hand and tried to speak, but at first could
not say a word. I soon recognized him and told him that
there were two dead bodies at his house, both men, and I
believed that there was no woman killed there.

The people of the Colony received us as from the dead, and
nothing they could do for us was left undone, but we took
no time for anything else till we learned what they knew of
the massacre. This was quickly told. Morris Markham had
gone from near Springfield in Minnesota to the lakes about
fifteen miles from there, and had found nearly all of Gard-
ner's family murdered. He went to Mattock's house and
found it was burned and the people there and at Granger's
were dead. The Indians were camped near the ashes of the
burnt house, and he, in a dazed condition went almost into
their camp. He escaped as by a miracle and reached the
river settlements before we left Doctor Bidwell's cabin when
going to the lake. His interesting account of the danger and
suffering has several times been published.

The men in the Colony, having heard that we were at
Bidwell's, sent a man to warn us of the massacre, but a few
miles from Bidwell's he learned we had already left. "We
were seen while taking our oxen and sleigh a few miles on
the way, but we returned to the cabin that night to sleep
there, and in the morning took our hand sleds, with blankets
and utensils, to the teams. The people at Springfield had
heard Markham 's story, and sent two men to go on foot to
Fort Ridgely for United States soldiers, and the settlers there
were collecting in the best houses for defense. We learned
also that another band of Indians was at the lakes in Emmet
County, east of the river. A man had started from some
point above the Colony to carry the news to Fort Dodge, but
it was said that he was not strong enough to walk half Avay.
There it was also rumored that the Indians had sent word to
Springfield that they were going to kill the people in ten
clays, as they could not get away through the snow. "We
heard all these accounts and various rumors in less than an
hour after reaching the river, and soon concluded what we
would do.

ON THE SPIRIT LAKE MASSACRE 421

As soon as we had eaten supper, but late in the night, we
went to bed and slept soundly until morning, an hour before
sunrise, the time that we had asked them to awaken us.
Parmenter was not able to sit or stand. Wheelock and Sny-
der were tired out, and my feet were so swollen that no
boots were large enough, and I could not walk like a sober
man. "While eating breakfast we heard further news from
men who came to learn what we had seen. One man had seen
an Indian crossing the river above the Colony, and his trail
went toward the camp on the Emmet county lake. An
Indian had told the Springfield people that Henry, one of
the messengers sent for help from Fort Ridgley, had been
killed by the Indians from Spirit Lake. It was also rumored
that the man who started for Fort Dodge had become crazy.
We saw that the people at the Colony hoped some of our
party would go to Fort Dodge for help, as they had not
enough guns to arm the settlers, and we could be of little use.
Markham was so badly frozen that he could not go, and they
thought that his account of the massacre had made Thatcher
crazy, and he, Thatcher, had been forcibly prevented from
going to the lakes alone, while the Indians were known to
be still there. But he appeared rational in the morning, and
had concluded that his wife was a prisoner and his work
was to rescue her. He talked but little, and it was plainly
seen that an intense, but not strange thirst for vengeance
controlled him.

Before noon my feet were lessening in size, and we con-
cluded that Parmenter could remain and be of some use, even
though disabled, and the others would start the next morn-
ing. We proposed to be ready at the first glimmer of day-
light, and travel rapidly till the surface of the snow softened,
then rest, and eat whether hungry or not. This being settled
we began our sleep at sunset, and Parmenter waked us at
ten o'clock in the evening for supper, and at one hour before
daylight for breakfast. We began the trip ahead of time as
there was a track for a few miles and we needed no light.
The snow was hard enough to bear our weight till late in the
afternoon when we took a rest and dinner, and then went to
Evans' house before dark.

422 ANNALS OF IOWA

The next morning daybreak found us on the way, and we
traveled with good speed for a time, but the snow softened
much earlier than the day before and we soon became tired.
We hoped to reach Dakota before night, and from there,
teams were traveling on the river ice to Fort Dodge. Mr.
Carpenter was near the river above Evans', and hearing of
us, sent word that we could get a team at Dakota. We did
not arrive in sight of that town as soon as we expected, and
fatigue from walking in the deep snow discouraged us. When
nearly there, Snyder became so tired that he suddenly fell to
the ground. We insisted upon waiting for him to rest, but
he urged us to go on and send some one back from town to
help him. After waiting for him nearly an hour and half,
he still urging us to go on, we slowly proceeded. In a short
time Wheel ock and I sat down in the snow as though ex-
hausted and Snyder soon got up and came up to us. We
rested a few moments more and went on.

When near Dakota, two men met us, and being told of
our errand, went with us to the town. Here we met what
seems the necessary sequence of an Indian outrage, that is,
total stupid unbelief. The men who met us gave us the names
of two or three persons who had teams, but it might be diffi-
cult to hire one as there were many holes in the ice. They
spoke also of a crazy man, while up the river, having been
badly frightened by the reports he had heard. These men,
however, did not appear to disbelieve us, and when we came
to the hotel several came to hear the rumors, and one of
them soon found the owner of a good team, but he would
not come to see us. Some of the doubters were willing to
investigate the account, but a few were incorrigible. Snyder
and Wheeloek sharply answered some of the most insulting
men, and were soon in a wordy conflict. While they were
talking, some of the persons there said there was one man
who would certainly let us have his team if he were only able
to drive it, but he said that this man did not like to have
any one else drive his team, and that he, himself, was lame,
having recently broken his leg.

ON THE SPIRIT LAKE MASSACRE 423

One of the unbelievers gave me quite an examination for
b minute or two, but in such a pompous manner that I was
more amused than angry, and he was briefly answered but
not satisfactorily. He spoke of another crazy set trying to
get up a scare, and began talking of the rumors some weeks
previous and said there was no sense in them and none but
a fool would believe them. I told him I heard of those rumors
on my way to the lakes and knew what Major Williams and
Lane and Ray thought about them, but still I went there.
Then looking as pleasant as possible, I told him that I be-
lieved that he was now as much a fool as I was then, but
was being cured in one minute, and if he would volunteer
to go back with us, we would warrant him a quick and per-
fect cure. He only said that he was not fool enough to risk
a team with us, but if any one was willing he did not care.

I had seen a man come into the room on crutches, and as
soon as this debate was ended, he asked if I wanted a team
to go to Fort Dodge that night. I told him we were going
if we had to do it on foot, but hoped we would, get a team
and asked if we could hire one of him. He asked my name
and inquired if I knew a man in Jasper county named Reid.
I then recognized him, and shaking hands, asked if I could
have his mules. He said that no one should drive them but
himself, but that he would take us there in an hour and a
half, and that the team would be at the door in fifteen
minutes. In less than that time he had us in a sleigh and
before the end of an hour and a half we were in Fort Dodge.

Without any loss of time we found Major Williams who
asked us how it was at the lakes. I told him all that he
told us would probably happen had taken place, and about
the people being murdered, and that help was badly needed
in the vicinity. Major Williams went with us to a Methodist
Church and spoke to the clergyman who was preaching, and
without hesitation the minister told his congregation that the
Spirit Lake settlement had been destroyed by the Indians,
and immediate help was needed. He asked all able-bodied
men to remain, and dismissed his congregation. A very short
statement of the facts was made and volunteers called for. A

424 ANNALS OP IOWA

man from Webster City said a company could be raised if
one of our party would go with, him. Wheelock went and
they began recruiting about midnight. In the afternoon of
the third day, more than one hundred men were enrolled,
organized, provisioned, armed and equipped, and left Fort
Dodge for the settlement. Without preparation, without
question as to the authority of their officer, wihout any call
from the officials of State or nation, these noble men took
their guns and went out to perform a duty incumbent upon
them as men, as citizens, and under a higher obligation to the
Lord of hosts.

A RISK THAT COST TWO LIVES.
BY K. A. SMITH.

There are some incidents and circumstances connected with
the Spirit Lake Expedition which, so far as I know, have
never been printed, and which, while not as dramatic as those
heretofore related, are equally as essential to a proper under-
standing of. the events therein described. Mr. Duiicombe, in
his paper,1 says that information of the destruction of the
settlements around Spirit Lake was brought to Fort Dodge
by O. C. Howe, afterwards law professor in our State Uni-
versity and a companion, B. U. AVheelock; also another gen-
tleman whose name he thinks was Parmenter.

The party above mentioned, together with a man by the
name of Snyder who had visited the lakes the fall before
and determined to settle there, had gone up on the west side
of the river with supplies, arriving there on the night of
the 16th of March. Before reaching the lakes they lost their
course. Night coming 011 and with it a storm when they
were three or four miles out, they were obliged to abandon
their wagon and supplies. They took off their wagon box with
its load, and left it at the edge of a slough, then pushed on
with their team.

They reached tiie settlement about midnight, and found
everything in confusion and apparently deserted. They went
into camp until daylight, when they made such an investiga-

'Ax.VALS OF IOWA, 3d ser., v. Ill, p. 495.

ON THE SPIRIT LAKE MASSACRE 425

tion of matters as they were able. Then, for the first time,
the fact became apparent that the entire settlement had been
wiped out by a horrible. Indian massacre. The party at once
started for Fort Dodge, leaving their supplies where they
had abandoned them on the prairies.

They arrived at Fort Dodge on the 21st of March, as
stated by Mr. Duncombe, and I have nothing to add to the
published accounts of the march to the lakes. Lieutenant Max-
well and Mr. Laughlin are the only men who assisted in
burying the dead, and they have written out their recollec-
tions of what took place at that time. All other accounts
are hearsay. Their accounts are correct so far as they go,
yet they omit some things that are essential to a full under-
standing of all of the details of that event.

On the morning of the 3rd of April, when the work of the
day was being planned, it was decided among other things to
send a small party out to see if they could find the wagon
which had been abandoned by Messrs. Howe and Wheelock
on the prairie three weeks before, and if so, to bring in what
provisions they could. This party consisted of Messrs. 0. C.
Howe, R. U. Wheelock, B. F. Parmenter and myself, and I
think there was one more person in the party, whose name I
do not now remember. We left the main body near the Howe
cabin, and under the guidance of Mr. Wheelock we had no
difficulty in finding the abandoned wagon. We took what we
could conveniently carry of flour, pork, coffee, sugar and
salt, and made our way back, reaching the main body again
at the Mattocks' cabin between three and four o'clock in the
afternoon. The supplies we brought were sufficient for the
whole party that night and the next morning. I have often
reflected on what our situation would have been had we
failed to find the wagon or had some one else found it ahead
of us and carried off the supplies. We had used up every
particle we had brought with us from the Des Moines, and
the situation would have been somewhat desperate.

When the work of the day was completed, the whole party
went into camp at the rear of the Gardner cabin. Why
they did not go insidte, I have forgotten. The night was

426 ANNALS OF IOWA

misty and chilly, with some rain. The boys were busy early
in the morning for they knew the trip before them was no
"May-day" picnic.

As the morning advanced there were unmistakable indica-
tions of a coming storm. As a result of this, the sentiment
was divided as to what was the best course to pursue. A
majority of the company, including both Captain Johnson
and Lieutenant Maxwell, were in favor of striking out at
once with the view of reaching the Des Moines River at
Hickey's Bend, which was about four miles southwest of
Emmetsburg. They were totally ignorant of the country, a
large portion of which was broken and sloughy at the best.
The whole northwest portion of the State had been covered
with from four to five feet of snow, and this was now melting.
The difficulties in the way of traveling across the prairie, as
was favored by the majority, and of making the proposed
settlement, were appalling, and yet they would listen to no
compromise.

A smaller number were in favor of waiting over a day or
two until after the storm should pass, and then making the
return trip by the same route they had come, by way of
Emmet and Estherville and down the Des Moines river.
Each party was determined to carry out its own plan. After
breakfast, the Captain, seeing that there was no probability
of the men coining to an agreement, ordered them to "fall
in/' The men were quickly in their places. His next order
was, "All who are in favor of going across the prairie, and
starting at once, advance three paces to the front. The rest
stand fast." Sixteen stepped quickly to the front. Seven re-
mained in their places. The names of these seven men were
0. C. Howe. R. U. "Wheelock, B. F. Parmenter, "William Wil-
son, J. M. Thatcher, Asa Burtch and R. A. Smith.

Now that the question was settled, the party that had deter-
mined to stay took hold and assisted the others in their
preparations. These were soon completed and they took their
departure at once. They had gone but a short distance when
Captain Johnson and Mr. Burkholder turned back to where
Messrs. Howe, Wheelock and myself were standing, and urged

ON THE SPIRIT LAKE MASSACRE 427

us by every argument they could think of to go with them.
They urged that in all probability parties of savages were
lurking in the groves and that as soon as the main party had
left we would fall easy victims to an attack. On the other
hand we urged them to stay with us until the storm was over
and then go back by the same route we came. We were
strongly determined on that one point. "We would have
started back with them then, had they consented to go by
our route, but this they would not do. We also insisted that
the danger to be apprehended from the coming storm was far
greater than from the Indians.

After becoming satisfied that their efforts were useless, and
that we were bound to stay, they shook hands with each of us,
bade us "Good By", and started on the run to join their
comrades. It was their last "Good By". We watched them
out of sight, and then turned our attention to our own safety
and comfort. We moved our camp into the cabin and then
decided on our future course. The first thing to be done was
to make another trip to the abandoned wagon for provisions,
as we had baked up the last crumb of what we brought the
day before, and had given it to those of our comrades who
had started back. We started out at once and made the trip
in as short a time as possible, and it was fortunate that we
did so, for just before we reached the cabin on our return,
the sudden change in the weather occurred which has been
noticed by all of the writers who have written on this affair.

We hurried to the cabin as fast as possible, bringing pro-
visions enough to last us two or three days. We next secured
a supply of fuel and as Gardner's stove had been left in
place, without having been disturbed by the Indians, we soon
had a good fire going and proceeded to make ourselves com-
fortable as speedily as possible. This was Saturday afternoon.
We spent the time from then until Monday morning in rest-
ing up, drying our clothes and cooking victuals for our re-
turn trip, little dreaming of the terrible sufferings which were
being endured by our comrades who had started across the
country for the Irish Colony, or that larger company who
were having such a bitter experience on the banks of Cylinder

428 ANNALS OF IOWA

Creek. By Monday morning, everything was frozen solid, so
that we could go where we pleased, and we started for Fort
Dodge where we arrived in due time without incident or ac-
cident worthy of notice.

THE FIRST MONUMENT TO IOWA VALOR.

BY CHARLES ALDRICH.

The first effort to do honor to the memories of the hardy
pioneers who volunteered in 1857 at Webster City to go to
the relief of the settlers at Spirit Lake who had been attacked
by the ruthless Sioux Indians, was undertaken by me in the
summer of 1887. Having been a typesetter for many years,
I came in one day from my farm and asked the proprietor of
the Webster City Freeman to make up a stick the width of a
sheet of old-fashioned letter paper, and give me a case.

He did so at once, and I then and there set the type for
a brief petition to the county board of supervisors, praying
for the appropriation of three hundred dollars with which to
procure a tablet to the memory of the soldiers as above stated.
When I had set the type, Mr. Hunter kindly had three or
four copies of the petition printed. This was on a Saturday.

I first went to the banks and secured the signatures of all
the bankers with two exceptions. After those of the bankers
1 secured the signatures of the leading merchants. Many of
the leading farmers of the surrounding country were in town
that day, and every one to whom I presented the petition
signed it cheerfully. In this way I secured the endorsement
of perhaps thirty or forty of the representative tax payers of
the county.

Charles T. Fenton was chairman of the board of super-
visors and read the petition. He remarked, "0, yes, we will
grant that petition." His associates assented to the proposi-
tion. They then proceeded to appoint me as a committee to
carry out the prayer of the petitioners. I objected to acting
alone, but said I would be willing to do the work provided they
would give me four or five associates.

ON THE SPIRIT LAKE MASSACRE 429

This proposition was accepted and they asked me to name
the gentlemen whom I desired to act with me. The following
were named by me for this work : Ex- Judge Daniel D. Chase,
Kendall Young, W. "W. Boak and Augustus Anderson. I pre-
pared the inscription which the Judge and I discussed a half
hour or more. He finally gave his endorsement to the letter-
ing as it stands on the tablet today. I entered at once into
correspondence with Messrs. J. & R. Lamb, 59 Carmine Street,
New York City, who offered to manufacture a tablet for two
hundred and fifty dollars, furnishing also a beautiful slab of
blue Champlain marble upon which to mount it. I accepted
their offer and closed the contract with them.

I decided on August 12th as the date upon which to unveil
and dedicate the tablet. My first step was to invite Gov.
William Larrabee to be present and preside over the meeting
in the courthouse. He was very much occupied but finally
promised to come.

In order to make the occasion of the utmost historical im-
portance, I invited six gentlemen who had participated in
the Spirit Lake Expedition to be present, and read to the
people chapters of their recollections of the expedition and
all the attending circumstances. These were Ex-Governor
Carpenter, Hon. John F. Duncombe, Commander of Company
B in the Expedition, and Charles B. Richards of Fort Dodge,
Commander of Company A. Then we had the following
privates from our own county: Michael Sweeney, William
K Laughlin and Frank R. Mason. Each of them wrote out
his recollections and read them at the unveiling of the tablet.
These articles were quite largely copied by newspapers of
the State at that time and attracted wide attention. Some
years afterwards I compiled them into one long article which
I published in the ANNALS," and this I confidently believe
gives the best account of the Spirit Lake Expedition that has
ever been published. Herbert Howe Bancroft somewhere
states in his great works that the best material for historical
purposes are these records of eye witnesses, I also included
the portraits of several of these men.

1 ANNALS OP IOWA, 3d ser, v. Ill, p. 481-553.

430 ANNALS OF IOWA

Upon assembling at the courthouse, I was at first a little
fearful that I had procured "more speeches" than could be
delivered during the afternoon. But upon organizing the
meeting in the court room, I soon ascertained that we could
only get about one-third of the people present into that hall.
The only resource therefore was to organize an overflow meet-
ing on the east front of the edifice. This wTas speedily done,
and the great crowd outside drew up close to the entrance
where they were first addressed by Ex-Governor Carpenter,
followed by Hon. Wesley Martin who read the article which
had been prepared by Michael Sweeney, then absent in Colo-
rado. Lieutenant Maxwell, who had delivered his address in
the court room, came down and delivered it again to the out-
side meeting. I had prepared a statement given to me by
Mrs. W. L. Church, the brave woman who killed an Indian
near Springfield, now Jackson, Minnesota.

The event passed off to the satisfaction of all present, The
tablet was a very fine one, and it remains where it was
placed on that eventful day. It is estimated that there were
more than two thousand people in attendance, ably presided
over by William Larrabee who was then at the height of his
almost phenomenal popularity as governor of the State.

I believe that this was the first effort to erect a historical
memorial within the State of Iowa to men who had served
in a military capacity.

A pretty brisk trade is now carried on between this place
and Illinois, in consequence of the very accommodating natural
bridge that has recently been erected across the Mississippi.
Were we telling this story in Siam we might be obliged to
explain, but those living in cold countries will doubtless under-
stand us. — Burlington-, I. T. — Burlington Patriot, Dec. 13,
1838. (Prospectus)

WRITINGS OF GEORGE G. WRIGHT 431

THE WRITINGS OF JUDGE GEORGE G. WRIGHT.

II.

BERNHART HENN.

I have referred to this early day official more than once,
and especially as my successful competitor for Congress in
1850. He then, as he had for years before, and as he did
until his death, resided in Fairneld. Had been in the U. S.
Land office — first as a clerk and then as register — and was
elected to the Twenty-second and also the Twenty-third
Congress (1850-1852).

Henn was a friend and protege of Gen. A. C. Dodge, whom
he greatly admired, and was a Democrat of the most pro-
nounced stamp.

In the land office he was always most accommodating and
very popular. Had a wonderful memory of faces and names.
His acquaintance as a lawyer with the settlers was very ex-
tensive, for a large percent had met him in entering their
lands and other matters connected therewith. It was a matter
that I remarked often during our canvass of the district, that
so well and clearly had he studied the maps, the surveys of
the public lands in his office, that »in places where he had
never been, he could, by the topography of the country, the
direction of the streams, the timber line or the prairie tell
who lived at this point or that, and seldom made a mistake.
Such a man of course had "locality" as the phrenologist
would say, strongly developed. And coming to the farm, the
owner of which he had in advance recalled, and knowing him,
was calculated to make him popular. Then, too, he was a
gentleman, — very polite and full of good nature, sense and
manners, and finding friends and acquaintances everywhere,
was much stronger than were others with more ability whether
on the stump or in legislative halls.

Was not an attractive speaker by any means. He, how-
ever, was honorable and frank in the expression of his views,

432 ANNALS OF IOWA

always full of Democratic doctrines and fighting for his own
and Democratic success. In person was not above if up to
medium size. His face was not one to impress you as reflect-
ing much intelligence nor did his manner on the stump help
him much in this respect. We rode and slept and ate to-
gether for say a month or more, — speaking from the same
wagon in the timber, at times in the same church or log court
house, first one and then the other, the party opening reply-
ing in brief, — and closed our canvass with the best of feeling,
nothing occurring to leave the least wound or sore. He felt
happy over the result. I did not at the time, but frequently
since have rejoiced that I was by the popular verdict required
to still practice law and stay at home.

In Congress was not a big man and never would have been
renowned as a speaker or active upon the floor. But for
fidelity to every interest of his constituents, watchfulness of
everything required by them, he was almost without a peer.
Pationt, industrious — of excellent business and other habits —
modest and unpretentious — always in his place whether in
committee room or in the House — ready to spend alt the
time necessary at the departments — prompt in responding to
the call or requests of his correspondents, he was a most
valuable and useful member. Such men are quite as impor-
tant and safe in the discharge of their public duties and do
quite as much for the welfare of the people as those more
frequently heard or who make more noise, whether at home
or in Washington. His industry and constant attention to
his work rendered him a very useful member.

Died several years since, and long prior thereto was an
active and efficient member of the Congregational church, aid-
ing by his means and influence in building up the religious
and educational interests of his place. He was also a member
of the Rocky Mountain Real Estate firm of Henn, Williams
& Co. and was known in business as a leading man in his
locality.

Bernhart Henn was a most excellent citizen, a faithful and
accommodating official — a kind-hearted gentleman — a devoted
husband and father — true to his friends, and his life told well

WRITINGS OP GEORGE G. WRIGHT 433

upon the locality where he so long lived, as also upon the
State.

CYRUS WALKER.

Of one whom I knew well — and who, though he did not
reside in Iowa, was a most prominent lawyer in the south-
eastern courts from say 1843 to 1852 or 1853, I must say a
word. I refer to Cyrus Walker, of Illinois,

He first plead in the defense of William Ross for the shoot-
ing of Bradstreet in Burlington, — case tried in Fairfield.
For years after he tried very many of the most important
cases in Lee, Des Moines, Henry, Jefferson, Van Buren and
occasionally in Wapello if not in Davis counties. He had
long been a leading lawyer in Illinois, — was of Kentucky
stock and his turning to Iowa for awhile grew out of the fact
that his relations with Judge Stephen A. Douglas then on
the bench were such that he wished not to practice there while
he held the place.

I have said he was of Kentucky stock, and he had that
familiarity with land law and equity proceedings which in
those days so particularly characterized the profession in that
state. A man when I first knew him, say forty-five years of
age — of good size and presence, the most affable manner — a
musical voice — gentlemanly and courtly in all his relations to
court, bar and people — of the best habits — ready command of
language — unusually apt and happy in his illustrations — a
thorough scholar in the law — of varied information and broad
culture — plausible — strong in argument and logic — he was, I
need not say, a recognized power whether before court or
jury. I was then young, and making due allowance for my
admiration in this younger life, for those of his ability and
high attainments, I nevertheless say that as I now remember
him he was the most effective talker to a jury, had a larger
fund of wit and more ability in the ready and happy pre-
sentation of questions and cases to a court than any man I
ever met. I know there are those who did not and do not
estimate him so high, — but this in brief is my opinion of
Cyrus Walker. How often have I listened to him and asked,
28

434 ANNALS OP IOWA

is it possible that I can ever even approximate him in elo-
quence of statement — force and originality of argument — ease
and style of manner and apparent fairness in stating, meet-
ing and overthrowing the pleas and arguments of opposite
counsel? Though a good, land and equity lawyer, he was
sought for and had retainers in almost every criminal case
of any magnitude.

I have occasion to remember his helpful hand when we
were, as often, together, and then, too, his sledge-hammer
logic and unequalled plausibility when on opposite sides.

Among the last cases I remember in which we were asso-
ciated was that of another Ross (brother of "William) for the
killing of David Wright in Ottumwa at the time of a public
sale of lands belonging to the Des Moines River Improvement
grant. He was tried on change of venue in Union county.
J. C. Hall, Mr. Walker, my partner (Judge Knapp) and my-
self for the defense — the District Attorney — assisted by
Augustus Hall, Brumfield and perhaps another for the prose-
cution. It lasted a week, — was most hotly contested, and
yielding due praise to others, I have always thought that the
acquittal of our client was at least to a large extent due to
the tact in cross examination, the adroitness with which he
enabled us to meet every question and the masterly argument
to the jury of the eloquent man of whom I am now speaking.
Always the soul of honor — ever respectful to court, jury and
opposite counsel — a suave manner and plausibility that cap-
tivated if it not always convinced by its force — never mis-
stating the testimony or attempting to mislead the court — he
threw doubts if he did not break down all opposite theories
and views and carried a jury almost nolens volens. The case
referred to will be long remembered in and about W^apello
and Monroe counties, and not a few yet remember how ef-
fective was his work in that most memorable judicial contest.
The jury was out all night and even longer — then hung, as
we afterward learned, by one recalcitrant "good and lawful
man" who nearly brought about a new trial but who finally,
at a late hour Sunday morning, surrendered, and Ross was
acquitted.

WRITINGS OF GEORGE G. WRIGHT 435

But I will not say more of this grand man. I allow much
for my youthful admiration for his, to me, peculiar manner-
great power as an advocate — and his high character as a gen-
tleman and citizen- — and yet cannot but express the truth
that the profession, though full of good, honorable and strong
men, had none like him in all that goes to make the gentle-
man, the lawyer and the truest manhood.

Let me add parenthetically, and as well here as elsewhere,
as tending to show the currency in which we then dealt and
how our fees were paid, that on that trip when myself and
partner got home, we had beside the horse we were driving,
six others, two of them as part return for our work in the
Ross case and the others picked up from other clients or paid
for in notes of hand for still others. Then hors.es were legal
tender almost — were very cheap — but you could turn them
into money or in the payment of debts (and we often needed
them for the latter!) about as readily as any other property.
Think of two young lawyers passing through the county with
six horses led by the side of one driven, and behind. If
seen now there would be not a few surprised people ready to
believe that more than one man's barn or pasture had been
entered !

But we were never arrested nor a question made as to our
title. For as we could not get money — it was not to be had—
we took horses or goods or whatsoever our clients could pay.
If money was scarce so fees were low — and in a spirit of
accommodation all classes managed to live and let live. "We
seldom closed the work of a term without a horse or horses
as the fruit of our toil. Or, if not a horse, then goods or
something else which could be used by ourselves or families —
all of what we could use and which clients could better and
easier pay than money. Barter was the order of the day,
and all classes — preachers, lawyers and doctors — all alike ac-
cepted the situation.

Once, I remember, fall of 1842, I had just returned from
a trip on which I had been paid in cloth for an overcoat which
1 much needed. A neighbor, to whom I owed ten dollars, and
I believe more, called and asked for money to buy some goods,

436 ANNALS OP IOWA

or an order to the store. On inquiry I found that he wanted
an overcoat (no ready made goods then) and I turned over
to him the pattern I had. He had a new coat and I wore the
old one. But I paid that much of my debt. He was happy
ar>d so was I. We were both young and unmarried, and
though I occasionally felt a little hurt through the winter as
he sported his new wrap, I have long since forgiven the
willing spoliation !

DAVENPORT,

Wednesday, November 13, 1839.

Saturday, Nov. 9, a fine day. A meeting was held at 11
o'clock, to appoint a committee to receive the remains of our
deceased friend, the Hon. Wm. B. Conway, Secretary of the
Territory of Iowa, who died at Burlington, on the 6th. As
soon as arrangements were made, and the meeting adjourned,
the steamer lone, hove in sight, with the corpse, accompanied
by Hon. J. W. Parker, of the Council and Hon. J. M. Robert-
son, of the House of Representatives. The corpse was taken
to the Catholic church where the funeral service was per-
formed by the Rev. Mr. Pelamough [Pelamourgues] . — The
body was then removed to the private cemetery of the de-
ceased, accompanied by a large concourse of citizens, from
Rockingham, Davenport, and the surrounding country. — Iowa
Sun, Davenport, November 13, 1839.

It ail-Road from Lake Michigan to Mississippi River. —
The citizens of Dubuque, Wisconsin, have held a large meet-
ing to adopt measures for obtaining from Congress an appro-
priation for the survey and location of a. Rail-Road from Lake
Michigan to the Mississippi River. The resolutions state that
it is desirable that the road should be directed to the United
States lead mines, and thus a great chain of communication be
formed between the extreme eastern point of the Union across
the Mississippi to the Missouri river. — Albany, N. Y. — The
Jeffersonian, May 26, 1838.

JEFFERSON COUNTY BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 437

JEFFERSON COUNTY POLITICS BEFORE THE CIVIL

WAR.1

BY HON. CHARLES J. FULTON.
THE BUCHANAN-FREMONT-FILLMORE CAMPAIGN.

In the elections of county and State in 1854 the Whigs
were victorious. Within twelve months the futility of the
Whig party as a National force was generally perceived. Its
members no longer possessed a common interest of sufficient
importance to bind them together. Upon the pressing prob-
lem of the extension of slavery there was radical disagree-
ment. In the other parties also, were divisions and discontent.

The Democratic County Convention which met on June 30,
1855, as a preliminary to participation in its deliberations,
required each delegate to * ' rise in his place and give a pledge
that he was a Democrat and had no sympathy with Know
Nothings," From each candidate or from his friends satis-
factory statements wrere exacted that he was not a Know
Nothing and would not join the order during his term of
office should he be elected.

This procedure attracted caustic comment. Hostile parti-
sans were quick to seize the opportunity it afforded them. It
was asked why the "thumb-screw regulations" were not ap-
plied to that "secret oath-bound society," the "Sag Nichts."
And the answer supplied was, ' ' The Sag Nichts are patronized
by the present administration and the Know Nothings are
not." The Sag Nichts appealed to the prejudices of the
foreign born just as the Know Nothings appealed to the
prejudices of the native born.

The intensity of feeling actuating the Convention was
shown in two resolutions upon which it set the seal of its
approval. They were :

Resolved, That they are not all true Americans who are born in
America; for among them are Monarchists, Federalists, fanatics,

a forthcoming History of Jefferson County by Charles J. Fulton.

438 ANNALS OP IOWA

secret plotters, unprincipled demagogues, and all those who would
sacrifice their country's prosperity and freedom for their own tem-
porary success.

Resolved, That he only is a true American who loves the princi-
ples of Democracy, adheres faithfully to the Constitution of the Uni-
ted States, labors to extend the principles of free government
throughout the world, and to the oppressed everywhere, and cor-
dially despises "every species of tyranny over the mind of man."

These were the conditions political when, on July 14th, "a
People's Republican Convention," pursuant to a call signed
by more than a hundred citizens, but recently "Whigs, Demo-
crats and Free Soilers, proposing only "an upright adminis-
tration" of county offices and requiring of candidates only
"that they be honest and capable," gathered at the court-
house. One hundred and seventy-six voters took part in the
proceedings. They chose for president, Christian W. Slagle,
and for secretary, Ebenezer S. Gage. Their platform was
prepared by a committee consisting of Caleb Baldwin, Mathew
Chirk, J. S. Mount, John AV. DuBois and George Hanawalt.
It was clear, concise and direct. These were its planks :

I. We declare our implicit faith in a Republican form of gov-
ernment.

II. We declare that, in the use of the elective franchise under
such form of government, the citizen is responsible to his country
for the use he makes of it, and not to any political party.

III. We declare that the exercise of a free and enlightened judg-
ment is an indispensable requisite to the proper exercise of the elec-
tive franchise; that in the exercise of such judgment it is the abso-
lute right of the citizen to form his own political opinion, and that
it is anti-republican for any party, man or men, to control the citi-
zen in the exercise of this right.

IV. We declare that we refuse to endorse any of the political
parties of the country; but, while we thus withhold our endorse-
ment, we recognize in the masses of all parties a common brother-
hood laboring for the common good of the country; and we utterly
repudiate the right of any party to brand as Monarchists, fanatics,
traitors, or villains, any portion of the great brotherhood.

V. We declare that in the selection of public officers the voice of
the people should be supreme.

VI. We declare our unqualified endorsement of the Republican
qualifications for office — honesty and capability.

JEFFERSON COUNTY BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 439

VII. We declare on the subject of slavery this proposition:
Shall freedom be confined to the free States, or slavery to the slave
States? as the sense of this convention we pronounce the latter.

VIII. We declare we will use every honorable means, as a free
and independent people, to secure the election of the ticket we have
this day nominated.

The ferment of the times was touched upon in resolutions
offered by Richard Gaines. As dangerous propositions, they
were laid on the table. They were :

1. That the aggressions of slavery, and especially the Nebraska
outrage and the assault upon the elective franchise of Kansas, have
aroused the freemen of the Republic, and that they will maintain
their rights and resist the addition of slave territory.

2. That they will maintain the nationality of freedom.

3. That the friends of freedom should make principles, not birth-
place, the test of admission to citizenship.

4 . That we will repel every ecclesiastical interference in political
affairs, by potentate, pontiff or priest, as destructive of the right to
worship God according to the dictates of conscience and of liberty.

A suggestion that there be at Fairfield at the time of the
State Fair in October a conference of Republicans, though
obtaining favorable comment in several papers, was not car-
ried out, It was not till February 22, 1856, that a convention
of "free citizens," in the belief that a large majority of the
people of Iowa were "opposed to the political principles of
the present administration, and to the introduction of slavery
into territory now free, and also that made free by the Com-
promise of 1820;" and that the Democratic Party was "striv-
ing to make slavery a great national institution contrary to
the principles laid down in the Declaration of Independence
and the Constitution as taught by the Fathers of the Repub-
lic," assembled at Iowa City for the purpose of organizing a
Republican party. A. R. Fulton and W. M. Clark attended
from Jefferson county. This convention, in accomplishing the
end for which it was called together, announced "That the
mission of the Republican Party is to maintain the Liberties
of the People, the Sovereignty of the States and the Per-
petuity of the Union," and "That under the Constitution,
and by right, Freedom alone is National."

440 ANNALS OF IOWA

The Republican movement was bitterly assailed in the
Democratic papers. To their strictures the response was,
"The struggle has finally come between the principles of
slavery and freedom, and the people will be quick to perceive,
in the language of Jefferson, 'that the Almighty has no at-
tribute which will permit Him to take sides with the slave-
holder.' "

On March 15th, there met at the courthouse a Republican
County Convention open to all who desired "to act in good
faith" with the party. Benjamin Robinson was made chair-
man, and C. 0. Stanton, secretary. The platform adopted at
Iowa City was ratified and affirmed with this addition:

That we ask no conformity of opinion, and no unity of belief on
minor matters — State or National; that in regard to office, we hold
merit, not birth-place, to be the test— deeming the rule of Thomas
Jefferson — is he honest? — is he capable? — the only true rule; that
we are opposed to the extension of the time required for naturaliza-
tion, believing as we do that we should welcome the exiles and emi-
grants from the old world to homes of enterprise and of freedom
in the new.

An election of district and county officers on April 7th
favored the Democrats. This outcome, instead of bringing
discouragement and lack of interest, stimulated the Republi-
cans to greater exertions. Though surprised at their defeat,
"Pick the tiint and try it again," was their firm resolve.

The stirring and tragic events of the next few weeks — the
violence and bloodshed in Kansas, the assault of Brooks upon
Suinm-r in the Senate chamber — accentuated and drew with
(kfiniteness the dividing line between the Democratic and
Republican parties.

The candidates for the Presidency were Filhnore, nom-
inate! on February 22d, at Philadelphia, by the Americans,
Buchanan, nominated 011 June 6th, at Cincinnati, by the
Democrats, and Fremont, nominated 011 June 18th, at Phila-
delphia, by the Republicans. For Fremont, because he "loved
freedom and hated slavery"; because he would "do justice
to the North and no injustice to the South"; because he had
"never flinched from the performance of any duty"; because
he had "rendered signal service to his country" and had

JEFFERSON COUNTY BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 441

"never asked for political rewards on that account", and be-
cause he knew the West and sympathized with its needs, there
was a real and genuine enthusiasm.

On June 17th, a Democratic County Convention endorsed
the administration of Franklin Pierce, the Cincinnati Con-
vention, and named a county ticket. On the 28th, a Republi-
can County Convention endorsed the National and State plat-
forms of the party, pronounced in favor of a convention to
revise the Constitution of the State of Iowa, hailed "with
patriotic joy" the nomination of John C. Fremont and
William L. Dayton, and likewise named a county ticket.

Governor Grimes having called an extra session of the legis-
lature, and the regularly elected representatives, James
Wamsley and Edmund Mechem, having removed from the
county, at a special election on June 30th, William Bickford
and Christian E. Noble, the Republican nominees, were chosen
to fill the vacancies.

Fremont Clubs and Buchanan Clubs were organized.
Throughout the summer, slavery, disunion and the admission
of Kansas into the Union as a Free State, were discussed with
vigor.

In the election of state and county officers on August 4th
the Republicans won. For a Constitutional Convention there
was a- majority of eighty-eight. ' ' The Administration forces
fought with desperation," ran a fervid announcement of the
victory, "but Freedom's army swept the field, leaving not a
vestige of hunkerism to mark the spot where waved the black
banner of slavery extensionists, "

About the middle of September, an emigrant train passed
through Fairfield on its way to Kansas. The Buchanan Club,
its "indignation" aroused, on the 18th, formally asserted,
after a lengthy preamble, "That James W. Grimes, Governor
of Iowa, by thus countenancing the migration of armed men
through the State, whose apparent purpose is the invasion of
a sister province, is, in the opinion of the members of this
club, acting in violation of his duties as a Governor." The
belief was professed that "it is the duty of all good citizens to
remonstrate and request him to interpose his authority to

442 ANNALS OP IOWA

prevent the passage of those armed bodies of men through
our State or resign his office." Democratic papers were "re-
quested to publish" these expressions, and Democratic clubs
"to take action thereon."

A Democratic mass meeting at Fairfield on October 4th
nominated William G. Coop as a candidate for delegate to
the Constitutional Convention, but neither passed nor consid-
ered any recommendations for specific changes in the Consti-
tution. On the 18th, the Republicans in turn nominated by
acclamation James F. Wilson as a candidate for delegate to
the Constitutional Convention. In respect to the revision of
the Constitution, they voiced these opinions:

1. Resolved, That Section 1 of the Bill of Rights of the Consti-
tution of Iowa, declaring that "all men are by nature free and inde-
pendent, and have certain inalienable rights among which are those
of enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing
and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining safety and
happiness;" as also Section 23 of said Bill of Rights, declaring that
"slavery nor involuntary servitude unless for the punishment of
crimes shall never be tolerated in this State," shall be preserved
inviolate.

2. Resolved, That the evils to which the people of this State
are subject on account of the mixed, uncertain and in many in-
stances unsound currency imposed upon them by other States, the
Territory of Nebraska, and irresponsible individual bankers, ought
to be remedied, and that the best and most practicable remedy is
to reserve to the people in the revised Constitution the right to
establish within this State a sound banking system of their own.

3. Resolved. That the election of the Supreme Judges of the
State should be taken from the Legislature and referred to the
people.

4. Resolved, That the clause regulating the time for holding
the general election should be changed, so as to fix a different time
from the 1st Monday of August, or leave said time as a subject for
legislation.

5. Resolved, That while we are opposed to paying exorbitant
salaries to state and county officers, we are in favor of establishing
such a standard as will afford to the officer a fair remuneration for
his services and at the same time place the offices within the reach
of all citizens, however humble their pecuniary circumstances.

6. Resolved, That we are opposed to the accumulation of an
onerous State debt, and in favor of so restricting the Legislature

JEFFERSON COUNTY BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 443

in this respect that all acts creating any debt shall provide a fund
for its payment, and that all acts providing for extraordinary ex-
penditures, except in case of an invasion or insurrection, and cal-
culated to establish an onerous indebtedness on the part of the State
shall be referred to the people for their action and shall not take
effect unless approved by the vote of the people.

In a letter accepting the nomination, James F. Wilson gave
at length his views upon these declarations. Upon them all
he stood four square. The first he considered essential to
' c the safety of the doctrines of Freedom and Human Eights, ' '
As to the third, he held that "all officers should be elected
by the people." Of the last, he maintained "that the true
policy is to refer propositions for creating State indebtedness
to the people for their action, with a view to affording those
who have to bear the burden an opportunity to say whether
or no they will accept it. " In this connection, it is a pertinent
comment that upon the organization of the Constitutional
Convention James F. "Wilson himself was named as Chairman
of the Committee on State Debts, that to him fell the lot of
drafting the restriction, and that his report, save for raising
the limitation from one hundred thousand dollars to two hun-
dred and fifty thousand dollars, was virtually adopted as pre-
sented.

In the last days of the campaign, the fight turned upon the
delegate to the Constitutional Convention. Should the Con-
stitution embody the principle of Freedom? The decision
was rendered on November 4th in 1,207 votes for Wilson and
1,122 votes for Coop. At the same time there were cast by
Republicans 1,188 votes for Fremont; by Democrats 1,023
votes for Buchanan ; and by Americans and Whigs combined
206 votes for Fillmore. The strength of the sentiment against
the extension of slavery was unmistakable.

THE LINCOLN-DOUGLAS-KRECKINRIDGE-BELL CAMPAIGN.

For three years slavery was a subject of constant and ear-
nest public discussion. In them the consciences of men were
searched out and prepared for the coming struggle.

444 ANNALS OF IOWA

On January 18, 1860, a special State Convention met at
Des Moines to name delegates at large to the National Con-
vention, not yet called, of the Republican party. One of
these delegates, of whom there were nine, was James F.
Wilson.

There was no general expression of preference for any
Presidential candidate. "Vindex," who wrote The Ledger
concerning this gathering, correctly stated the prevailing sen-
timent. "It cannot be told now," he says, "wrho it will be
best to select for the ensuing contest, Whoever he may be
I hope he will be a full-grown Republican — no weak-kneed,
limber-backed, half-and-half compromiser." On February
1st, "Index," a resident correspondent of The Ledger pro-
posed "for President, Salmon P. Chase of Ohio, and for
Vice President, Simon Cameron of Pennsylvania." If the
intent of this communication was to stir local political waters,
it produced no visible ripples. On March 16th, The Ledger
observed editorially that it is "almost a certainty" that
Lincoln will have a place on the ticket, but in respect to
Seward, though mentioning him with favor, it hazarded no
opinion. The whole desire was for a strong man whose con-
victions were in harmony with the spirit of the new party.

The vital purpose back of the Republican movement was
the prevention of the further extension of slavery. Para-
mount to and inseparable from this was the preservation of
the Union. Other issues were joined and exerted their little
influence, but they were incidental and relative only.

That slavery was not a thing remote, but near, that even
her,1 its evils touched and harmed, was suddenly and sharply
brought to the notice of the community. On the last Sunday
morning in January, two white men having with them two
negro girls aged about eleven and fourteen years passed
through Fairfield on their way southward. In a short time
they were followed by a young man named Allen at whose
house they had breakfasted. The behavior of the men and
their replies to his inquiries had made him suspicious that
they were carrying off the children without proper authority.
Warrants for their arrest were secured from Thomas D.

JEFFERSON COUNTY BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 445

Evans, a Justice of the Peace. They were pursued, arrested
at lowaville, and brought back for examination. One was
committed to jail and one released on bond. The bond was
signed by Col. James Thompson, Samuel Jacobs and Wm. H.
Hamilton. The preliminary hearing was scarcely ended when
the sheriff of Johnson county appeared and took the men in
custody on the charge of kidnapping. They were taken to
Iowa City for trial. The moral of the incident was not lost.
A State Convention to select a delegation to attend the
National Convention of the Democratic party at Charleston
was called for February 22d at Des Moines. To provide for
their representation, the Democrats of the county met on the
llth of the month at the courthouse. The attendance was
small. A platform of eighteen planks was offered for adop-
tion. This dealt with various phases of the slavery question,
declared for homesteads, and instructed for Douglas ' ' through
evil as well as good report." There was some difference of
opinion among those present. Charles Negus opposed the
promulgation of a platform. He was also against an instruc-
tion for Douglas, whom he considered popular neither at the
North nor at the South. On the other hand, Col. James
Thompson thought the principles of Democracy could not be
published too often, and asserted that Douglas was the best
man living since Jackson's time. Bernhart Henn approved
the passing of resolutions and the giving of instructions.
James A. Galliher objected in particular to the declaration in
favor of homesteads. The opposition obtaining no material
support, the original proposals were sustained.

On March 16th, a number of Republicans planned an or-
ganization, which upon the suggestion of Dr. Charles S.
Clarke was called the "Irrepressible Republican Club of
Fairfield." The name indicated an acceptance of the truth
of William H. Seward's memorable expression. On the 23d,
the principles to which its members subscribed were enun-
ciated. The chief articles were these :

That the Constitution confers upon Congress sovereign power over
the territories of the United States for their government, and that
in the exercise of this power it is both the right and duty of Qon-

446 ANNALS OF IOWA

gress to prohibit in its territories those twin relics of barbarism,
Polygamy and Slavery.

That the States of this Union possess sovereign power within
their own limits respectively over all matters wherein the power
is not delegated to the Congress by the -Constitution; and that
neither Congress nor sister states have any right to interfere with
Slavery or any other institution existing in any state.

The officers were Samuel Mount, presidenf; Sumner M.
Bickford, vice president; "Wm. S. Moore, secretary; J. H.
Beatty, corresponding secretary; and W. M. Clark, treasurer.
Meetings were held regularly on Friday evening of each week.

The rupture in the Charleston Convention in the last days
of April brought temporary dismay to the Democrats, In
contrast with this the conduct of the Chicago Convention and
its nominations on May 18th increased the ardor of the Repub-
licans. The result was announced in exuberant strain.
"Republican Freemen of old Jefferson! after a long, long
drouth the Earth rejoiceth in the abundant rains, and the
long deferred hope of the husbandman in a harvest of plenty
returneth, and by the wisdom of our Representatives at Chi-
cago the long deferred hope of the American Patriot is startled
into new life." On May 30th, they ratified and celebrated
the choice of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin as their
standard bearers. A torchlight procession with suggestive
transparencies honored the "Railsplitter" and made sport of
the "irrepressible conflict" between Douglas and Buchanan.
Songs and speeches followed. One song, written for the
"Irrepressible Club," was entitled "Lincoln of the "West":

From vale to hill, from hill to vale,

Hear ye the bugle blast,
What shouts are borne on every gale

For Lincoln of the West,
For Lincoln of the West, my boys,
For Lincoln of the West;
The champion of Freedom's cause
Is Lincoln of the West.
<

No truer heart than his can guide

The Ship of State to rest —
A nation's heart now turns with pride

To Lincoln of the West,

JEFFERSON COUNTY BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 447

To Lincoln of the West, my boys,
To Lincoln of the West;
The champion of Freedom's cause
Is Lincoln of the West.

The reign of misrule long we've borne —

By burthens sore oppressed,
And for relief the people turn

To Lincoln of the West,
To Lincoln of the West, my boys,
To Lincoln of the West;
The champion of Freedom's cause
Is Lincoln of the West.

Let every heart and hand now join

To bring the day thrice blessed
The nation shall her trust consign

To Lincoln of the West,
To Lincoln of the West, my boys,
To Lincoln of the West;
The champion of Freedom's cause
Is Lincoln of the West.

Another popular song by the same author contains more of
the vernacular. It was called "Old Abe Lincoln":

Republicans will sing tonight
A tune renowned in story;
It filled the freeman with delight , ,

On many a field of glory.
O, Lincoln is the man to lead

Our noble hosts to battle;

He's fit to be our President,

Or drive a team of cattle.

Yankee Doodle, keep it up,

Yes, indeed we can, sir,

With Abe we'll beat their little Dug, ,

Or any other man, sir!

0, long enough Buchanan's crew

Have lived by public plunder, ,

So now Old Abe will trot them through jj

And surely give them thunder.
The Little Giant's "cake is dough,"

And Buck may feel forlorn, sir,
For to the White House Abe will go

As sure as he is born, sir!

448 ANNALS OF IOWA

Yankee Doodle, keep it up,

Yes, indeed we can, sir,

With Abe we'll beat their little Dug,

Or any other man, sir!

We know Old Abe is bound to win

On every field of fight, sir;
The Little Giant can't come in,

Nor "hold a candle" quite, sir;
And now the battle's drawing nigh,

We'll meet the foe I'm think'n',
And this shall be our battle-cry-
Hurrah for Old Abe Lincoln!
Yankee Doodle, keep it up,
Yes, indeed we can, sir,
With Abe we'll beat their little Dug,
Or any other man, sir!

A Republican pole of oak, one hundred and six feet long,
was raised on June 9th at Glasgow. It was crowned with
evergreens, emblematic of "ever-enduring principles," ar-
ranged to resemble "the proud bird of America, that soars
above all others." Below these was a streamer of calico to
signify sympathy and association with " workingmen, " not
with "slave-drivers in their broadcloths and satins." After
the pole was set, the Stars and Stripes were run up and then
a banner, inscribed on one side with "Lincoln and Hamlin,
Union and Victory," and on the other side with "The Terri-
tories for Free White Men." Speeches were made by D. P.
Stubbs, Howard Brown and A. R. Pierce.

On June 14th, the ' ' Republican Wide Awakes of Fairfield ' '
were organized. Their company has the distinction of being
the first one formed in the State. Each member was obliged to
provide himself with a cap, cloak and torch, or to pay two
dollars into the treasury for which these articles were fur-
nished him. He agreed also to "hold himself in readiness to
take part in torch-light processions during the Presidential
campaign, to perform escort duty, to attend the night meet-
ings and grand rallies of the party, and to act as a Vigilance
Committee on election day." He further pledged his honor
that "on all public occasions" he would "refrain from using

JEFFERSON COUNTY BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 449

profane language, or noisy demonstration, ' ' and that he would
' ' implicitly obey the orders of his officers and comport himself
in a decent and respectful manner. ' ' James F. Wilson was the
first to put his name to the ' ' constitution. ' ' Some others who '
subscribed to it that night were Dr. C. S. Clarke, Robert F.
Ratcliff, J. A. McKemey, S. M. Bickford, George Howell,
Samuel E. Biglow, G. A. Wells, Harry Jordan, S. Light and
W. W. Junkin. For their officers, they elected G. A. Wells,
captain, and Dr. C. S. Clarke, lieutenant, A. R. Fulton, secre-
tary and F. B. McConnell, treasurer. Captain Wells and Lieu-
tenant Clarke resigned their positions without serving and
were succeeded by Alvin Turner as captain and J. W. Shaffer
as lieutenant. The musicians were W. H. Sheward, John E.
Shaffer and A. R. Rusch. The activities of this body of men
were remarkable. During the campaign they traveled forty
miles by railroad and one hundred and eighty-seven miles in
wagons, visiting and marching at Glasgow, Birmingham, Lib-
ertyville, Agency City, Brookville, Washington, Salina and
Abingdon.

The Republicans at Brookville, equally alert, on June 16th
formed a club of which John Gantz was president, Joshua
Wright, vice president, Samuel Robb, secretary, J. Bardine,
corresponding secretary, and Thomas Griffin, treasurer.

The Baltimore Convention met on June 18th and on the 23d
nominated Douglas and Fitzpatrick. About this time occurred
the organization of the "National Democratic Club of Fair-
field. ' ' On June 30th, a ratification of these nominations took
place at Fairfield. It was described by Samuel Jacobs as an
"imposing demonstration of the Democracy." The enthu-
siasm must have been tempered with considerable chagrin as
it was then known that Fitzpatrick had declined the honor of
a place on the Democratic National ticket.

From this time till the day of election both parties mar-
shaled their forces with an increasing earnestness. Meetings
were held in every school house and in every grove where
people were wont to assemble. Work in field and shop and
store was neglected that the discussions and debates over the
issues involved might be heard and the arguments weighed.
29

450 ANNALS OF IOWA

The action and incidents of this period are not to be traced in
detail. A glance here and there at them will portray their
characteristic aspects.

The "Union Republican Club of Abingdon," organized on
July 7th with John H. Webb as president, Cyrus McCracken
as vice president, W. M. Campbell as secretary and David
Peters as treasurer, set out briefly and clearly the Republican
position as locally understood. Its announcement was devo-
tion to the Constitution and Union, opposition to the inter-
ference with slavery in the States and determination to resist
by all constitutional means its further extension.

Near the close of July, Republican badges of white satin
ribbon, printed by W. W. Junkin, began to be worn. The de-
sign bore at the top an eagle in flight, a scroll in its beak and
a flag in its talons. Below was the legend, "The Union must
and shall be preserved," and the quatrain,

The glorious cause is moving on,
The cause once led by Washington!
The cause that made our Fathers free,
The cause of glorious Liberty!

Then came the portrait of Lincoln, the lines "For President,
Abraham Lincoln, For Vice President, Hannibal Hamlin,"
and the expressive phrases, "Free Homes, Free Territory!"
Next an unfurled standard and a cannon in the act of dis-
charge illustrated and emphasized "Protection to American
Liberty ! ' ' This stanza was last :

Huzza, boys, for Lincoln and Hamlin,

Let the banner of Liberty wave;
With Lincoln and Hamlin our bosoms

Will beat to the march of the brave!

"It occurred to me," wrote a correspondent of the
,J< ff< rsnnian just after Republicans on August 25th at Coal-
port had raised a pole one hundred and fifteen feet high
surmounted by a new broom, "that if you could have been
here, and compared our stalwart squatter sovereigns with
the dissipated, sickly-looking, counter-jumping Wide Awakes
that make night hideous with their sulphurous lampsmoke

JEFFERSON COUNTY BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 451

and their screams for Lincoln, you would have thought with
us that our part of the county, to say the least, was all right
for Douglas and Johnson."

"The Wide Awake company of Fairfield," "Wide Awake"
responded, "is composed of 85 members, and represents 35
different, useful and honorable occupations, as follows:

Attorneys 4, Blacksmiths 3, Banker 1, Bookseller 1,
Butcher 1, Clerks 13, Commission Merchant 1, Cattle Dealer
1, Carpenters 2, Coopers 3, Cabinet Makers 2, Coal Digger 1,
Druggists 2, Editor 1, Farmers 13, Grocers 4, Harness
Makers 5, Jeweler 1, Land Agent 1, Lumber Dealer 1, Law
Students 4, Laborers 2, Millers 2, Painter 1, Printer 1, Plas-
terers 2, Physician 1, Sawyer 1, Surveyor 1, Shoemakers 2,
Tailor 1, Tinners 2, School Teacher 1, Teamster 1, Wagon
Maker 1. It will be observed also," he concluded, "that
there are as many of the 'stalwart' hard-fisted yeomanry in
the company as there are ' counter-jumpers. ' :

The "Lincoln Rangers" of Brookville and Locust Grove
township, a company of seventy horsemen, was organized
near the end of August with J. A. Ireland as captain.

In the park at Fairfield, on September 1st, six young men
debated political issues. The Eepublican point of view was
presented by G. B. Kirkpatrick, I. N. Elliott and George
Strong ; the Democratic, by R. J. Mohr, A. G. Thompson and
W. A. Jones.

Noting that the torches, the martial music and the march-
ing of the Wide Awakes, attracted and excited the public,
the Democrats finally adopted a similar expedient to recover
the favor felt to be slipping away. They found no happy
common name to apply to their organizations. In different
localities they were variously " Invincibles, " "Bell Ringers,"
"Ever Readies," "Guards," and what nots. A company
formed at Fairfield about the middle of September was called
"The True Blues." Their insignia were "hickory shirts
trimmed with red" and red transparencies,

On October 5th, a notable Republican meeting was held at
Glasgow. Prominent in the procession of the morning was
the "Swede delegation" in twelve or fifteen wagons, the

452 ANNALS OP IOWA

leading one drawn by six horses and having on each side the
inscription, "We come to this country for Freedom — not
Slavery!" Another noticeable feature was a wagon con-
taining thirty-four young women with banners. Thirty-three
of them dressed in white personified the States of the Union ;
the one, Miss Caroline Unkrich., clad entirely in black, sym-
bolized "bleeding Kansas." A free dinner was served. The
event of the afternoon was a speech by James F. Wilson.
In the evening, the Wide Awakes paraded. Owen Bromley,
"the coal digger," afterward addressed them. Those from
a distance remained over night. The evidence of the home
of a Republican was a maul placed on the fence in front of
the house. Where this sign was, whoever entered was wel-
comed and cared for.

The Republican rally of October 17th was "the greatest
meeting in Iowa" and in numbers has not since been equalled
at Fairfield. The crowds came from every direction. Wide
Awakes came from New London, Mt. Pleasant, Salem, Rome,
Eddyville, Ottumwa, Kirkville, Agency City, Bloomfield,
Drakeville, Troy, Sigourney, Richland, Martinsburg, South
English, Dutch Creek, Washington, Brighton, Richmond,
Jackson, Keosauqua, Bentonsport, Bonaparte, Winchester,
Birmingham, Glasgow and Pleasant Plain. From Agency
City came a company of women who wore white dresses, blue
sashes around their waists, and jaunty caps trimmed with
ribbon. They carried spears to which "Lincoln and Hamlin
flags" were fastened. From somewhere came another com-
pany of women who styled themselves "Daughters of Abra-
ham." There came "Minute Men of 1860," and "Lincoln
Guards," each accompanied by a lady, all mounted, and scores
of other horsemen. There came wagons by hundreds. From
as many different localities, there came nine representations
by girls of "the thirty-three States and Kansas." These
groups were drawn by teams of six and eight horses. From
Abingdon and Brookville, behind twenty-five yoke of cattle,
came a huge float 011 which various men were engaged in
blacksmithing, carpentering, broom-making, sugar-making
and other occupations.

JEFFERSON COUNTY BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR 453

A procession was formed which was five miles in length.
There were the usual attempts to ridicule the party and
candidates in opposition. An effigy of Douglas wore on the
hat the unfortunate statement,' ' ' I don 't care whether slavery
is voted up or voted down." Numerous banners exhibited
devices of evanescent flavor.

The afternoon was devoted to speeches. Three stands in
the park were in constant use. The speakers were Governor
Kirkwood, Senator Grimes, Senator Harlan, J. "W. Thomassen
of Chicago, John A. Kasson of Des Moines, Kramer of
Michigan, John W. Rankin of Keokuk, Alvin Saunders of
Mt. Pleasant and A. M. Scott of Fairfield.

At night twenty-two hundred torches flamed in the parade
of the Wide Awakes. Sky-rockets and Roman candles in-
creased the effectiveness of the display. Many visitors who
took part in this waited for another day to take their de-
parture. A few slept in their wagons, but most of them
were entertained by citizens. Democrats for the time put
aside partisanship and opened hospitable doors.

The next week the Democrats made an effort to outdo this
gathering. It failed on account of unpropitious weather.

In Jefferson county there were cast 1,462 ballots for Lin-
coln, 1,245 ballots for Douglas, and 38 ballots for Bell. The
Republicans were jubilant. To them it seemed, and the feel-
ing found expression in this quotation:

O, such a day,

So fought, so followed, and so fairly won,
Came not till now, to dignify the times,
Since Caesar's fortune.

454 ANNALS OP IOWA

"PRIVATE ARCHIVES" OF GOVERNOR KIRKWOOD.

BY EDGAR R. HARLAN.

That the one term service as governor by Ralph P. Lowe
and his nomination and election to the Supreme bench, and
the nomination and election of Samuel J. Kirkwood for his
first term instead of Governor Lowe being given a second
term, was brought about through fine harmonizing influences
is nicely indicated in the two letters to Governor Kirkwood
that follow:

Des Moines, Iowa, 17th May, 1859.
Hon. S. J. Kirkwood,

Iowa City.
Dear Sir:

I am in receipt of a letter from Governor Lowe, just such as a
Republican and a gentleman should write. It satisfied me that by
no act of his will the safety or good feeling of the Republican
nomination be endangered. In reply, after speaking of the pros-
pects of the canvass before the Convention, I have referred to
your position in terms which I deem proper to communicate to
you; namely:

"I saw Mr. Kirkwood at Iowa City. I feel convinced that
nothing has been done by him of a nature calculated to be dis-
agreeable to you or objectionable in itself. His friends drew
him out as a candidate before he knew from either yourself or your
friends of your intention to offer for renomination. So he says,
and so circumstances indicate. I believe entire good feeling will
prevail among the friends of both."

You will agree with me in the importance of preserving this
preliminary canvass from bitterness, and from partial combina-
tions and schemes. The impression prevails somewhat that your
friends and those of Edwards are combining. Should this extend
itself, the friends of Hamilton in the north east would take um-
brage. Both Edwards1 and Hamilton2 are fully worthy of the

Mohn Edwards was born in Jefferson County, Kentucky, October 24,
1815. He was educated in the schools of Louisville. He removed to
Indiana and in 1848 was elected to the legislature, serving one term. In
1852 he was elected state senator by the Whig party. In 1853 he re-
moved to Iowa, and began the practice of law at Chariton. He was a
member of the Constitutional Convention of 1857, and served through
the Seventh and Eighth General Assemblies. At the outbreak of the
Civil War he was aide on the staff of Governor Kirkwood, and in 1862
was commissioned Colonel of the Eighteenth Iowa Infantry, serving
through the war and later brevetted Brigadier General. After the war he
settled at Fort Smith, Arkansas, and was appointed by President Johnson
as Assessor of Internal Revenue. In 1871 he was elected to Congress by
the Democratic party and served one term.

2William W. Hamilton was born in England and emigrated to America
in 1845, settling in Dubuque, Iowa. He practiced law and was interested
in all public affairs, including education and politics. In 1849 he was
elected proba':e judge of Dubuque County, serving until 1852. In 1854 he was

PRIVATE ARCHIVES OP GOV. KIRKWOOD 455

nomination to the Lieutenancy, and either will be heartily sup-
ported if nominated upon his own merits and position. It might
be different if he were nominated by seeming contract. A compli-
mentary paragraph to Hamilton (like that to Edwards last week)
in the "Republican" of your city, would tend to dissipate this
impression. Govr. Lowe's3 friends will probably not withdraw
his name until they learn about the time of the assembling of
the Convention that the delegates favor a new nomination. I
do not see that this will do harm, but will rather swell the num-
bers called to the convention, and increase the interest. At that
'time, too, if his friends shall choose to do it, he can be named
for a place on the Supreme Bench.

I remain very respectfully and truly,*

JOHN A.

(Tuesday)

Davenport, April 20/59.
Dear Sir

I have for some time desired to drop you a few lines in regard
to political matters, knowing how earnest and deep an interest
you take for the fate of the Republ. party, which, as I faithfully
believe, is destined to regenerate our country from the deep whirl-
pool of corruption and ruin in which at present it (is) sunk

elected to the state senate and served through the Fifth, Fifth Extra,
and Sixth General Assemblies.

3Ralph P. Lowe was born in Warren County, Ohio, November 27, 1805.
He died at Washington, D. C., December 22, 1883. He graduated
from Miami University and began the study of law. In 1840 he
removed to Bloomington (now Muscatine), Iowa, where he worked
on a farm and began the practice of law, taking an active part
in political affairs. In 1844 he was elected a member of the First Con-
stitutional Convention. He served as judge of the District Court from
1852 to 1857, when ha was nominated for Governor and therefore resigned
his position as judge. He was the first Governor under the constitution
of 1857 and served one term. He was elected judge of the Supreme Court
and served from 1860 to 1867. He removed to Washington, D. C., in
1874 and resumed the practice of law.

4John A. Kasson was born at Charlotte, Vermont, January 11, 1822.
He died in Washington, D. C., May 19, 1910. He graduated from the
University of Vermont in 1842 ; was admitted to the bar in Massachusetts
in 1845 ; removed to St. Louis and, in 1857, to Des Moines. He was
Chairman of the Republican State Central Committee from 1858 to 1860,
a delegate to the National Republican Convention which first nominated
Lincoln for President.. First Assistant Postmaster General from 1861
to 1862, United States Commissioner to the International Postal Congress
in Paris in 1863 and in 1867, represented the Fifth District of Iowa
in Congress from 1863 to 1867 and the Seventh District from 1873 to
1877 and was a member of the Iowa House of Representatives from
1868 to 1872. He declined a mission to Snain, but served as United
States Minister to Austria from 1877 to 1881. Being again elected to
Congress, he served from 1881 to 1884, when he was appointed Minister
to Germany. He was special commissioner and special envoy to several
important conferences between the United States and other countries ; a
member of the National Geographical Society, American Association for
the Advancement of Science and the Washington Academy of Sciences
and President of the Columbia Historical Society. He was the author
of "The Evolution of the United States Constitution" and "History of the
Monroe Doctrine."

456 ANNALS OP IOWA

through the unconsciousness and want of true patriotism of its
managers. If I should be disappointed in this my faith in the
party which I and so many thousand freedom loving Germans
have joined with so much enthusiasm, if the Republ. party ever
should loose sight of its great destiny, to restore within the
hearts of the people the true sense for justice and liberty the
original spirit of the Declaration of Independence, that is; equal
rights to all men and a hearty welcome to the oppressed of all
nations, who might seek a home among free men; I say, if I should
be disappointed in this, I do not in fact know whence I should take
the encouragement to enter into a new struggle and keep myself
above indifference. If the Republ. party should ever attempt to
absorb elements which would be a blight to its pure fame, its
holyness would at once be destroyed and the confidence of the
people in it could never be restored. I have not such dark fears!
I faithfully believe that there are unnumbered thousands of free-
dom loving men in our party, whose heads and hearts are on the
plain ground in regard to the true meaning of republican liberty
and their task will it be to hold high our glorious banner, un-
spotted and undisgraced, like Caesar's wife above suspicion.

Though with great affliction must I say that at this moment
a great number of my countrymen feel their confidence in the party
weakened and their suspicion that the Republ. party, if every-
where successful might use its power to oppress foreign born
citizens, is again awakened. The reason is the recent action of
the Republ. party in the State of Massachusetts. You will admit,
my dear sir, that this suspicion is to a certain extent justified.
We expected to be garded against all such attempts by the National
Republ. platform which says in plain words that no discrimina-
tion between citizens on account of nationality shall be made
and that all legislation to the contrary shall be rebuked. You
may reply, as generally is done, how the Republ. party in Iowa,
Wisconsin, Illinois, etc., can be made responsible for the conduct
of the party in Massachusetts, but I beg you, sir, to take into
consideration, of what use or weight is a national party platform,
if the party in the several states do not feel themselves bound by
it, but think themselves justified to violate the same whenever
they choose? I have sayd before that my own confidence in our
party in this respect, especially in the northwestern states, stands
firm, but it is deeply to be regretted that the question is earnestly
agitated in the entire Republ. German press in the Union, whether
it might be safe policy for us to help the Republ. party to success
arid to the possession of the power to trample us down. The
Muscatine German paper, heretofore Republican has already, cer-
tainly premature, left the party. It is indeed as much opposed to
Democracy as it ever before was, though what does that help us.

PRIVATE ARCHIVES OF GOV. KIRKWOOD 457

This paper has a large circulation in your city and to its present
bitterness towards the Republ. party you may ascribe in a great
extent the results of your late city election. The great majority
of the Germans of course stand yet firm to the party for they can-
not so easy be turned but the union its too young and needs to be
noursed. The dissatisfaction is gradually dying away and will
do so completely if the Republ. State Convention of the several
states will adopt resolutions in regard to the matter as, I hope,
will be done. The Germans are anxious to bury the tomahawk,
which you may judge from the fact, that more than eight hundred
of them in Scott County voted for W. Vandever,5 notwithstanding
it was generally known and strongly used by the other side to
irritate their prejudice, that he formally did belong to the Know
nothing party.

Though speaking about politics I intended to confine myself
mainly to our own State and our next State Convention. Since
it was pretty generally understood that Governor Lowe would
properly not be renominated I fixed my mind upon you as for his
successor and I have since then conversed and corresponded with
a great many about the subject. Though to my regret it was
most generally expressed that you would not accept the nomina-
tion. For this reason I intended once to wright to you, but how-
ever thinking that my humble wishes could not influence your well
considered actions I abandoned it. The more gratified do I feel
in learning from Mr. H. Price6 that you are willing to consent
to be our candidate for governor and I would not be surprised
if you should be nominated at the very first ballot. There is not
another man in the State, whom I could with so much pleasure
recommend to my German fellow citizens under the present cir-
cumstances than you, for your free mindedness is undisputed. You
have never sympatized with any kind of proscription and in regard

•"'William Vandever was born at Baltimore, Maryland, March 31, 1817.
He died at Buena Ventura, Gal., July 23, 1893. He removed to Rock
Island, Illinois, and surveyed large tracts of the public lands in Illinois,
Wisconsin and Iowa. He became editor of the Rock Island Advertiser
in 1846 and conducted that journal, and advocated the building of a
railroad from Chicago to the Mississippi River, which, when accomplished,
was the first division of the Rock Island Railway. He began the practice
of law and in 1855 became clerk of the Supreme Court of Iowa. He was
elected to represent the Second Iowa District in Congress and served
from 1859 to 1863. He was appointed Colonel of the Ninth Iowa Infantry,
participating in the battle of Pea Ridge, the Vicksburg campaign, Lookout
Mountain and the march to the sea with Sherman. For gallant service
he was promoted to the rank of brevet Major General. He afterward
removed to California and served in Congress from that state.

cffiram Price was born in Washington county, Pa., January 10, 1814.
He died at Washington, D. C., May 30, 1901. In 1844 he removed to
Davenport, Iowa, and opened a store. He served as treasurer and re-
corder of Scott county, took active part in organizing the State Bank of
Iowa under the law of 1858, and served as president of this institution
from 1860 to 1865. He represented the Second Iowa District in Congress
from 1863 to 1869 and from 1877 to 1881; was Commissioner of Indian
Affairs from 1881 to 1885 when he removed his residence to Washington,
D. C., where he remained until his death.

458 ANNALS OP IOWA

to the temperance question you are at least considered not to be
in any way fanatic. Our whole delegation, as far as I am able
to learn, will go for you with real enthusiasm.

There will be no objection from here to P. Clarke's7 nomination
for supreme judge though there seems to be a general feeling
in favor of Chief Justice Wright's8 renomination. For Lieutenant
Governor I should like to see Judge Hamilton nominated, who
made a most splendid presiding officer in the Senate two years
ago, though there is a strange objection against him which I am
unable to understand. Doubts as to his political reliability and
accusations of various kinds are expressed but to my great delight
did I not find anybody who was able to prove anything against
him. I must say that I do not believe a single word of it. Our
politicians here are unwilling to support him on account of his
being from Dubuque county, for she, as they say, had her full share.
This is certainly, in my opinion, a very unfounded objection. Local
claims for office cannot be consistent with true republicanism and
I sincerely hope that such kind of objections as were so earnestly
made against Grimes'9 election for United States Senator, will
never be sustained by the people, and the sooner our party will
do away with such old fogyism the better will it be for the
country and the people. I for one am willing to select all our offi-
cers from a little borough in Buncombe10 county if accidentally

7William Perm Clarke was born in Baltimore, Maryland, October 1,
1817. Mo died at Washing-ton, D. C., February 7, 1903. He removed to
Cincinnati in 183 8, and later became editor of the Logan G-azette in 'Ohio.
In 1844 he located in Iowa City, Iowa, and was admitted to the bar. He
was chairman of the Iowa delegation to the National Republican Con-
vention in I860, took active part in the anti-slavery agitation, was a
member of the National Kansas Committee and the keeper of a station
on the "underground railroad." He prepared the original ordinances for
the government of Iowa City, was supreme court reporter for five years,
member of the Constitutional Convention of 1857, paymaster in the army
during the Civil war, and after the war was for some time chief clerk
in the Interior Department at Washington.

'-George Grover Wright was born in Bloomington, Indiana, March 24,
1820. He died in Des Moines. Iowa, January 11, 1896. He graduated
from the Indiana State University in 1839, and read law with his brother,
Governor Joseph A. Wright. He was admitted to the bar in 1840, and
the same year commenced the practice in Keosauqua, Iowa. He was
prosecuting attorney for Van Buren county, state senator two terms,
chief justice in IS."") and on the supreme bench for fifteen years. He
removed to Des Moines in 1865, became United States senator in 1870
and served six years.

"James AY. Grimes was born in Deering, New Hampshire, October 20,
1816. He died at. Burlington, Iowa, February 7, 1872. He was educated
in the district school, attended Hampton Academy, spent three years at
Dartmouth College, read law in Peterborough, New Hampshire, and
removed to Burlington, Iowa, in 1836. He was city solicitor, justice of
the peace, representative from Des Moines county to the first and sixth
legislative assemblies and the fourth general assembly, Governor of Iowa
1 $55-1 856, and United States senator from 1859 to 1869.

1"The report of the conference committee was promptly agreed to ex-
cepf ns to the name Buncombe. The managers on the part of the House
said the members were opposed to the name ; but after the statement
that it was suggested in honor of Colonel Buncombe, a soldier of the
Revolutionary war, and that North Carolina had named one county Bun-
combe, the only one in the United States : that the county was the most
elevated on^ in that state ; that it would be appropriate to name the
northern part of Towa Buncombe, being the most elevated part of Iowa,
the managers yielded, the report, was agreed to, written out and sub-
milted to the different houses and adopted January 6, 1851. * * * *

Buncombe retained its name until after the battle of Wilson's Creek
in Missouri. In this battle * * * * Brig. Gen. Nathaniel Lyon was
in command and was killed. * * * * The General Assembly, wish-
ing to honor General Lyon, looked over the counties for the purpose of

PRIVATE ARCHIVES OP GOV. KIRKWOOD 459

the best men could be found collected there. From the strong
claim, as our men say, which Scott County as the Republ. banner
county represents, there seems to be an inclination to run me for
Lieutenant Governor and also are all the Germans in the State
coxing me to be a candidate as a demonstratum ad hominem that the
Republ. party has nothing to do with Know nothingism, but you
know best what good reasons I have to keep my hands of. I
thank God that he has give me modesty enough not to seek a
position which I believe myself not able to sustain to my own sat-
isfaction, for my broken English and little experience are not
proper qualifications for an office of that nature. This is the main
reason why I urge the nomination of Hamilton for he, being an
adopted citizen, would though not quite as much as myself, to a
certain degree satisfy the German Republicans and would conse-
quently be a strong candidate.

I ' beg, my dear sir, your kind forbearance for this unseemly
long letter and with my imperfect style and mode of writing,
as I could not help it to express to you my gratification in regard
to your willingness to accept the nomination for Governor.

I am very respectfully your friend,

N. J. RuscH.11

seeing what one might be changed, and still having some prejudice
against the name of Buncombe, decided that Lyon should take the place
of rhat name in the list of counties. — ANNALS, v. II, No. 2-3, p. 198, 201.
"Nicholas J. Rusch was born in Holstein, Germany, in 1822. He re-
ceived a good education and taught school for several years. He emi-
grated to America and located on a farm near Davenport, Iowa, in 1847.
He soon acquired a knowledge of the language, laws and institutions of
this country and became an influential leader among the German Ameri-
cans. He was a Republican in politics, was nominated by his party for
state senator in 1857 and elected. He served as Lieutenant Governor of
Iowa from 1860 to 1862. He also served as Commissioner of Immigra-
tion from 1860 to 1862 with great efficiency. In 1862 he was appointed
to a position in the Commissary Department with the rank of Captain.
He died in the service at Vicksburg in 1864.

ANNALS OF IOWA

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT

WHERE IS THE RIVER JEFFREON?

Students of Indian boundary lines in the Mississippi Val-
ley have some difficulty in locating the "river Jeffreon"
mentioned in Article 2 of the treaty at St. Louis, November
3, 1804, as follows:

The general boundary line between the lands of the United States
and of the said Indian tribes shall be as follows, to wit: Begin-
ning at a point on the Missouri river opposite to the mouth of the
Gasconade river; thence in a direct course so as to strike ;the river
Jeffreon at the distance of thirty miles from its mouth, and down
the said Jeffreon to the Mississippi, thence up the Mississippi to
the mouth of the Ouisconsing river and up the same to a point which
shall be thirty-six miles in a direct line from the mouth of the said
river, thence by a direct line to the point where the Fox river (a
branch of the Illinois) leaves the small lake called Sakaegan, thence
down the Fox river to the Illinois river, and down the same to the
Mississippi. And the said tribes, for and in consideration of the
friendship and protection of the United States which is now ex-
tended to them, of the goods (to the value of two thousand two hun-
dred and thirty-four dollars and fifty cents) which are now deliv-
ered, and of the annuity hereinafter stipulated to be paid, do hereby
cede and relinquish forever to the United States, all the lands in-
cluded within the above-described boundary.1

We present herewith a map showing ' ' An island called the
Jefreon" at the mouth of the river, and the line. from op-
posite the mouth of the Gasconade to the point thirty miles
from the mouth of the river as designated in the treaty.

Incidentally, the west line of the Black Hawk Purchase
treaty of September 21, 1832, is here indicated in a projec-
tion to the Missouri river, and identified as the western
boundary of the Sac and Fox claims.

" PRIVATE ARCHIVES."

Public events are illuminated from private as well as from
public sources. Our public archives contain most of the official

1Kappler's Indian Affairs, Laics and Treaties, v. II, p. 74.

Map of Jefreon Island and other landmarks of the Treaty of Nov. 3, 1804, with the Sauk and Poxes. It is inscrib

Iowa Superintendency— H. 62
Filed by Jos. V. Hamilton, Feb. 7, 1837.
Map No. 1686. Port— M.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 461

correspondence of leaders while temporarily in office. To
lead is itself often as important a public service as to dis-
charge official duty, though the records of public leadership
are usually very meager.

On this theory the Historical Department of Iowa holds
itself obligated to discover, preserve, and reserve from imme-
diate use the personal letters of public men. On another page
we present two personal letters to Governor Kirkwood which
bear upon his first nomination for Governor and the single
term of service of Governor Ralph P. Lowe. The complete
history of this and of other interesting chapters of Iowa his-
tory of the period of the Civil war and earlier, exists nowhere
except in "private archives," of which we are rapidly aug-
menting our collections.

GEN. J. G. LAUMAN COLLECTION.

The Historical Department of Iowa has recently received
a collection of military materials accumulated by the late
Gen. Jacob Gartner Lauman, presented by his sons, Col.
George Viele Lauman and Charles Newcomb Lauman. This
collection illustrates events in the life of General Lauman and
his activities as an officer during the Civil War. A list of the
collection and a copy of the military escutcheon of General
Lauman as given by his son are herewith appended :

GEN. J. G. LAUMAN COLLECTION.
Presented by Col. George Viele Lauman and

Charles Newcomb Lauman.
Army camp outfit advertisement, illustrating field desk, mess chest,

cooking outfit, etc.

Autograph congratulatory orders — U. S. Grant to Colonel Lauman
and Seventh Iowa Infantry for action at Belmont. Dated Cairo,
November 11, 1861.

Autograph Letter — From Adj. Gen. N. B. Baker, thanking General
Lauman for relics for Iowa State Historical Society. Dated Feb-
ruary 20, 1862.
Barrack Plans — Drawn by soldier, S. F. Warner, Lieutenant Co. K.

Seventh Iowa Infantry.
Belt — Full dress, red Russia leather, gilt bands.

462 ANNALS OP IOWA

Bullet moulds (2).
Buttons (16).
Cap box.
Cleaning rod.
Commissions —

J. G. Lauman, date October 2, 1845, done at City of Burlington,
as Frst Lieutenant of the "Burlington Grays," 1st Regi-
ment, 2d brigade, and 1st division of militia of Territory
of Iowa. Signed by John Chambers, Governor, and O. H. W.
Stull, Adjutant General.

J. G. Lauman, date January 22, 1856, as Aide-de-camp to the
Commander-in-chief. Signed James W. Grimes, Governor
and Commander-in-chief of Iowa, George W. McCleary,
Adjutant General.

J. G. Lauman, date January 20, 1859, as Major of the First
Battalion of Iowa Volunteers. Signed at Des Moines, Iowa,
by Ralph P. Lowe, Governor, and Jesse Bowen, Adjutant
General.

J. G. Lauman, date July 11, 1861, as Colonel of the 7th Iowa
Volunteer regiment. Signed Samuel J. Kirkwood, J. Bowen,
Adjutant General.

J. G. Lauman, date March 21, 1862, as Brig. Gen. U. S. Volun-
teers. Signed Abraham Lincoln, Edwin M. Stanton, Sec'y
of War.

J. G. Lauman, date March 13, 1865, as Bvt. Maj. Gen. U. S.
Volunteers. Signed Andrew Johnson, Edwin M. Stanton,
Sec'y of War.

Confederate Flag — Red, white and red, captured by Iowa troops.
(Captured in the Fort. The troops at Ft. Donelson either de-
stroyed or secreted their flags, as none could be found. —
J. G. L.)

Contract — Between J. G. Lauman as agent for the State of Iowa,

and Linsley Teedrick, for feeding and lodging troops. Date

April 23, 1861, at $2.25 per week.
Court Martial Proceedings — Reviewed by General Lauman — printed.

Gen. Ord. No. 24, Hdqrs. 4th D. W. 16th A. C. Memphis, Tenn.
Epaulettes.
Field Maps— Memphis, Perrine's pocket map, illustrating the seat

of war.

Gauntlets— Dress gauntlets, white kid.

General Order No. 60— Adj. General's office, Des Moines, Jan. 8, 1862.

Signed N. B. Baker. Printed.
Hat Ornament — U. S. in wreath.
Hat Plumes — Three double, black plumes.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 463

Knives— Hunting knife, present from Gen. Rawlins (Grant's chief

of staff). Pocket knife, tortoise shell, marked J. G. Lauman,

present from Gen. W. Q. Gresham.
Minie balls and buck and ball from Shiloh.
Newspaper— "Lauman's Own," Vol. 1, No. 1 (copy), printed and

published by men of the 7th Iowa Infantry while at Ironton, Mo.
Pass — J. G. Lauman and staff, Vicksburg to Natchez, Sept. 26, 1863.
Permission — To J. G. Lauman to send shotgun north. Office Pro.

Marshal, Memphis, Tenn. Jan. 13, 1864. Signed Geo. A.

Williams, Capt. 1st U. S. Infantry, Provost Marshal.
Photographs — Karnes, Lieut. Thos. N., A. D. C.*

Bronze tablet, "Return of the Victorious Troops," on Iowa Sol-
diers' and Sailors' Monument at Des Moines; photos not
mounted.

Grant, General.

Gumbart, Capt. G. C., Artillery.

Lauman, General, at Memphis; in General's uniform; with
staff — separate photos, autographed (3).

Logan, General.

Logan, Colonel, 32d 111. Infantry.

McKee, Major Geo. C., llth 111. Infantry.

McPherson, General.

Mattheis, General.

Meade, General.

Pugh, Col., and staff, 41st 111. Infantry.

Wallace, Gen. W. H. L.

Webster, General.

Unidentified (2).

Daguerreotype — Charles S. Sherman, Private Co. E, 7th Iowa In-
fantry of Keokuk, Gen. Lauman's orderly, known among the

soldiers as "Old Beauregard;" standing.
Picket Plat— 4th Div., Holly Springs, Jan. 7, 1862; ink sketch,

signed Horatio H. Virgin, Maj. 33d Wisconsin Volunteers,

Officer of the day.
Prayer Book— General Lauman used this throughout service and

read burial service from it over our soldier dead; autographed.

Descriptive note by Mrs. Lauman.

Reports — Morning report, 7th Iowa Infantry, Benton Barracks, No-
vember 26, 1861.

Revolvers — (2), captured at Ft. Donelson, replacing those lost at
Belmont.

Four-shot Derringer, Sharps handle engraved *James M. Porter."
Presented to Gen. Lauman's elder son, Charles N., opposite
Island No. 10, on the way up the Mississippi from Memphis
during the war. Porter was 2d Lieut. Co. H, 2d Iowa In-

464 ANNALS OF IOWA

fantry. "Oct. 3-4 Corinth — received 6 wounds but would
not leave the field." "Promoted 5th Sergt. from Private for
good conduct on the field." — Adj. Gen. Reps. Iowa.
Rowels, Mexican — Present from General Rawlins.
Saddle Cloth — Regulation U. S. Border, Colonel's eagle surmounted

by star of General.
Saddle Cloth Ornaments — Probably used before U. S. Reg. prescribed

plain gilt bands, — oak leaves, eagles, etc.
Scabbard— Nickel.
Shell— Piece of shell from Shiloh.
Shoulder straps — Brigadier General's, 1 pair.
Sharpshooter's or Squirrel Rifle — Captured at Shiloh, given to

Charles N. Lauman.

Spurs — Gilt, present from General Grant.
Sword and Scabbard.
U. S. Shield — Bone, small, colored, made by soldier in Libby prison.

COPY OP MILITARY ESCUTCHEON OP BREVET MAJOR GEN-
ERAL JACOB GARTNER LAUMAN, U. S. VOLUNTEERS.

Col. Seventh Iowa Volunteer Infantry, July 14, 1861.
Brigadier General U. S. Volunteers, March 21, 1862.
"For conspicuous gallantry at Port Donelson."
Brevet Major General U. S. Volunteers, March 13, 1865.
"For gallant and meritorious services during the war."

SERVICE.

Organizing regiment at Burlington, Iowa, June-July, 1861.

Mustered into U. S. service, July 24, 1861.

Ordered to St. Louis, Mo., August 6, stationed at Jefferson Bar-
racks, Pilot Knob, Ironton, Cape Girardeau, Jackson, Norfolk and
Birds Point, Mo.— Cairo, 111.— Fort Holt, Mayfield Creek, Camp Crit-
tenden and Fort Jefferson, Ky.

Assigned to Second (Oglesby's) Brigade, District of Southeast
Missouri, October 14.

Expedition to Belmont, November 6 and 7.

Battle of Belmont, November 7.

Severely wounded by musket ball in thigh. Absent on account of
wounds till January, 1862.

Reported for duty at Benton Barracks, Missouri, January 1, 1862.

Demonstrations against rebel defenses at Columbus and Fort
Henry, Tenn., January 10-22.

Third Brigade, Second Division, District of Cairo, February 1,
1862. Tennessee Campaign, February — April. Operation against
Fort Henry, February 2-6.

Capture of Fort Henry, February 6.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 465

Commanding Fourth Brigade, Second Division, District of West
Tennessee, February.

Investment of Fort Donelson, February 11-16.

Capture of Fort Donelson, February 16.

Temporarily in command of Second Division Army of Tennessee,
March.

Assigned to command of Third Brigade, Fourth Division Army
of Tennessee, April 5.

Battle of Shiloh, April 6-7.

Assigned to' command of First Brigade, Fourth Division Army
of Tennessee.

Siege of Corinth, Miss., April 30-May 30.

Pursuit to Booneville, march to Memphis, duty along Memphis
and Charleston R. R., with headquarters at Bolivar, Moscow, and
Memphis, till October.

Commanding expeditions to Grand Junction and LaGrange, Sep-
tember 20-22.

Near Middleton, October 4.

Battle of the Hatchis or Metamora, October 5.

To Memphis and assigned to command of Sixth Division, right
wing, Army of Tennessee. 'Grant's Central Mississippi Campaign
operating on Mississippi Central R. R. from Bolivar to Coffeeville,
Nov.-Dec.

Commanding Fourth Division, Sixteenth Corps from December
24, 1862.

In command of line Memphis and Charleston R. R. from Mexico
to Colliersville, headquarters at Memphis, till March 9, 1863.

Duty at Memphis till May.

Ordered to join Grant's forces in rear of Vicksburg.

Seige of Vicksburg, May 25-July 4.

Bolton's Ferry, July 5-6 (Big Black River), Clinton, July 8.

Jackson, July 9-12.

Placed on waiting orders till November.

Ordered to Philadelphia for duty as Provost Marshal, Novem-
ber 23.

Relieved and ordered to report at Memphis to General Sherman,
commanding Department of Tennessee, December 7.

Placed on waiting orders at Burlington, Iowa, January 13, 1864.

Mustered out August 24, 1865.

Died February 9, 1867.

GREAT ICE AGES IN IOWA.

From a scientific angle the enlargement and improvement
of the Capitol grounds promises to give prominence to a

30

466 ANNALS OP ICWA

unique circumstance in the history of our State. Because of
the fact that one of the now most famous soil-sections in the
country will be completely destroyed, it is worthy of special
record at this time to note the bearing which this soil-exposure
has had on the establishment of one of the great geologic
generalizations of the century, and the part which one of
Iowa's most distinguished sons played in this singular scien-
tific achievement.

This great geologic discovery, made within the borders of
our State, with its world-wide interest, relates to the con-
clusive evidences obtained for the first time pointing to the
complexity of the Glacial epoch, or to a succession of Great
Ice Ages instead of only a single one as was generally held
to be the case. Around this question centers one of the most
bitter and prolix of controversies.

In former allusions to the subject the arguments for a
dual Glacial period, and at the time of its proposal for a
multiple Ice age, Avere based mainly upon the fact of the
presence in some till-sectio-ns of thin black soil-streaks, re-
placed here and there by thick peat-beds. That there might
be extensive interglacial sands or clay deposits was not
thought of. Yet these very phenomena were actually recorded
and fully described a full decade prior to the time when their
true significance was pointed out. Such an inter-glacial de-
posit, sharply intercalated between two wide-spread till-
sheets, is the one on Capitol Hill in the city of Des Moines,
described in detail hy the late AV J McGee in 1882. It seems
to be the i'.rst instance ever recorded the stratigraphic rela-
tions of which were unmistakable.

The spot where the depositional proofs of the complexity
of the Glacial epoch were first obtained is for several reasons
of unusual interest. The section, originally well displayed, is
now fast disappearing. It is also this section which later
ga.ve the first intimation of the eolian origin of the Ameri-
can loess-loams. It is here that was found the first clue to
the wonderful interlocking of the continuous southwestern
loess deposit with the northeastern glacial tills. This locality

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 467

bids fair long to remain one of the classic geological localities
of the continent.

At this time and at this distance there are few of us who
have any adequate appreciation of the great difficulties which
the problem once presented. Still fewer of us there are who
understand from direct experience what it really means
actively and determinedly to contend on the battle-line of the
unknowable. By one in position best to know intimately the
intricacies of attempting to decipher the glacial puzzles of
that day the procedure, so far as it concerns Iowa, is thus
graphically stated :

. . . in the solution of the problem it is necessary to do more
than assume the existence and action of a great sheet of ice hundreds
or thousands of feet in thickness and hundreds or thousands of
miles in extent. In order to explain the sum of the phenomena it
is necessary to picture the great ice sheet not only in its general form
and extent, but in its local features, its thickness, its direction and
rate of movement over each square league, the inclination of its
surface both at top and bottom, and the relation of these slopes
to the subjacent surface of earth and rock; and all this without a
single glacial stria or an inch of ice polish, save in one small
spot, in the whole tract of 16,500 square miles. It is necessary to
conceive not only the mode of melting of the ice at each league of
its retreat, but also every considerable brook, every river and every
lake or pond formed by the melting, both at its under surface and
on its upper surface; it is necessary to restore not only the
margin of the mer de glace under each minute of latitude it occu-
pied, but, as well, the canons by which it was cleft, the floe-bearing
lakes and mud-charged marshes with which it was fringed, each
island of ice, and each ice-bound lake formed within its limits. And
it is not only necessary to reconstruct the geography of a dozen
episodes, as does the anatomist the skeleton from a few bones, but
to develop a geography such as civilized eye has never seen, and
which could exist only under conditions such as utterly transcend
the experience of civilized men. All this has been done. The trail
of the ice monster has been traced, his magnitude measured, his
form and even his features figured forth, and all from the slime of
his body alone, where even his characteristic tracks fail.7

The now famous geologic section under consideration is sit-
uated on the crest of Capitol hill, at the south end of the
State Capitol grounds. As originally described in the Ameri-

7llth Annual Report, U. S. G. Survey, p. 200.

468 ANNALS OF IOWA

can Journal of Science8 the exposure of deposits presents the
following relations:

Feet

5. Till, light reddish bluff clay, with pebbles ,. • 7

4. Till, contorted and interstratified with loess 5

3. Loess, with numerous fossils 15

2. Till, dark red clay, with abundant pebbles 6

1. Shale (Carbonic) exposed 10

The important features especially to be noted are that:
(1) The lower till (No. 2) represents what is now called
the Kansas drift, which was formed when the great con-
tinental glacier reaching southward to St. Louis and Kansas
City, attained its greatest extent and thickness; (2) the loess
members (Nos. 3 and 4), composed of fine loams, constitute
the soil formations during a long interglacial epoch when
the climate was not very different from what it is at the
present day; and, (3) the upper till (No. 5) represents
what is now known as the great Wisconsin drift-sheet.

At the time when these observations were made (1882), as
already indicated, the possible complexity of the Glacial
period was not yet even surmised. Possibilities of a second
Glacial epoch were only vaguely being considered. The prolix
and bitter controversy on the duality versus the unity of the
Glacial period was just beginning. Under these circumstances
it is not at all surprising that some of the facts were par-
tially misinterpreted, and that their true significance was for
a considerable time overlooked. Then, too, the prevailing
theory of the origin of the loess tended to obscure the proper
understanding of the accurately recorded data.

Notwithstanding the fact that McGee was inclined at the
time to attach rather slight importance to his observations,
and to regard the phenomena as indicating mere local ad-
vance of the ice-sheet, it soon became manifest that the two
till-sheets separated by a thick loess formation was unimpeach-
able testimony in support of two distinct and great ice move-
ments within what was previously regarded as a single one.
So far as is known this appears to be the first and most im-

sAmerican Journal of Science, v. 24, pp. 202-23.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 469

portant recorded evidence showing conclusively the complex
character of the Ice age.

Of similar import was the somewhat later description of a
great drift section several miles farther south on the Des
Moines river. In a paper read before the Iowa Academy
of Science in 1890, it was shown that there was still another
thick member to be reckoned with below the loess. In later
years the officers of the State Geological Survey have been
inclined to regard it as representing the pre-Kansan Aftonian
beds.

The Capitol Hill section is now one of the notable drift
localities in America. During the past quarter of a century
the place and vicinity have been visited by many of the most
eminent scientists of the world. — C. K.

LETTERS 'CONCERNING GEN. J. G. LAUMAN.

The collections of the Historical Department of Iowa of
war mementoes, writings and books, promise richest' returns
to descendants of the soldiers and to the students of their
times. Much of the meaning of one life is gleaned from
materials contemporary with that life, recently received from
different sources.

Elsewhere is presented a list of the materials illustrative
of the life and services as a soldier, of Brevet Major General
Jacob G. Lauman. Almost simultaneously there arrived
from Mrs. Ann Gowey, Pleasant Plain, Iowa, a fine collection
of family letters, very rich in genealogical and Civil war
materials. One of these, in cramped hand and heavy pencilled
lines reads:

Benton Barax, Jan. the 2.
Dear Brother:

I sit down to write to you to let you know how we are getting

along Colonel Lauman returned the other day.

You better believe the boys gave three rousing cheers, after which
the Colonel stepped forward and told them that they behaved them-
selves nobly at the battle of Belmont and he expected before long
that they would have a chance to see what the balance of the regi-
ment was made of. You see that he thinks a good deal of his men.
He is lame and has to have help to get around.

THOMAS B. ATWOOD.

470 ANNALS OF IOWA

Admiration for the Civil war service of any man, implies
an interest in the earlier and later phases of his life. Four
years brilliantly spent implies other years of fruitfulness. It
is interesting, then, to have received from a source remote
from the repositories of information concerning General
Lauman's military merit, a simple commercial statement as
follows :

Burlington, November 1, 1852.
Mr. John Gowey

Bo't of J. G. Lauman & Bro.,

1 keg 8d nails $ 4.50

50 Ib. 6d nails

50 Ib. 4d nails

10 Ib. lOd nails

10 Ib. lOd Brads— 120 @ 4% 5.40

7 thumb latches @ 15 1.05

10 pr. hinges @ 10 1.00

1 gro. screws 35

3 knob latches @ 35 1.05

2 boxes 8x10 glass @ 1.75 3.50

1 sack salt '. 2.25

1 Ib. tobacco 25

3 gals. S. H. molasses @ 50 1.50

$20.85

1 hand saw 1.50

2 M S files @ 45 90

5 yd. flannel @ 45 2.25

1 pr. boots 3.00

1 Ib. tea 88

1 hand saw file . .10

$29.48
3 Ib. saleratus , .25

$29.73
Rec'd payment,

J. G. L ATI MAX & BRO.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 471

NOTES.

The Historical Department of Iowa has received from the
Iowa State College of Agriculture, and Mechanic Arts,
Ames, Iowa, through the generosity of an alumnus of that
institution, Mr. C. W. Dietz, a very fine photograph of the
campus and buildings, appropriately framed. From this can
be obtained an accurate idea of 4he effective landscaping of
the grounds and placement of the beautiful buildings. Iowa
State College holds place among the leaders of the present
day in landscape improvement.

Mrs. George Harpel of Des Moines has presented to the
Historical Department a collection of over forty Lincoln
pictures. This collection was made during a period of years
and covers every phase of Lincoln's life. Some of them are
copies of original paintings and others copies of drawings,
one of which is a characteristic sketch by Thomas Nast.

Mr. Thompson Van Hyning, formerly the museum director
of the Historical Department of Iowa, has recently been ap-
pointed librarian of the Experiment Station, and director
of the museum of the Florida State University. His address
is Florida State University, Gainesville, Florida.

The growing interest of the day along historical lines was
manifested by the Pageant of Des Moines History, 1673-1914,
which was presented by the senior class assisted by the stu-
dent body of the East High School at Grand View Park,
Des Moines, May 15, 1914. This pageant was prepared and
directed by Miss Esse V. Hathaway, assisted by the members
of the East High faculty. The beautiful natural amphi-
theater embracing the necessary features of wood, water, hill-
side, road and plain, furnished an appropriate setting. The
history of the city was portrayed in the following six episodes :

1. Symbolic nature-setting of Des Moines, interpreted by
the spirit of the hills, spirit of the fields, march of the monks
and dance of the river spirits.

472 ANNALS OF IOWA

2. Indian life, illustrated by Indian scenes and music.

3. Settlement life, 1843-49, illustrated by groups of sol-
diers, squatters, settlers, vigilance committee, etc.

4. Civil war, illustrated by citizens' mass meeting, call
for volunteers, drills, flag raising, soldiers relief work, etc.

5. Period of development, illustrated by laying of first
railroad, building of capitol and symbolical interpretation of
educational features.

6. Des Moines of today, illustrated by procession of rep-
resentative peoples and commercial interests.

The ceremony installing a portrait of Martin Luther in
the Historical Department of Iowa was performed Sunday,
May 10, 1914. The portrait, by Olof Grafstrom, was pre-
sented by the Lutherans of Iowa who gave the following
program :

Chief Justice Scott M. Ladd, Presiding.

Praise Ye the Father Gounod

Lutheran Grand Chorus
Invocation Rev. C. E. Butler

Historical Outlines

Swedish Lutherans in Iowa Rev. Jos. A. Anderson

German Lutherans in Iowa Rev. H. Flentje

English Lutherans in Iowa Rev. A. B. Learner

Danish-Norwegian Lutherans in Iowa. Rev. X. G. Peterson

Solo — "Thus saith the Lord" Handel

Recitative and aria from The Messiah
Carl Norrbom

Address Gustav Andreen, Ph. D.

President Augustaiia College, Rock Island, Illinois

The Heavens are Telling — From The Creation Haydn

Lutheran Grand Chorus

Presentation of Portrait Rev. Chas. W. Yoss

President Des Moines Lutheran Pastors' Association

Unveiling Helen Adelaide Learner

A Mighty Stronghold is Our God Luther

Chorus and Audience

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 473

Acceptance of Portrait Edgar R. Harlan

Curator Historical Department of Iowa
Benediction
America

Chorus and Audience

We hope to publish the historical outlines of the pioneer
work in Iowa.

Olof Frithiof Grafstrom, the artist who painted the Martin
Luther portrait presented to the Historical Department, is a
native of the Province of Medelpad in northern Sweden, and
was born June 11, 1855. His family has given two poets of
renown to Sweden. As a boy he was destined by his parents
to be a farmer and after attending the common schools was
sent to the high school at Nafsta for further education. Here
his talent for drawing and sketching was so marked that his
parents were prevailed upon to let him devote himself to the
career of an artist. At the age of nineteen years he was
enrolled in the Academy of Fine Arts at Stockholm and
among his contemporaries were the noted painters Zorn,
Liljefors, Bergh and Tiren. He graduated with the class in
painting in 1882.

Mr. Grafstrom soon became famous for his landscapes of
northern Sweden, one scene in Qvickjock valley being pur-
chased by King Oscar II. In 1886 he emigrated to the United
States and located in the West, first in Portland and later in
Spokane, and his paintings of the scenery of that region soon
became as much sought after as those of Sweden. In 1890 he
won a silver medal awarded at an annual exhibition held in
Portland.

In 1893 Mr. Grafstrom became the head of the art school
connected with Bethany College, Lindsborg, Kansas. Four
years later he accepted a similar position at Augustana Col-
lege, Rock Island, Illinois, and his influence upon the Swedish-
American art of this country has been marked. He is par-
ticularly noted for his landscapes in oil, but is also a portrait
painter and a skilful artist in pastelle, water color, pencil
and pen and ink.

474 ANNALS OP IOWA

PORTRAIT OF GEN. GRBNVILLE M. DODGE.

One of the most valuable items of the Gen. Grenville M.
Dodge Collection in the Historical Department of Iowa is the
equestrian portrait of General Dodge as he appeared as Grand
Marshal of the Day on the occasion of the dedication of the
tomb of Gen. Ulysses S. Grant in New York, April 27, 1897.
The artist, Charles A. Whipple, ranks among our best Ameri-
can painters. This painting, 7 ft. 2 in. in width, by 9 ft.
10 in. in height, in massive gold frame, was presented with a
resolution, to General Dodge by members of his staff and
aides-de-camp. The resolution is as follows:

MAJOR GENERAL GRENVILLE M. DODGE.

Whereas,
On the 27th day of April, 1897, the tomb of

General Ulysses S. Grant

was completed and formally transferred to the City of New York,
his remains having first been reverently and appropriately en-
shrined within; and

Whereas, the people of the country as well as of the City and
State adopted that event for an outpouring of patriotic veneration
to be displayed by participation of their President and Cabinet,
their Governors, chief magistrates, veterans — by tens of thousands —
and representative bodies of the army and navy, with entire di-
visions of the militia of adjacent states, and lesser bodies from a
distance, uniting with the multitude at home in the ceremonial
transfer; and

Whereas, the prospective assemblage of a concourse so honorable
and so vast, upon so august an occasion, demanded for its manage-
ment the prescient care and supervision of a marshal who should be
himself identified with that which was commemorated, with per-
sonal history adequate to the dignity of the review and capacity
insuring a well-ordered progress, and

Whereas. MAJOR GENERAL GRENVILLE M. DODGE, was late-
ly a Corp Commander in the Army of the Tennessee, afterwards
Chief of Location and Construction of the Union Pacific Railroad,
and is now Commander in New York of the Military Order of the
Loyal Legion, and President of the Society of the Army of the
Tennessee; and, whereas,

GENERAL DODGE was not only during the late war a much-
prized comrade and associate of General Grant, but to the end of
his life enjoyed the same relation to that great commander, while
his civil achievements meantime have shown that, his mastery of
men continues unimpaired; and

GRAND MARSHAL

GRANT MONUMENT MUNICIPAL INAUGURAL PARADE,

NT*^

;>mp!ehcm o/ the "dFantHionument and sh

Portrait of Gen. G. M. Dodge, reproduced and used by tbe Iowa Society of New York
Third Annual Banquet, March 21. 1908.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT

475

Whereas, the result of his selection as Grand Marshal has been
that every incident of the great event befitted the occasion, that it
transpired without mistake or accident, and with features that have
helped to glorify and strengthen loyalty and patriotic confidence; and

Whereas, it was our privilege as members of his staff and aides-
de-camp to share with him .the task and the achievement, and to
enjoy and appreciate that fellowship and service; in commemora-
tion of which we have caused his portrait to be painted, in order
that it might be presented to him, to remind him of our regard and
to perpetuate his likeness;

Therefore, ~be it resolved, that we, the undersigned, members of
the staff and aides-de-camp to Major General Grenville M. Dodge,
Grand Marshal and Master of Ceremonies, at -the formal transfer
to the City of New York, on the 27th day of April, 1897, of the
tomb in which are enshrined the remains of General Ulysses S.
Grant,

Do hereby present to him the accompanying portrait of himself,
and beg that he will accept it with this expression of our esteem.

Frank C. Loveland, Chairman
Richard E. Cochran, Treasurer
A. Noel Blakeman
Alphonse H. Alker

Francis R. Appleton
Alva B. Adams
James Allen
E. E. Alcott
Daniel Butterfield
George De F. Barton
Frederick Brackett
W. Butler Beck
Robert B. Baker
Abbott Brown
C. G. Bacon, Jr.
Nathan Bickford
Henry Birrell
R. E. Burdick
Ashley W. Cole
Francis J. Crilly
William F. Cody
John Crane
Elisha K. Camp
P. F. Collier
C. H. T. Collis
A. M. Clark

Edward H. Ripley
Charles N. Swift
William Hemstreet
Francis M. Gibson

Committee.
John H. Cook

E. H. Conklin
Henry O. Clark
H. C. Corbin
Charles Curie, Jr.
William H. Cummings
H. H. C. Dunwoody
J. L. De Peyster
Ernest A. Des Marets
Nicholas W. Day
John B. Doherty

A. E. Drake
Richard Deeves
Frank S. De Ronde
John W. Donovan
Stuart Duncan
Fitz Hugh Edwards
R. D. Evans
Dudley Evans
Charles W. Fuller

F. Farnsworth
John P. Faure

476

ANNALS OP IOWA

W. N. Goddard
A. H. Goetting
Joseph Hayes
Colgate Hoyt
Thomas L. Watson
J. O. Woodward
A. F. Walker
Paul Hargreave
George P. Hinton
P. C. Hollins
C. R. Hickox, Jr.
Charles P. Homer
DeReyter Hollins
William E. Horton
Chailes E. Heuberer

E. R Ives
L. C. Ivory
James Jourdan
John W. Joyce
John A. Johnston

F. A. Juilliard
Henry P. Kingsbury
Bryan L. Kennelly
Theodore F. Kane
Horatio C. King

John Winthrop Loveland
Edson Lewis

A. W. Lilienthal
Ferdinand Levy
Philip B. Low

J. Howard Leman
Louis Wendell

B. H. Warner
John G. Wintjen
F. H. Lord

Charles Suniner Lester
George R. Manchester

C. F. Meek
F. W. Mix
J. W. Miller
C. B. Morris

H. W. McVicker
John S. McDonald

J. VanVechten Olcott

J. C. O'Conor

John N. Partridge

G. F. Perrenaud

P. A. Plummer

J. Fred Pierson

H. T. Pierce

James Parker

H. T. Priver

Edward Rascovar

George S. Redfield

Oscar L. Richard

Henry C. Rhoades

Charles F. Roberts

T. F. Rodenbough

William Gary Sanger 2nd

G. A. Stanton

Nate P. Salisbury

William J. Sewell

Henry L. Swords

Charles H. Sloat

H. T. Stancliff

Henry C. Swords

F. W. Seagrist, Jr.

Joseph H. Stoppani

M. Standish

W. R. Spooner

A. W. Swalm

J. C. Shotts

W. H. Stratton

George T. Steinberg

A. F. Schermerhorn

Frederick A. Starring

J. R. Sheffield

Ivan Tailof

Albert Tilt

C. W. Tillinghast

Aaron Vanderbilt

W. E. Van Wyck

Alfred E. Watson

W. D. H. Washington

E. L. Zalinski

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 477

NOTABLE DEATHS

JOHN FORREST DILLON was born in Montgomery county, New
York, December 25, 1831; he died in New York City, May 5, 1914.
He removed with his parents to Davenport, Iowa Territory, when
six years of age and attended private school in that place. When
about seventeen years old he began the study of medicine in the
office of Dr. Egbert S. Barrows of Davenport, attended one course
of lectures in the Rock Island Medical School at Rock Island, the
original of the Keokuk College of Physicians and Surgeons, and a
second course at Davenport to which the school had removed. He
graduated with the degree of M. D. in 1850. After a few months'
experience at Farmington, Van Buren county, he found that the
practice of medicine was physically impossible for him under the
conditions of those days, and took up the study of law. He was
admitted to the bar of the district court in Scott county in 1852, and.
the same year was elected prosecuting attorney for that county.
In 1858 he was elected judge of the district court for the Seventh
District, served the six year term and was re-elected for a second
term. The year following he was nominated by the Republican party
for judge of the Supreme Court, received the election and served
six years. After his re-election for a second term, but before he
had qualified, he received from President Grant the appointment
of U. S. circuit judge. This office he held until 1879 when he ac-
cepted the professorship of law at Columbia University, and re-
moved to New York City, maintaining his residence and practice
there until his death. He resumed private practice in 1882. His
remains were interred in Oakdale Cemetery at Davenport on May
9th. He was the author of Dillon's Municipal Corporations, which
is regarded as a legal classic and of numerous other books on legal
subjects. A memorial to his wife, Anna Price Dillon, was published
by him for distribution among her friends. He was an orator of
repute and delivered many celebrated addresses and orations. A
biographical sketch of Judge Dillon by Hon. Edward H> Stiles
may be found in ANNALS OF IOWA, vol. IX, nos. 2 and 3.

GEORGE DOUGLAS PERKINS was born in Holly, Orleans county,
New York, February 29, 1840; he died at Sioux City, Iowa, Feb-
ruary 3, 1914. When he was but a small child, his father, on ac-
count of ill-health, removed his family first to Indiana and then to
Milwaukee for short stays, finally settling in Baraboo, Wisconsin,
where he died in 1852. Here George D. Perkins passed his boy-
hood, working on a farm and in his brother's printing office and
helping in the support of the family as he could. He acquired a
fair English education in the common schools, to which by sys-
tematic application and employment of his leisure hours he added
a thorough knowledge of the principal branches taught in the
academies and colleges of those days. History, particularly of his
own country, logic, English literature and the practice of English
idiom especially received his attention. In 1860 he removed to
Cedar Falls, Iowa, where with his brother he published the Cedar

478 ANNALS OF IOWA

Falls Gazette. On August 12, 1862, he enlisted in Company B,
Thirty-first Iowa Infantry, but on account of an almost mortal
illness he received honorable discharge in January, 1863. He re-
turned to Cedar Falls and the publication of the Gazette until 1866,
when, with his brother he went to Chicago and opened a gummed-
label house, the first venture of that kind of any importance in the
country. He also acted as agent of the Northwestern Associated
Press which served the daily papers in Illinois, Iowa and Nebraska.
In 1869 he disposed of his interests in Chicago and upon the ad-
vice of L. D. Ingersoll, pioneer editor of the Muscatine Journal, re-
moved to Sioux City and bought the Sioux City Journal. His
brother soon followed, and on April 19, 1870, they began the pub-
lication of a daily. As editor of the Journal from that date until
his death, Mr. Perkins attained high rank among the leading
journalists of the day. His editorials were marked by candor,
fairness, probity and clear and dispassionate conclusions, but when
in controversy were keen and conclusive. He insisted upon a
veracious presentation of news in his paper and the separation of
matters of opinion from matters of fact. Mr. Perkins was not
only a great editor but a public-spirited citizen, serving his city,
state and country with unflagging interest and noteworthy ability.
He was state senator in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth General As-
semblies, commissioner of immigration for Iowa from May 1, 1880, to
May 1, 1882, and United States Marshal for the northern district
of Iowa from 1882 to 1885. He was elected representative in
the Fifty-second Congress and re-elected three times, his full term
of service being from 1891 to 1899. He was delegate at large
from Iowa to the Republican national conventions of 1876, 1880,
1888 and 1908.

CIIAKLKS A. CLARK was born in Sangerville, Maine, January 26,
1841; he died at Cedar Rapids, Iowa. December 22, 1913. De-
scended from Hugh Clark, who settled at Watertcwn. Mnss., in
KMO, lie was educated in the common schools of Sangerville and at
Foxcroft Academy. He began teaching at the age of fifteen years
continuing until the outbreak of the civil war. He wr.s one cf the
first to answer President Lincoln's call and enlisted from Foxcraft
in Company A, Sixth Maine Volunteer Infantry on April 24, 1861.
F!e ivmrdncd with this regiment, participating in most of the
principal engagements of the army of the Potomac, until February
1, IS'M, when he was honorably discharged because of wounds. In
March he re-entered the service as Captain and Assistant Adjutant
Gs-irnil for staff duty -with bis obi commander, Colonel Burnham,
and continued in this capacity until the close of the war. He was
hrevetted Lieutenant Colonel for bravery at Rappahannock Station,
i.nd years Ir.ter was awarded a congressional medal by the War
Derartmcmt for bravery at Marye's Heights, Virginia, on May 4,
186'J. When the war was over, Colonel Clark returned to Bangor
anl began the study of law. In I860 he removed to Webster City,
Iowa, as tbe attorney of John I. Blair, who was building what is
no-w the Illinois Central Railway frcm Icwa Falls to Sioux City.
Colone] Clark removed to Cedar Rapids in 1876 and established a
la\v practice that continued and ?rcw until his death. He was
ssociatrd at various times with Judj?e N. M. Hubbard, C. J. Deacon
!. F. Dawley, under the firm styles of Hubbard, Clark and
Deacon, later Hubbard, Clark and Dawley, the latter firm dissolving
in 1886, Colonel Clark continuing the practice alone until joined by

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 479

•bis son James Clark in the association that continued while t'he
father lived. Colonel Clark never held office, but was never indif-
ferent to politics. He was a Republican until 1872 when he sup-
ported Horace Greeley, then a Democrat, until 1896 when he sup-
ported William McKinley upon the stump. He remained a Repub-
lican thereafter. As one of the leading lawyers of Iowa, he was
either in charge, or of counsel in many noted cases including
the Bever will case, the Jones county calf case, the American Emi-
grant cases involving swamp land titles of great aggregate value.
He was commander in 1906 of the Iowa Department of tlhe G. A. R.
He was a scholar and a cultured, able speaker.

JOHN FLETCHER LACEY was born at New Martinsville, West Vir-
ginia, May 80, 1841; he died at Oskalo<osa, Iowa, September 29, 1913.
He attended the public schools at Wheeling, and after removing
with his family to Oskaloosa in 1855, attended select sdhools there.
He began the study of law in the office of Hon. Samuel A. Rice
but at the outbreak of the war enlisted as a private in Company H,
Third Iowa Volunteer Infantry, and was scon made Corporal. At
the battle of Blue Mills Landing, Missouri, he was taken prisoner.
Being paiol'ed and discharged from the service by reason of the
President's order, he returned home and resumed his law studies.
Responding to the call of 1862 for additional volunteers, he again
enlisted as a private in Company D, Thirty-third Iowa Volunteer
Infantry, Col. Samuel A. Rice commanding. He was promoted to
Sergeant Major and later commissioned First Lieutenant of Com-
pany C, and served several months as Acting Adjutant. After the
death of General Rice he was assigned to duty on the staff of General
Steele with the rank of Captain and Assistant Adjutant General of
volunteers. He participated in the Mobile campaign, the battles of
Little Rock, Helena, Prairie D'Anne, Jenkins Ferry and other en-
gagements and served as Assistant Adjutant General of the Army
of Observation on the Rio Grande river. He was mustered out of
service September 19, 1865, with the rank of Brevet Major. Soon
after his return to Oskaloosa he was admitted to the bar and in
1869 wps elected Representative from Maihaska county to the Thir-
teenth General Assembly, serving one term. He was appointed city
solicitor of Oskalcosa and later was a member of the city council.
He was elected to the Fifty-first Congress in 1888 and served with
the exception of one term until 1907. During' this time he was for
twelve yoars chairman cf the public lands committee. He pre-
pared and procured the passage of a bill for the protection of the
lives of coal miners in the territories, aided in 'preparing the bill
which originated our system for forest reserves, introduced a bill
to transfer the administration of these reserves to the Department
of Agriculture, and tcok active part in the preservation of our
great natural objects of interest and in all efforts along the line
of gar.ie and bird protection. He was the author of Lacey's Rail-
way Digest, in two volumes.

JED LAKE was born in Virgil, New York, November 18, 1830; he
died at his home in Independence, Iowa, June 7, 1914. His father
died when he was a small boy and he worked on a farm and drove
mules on the Erie canal tow path until he had earned enough
money to start in college. He had four terms in the New York
Central College and two years in Homer Academy. In 1855 he

480 ANNALS OP IOWA

came west and settled in Independence where he maintained his
residence until his death. He worked on a farm and took up the
study of law. In 1859 he was admitted to the bar and began the
practice. He served as Representative in the Ninth and Ninth
Extra General Assemblies which arranged for taking the votes of
soldiers in the field and caring for families of soldiers. In the
summer of 1862 he enlisted in Company C, Twenty-seventh Iowa
Infantry and was commissioned Lieutenant Colonel. He partici-
pated in many of the important engagements of the war, including
Pleasant Hill, Tupelo, Nashville and the siege and capture of Fort
Blakeley. After being mustered out at Clinton, Iowa, August 9,
1865, he resumed the practice of law at Independence and formed
a partnership with Mr. M. W. Harmon which lasted over forty
years. This firm was employed in many important cases, one of
which was the celebrated "Driven Well case" which lasted nine
years. This case was of national importance, and the Twenty-sec-
ond General Assembly of Iowa extended their thanks to Colonel
Lake for his work in a joint resolution passed February 4, 1888
Colonel Lake was presidential elector in 1888. In the winter of
1893-4 he was a member of a commission appointed by President
Harrison to appraise sixty-six thousand acres of land in northern
California. He was instrumental in obtaining a library building for
Independence in 1894 and served as president of the board of trus-
tees. He was councilman six years, member of the school board
and of the county board of supervisors. He also served as presi-
dent of a commission appointed to erect the Cherokee State Hos-
pital and the Independence State Hospital.

JOSIAII LITTLE PICKAED was born at Rowley, Mass., March 17,
1824; he died in San Jose, California, March 24, 1914. He was the
son of Samuel and Sarah (Coffin) Pickard and a descendant of
John Pickard who emigrated from Rowley, England, and settled
at Rowley, Mass., in 1638. He attended Lewiston Falls Academy
and Bowdoin College from which he graduated in 1844. He taught
in the academy at North Conway in 1844 and 1845; at Elizabeth,
Illinois, in 1846; and was principal of Platteville Academy, Platte-
ville, Wisconsin, from 1846 to 1860. He was state superintendent
of public instruction in Wisconsin from 1860 to 1864 and super-
intendent of public schools in Chicago from 1864 to 1877. He was
appointed president of the State University of Iowa in June, 1878,
and served until September, 1887. During his administration the
work of the departments of history and natural science was en-
larged and the colleges of dentistry and homeopathic medicine were
added. His varied educational experiences and broad mind made
him especially valuable to the institution. After leaving the presi-
dency he was a university lecturer for two years. He then re-
moved to Cupertino, California, where he spent his time conducting
a ranch. Dr. Pickard served for one year as president of the
National Educational Association and as president of the Iowa
State Historical Society at Iowa City for many years. He
was the author of School Supervision and the History of Political
Parties of the United States. Dr. Pickard's strong moral character
influenced for good all with whom he came in contact. He de-
sired education for the students not alone for its own sake but for
the sake of life and character.

Congregational Church erected in 1848

Methodist Episcopal Church erected in 1851

Old Places of Worship at Keosauqua, Iowa

ANNALS OF IOWA.

VOL. XI, No. 7. DES MOINES, IOWA, OCTOBER, 1914. 3D SERIES

THE WRITINGS OF JUDGE GEORGE G. WRIGHT.
HENRY CLAY DEAN.

I will endeavor to describe a minister and well-known
character who settled in Van Buren county, say 1849, re-
mained in Iowa until some time after the war and then went to
Missouri, and died two or three years since. I refer to Henry
Clay Dean.

Was a Virginian — Methodist minister — and when I first
knew him a most active Whig in politics, though during or
soon after the war of the Rebellion he became a most extreme
Democrat in his political views and relations. Had several of
the best appointments in the State from his conference
(Iowa) ; was elected and served as chaplain in the United
States Senate ; finally left the ministry, practiced law, farmed,
talked politics, lectured and speculated.

I knew him well. For one or more years he was my near
neighbor. I had many reasons for the warmest feelings
towards him, as he had to return the same, and yet, say in
1853 or 1854, there arose ground for estrangement, not neces-
sary to detail (possibly both in the wrong), and after that our
paths were quite divergent, socially and in every way. And
yet I believe I can do him full justice.

In many respects he was the most remarkable man I ever
knew. Of the poorer class of Virginian — moderate education
— a natural orator — ready command of words — memory most
extraordinary — heavy, gross organization — utterly regardless
of his dress and personal appearance — looking dirty and
shabby, and this whether in the street, in the home circle or
in the pulpit. Yet, taking him all in all he had as much if
not more mental force for one of his strong animal nature, or
gross organization, than any man I ever knew.

As illustration of his garb and personal appearance it was
told that coming into the court house at Keosauqua many per-
sons spoke to and shook hands with him, when a stranger
81

482 ANNALS OF IOWA

present inquired if they knew who he wras and where he re-
sided. His name was given with the further explanation that
he hadn't any residence, and when asked why, the answer
was that a man was supposed to reside where he had his
washing done, and since he never had any, he hadn't any resi-
dence. The sentiment was a natural one, and I give same to
show how he appeared and how he was regarded.

I have heard him preach sermons which would compare
with the finest efforts of any bishop, and Oh! such sermons!
You forgot the man in the divine and orator. His was a
memory which could read the best authors, the most finely
prepared articles, and appreciate not the thoughts alone but
the very language, from apparently the most casual reading,
and weeks and months afterward repeat over almost the
words, certainly the thought or ideas, and with most won-
derful effect. Happy in illustration — imagination the most
brilliant and sparkling — ability to arouse with wonderful ef-
fect the emotional nature of an audience — strong in state-
ment and apt in logic and application — an apparent student
of the bible — with all the world of history and poetry at his
command — sermons impressive and eloquent, he was ever
very popular in the pulpit, and when at his best, sought for
as a lecturer, a talker in any field or from any platform.

The consequence was that he drew large crowds and was
noted not only in this State but elsewhere, and yet with all
his power and force in the pulpit and on the platform, he was,
let me say, so eccentric — so utterly regardless of the walk
and manner of the Christian minister that he failed most sig-
nally in sustaining himself with his church or the best ele-
ments of society. It Avas often said that if he would preach
his Sunday sermon and could then be locked up during the
week, he would be the most popular and effective of preach-
ers. For it was no uncommon thing for him, if not before
breakfast on Monday morning, certainly soon after, to start
around his town, invite opinions as to his efforts of the day
before, talk politics, to go into shops, offices and stores and
discuss the merits and demerits of his neighbors — praising
this one and dispraising another — leaving his family to get

From a photograph in the Edgar R. Harlan collection of the Van Buren County
group of famous men, Historical Department of Iowa

WRITINGS OP GEORGE G. WRIGHT 483

along as best they could — eating as opportunity offered, un-
til you were made to feel that the minister was sunk in the
loafer, almost, the man of brains and great mental power in
the mountebank and gossiper.

Not that he had vices as we generally speak of them — was
an eminent man (when in the ministry), but that his conduct
was so out of keeping with his profession and teachings that
his usefulness was greatly impaired if not, indeed, more than
counterbalanced.

I have spoken of his eating. In this respect he was a gor-
mandizer; supposed to be ready to eat all the time and more
than any two ordinary men. Of full habit — heavy-set — not
tall, say 5 ft. 5 in. — fleshy — big head — small hands and feet —
how in view of his habits he was or could be a student I do
not know. Nor do I believe he was. True, he was a great
reader — reading (because of his day's work or want of work
in the streets) late into the night. But his reading was not
continuous or apparently as a student, but for amusement or
employment. And yet he had the marvelous capacity of ap-
propriating and being able to use what he thus read, far be-
yond the most patient or laborious student.

At. times he was eccentric to the point of surprise and would
shock you in the pulpit. Once I remember he was engaged
in a most earnest and successful revival. There were dozens
at the altar, and he exhorting and appealing, walking up and
down the aisle. In a moment he stopped and said: "You
all know that good man, our old friend, Uncle Johnny Spen-
cer, the best man God ever made. Well, he lost his horse and
wanted I should tell you of it and give you a description, etc. ' '
And thereafter, at no little length, he described the horse,
when he left, how valuable he was to poor Uncle John, etc.,
and then turned to his praying and exhortation. The effect
can readily be seen.

If not in this way, then in some other, he would astonish
you by the unexpected, the unfitting and inopportune. He
was vain, and loved to have his efforts applauded and praised.
Said he to a friend, of an evening when engaged in a revival
much as above described, and when one seeking him naturally

484 ANNALS OP IOWA

supposed that he was talking to him of his spiritual condition
(for he certainly was not without the need of such talking) —
"Gee!" said he, "What did you think of that sermon?" (the
one he had just preached). "Don't you think I got hold of
and preached it well?" And such things were not uncom-
mon.

As a lawyer he was not a success. Never studied law. In
the argument of a legal proposition he was, therefore, far
from being at home. To the jury, especially in a criminal
case (and those he sought most), if he could get loose and go
to them on the facts it can well be believed that he would be
at times strong and effective. With his command of language,
with imagination, power to reach the feelings and emotions,
he would often succeed when the true or nicer lawyer would
fail.

It is true he was sought for in the political field. But he
soon lost his hold there and his later efforts added but little
if any to his reputation. Several years before his death he
retired to a farm in Missouri, was seldom seen — very rarely
heard of in connection with the affairs of the world — and
was remembered for his eccentricities, his former efforts in
pulpit and on the political and lecture platform rather than
from any great good accomplished or an old age great and
strong as promised from his earlier years. We have had but
few cases which had in them greater elements of usefulness
and strength and yet more to hold down and keep back. How
strange such an organization and temperament!

Speaking of Uncle Johnny Spencer recalls an incident po-
litical. He was a large man — a shouting Methodist — always
responding whether in church or at a political meeting — could
neither read nor write, and yet, though he died at an ad-
vanced age, had a class of small children in Sunday school
for years and years. Was an old-fashioned Whig.

A friend of his, and brother in the church, and a Demo-
crat, being a candidate, was making a speech, Uncle John one
of the auditors. The candidate said with emotion that there
was too much partisan feeling — that what he wanted was
good men, etc. — that there were just as good, true and re-

WRITINGS OP GEORGE G. WRIGHT 485

liable and honest Whigs as Democrats, and that the same
was true of Democrats. Two or three times he had repeated
this, and when applied to Whigs the old man would shout,
"Yes, I believe that!" but was silent when the candidate
argued for the Democrats. Finally the speaker made a
personal appeal to touch John for the truth of what he was
saying, respecting his claims, when the response was again
favorable as to the Whigs, but when it came to the Demo-
crats, he said : ' ' Hell, I don 't know or care about that ! ' '
And the orator collapsed, and left that field or that line of
argument forever.

REV. DANIEL LANE.

Contemporaneous with this strange Methodist light [Dean]
was another man, of the Congregational church, in all re-
spects as different as two men could be — who settled in Keo-
sauqua in 1842, remained in ,Iowa for say forty years, and
returned to his first home in Maine and died within the same
year — Rev. Daniel Lane.

Of no one could I speak in praise with more truth nor with
a" more grateful spirit than of that good man, in this year
of 1890 [which] is about to close (I make these notes on the
last day).

Daniel Lane was one of the well-known and far-famed
"Iowa Band" and had as colleagues such grand and able
men as Ripley, Spaulding, Robbins, Salter, the Adamses,
and others who impressed themselves upon the church his-
tory of our State and accomplished as much in the moral
and educational upbuilding as any framers of any or all the
professions ever in Iowa. In the prime of young manhood —
coming to a new and rich territory — with possibilities equal
to any North or South, East or West — just from the best
schools — earnest and enthusiastic in their work — devoted to
the cause of the Master — ambitious to advance their church
in this new land — with such hearts, such advantages and with

486 ANNALS OF IOWA

such a purpose it is not strange that they as a whole and as
individuals ever took the highest rank, not in their churches
or territory alone, but also in all those moral and quasi if not
political questions which in their new homes so prominently
demanded the best efforts and best blood of the best of all
denominations and professions.

I knew all these men, but Daniel better than the others —
much better. He was my neighbor for years — my immediate
personal and political friend, if not my pastor, since for many
months, if not years, he was the one settled minister of the
place — the one who preached more sermons, married more
people, officiated at more funerals and was known and re-
spected and loved and reverenced by all. First in the little
school house, rented for private schools — then he built the
first church, giving for its erection one fourth of its cost
from his meager salary (about $300 to $500 per annum).
This building has been replaced within the last two years by
a modest but more elegant structure, having in it a Lane
memorial window — beautiful and happy in conception and
construction, furnished by the young men, some of whom,
hereafter mentioned, received instruction from him in a
private school which he taught for years and which is never
referred to but to praise and magnify his good name.

Was he a good man? If not, then there never w^as one in
Towa or elsewhere. His very face was a benediction. Said
Henry Clay Dean in his rough and striking way, "Brother
Lane — why look at his face ! I would as soon think of in-
sulting my grandmother as to hurt his feelings." And that,
not because he was a negative man or one who seemed to plead
exemption from wrong or insult, but because he had a face
of goodness — of purity — giving out affluently all the Christian
graces. Said a rough, profane neighbor of his one day, ' ' There
is not an honest, true, religious man in the place — all will take
advantage of you — not one to be trusted. ' ' Said I, ' ' Hold on !
What do you say of Brother Lane?" (All churches and all
people called him Brother.) "I take it all back," said he,
"for he is good always to all people and I would trust him
anywhere and under all circumstances." And this was but
the verdict of any one who knew him.

Vv t /

(5?-a^<

From the collection of Captain V. P. Twombly in the Historical Department of Iowa

WRITINGS OP GEORGE G. WRIGHT 487

As a preacher he was not strong if we speak of eloquence,
overpowering logic or any special power in presenting his
subject. But he was so good — so mild — so genial — so earnest
— so strongly felt all he said — was so constantly in all his
walk and conversation a living example of the truths which
he taught — had so completely the confidence of all people —
and was so loved by old and young, that his ministry was
most successful and he had wonderful influence in building
up the church and aiding the moral upbuilding of the com-
munity. He was the good and pure man in the pulpit — on
the street — in the social circle — everywhere, and hence never
lowered by his habits or talk outside the effect of his pulpit ef-
forts. In his presence — while he was far from being bigoted
or anything like a recluse — or devoid of love of fun and an
apropriate joke, you felt that profanity would wound — that
an improper word would render heart sore and insult his
pure nature, and you abstained therefore with as much care
as if with the most tender mother or most elegant Christian
lady. He lived what he taught and taught what he lived.
I think he was as near a perfect Christian gentleman as any
man I ever met.

As a minister he was for years at Keosauqua as also at Ed-
dyville and Belle Plaine in this State. He supplemented, too,
his pulpit efforts with teaching here in a private school, as
•already stated, and after that at Davenport, in what is now the
great and most successful school, Iowa College at Grinnell.

Of his pupils at Keosauqua (private school) their greatest
pride is that Daniel Lane was their instructor. And to the
day of his death, almost, his proudest theme was that he had
been instrumental in some small degree in starting such men
in life. I remember, aside from my dear boys, Thomas S. and
Craig L., — Judge Caldwell, A. J. McCrary and Felix Hughes
of the Keokuk bar, S. M. Clark, the talented editor of the
Gate City; Hon. B. F. Elbert of Des Moines, a member of
the legislature and a leading man; Ben F. Kauffman, an at-
torney of Des Moines; Hon. V. P. Twombly, a most gallant
soldier, holding responsible office in Van Buren county and
for six years State Treasurer, leaving the office, July, 1891,

488 ANNALS OP IOWA

with the confidence and respect of all the people of the State ;
W. "W. Baldwin, attorney and land commissioner of the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, of Burlington; Gover-
nor E. 0. Stanard of Missouri, the late Rutledge Lea, a lead-
ing attorney and politician of Keosauqua; Winfield Mayne
of Council Bluffs, and others might be added. But these are
sufficient to show the good work done and what just cause
they have for gratitude to him as a teacher and he for pride
in such scholars and men. Find if you can another instance
in this western world, in the early days, of a small private
school sending out so many men of whom the instructor, the
State and the nation even, may feel so justly proud.

Well might Brother Lane, in all the humility and simplicity
of his nature, refer to them and say, "I am proud of my
boys." And such was their affection for him and his ever
true and Christian helpmate, that I hazard nothing in saying
that never even to the day of his death would they have
avoided for anything to contribute to his or their comfort if in
their power, even to the extent of the last farthing — to supply
it. They loved him as children, he them as a father. His life
was emphatically given to good works.

He lived to a good old age. If, by possibility, there was
any — the least ill feeling between the other members of the
Iowa Band, it never extended to Daniel. He was the chosen,
the loved, the almost worshipped one of the flock. His name
to this day in his old home is a household word for all that is
good in example or excellent in person or instruction. Such a
life is better than all riches. What a world — how far from
evil — we would have if all men were Daniel Lanes.

I need not say that Iowa owes him much — as much almost
as any man who ever made her soil his home.

BLAIR IN RAILWAY BUILDING 489

JOHN I. BLAIR AND HIS ASSOCIATES IN RAILWAY

BUILDING IN IOWA.

BY B. L. WICK.

Of the many men who invested largely in railway enter-
prises in Iowa, John Inslee Blair, of Blairstown, New Jersey,
was one of the first in the field and the heaviest investor. He
was born at Belvidere, New Jersey, August 22, 1802, of sturdy
old Scotch-Irish stock. He died in his native state on De-
cember 2, 1899. Up to the last he was active in many enter-
prises, which he conducted alone, largely by aid of an envel-
ope system which surpassed any form of bookkeeping known
in his time. He entered a grocery store at the age of ten,
owned it at the age of twenty, and hired his first clerk two
years later. In ten years more he had acquired four stores
and several grist mills in the vicinity, and thus laid the
foundation of wealth for his later projects. In order to
handle all his varied business, and to control deposits and
make loans, he organized the Belvidere Bank. For forty
years he was postmaster of Blairstown, a small village at
the Delaware Gap in Warren county in the northwestern
part of the state.

He was a born financier and early Scranton business men
came to him seeking aid in a financial way, and he joined
them in the iron industry, then in its infancy. As soon as
he became interested he began to investigate for himself how
the raw material could be made cheaper by use of anthracite
coal. His experiment was a success from the start. Another
company, known as the Scranton Coal and Iron Company,
was formed on a larger scale, and in time became one of the
strongest financial institutions in the east.

In order to get rid of their iron and coal products, the own-
ers recognized the need of owning and operating railroads
and began in a small way to acquire railroad properties. Thus
the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railway was pur-

490 ANNALS OP IOWA

chased and extended gradually, as the trade expanded. John
I. Blair was one of the first directors of this road and in a
short time the largest stockholder. He made a careful study
of railway operation, and looked ahead far enough to see the
future possibilities of the country and the need for extension
of lines in all quarters where lands were opened for settle-
ment. On account of his income, his resources and his finan-
cial genius, the banker and railway promoter, tucked up in
a small house in Delaware Gap, was often sought by the New
York financiers for loans. Thus he learned to know the
financial condition of the country.

He was a delegate to the Chicago Convention which nomi-
nated Lincoln, and there was approached by many men, whom
lie knew, as to extensions of railroads in various sections of
the West, which at this time was suffering from the depres-
sion of '57. He is said to have come' to Iowa at this time
either to look after investments already made, or with a view
of obtaining control of the railway lines then in progress of
extension.

From 1862 Mr. Blair gave personal attention to the con-
struction and was in absolute control of the affairs of the
Cedar Rapids and Missouri River Railroad. The various
railroads which were acquired and financed by Blair became
known as the "Blair Roads," and Avere generally so men-
tioned in the public press in the "West. Tt must be borne in
mind, however, that Blair was not the owner of more than
one-sixth of tho stock of these various companies. Another
one-sixth was held by the Lackawanna Iron and Coal Com-
pany, which was composed of such men as J. H. Scranton,
Moses Taylor. W. E. Bodge, D. W. James, James Stokes and
many other well-known financiers. Tt is stated that the
controlling interest was always held by a group of New Eng-
land men, such as Oakes and Oliver Ames, John Bertram, C.
A. Lambard, W. T. Glidden, D. P. Kimball, Joseph and Fred
Nickerson and Horace Williams, who later removed to Clin-
ton. Iowa, to assume control of this property.

The beginning of Iowa railroad activities was after Congress
in May. 1856, passed what is known as the "Iowa Land Bill/7

BLAIR IN RAILWAY BUILDING 491

making grants of land to the State to aid the construction of
four lines of railway across the State from east to west. The
Iowa Legislature, on July 14, 1856, granted the land inuring
to the State, to what became known as the "Air Line," run-
ning from Lyons to Anamosa and thence westerly to the
Missouri river.

The same year considerable grading was done, but the panic
came on, work was stopped and never again resumed by this
company.

Thus it was that the Cedar Rapids and Missouri River Rail-
road was organized on June 14, 1859, by eastern capital and
headed by such men as J. F. Ely, John Weare, George Green,
Col. S. D. Carpenter, S. C. Bever and others of Cedar Rapids,
and by G. M. Woodbury of Marshalltown and many others.
In March, 1860, the Legislature took over the land grant from
the "Air Line" company and bestowed it upon the Cedar
Rapids and Missouri River Railroad.

The first work west of Cedar Rapids was done in 1860 and
the bridge across the Cedar was built during the winter of
1860-61. Forty miles of track were laid west of Cedar
Rapids by the end of 1861. In December, 1862, the track
was laid to Marshalltown. From Clinton to Marshalltown,
Milo Smith, of Clinton, was the engineer and had personal
charge of the construction of the road. West of Marshall-
town, John I. Blair, store keeper, miller and practical busi-
ness man, had complete control but had as an able assistant
W. W. Walker, a trained engineer, a young New Yorker
fresh from Brown University, full of life and vigor, who as-
sumed charge and for many years was noted as an upbuilder
of Iowa railroads.

On account of Blair's varied resources, his skill in handling
men, and the efficiency of his many assistants, the road was
completed to Council Bluffs in January, 1867, a feat un-
equalled in railway building up to that time.

L. B. Crocker was president of the road until 1866, when
Blair assumed control. He was succeeded by Horace Will-
iams of Clinton in 1871. He retired in 1884, when the road
was consolidated and became known as the Chicago and

492 ANNALS OF IOWA

Northwestern Railway. After this consolidation, the old
Cedar Rapids and Missouri River Railroad, which had done
so much to extend railway facilities for the fast settled parts
of the State, closed its business.

This was not the only enterprise with which John I. Blair
was connected. He made Cedar Rapids his home while en-
gaged in building and extending the railway lines, but he also
organized other companies, so as to profit by the extension
of the lines. He knew better than any one else the great
future of the State and what the extension of the roads would
mean to Iowa's hidden wealth. He was interested in and
helped organize the Sioux City and Pacific Railroad Company
in August, 1864, construction beginning the following spring.
Blair was also the first president of this line. He was suc-
ceeded by Horace Williams in 1871. This road was also ab-
sorbed by the Chicago and Northwestern Railway Company at
the time of the consolidation in 1884.

A railway company had been organized to extend a line
between Iowa Falls and Fort Dodge, and some work was done,
when for lack of funds, John Blair took this over and organ-
ized what was known as the Iowa Falls and Sioux City Rail-
way Company, October 1, 1867. Again he demonstrated his
ability to get work done, as he had finished all the work into
Sioux City by the fall of 1871. In this extension work Blair
sought and found another valuable man in the person of J. E.
Ainsworth, who had charge of the construction. Blair was
the first president of this road also, and when he retired was
succeeded by Horace Williams, who remained at the head of
affairs until this road was taken over by the Illinois Central
Railroad Company.

The Fremont, Elk Horn and Missouri Valley Railway Com-
pany was strictly a Nebraska Company, but its offices were
in Cedar Rapids. This road was also hard up and was taken
over in 1869, before it was completed, by John I. Blair and
his associates who undertook to finish the construction of the
road. It was built gradually on account of the uncertain
crop conditions in that country and lack of a sufficient popu-
lation to support a railroad. In August, 1884, this road was

BLAIR IN RAILWAY BUILDING 493

taken over by the Chicago and Northwestern Railway Com-
pany. This company extended the branch so that in time it
became a revenue producer.

Blair was also president of this line, with J. E. Ainsworth
as engineer, and a new man brought out from the east, P.
E. Hall by name, superintendent of construction. Mr. Hall
came later to Cedar Rapids and is still living, enjoying old
age. For many years he was an intimate associate of Blair
and his associates. Mr. Hall is now the only person left of the
old guard and he controls the syndicate property still held in
Cedar Rapids by the old New England group of financiers.

The Maple River Railroad was another branch of Blair's
business. This branch was also later taken over by the Chi-
cago and Northwestern Railway Company. In 1882 Congress
granted to the Sioux City and Pacific Railway Company the
right to erect a bridge across the Missouri river at a point
where the line crosses the river between Missouri Valley, Iowa,
and Blair, Nebraska. The company at this time was unable
to meet this expense and the railroad assigned its rights to
what became known as the Missouri Valley and Blair Railway
and Bridge Company which was organized in 1882, for the
purpose of erecting a bridge across the river at this point.
This bridge was open for traffic in November, 1883, and was
built at a cost of $1,300,000.00. Nearly a half million was
for the bridge proper, the balance being expended for ap-
proach work, and for protection against the annual flood of
the Missouri river. Mr. Blair was correct in his views in
this respect also. Since then several hundred thousand dol-
lars have been spent in trying to keep the water in the
channel under the bridge, by the erection of dikes and pro-
tection works along the river banks on both sides.

In this work P. E. Hall had general charge of construc-
tion and G. S. Morrison had charge of the engineering work.
This road was also later taken over by the Chicago and North-
western Railway Company.

The Iowa Railroad Land Company was formed in 1869
for the purpose of handling the land then earned from the
State for completion of the railroad. Much litigation and

494 ANNALS OF IOWA

trouble arose over these land matters, which were finally closed
up in 1902. This was one of the largest land companies ever
organized in Iowa. John I. Blair was president from 1871
to 1872 and J. Van Deventer succeeded him and remained
until 1889. Since that time P. E. Hall of Cedar Rapids
has been president and since 1871 has been in office.

In addition to several subsidies the company was author-
ized to issue government bonds and to organize with a capi-
tal stock not to exceed $100,000,000. It later became evident
that the road could be built for $20,000,000 less than the re-
sources thus furnished. Oakes Ames became the scapegoat
for others. Through the efforts of the son of Oakes Ames, the
State of Massachusetts exonerated Ames May 10. 1883, some
ten years after his death and after the forty-second Congress
had censured him.

John Blair was more than a promoter, railroad builder,
postmaster of a small village and an unknown storekeeper as
he was often called. He was more or less of a seer and stood
for big business. In the first years of the Civil War he loaned
the Government one million dollars to help pay the debts
which were fast accumulating. He Avas a believer in the Re-
publican party and a follower of Lincoln. He was persuaded
to run for governor of the State in 1868, by his friends or by
those who had hoped to profit by such politics. He lost,
paid all campaign expenses with a smile on his lips as he
drew a check for nearly a hundred thousand dollars, saying,
"It costs to become a statesman." This AVHS his first and
last entry into political life.

In his daily habits he was close and stingy with others and
even with himself. He denied himself all pleasures, and a
few of the comforts. With him, it was big business from
morning till night and then over again the next day. He
needed little rest and his big sturdy frame seemed in con-
stant action. He would take two steps at a time in walking
up stairs, and would walk if he could get to a place quicker
than by waiting for some conveyance.

It is told he took dinner at a small railway eating house
along the line of the Chicago and Northwestern Railway.

BLAIR IN RAILWAY BUILDING 495

When the owner made a charge of fifty cents, Blair protested
and threw down a quarter. The owner began to growl, and
finally said he did charge railroad men twenty-five cents, but
all others fifty cents. Blair replied as he went out, "I am a
railroad man; I own this road." A porter could not make
change when he had shined Blair's shoes. Six months later
Blair came back to the same porter and had his muddy shoes
again cleaned and shined, when he said: "All right, we are
even now. I paid you for two shines last time I was here,
when you did not have the change." He went into a tailor
shop to ascertain the price of a new lining for an old coat,
and was told the price would be ten dollars. Blair put the
coat on and said, as he walked out: "It will last just as
long without a lining." Many of such stories are still told
by men who knew Blair and his operations in Iowa.

While Blair was close in his dealings and made every em-
ployee account for every penny that came into his hands,
he was also generous and kind when he felt like it, and gave
away large sums of money to charity and for education. He
gave large sums to as many as one hundred churches and gave
the Presbyterian church, of which he was a member, nearly
a half million dollars. He gave something like $600,000 to
Blairstown Academy of Blairstown, N. J., to Lafayette Col-
lege $100,000 and to Princeton College money donations
from time to time. He also erected buildings. He generously
came to the rescue of Iowa College at Grinnell after the cyclone
had demolished the buildings in the eighties. He erected the
Blair building in Cedar Rapids in which he housed all of the
Blair interests in the West. This building was rebuilt by
the Kimball crowd of Boston, and is still standing a monu-
ment to the work of John I. Blair in Iowa. This building
cost about $60,000.00 and was said to be the most substan-
tial business building in the West. He also organized the
First National Bank of Cedar Rapids, to which he gave his
support and lent his influence. He saw that it was essential
to have a bank in the West so as to be able to pay off all the
claims on the properties and thus be able in the East to dis-
count the paper or make loans on collaterals. Only with,
Blair's backing could this be possible.

496 ANNALS OF IOWA

He was associated in his railway plans with James Blair,
a brother, who also became wealthy. He also brought to
Iowa as early as 1862, D. C. Blair, a son, who was associated
with him in his projects for many years. Ledyard Blair, a
grandson, is now and has been for many years the head of
Blair and Company, who still control much of the stock in
the railway companies which the grandfather financed and
controlled in such a masterly manner. The offices now and
for many years have been in New York.

John I. Blair will always be remembered in Iowa as the
first real pioneer railway builder who was willing to invest
his wealth and that of his associates long before the rest of
the railway builders believed such investments safe. He not
only invested his money, but he helped actually to construct
the road and walked over nearly the entire line on foot, and
that long after he was rated among those who owned mil-
lions. He came at a critical period in Iowa railway build-
ing, and was one of the men who blazed the trail for the on-
coming civilization. It was only by means of extension of
railroads that the settlers hoped to be able to get the products
of the farm to market and to profit by the new enterprise.
This vast extent of prairie country, without rivers and with-
out mountains, just waited for an empire builder such as
John I. Blair, and he early saw the possibility of such a coun-
try. The settler was not slow to follow, and soon the virgin
prairies were turned by the strong arms of the pioneer set-
tlers, and the railroads in turn began to haul the vast crops
which since then have been growing without any diminution.

John I. Blair, railroad builder and man of affairs, should
long be remembered among the men who made Iowa.

tf&f*

WORK OF CHARLES A. WHITE 497

LIFE AND WORK OF CHARLES ABIATHAR WHITE.
BY CHARLES KEYES.

There was recently claimed by Death another of the great
scientists of our country — an lowan withal. Iowa is unfor-
tunately prodigal with her brains. Singular as it may seem
she appears to be the one State in all the Union which is con-
stantly producing the largest number of exceptional minds in
proportion to her population while she retains the fewest. Dr.
Charles Abiathar White was no exception to this rule. For
seventy-two years he was a resident of Iowa ; one-half of this
long period dwelling in Washington, but still retaining his
home in this State and actively interested in its affairs. Dur-
ing a round half century he was a copious writer on many
themes and his important contributions to geologic science
were above two hundred in number.

The subject of our sketch was born at Dighton, Bristol coun-
ty, Massachusetts, January 26, 1826; and died in Washing-
ton, D. C., June 29, 1910. His residence in Iowa dates from
his twelfth year of age, when he came with his parents to Bur-
lington when our commonwealth was yet a territory.

Charles White was the second son of Abiathar and Nancy
White, the latter a daughter of Daniel Corey. His forbears
were among the earliest settlers of New England, having come
over to this country from Old England within twenty years
after the Pilgrim fathers landed on Plymouth Rock. The
White homestead in Dighton was held by the successive mem-
bers of the family for a period of more than two hundred
years.

In New England White 's ancestors were tillers of the soil ;
but they were also always active in the business and public
affairs of their neighborhood. So strongly were they attached
to their native heath that it is said that no member of the
family for a period of more than one hundred and fifty years
ever travelled a greater distance from home than fifty miles.
32

498 ANNALS OF IOWA

When, finally, the Wanderlust which, in the middle of the last
century became so prevalent throughout the older parts of the
country, penetrated to Charles' family, the latter moved to
the Mississippi river and took up residence in the vicinity of
Burlington, Iowa. At this momentous time in Charles' life
he was twelve years old. The Black Hawk war had recently
closed and the Indian lands west of the Mississippi river had
been thrown open to settlement. The country was then the
newest. In a typically pioneer home young White grew up
to manhood amid many privations and seeming disadvantages.
For a number of years he worked as a mechanic, but his in-
terest early turned to the rocks and their curious remains of
ancient life. Large collections of fossils were acquired and
studied. The little farm on Flint river (four miles north of
the town) happened to be near what afterwards proved to be
one of the most famous and prolific localities for organic re-
mains in the world.

In 1847, when he was twenty-one years of age, young White
paid a visit to the old New England homestead at Dighton.
It was there during the following year that he was married
to a childhood school-mate, Charlotte Pilkington. With his
young wife he returned to Burlington, where he continued to
live for a decade and a half. For fifty- four years they were
spared to each other. Eight children were the fruit of this
happy union.

During the fifteen years of his residence in Burlington were
laid the foundations of White's scientific career. The labors
which had brought him his daily bread became gradually more
and more irksome. Through local studies of the rocks and the
flowers he was led to more systematic effort. The love for
natural history matters thus acquired never left him while
life lasted. From the Burlington rocks he made large collec-
tions of the fossils. These collections were especially rich in
beautiful crinoids, or "stone lilies," .for which the locality
became so famous the world over. His first scientific paper,
published by the Boston Society of Natural History, is a rec-
ord of some species new to science, found in the vicinity of
Burlington.

WORK OF CHARLES A. WHITE 499

White 's interest in ancient organic remains contained in the
rocks of Burlington grew rapidly. With Charles Wachsmuth,
Otto Thieme and Amos Worthen, who lived a few miles down
the river at Warsaw, he collected fossils and recorded facts.
Visits to Burlington by Louis Agassiz, James Hall, Doctor
Perry and F. B. Meek, greatly enlivened the enthusiasm of
the little local coterie of embryo scientists. The discoveries
by the Iowa men of hundreds of fossil forms entirely new to
science soon made these modest workers widely known.'

At this time White made numerous trips into various parts
of the Mississippi valley and his knowledge and breadth of
mind grew apace. The discoveries made on these journeys led
him to accept an assistantship with Professor Hall, of Albany,
New York, one of the foremost of American geologists. There
the years 1862 and 1863 were happily and very profitably
spent. Separately and in conjunction with several other work-
ers on the Hall staff, he published the results of his first sci-
entific investigations.

With a large family to support, White had to look closely
into the means of getting a livelihood. In those days depend-
ence upon purely scientific work was a precarious course.
His inclinations were turned towards the practice of medi-
cine. A few years previous to going to Albany he had taken
up the study, in the office of Dr. S. S. Ransome, one of the
leading physicians of that day in the new State. He then
attended the medical school at Michigan State University, sell-
ing to that institution his collections of fossils in order to de-
fray his expenses. Finally, in 1864, at the age of thirty-eight,
he was graduated with the degree of M. D., from Rush Medi-
cal college of Chicago. The same year he removed with his
family from Burlington to Iowa City, and began the practice
of medicine, following this vocation for two years, when by
legislative enactment he was made State Geologist.

In taking up the duties of state geologist Doctor White en-
tered in earnest upon his career as a scientist and an author.
For a period of more than forty years thereafter his pen was
seldom idle for any great length of time. As State Geologist
of Iowa .he served four years; and two large volumes attest

500 ANNALS OF IOWA

his energy and industry and that of his two chief assistants
during that period.

In 1867 Doctor White was appointed to the chair of nat-
ural history in the Iowa State University. During the next
three years he only devoted a part of his time to school duties.
The department was then new and students were few in
number. In succeeding years he gave all his time to the Uni-
versity, until, in 1873, he accepted a call to Bowdoin College
at Brunswick, Maine. There as Professor of Natural History,
he remained two years, and then took up his abode in Wash-
ington, D. C.

From this time onward Doctor White was never again close-
ly in touch with educational affairs. But colleges had come to
recognize his work and worth. In appreciation of his achieve-
ments honorary degrees conferred upon him include that of
Master of Arts, by Grinnell College in 1866 ; and that of Doc-
tor of Laws, by Iowa State University in 1893.

It was while occupying the professorial chair in Bowdoin
College that Doctor White, in 1874, was asked by Lieutenant
G. M. Wheeler, then in charge of the United States Geographi-
cal and Geological Surveys West of the 100th Meridian, to
prepare a report on the invertebrate fossils collected by the
various expeditions of that organization. This was the be-
ginning of a long service in the government bureaus. Two
years later he was transferred to the Geological Surveys of the
Territories, under Doctor H. V. Hayden, with whom, for a
period of more than three years, he performed arduous duties
in identifying and describing the old organic remains of the
western country. With the merging of the four governmental
surveys in 1879, Doctor White became Curator in Paleontology
in the United States National Museum.

In 1882 Doctor White was appointed Geologist to the newly
consolidated United States Geological Survey. Before enter-
ing fully upon his duties in this capacity he was detailed for
a period of several months as chief of the Artesian Water
Commission in the Great Plains Region, under the supervision
of the Department of Agriculture. During the latter part of
the same year he was commissioned by the Brazilian govern-

DR. C. A. WHITE

State Geologist

PROF. RUSH EMERY

Chemist

ORESTES H. ST. JOHN

Asst. State Geologist

WORK OP CHARLES A. WHITE - 501

ment to make a report on the Cretaceous fossils which had
been obtained in that country. He continued in the service
of the Federal Survey until 1893, when he resigned to take up
the duties of Scientific Associate in the Smithsonian Institute
at Washington.

After fully entering upon his scientific career Doctor White
traveled widely. His explorations in the various Government
geological surveys took him, during a period of a score of
years, into nearly every state and territory west of the Mis-
sissippi river. During two trips to Europe he visited many
localities that were classic in geology. On one of these jour-
neys he and his wife extended their itinerary into Egypt and
Asia Minor.

In spite of his manifold duties Doctor White always took
an active interest in the proceedings of the learned societies.
In several of these he w^as chosen officer. He was president
of the Biological Society of Washington two terms; Vice-
President of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science; and a member of the National Academy of Sci-
ences. As one of the founders of the Geological Society of
America he took a leading part in its debates. Besides mem-
bership in many scientific societies in this country he was cor-
responding member in the Geological Society of London, the
Isis Gesellschaft fiir Naturkunde of Dresden, Saxony, the
Royale Accademia Valdernese del Poggio, of Montevarchi,
Italy, the Koniglich-Kaiserlich Geologische Beichsanstalt of
Vienna, Austria, and the Kaiserliche Leopoldinisch-Carolin-
ische Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher, of Halle am
Saale.

Doctor White was a voluminous writer. His pen was busy
for a full half century. Between his first modest scientific
paper of a dozen pages, published in Boston in 1862, and his
last important memoir there was a large variety of subjects
treated. The total number of titles is above 240. Of these no
less than thirty-five relate to Iowa alone. His principal con-
tributions to scientific literature deal with the invertebrate fos-
sils. For many years the Cretaceous formations and their or-
ganic remains were his especial field of inquiry. During his

502 . ANNALS OF IOWA

long period of investigation he published the descriptions of
hundreds of forms new to science. Indeed, this is the line of
painstaking effort for which he will be longest remembered.

The subjects treated of in Doctor White's scientific writings
cover a wide field. They belong to the departments of zoology,
botany, anthropology, paleontology, geology, history, medicine
and domestic economy. Besides his more pretentious memoirs
he wrote copiously for the general public in the newspapers
and periodicals. With most happy results this method of pre-
senting the most instructive and interesting facts to the peo-
ple was adopted during the prosecution of the geological sur-
vey of Iowa.

Some idea of the comprehensiveness of Doctor White's in-
vestigations is gained by perusal of subjects discussed in his
two most extensive accounts on Iowa geology. In the intro-
duction to the first volume of the Iowa reports are included an
historical statement, popular explanation, and a classification
of Iowa rocks. Then in four long chapters are described the
salient physical features and surface geology of the State.
The general geological characters, and the relations of the
rocks to one another are set forth in five chapters. The most
striking aspects of seventeen counties are considered in the
remainder of the volume. In the second volume the descrip-
tions of the counties are continued, under four chapter head-
ings. The second half of this volume treats of the economic
yeology, and is followed by three appendices.

On the whole Doctor White's scientific work was mainly
pioneer effort. It was exploratory in nature and as such it
was necessarily carried on in somewhat desultory fashion and
under great difficulties. Many of his earlier published ob-
servations, on Iowa's mineral resources, are frequently quoted
to this day, after the lapse of half a century.

Doctor White had a large personal acquaintance with men
of science from all over the world. His correspondence with
these and other men of large affairs was extensive. Many of
these communications have so important an historical value
that, shortly before his demise, he deposited a large number of
them with the Historical Department of Iowa, together with

WORK OF CHARLES A. WHITE 503

all of his diplomas, testimonials, commissions, and other simi-
lar documents. He made this disposition of these papers be-
cause he grew up to a citizenship in this State, and always
continued to regard himself as a citizen of Iowa.

Doctor White was the last of that small but renowned group
of American naturalists who, in the third quarter of the Nine-
teenth century, acquired international distinction. Iowa may
well feel proud of counting him one of her most distinguished
sons.

As has been already stated Doctor White was a wide and
observant traveler. This extensive contact with both hu-
manity and nature gave him a breadth and catholicity of sym-
pathy such as is displayed in the character of but few men.
When some years ago an eminent scholar aptly remarked that
the circle of American scientific men who, at least in the
earlier periods of their work, may be most correctly described
as naturalists grows smaller year by year, he must have had in
mind Doctor White's own coterie of friends. Like many
Americans who have attained prominence in fields of science
Doctor White began with medicine.

Once, at a special session of the Geological Society of Amer-
ica held to do homage to the name and fame of one of the
country's most distinguished sons, Doctor White, a short time
before his own demise, when called upon to say something con-
cerning his late friend, spoke feelingly words which with even
greater appropriateness now apply to him. As now recalled
these remarks were about as follows :

In addition to the features of the life and work of our departed
colleague to which we already have called attention, — his breadth
and largeness of view, his hospitality to new truth, and his courage
in advocating it, — we must not fail to name the personal qualities
that have insured for him a lasting place in our affections and re-
gard. In his candor, his fairness, his courtesy, he approached the
ideal of the searcher for the truths of nature; in his devotion to
his work he literally knew no limit, save that which the narrow
house and the long sleep impose upon us all.

For nearly a quarter of a century it was a source of con-
stant pleasure to feel assured that I was numbered among
Doctor Whitens friends. Each meeting was a new and lasting

504 ANNALS OF IOWA

delight. His was a strong personality. His kindly sympathy
grew stronger with the passing years. He not only possessed
all the cardinal virtues of the ancients — justice, prudence, tem-
perance, and fortitude, — but he was ever generous and charit-
able. His love for his family and kindred amounted almost
to a passion, and his kindness of heart extended to all with
whom he came in contact. He was deliberate and careful in
forming his opinions, and once formed "he held them with
firmness; but in upholding them he never descended to per-
sonalities, and no word was ever uttered by him that left a
sting on the memory of his opponent, even when vanquished.
He was wise and learned, a kind and true friend, an ex-
emplary citizen, and, best of all, an honest man.

JOURNALISM.

The late Rev. Dr. Peabody, in a letter to X. P. Willis, took
occasion to rebut the notion that newspaper writing is neces-
sarily of small account and influence. He said (we quote
from the Home Journal) :

How many of the best works have been fragmentary and
occasional? Not to mention half the literature of the time —
essays, reviews, lectures, sermons, speeches — Bacon's Essays,
Feltham, The Spectator, Rambler, and numberless other works
have been as fragmentary as your articles ; but their influence
has been none the less on that account. * * * * A journalist,
after all, has great advantages. He writes both in the pres-
ence of his subject and his audience.

I know of no way in which an author of ability is more
sure of a speedy return — in the shape of influence and use-
fulness— for the most conscientious and careful labors, than
by addressing the public through the newspaper press.

Signourney — Life in the West, March 19, 1857.

ENGAGEMENT AT JENKIN'S PERRY 505

THE ENGAGEMENT AT JENKIN'S FERRY.
BY DR. WILLIAM L. NICHOLSON^

Diary of W. L. Nicholson, Surgeon 29th Iowa Vol. Infantry.

Federal Hospital, Princeton, Ark.
May 15, 1864.

Having found some paper, I am tempted to re-commence
journalizing for the sake of passing away the dreary time.
My chief source of interest in this daily jotting down of
current events, namely, my old journal, is probably lost with
the rest of my effects. It was no doubt destroyed when the
army retreated.

I think I shall begin with the departure from Camden,
which we evacuated about noon on April 26th. All baggage,
tents, etc., not essential, were ordered destroyed, so that a
general holocaust was offered up to the evil genius of our ill-
starred expedition. All the wagons rendered superfluous by
the destruction of property were temporarily disabled by
cutting out a few of the spokes and were then abandoned.
I was reluctantly compelled to leave behind the big sanitary
chest, hitherto the companion of all our marches. The two
hospital tent-flies I got into the two wagons we still had. I
brought four or five men, who were unable to travel, to the
general hospital where about twenty-five or thirty of the
worst cases were left in charge of Dr. Finlaw. Here a gen-
eral burning up of hospital property, medicine, books, etc.,
was taking place.

*Dr. William L. Nicholson was born in County Tipperary, Ireland,
September 25, 1832. He was educated in private schools, and. graduated,
from Trinity College, Dublin, and the University of Glasgow. He migrated
to Canada in 1853, and two years later came to Fort Dodge, Iowa. He
enlisted on August 16, 1862, as a private in Company E, Thirty-second
Iowa Volunteer Infantry, and in December was appointed assistant sur-
geon of the Twenty-ninth Iowa Volunteer Infantry. He was subsequently
made chief surgeon with rank of major. At the close of the war he
returned to Fort Dodge, where he continued the practice of his profession
and served for some years as pension examiner. His death occurred
November 11, 1890.

506 ANNALS OF IOWA

Having quite a supply of crackers we stored them in every
vacant spot, they being our main subsistence. The men had
only about two crackers each on leaving, while Engleman's
brigade had nothing at all. "Williamson and myself packed
everything on our animals that would stick, and put the
medicine trunk in the ambulance. We opened the last bottle
of old bourbon which we had been carefully preserving for a
great occasion, and this seemed great enough in shame and
disaster if nothing else.

The regiment moved out looking fine, notwithstanding the
short rations. We crossed the river late in the afternoon on
the pontoon bridge, then marched three or four miles and
encamped for the night.

Next morning all was in readiness early but we did not
get started before eight o'clock. It was a warm day, the
march was very fatiguing, the heat was excessive and the
men had little to eat. They commenced dropping out about
noon, and at three o'clock, when we arrived at Princeton,
more than half the regiment was behind. Here a halt was
made on the grounds of a widow, Mrs, Harley. The strag-
glers began to arrive, but no orders were received to encamp.
We all entertained the idea that after resting we would have
to march seven or eight miles in the cool of the evening.
Lucky indeed would it have been had we done so, for in that
case the Saline would have been crossed before the bottoms
became impassable, and the battle and consequent loss of all
our baggage, together with my present detention as a prisoner
of war with my men, avoided.

The remaining regiments of the brigade came up and
stacked arms parallel with ours. I tied my horse to the fence
and went up to the house with Colonel Benton and the Major.
Mrs. Harley was a perfect lady and treated us very politely,
preparing dinner immediately. Two young ladies, intelligent
and good-looking, but most enthusiastic rebels, were there
also. We discussed the state of the times at some length but
my fair auditors were incorrigible. Their only male relative
not in the army was at home disabled by a wound received
in some of the battles across the river. We placed a guard

ENGAGEMENT AT JENKIN'S FERRY 507

over the place and protected their property as much as
possible.

About six o'clock the order arrived to encamp for the
night, upon which we pitched our tent and I took my journal
and wrote in it a little. I had an aching tooth which had
troubled me for some days. Mustering up sufficient courage,
I applied the forceps and pulled it out myself.

Reveille was sounded about 3:30 a. m., but a delay of three
or four hours occurred before we could get out of the village.
This was fatal as every hour of time was now of importance.
However, as we had no knowledge that a large force of the
enemy was in pursuit, the delay caused no special annoyance.
I improved the time by walking along by the regiment and
giving each man who looked unwell or likely to give out a
dose of quinine. The unusual heat of the past three days
threatened to culminate in rain and the sun was obscured.
I was agreeably surprised to find the men standing the march
very well, none giving out at all.

The rain commenced early in the afternoon and the road
soon became heavy and hard to travel. The artillery was
pulled up the steep hills with great difficulty by the exhausted
horses. About three o'clock we passed the road leading to
Benton and prior to that the one leading to Tulip, so it was
evident we were not to go by either of those roads but were,
as I ascertained, on the main road between Camden and
Little Rock which crossed the Saline at Jenkins' Ferry.

The storm was incessant and about this time the report of
artillery in the rear was heard between the claps of thunder.
The artillery firing continued at intervals for some hours but
excited no apprehensions as we supposed that some small
force was merely hanging on our rear for the purpose of
annoyance.

A little before dark we reached the Saline bottom and
found the road had become much worse, being knee-deep in
mud and water in many places. We proceeded for about two
miles, halted for the night and encamped in the edge of a
wood near a ploughed field. I had my tent erected and a
good fire built at which I dried my clothes, and after receiv-

508 ANNALS OP IOWA

ing my share of a kettle of strong tea, felt pretty comfortable.
I went to the Colonel's tent and discussed prospects there for
a time. A feeling of hilarity seemed to prevail. In three
days we would be in Little Rock in comfortable quarters, with
plenty of provisions, etc. It seemed so much like going home
that all were willing to endure the present hardships with
so much comfort in prospect.

Williamson and myself had just lain down when an order
arrived to pack up and be ready to leave in two hours. The
fires were now extinguished and total darkness surrounded us.
At the same time the rain poured down in torrents so that
at the hour of starting mud and water were everywhere six
inches deep and to move was impracticable. Indeed, if even
an order to that effect was issued it would have been impos-
sible to find any one in the driving rain and pitchy darkness.
I stood and shivered through the long hours of that dreary
night. Some few, exhausted by the toil of the past three
days and rendered by fatigue insensible to the pelting storm,
slept, immersed in mud and water. Others, like myself,
prowled around like unquiet spirits, or sat on a log and took
it patiently until cold drove us again to locomotion. The
hours until daybreak were anxiously counted. The whips and
voices of the wagon drivers ceased, most of the mules being
hopelessly stuck in the mud.

At length came dawn, and never did the light disclose a
more miserable spectacle. The Thirty-third Iowa had been on
picket all night, but of course were no worse off than the rest
who were equally unsheltered. At daylight General Rice
came along and permitted fires to be lighted. Carter by some
means hunted up some coffee and a coffee pot, so that we had
a little warm fluid.

There was now a general moving out and all the regiments
had passed except the Thirty-third Iowa, when the firing
which had been going on at the pickets from the time that
objects could be distinguished began to swell into regular
volleys. We had just left camp where the boys had aban-
doned almost everything they had previously carried. As
the blankets were all soaked their weight would have been

ENGAGEMENT AT JENKIN'S FERRY 509

intolerable, and almost without an exception they were
thrown on the fires in huge heaps.

We were halted and then advanced a little, and supposed
that a small force was driving in the pickets which we were
to support. The firing came nearer, and wounded men being
carried to the rear showed something earnest was meant.
We were maneouvered in various directions through the open
field while the other regiments were being recalled from the
river, and finally were brought back to a strip of woods about
one hundred and fifty yards wide, at the edge of which the
line of battle was formed.

This position was similar to the camp-ground we had
vacated. The road bounded each, with the creek on the other
side, and behind us was a third ploughed field. At the lower
end of this field was a house which was subsequently used
for a hospital. Our brigade was all together by this time,
and lying down or as near a recumbent posture as the mud
and water would permit. It was almost impossible to execute
any movements for the same reason. All this time the rain
was pouring down.

The skirmishers soon fell back, followed by a large force
of the enemy. I now found myself in a bad fix, — a battle
about to commence and everything I needed away. The
medicine chest, etc., had been put in the ambulance and I
had sent Williamson to the other side of the river with them,
with instructions to get some breakfast ready, expecting of
course to be over presently. I had on my saddle my haver-
sack containing my sash, pocket case, a few rollers and a
tourniquet. I put on the former and brought together the
musicians who showed signs of great nervousness when the
balls began to whistle thick and fast. I gave Bullard my
horse to take care of, which he did so effectually that I saw
no more of him.

I soon had my hands full, could scarcely find time to more
than look at each man and was continually on the rush back
to the house at the end of the field which we had seized for
a hospital.

There I found the surgeon of the Ninth Wisconsin and
made a hurried disposition of the house to contain the

510 ANNALS OF IOWA

wounded, and compelled the stragglers to resume their guns
and follow me to their regiments again. Some who were
carrying along dead men I compelled to lay down their bur-
dens and return to the ranks.

On returning to the front after my first visit to the hos-
pital, I found the battle was raging furiously. Our brigade
as usual was doing much of the fighting. The rebels brought
up fresh brigades and charged our lines several times. They
tried on the right and left flanks, but every time our boys
stood up like Trojans and hurled them back in confusion.
It was ascertained that General Fagan was across the river
with five thousand cavalry and ten pieces of artillery, in-
tending to attack us in front. In consequence, all Thayer's
force was retained on that side except the Twelfth Kansas
and a negro regiment. All our cavalry had been sent forward
the evening previous to reach Little Kock in time to prevent
its capture. Those two regiments, with Rice's and Engle-
man's brigades, were all we could get together, in all about
3,500 men.

Colonel Benton proved himself as cool and brave as a lion.
His roan horse was shot under him. He dismounted, cool as
a cucumber, and had the saddle and bridle removed and
sent to the rear. The enemy, finding our line as immovable
as a rock, brought up two pieces of artillery and opened at
two or three hundred yards distant. General Rice intimated
that he wanted that battery. Colonel Benton waved his
sword and on went the boys with a yell. The Twenty-ninth
led the way, closely followed by the negroes. In this charge
our men were under cross fire from each flank, with the bat-
tery in front and its supporting infantry, — in all about five
thousand pieces. In ten minutes the struggle was over and
the guns were hauled within our lines by about one hundred
men detailed for that purpose.

After this an attack was made on our right, but by what
troops I have not yet learned, and there was a grand attack
on the center and left by the divisions of Parsons and Walker,
respectively. The incessant roar of musketry and whiz of
bullets no words can describe. The attacks were renewed
again with fresh troops but our line was never broken. The

ENGAGEMENT AT JENKIN'S FERRY 511

wildest enthusiasm animated the men. They forgot cold,
hunger and wet. Several whose wounds I dressed and pro-
nounced not serious returned eagerly to their places. I de-
tected only one case of skulking.

The enemy did not bring forward any more artillery as
its loss would have been certain, since, owing to the swampy
nature of the ground, the horses all mired down. For this
reason we trusted to our muskets. One gun was brought up
and planted near the hospital and from this a few rounds
were fired. But the mud preventing any recoil, the piece was
rendered practically useless, so it was withdrawn. General
Rice was everywhere in the midst of the fight and just before
its conclusion he was struck in the foot and carried off the
field.

About one o'clock the firing ceased, the enemy having
fallen back. Our forces commenced an immediate retreat.
I was of course not aware of the designs of the general, and
remained on the field, taking advantage of the lull of battle
to carry off the wounded, numbers of whom yet uncared for
were lying around in all directions. On finding the men all
recalled, I returned to the hospital, passing by the front of
our recent lines. A few negroes yet remained who were firing
occasional random shots and were rapidly being recalled
from the field. I hurried through the mire and reached the
hospital just as Company F, the rear guard, was passing by.
It never struck me even then that the wounded were going
to be unceremoniously abandoned. I thought the troops were
merely falling back to some other position or were getting
ready for some aggressive movement. As Company F was
passing by I desired Captain Nash to leave ten or twelve men
to bring in the wounded, which he immediately did. For-
tunately, as appeared afterward, I desired them to lay aside
their arms before going out.

The house consisting of six rooms, the porch, entry, smoke-
house and stables were all filled with wounded, bleeding
and dying men, shivering in their wet aad bloody clothes.
Twenty-five or thirty were lying in the mud of the yard in
the rain which still poured down. It was a sad sight to see
poor Arthur Williams, Sergeant Irwin and old man Stroud^

512 ANNALS OF IOWA

with others equally worthy, their lives ebbing away, without
even the shelter of a tree to protect them from the storm.
The house, outhouses and yard contained about one hundred
and fifty men, all badly wounded, who had been carried from
where they fell to this place. All whose wounds would permit
them to walk I had ordered across the river during the
progress of the fight. The groans and cries of the wounded
were heart-rending.

Just then up came Dr. Stuckslager, surgeon of the Twelfth
Kansas, one of the last regiments ordered in, who came from
the pontoon bridge to look after his men. He immediately
went to work, but like myself, had nothing to work with. I
heard shots fired in the vicinity and picking my way to the
door I saw the rebel cavalry at the upper end of the field. At
this moment Dan Johnson came riding up on Williamson's
mule, leading my horse and shouting for me to mount in a
hurry and escape. I debated for a moment. Being taken
prisoner was a blue outlook to be sure, but a glance at the
bleeding, dying crowd so cruelly left to their fate decided me.
I told Dan to make the best of his way back if he could. I
also told Hanks to get on the mule. I do not know whether
they were successful or not, or whether my horse escaped.
I felt rather despondent, wet, weary and hungry, and sur-
rounded by a number who were wounded, in addition.

Some mounted men rode up and commenced pillaging the
dead and wounded. One, dressed as an officer, drew his
revolver and shot three wounded "niggers" who lay in the
yard. I felt very indignant at this brutal violation of the
hospital flag and loudly denounced it as a cowardly murder.
Some were for shooting me, but others felt rather ashamed
and prohibited any more violence. A fellow untied Dr.
Stuckslager 's horse and took him off. Another helped him-
self to the Doctor's overcoat. One Major Hathaway came up
and took possession of the hospital. He was a gentleman
and protected us from further insult while he remained.
"Doctor," "Doctor," resounded everywhere, but I could
do little more than look at each, having exhausted what lit-
tle I had, — one-half bottle of morphine and a canteen of
whisky, given by Dr. Cornell and Dr. Sawyer, respectively.

ENGAGEMENT AT JENKIN'S FERRY 513

I managed to get a fire lit in the fireplace, and seated on a
portion of a chair, the rest of which was occupied by a
wounded soldier, I was so worn out as to fall asleep and
slept at intervals through the woeful night. During the
night, my spurs, which were about all I had left, were
stolen off my feet.

The rebel surgeons and officers who came along assured
us that just as soon as their supply trains came up we
would be cared for, but from the condition of he roads and
the rapid advance of their army in pursuit of ours, the
train was a long way behind.

On the following morning we found several of the men
had died. We hunted up sufficient rags to make a covering
for each wound and kept them wet from such canteens as
had been left to us. We found some corn in one of the
rooms and shelled and boiled a quantity. This was our
only subsistence for two days more, when rations were furn-
ished us.

When the Confederate surgeons had completed their own
work they came and gave us every assistance in their power,
and furnished instruments, medicine, dressings and chloro-
form. As three or four days had elapsed since the injuries
were received, the inflamed condition of the limbs rendered
amputation of doubtful utility. In consequence many re-
quired operations much higher than otherwise would have
been necessary, and many we did not try to operate on at
all. We amputated twenty-one limbs, leaving an equal num-
ber untouched. I operated on seven of my own regiment, of
which there are now living (May 29th) three, Smith of Com-
pany C, Powell of Company B and Schooling of Company
D. Schooling will die I fear, and Powell will have hard
scratching to get through. The great trouble has been lack
of stimulants and nutriment. It is too much to expect cap-
ital operations to succeed with no better diet than corn
bread and bacon. Two or three days ago I took off a leg of
Reuben Madden 's, after trying in vain to save it. He, too,
I fear, will sink from the same causes.

The old lady who owned the house came and made a fuss
about the summary occupation of her property, and as she
33

514 ANNALS OF IOWA

could not perceive the military necessity of the step, just told

her to go to h 1. On the second day we buried those who

had died in and around the hospital, twenty-one white men
and three negroes. I placed poor Beans and Tom Irwin side
by side on top of the pile, all in one grave, and the negroes
in another. We went on the field and buried a number where
we found them. Almost without exception our men had been
stripped to their shirts, and in some cases even this was re-
moved. The negroes were stripped as impartially as the rest.
General Parsons sent a fatigue-party who completed the job
on the following morning. The weather having become warm,
the offal incident to this place made it intolerable and as
soon as the Confederate wounded were all removed to Tulip
they commenced hauling ours to Princeton. As the supply of
ambulances was limited the transportation occupied about ten
days.

I arrived in this town on the 14th, with the balance of the
wounded and attendants. The post quartermaster, Captain
Faust, furnished a quantity of cotton which was filled into
clean bed sacks procured from the post surgeon. The condi-
tion of our boys was much improved by the change from the
hard and muddy boards to the soft cotton which felt very
grateful to their excoriated backs and sides.

The wounded officers, six in number, were located in an
empty house, situated close by the hospital. They consisted
of Lieutenant Colonel Hayes, Twelfth Kansas, thigh ampu-
tated; Captains Bacon, Franz and Comstock; Lieutenants
McHenry and Harper. Lieutenant Mcllenry is dead. The
rest are permanently disabled except Captain Comstock. In
the last cargo of wounded which I accompanied in person
were six wounded negroes, three of them mortally. I felt
bound to do my best for them while they were suffering. I
placed them by themselves in a small storehouse adjacent to
one that contained other wounded soldiers and fixed them up
temporarily with a nurse. They had not been long deposited
when I heard shooting, and some one remarked "The niggers
are catching it." I was discussing matters with an illiterate,
vulgar specimen of a rebel officer on the opposite sidewalk.

ENGAGEMENT AT JENKIN'S FERRY 515

when I saw a fellow emerge from the building with a re-
volver in each hand. I went over at once and found all the
poor negroes brutally shot through the head. I appealed at
once to the post commander, Captain Forest, who did not
seem much affected by the atrocious murder, but remarked
that they had brought it on themselves. In fact, all the by-
standers considered it rather a meritorious action than other-
wise. The Confederate surgeons and one or two others re-
garded it in its true light as a cold-blooded murder, and re-
ported the fact to General Parsons who expressed his horror
at the massacre, arrested the perpetrator, and sent him to
Camden to be dealt with for a violation of their own hospital

Princeton, May 31, 1864.

I have written the preceding pages at intervals, a sort of
summary of our experience at Jenkins' Ferry and the events
immediately following. There is but little to chronicle since.
I have applied for a release, but was informed by General
Parsons that I must consider myself a prisoner of war, sur-
geons being no longer exempt from capture. My prospect of
exchange is very indefinite. I have thought a great deal of
trying to escape and make my way through the woods at
night by aid of stars. I may yet attempt to reach Little Rock
in that way, but will wait and see what the prospects of ex-
change are, as Major Cabdell went to arrange with General
Steele for that purpose and is expected to return very soon.

June 1, 1864.

Major Cabdell returned with the flag of truce about noon
today. The tidings did not offer much comfort. General
Steele would not negotiate any exchange. Sokalski, who has
been promoted to lieutenant colonel, treated the Major very
coolly, and in fact they did not seem to be much interested
in our fate. Six Confederate surgeons also returned. They
had been confined in the penitentiary for the past two months
without any apparent reason for being thus treated as felons
except that something might be going on at the city which
was to be kept concealed.

516 ANNALS OP IOWA

I cannot expect but that this conduct will be retaliated
upon Dr. Stuckslager and myself. The surgeons seemed very
indignant and no doubt will represent the thing very un-
favorable to General Price. They were captured at the
taking of General Dockery's train about the time we left
Little Rock.

The news from Virginia was not so bad as the reports first
received indicated. Grant, although repulsed with fearful
loss after ten days' fighting was not routed, but had only
fallen back five miles where he was re-forming for a new at-
tack on Lee.

We have not a vestige of medicine left, and deaths occur
daily. Even the convalescents improve very slowly owing to
the poor quality of their diet. I wrote a response to the
"Secesh" song sung by the ladies, to the same air and with
the same refrain. There is considerable growling among our
men about the quantity of their rations. However this can-
not be remedied. The weather has been quite prone to
showers. A train of wagons is coming into town which may
possibly be destined for our removal to Camden.

Camden, Ark., June 63 1864.

My conjecture as to the wagons at my last writing was
verified. On the following morning at daylight an order ar-
rived for one hundred men to be placed in wagons and pro-
ceed to Camden. The rain was pouring down violently and
it was a most unfavorable time for a change, but the orders
were peremptory. About noon the men and attendants were
all started, — seventy-six wounded and twenty-six attendants.
The patients consisted of the convalescents and the slightest
wounded. We got some meal and meat for provisions on the
way. It continued to rain heavily. We were very wet and
from the inundated state of the roads had to wade over our
knees in many places.

The train was guarded by a detachment of cavalry com-
manded by a lieutenant who seemed very much concerned
lest any one of the boys should escape.. The little runs which
crossed the road were very deep, and about eight miles from
Princeton a creek was so deep that it became necessary to

ENGAGEMENT AT JENKIN'S PERRY 517

wait before attempting to cross. So we stopped for the night
at a deserted house where we were carefully watched and kept
inside the fence.

The next day was fine. Our wet clothes dried out and we
felt better. I hung out my only pair of socks to dry, but
while I was walking along the roadside in search of flowers,
one got shaken off and lost, — a serious loss under the circum-
stances. The remaining one has now to do duty on alternate
feet.

There is at last an apparently definite prospect of our being
exchanged. We have a promise of going out with the flag of
truce on Tuesday, but there have been so many delays that
I cannot rely with certainty on anything I hear. I anxiously
count the hours to the time when I may be a free man again.
Lieutenant Wood expects to be sent with us. Colonel Shields
is to command the escort.

Dockery's brigade passed through here last night en route
to Monticello. I was told there was quite a movement of
troops in that quarter. A rumor arrived here today that
Sherman had been defeated by the combined forces of John-
son, Forrest and Polk. I don 't credit it until better informed.
McKissic escaped last night. He cannot possibly go far as he
is weak with dysentery and has a sore foot ; besides, the guards
are after him now with dogs.

June 30, 1864.

The days still drag their weary length along without any
sign of a change. The flag of truce is mentioned no more, I
think on account of some movement either making or to be
made. All kinds of rumors and stories continue to come in.
As usual defeats and victories are so intimately blended that
nothing can be told with certainty. The summing up I arrive
,at is that there is something on hand, but of what nature I
cannot say.
Little Rock, July 4, 1864.

Back again, safe and sound. Left Camden on Tuesday
under a flag of truce in charge of Captain Lewis. Nothing
of consequence happened on the road. We met Mrs. Hayes
going down to see the Colonel, also Lieutenant Fackler going

518 ANNALS OF IOWA

down to be exchanged for Wood. I am clean once more and
feel like a new man. Dr. Stuckslager has gone back with
supplies. Colonel Benton is home and several other officers
are also absent. Lieutenant Colonel Patterson is in command
of the regiment. All seemed tickled to death to see me.

Field Hospital,2 Jenkins Ferry, Ark.

May 3, 1864.

Operated on by W. L. Nicholson.

Jason Powell, Co. B., recovered, thigh.

Robt. McClellan, Co. K, dead, leg.

Reuben Madden, Co. H, recovered, leg.

Wm. Graham, Co. K, recovered, arm.

J. Smith, Co. C, recovered, thigh.

J. Jackson (colored), 2nd Kan., dead, leg.

T. Burton (colored), 2nd Kan., recovered, shoulder.

J. Schooling, Co. D, dead, leg.

Jno. Miller, 33rd la., thigh, recovered.

Lt. Col. Hayes, 12th Kan., thigh, recovered.

Sergt. Kyoni, 9th Wis., thigh, recovered.

W. B. Gibson, 33rd la,, leg, recovered.

Lieut. Harper, 43rd Ind., arm, recovered.

Capt. Franz, 9th Wis., arm, recovered.

Jno. Schooling, Co. D, 29th la., amp. leg, May 3rd, died
May 21.

Anton Weber, Co. I, 9th Wis., amp. leg, May 3rd, died
May 7.

Sert. H. C. Green, Co. G, 29th la., amp. thigh, May 3rd,
died May 14.

W. B. Gibson, Co. F, 33rd la., amp. leg, May 3rd.

F. A. Fingerle, Co. H, 9th Wis., amp. thigh, May 2nd,
died Mav 9th.

2On the back of the diary appears a "hospital list." Nothing explains
it and perhaps it was not intended for the use of any but its writer.
Be that as it may, the time and care taken in its preparation justifies
its publication with the rest of the record. It at least uniquely illus-
trates a part of the labor of one of the patriotic servants of the Union.—
Editor.

ENGAGEMENT AT JENKIN'S FERRY 519

Robt. McClellan, Co. K, 29th la., amp. leg,, May 3rd, died
May 22nd.

Peter Butler, Co. H, 9th Wis., amp. thigh, May 3rd, re-
operated 24th.

Geo. Brown, colored regt., leg, May 3rd, died May 21st,
shot subsequently through the mouth.

L. Foster, Co. G, 50th Ind., thigh, May 3rd, died May 10th.

G. F. Reeves, Co. E, 29th la., thigh, May 3rd, died May 5th.

Sergt. T. P. Mosely, Co. D, 13th Kan., thigh, May 4th, died
May 10th.

Sergt. Corad Kuoni, Co. D, 9th Wis., thigh, May 10th.

W. M. Rodman, Co. H, 33rd la., arm, May 2nd, died
June 2nd.

J. C. Smith, Co. C, 29th la., thigh, May 3rd, reop. May 26th.

Lieut. W. Harper, 43rd Ind., arm, May 2nd.

J. H. Miller, Co. E, 33rd la., thigh, May 3rd.

Jno. Niermeyer, Co. G, 33rd la., leg, May 4th, died
May 13th.

J. D. Compton, Co. H, 33rd la., leg, May 3rd, died May 14th.

Geo. Legler, Co. K, 9th Wis., thigh, May 25th, died
June 3rd.

M. J. Crotty, Co. G, 50th Ind., leg, May 25th, died June 1st.

James Gordon (colored), 1st Kan., shoulder, May 25th.

Capt. Chas. Franz, Co. G, 9th Wis., arm, May 27th.

Lt. Col. J. E. Hayes, 12th Kan., thigh, April 30th.

§20 ANNALS OF IOWA

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS.

A CONTRIBUTION TOWARD A BIBLIOGRAPHY.*

BY ALICE MARPLE.

Abernethy; Alonzo, 1835—

Dedication of Iowa monuments commemorating the bat-
tlefields of Vicksburg, Andersonville, Chattanooga
and Shiloh. '08. Des Moines. State printer.

Glimpses of Abraham Lincoln. '09. Osage, la. The
author.

History of Iowa Baptist schools. '07. Osage, la. The
author.

Iowa under territorial governments. '06. Des Moines,
la.

(ed.) Whitman, P. Spencer. Early life of Jesus and new
light on passion week. '14. Phil. Griffith & Row-
land.
Adams, Charles Kendall, 1835-1902

Christopher Columbus (Makers of America) Dodd.t

Manual of historical literature. 3d ed. '01. Harper.

(comp.) Representative British orations; with supp. vol-
ume by J: Alden. '00. Putnam.
—and Trent, William Peterfield, 1862—

History of the United States, rev. ed. '13. Allyn.
Adams, Ephraim

Iowa band; the history of early Congregationalism in
Adams, Ephraim Douglass, 1865 —

British interests and activities in Texas, 1838-1846. '10.
Johns Hopkins.

Influence of Grenville on Pitt's foreign policy. '04.
Carnegie institute.

Power of ideals in American history. '13. New Haven.
Yale univ.

"This list of Iowa authors and their works is herewith published, to
continue until complete, for the purpose of recording- all that is
at present known or that can be ascertained upon the subject.
Criticism and suggestions are invited. — EDITOR.

t Abbreviation of -publishers' names follows the usage of The Cum-
ulative Book Index. The H. W. Wilson Company, Publishers, White
Plains, New York.

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 521

Adams, Henry Carter, 1851—

Economics and jurisprudence. '97. Am. economic
assn.

Outline of lectures on political economy. '81, '86.
Priv. ptd.

Philanthropy and social progress. '03. Crowell.*

Public debts. '87. Apppleton.

Science of finance. '86. Holt.

State in relation to industrial action. '87. Am. eco-
nomic assn.

Statistics of railways. '01. Supt. of doc.

Taxation in the United States. '84. Ticknor.

— and Newcomb, Harry Turner

(comps.) Regulation of railway rates; digest of hear-
ings before Comm. on interstate commerce, Sen. (59th
Cong, first sess. Sen. doc. 244). '06. Gov. ptg. .

Adsit, Ruth

Exercises in phpnics. '08. Cedar Rapids. The author.
Sense training and games. '06. Torch press.

Ains worth, D. H.

Recollections of a civil engineer, n. d.

Alden, Mrs. Cynthia Westover, 1862—

Bushy. '99. Silver.

Manhattan ; historic, artistic. Silver.

Women's ways of earning money. '04, '13. Barnes.

Alderman, Alva Bruce, 1874 —

Students' history of the United States. '13. Marion,
la. Educational pub.

Aldrich, Charles, 1828-1908

(ed.)" Annals of Iowa, third series, v. 1-8, 1893-1908.
(ed.) Life and times of Azro B. P. Hildreth. '98. Des
Moines.

Allen, William G.

History of Story county, Iowa. '87. Des Moines. Iowa
ptg. co.

522 ANNALS OP IOWA

Allyn, Eunice Gibbs

Cats ' convention. '08. Cochrane pub.

One thousand smiles. Dubuque, la. The author.

Ames, Edward Scribner

Divinity of Christ. '11. New Christian century co.
Psychology of religious experience. 10. Houghton.

Anderson, Melville Best, 1851—

Happy teacher; poem. '10. Huebsch.
(ed.) Bacon, F. Essays.

(tr.) Hugo, V: M. William Shakespeare; Saint Pierre,
P. H. B. de. Paul and Virginia.

Anderson, Rudolph Martin

Birds of Iowa. '07. Davenport acad. of sciences.

Andreas, Alfred T., 1839-1900

Historical atlas of the State of Iowa. 75.

Andrews, H. Franklin

Andrews family ; genealogy of Robert Andrews and his
family, 1635-1890. '90. Audubon, la. W : E. Brink-
erhoff.

Andrews, Launcelot Winchester, 1856 —

Point of view touching the relation of applied science to
university teaching. '01. Iowa City. The author.

Andrews, Lorenzo F., 1829 —

Pioneers of Polk county, Iowa, and reminiscences of
early days. 2v. '09. Des Moines, Lowell Chamber-
lain.

Anson, Adrian C.

Ball player's career. '00. 3ra.
Archibald, Andrew Webster, 1851 —

Bible verified. Presbyterian bd.

Easter hope (6 sermons). '09. Salem D. Towne, 205

Sudbury bldg., Boston.
Trend of the centuries. '01. Pilgrim press.

Arnold, Ralph, 1875—

Description of new cretaceous and tertiary fossils from
the Santa Cruz mountains, Cal. IT. S. Nat. museum.

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 523

Arnold, Ralph — Continued.

Geology and oil resources of Summerland district, Santa

Barbara co., Cal. '07. U. S. Geol. S.
Geology and oil resources of Coalinga district, Cal.

U. S. Geol. S. bul. 398.
New and characteristic species of fossil mollusks from

oil-bearing tertiary formations of Santa Barbara

county, Cal. '07. Smithsonian.
Paleontology and stratigraphy of the marine pliocene

and pleistocene of San Pedro, Cal. '03. Stanford

univ.

Paleontology of the Coalinga district, Cal. U. S. Geol. S.
Tertiary and quaternary pectens of Cal. '06 U. S.

Geol. S.

— and Anderson, Robert

Geology and oil resources of Santa Maria oil district,
Santa Barbara county, Cal. '07. Supt. of doc.

Preliminary report on Coalinga oil district in Fresno
and Kings counties, Cal. '08. U. S. Geol. S.

Preliminary report on Santa Maria oil district. '07.
Supt. of doc.

— and Clapp, Frederick Gardner, 1879 —

Wastes in the production and utilization of natural gas
and means for their prevention. U. S. Bu. of mines.
Tech. pa. '13.

— and Garfias, Valentine Richard, 1883 —

Cementing process of excluding water from oil wells as
practiced in Cal. '13. U. S. Bu. of mines.

Prevention of waste of oil and gas from flowing wells in
Cal. with a discussion of special methods used by
J. A. Pollard. U. S. Bu. of mines. Tech. pa. '13.

— and Johnson, Harry R.

Preliminary report on the McKittrick-Sunset oil region,
Kern and San Luis Obispo counties, Cal. U. S. Geol.
S. bul. 406.

Arthur, J. C.

Contributions to the flora of Iowa. '76.

524 ANNALS OF IOWA

Ashby, Newton B.

Kiddle of the sphinx. '89.

Wealth and civilization. '91. Howard & Wilson.

Ashton, Charles, Crosby, James 0. and Jarnagin, J. W.

Hand book of Iowa. '93. Iowa Columbian commission.

Athearn, Walter Scott

Intermediate department of the church school. '13. Des
Moines. Drake univ.

Atwater, Joshua

American farmers' figurer. Des Moines. Fowler &
Johnson.

Aughey, John H.

Spiritual gems of the ages. '86. Cin.
Tupelo. '88. Lincoln, Neb.

Aurner, Charles Ray

History of township government in Iowa. '14. Iowa

state hist. soc.

Leading events in Johnson county, Iowa, history. 2v.
'13. Western hist, press.

Austin, J. J.

Golden age to come ; a sacred drama. '53. Cin.

Ayers, Philip Wheelock

Commercial importance of the White mountain forests
'09. Gov. ptg.

Aylesworth, Barton Orville, 1860 —

Song and fable. '97. Des Moines. Kenyon.
Thirteen and twelve others, from the Adirondacks and
elsewhere. Christian pub. co.

Badger, Alfred S.

Christmas at the Abecs'. '91. National temp.

Baghdasarin, M.

Armenia ; or, The country of Ararat. '92. Des Moines.

Northwestern holiness.
Bailey, Birt HeaJd, 1875—

Two hundred wild birds of Iowa, new ed. '11. Cedar
Rapids. Superior press.

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 52S

Bailey, Edwin C.

Past and present of Winneshiek county, Iowa. 2v. '13.
S. J. Clark.

Bain, Harry Foster, 1872—

Fluorspar deposits of southern Illinois. '05. U. S.

Geol, S.
(ed) More recent cyanide practice. '10. Mining &

science press.
Preliminary report on lead and zinc deposits of the

Ozark region (22d ann. rep.) U. S. Geol. S.
Stream improvement and land reclamation in Illinois.

(From Bui. 8) 111. Geol. S.

(ed.) Types of ore deposits. '11. Mining & sci. press.
Western interior coal fields (22d ann .rep.) 111. Geol. S.
Zinc and lead deposits of northwestern Illinois. U. S.

Geol. S.
Zinc and lead deposits of upper Mississippi valley. '07.

U. S. Geol. S.

— and Ulrich, Edward Oscar

Copper deposits of Missouri. '05. Supt. of doc.

Baker, Elwood Thomas, 1853—

(comp.) Genealogy of Eber and Lydia Smith Baker of
Marion. Ohio, and their descendants. '09. Chariton,
la. Lydia A. Cop eland.

Baker, Hugh Potter, 1878—

Native and planted timber of Iowa. '08. Gov. ptg.

Baker, Mrs. Isadore

In memoriam. '96. Iowa state press pub.
Remembrance. '02. Iowa state press pub.
Sonnets and other verse. '96. Iowa state press pub.

Baldwin, Mrs. Mary R.

Along the Anataw. '92. Hunt & Eaton.

Around Bronton.

Gurnet's garden and new boy at S. Hunt & Eaton.

Hepsey's way. '88. National temp.

Maurice Eoseman's leading. '89. John B. Alden.

526 ANNALS OF IOWA

Ball, James Moores, 1862—

Andreas Versalius, the reformer of anatomy. 10. St.
Louis. Medical press.

Modern ophthalmology; anatomy, physiology and dis-
eases of the eye. '08. Davis.

Ballard, James

Songs ; beautiful beautifuls. '81. Red Oak, Iowa.

Ballinger, Richard Achilles, 1858 —

Annotated codes and statutes of Washington. '97.
Bancroft- Whitney co.

Ballinger on community property. '95. Bancroft-Whit-
ney co.

Banks, Charles Eugene, 1852—

American woman, drama. '06. Dramatic.
Child of the sun. '00. Walter.
John Dorn, promoter. '06. Walter.
Quiet music. '92.

Sword and cross, and other poems. '00. Rand.
Theodore Roosevelt; a typical American. '02. Chic.
E. R. Dumont.

—and Cook, George Cram, 1873—

In Hampton ro'ads. '99. Rand.

—and Read, Opie, 1852—

History of the San Francisco disaster and Mount Ve-
suvius horror. Thompson, C : C.

Barnard, William Francis

Moods of life; poems of varied feeling. '05. Rooks

press.
Tongues of toil and other poems. '11. Fraternal press.

Barr, Walter

Electric power from the Mississippi river. '12.
Shacklett; a novel. '01. Appleton.
Upper Mississippi river. '98. Oshkosh.

Barrett, Katharine Ellis. See Ellis, Katherine Ruth.

Barris, William H.

Defense of our local geology. Davenport acad. of sci.
Our local geology. Davenport acad. of sci.

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 527

Barrows, Willard, 1806-1868

History of Scott county (in Downer, H. E. History of

Davenport, v. 1, p. 107-268).
The general; or, Twelve nights in the hunter's camp,

a narrative of Iowa life. '70. Bost. Lee.
Notes on Iowa territory, with map. '45. Cin. Doo-

little & Munson.

Bashford, Herbert, 1871—

At the shrine of song (poems). '09. Whitaker & R.
Beyond the gates of care. '01. Whitaker & R.
Nature stories of the Northwest. Whitaker & R.
Songs from Puget Sound. Whitaker & R.
Tenting of the Tillicums. '06. Crowell.
Wolves of the sea. Whitaker & R.

Batten, Samuel Zane, 1859—

Christian state. '09. Am. bapt.
New citizenship. Am. S. S. union.

Social task of Christianity ; a summons to the new
crusade. '11. Revel! .

Battey, Thomas C.

Life and adventure of a Quaker among the Indians. '91.
Lee & Shepard.

Battin, William and Moscrip, F. A.

Past and present of Marshall county, Iowa. 2v. '12.
Indianapolis. B. F. Bowen co.

Baughman, Mrs. Nancy Randolph Ball
True way of life. Burlington, Iowa.

Bay, J. Christian

(tr.) Danish fairy and folk tales. Harper.

Bayer, Charles J. (U. S. Bayer, pseud.)
Bronze book. National purity assn.
Maternal impressions. '97. Winona, Minn. Jones &

Kroeger.

Modern researches. '01. National purity assn.
Studies of life. '99. Ogilvie. J

528 ANNALS OP IOWA

Bayless, C.

Outline of practical business training in the science of
accounts. '90. Dubuque. The author.

Baylies, Nicholas

Eleazer Wheelock Ripley, of the war of 1812. '90. Deg

Monies. Brewster & co.
Political controversies between the United States and

Great Britain. '85. Des Moines.

Beard, James Thorn, 1855—

Examination questions and answers; information essen-
tial tc all who wish to pass the mining examinations.
'13. Hill pub. co.

Mine gases and explosions. '08. Wiley.

Practical mine ventilation; information that's worth
dollars in value to the co-al mining man. '12. Hill
pub. co.

Beardshear, William Miller

Boy again and other prose poems. '04. Cedar Rapids
Republican.

Beede, Charles Gould, d. 1906

Soul shadows. '08. Newport pub.
Reincarnated, a romance of the soul. '08. Newport
pub.

Beede, Lillian Barker

Through the mists; poems. '10. Lillian B. Beede, 825
S. Hope St., Los Angeles, Cal.

Bell, George W.

New crisis. :87. Moses Hull & co.

Thoughts on money. '92. Indianapolis. Vincent bros.

Bell, Hill McClelland, 1860—

Fifty lessons in orthoepy and orthography. '92. Des

Moines. State printer.
Manual of orthoepy and orthography. Des Moines.

State printer.
Spelling book. '91. Des Moines. A. J. Lilly.

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 529

Bellows, Ernst Wilder

Comparative study of city school and rural school at-
tendance. '12. Iowa state univ.

Bender, Wilbur N., 1860—

Iowa (Tarr and McMurray geog.). '08. Macmillan.
Teacher at work. '08. Flanagan.

Benedict, Mrs. Lovinia B. (Mother Benedict)

Woman's work for woman. '92. Des Moines.

Bennett, Alfred Allen, 1850

Text-book of inorganic chemistry. 2 pts. '92. Silver.

Benton, Guy Potter, 1865 —

Real college. '09. Jennings.

Bessey, Charles Edwin, 1845 —

Botany, advanced course. Holt.

Botany for high schools and colleges. 7th ed. '08. Holt.

Elementary botany. '04. Univ. pub. Neb.

New elementary agriculture. '11. Univ. pub. Neb.

Plant migration studies. '05. Univ. of Neb.

Betts, George Herbert, 1868 —

Distribution and functions of mental imagery. '09

Teachers college.

Mind and its education. '06. Appleton.
New ideals in rural schools. '13. Houghton.
The recitation. '11. Houghton.

Beyer, Harold Legrand

Chronological outlines of nineteenth century English
drama. '98. Grinnell.

Beyer, Mary Queal

Genealogical history of the French and allied families.
12. Torch press.

Beyer, Samuel Walker, 1865—

Geology of Boone, Marshall, Story and Hardin counties.
Sioux quartzite and certain associated rocks.
Supplementary report on Portland cement materials in

Iowa. '06. la. Geol. S.
34

530 ANNALS OF IOWA

Bickel, Milton Valentine, 1877—

Poultry packers' guide. '09. Mason City, la. Pool
pub.

Bicknell, Frank W.

Alfalfa and beef production in Argentina. U. S. Agric.

rep. '04. Supt. of doc.
Animal industry of Argentina, U. S. An. ind. bul. '03'.

Supt. of doc.

Argentina. '03. Supt. of doc.

Indian corn in Argentina. U. S. Agric. rep. Supt. of doc.
Wheat production and farm life in Argentina. U. S.

Statistics bul. '04. Supt. of doc.

Bingham, Charles W.

Selections from Fielding. '08. Torch press.

Black, W. A.

No curse on toil; or, Everybody happy. '88.

Black Hawk's autobiography, dictated to Antoine LeClaire.
'34. New ed. with introduction and notes by James D.
Eishell. '12. Rock Island.

Blair, William W.

Joseph the seer; his prophetic mission vindicated. '89.
Lamoni, la.

Blake, Orwell

Poetic song book for the use of G. A. R. '83. Des
Moines.

Blakelee, T. M.

Academic trigonometry. '88. Ginn.

Blanchard, Rufus

Hand-book of Iowa. '67. Blanchard & Cram.

Blanden, Charles Granger, 1857—

Battle of love. '04. Blue sky press.

Chorus of leaves. '05. Elder.

Drift of song; poems. '02. Lord, W. S.

Harvest of reeds ; poems. '02. Langworthy.

Omar resung. '01. Langworthy.

Tancred's daughter and other poems. '89. Putnam.

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 531

Blanden, Charles Granger— Continued.

Unremembered God and other poems. '03. Blue sky

press.
Valley muse; poems. '00. Revell.

Bloomer, D. C.

Life and writings of Amelia Bloomer. '95. Bost.

Boodin, John Elof, 1869—

Time and reality. '04. Psychological review.
Truth and reality; an introduction to the theory of
knowledge. '11. Macmillan.

Boggs, Edward Brenton

Confirmation. Whittaker.

The layman; his priestly and executive functions.
Whittaker.

Boggs, Martha Frye

Jack Crews. '99. Dillingham.
Martha Steyne. '99. Dillingham.
Romance of New Virginia.

Boisot, Louis, 1856—

By-laws of private .corporations. 2d ed. '02. Keefe-

Davidson.
On mechanics' liens. '97. West.

Bolton, Frederick Elmer, 1866 —

Principles of education. '10. Scribner.

Secondary school system of Germany. '00. Appleton.

Bookwalter, Lewis

Consecration chapter in Christian doctrine. '89. Un.

breth.

Do we need a revival? '85. Un. breth.
Family; or, The home and training of children. '94.

Un. breth.
Repentance. '02. Un. breth.

Booth, B. F.

Dark days of the rebellion; or, Life in Southern mili-
tary prisons. '97. Indianola. Booth pub.

532 ANNALS OF IOWA

Bopp, Clinton Le Roy, 1882—

Bopp automatic signalling; text for 1912. '131. Hawk-
eye, la. The author.

Botsford, George Willis, 1862—

Ancient history for beginners. '02. Macmillan.

Development of the Athenian constitution. '93. Long-
mans.

History of Greece. '99. Macmillan.

History of Rome. '01. Macmillan.

History of the ancient world. '11, '14. Macmillan.

History of the Orient and Greece. '01. Macmillan.

History of the Orient, Greece and Rome. '06. Mac-
millan.

Roman assemblies from their origin to end of the re-
public. '09. Macmillan.

Source-book of ancient history. '12. Macmillan.

—and Botsford, Lillie Shaw

Story of Rome as Greeks and Romans tell it. '03. Mac-
millan.

Bowman, James Cloyd

Gift of white roses. '13. Ada, 0. Univ. herald press.
Into the depths. Jennie Bowman, Ada, 0.
Knight of the Chinese dragon. '13. Columbus, O.
Pfeifer press.

Bowman, Melville Leroy and Crossley, Bruce W.

Corn; growing, judging, breeding, feeding, marketing.
'09. Ames. The authors.

Boylan, William M.

Life's purest gold. '89. Eldora.

Line of tribute, L. S. McCoy, 1837-1906. '07. Hub-
bard, la. The Author.

Brain erd, Eleanor Hoyt (Mrs. Charles Chisholm Brainerd)
1868—

Bettina, '07. Doubleday.
Concerning Belinda. '05. Doubleday

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 533

Brainerd, Eleanor Hoyt — Continued.
Fashion makers. Moffat.
For the love of Mary Ann. '12. Harper.
In vanity fair. '05. Moffat.
Misdemeanors of Nancy. '02. Doubleday.
Nancy's country Christmas, and other stories. '04.

Doubleday.
Personal conduct of Belinda. '10. Doubleday.

Branch, Homer P.

Stories in rhyme, by Uncle Ho. '12. Sumner, la.
The author.

Braunwarth, C. C. & Mackey, Phil J.

Hunters and hunting at Muscatine, Iowa. '09. Mus-
catine news co.

Breckenridge, Mrs. John

Mahonomah. '11. Cochrane pub.

Brewer, Luther A. & Wick, Barthinius L.

History of Linn county, Iowa. 2v. '11. Chic. Pioneer
pub.

Brigham, Johnson, 1846 —

(ed.) Midland monthly, 1904-1908.

Banker in literature. '10. Bankers pub.

History of Des Moines and Polk county, Iowa. '11.
S. J. Clarke.

James Harlan (Iowa biographical series). Iowa state
hist. soc. '13.

Library in the making; pioneer history of the terri-
torial and state library of Iowa. '13. Hist. dept. of
Iowa.

Old man 's idyl. '05. McClurg.

Brindley, John Edwin

History of road legislation in Iowa (Iowa economic
history series). '12. Iowa state hist. soc.

History of taxation in Iowa (Iowa economic history
ser.). 2v. '11. Iowa state historical soc.

Road legislation in Iowa (Iowa applied history ser. v. 1,
no. 2), '12. Iowa state hist. soc.

534 ANNALS OF IOWA

Brindley, John Edwin — Continued.

Study of Iowa population as related to industrial con-
ditions (Engineering exper. sta. bul. no. 27). '12.
Iowa state college, Ames.

Tax administration in Iowa ; reprinted from v. 1 of the
Iowa applied history series (Iowa applied history
ser. v. 1, no. 7). '12. Iowa state hist. soc.

Britten, Franklin E.

Love principles in the Christian system; a triplet of
sermons.

Broadbent, Mrs. Marie

lota's scrap book.

Bronson, Thomas Bertrand, 1857 —

Colloquial German. 3d. ed. '03. Holt.

Exercises in every-day French. '94. Holt.

French verb blank. '96. Holt.

(ed.) German prose and poetry. '95. Holt.

— Same, pt. 1, stories by Grimm, Anderson, and Hauff.

'95. Holt.
— Same, pt. 2, Hauff's Karawne, with poems by various

authors. '95. Holt.
(ed.) Coppee, F. On rend 1'argent, Hugo, V: M. Sur les

bords du Ehin.

Brown, Charles 0.

Talks on the labor troubles. '86. Chic.
Brown, Charles Reynolds, 1862—

Cap and gown. '10. Pilgrim press.

Faith and health. '10. Crowell.

Gospel of good health. '08. Pilgrim press.

Latent energies of life. '12. Funk & Wagnalls.

Main points ; a study in Christian belief. '06. Pilgrim

press.

Modern man's religion. '11. N. Y. Teachers' College.
Quest of life. '13. Pilgrim press.
Social message of the modern pulpit. '06. Scribner.
Strange ways of God. '08. Pilgrim press.
Two parables. '98. Revell.
Young man's affairs. '09. Crowell.

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 535

Brown, Henry Edwin

(jt. auth.) Teller, William P. First book in business
methods. '03. Rand.

Brown, John Franklin, 1865 —

American high school. '09. Macmillan.
Training of teachers for secondary schools in Germany
and the United States. '11. Macmillan.

Brown, Leonard, 1837-1914

In Occident and orient. '01. The author.

Iowa the promised of the prophets and other patriotic
poems. '84.

Modest inquiry into the history, nature and office of
money. 78. Des Moines ptg. co.

Money and labor. '80. Des Moines. The author.

Our own Columbia that is to be. '08. Des Moines. The
author.

Pending conflict. '90. Des Moines.

Poems of the prairie. '70. Des Moines. Mills & co.

Popular perils. '92. Des Moines. G: A. Miller.

Protection. '88. N. Y. J. K Hetsch.

Rights of labor. '75. Des Moines.

Things new and old. Des Moines. Redhead.
Brown, Timothy

Jurisdiction of courts. '01. Callaghan.
Brown, William Harvey

On the South African frontier. Scribner.
Buck, E. C.

Guide to the teacher's mastery of texts and aids in

elementary instruction.
Bryan, William Alanson, 1875 —

Key to the birds of the Hawaiian group. Bishop mu-
seum.

.Pacific scientific institution. '08. Pacific scientific in-
stitution, Honolulu.

Buck, Mrs. Lillie West Brown, (Amy Leslie), 1860 —

Amy Leslie at the fair. Herbert S. Stone & co.

Plays and players.

Some players. '00. Duffield.

536 ANNALS OP IOWA

• Budd, Joseph Lancaster, 1835 —

Horticultural handbook. '00. Wallace pub.

Burdette, Robert Jones, 1844 —
Book of parodies. Hunt.
Chimes from a jester's bell; stories and sketches. '97.

Bobbs.

Gems of modern wit and humor. Walter.
Modern temple and templars; sketch of life and work

of R. II. Conwell. Silver.

New version of certain history; dialog. Werner, E. S.
Rise and fall of the mustache.
Silver trumpets. '12. S. S. times.
Smiles yoked with sighs. '00. Bobbs.
William Penn, 1644-1718

— and others

Before he is twenty. Re veil.

Burgess, John

Pleasant recollections of characters and works of noble

men. '92. Cranston & Stowe.

Sermons on the practical duties of life. '91. The
author.

Burke, Finley

Treatise on the law of public schools. '80. N. Y.
Barnes.

Burrell, Howard A.

History of Washington county, Iowa, '09. S. J. Clarke.

Burrows, J. M. D,

Fifty years in Iowa. '88. Davenport. Glass & co.

Burton, Martha Virginia

Sons of the sun; poems. '07. The author. Tree
studio, Chic.

Busby, Mrs. Allie B.

Among the Musquakies relating to the Sac and Fox
tribe. '86. Vinton, la,

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 537

Bush, Bertha Evangeline, 1866 —

Afternoon with Eugene Field, the children's poet. '04.

Flanagan.

Four great musicians. '13. Owen, F. A.
Four more great musicians. '13. Owen, F. A.
Prairie rose. '10. Little.

Revolutionary girls ; dialog. Entertainment pub.
Special days with little folks. Barnes; Penn.

Butler, Alfred Augustus, 1845—

Churchman's manual of methods. '06. Young ch.
How shall we worship God?

How to study the life of Christ. '01. Whittaker.
How to understand the words of Christ. '09. Whittaker.

Butler, Ellis Parker, 1869—

Adventures of a suburbanite. '11. Doubleday.

Cheerful smugglers. '08. Century.

Confessions of a daddy. '07. Century.

Great American pie company. '07. Doubleday.

Incubator baby. '06. Funk.

Jack-knife man. '13. Century.

KiJo. '07. Doubleday.

Mike Flannery on duty and off. '09. Doubleday.

Perkins of Portland. '06. Small.

Pigs is pigs. '06. Doubleday.

Revolt (play). 12. French, S:

That pup. 'OS. Burt.

Thin Santa Glaus. '09. Doubleday.

W'ater goats and other troubles. '10. Doubleday.

— and Wilson, Brittain B.

French decorative styles. '04. Cawthra.

Buts, Casper

Gedichte eines Deutsch-Amerikaner. '79. Chic.

Byers, Samuel Hawkins Marshall, 1838—

Happy isle and other poems. '01. Bost. Cupples.

Honeymoon and other poems. Rand.

Iowa in war times. '88. Des Moines. W. D. Condit.

Layman's life of Jesus. '12. Neale.

March to the sea; poem. '96. Werner, E. S.

538 ANNALS OF IOWA

Byers, Samuel Hawkins Marshall — Continued.
Poems. '14. Neale.

Switzerland and the Swiss. '75. Zurich.
Twenty years in Europe. '00. Rand.
What I saw in Dixie ; or, Sixteen months in rebel pris-
ons. '68. Dansville, N. Y. Robbins & Poore.
With fire and sword. '11. Neale.

Cake, Lu B.

Dedication day. '78. Clarinda.
Old veteran telling the grand army; poem. n. d.
Special agent's dream. '82. San Francisco. H. S.
Crocker & co.

Calkins, Franklin Welles, 1857—

Boys' life on the frontier. '99. Donohue.

Cougar tamer and other stories of adventure. '90.

Duffield.

Hunting stories. '93. Donohue.
Indian tales. '93. Donohue.
My host, the enemy. '01. Kevell.
TokalaNoni. '03. Revell.
Two wilderness voyagers. '02. Revell.
Washo Pete. Donohue.
Wild life in the west.

Call, Richard Ellsworth, 1856—

Correct English. '13. Sherwood co.
Life and writings of Constantine Samuel Rafmesque.
'95. Morton.

Calvin, Samuel, 1840—

Aftonian gravels. Davenport acad. of sci.

Geology and revelation. '08. Iowa City. Priv. ptd.

Campbell, V. J.

(comp.) Little poems for little children. '87. Chic.

Carpenter, George T.

Bible vs. spiritualism. '70. Oskaloosa. Call & Bristol.
Church polity. Kansas City. Joseph Howe.

Carpenter, George T. & Hughes, John

Destiny of the wicked (debate). Christian pub.

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 53»

Carter, Blanche C.

Some Des Moines poems. '08. Des Moines. Register
& Deader.

Carver, Thomas Nixon, 1865 —

Distribution of wealth. '04. Macmillan.
Ethical basis of distribution and its application to tax-
ation.

Ohio tax inquisitor law. Am. econ. assn.
Principles of rural economics. '11. Ginn.
Religion worth having. '12. Houghton.

Casey, Benjamin

Solution of Bible problems and logic of Scripture. '90.
Des Moines. Iowa ptg. co.

Catt, Mrs. Carrie Chapman

Ballot and the bullet. Nat. Am. woman's suffrage.

Chambers, John

Autobiography. '04. Iowa state historical soc.

Chandler, George

Chandler genealogy. '83. Am. antiquarian soc.
Civil government in Iowa. Flanagan.
Iowa and the nation, rev. 1913. '13. Flanagan.
Practical civics. '01. Flanagan.

Textbook of civics for the state of Washington. '10.
Am. bk.

Chapin, E. N.

Iowa cranks; or, The beauties of prohibition, a political
novel. '93. Marshalltown.

Chapin, Mrs. E. N.

American court gossip ; or, Life at the national capitol.
'87.

Chapman, Samuel D.

History of Tama county, Iowa. '79. Toledo, la. Times
office.

Chappie, Joseph Mitchell, 1867 —

(ed.) National magazine, Boston.
Boss Bart. Neelv.

540 ANNALS OF IOWA

Chappie, Joseph Mitchell — Continued.
Happy habits. '08. Chappie pub.
Minor chord. '98. Scribner.
(ed.) Hanna, M. A. Mark Hanna; his book.

Chase, Daniel Cady

Choice of Paris and other poems. '06, Webster City,
la. Jl. ptg.

Church, Daniel Webster

Enigma of life. 2v. '01. '03. Berlin Carey.
An interview. '10. Berlin Carey.
Minor chord. Berlin Carey.

Records of a journey; a prologue. '88. Greenfield, la.
Berlin Carey.

Claffin, Tennie C.

Constitutional equality a right of woman ; also a re-
view of the rights of children. '71. N. Y.

Olaggett, S. H.

Her lovers. '77. Phil.

Clark, Charles A.

Campaigning with the sixth Maine. '97. Des Moines.

Kenyon press.
General McClellan. '97. Des Moines. Kenyon press.

Clark, Dan Elbert

History of senatorial elections in Iowa. '12. Iowa
state hist. soc.

Clark, Francis Edward, 1851—

Bible prayers and Bible classics. '10. Christian en-
deavor.

Children and the church.

Christian endeavor in all lands. '06. Universal bk.

Christian endeavor in principle *and practice. Christian
endeavor.

Christian endeavor manual. '03. Christian endeavor.

Christian endeavor unions. Christian endeavor.

Classics of quiet hour. 4v. Christian endeavor.

Continent of opportunity; South American republics.
'07. Revell.

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 541

Clarke, Francis Edward — Continued.

Danger signals; aids to young men. Lothrop.

Everlasting arms. '98. Crowell.

Fellow travelers. '98. Revell.

Francis C. E. Clark yearbook; comp. by J. R. Clemens.
'04. Christian endeavor.

Great secret. Christian endeavor.

Looking out on life. Lothrop.

Mossback correspondence. Lothrop.

New way around an old world. '01. Harper.

Old homes of new Americans; the country and the
people of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and their
contribution to the new world. '13.

Old lanterns for present paths. '00. Christian en-
deavor.

Our business boys. Saalfield.

Presence of God ; selections from works of Bishop Jer-
emy Taylor. Christian endeavor.

Secrets of success ; or, Our business boys.

Some Christian endeavor saints. Pilgrim press.

Training the church of the future. '02. Funk.

Ways and means.

Why should a young man support the church? Y. M.
C. A.

Young people's prayer-meetings; how to conduct them.
Funk.

—and Clark Harriet Elizabeth (Abbott) (Mrs. Francis E.
Clark), 1850—

Gospel in Latin lands. '09. Macmillan.

— and White, Mrs. Sarah Elizabeth

Business boys and girls. Saalfield.

Clarke, Rachel Chadsey

Higher education of women in Iowa. Johns Hopkins.

Clarkson, Anna Howell

Beautiful life and its associations (Mrs. Drusilla Allen
Stoddard). '99. Historical dept. of Iowa.

542 ANNALS OF IOWA

Cleaves, Margaret Abigail, 1848—

Autobiography of a neurasthene. '10. Badger, R: G.
Light energy. '04. Rebman co.

Cleveland, William S.

History of cryptic masonry in Iowa. '08. Davenport,
Ta. Grand council of Iowa.

Cloud, D. C.

Monopolies and the people. '73. Davenport. Day,
Egbert & Fidlar.

Cloyd, David Excelmons

Benjamin Franklin and education. '02. Heath.
Religious education, the social teachings of Jesus. '10.
Des Moines. Education pub. co.

Clute, Oscar

Blessed bees. '78. Putnam.

Clymer, Albert

Echoes from the woods. '89. Cedar Rapids. Standard
ptg. & pub.

Cobbey, Joseph Elliott, 1853-1911

Annotated statutes of Nebraska, 1911 ed. Beatrice,

Neb. The author,
(comp.) Compiled statutes of Nebraska. '09. Beatrice,

Neb. The author.

Law of replevin. 2d ed. '00. Callaghan.
On chattel mortgages. 2v. '93. West.

Cody, William Frederick (Buffalo Bill, pseud.), 1846—

Adventures of Buffalo Bill. '04. Harper.

Buffalo Bill and his wild west companions. Donohue.

By lightning's flash. Street.

Cry for mercy. Street.

Dash for life. Street.

Dead man's warning. Street.

Fate of the enemy. Street.

Hero in buckskin. Street.

In a grip of iron. Street.

Leaf from the past. Street.

Man without honor. Street.

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 543

Cody, William Frederick — Continued.
On the edge of doom. Street.
Out of the jaws of death. Street.
Pards of the plain. Street.
Plea for the enemy. Street.

Story of the wild west and campfire chats. Thomp-
son, C : E. '

Stranger in camp. Street.
Traitor guide. Street.
True tales of the plains. '08. Empire bk.
When fate plays pranks. Street.
When the coil tightens. Street.

Cole, Cyrenus

Anna Marcella's book of verse. '12. Torch press.
Farmer in politics and prosperity. '00. Cedar Rapids

republican.
Two great canyons. Torch press. , i

Colgrove, Chauncey Peter, 1855 —

Making of a teacher. '08. Cedar Rapids. The author.
Teacher and the school. '10. Scribner.

Collier, Ada Langworthy

Lilith ; the legend of the first woman. '85. Lothrop.

Compton, James R.

Andersonville ; the story of man's inhumanity to man.
'87. Des Moines. Iowa ptg. co.

Conard, Henry Shoemaker

Structure and life-history of the hay-scented fern. '08.

Carnegie inst.
Waterlilies. '05. Carnegie inst.

— and Hus, Henri

Water-lilies and how to grow them. '07. Doubleday.

Condit, Edgar Mantelbert, 1840—

Two years in three continents. '04. Revell.

Conger, Sarah (Pike) (Mrs. F. H. Conger)

Letters' from China. '09. McClurg.

Old China and young America. '13. Browne, F. G..

ANNALS OF IOWA

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS.

In the effort to discover and preserve the evidences of ac-
complishment of our people, the Historical Department of
Iowa has gathered diligently and with all its resources. At
the time of the death of Charles Aldrich, its founder and
first curator, it already possessed a notable collection of books,
pamphlets, and object materials on pioneer and Indian life in
Iowa and the Mississippi Valley. The already good collection
on the service of Iowa soldiers was further greatly augmented
by the compilation and publication of the Roster and Record
of Iowa Soldiers, a work made possible largely through the
effort of Mr. Aldrich and the Roster Board on which he, and
afterward the present curator, served.

Another field in which the founder was a most appreciative
and active collector was that of authorship. His personal
acquaintance with American and English literary men —
writers and publishers — was exceptional, and the collection
of autograph writings and presentation volumes he gathered
and gave to Iowa is one of the most priceless treasures of the
State.

Of Iowa writings and writers the collection thus begun was
materially augmented by the auxiliary committee of the Iowa
Commission to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. This
auxiliary committee, Mrs. W. H. Bailey of Des Moines, Mrs.
H. J. Howe of Marshalltown, and Mrs. H. E. Deemer of Red
Oak, prepared, through Mrs.. Howe, a list of these books, and
others by Iowa authors, which was published by the Iowa
Library Commission. Their collection of volumes was pre-
sented to the Historical Department of Iowa.

Recently there was added the rare collection of Hon. Henry
Stivers of Osceola, and these, with the fruits of zealous beg-
ging and some buying for the last few years, form our present
collection of books by Iowa authors.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 545

In our effort to acquire every book by an Iowa author, we
have long felt the need of an exhaustive list of such writers.
For our own guidance such a list was begun. So rapidly did
the work develop, it seemed incumbent on us to sound the
depths of the problem while interest was at its height. So we
issued our list in tentative form with a program for its com-
pletion. This program and the scope of the collection is per-
haps best set forth in the introduction to the tentative work :

Charles Aldrich, founder of the Historical Department of Iowa,
regarded attainment in the arts as the equal in importance of mili-
tary prowess or political achievement. His successors have observed
that while scholarly attention has been turned to Iowa valor and
statesmanship, the arts, including letters, have remained almost
unnoticed.

To facilitate the study of Iowa literary effort, we have designed,
first, a general list of Iowa writings, and second a chronological
list. The first — and by far the more laborious — has been prepared
by Miss Alice Marple, Assistant Curator, and is here presented.
Comprehensive as the list appears — presenting many times more
information than appears in any other place — it is incomplete. To
perfect it additions and corrections will be called from every source.
It will be circulated in its present form and published in short sec-
tions, serially in the ANNALS OF IOWA. After the completion of the
series it will be republished with full annotations showing the con-
nectiomof each writer with our state.

The idea of such a list is not new. It remained, however, for
Miss Marple to engage in its present exhaustive character. She has
availed herself of the following aids: A list prepared by the late
Hon. Theodore S. Parvin; a partial chronological list kindly loaned
by Professor Selden L. Whitcomb, now of the University of Kansas;
a list prepared by the Iowa Press and Authors Club; "Some Recent
Publications by Iowa Authors," current in the Iowa Journal of
History and Politics; "A list of books by Iowa Authors," by the
Iowa Library Commission, 1904; the excellent collection of clip-
pings upon, and of volumes by Iowa authors in the Iowa State
Library. But her greatest aid was the books and pamphlets in the
Historical Department itself, where the collections of the Louisiana
Purchase Commission, and the collection of Hon. Henry Stivers, of
Osceola, Iowa, lately acquired, form a large portion.

It is not for the Historical Department to decide upon the worth
or merit of the works of Iowa people in literature or elsewhere. Its
function is to have at hand all the evidence, including the finished
works, from which the critic himself may well decide. It is the
effort, rather than the result we note, and it is for us to assemble
35

546 ANNALS OP IOWA

every thing embraced in the field of inquiry. We hold that whoever
was of Iowa birth or worked in Iowa was an Iowa worker and
without a record of him and his work our account with Iowa effort
is not closed.

So "feeling our way by a series of tentatives" to a sound and
comprehensive foundation, we present Miss Marple's "Iowa Authors
and Their Works; a Contribution toward a Bibliography."
Through this warp the hands of others may weave the mass and
color of a tapestry of Iowa Letters.

COALS THAT WERE FRANCE'S.

Of the cardinal tenets which modern civilizations hold, that
which makes nations rank in power in accordance with their
relative fuel reserves is nowhere so well exemplified as by
some of the countries of Europe. France in particular has
long felt the telling force of this great economic law. A
hundred years after the momentous event she still publicly
bemoans her separation from her distant, inaccessible wilder-
ness on the North American continent west of the Mississippi
river. For this act she still bitterly berates the great Na-
poleon for something he could in no way possibly have
avoided. "What is true today was not so evident a century
before. What might be inexcusable folly now. then might
have been, and indeed was. a bit of supreme wisdom.

A number of French journals have copied from the ANNALP
a recent article on the discovery of coal in America and the
Mississippi valley. One comment which appears in La
Clironiquc Industrially, one of the leading economic periodi-
cals of the Old World, is of special interest, because of the
fact that it reflects even to this late day the temper of the
French people on their groat loss. The article is sadly headed
"We Have Had Great Coal Wealth."

The translation of this article based upon the one ap-
pearing a few months ago in the ANNALS is as follows:

We have spoken of the possibility of discovering in America
coal supplies in which we are so deficient. We had them, alas;

'Thirty-fifth Ann<-c, No. 102. pp. 1-2, Paris. 1912.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 547

for the gifts by Napoleon to America deprive us of inexhaustible
coal deposits discovered by the French.

On this point in our colonial history little is known to us.
In the valley of the Upper Mississippi the first positive mention
of a combustible mineral in the form of coal appears to be that
made by the French missionary Jesuits of the Assiniboine (Minne-
sota). In 1659, on the subject of the Poulak Tribes of the Assini-
boine they make the following remark: "As wood is very small
and scarce with them, nature has taught them to substitute coal
and to cover their wigwams with skins." It is quite possible also
that the Iowa Indians of the northern prairies, early made use of
the deposits of lignite of the regions such as are found, for ex-
ample, in Boone county, near the headwaters of the Des Moines
river.

When La Salle, a Frenchman, established in 1680 Fort Creve-
coeur on the Illinois river in the neighborhood where the present
city of Peoria is located there were found and used large deposits
of coal. Father Hennepin, another Frenchman, who was associated
with La Salle, mentions in the journal of his times, the existence
of coal at the same places. In an English edition of this map
of the Upper Mississippi region the location of these deposits
is clearly represented. That he was not in any way mistaken is
amply demonstrated by subsequent developments.

In his letters relating to the natural productions found along
the Illinois river, written several years later, La Salle also men-
tions the fact that coal exists at Creve-coeur. These letters were
recently reprinted in Paris by Margry.

One other very early mention of coal in the Upper Mississippi
valley is that of Le Gardeur de 1' Isle, another Frenchman, who,
in 1722 writes from Fort Chartres, near Kaskaskia, that he ac-
companied a Mister Renault to the Illinois river in order to
search for mines of copper and coal.

The French early knew of the existence of coal which outcrops
near the mouth of the Missouri river at a point called La Char-
bonniere. Nearly a century later, in 1805, Pike, when he com-
menced his famous trip to the sources of the Arkansas river
passed by this place. He says: "Six miles below St. Charles,
on the south side, in front of a village called Florissant is a hill
of coal named by the French La Charbonniere. This is one solid
formation which probably affords enough coal for the entire pop-
ulation of Louisiana."

Finally, in order to be complete, in Pennsylvania, about 1704,
twenty years after the privilege of colonization was granted by
Charles II to William Penn, anthracite was discovered in the
Wyoming district. In 1766, twenty-five years later it was also
found in the Lehigh valley. Coal in Virginia appears to have been

548 ANNALS OF IOWA

exploited for the first time near Richmond about 1750. From there
it was shipped to Philadelphia, New York and Boston.

In conclusion, is it not curious to think that we have possessed
all these great deposits of coal in the Upper Mississippi? Bona-
parte dreamed of establishing a vast colonial empire, but the fail-
ure of the expedition to St. Domingo changed his plan, and he
settled by selling Louisiana to the United States for 60 million
francs (1803). The territory then ceded extended from the Mis-
sissippi river to the Pacific ocean; it comprises the states and terri-
tories of Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, Iowa,
Minnesota, Nebraska, Oregon, Colorado, the Dakotas, Idaho, Utah,
Montana, Washington, and Wyoming. Thus vanished all of the
Congo, all of Morocco, all of the Tonkins of the world.

One dots not doubt at this time the tremendous importance of
the question of coal especially in a country where timber has been
abundant.

We learn today of these facts from our colleague, Mr- Keyes,
engineer of Des Moines, Iowa, and we tender him our sincere
thanks for the interesting communication.

HOW LE MARS WAS NAMED.

Through the kindness of my wife's mother, Mrs. W. W.
Walker, who was one of the party from whom the city of
LeMars obtained its name, I am enabled to round out into
completeness the story of the naming of that city, as given in
that valuable work, "A History of the Origin of the Place
Names connected with the Chicago & North Western and
Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways."

LeMars was platted in 1869. Its first railroad connection
was built eastward from Sioux City to connect with the Iowa
Falls and Sioux City Railroad, now part of the Illinois Cen-
tral system. When the road was completed to the point above-
mentioned, in June, 1870, its promoter, John I. Blair, ar-
ranged an excursion party which included a number of ladies.

On arriving at the eastern terminus of the road, Mr. Blair
gallantly offered to let the ladies name the new town. The
ladies caucused and were unable to agree upon a name. Mrs.
Ford, a member of the party, then suggested that one be made
from the initial letters of the ladies' Christian names. This
was done, and from the jumble of initials two names were

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 549

manufactured, namely, "Selmar" and "LeMars." A vote
was taken and a majority favoring LeMars, Mr. Blair adopted
that as the name of his town site.

The "History of Place Names" says: "as nearly forty
yeajs have passed since the name was made, it is impossible
to be positive as to the women whose names were used, but it
is known to be true that the initials used were as follows."

The Christian names then given are correct; but the name
"Elizabeth" should have been given to "Miss," not "Mrs.",
Underhill and the title of "Judge" was attached to the name
of "Mrs. W. W. Walker," whose husband was not a judge
but was the engineer who built the road.

Mrs. Walker writes that otherwise the published account
agrees with a recently discovered memorandum which was
made not long after the visit. The memorandum for the first
time accounts for the use of the capital letter "M" which
gives the title the suggestion of a French origin. It came
about in this way:

Because there were two married ladies of the party with
given names beginning with "L," and two with given names
beginning with " M ", it was proposed that in the name chosen,
"M" as well as "L" should be capitalized. The ladies drew
cuts as to which letter should come first in the final choice.
The straws they had used in the lemonade were utilized for
the drawing. Mrs. Ford and Mrs. Walker won. The plan
(with the names of the ladies who worked it out) was as
follows :

L — for Lucy, wife of Judge Ford, and Laura, wife of W. W.
Walker, of Cedar Rapids.

e — for Ellen, wife of John Cleghorn, of Sioux City, — or
Elizabeth Underhill, of New York City.

M — ZorMartha, wife of John Weare, of Cedar Rapids, and
Mary, wife of George Weare, of Sioux City.

a — for Adelme M., wife of James Swain, of Fort Dodge.

r— for Rebecca, wife of Dr. W. R. Smith, of Sioux City.

s — for Sarah, wife of Dr. Reynolds, of Clinton.

Johnson Brigham.

550 ANNALS OF IOWA

ORGANIZATION OF WAPELLO AND MONROE
COUNTIES.

The Fifth Territorial Legislature in 1843 established and
defined the boundaries of new counties in the lands then 're-
cently ceded by the Sac and Fox Indians. Two of these,
Wapello and Kishkekosh, the latter now Monroe, were at-
tached for judicial, revenue and election purposes to Jeffer-
son county. It was the duty of the county commissioners of
Jefferson county to have the boundaries of these new counties
surveyed and marked.

The county commissioners of Jefferson county in 1843 were
E. J. Gilham, B. S. Dunn and Thomas Mitchell. At a special
session on April 18th they "ordered that David Switzer be
authorized and he is hereby appointed to employ five good
and sufficient hands to carry chain, mark, blaze, &c., and a
teem of cattle or horses, sufficient for the conveyance of the
necessary tools, provisions, &c., and to proceed (in pursuance
of an Act of the Iowa Legislature) to survey and mark out
the boundary lines of the new counties west of Jefferson,
which are to be attached to Jefferson for judicial, election and
revenue purposes ; and that the hands thus employed be al-
lowed for their services per day each $1.50; and that the said
Switzer be authorized to make out and present to this board
a reasonable bill for his own services, including the expense
of teem, provisions, &c."

On August 21st the return of the survey was accepted and
the fee bill allowed. This shows "the hands" were Andrew
Kenedy, Samuel Allender, Stephen Cooper, James Chandler
and Jonathan Turner, who furnished the "teem". They
were out twenty-four days. Turner was paid seventy- two
dollars, the other men thirty-six dollars each. Switzer re-
ceived seventy-five dollars for twenty-five days. The cost of
"boarding" was thirty-two dollars and fifty cents. One dol-
lar went to Martin Tucker for "ferriage".

The total expense of the expedition was $324.50, which was
divided among the three counties according to their respec-
tive interests, Jefferson paying $67.60, Wapello $108.17, and
Kishkekosh $148.73.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 551

On this same date were appointed the judges of election in
the two counties for the election to be held on the second
Tuesday in October. Wapello county had four voting places.
One was at the house of Thomas Ping; one at the town of
Dahlonega; one at Eddyville, and one at the town of
Ottumwa. The judges named to serve at Ping's were Silas
Garrison, D. G. Laforce and S. M. Wright, at Dahlonega,
Edward Haggard, Josiah M. Knight and Peter White; at
Eddyville, William R. Ross, H. Workman and Robert Newell,
and at Ottumwa, William Dewey, J. Barnett and James
Payne.

Kishkekosh county had but one voting place. This was at
Clark's Point. The judges named to serve there were James
Myers, Wareham Clark and Hardin Smith.

Such is the record, as it has been preserved, of the author-
ity exercised by Jefferson county over the counties of Wapello
and Kishkekosh during their period of organization.

C. J. F.

THE DISCOVERY AND INTERMENT OF THE RE-
MAINS OF JOEL HOWE, A VICTIM OF THE
SPIRIT LAKE MASSACRE.

In July, 1914, a young man in the summer camp of the
Iowa Young Men's Christian Association on their property
on the east shore of East Okoboji lake, discovered remains
he thought to be of a human being. Mr. Harry Goodrich, in
charge of the camp, directed a thorough search, took possession
of all that was recovered, and reported to the Curator of the
Historical Department of Iowa.

On August 4th the Curator, in company with survivors of
the Spirit Lake expedition, Roderick A. Smith, Guernsey
Smith, J. N. Maxwell, A. H. Malcom and some ten or twelve
others visited the spot where the bones were discovered. There
was noted at the time and place the following :

The remains were discovered about eighteen inches below the
present level of the soil. The former surface of the ground appar-
ently is thus modified:

552 ANNALS OF IOWA

A fresh disturbance as from a current of water from the hillside
has worked out a channel receding about thirty feet from the
general contour of the lake bank. Turning at the head of this re-
cession is a cattle path generally parallel with the shore line, worn
to a depth of from three to five inches. The bones were discovered
about eighteen inches beneath the bottom of this path, where its
sides had dropped off into the channel. Mr. Maxwell asserts that
owing to the lack of tools he placed all the bodies which he buried
about eighteen inches below the surface of the ground, and that
Mr. Johnson told him he did the same.

Besides the easy identification of the bones as those of an
adult male human being, there were objects amply proving
their interment in civilized garb. The record and all tradi-
tion of the tragic events of March 8, 1857, agree with the mem-
ory of J. N. Maxwell that he discovered the dead body of Joel
Howe on the ice on the line from Howe's cabin to the cabins
of Mattock and Gardiner, and opposite the point where these
remains were discovered ; that Mr. Maxwell reported to C'apt.
J. C. Johnson of the burial party ; that the latter, with William
R. Wilson, recovered the body, conveyed it to the shore and
buried it as best they could. Captain Johnson perished the
next day after he buried Howe's body and Mr. Wilson is now
dead. Mr. Wilson left the oral statement that Mr. Howe's
body was headless when interred. Mr. Maxwell has always
said and still maintains that Howe 's body was intact and that
a bullet wound in the cheek was the apparent cause of death.
No skull was found with an otherwise fairly well preserved
skeleton.

On August 4th, the Curator of the Historical Department
received the remains from the camp of the Young Men's
Christian Association, and after sealing them in a receptacle
provided, proceeded on the 5th, in a public ceremony in which
the survivors participated, to deposit the remains in the plot
of ground where the remains of the other victims had been
placed by Roderick A. Smith in 1895, at the foot and the east
front of the monument.

The care exercised in recovering, identifying and appro-
priately interring these remains, it is believed, will be a prece-
dent forever guarding against the intrusion of unknown re-
mains of any person or thing among those known to be of the

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 553

luckless pioneers in honor of whom Iowa has reared one of her
most beautiful testimonials. By thus guarding their graves it
is thought the more to revere their memory and inspire the liv-
ing to higher thought and nobler deeds.

NOTES.

Our tribute to George Douglas Perkins, in our ''Notable
Deaths" Department of the last issue of the ANNALS, stated
that he was delegate-at-large from Iowa to the Republican na-
tional conventions of 1876, 1880, 1888 and 1908. To these
dates should be added that of 1912, as Mr. Perkins served five
times in this capacity.

The following interesting item of Dubuque newspaper his-
tory was recently furnished us by the historian of the Tele-
graph-Herald :

The first issue of the Du Buque Visitor was published on May 11,
1836. On June 3, 1837, the name of the paper was changed to the
Iowa News. On August 7, 1841, the name was again changed
to the Miners' Express. On Monday, April 29, 1850. the first daily
paper was issued and the name was changed to the Daily Express &
Herald. On January 1, 1861, the name of the paper was again
changed to the Daily Herald. On October 27, 1901, the Daily Tele-
graph and the Daily Herald were consolidated and the name changed
to the Dubuque Telegraph-Herald.

Prior to the consolidation of the two papers the Daily Tele-
graph absorbed the following papers:

The Daily & Weekly Dispatch, 1884.

The Daily d 'Weekly Democrat, 1885.

The Daily & Weekly Independent, 1887.

The Industrial Leader, 1888.

The Industrial West, 1889.

The Dubuque Telegraph-Herald thus represents the consolidation
of fourteen separate papers.

A bronze portrait medallion of Mr. Richard Cornelius
Barrett, Superintendent of Public Instruction for Iowa from
1898 to 1904, has been presented to the Historical Depart-

554 ANNALS OF IOWA

ment by Mrs. R. C. Barrett, now residing in California. Mr.
Barrett was an Iowa man who spent his life in furthering the
educational interests of the State. The medallion, which is
considered an excellent likeness, is the work of Miss Isabel
Moore Kimball, an Iowa woman, now a sculptor in New York.
Miss Kimball was at one time associated with Mr. Barrett in
various school activities in Iowa and Minnesota, and had
therefore the advantage of a personal acquaintance with the
subject of her work.

Miss Isabel Moore Kimball, who executed the bronze por-
trait medallion of Mr. R. C. Barrett recently presented to the
Historical Department by Mrs. Barrett, was born in Mitchell
county, Iowa. Her parents were David W. and Sarah Moore
Kimball who came from New England to Iowa in the fifties
and took up laud in Mitchell county. Miss Kimball spent
her early life on a farm and received her early education in
the public and private schools of Riceville and Decorah. She
taught for a while in the public schools in Mitchell county
and then studied art at the Chicago Art Institute and at
Pratt Institute., New. York, graduating from the Normal Art
Course of that institute. After teaching drawing for four
years in the State Normal School at Moorhead, Minnesota,
and during the summer sessions at the University of Minne-
sota and normal schools of Minnesota and Iowa, she went to
New York to study sculpture with Herbert Adams, occupy-
ing her evenings in teaching drawing in the evening classes
at Pratt Institute.

Miss Kimball has made two trips abroad, studying in the
museums of London, Paris, Rome, Florence and Athens. Her
work has been exhibited at the National Academy of Design
and the Architectural League, New York; the spring Salon,
Paris; Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia and
the Art Institute of Chicago. One of her best pieces of work
is a memorial fountain at Winona, Minnesota. Miss Kimball
chose as the subject of the fountain the Indian girl, Winona,
who stands with hand shading her eyes, looking off in the

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 555

distance, while below her a spray from the upturned throats
of pelicans and tortoises is carried across the fountain.

Miss Kimball's studio at present is in Brooklyn, New York.

On January 11, 1914, Joel Bean, well known in Iowa for
many years as teacher and preacher, died while on a trip
of a religious nature to Honolulu, Sandwich Islands.

He was born in Alton, New Hampshire, December 16, 1825,
the son of John and Elizabeth Hill Bean. His ancestor, John
Bean, emigrated from Scotland and settled in New England
in the year 1660. On his mother's side he was related to
Daniel Webster and John G. Whittier. He was early sent
to the well-known Quaker boarding school at Providence,
Rhode Island, now known as the Moses Brown School and
part of Brown University. In the spring of 1853 Joel Bean
came to Iowa and located in Henry county. Here he began
his first school work. Later he removed to Cedar county and
for many years conducted a private school which was attended
by many who afterward became well known in Iowa and
elsewhere. In 1859 he was married to Hannah Shipley who
came of a prominent Quaker family of Philadelphia. During
the John Brown rendezvous at Springdale, a number of the
Society members were accused of sympathizing with John
Brown. Joel Bean was made chairman of a committee which
made a report on these charges. For a long time Joel Bean
was clerk of the Iowa Yearly Meeting, a position of as much
importance in this Society as that of a bishop in other
denominations. In 1882 he removed to San Jose, California,
which was his home until his death. During the past twenty
years he was engaged in writing, preaching and general
missionary work. He was a scholar, a thinker, and a useful
man in many ways, who will be missed by a large circle of
friends and acquaintances. — B. L. W.

Doctor Seth Eugene Meek, a distinguished scientist and
sometime resident of Iowa, died in Chicago, July 6, 1914. He
was born at Hicksville, Ohio, April 1, 1859, and was therefore

556 ANNALS OF IOWA

fifty-five years of age at the time of his demise. He was edu-
cated chiefly at the Indiana State University and Cornell Uni-
versity, Ithaca, New York.

During the period of years that he was connected with Coe
College, at Cedar Rapids, Professor Meek was especially ac-
tive in studying the food-fishes of Iowa, and the results of
these extensive investigations are given in a series of valuable
memoirs published mainly by the Federal Government. While
a resident of Iowa he was one of the most active members of
the Iowa Academy of Sciences, and read many papers of
great economic, scientific and popular interest at the sessions
of this body. In part of his Iowa work on the fishes he was
associated with Dr. David Starr Jordan.

Professor Meek held with great credit the chair of Natural
History successively in Eureka College, Coe College, and Ar-
kansas State University, and was lecturer for some time in
the State University of Illinois. He was connected for sev-
eral years with the United States Fish Commission and
achieved great success. During this time he widely explored
the western parts of the United States, Mexico, and the Cen-
tral American states, where he made many important dis-
coveries. For the past seven years Doctor Meek held the
post of Chief Zoologist in the Field Columbian Museum at
Chicago.

An event unique in the history of Iowa is that of the
Home-coming of Iowa Authors to take place in Des Moines,
October 5th, 6th and 7th. The plans for this gathering orig-
inated with and have been carried out by the Iowa Press and
Authors Club of which Mr. J. B. Weaver is the president
and inspiring leader. The aim has been to bring together
from far and near in a social reunion, the men and women of
literary repute who were born in Iowa or by residence therein
have gained inspiration or training for their work. Accep-
tance to invitations sent out express the warmest interest in
the plan. Among those who will participate are Hamlin Gar-
land. Rupert Hughes, Alice French, Edna Ferber, Eleanor

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 557

Hoyt Brainerd, Herbert Quick, Helen Sherman Griffith, Ran-
dall Parrish and Julia Ellen Rogers. The principal events
will be a reception on the evening of October 5th, the pre-
sentation program of noted Iowa authors on the 6th, the
pioneer journalists' meeting at the Historical Building on
the morning of the 7th, followed by their luncheon at the
Successful Farming building, and the banquet to be held
the last evening.

The committee of the Lutheran people of Iowa, in endeav-
oring to procure good talent to execute a portrait of their
great leader, Luther, communicated with the celebrated Swed-
ish portrait painter, Anders Zorn. His response follows :
Rev. A. B. Learner, D. D. MORA.

Dear Sir:

Your esteemed letter at hand, wherein you ask me to paint
a portrait of Luther. I beg to inform you that I only paint
portraits from nature, and therefore cannot accept your kind
commission, but can safely recommend my old friend, Olof
Grafstrom, for said undertaking.

Most sincerely yours,

ZORN.

558 ANNALS OF IOWA

NOTABLE DEATHS

WILLIAM HULBERT THBIFT was born in Des Homes, October 15,
1847; he died at Hot Springs, Arkansas, March 30, 1914. His
father, Josiah Moffitt Thrift, came to Fort Des Moines in 1843,
as garrison tailor for the Dragoons, married Eunice Jewett of Jef-
ferson county, took up land now included in Union Park, where a
daughter and a son, William Hulbert, were born. William Hulbert
Thrift attended the first school in Des Moines. When but a boy
he removed with his parents to Boone county. At the age of
fourteen he enlisted as a private in Company D, Sixteenth Iowa
Volunteer Infantry, on December 2, 1861. He participated in the
battles of Shiloh, Corinth and luka. At luka he was seriously
wounded, and was discharged on account of disability on Novem-
ber 21, 1862. While convalescing he joined Company F, Iowa
Northern Border Brigade, stationed at Spirit Lake to protect the
settlers against Indian raids, and served from September 17 to
December 9, 1863. He enlisted in Company H, Forty-fourth Iowa
Volunteer Infantry on May 28, 1864, and was mustered out Septem-
ber 15, 1864. Upon his return from the war he studied dentistry
and graduated from the Ohio Dental College at Cincinnati in 1868.
He returned to Boone, Iowa, to practice his profession, and in 1872
removed to Eldora. Two years later he located in Independence and
remained ten years. In 1884 he removed to Dubuque which was
his residence until 1905, when he removed to Des Moines. He
served in the Iowa National Guard from July 2, 1877, to February
1, 1909, and was Adjutant General of Iowa from 1905 to 1909.
He was given a gold medal of honor for twenty-five years of serv-
ice as an officer in the Iowa National Guard. He received a six
months' probationary appointment at the National Cemetery, Ar-
lington, and served as Assistant Superintendent of the National
Cemetery, Knoxville, Tennessee. In April, 1911, he was appointed
Superintendent of the National Cemetery, Pineville, Louisiana, and
held the position until his death. His remains were interred in
the National Cemetery, Arlington, Washington, D. C.

G. A. J.

AMOS WISEI.EY KKAXDT was born in Auburn, De Kalb county,
Indiana, August 24, 1850; he died at Des Moines on March 15, 1914.
He came with his parents to Des Moines in April, 1858, and for

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 559

some years attended the public schools here. He pursued his later
education at Grinnell College and at Monmouth College, in Illinois,
from which he graduated in 1871. He engaged in farming until De-
cember, 1877, when he removed to Des Moines. For two years he
studied law in the office of Conrad & Phillips, and then entered
the Iowa Law School, a branch of Simpson Centenary College at
Indianola, and graduated therefrom in 1880. He served as
justice of the peace for Lee township for one year and as United
States store keeper and United States gauger until 1885. In 1887
he was elected auditor of Polk county, and continued in office until
1895. In June, 1898, Mr. Brandt was commissioned Captain and
organized a company of colored immunes. This company proceeded
to Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, and Macon, Georgia, where they
performed camp and garrison duty. An order to depart for Matan-
zas, Cuba, was countermanded on account of the close of the war.
On July 5, 1899, Captain Brandt was appointed Captain of Company
F, Thirty-second U. S. Volunteers, which went to the Philippines
and served until June, 1901. Captain Brandt was an active mem-
ber of the Early Settlers' Association and served as its president
several times. He was ever interested in all social affairs of the
pioneers of the county.

JAMES SHANNON CRAWFORD was born in Coshocton county, Ohio,
December 20, 1851; he died in Chicago, March 2, 1913. When he
was two years of age his parents removed to Allamakee county,
Iowa, where he was raised on a farm and educated in the common
schools. He attended Upper Iowa University and the State Uni-
versity of Iowa. In 1876 he taught school in Allamakee county
for a year. He visited the Centennial and spent some time ob-
serving the industries and inspecting the coal, iron and oil regions
of the East. Returning to Iowa he resumed school teaching in
Cass county and in 1882 was principal of schools at Lewis. He
became superintendent of schools in Cass county and was a mem-
ber of the Educational Board of Examiners in 1890. He repre-
sented Cass county in the House of the Twenty-fourth General As-
sembly. For some years he engaged in newspaper work on the
Atlantic Telegraph and the Cherokee Herald. In 1900 he was ap-
pointed a member of Ferdinand W. Peck's staff of custodians of the
United States exhibit at the Universal Exposition in Paris and in
his capacity as head of the corn kitchen did much to develop the
use of corn as a food among the European people. He was con-
nected with the Department of Exploitation of the Louisiana Pur-
chase Exposition in St. Louis, 1902 to 1904, and many of his articles
appeared in the leading magazines of that time. He was the author

560 ANNALS OF IOWA

of two books on economics, "Political socialism, would it fail in
Success" and "Philosophic Anarchism." He had made his home at
Cherokee for some years before his death.

MRS. MAEIA PUKDY PECK was born in West Butler, New York,
November 16, 1840; she died in Davenport, Iowa, January 2, 1913.
She was the daughter of Merritt and Amanda Sears Purdy, who
came of Revolutionary ancestors. She was married to Dr. Wash-
ington Freeman Peck September 18, 1865, and they removed im-
mediately to Davenport. Mrs. Peck possessed a calm, dignified,
pleasing personality that made her not only beloved but a leader in
all lines of activity she attempted. Active in charitable work, she
was one of the organizers and first president of St. Luke's hospital
and member and organizer of the kindergarten department of the
old People's Union Mission. She was well-known in club circles,
being organizer and first president of the Davenport Woman's Club,
one of the principal state workers in the Federation of Women's
Clubs in Iowa, member of the state child labor committee, and for
some time president of the local biennial board of federated clubs.
Interested in library and literary work, she served for years as
president of the library board and for ten years as president of
the Clionian Club, one of Davenport's oldest and most exclusive
literary organizations. Mrs. Peck gained national prominence in
the Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, was one
of the organizers and first regent of the Hannah Caldwell chapter
of Davenport, and for a number of years regent for Iowa in the
national organization. As a descendant of Stephen Hopkins she
was a member of the national Mayflower Society, and was also a
member of the Society of Founders and Patriots and of the Daugh-
ters of 1812. Mrs. Peck attended a number of the gatherings of the
D. A. R. held in Washington and other cities and as vice presi-
dent-at-large of the National Council of Women in the United States
attended the quinquennial held in London in 1899 and in Montreal
in 1909. She was well versed in general history and particularly
in all that pertained to Iowa and the surrounding territory. She
was clever in repartee and an eloquent speaker.

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ANNALS OF IOWA.

VOL. XI, No. 8. DES MOINES, IOWA, JANUARY, 1915. 3D SERIES

THE GREAT SEALS OF IOWA
BY C. C. STILES.

The Great Seal of a sovereign state, like the signature of a
private person, is a symbol of authenticity. This symbol of
•our commonwealth, embracing that of the Territory of Iowa,
has been associated with some very interesting circumstances.
Most of the information possessed by the general public in re-
gard to our Great Seals is based on accounts by the late Hon.
Theodore S. Parvin. Mr. Parvin was a witness to and a par-
ticipant in many vital affairs in the foundation of the Terri-
tory and of the State. His contributions to the published
sources of information are quite voluminous, and in the main
are accurate.

As to the Great Seals and their origin, Mr. Parvin seems
to have written without some of the original source materials
at hand at the time he presented his recollections, and not un-
til comparatively recent days ;has any one else had aids of a
different character from those used by him. But after the
establishment of the Hair of Public Archives, and the gather-
ing together of the various documentary materials that lay
for half a century inaccessible in various vaults in the Capitol,
36

562 ANNALS OP IOWA

new light has been thrown upon this and various other trans-
actions of the officials of the Territory and the State. For
the purpose of adding to the information Mr. Parvin and
others made available, and not in any sense for the purpose
of controverting recollections of Mr. Parvin, I present by
original evidences the subject of the selection, the use, the
manufacture and the evolution of the seals of our Common-
wealth.

The writings of Mr. Parvin, to which I allude, are in the
main as follows:

Territorial Seal of Iowa.
A. B. F. Hildreth, Esq., Editor of the St. Charles Intelligencer:

Dear Sir: — I have, this winter, received from three different
parts of the State requests to furnish an account of the "Great Seal
of the State of Iowa." You, with many others, have doubtless
observed, that while all commissions and documents issued from
the Executive Department of the State Government bear an im-
pression called "The Great Seal of the State of Iowa," upon the
maps of the country, all collections of State Seals, and even the
recent large and valuable Report of the State Geologist, has as its
"coat of arms" the "Great Seal of the Territory of Iowa." Whether
this be the result, in the first two instances cited, of ignorance or
not, I am unable to say. In the last case cited, I know that Prof.
Hall selected the "Territorial" seal from his own good taste, with
the "advice and consent" of Gov. Lowe, who, with every other gen-
tleman of refinement, cannot but regret the bad taste that con-
ceived and adopted the conglomerate devices of our present "Great
Seal." The description of these seals is not so much sought after
as their history. "The Great Seal of the Territory of Iowa" origi-
nated with the Hon. Wm. B. Conway, first Secretary of the Terri-
tory of Iowa, and was engraved by Mr. Wm. Wagner, of York, Penn-
sylvania. At the request of the Legislative Council, Mr. Conway
addressed to that branch of the Legislative Assembly a communica-
tion, of which the following is a copy, extracted from page 45 of the
Journal of the Council:1

******

This communication was referred to a committee who reported'
the following resolution, which was adopted, viz:

''Resolved, That the seal submitted to the Council by the Secretary
of the Territory, be adopted by the Council as the 'Great Seal of the
Territory of Iowa.'"

'See letter as shown on pp. 567-8. Original on file in Hall of Public
Archives.

THE GREAT SEALS OP IOWA 563

The seal is one inch and five-eighths in diameter, and the word
"Great" is not upon the seal, notwithstanding the Hon. Secretary
in his communication and the Council in their resolution have
it prefixed.

The devices upon the seals for the Supreme Court, District Courts,
Commissioners' Court and Probate Courts were all designed by the
Hon. Secretary, and were all as appropriate in their several spheres
as that of the "Great" seal of the Territory. This latter seal was
never adopted by the Legislative Assembly, but by the Legislative
Council, the higher branch thereof, which held its sessions in the
lower story or basement of the old Zion Church in Burlington.
There are some facts connected with the early history of this seal
which I must omit, as well as the history of the seal of the State,
which latter I will continue in another paper.

Theodore S. Parvin.

Muscatine, Feb. 24th, 1859.2

Seal of the State of Iowa.
Editor Intelligencer:

I am unable to furnish much concerning the history of our great
seal, but hope that this paper may lead the Hon. W. E. Leffingwell
or some other competent person, to supply my omissions.

I find from an examination of the Journal of the House of Rep-
resentatives, that on the 9th of December, 1846, Mr. Leffingwell,
in pursuance of previous notice, asked and obtained leave, and intro-
duced H. R. file No. 2, joint resolution, authorizing the Secretary of
State to procure a State seal. This joint resolution underwent
various amendments in each branch of the General Assembly until
the 25th of February, 1847, it was passed in the shape of a law. The
journals are so, meager that I can learn nothing of its original
draught. The law reads as follows, viz:3

******

Now, all this is encompassed within the radius of one inch, and if
Solomon were to revisit this earth and see this great seal, he would
recall his declaration that there is nothing new under the sun. I
may justly apply to this great seal the remark made by an ex-Mayor
of a certain sign on Second st.: "That no man would violate the
second commandment were he to bow down to it or serve it, for it is
not in the likeness of anything that is in heaven above or that
is in the water under the earth."

******

The old territorial seal, so neat and chaste in its design, was
lost in the removal to Des Moines (pity it had not been the other),

'ANNALS OP IOWA, 1st ser. v. I, pp. 264-66, April, 1864.
3Laws of Iowa, First G. A., Ch. CXII, p. 164. See act as set out at
page 576 hereof.

564

ANNALS OP IOWA

and to preserve some of the old county seals from a similar fate, I
would suggest to our County Judges the propriety of depositing
them in the collections of the State Historical Society at Iowa City.

T. S. Parvin."4
Muscatine, Feb. 28, 1859.

At the time of the publication of these articles Mr. Parvin
was the editor of the ANNALS OP IOWA. In the Editorial De-
partment he published a note with illustrations of the two
seals, which is herewith reproduced :5

Territorial and State Seals of Iowa. — By the help of our
tasteful and enterprising publishers, we are enabled to present
our readers with proof impressions of these Seals, to accom-
pany our article on pages 264, 266, and we appeal to the good
taste of the reader to sustain the correctness of our criticisms
thereon.

TERRITORIAL.

STATE.

In the next number of the ANNALS Mr. Parvin gives place to
a good-natured debate upon the merits of these two seals,
as follows :

Great Seal of Iowa — again.

[We gladly give a place to the following characteristic letter
from our old friend of many years. "Old Enoch" has no "axe to
grind" and he ably argues "the other side." The Lieut. Gov. is the
author of Iowa's motto upon the monument to the "Father of his

'ANNALS OF IOWA, 1st ser. v. I, pp. 266-67, April, 1864.
'ANNALS OF IOWA, 1st ser. v. I, p. 287, April, 1864.

THE GREAT SEALS OF IOWA 565

Country." "Iowa — her affections, like the rivers of her border
flow to a perpetual union." — Ed.]

Eldora, May 5, 1864.
Hon. T. S. Parvin, Iowa City.

My Dear Old Friend: — I have received from you the April num-
ber of the "ANNALS", and thank you for it. I am well pleased
with it. Of course you have my "individual efforts" to the extent
of owe. subscriber, and here is my 50 cents.

I like the general plan and object of the "ANNALS." The
early history of Iowa and of the pioneers who have left their in-
delible impress for good upon the State, is worth preserving, and
you, in my judgment, are the right man in the right place to do it.

I have read with a good deal of pleasure your "criticism" on
the "Great Seal of the State of Iowa," and that also of the "Terri-
tory." There is an independence of expression in it that I like. I
love to see a man think for himself, and then say what he thinks.
But I do not agree with you one bit in your opinion.

Like you I lived in Iowa when it was a Territory, and when the
Territorial seal was given up for the State seal. I like the change.
I never did like the Territorial seal. The Eagle on it is a coarse,
ill-begotten thing, keeled over, with great haunches as big as a
New Foundland dog's, hanging out, and with one foot standing on
nothing, and the other one, ditto. It looks for all the world as
though it had been pilfered from an old counterfeit Mexican dollar.
It is not our living American Eagle, soaring on his spreading pin-
ions above the reach of harm.

"The god who mounts the winged winds,"
as is beautifully delineated on the State seal,

"above the earth with wings

"Displayed on the open firmament of heaven."

There is nothing that is civilized about the Territorial seal, unless
it is considered civil to keel an eagle over on his back — nothing but
claws and an Indian's bow and arrow and a wild eagle — nothing
that a "white man is bound to respect." If it only had a "cussed
little Indian" on it, barbarism would be perfectly delineated in all
its naked deformity. If Jeff Davis had adopted it for a vignette on
his Confederate Scrip instead of the "National Government" for
the "note of the Iowa National Bank," I would not have been so
much surprised at it.

Now turn your eye to the State seal, and remember that we live
in a progressive age, — that we are civilized, christianized and en-
lightened people. See the cottage house, the orchard, the plough, the
waving grain, the harvester's sickle, the sheaf of wheat, the leaden

566 ANNALS OF IOWA

ore, and the majestic boat of commerce, all displaying an im-
proved mind.

Then there is prophetic of this very day, standing in front, a
bold and fearless son of Iowa, — a citizen soldier, in the very dress
of an Iowa soldier, bearing onward and upward that blessed old
flag of our country, crowned by the cap of liberty. See how manly
and firm he stands, and then think of Pea Ridge and Springfield,
and Donelson, and Shiloh, and Vicksburg, and Corinth, and Mis-
sionary Ridge, and every other hallowed spot where sleeps an Iowa
soldier slain, and then say if it is not a fit emblem of Iowa.

Then away above all these, born on eagle's wings, that is an eagle,
floats that glorious motto that the patriotic, brave sons of Iowa
have already taught traitors must continue to float there, and must
be respected while it waves.

No sir. No more of the great seal of the Territory of Iowa for
me. It does well enough to represent Iowa as it ivas when Black
Hawk, with his strings of beads and buckskin breeches on, sat
chief in his wigwam and ruled the land. But the "Great Seal of
the State of Iowa,'' with its device of civilization and liberty, and
industry, and progress, and valor, is the natural and fit motto of
to-day. It represents Iowa as it is and is to be and not as it was.
I wish there was a meeting-house "within this radius of one inch"'
in addition to what is there, the thing would then be perfect.

There, I have said three times as much as I intended to when I
began, but it is my opinion nevertheless. I do not suppose it will
agitate you very much, as you know my way of expressing my
opinion about as well as I do yours.

I am truly,

Your Friend, E. W. Eastman6

Pursuing the subject of seals, Mr. Parvin offered the editor
of the Historical Record the following communication :7

Editor Historical Record:

During a late visit to the rooms of the Historical Society, Mr.
Lathrop, Librarian, showed me the "Great Seal of the Territory of
Iowa". I well remember that when it arrived from the hands of
Mr. Wagoner, of Pittsburg, the engraver, Secretary Conway brought
it to the Governor's office to show it, and how pleased we all were
at the appropriateness of the design and the poetical description
the Secretary had written of it, and which a few days later he com-
municated to the Legislature.

I have thought you would like for publication and preservation
in the Record an account of the history of the seal. I have here-

"ANNALS OF IOWA, 1st ser. v. I, pp. 329-31, July, 1864.
'Historical Record. \. VII, pp. 41-2, January, 1891.

THE GREAT SEALS OF IOWA 567

tofore transcribed from the Journals of the Council of 1838 the
communications and actions had thereon, which I place at your
disposal.8

T. S. Parvin.

Thus is given substantially the foundation for the general
information the public has upon the origin, institution, and
development of the seals of our Territory and State.

I present herewith a copy of the Council Resolution and of
Secretary Conway's original letter, which in minor details
only, differ from those presented by Mr. Parvin :

Council Chamber, Nov. 22, 1838.
Hon. Wm. B. Conway,

Secretary of the Territory of Iowa,
Sir.

I have the honor to transmit herewith a copy of a Resolution
adopted by the Council this day.
Resolved

That the Secretary of the Territory of Iowa, be and is hereby
requested to transmit to the Council, the great seal of this Terri-
tory with its impression for inspection etc.

Very respectfully your Obedient Servant,

B. F. Wallace, Sec'y of the Council.9

Secretary's Office,
November 23d, 1838.
To the Hon. J. B. Brown,

Pres't. of the Legislative Council,
Sir.

The request of the Honorable, the Legislative Council, expressed
by a Resolution, adopted on the 22d inst. was duly transmitted to
this Department of the Territorial Government, — where it was very
respectfully considered, and with which it affords me peculiar
pleasure to comply.

In accordance, therefore, with the request of the Honorable, the
Legislative Council, the "GREAT SEAL OF THE TERRITORY OF
IOWA" is herewith transmitted for inspection. It is also accom-
panied by impressions, on wax and paper. The DEVICE is believed
to be simple; and with the highest deference to the good taste and
sound criticism of the Honorable Council, it is regarded as perfectly
expressive of a distinct idea, intimately associated with the history
of the delightful country, which we have the happiness to inhabit;

8The transcribed portions added by Mr. Parvin were excerpts from
the Council Resolution of Nov. 22, 1838, and Sec. Conway's letter of Nov.
23, 1838, which follow.

"Original letter on file in Hall of Public Archives.

568 • ANNALS OF IOWA

and for which it is the sacred duty and lofty privilege of the Legis-
lative authorities, to provide wise, equitable and salutary laws:
The slightest examination of the Seal will disclose to the Honorable
Council, the EAGLE, the proud and appropriate emblem of our
national Power, bearing, in its beak, an Indian Arrow and clutching,
in its talons, an unstrung ~bow ; and whilst the idea thus delicately
evolved is so well calculated to make the eye glisten with pride and
cause the heart to beat high with the pulsations of conscious su-
periority, it nevertheless presents a touching appeal to our manly
sensibilities in contemplating the dreary destiny of a declining
race ; nor should it fail to admonish us of the immense importance
of improving, in every possible point of view, that vast inheritance
which it was their peculiar misfortune to neglect.

The Honorable the Legislative Council will pardon the freedom of
these reflections, which the occasion elicits if it does not demand, —
whilst I have the honor to remain, as heretofore,

Your very obedient and respectful Servant,

Wm. B. Conway,
Sec'y of the Territory.10

Further reports and resolutions in regard to the Territorial
seal follow :

Council. (Committee report by Lewis)

Nov. 24 1838

The committee on Territories, having had under consideration
the communication from the Secretary of the Territory of Iowa,
on the subject of the Great Seal of the Territory, beg leave to report —

That they have examined said seal, submitted by the Secretary,
with its devices. Your committee are of the opinion that its de-
vices are admirably adapted, and appropriate for the Great Seal of
this Territory, and would, therefore, submit the following reso-
lution:

Resolved, That the seal submitted to the Council by the Secre-
tary of the Territory, be adopted by the Council as the Great Seal
of the Territory of Iowa.11

And, On motion of Mr. Hempstead, the report was re-
ceived and resolution adopted.

The above resolution was reported to the House November
24, 1838, with this additional message:

"And have instructed me also to present to the House of Repre-
sentatives the seal with impressions upon wax and paper as re-

1 "Original letter on file in Hall of Public Archives. Italicized words in
communications of Wm. B. Conway, whether quoted from other pub-
lications or from the original manuscript, are underscored in the
original in every instance. — Ed.

™ Journal Council of Iowa Territory, 1838-41, p. 48.

THE GREAT SEALS OF IOWA 569

ceived from the Secretary of the Territory, in which resolution they
ask the concurrence of the House.12

In the House Journal is found record of the adoption of
this Eesolution:

On motion of Mr. Nowlin,

Resolved, by the Council and House of Representatives of the
, Territory of Iowa, That the seal submitted to the Legislative
Assembly by the Secretary of the Territory, be adopted as the
great seal of the Territory of Iowa.13

From "Laws of 1838-39" we have the following Resolution:
No. 3: — Resolved, by the Council and House of Representatives of
the Territory of Iowa, That the seal, submitted to the Legislative
Assembly, by the Secretary of the Territory, be adopted as the
great seal of the Territory of Iowa.
Approved, January 4, 1839.14

Governor Lucas approved the above resolution as shown by
entry in the Executive Journal :
Jany 4th, 1839

Joint resolution on subject of Territory Seal &c approved15

Hardly had the adoption of this seal by the Territory been
made, when there arose a question as to its custody. Numer-
ous accounts have been presented of the controversy between
the Secretary of the Territory and the Governor. Bearing
on the subject, I present the following, hoping for the dis-
covery of additional actual and original documents with which
to supply the apparent omissions:

January 26-1839
To Charles Weston, Esq.

Dr. Sir;

******

You will call at the office of the Governor and request him to give
you the Territorial Seal. This seal is my own personal property,
and its use is to be exclusively confined to this Department, in
States and Territories. — You will call and get and seal all the
Commissions, — and if the- Governor refuses to let you have the
Press, you will call on Webber & Remey and borrow the price of
it, which I have requested them to give you, and tender the money
to the Governor in the presence of some respectable and disinter-
ested witness — and if he does not let you [have the! seal and the

12House Journal, 1838-41, p. 44.
izjHouse Journal, 1838-41, p. 47.
uLaws of Iowa, 1838-39, p. 552.
15Shambaugh's Executive Journal of Iowa, 1838-41, p. 290.

570 ANNALS OF IOWA

press, my order is peremptory that not one of the Commissions shall
be delivered to the Governor or any other person until I can pro-
cure the means of sealing them in the Department of the Territorial
Government with which I have the honor to be interested.
Yours

Wm. B. Conway16

Official.

Secretary's Office
Territory of Iowa

February 9, 1839
To the President of the United States

Sir.

The Legislative Assembly of the Territory adjourned on
Friday the 25th of January.

******

Some few days before the adjournment, Governor Lucas sent one
of his Aids-de-Camp, a certain Col. Jesse E. Williams, to the
office of the Secretary, with the verbal request that the "Great Seal
of the Territory of Iowa" should be allowed to be taken for a few
minutes, into the Executive office, agreeably to the wish of the
Governor. To which the Secretary consented, and delivered the seal,
not believing or apprehending, by any means, that it was a project
to obtain a surreptitious possession of the Great Seal of the Terri-
tory— But it seems that the Secretary was mistaken.

Finding that the Governor would not answer the Secretary's
letter of the 26th of January, nor deliver the appropriation bill,
adopted by the Legislature, with or without the Executive approval,
nor do any act or thing that would enable the Secretary to return
home to his family, where he had not been for more than three
months, an order was given to Charles Weston, Esquire of Bur-
lington, *******
to call on the Governor and procure the seal of the Territory and seal
the commissions, then in the Secretary's office which were all filled
up and signed by the Secretary of the Territory.

There was a seal press in tlie Governor's Office which had been
purchased at the Governor's request, by the permission of the
Secretary, ungracefully extorted from him, last September. This
press was for the use of the Territory, but it was not brought on,
until recently. The Secretary gave Mr. Weston $75 in gold to
tender to Gov. Lucas for the Press, the cost of it in Ohio was some-
thing like $45 — On Sunday the 27th of January the Secretary left
Burlington and proceeded to this place (Davenport, the center of
the Territory on the river and immediately opposite Rock Island)

"Original letter on file in Hall of Public Archives.

THE GREAT SEALS OP IOWA 571

where he is now preparing the laws for publication, which laws are
to be printed at Du Buque (still farther north) by Legislative
agreement, and as the Act of Congress requires the Secretary to
reside in the Territory1, this is his residence, during the recess of
the Legislature.

On Monday the 28th of January, Charles Weston of Burlington,
called in a most respectful manner, on the Governor (Lucas) and
requested the seal of the Territory, in the name and on behalf of
the Secretary thereof, from whom he then held an order in his
hand, for that purpose, and he Charles Weston did moreover then
and there, tender to Governor Lucas the sum of one hundred dol-
lars, on behalf of the Secretary, for the $45 Seal Press, and this
tender was made in the presence of Quarter Master General James
M. Morgan, one of the Governor's staff, and the Governor did then
and there refuse to deliver either the Seal or the Press to Mr.
Weston, who on that occasion, and for that purpose, represented
the Secretary of the Territory, who, if he had been at Burlington,
could not, without endangering the public peace, have gone into
the Executive presence, on the business referred to.

The Governor told Mr. Weston, and in the presence of the
aforesaid Quarter Master General, James M. Morgan, that he, the
Governor, was the keeper of the Seal, and that his office was the
proper place for it, and that the Secretary had no right to leave

Burlington.

.«.

In the event which happened, as was apprehended, the Secretary
left a peremptory order, with Mr. Weston, that not one of the
Commissions, which had been filled and signed by him (the
Secretary) pursuant to the list of names and stations, submitted
to the Governor, should be removed from his (the Secretary's)
office until the seal had been properly affixed thereto, in said office.

This appears to have been peculiarly gratifying to Governor
Lucas, who proceeded forthwith, (assisted by his Colonels, and Gen-
erals and other officers) to fill up, sign and seal, and distribute
other commissions, expressing his wish that the name of the Secre-
tary should not appear on any commission issued by him, the said
Governor Lucas.

And therefore the Secretary of the Territory of Iowa, has the
honor to request the President of the United States, to authorize
and direct the Honorable Mr. Secretary Forsyth, to enclose a special
order, to the Secretary of the Territory of Iowa, directed to his ex-
cellency, Robert Lucas, Governor of said Territory, and requiring
him the said Governor, to hand over, and deliver up, the Great Seal
of the Territory of Iowa, to the Secretary thereof, or to his order
without fraud or further delay.

572 ANNALS OF IOWA

The special orders, now respectfully requested, will be enclosed to
the Secretary, at Davenport, Territory of Iowa, whilst, with the
highest regard, he has the honor to remain,

Your very obedient and respectful Servant,

Wm. B. Conway,
Secretary of the Territory of Iowa."

Official.

Secretary's Office

Territory of Iowa

August 26th, 1839
To his Excellency,

M. Van Buren, President U. States.
Sir

In an official communication of the 8th of January (more than
seven mouths ago) the undersigned performed the unwelcome duty
of apprising the President of the United States of a misunderstand-
ing, then of recent origin, which existed (and still exists) between
the Governor and the Secretary of this Territory.

#:!:*•# :•: *

On the 9th of February last, the undersigned had the humiliating
honor of informing the President of the United States, in an official
communication of that date, that His Excellency, Governor Lucas,
had surreptitiously obtained possession of the Great Seal of this
Territory, which he still retains, and which he refused to deliver up,
in compliance with an order duly presented for that purpose, and
of which seal, in contemptuous violation of all usage and right, he
proclaims and fancies, himself to be the legitimate Keeper. The ef-
fects produced in a business point of view by this strange assump-
tion, would if set forth in detail extend this communication far be-
yond its contemplated limits. But it is anxiously believed that the
j'act alone will arrest and fix the attention of the President on the
hideous deformity of the principle which that fact embodies. —

Separate and distinct responsibilities, duties and rights, not to
insist on the proper civilities of official intercourse, unavoidably im-
part to this fraudulent capture and forcible detention of the Great
Seal all the features of a tyrannical outrage, which cannot be justi-
fied by arguments more correct than those which may be drawn
from tho mere ravings of insane power. As well might the Presi-
dent (if he were deranged) seize upon the Seal of State in the office
of the Honorable Mr. Secretary Forsyth. * * *

But Mr. Forsyth in the case supposed could resign.
And so the undersigned would have clone long ago, if he held his
office subject to the vulgar control of Governor Lucas. * *

The Governor and the Secretary of Iowa are both amenable to the
President of the United States, and the difficulties which implicate

17Originnl letter on file in Hall of Public Archives.

THE GREAT SEALS OP IOWA 573

their public conduct having been referred to the latter, the only
legal umpire in the case, it is therefore impossible that the under-
signed should anticipate a decision by any change of attitude, which
might tend, however remotely, to favor the belief that he would thus
shield any portion of his official conduct from vigorous examination.
Nor will it be rashly believed, that the President could be induced to
lend even the dubious sanction of his hesitation or silence to the
commission of outrages on inferior officers of the Government, whose
proper pride of character may be higher than their stations, and
whose kind feelings as men, should not be goaded, by protracted and
triumphant insult, into the ferocity of tigers. The undersigned,
therefore, renews his application of the 9th of February last, and
prays that a special order may issue, from the proper Department,
requiring the Governor to deliver up the Great Seal of this Territory,

to the undersigned or to his order.

* *****

The undersigned seeks no triumph over Governor Lucas. He wages
no war against obstinate imbecility. He merely asks the President to
protect him in the possession of his clearly defined official rights,
that he may be thus enabled to perform his proper official duties. To
be a Secretary of State without a Seal! a recording officer without
the records, or things to be recorded!! an accounting, and account-
able officer, without evidence of the authority which requires and
sanctions his disbursements! ! ! This Sir, is to possess very equivo-
cal honors, beneath the degrading lustre of which even contented
meanness could not hope to mitigate the severity of official respon-
sibilities, under the rigorous system which enlightened opinion is
happily predisposed to enforce. —

With very considerate regard I remain your respectful and obedi-
ent Servant, Wm B conway,

Secretary of Iowa.18

The extent of this controversy and its end has been already
well presented by Dr. John C. Parish.19

Authority to continue in use the Great Seal of the Territory
of Iowa until the Great Seal of the State of Iowa could be
procured, was provided in the following :

AN ACT relative to State Seals.

Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of
Iowa. That for the want of State seals, the State officers shall, until
proper seals are provided, use the territorial seals of their respective
offices.20

The foregoing act was approved on January 27, 1847, and
on February 9, 1847, there was enacted a statute providing for

"Original letter on file in Hall of Public Archives.
"Parish's Robert Lucas, State Hist. Soc. Iowa City, 1907.
*>Laws of Iowa, 1st G. A., Ch, XIV, p. 32.

574 ANNALS OF IOWA

a loan of $55,000.00, and appointing William F. Coolbaugh as
the Agent for the State, for the negotiation of the loan and
transferring of the bonds. Touching the seal of the Terri-
tory, Mr. Coolbaugh submitted to the State Auditor the fol-
lowing communication:
J. T. Fales Esq. Burlington Iowa April 8, 1847

Dear Sir,

I am inclined to think after reflecting on the matter, that it will
not do to affix the old Territorial Seal to the State Bonds. — It
might subject us to the trouble of getting a new set of Bonds entirely,
besides materially deferring the consummation of the loan.

We had therefore better get the new seal, even if it should occasion
some delay. So soon as completed please send them either by mail
or other safe conveyance, to me

Governor Briggs would perhaps like to see the Bond executed by
me and I would be obliged to you if you would send him a copy, with
a list of my sureties by mail. Yourg respectfully

W. P. Coolbaugh21

But I find from the originals and impressions upon the
canceled bonds that they used the Territorial Seal only.

A rather interesting phase of the history of the Great Seal
of the Territory of Iowa is traced from the impressions of the
seal upon the original documents assembled in the Hall of
Public Archives. It will be observed that Mr. Parvin ex-
pressed the pleasure which this seal gave to those interested
in its selection and adoption as the formal symbol of the
sovereignty of the Territory. The recollections of this pleas-
ure remained vivid with him until he became the editor of the
ANNALS OF IOWA, and even sustained him in his partisanship
in favor of its artistic quality as against that of the design
adopted for the Great Seal of the State of Iowa, But after
discussing the meaning of the design, and after inveighing
against the design of the Great Seal of the State of Iowa, and
with the evident purpose of proving his point to the readers
of the ANNALS by reproducing it side by side with a repro-
duction of the Great Seal of the State of Iowa, in connection
with his note in regard thereto, he yet presents a design not at
all the same as the design described by Secretary Conway
and as adopted by the legislative and executive authority of

"Original letter on file in Hall of Public Archives.

Uobcrt

GOVERNOR OF THE TERRITORY OF IOWA.

TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS MAY COME- GREETING.

J4.I1OW Ye. iTl.nl ic|.o*«<| tjitciaflliol nm'Woifi.W.- u, ll.r mlc<,i,l,( ,,,,0 afiifu.j <| If .^ /<^

y Ur ,i,,m»<ae.\ .....1 ty-«^nH'l llllt luii.i^ OMi) ,t ».,..! .j," ll, ^&y JuUut ^^•^•.t a|,|u .*lcd Ri«

Him 1.. cvccul.- an6 fuf|if ll'ir Xluci rf llial(j|'icc

HOLD ifr >a,^ .,«, ,^fi aif Ulr u,,fu», ,,u

I.VTKSTI.MOXV.IVHKKEOF. .? ''-vu. ra,,:c<^ iLir ^et

3Y THE GOVEHNOK

Theodore S. Parvin's Commission as Territorial
Librarian of Iowa

THE GREAT SEALS OP IOWA 575

the Territory, and which was impressed very early in its
official use upon his own commission as Librarian. Perhaps
the most striking difference between the original and the re-
production Mr. Parvin sets out, is in the bow held in the
talons of the eagle. In Conway's description, in the original
die by Wagner, and the impression on the Parvin commission,
the bow appears to be an ordinary Indian bow, unstrung. In
the Parvin reproduction it is a classic bow with string taut.

The seal Mr. Parvin reproduces might better be regarded
as an adaptation of the original Territorial seal. This, and
other adaptations of the Great Seal of the Territory of Iowa,
have long and often been used by different public and private
persons as a reproduction of the original.

But from the date of Mr. Parvin 's commission, to- wit:
April 10, 1839, until the final official impression which was
made upon the issue of bonds, after the admission of the State
of Iowa to the Union, there appears no other or different de-
sign as the Great Seal of the Territory of Iowa.

The Great Seal of the State of Iowa was provided for by the
Constitutional Convention which assembled at Iowa City, May
4, 1846. Sections 15 and 16 provide :

There shall be a seal of this State, which shall be kept by the
Governor, and used by him officially, and shall be called the Great
Seal of the State of Iowa. All grants and commissions shall be in
the name and by the authority of the people of the State of Iowa,
sealed with the Great Seal of this State, signed by the Governor
and countersigned by the Secretary of State.22

The provision that the seal should be kept by the Governor
was evidently for the purpose of avoiding future controversy
as to what official should be the keeper of the Great Seal.

During the session of the First General Assembly after
the adoption of the Constitution of 1846, the matter of the de-
vice to be used and the procuring of the Great Seal for the
State as provided for in the Constitution, was taken up and
the following proceedings were had:

Joint Resolution No. 2,23 authorizing the Secretary of State
to procure a seal, was introduced in the House by W. E. Lef-
fingwell, passed that body on December 11, 1846, and was re-

KLaws of Iowa, 1st G. A., Constitution, Art. 5, sec. 15-16, p. 10.
23Two Joint Resolutions and one bill of the 1st G. A. were entitled H.
R. File No. 2. See House Journal, 1846, pp. 40, 67, 68.

576 ANNALS OF IOWA

ported to the Senate. It was referred to a committee com-
posed of Francis Springer, Philip B. Bradley and Thomas H.
Benton, who reported a substitute, which was passed by the
Senate February 24, 1847, and passed by the House on the
same date. The substitute for House File No. 2 reads as
follows :

State Seal.

Ax ACT authorizing the Secretary of State to procure a State Seal.

SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of
Ion-a, That the Secretary of State be, and he is, hereby authorized to
procure a seal, which shall be the Great Seal of the State of Iowa,
two inches in diameter, upon which shall be engraved the following
device, surrounded by the words, "The Great Seal of the State of
Iowa" — a sheaf and field of standing wheat, with a sickle and other
farming utensils, on the left side near the bottom; a lead furnace
and a pile of pig lead, on the right side; the citizen soldier, w^ith a
plow in his rear, supporting the American flag and liberty cap with
his right hand, and his gun with his left, in the center and near
the bottom; the Mississippi river in the rear of the whole, with
the steamer Iowa under way; an eagle near the upper edge, holding
in his beak a scroll, with the following inscription upon it: 0-ur
liberties ice -prize, and our rights ice will maintain.

Sec. 2. The sum of forty dollars shall be, and is hereby ap-
propriated for the purchase of the seal aforesaid, out of any money
in the treasury not otherwise appropriated.

Sec. 3. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after
its publication in the weekly newspapers in Iowa City.

APPROVED, February 25th, 1847.

Published in the Reporter and Standard March 3d, 1847.24

The die for the seal produced under authority of the law
was engraved by Charles A. Bobbins, for which he received
$35.00 by warrant issued May 5, 1847.

This Act passed by the first General Assembly does not
appear in any of the codifications of the laws, the present
Code containing only the constitutional provision for a Great
Seal. "I find no act passed with reference to the Great Seal
since the Act of February 25. 1847, nor do I find any act or
provision in the session laws or the Code of 1851 or of subse-
quent codes, repealing or revising this first act; hence, the
assumption is that the authority for the present Great Seal lies
in this Act of February 25, 1847. "25

uLaws of Iowa, 1st G. A. Ch. CXII, p. 164.

25Statement by C. A. Bobbins, -Assistant Attorney General.

THE GREAT SEALS OF IOWA

577

In tracing the evolution of the Great Seal of the -State of
Iowa from impressions upon official documents in the Hall of
Public Archives, I find many minor changes have been made
in the device from time to time, but in each the provision
made for the device in the Act of February 25, 1847, has been
substantially followed. I have searched for authority for even
minor changes in the device, but have failed to find any. I
believe the changes were made by engravers on their own
motion and responsibility at the times new dies were ordered.

No. 1, 1847-1856.

The first seal carried out the provisions of the Act of 1847
in regard to the device, but its diameter was two and three-
sixteenths inches instead of two inches as specified. The farm-
ing utensils used in addition to those provided in the Act were
a grain cradle and rake. The furnace was shown as having
two chimneys ; the plow with beam pointing to our left ; a tree
standing to the right of the furnace ; the flag slightly furled ;
the soldier as facing to the front, but slightly to his right. At
the base of the inner circle and just beneath the soldier was
the name of the engraver "Bobbins" in very small letters.
This die was used until 1856.26

^Reproduction of impression of first die executed for the Great Seal
of the State of Iowa; used 1847-1856. See notarial commission issued by
Governor Hempstead to J. N. Jerome, Sept. 29, 1854, in Hall of Public
Archives.

37

578

ANNALS OF IOWA

No. 2, 1856-1865.

Impressions of another die appear in 1856. It seems iden-
tical with the first except that the furnace is shown as having
one chimney; the name of the engraver "Robbins" is omitted,.
and several minor changes made in placing the different
devices.27

No. 3, 1865-March, 1869.

Impressions of a third die appear in 1865. Its diameter is
two inches, outer rim ; the soldier faces to his right ; the beam
of the plow points to our right ; the flag floats free ; the tree

"Reproduction of impression of second die executed for the Great Seal
of the State of Iowa; used 18.56-1865. See Proclamation of Governor Kirk-
wood, Sept. 23, 1860, in Hall of Public Archives.

THE GREAT SEALS OP IOWA 579

on the right of the furnace is omitted and there are other
minor changes.28

No. 4, March-May, 1869.

Impressions of a fourth die appear in March, 1869, the most
important changes being: A different style of letter is used;
the plow is restored to first position ; the rake is omitted and
the steamboat "Iowa" is reduced in size.29

No. 5, May, 1869-September, 1881.

Impressions of a fifth die appear in May, 1869, wherein the
plow is again reversed ; the soldier holds the gun differently ;

^Reproductions of impression of third die executed for the Great Seal
of the State of Iowa; used 1865-March, 1869. See Governor Stone's war-
rant of discharge for Finley Rainsbarger, Jan. 15, 1868, in Hall of Public
Archives.

^Reproduction of impression of fourth die executed for the Great
Seal of the State of Iowa; used March-May, 1869. See notarial commission
issued by Governor Merrill to Thos. F. Rice, March 2, 1869, in Hall of
Public Archives.

580

ANNALS OF IOWA

the steamboat "Iowa" is increased in size; the rake is re-
placed. This die was in use until in September, 1881.30

No. 6, September, 1881-June, 1882.

Impressions of a sixth die appear on documents dated in
September, 1881, wherein the rake and sickle are omitted; the
soldier faces to the front ; the steamboat is reduced and a dif-
ferent stvle of letter is used. This die was used until in 1882. 31

June, 1882-December, 1888.

Impressions of a seventh die appear in June, 1882. The rake
and sickle were replaced; the flag was again slightly furled;

^Reproduction of impression of fifth die executed for the Great Seal
of the State of Iowa; used May, 1869-Sept., 1881. See Proclamation of
Governor Merrill, June 17, 1869, in Hall of Public Archives.

^Reproduction of impression of sixth die executed for the Great Seal
of the State of Iowa ; used Sept. 1881-June, 1882. See Proclamation of
Governor Gear, Sept. 5, 1881, in Hall of Public Archives.

THE GREAT SEALS OP IOWA

581

trees are shown at the front and rear of the furnace; the
beam of the plow is toward our left ; the size of the steamboat
is increased and other minor changes are made. This seal
was used until in December, 1888. 32

No. 8. December, 1888, to date.

Impressions of an eighth die appear in 1888. The outer
rim was increased in size and a beaded line shown outside of
the lettering; the size of the steamboat "Iowa" was greatly
reduced ; the grain cradle was left out ; the trees at front and
rear of furnace were omitted ; the furnace changed in appear-
ance and other minor changes made. This die has remained
in use and is at present in the press in the office of the Gov-
ernor.33

A comparison of these impressions shows that about five
distinct types have been used. These types are illustrated by
Nos. 1, 3, 4, 7 and 8. The comparison also shows that Nos.
2 and 7 are very similar, differing mainly in diameter and in
the placing of the lettering on the outer rim. Nos. 3 and 5
are very similar in design and Nos. 4 and 6 are of the same
type.

The history of the seals of the Territorial and State courts
will be treated in a future article.

^Reproduction of impression of seventh die executed for the Great Seal
of the State of Iowa ; used June, 1882-Dec., 1888. See Proclamation of
.Governor Sherman, Sept. 20, 1884, in Hall of Public Archives.

33Reproduction of impression of eighth and present die executed for the
Great Seal of the State of Iowa. See Proclamation of Governor Larrabee,
Dec. 29, 1888.

582 ANNALS OF IOWA

JOHN F. LACEY.
By WILLIAM T. HORNADAY.

It was the free wild birds of the Iowa prairies that once
inspired a strong man to champion their cause in the council
chamber of our nation. To know our birds of song is to love
all birds. Fortunate indeed were the birds who sang to John
F. Lacey during his boyhood and his j^oung manhood. It
was the meadow lark, the white-throated sparrow, the brown
thrasher, the catbird and the whippoorwill that filled his
great heart with love for all birds, and nerved his strong
right arm to strike in their defense.

Out of all the achievements of Major Lacey for the better
preservation of our bird allies, one fact looms up prominently
and dwarfs all others. He was the first American Congress-
man to become an avowed champion of wild life. It is true
that even before -he entered the lists of the persistent, un-
compromising and permanent defenders of wild creatures in
need of defense, other members of Congress had manifested
the spirit which later on developed the pronounced game
protectionists. But Major Lacey, we repeat, was the first
man in the Congress of the United States to take up the new
white man's burden and make it peculiarly his own.

The date of this new departure may be given approximately
as 1000. At that time few large men in public life took the
woes of wild life seriously. Slaughter was the order of the
day. The sportsmen who advocated game protection and se-
cured the enactment of protective laws were animated by a de-
sire, not to stop killing, but to preserve today in order to kill
more abundantly tomorrow. It is well within the bounds of
truth to state that even down to 1890 wild life preservation
in America was little more than a pleasing dream, a shadow
without substance. Excepting the Yellowstone Park, there
were not then in existence any large game preserves in which
killing was totally prohibited. Everywhere, without a single

JOHN F. LACEY 583

•exception, wild game was being killed far faster than it was
breeding.

At the date mentioned, the killing of game was everywhere
-a ruling passion. The protection of our song-birds had only
.just begun. Every member of Congress was regarded by his
constituents as a chore-boy, of whom all kinds of personal
services might confidently be demanded. The number of
pension-claim burdens that were laid upon Congressmen was
very great ; and the measures of the nation often waited upon
the personal tasks of the constituent.

Acting under what may well be called an inspiration, and
in spite of other burdens and other causes, Mr. Lacey deliber-
ately elected to champion the cause of the vanishing birds.
"We know not just when that call to arms first was heard by
him. It is in the silent watches of the night, the still small
hours of the new day, when the minds of men are most free
from surrounding influences, that our mental vision becomes
keenest, and we most accurately measure the things that Were
against the things that Are. It is in the early morning watch,
when sleep has swept all cobwebs from the brain, that man's
mental negatives are most sensitive to great impressions. It
is then that the voice of Duty is heard in clear, bell-like tones,
calling upon us to arise, put on our armor and sally forth.

I doubt not that the call to John F. Lacey to arise and
stand forth as the champion of the birds came to him at a
time that he himself never set down and could not name.

But come it did; and while other men were laboring for
commercial and industrial causes and striving to pass bills
that would appeal strongly to their own constituents, there
was one man who constituted himself a Committee of One on
Everybody's Business. It was, and ever has been, every-
body's business to save our valuable wild life from slaughter
and annihilation ; but, alas ! how often is it treated as nobody's
business !

I repeat that Major Lacey was the first member of Congress
who made the cause of the wild birds and beasts particularly
his own. At first he was treated by some of his colleagues
with good-natured raillery, and taken every way but seriously.

584 ANNALS OF IOWA

But, like the good soldier that he was, in more causes than
one, he enlisted in the birds' cause, not for three months'
service, nor one year, nor three years, but during the period
of the war. From that moment down to his last day in
Congress he was never elsewhere than on the firing line.

His victories for the wild life cause were numerous and
important; but his first one was the greatest of all. The
Lacey Bird Law is enough to render any name illustrious.
That act, to prevent all interstate traffic in game illegally
killed or shipped, was the first federal act for the better pro-
tection of birds, and it placed in the hands of the National
Government a weapon more powerful and far-reaching than
any cannon ever cast. It has prevented the illegal slaughter,
and sale in the markets, of uncountable millions of game
birds ; and the rogues that it has brought to justice would, if
herded together, make a great army.

The long history of Mr. Lacey 's labors and achievements
in Congress in behalf of wild life will be written elsewhere,
in detail.1 His effective efforts in the founding of national
bison herds, with which we are most familiar, were only the
latest of his achievements in the field of protection. The
enabling act, and the appropriation of $15,000 by which the
first national bison herd was established, in the Yellowstone
National Park, was secured through the persistence of Repre-
sentative Lacey against much opposition. I am inclined to
believe that his last work in Congress in his favorite cause
was bestowed in securing the legislation by which the National
Government joined the New York Zoological Society in the
mutual action which created in Oklahoma the "Wichita Na-
tional Bison Range and Herd, now a, pronounced success.

The proud State of Iowa may well regard John F. Lacey
as one of her most illustrious men. His work has added luster
to the State made famous by Allison, Harlan and Kirkwood,
and throughout this nation, wherever wild birds are protected,
his name is known and honored. To him the people of Iowar
and the bird lovers of America, owe a monument as lofty as
his own purposes and as imperishable as his fame.

]-7o7m F Lacn/ Memorial Volume, Iowa Park and Forestry Associa-
tion, 1913.

LUTHERANS IN IOWA 585

LUTHERANS IN IOWA.

[On May 10, 1914, the Lutheran people of the State of Iowa pre-
sented to the State, in the Historical Department, a large oil por-
trait of Martin Luther, by Olof Frithiof Grafstrom. On this occasion
a sermon on the life of Martin Luther was delivered by Gustav
Andreen, President of Augustana College, Rock Island, Illinois, and
this sermon has been added to the manuscript collections of the
Historical Department. The historical sketches given by different
ministers on the same occasion, of the various branches of the
Lutheran Church in Iowa, are herewith presented. — EDITOB,]

THE GERMAN EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH IN IOWA.
BY REV. HENRY FLENTJE.

The history of the German Evangelical Lutheran Church in
Iowa begins about 1840. Although there were many German
Lutheran congregations in the eastern states at this time, there
were only a few existing in the State of Iowa, at Keokuk, Fort
Madison, and Burlington. Until 1852 the central, northern,
and southern parts of Iowa were without congregations. In
October, 1853, three German Lutheran pastors, Deindoerfer,
Grossmann, and Schueller, with about twenty laymen, came
from Michigan to Clayton county to do mission work for the
German Lutheran Church. They organized the first Evangel-
ical Lutheran Church in the central part of Iowa, and called
their home "St. Sebald." Here it was also their intention
to found a teacher's seminary, but this idea was given up.
Later this seminary was built at Dubuque. From St. Sebald
as a centre, Lutheran churches were organized all over Iowa.
On the 24th of August, 1854, four pastors; Deindoerfer, S.
Fritechel, Grossman, and Schueller, met at the parsonage in
St. Sebald, and with about twenty laymen founded the Evan-
gelical Lutheran Synod of Iowa and other States. The growth
of the synod was slow but sure. Many German Lutherans
moved from the eastern states and joined existing congrega-
tions, or organized new ones.

In 1870, the Lutheran church in Iowa consisted of about
ninety pastors, and one hundred and twenty congregations.

586 ANNALS OF IOWA

At this time other Lutheran synods started mission work,
namely, th<3 Synod of Missouri and other States, the Synod of
Ohio and other States, and the General Synod. At present
the German Lutheran Church consists of four Synods:

The Synod of Iowa and other States, with 132 active pas-
tors, 262 congregations, and 32,000 members.

The Synod of Missouri and other States, with 98 pastors,
152 congregations, and 22,000 members.

The Synod of Ohio and other States, with 64 pastors, 96
congregations, and 8,000 members.

The General Synod, with 35 pastors, 40 congregations, and
6,000 members.

The Lutheran church in Iowa maintains the following edu-
cational institutions :

A theological seminary at Dubuque with five professors, and
about one hundred students.

A college at Clirton with ni?ve professors and about one
hundred and twenty students.

A parochial teachers' seminary at Waverly, with four pro-
fessors and fifty students.

A co-educational academy at "Waverly with six professors
and about one hundred and twenty students.

The Lutheran Church also maintains the following chari-
table institutions :

An Orphans' Home at Waverly with about one hundred
children.

An Orphans' Home and Home for the Aged at Muscatine,
with about sixty children and forty aged.

A hospital at Sioux City with about eighty beds.

From this can be seen that the German Lutheran Church
has done and is doing much for the spiritual and educational
welfare of the citizens of Iowa.

THE ENGLISH LUTHERAN CHURCH IN IOWA.
BY A. B. LEAMER, D. D.

The English work of the Lutheran Church in Iowa was be-
gun in the year 1848 by Rev. Jacob Scherer, who was com-
missioned as "Missionary of the Northwest" by the Synod of
Illinois.

LUTHERANS IN IOWA 587

The first church was organized in Lick Creek Township,
Van Buren county. In 1850 Kev. Jacob Scherer was joined
by Rev. C. Conrad Keuhl, and together they established an
itinerary of preaching points, covering the eastern portion oi
Iowa as far west as Knoxville. It seems that they also
touched Council Bluffs and Sioux City in their zeal for the
preaching of the gospel to the scattered Lutherans of the
State.

In 1854 the first Conference was held at Knoxville on the
10th day of February. There were four pastors present.
At this Conference the matter of establishing a college within
the State was discussed, and a committee was appointed,
charged with the duty of selecting a location as near the cen-
ter of Iowa as possible. The committee settled upon Fort
Des Moines, now Des Moines, and the name of the school was
the Central College of Iowa. This institution had a varied
experience and was eventually sold to the Baptist Church,
by the Baptists under the name of the Des Moines College.
The educational work begun by our Synod is still carried on
, The third Conference of the Illinois Synod met at Win-
chester on August 30, 1855, and proceeded to the organization
of the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Iowa. The officers
elected were Rev. Geo. "W. Schaeffer, ^resident; Rev. J. G.
Schaeffer, secretary; Rev. F. R. Scherer, treasurer. The
other charter members were Rev. John Hockenlively, Rev. D.
Tulles, Rev. Geo. W. Scheide, Rev. H. F. Ely. The laymen
were P. L. Kreigh, Samuel Gast, and Jacob Motern. The
visiting clergymen present were Rev. L. F. Harkey, Rev. C.
Witmer, Rev. D. Kurtz, and Rev. (Father) Scherer.

The second Convention of the Synod, held at Fort Des
Moines, laid the cornerstone of the new college building and
selected a faculty consisting, of Rev. Reuben Weiser and
Prof. Cupp, who opened the college for work on May 21, 1856.

The citizens of Des Moines contributed $10,000.00 to this
project and gave five acres of land. The tract comprised the
ground between Sixteenth and Nineteenth streets north of
Woodlana Avenue.

The early days of the English work in Iowa were very try-
ing. The president in his annual report to the Synod held

588 ANNALS OF IOWA

in the above year, speaks of conditions as "deplorable" not
only for the school but for the general church work, and in
a later report the president makes the statement that these
conditions seem to be due to the fact that by the time the peo-
ple coming from the east reach the Mississippi, the desire for
wealth has become so intense that they ' ' drop both conscience
and religion in the Mississippi river as they cross it."

It is evident that large numbers of Lutheran people settled
in Iowa, but many of them spoke a foreign tongue and at that
early day it was impossible to interest them in the English-
speaking church. As a result many of the fathers and
mothers never united with the church and their children,
growing up without the mother church influence, were lost to
us and drifted gradually into other denominations. Many,
however, were organized into congregations of their own
tongues and have grown into strong, self-supporting churches,
thus making it possible for the Lutherans to number a larger
company than any other, except one, of the denominations.
But while many churches were organized, the English Luth-
eran church lost more than it saved. However, we feel that
the message delivered by these pioneers who insistently
preached the gospel lias had its very definite effect upon the
children who followed them in the work of the Master.

The sixteenth session of the Synod was held at Tipton,
Iowa, September 26, I860, and showed an enrollment of forty-
five congregations and sixteen preaching points. Sixteen pas-
tors ministered to these congregations, totaling 1,179 com-
municants. The largest salary paid was $800.00, and the
least $40.00 per year. The sixteen pastors received a total
oi' $2. 711). 25.

The Bohemian Lutheran Churches of Linn. Benton and
Tama counties united with the Synod at this session. A com-
mittee from Marshall county submitted the proposition that
the Synod take over the Marshall county high school and
convert it into a college and seminary. The estimated value
of this property was $19,000.00. The property grew in value
and the institution increased in usefulness for a number of
years, at one time numbering ninety-six students, but jealousy

LUTHERANS IN IOWA 589

seemed to have entered the ranks of the Synod and proper
support could not be secured for either this school or the one
at Fort Des Moines. As a consequence we lost two of the most
valuable assets of the church. Had those institutions re-
mained under the control of the Synod we believe that our
English Lutheran church in Iowa would far outnumber any
of the foreign-speaking Lutheran churches, but our work
seemed to be blocked at every turn. However, a brighter day
is dawning. The last decade has been one of commendable
progress and our work is being established on a permanent
foundation that means success for the future.

THE DANISH AND NORWEGIAN LUTHERANS IN IOWA.
BY N. G. PETEHSON.

The Danish Lutherans immigrated later than the Swedish
and Norwegian Lutherans. The beginning of the establish-
ment of Danish Lutheran churches in this State dates back
to 1871 when the work was commenced by Rev. A. S. Nielson
of "The Danish Church."

That Church has now eleven pastors and thirteen congre-
gations with a membership of 4,370.

They have a college and theological seminary at Grand
View, Des Moines, and at the same place they are completing
an old people's home.

The other body of Danish Lutherans doing work in the
State is "The Danish United Lutheran Church," having at
present twenty-two pastors and thirty-three congregations,
with a membership of 4,709. They have for years had a high-
er institution of learning at Elk Horn.

"We have, then, of Danish Lutherans in this State, thirty-
three pastors and forty-six congregations, with a membership
of 9,079.

The work was begun among the Norwegian Lutherans by
Rev. N. Brandt of the "Norwegian Synod" in the year 1851.
That body has in this State at present twenty-five pastors and
fifty congregations, with a total membership of 13,500. They
are operating one of the best colleges in our State, Luther
College at Decorah.

590 ANNALS OP IOWA

The second body having done work among the Norwegian
Lutherans in Iowa is "Hauge's Synod," which has fourteen
pastors and thirty congregations, with a membership of 5,866.
They have a higher institution of learning, — Jewell Lutheran
College, at Jewell.

The third body is ' ' The United Norwegian Lutheran Church
of America" having in this State fifty- two pastors and one
hundred and six congregations, with a membership of 28,060.
They have a higher institution of learning — Waldorf College
at Forest City, an orphans' home at Beloit, and are building
an old people's home at Decorah.

This gives us a total of ninety-one pastors and one hundred
and eighty-six congregations, with a membership of 47,426,
three institutions of learning and two institutions of mercy,
among the Norwegian Lutherans.

The greater part of our Church is found in the rural dis-
tricts in the north half of the State, where the woods and
prairies have been changed into fertile farms and peaceful
homes for the thousands of honest laboring men and women
who came to this country with love for hard work and a long-
ing for a full religious liberty, and with minds and hearts
made strong by that gospel given to us in the days of ref-
ormation.

SWEDISH LUTHERAN CHURCH IN IOWA.
BY JOSEPH A. ANDERSON.

When the Swedish immigrants of the century just past
came to these shores, and found abodes in various parts of
our Union, some also settled on the virgin .soil of Iowa. A
band of Swedes, firm in the faith of their fathers, made a
home for itself on the hills and in the valleys of Jefferson
county. The colony there founded was called New Sweden, a
name bespeaking the love of the settlers of the heritage which
they possessed. In 1848, but two years after this common-
wealth received its statehood, a Lutheran congregation, the
oldest of the now mighty Augustana Synod, was there organ-
ized. This congregation was not a result of any pastoral care
and influence exerted upon the colonists since coming to this

LUTHERANS IN IOWA 591

country, but was organized upon the initiative of the people
themselves. Not until 1849 did a clergyman arrive from
Sweden, and he located in our sister state to the east. Since
no ordained shepherd could be secured, the New Swedeners, if
I may coin the word, chose one of their own number as their
spiritual head. The one chosen was Magnus Frederick Hok-
onson, a pious and modest man, whose portrait should be
found within the walls of the Historical Department of Iowa.
He was ordained in 1853 and labored in the church for forty-
five years, all of which time he remained within the State,
and in its soil he was buried.

It was not until two decades after the New Sweden congre-
gation was founded, or in 1868, that Iowa became a Confer-
ence within the Augustana Synod, organized eight years
earlier. Then there were Swedish congregations at New
Sweden, Munterville, Madrid, Stratford, Burlington, Lan-
sing, McGregor and Swedesburg. Until 1870 some of our
Norwegian brethren were associated with us. The church at
Decorah, where Luther College now is, was then in the Con-
ference as was also a Norwegian congregation in Story county.
In 1868 the following pastors, besides Hokonson, served with
the State: Hakan Olson, Bengt Magnus Halland and Carl
J. Malmberg. The first became president of the new Con-
ference. Rev. Halland later founded the large Swedish set-
tlement in Montgomery and Page counties and thereby did
much not only for the church but for the material develop-
ment of our State. The Conference membership in 1868 was
less than one thousand souls. The following year witnessed
a great influx of Swedes and the Conference, and more es-
pecially its pastors, strained every nerve to secure the people
for God and the church. In 1868 three congregations were
organized and the following year two, one of which was the
First Church of Des Moines. The earliest churches were in
the southeastern part of the State. Then a few were organ-
ized in the north and eastern portions ; later the south central
and central, then the southwestern and finally northwestern
and northern parts of our State beheld Swedish Lutheran set-
tlements and congregations. The names of the following

592 ANNALS OF IOWA

pastors, who as presidents of Conferences or otherwise did so
much toward the churching of the Swedes should be men-
tioned : 0. J. Sil jestrom, M. C. Ranseen, C. A. Hemborg and
John Tellsen.

The history of our Swedish Lutherans of Iowa might be
summed up in the words : Faith, instruction, work, financial
sacrifice, prayer, worship and success under the providence
of God, to whom be the glory. At first the problem was how
to secure church homes for the immigrants. Later the prob-
lem has been, how to make the children, born and reared in the
new fatherland, loyal to the fathers and lovers of their church.
The problems have been and are being solved. We have now
a membership of 20,000 souls or more, that compose eighty-
one congregations, of which seventy-five have their own
churches, and are served by forty-four pastors.

The Swedish Lutheran population gathered into our con-
gregations is most numerous in Webster county with over
2,100 members. The more populous counties are as follows
in the order given : Montgomery, Buena Vista, Boone, Wood-
bury, Polk, Des Moines, Wapello and Page. We have con-
gregations from McGregor to Shenandoah, Keokuk to Akron,
Council Bluffs to Davenport.

The property value of the local congregations is $820,000.
The Conference as such holds property to the amount of
$225,000. The Conference's property consists of an orphanage
at Stanton, which began its noble work in 1882 ; a Home for the
Aged at Madrid which received its first guests in 1906 ; The
Iowa Lutheran Hospital, which wras dedicated in March, 1914,
(only some two months ago) and is located in the Capital City.

Within very recent years the Conference has contributed
over $50,000 toward the endowment of Augustana College and
Theological Seminary, located at Rock Island, Illinois, and
therefore separated from us geographically by the Mississippi.
This institution, the Conference, as a part of the Augustana
Synod, partially owns and controls. Hence we have needed
no institution of learning within the confines of the Con-
ference.

LUTHERANS IN IOWA 593

It may be said, in all modesty, that the Iowa Conference of
the Augustana Synod has attempted to do its share toward
the upbuilding within our State of a strong Lutheran Church,
whose membership shall help to make this commonwealth sec-
ond to none in these United States, which owes its liberty
under God, in a great degree, if not wholly, to Martin Luther.

OVERLAND ROUTE.

There are two principal starting-places for this route, St.
Joseph, Mo., a few miles above Fort Leavenworth, and Council
Bluffs, a short distance N. of the entrance of the Platte into the
Missouri. The road from Council Bluffs for 800 miles up the
N. side of .Platte River is the best natural one in the world.
The elevation is less than 12 feet to the mile. The water com-
ing from the highlands is fresh and cool. Grass is abundant,
and on the river bottom two weeks earlier than on the route
over the plains from St. Joseph, on the other side of the river.
Timber, ' ' buffalo chips, ' ' and mineral coal are found sufficient
to supply travellers. The large amount of travel to Califor-
nia, Oregon and Utah makes it a great national thoroughfare.
Over 100,000 souls have already travelled this road since the
discovery of gold in California. The passage from Council
Bluffs can be safely made, with wagons drawn by mules or
oxen, in from 60 to 90 days, at an expense of not over $100
for each passenger. If emigrants conduct themselves prop-
erly, no danger need be feared from any Indian tribes through
which the road passes. All necessary outfits and supplies
can be had at Kanesville and Council Bluffs. An accurate
General Directory has been published by J. H. Colton, 86
Cedar Street, New York, and a Mormon Guide, by Mr. Clay-
ton, which will give the emigrant all necessary information.
The forts of the American Fur Company and of the United
States are usually prepared to render any aid needed by
travellers. Aid has also been furnished at the California
end of the route at the expense of the state of California.

******

N. B. The distances from St. Joseph are about 128 miles
greater. The distance of Council Bluffs from New York, via
Chicago, Dubuque, Galena, Cedar Rapids, and Fort Des
Moines, is 1,511 miles.
Hayward's Gazetteer of the United States of America, 1854,

p. 851-2.
38

594 ANNALS OF IOWA

THE WRITINGS OF JUDGE GEORGE G. WRIGHT.

IV.

[Heretofore we have presented some unconnected sketches by
the late Hon. George G. Wright. Herewith begins a series ar-
ranged by Judge Wright at the instance of Hon. Charles Aldrich,
Curator and founder of the Historical Department of Iowa. — EDITOR.]

HON. CHARLES ALDRICH,,

Dear Sir: You have more than once expressed a wish
that I would as time allowed note down some of my recol-
lections of the men and times in Iowa's early history. The
fact you state, not to be denied, in explanation of the wish,
is that those who were active in those scenes are fast passing
away, and you are kind enough to suggest that some "jot-
tings" by me might assist in the good work in which you are
engaged for and under the direction of the State, and aid in
some future history of Iowa. I comply with your request,
promising you herein nothing more than such notes and
memories (some, not all) as can be recalled and noted in the
midst of many business cares.

AUTOBIOGRAPHY.

I settled in Keosauqua, Van Buren county, November 14,
1840. Graduated at Indiana State University, 1839— read
law with my brother, Gov. Joseph A. Wright, at Rockville
in that State. "Was born in Bloomington, Indiana, March 24,
1820, and admitted to the bar before I was of age. Was pros-
ecuting attorney for Yan Buren county in 1845.

[I was] elected to the State Senate in 1848 — my compet-
itor being Hon. Thomas Dibble (my father-in-law), who was
a Democrat, and nominated by his party without his wish
the week before [I was.] I was nominated against my pro-
test, but the same afternoon went with Mrs. Wright to his
home twelve miles in the country. I told him the circum-

WRITINGS OF GEORGE G. WRIGHT 595

stances and submitted to his wish if I should run. Old pio-
neer as he was, he said, "Yes, yourself a Whig — I, a Demo-
crat— neither want the .place, but we owe it to our parties
to make the race. It is not I against you but Democracy
against Whiggism." So we made the race with the result
stated, and our relations were not in the least disturbed.

[I was] candidate for congress in 1850 — defeated by Hon.
Bernhart Henn by about 500 (Democratic majority in dis-
trict over 1,200). "Was elected Chief Justice of Iowa, Janu-
ary, 1855 — served until January, 1860. Declined re-election
— was appointed to succeed Hon. L. D. Stockton, deceased,
in June, 1860 — served by re-election until September, 1870.
Was elected to U. S. Senate in January, 1870, took my seat
March 4, 1871 — served for six years, declining a re-election.

[I] returned to the practice of the law — continued therein
until 1882, when I took the presidency of the Polk County
Savings Bank and Security Loan & Trust Company. [I am]
still in that work. Was president of the State Agricultural
Society for five years, commencing in 1860 — also president
American Bar Association, 1887-8 — organized the Iowa School
of Law at Des Moines in connection with Judge C. C. Cole
in 1865 (afterwards W. Gr. Hammond was connected with us)
and continued it for three years, when, on request of the
regents of the State University we united with that institu-
tion— saved the Law Department, and save the six years when
in the Senate, have for each year, almost, been a lecturer or
teacher therein.

Was married in 1843 (October 19th) to Mary H. Dibble,
who, born in New York, settled in Van Buren county in 1839.
Her father, Hon. Thomas Dibble, had been a member of the
New York legislature and was a member of the second Con-
stitutional Convention in Iowa, 1846.

(And of him, I should not be pardoned if I did not say a
word more. He was a pioneer, and of the very highest, influ-
ential and useful type. Of good education — a constant reader,
as his farm duties permitted — far more than the average
farmer — one of the best thinkers I ever knew — clear, logical

596 ANNALS OF IOWA

mind — never tied to old things because they were old,
and yet not rejecting because they were old — he was
a leader in thought and in investigation whether on po-
litical, religious or economic questions. He was not es-
teemed orthodox in his views, as the world goes, and yet no
purer, [more] honest, thoroughly religious man in word or
deed ever lived in the State. His word was gold, his advice
always inspired by the best motives and his conduct such as
friends and family could always refer to with admiration
and pride. Was an old-time, old-fashioned Democrat, and yet
was liberal in his judgment of others, always preferring to
attribute good rather than bad motives to his antagonists and
all people. "Was always helpful to the poor and needy. His
home was the resting place and favorite resort of the leading
men of our State — to those of all parties and faiths alike.
One of those strong, leading (not brilliant, big-talking and
pertinacious) minds, found in the early communities which
had so much to do in shaping its policies, building up its
schools and best interests and who leave their impress years
and years after they are gone. He lived to a good old age
(87) respected by all, dying mourned by all.)

But to continue. To us have been born seven children,
five sons and two daughters; six living, Thomas S., Craig L.,
Mary D. (Peavey), Carroll C., Lucia H. (Stone), and George
G. ; one deceased, the youngest, William R., born in 1865 and
died in December, 1875. All married but George G.

This of my life, and perhaps too much.

VAN BUREN COUNTY FAMOUS MEN.

There has lived or started in Keosauqua and Van Buren
county an unusual galaxy of men. I mention :

Abncr Kneel and, the great freethinker and writer.

Hon. John F. Dillon, Judge of the U. S. Circuit Court.

Hon. John H. Gear, Governor and Member of Congress.

Hon. G. W. McCrary, Legislator, Congressman, Secretary
of War.

Hon. H. C. Caldwell, Legislator, Colonel, U. S. District
Judge.

WRITINGS OP GEORGE G. WRIGHT 597

Hon. Joseph. C. Knapp, U. S. District Attorney and District
Judge.

Hon. Augustus Hall, Member of Congress and U. S. Judge.

Hon. Samuel D. Elbert, afterwards Governor of Colorado-
and Chief Justice of their Supreme Court.

Hon. James B. Howell, my predecessor in the U. S. Sen-
ate, member Southern Claims Commission, and leading ed-
itor (Gate City}.

Sam M. Clark, for years at head of the Gate City and
leading editor of the State.

Gideon S. Bailey, U. S. Marshal.

Gen. J. M. Tuttle, distinguished in volunteer service dur-
ing the late war, and then as State legislator.

Hon. John D. Elbert, President of the Territorial Council.

Hon. Timothy Day, first importer and breeder of short-
horns in our State and for his time the biggest farmer.
[Member of] Iowa Constitutional Convention of 1857.

Henry G. Stewart, also an importer; settled afterwards
in Lee county and for years with Mr. Day member of the
Board of State Agricultural Society, and very influential
and active in building it up.

Hon. Hugh "W. Sample, President Des Moines River Im-
provement Board.

Hon. Paul Brattain, Treasurer Des Moines River Improve-
ment Board.

Hon. C. C. Nourse, Attorney General of State and District
Judge.

W. M. McFarland, Member of General Assembly and Sec-
retary of State.

Hon. Samuel Parker, President Territorial Council of Ore-
gon.

J. H. Bonney, Secretary of State and Commissioner of Des
Moines River Improvement.

Elisha Cutler, first Secretary of State.

Israel Kister, Treasurer of State.

V. P. Twombly, Treasurer of State.

P. M. Casady, now of Des Moines, member of State Senate,
U. S. land officer and prominent banker.

598 ANNALS OP IOWA

S. W. Summers, colonel in volunteer service.

John B. Miller, Auditor and County Judge of Polk county,
and U. S. land officer in Idaho.

T. S. Wright, general solicitor C. R. I. & P. R. R. Co.

E. 0. Stanard, in Congress from Missouri and Lieutenant
Governor of that State.

Edwin Manning, Commissioner of Des Moines River Im-
provement.

James H. C'owles, one of the proprietors of the Gate City
and leading lawyer.

R. T. Dibble, member of Missouri Legislature.

I. N. Lewis, member of Territorial Legislature, and mem-
ber of Missouri Legislature.

John J. Selman, afterwards in the Senate from Davis coun-
ty, and member of the Second Constitutional Convention.

J. A. T. Hull, afterwards Secretary of State, Lieutenant
Governor and member of Congress.

J. B. Weaver, officer U. S. Army, member of Congress,
candidate for President, of the Greenback party.

It may be doubted or perhaps, rather, it is true, that no
other county in this or any western State (agricultural) ever
produced so many prominent men — nor any town of 1,000
people (and it never had more) so many as Keosauqua. In
1843 there were twenty-three lawyers in that place, and
after the opening of the New Purchase and west, they and
others named scattered, Summers to Ottumwa, Casady to Des
Moines, Weaver and Selman to Bloomfield, Cowles to Bloom-
field and afterwards to Keokuk, Elbert to Colorado, Stanard
to Missouri.

The attorneys practicing there from 1841 and for years
thereafter, other than those mentioned were J. C. Hall, David
Rorer, Hugh T. Ried, - — Alfred Rich, M. D.

Browning, James W. Grimes, H. W. and W. H. Starr, Thomas
Gray, Frederick Mills, Philip Viele, Henry Eno, D. F. Miller,
Samuel Shuffleton, all leading attorneys, but perhaps the
more prominent were Hall, Ried, Rich, Grimes, Rorer and the
Starrs. Of these, all are dead but Miller (he, however, was
seldom at the courts in the early age).

WRITINGS OF GEORGE G. WRIGHT 599

Our first court in Van Buren county was held in the upper
room of the jail, a room, I should say, about 20 feet square.
After that, [it was held] in a large room of a hotel or over a
store until the present brick structure was completed, say,
1845.

The first term in Davis [county] was in 1845, the forenoon
(of the only day of the term) in a room say 15' to 20 feet
square (with two beds therein), and the afternoon in a new
log house, roofed that morning, without floor, windows or
doors,-^Judge Mason in a rocking chair, back of a board
stretched on two barrels, — attorneys on shingle or clapboard
blocks, — jurors in the only case tried, seated on boards
stretched on blocks, — clerk at the end of the board forming
the judge's desk, — and the grand jury on one side of the
town (Bloomfield) in the open prairie, — and the petit jury
on the other, during the deliberations, with watchful officers
to keep off the curious or interested crowd.

First term in Monroe (then Kishkekosh) county, was held
at Clark's Point, a few miles west of Albia, in a cabin. It is
said that J. C. Hall and Ed Johnstone (since living in Keo-
kuk and president of Old Law Makers' Association) were
disturbed during the night by being deprived of a part of
their straw bedding by some horses nibbling it through the
cracks of the unchinked and undaubed walls ! The conse-
quence was that both were quite near the cabin wall in the
morning.

But for the present I leave these court houses. Of them
possibly more hereafter.

A steam boat, one hundred feet long, is in process of con-
struction on the island almost immediately under the Court
Avenue bridge. We understand that the proprietor is Mr. Tis-
dale of East DeMoine. In case of a flood, how could this
inchoate steamer be saved before its timbers are adjusted to
their places? — Demoine Citizen.

Sigourney, Iowa, Life in the West, Feb. 17, 1859.

600 ANNALS OF IOWA

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS.

A CONTRIBUTION TOWARD A BIBLIOGRAPHY.*

BY ALICE MARPLE.
(Continued.)

Conklin, Charles H.

Powers and duties of the justices of the peace. '67.

Des Moines.
— and Bissell, Julius B.

Powers and duties of the justices of the peace. 2d. ed.

'74. Des Moines.
Conner, Jacob Elon

Industrial causes affecting Am. commercial policy since
the civil wrar. '04. Am. acad.

Uncle Sam abroad. Rand.
Cook, E. U.

First mortgage. Rhodes.

Forbidden fruit. '91. Rhodes.
Cook, George Cram, 1873—

The chasm; a novel. '11. Stokes.

Roderick Taliaferro. '03. Macmillan.

-See Banks; C: E. jt. auth.
Cook, Mrs. George Cram, See Glaspell, Susan
Cook, Jennie Muchmore

Hillside violets. '88. Des Moines. Iowa ptg. co.
Cooley, Edwin Gilbert, 1857—

Need of vocational schools in the United States; a

statement. '12. Commercial club of Chic.
Cooley, Roger William, 1859—

Brief making and the use of law books. 2d. ed. '09.
West.

*This list of Iowa authors and their works is herewith published, to
continue until complete, for the purpose of recording all that is
at present known or that can be ascertained upon the subject.
Criticism and suggestions are invited. — EDITOR.

tAbbreviation of publishers' names follows the usage of The Cum-
ulative Book Index. The H. W. Wilson Company, Publishers, White
Plains, New York.

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 601

Cooley, Roger William — Continued.

Briefs on the law of insurance. '05. West.
Handbook of the law of municipal corporations. '14.

West.
Handbook on the law of persons and domestic relations.

West.
Illustrated cases on damages ; a c.ompanion book to Hale

on damages. '131. West.

Illustrated cases on municipal corporations; a com-
panion book to Cooley on municipal corporations. '13.

West.
Illustrative cases on persons and domestic relations; a

companion book to Tiffany on persons and domestic

relations. '13. West.
Illustrative cases on the law of sales ; a companion book

to Tiffany on sales. '13. West.

— and Ames, Charles Leslie

Brief making and the use of law books; including ref-
erence manual. 3d. ed. rev. & enl. '14. West.

Corbit, R. M.

History of Jones county, Iowa. 2v. '10. S. J. Clarke.

Corkey, Alexander

Testing fire. '11. Fly.

Truth about Ireland ; or, Through the Emerald Isle with

an aeroplane. '10. Oskaloosa, la. Shockley bros. &

Cook.

Victory of Allan Rutledge. '10. Fly.
Vision of joy: or, When "Billy" Sunday came to town;

a sequel to "The victory of Allan Rutledge." '13.

Fly.

Cory, N. E.

Potymathist; or, Christian pulpit. '91. St. Louis
Christian pub.

Cosson, George

Iowa injunction and abatement law. '11. Gov. ptg.

602 ANNALS OF IOWA

Cousins, Robert G.

Iowa and the empire of the pioneers. '98. Cedar Rap-
ids, Iowa. Republican ptg. co.

Memorial address on the life and services of the late
Senator Jonathan P. Dolliver. '11.

Craig, John Alexander

Judging live stock, 10th ed. Des Moines. Kenyon

ptg. co.

Sheep feeding. '08. U. S. Agric. Supt. of doc.
Sheep feeding in North America. '13. Macmillan.

Crampton, Charles Albert, 1858—

Baking powders (Bu. of chem. bul.)- '89. Supt. of doc.
Fermented alcoholic beverages. (Bu. of chem. bul.)

'87. Supt, of doc.
Production and use of denatured alcohol in principal

countries. '14. Supt. of doc.

Crane, William I.

Edmund Burke 's speech on conciliation with the Ameri-
can colonies delivered in the House of Commons
March 22, 1775. '03. Appleton.

Paradise lost, books 1 & 2. '03. Macmillan.

Craven, Roger Carey

In the twilight zone ; story. '09. Clark.

Crawford, James Shannon, 1851 —

Its good side and its very bad. '11. Cherokee, la. The

author.
Political socialism; would it fail in success? Cherokee,

la. The author.

Creegan, Charles C., 1850—

Famous missionaries. '07. Crowell.
Pioneer missionaries of the church. Am. tract.
Crofts, G. W.

Golden rod; poems. '89. Omaha. Nye & Johnson.

Crooke, George

Twenty-first regiment of Iowa volunteer infantry. '91.
Milwaukee. King, Fowle & co.

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 603

Culler, Mrs. Lucy Yeend

Europe through a woman's eye. '83. Phil. Lutheran

pub.

Lectures, addresses. '05. Culler.
Violet. '89. Burlington, la. Lutz.

Cummins, Hester V.

Bundle of twigs. '93. Vinton, la.

Cummins, Scott

Musings of the Pilgrim bard. '03. Wichita, Kan.
Owaaneo, pale flower. '13. Freedom, Okla, The au-
thor.

Cutler, J. E.

Every man's brother. '91. St. Louis. Bryan, W. S.

Cutler, John

Psyche and miscellaneous poems. '81. The author.
Davidson, Charles

Studies in the English mystery plays. '92.
Davidson, Hannah Amelia (Noyes) (Mrs. Charles Davidson)

Creative art of fiction. '03. Davidson.

Guide to English syntax; arr. for study of Irving 's
stage-coach, and Mutability of literature. '03. Dav-
idson.

Reference history of the United States. Ginn.

Study of four idylls. '09. Davidson.

Study of Henry Esmond. '04. Davidson.

Study of Idylls of the king. '07. Davidson.

Study of Ivanhoe. '07. Davidson.

Study of King Henry Fourth, pts. 1 & 2. '08. David-
son.

Study of King Henry Fifth. '08. Davidson.

Study of Romola. 3d. ed. Davidson.

Study of Shakespeare's King John. '08. Davidson.

Study of Shakespeare's King Richard the Second. '08.
Davidson.

Davis, Floyd, 1859—

Elementary course of instruction for hoisting and slope
engineers. Des Moiues. '01.

604 ANNALS OF IOWA

Davis, Floyd — Continued.

Elementary course of instruction for mine and pit
bosses. Des Moines. '01.

Elementary course of instruction for stationary en-
gineers. Des Moines. '01.

Elementary handbook on potable water. '91. Silver.

Mine investor's guide. '09. Western correspondence
school of mining engineering, Des Moines.

Davis, Jacob Conrad

Iowa criminal code and digest and criminal pleading
practice. '79. Des Moines.

Davis, T. C.

Seven churches of the book of Revelation. '92. Silver.

Davison, Arthur and Swan, Aimer U.

Statistical abstract of Iowa railroads. '08. Des Moines.

State printer.
Dawson, Thomas Cleland, 1865 —

South American republics, 2v. '04. Putnam.
Day, Frank Edward, 1864, and Hagle, Anson Elisha, 1859 —
(eds.) Constitution, by-laws and ritual of the Methodist

brotherhood. '11. Day & Hagle, c|o White Temple,

St. Joseph, Mo. (on cover; Why? How? When?

What?)
Dean, Henry Clay

Crimes of the civil war. '68. Bait. Smithson, W: T.
Deemer, Horace E.

Address delivered on the llth day of June, 1907, at

Iowa City, on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of

the State university of Iowa. '07. Iowa City.
American law schools. '95. Iowa state univ.
Daniel Webster. '04, Iowa state hist. soc.
Dedicatory address, Drake university law building. '04.

Drake university.
Indeterminate sentence. '03. Board of control, Des

Moines, Iowa.

Iowa pleading and practice with forms. 3v. '14. Cal-
. laghan.

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 605

Deemer, Horace E. — Continued.

Part of Iowa men in the organization of Nebraska. '09.

Hist. dept. of Iowa.
Proposed reforms in criminal procedure. '10. South

Dakota bar assn.
Representative government. '13. Missouri state bar

assn.
Socialism and modern industry. '10. South Dakota

bar assn.
Syllabus of lectures on domestic relations. '07. Iowa

state university.
William McKinley ; address delivered at Atlantic, Iowa.

'07. Priv. ptd.

Devine, Edward Thomas, 1867—

Causes of national prosperity ; syllabus. Am. soc. univ.

teaching.
Citizenship and government; syllabus. Am. soc. univ.

teaching.
Dominant note of philanthropy. National conf. of

charities.
Economic functions of women. '11. N. Y. Teachers'

college.

Economics. '98. Macmillan.
Efficiency and relief. '06. Lemcke.
Essentials of a relief policy. '03. Am. acad.
Misery and its causes. '09. Macmillan.
Political economy; syllabus. Am. soc. univ. teaching.
Practice of charity, new ed. '04. Wessels.
Principles of relief. '04. Macmillan.
Report on desirability of establishing an employment

bureau in the city of New York. '09. Charities pub.

com.
Representative Americans; syllabus. Am. soc. univ.

teaching.

Shiftless and floating city population. '97. Am. acad.
Social forces. '10. Charities pub. co.
Spirit of social work; addresses. '11. Charities pub.

com.

606 ANNALS OP IOWA

Dillon, John Forrest, 1831-1914

Century of American law. '88. St. Louis.

Commentaries on the law of municipal corporations.
5th ed. thoroughly rev. & enl. '11. Little.

Digest of the decisions of the Supreme court of Iowa,
1839-1860. '60. Davenport.

Historical evidence on the origin and nature of the
government of the United States. '71. N. Y.

(ed.) John Marshall: Life, character and judicial serv-
ices. 3v. '03. Callaghan.

Law and jurisprudence of England and America. '94.
Little.

Law of municipal bonds. '76. St. Louis.

Property. '95. St. Louis.

Removal of causes from state to federal courts. 6th ed.
'98. St. Paul.

U. S. Circuit court reports, 8th circuit, 1870-79. 5v.

71- '80. Davenport.
Dillon, John Milton, 1868-1911

Motor days in England. '08. Putnam.

(ed.) Marshall, John. Constitutional decisions. Cal-
laghan.
Dixon, Mrs. Clarissa Belknap, 1851 —

Janet and her dear Phebe. '09. Stokes.
Dodge, Grenville Mellen, 1831—

Battle of Atlanta ; response to a toast at the reunion of
the Society of the Arnr^ of the Tennessee, Sept. 24-26,
18S9. Council Bluffs. Monarch ptg. co.

Indian campaign of winter of 1864-65. '07.

Norwich university, 1819-1912. 3v. '12. Northfield,
Vt. W. A. Ellis.

Report of, as chief engineer of the Union Pacific rail-
road. '68. Gov. ptg.

Romantic realities. '88. N. Y. Styles & Cash.

Texas and Pacific railway company. '74. N. Y. George
W. Wheat.

Union Pacific railroad. '68. Wash. Phelp & Solomons.
Dodge, William Wallace, 1854—

Fraternal and modern banquet orator. '03. Monarch bk.

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 607

Donaldson, John Barnett

Two talents, with other papers and talents. '00. Min-
neapolis. North & West.

Douglass, Ellsworth

Pharaoh's broker. '59. Lond. C. Arthur Pearson.

Douglass, Truman Orville, 1842 —

Pilgrims of Iowa. '11. Pilgrim press.

Downer, Harry E.

Boy and his job ; a paper read before the Contemporary
club, Davenport, la., Feb. 9, 1911. Priv. ptd. H. E.
Downer, 1821 Summit Ave., Davenport, la.

History of Davenport and Scott county, Iowa. 2v. '10.
S. J. Clarke.

Downey, Ezekiel Henry, 1879—

History of work accident indemnity in Iowa (Iowa
economic history ser.) '13. Iowa state hist. soc. '

Regulation of urban utilities in Iowa (Iowa applied
history ser., v. 1, no. 3). '12. Iowa state hist. soc.

Work accident indemnity in Iowa (Iowa applied his-
tory ser., v. 1, no. 6). '12. Iowa state hist. soc.

Downing, Andrew

Trumpeters and other poems, including Arizona verses.
'13. Sherman, French & co.

Drouit, Robert

Captain Bob; play.
Doris; play.
Fra Diano; play.
Idyll of Virginia ; play.
Montana; play.
Tomorrow ; play.
White Czar; play.

Drury. Marion Richardson, 1849 —

At hand. '95. Un, breth.
Handbook for workers. '88. Un. Jbreth.
Life and career of Bishop James W. Hott. '02. Un.
breth.

608 ANNALS OF IOWA

Drury, Marion Richardson — Continued.

Otterbein birthday book. '87. Un. breth.
Our catechism. '97. Un. breth.
Pastor's companion. Un. breth.

Duffield, George C.

Memories of frontier Iowa. '06. Historical dept. of Iowa.

Dungan, David Roberts, 1837—

Chang Foo ; or, The latest fashions in religions. Stand'
ard pub.

Hermeneutics ; or, Systems of interpreting the Scrip-
tures. Standard pub.

Mistakes of Ingersoll about Moses. Christian pub.

Moses. Christian pub.

On the rocks. Christian pub. ; Standard pub.

Outline studies in the life of Christ. '09. D. R. Dun-
gaii, University pi., Des Moines, la.

Rosa Gray. '04. Standard pub.

Rum and ruin. '87. St. Louis.

Sabbath or Lord's day. Christian pub.

Dunn, L. A.

Footprints of the Redeemer in the Holy Land. '80.

Dunroy, William Eeed

Corn tassels. '99. .Univ. pub. Neb.
Tumble weeds; a book of. western verse. '01. Univ.
pub. Neb.

Durley, Ella Hamilton

My soldier lady, m C. M. Clark pub.
Standpatter. '13. Herald Square.

Dnryea, J. B.

Art of writing- letters. '91. Des Moines. Watters-Tal-
bott co.

Practical treatise on the business of banking and com-
mercial credits. 4th ed. Des Moines, la. The author.

Dwiggins, Elmer

Pharoah's broker. '04.

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 609

Dye, William McE.

Moslem Egypt and Christian Abyssinia. '80. N. Y.
Atkin & Front.

Earle, Mrs. Teda Morgan (Earline Morgan, pseud.), 1854—

Jack Frost jingles. '10. Clark.

Early, Carrie L.

Poems. '09. George G. Early.

East, Emma Tolman

Rhymes of an idle honr. '03.

Eastman, Charles Rochester, 1868 —

Brief general account of fossil fishes. '05. N. J. Geol.

S. Trenton.
Devonic fishes of the N. Y. formations. '07. N. Y. state

educ. dept.

New species of Helodus. Carnegie museum,
(ed. & tr.) Von Zittel's paleontology. '00- '02. Mac-

miilan.

•

Ebersole, Ezra Christian, 1840 —

Courts and legal profession of Iowa. '07. Chic. Cooper,

H. C. Jr. & co.

Encyclopedia of Iowa law. '02. Toledo, la. The author.
Iowa people's law book. '00. Toledo, la. The author.

Edmonds, James B.

Addresses. '86.

Edmondson, Charles Howard

Laboratory guide in invertebrate zoology. '09. C. H.

Edmondson, Topeka, Kan.
Protozoa of Iowa. Davenport acad. of sci.

Edwards, M. L.

Bible and reason against atheism. '81. Chic. The

author.
Egan, George William

Closing address to the jury, state of South Dakota
against Emma Kaufmann. '07. G: W. Egan, Logan,
Iowa.
39

610 ANNALS OF IOWA

Eggert, Charles Augustus

School and farm. Welch.

(ed.) Moliere, J. B. P. Les femmes savant; Misanthrope.

Eiboeck, Joseph

Die Deutschen von Iowa und deren errungenschaften.
'00. Des Moines, Iowa, Staats-Anzeiger.

Ei&entraut, Bernhard

Revelation and footsteps of time. '86. Kevell.
Elliott, Francis Perry, 1861—

Gift of Abou Hassan. '12. Little.

Haunted pajamas. '13. Bobbs.
Ellis, James W.

History of Jackson county, Iowa. '11. S. J. Clarke.
Ellis, Katherine Ruth

Wide awake girls. '08. Little.

Wide awake girls at college. '10. Little.

Wide awake girls in Winsted. '08. Little.
Emerson, Oliver Farrar, 1860 —

Brief history of the English language. Macmillan.

History of the English language. Macmillan.

Middle English reader. '05. Macmillan.

Outline history of the English language. '06. Macmil-
lan.

(ed.) Chaucer, G. Poems; Gibbon, E. Memoirs; John-
son's Rasselas.
Emerson, Willis George, 1856—

Buell Hampton. '02. Forbes.

Builders. '06. Forbes.

My pardner and I. '99. Laird.

Smoky god. '08. Forbes.

Winning winds. '84. Dillingham.
Ensign, S. Laura

Outlines of ancient, medieval and modern history, rev.
ed. Flanagan.

Outline, tables and sketches in U. S. history. Flanagan.
Evans, F. W.

Spiritualism on trial. '75. Cin. Hitchcock & Walden.

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 611

Evermann, Barton Warren, 1853 —

American food and game fishes. '02. Doubleday.

Animal analysis. '06. McClurg.

Description of new species of shad (alosa alabamae).

'96. Supt. of doc.
Description of new species of shad (alosa Ohlensis).

'02. U. S. Fisheries. Supt. of doc.
Description of new sucker, pantosteus jordani from

upper Missouri basin. Supt. of doc.
Description of two new species of darters from Lake

Maxincuckee, Ind. '00. U. S. Fisheries. Supt. of doc.
Fish fauna of Florida. '98. U. S. Fisheries.
Fishes of Alaska, '08. Gov. ptg.
Fishes of Porto Rico. '00. U. S. National museum.
Golden trout of southern high Sierras. '06. Supt. of doc.
List of species of fishes known to occur in Great Lakes.

'02. U. S. Fisheries.
Lopho, the quail. '02. Harper.
Modesty itself, the brown Towhee. '03.
Nerka, the blue salmon. '02.
Notes on a Cyprinodont from Central Peru. '11. Gov.

Ptg.

Report on investigation by fish commission in Missis-
sippi, Louisiana and Texas in 1897. '99. Supt. of doc.

doc.

(jt. auth.) with Clark, Howard Walton; Cox, Ulysses
Orange; Goldsborough, Edmund Lee; Jenkins, Oliver

Peebles; Kendall, William Converse; Marsh, Millard

Caleb ; Scale, Alvin and Smith, Hugh M.

Fairall, Samuel Husband, 1835 —

(comp.) Township laws of Iowa with annotations and
forms. '02. Egbert.

Fairbanks, Arthur, 1864—

Athenian lekythoi, with outline drawing on glaze var-
nish on white ground. '07. Macmillan.
First philosophers of Greece. '98. Scribner.
Handbook of Greek religion. '10. Am. bk.
Introduction to sociology, new ed. Scribner.

612 ANNALS OF IOWA

Fairbanks, Arthur — Continued.

Mythology of Greece and Rome. '07. Appleton.

Study of the Greek paean. '00. Longm.
Favard, Berthe des Combes

Daughter of the King's forester. '84. Des Moines.
Mills & co.

(jt. auth.) Knowles, Mrs. Mary Henrietta. Perfect
French possible ; some essential and adequate helps
to French pronunciation and rhythm. '10. Heath.
Fearing1, Lilian Blanche

In the city by the lake. '92. Searle & Groton.

Roberta. '93. Kerr.
Ferber, Edna

Buttered side clown. '12.

Dawn 0 Tiara. '13. Stokes.

Roast beef, medium; the business adventures of Emma
McChesney. '131. Stokes.

Personality plus. '14. Stokes.
Fellows, Stephen Norris, 1830-1908

History of the Upper Iowa conference of Methodist
Episcopal church, 1856-1906. Iowa City. The author.
Ficke, Arthur Davison, 1883 —

Breaking of bonds. '10. Sherman, French & co.

Happy princess and other poems. '07. Small.

Mr. Faust. '13. Kennerley.
Field, A. G.

Footprints made in the dark. '10. Des Moines, la. V
Lewis-Wallace co.

Scraps. '14. Des Moines, la. Welch ptg. co.
Field, Homer H. and Reed, Joseph R.

History of Pottawattamie county, Iowa. 2v. '07. S.

J. Clarke.
Fields, George Washington, d. 1889

Doctrine of ultra vires. '81. Des Moines.

Justice manual. '90. Rochester.

Law of private corporations. '77. Albany.

Law of damages. '76. Des Moines.

Lawyers' briefs. 6v. '84- '86. Rochester.

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 613

Fields, George Washington — Continued.

Legal relations of infants, parent and child, guardian

and ward in N. Y. '88. Rochester.
Medico legal guide. '87. N. Y.
Treatise on the constitution and jurisdiction of the

courts of the United States. '83. Phil.
Treatise on the constitution and jurisdiction of the

courts of the United States. '83. Phil.
Treatise on the county and township officers of Iowa.

'75. Des Moines
(it. auth.) Miller, William Edward. Federal practice.

Des Moines. '81.

Fink, William Westcott

Echoes from Erin and other poems. '03. Putnam.

Fisher, W. R.

Poems, n. d.

Fitch, George, 1877—

At good old Siwash. '11. Little.

Automobile. '10. Collier.

Big strike at Siwash. '09. Doubleday.

Bridge whist. '10. Collier.

Golf for the beginner (humorous). '10. Collier.

My demon motor boat. '12. Little.

Fitzpatrick, T. J.

Eafinesque ; a sketch of his life with bibliography. '11.
Des Moines. Hist. dept. of Iowa.

Fleming, William H., 1833—

(comp.) Historical and comparative census of Iowa,
1836-80. '83. State printer.

— and Torrey, Dolphus

Directory of Davenport and Rock Island; first of the
two cities. 1856. Davenport, Luse & Coles.

Fletcher, Matilda

Practical ethics for schools and families. '75. Des
Moines.

614 ANNALS OF IOWA

Fletcher, Robert Huntington

Arthurian material in the English chronicles. '05. Ginn.
Brief Shakespearean glossary, grammar and booklet of

other information necessary to students. '13. Torch

press.
Main principles of composition and literature. '14.

Barnes.
Tennyson and Browning; a manual for college classes

and other students. '13. Torch press.
(ed.) Shakespeare, W: Timon of Athens.

Flom, George Tobias, 1871 —

Chapters on Scandinavian immigration to Iowa. '06.
G. T. Flom, Urbana, 111.

(ed.) Fragment RA. 58C. of Konongs Skuggsja, from
an old Norwegian parchment codex of the 13th cen-
tury with heliotype copy and study of the paleog-
raplv^ and language. '11. Univ. of 111.

History of Norwegian immigration to the United States
from the earliest beginning down to the year 1848.
'09. Torch press.

History of Scandinavian studies in Am. universities,
with bibliography. '07. Univ. of Iowa.

Scandinavian influence on southern lowland Scotch. '00.
L em eke.

Follett, Marie L.

Libra dawn or Dawn of liberty. '03.

Fordyce, Emma J.

Vacation days in Europe. '04. Torch press.

Foster, Warren Dunham

Heroines of modern religion. '13. Sturgis & Walton.
C.jt. auth.) Adams, Elmer Cleveland. Heroines of mod-
ern progress. '13. Sturgis & Walton.

Fox, Mrs. Nettie Pease

Mysteries of the border land. '83. Ottumwa, la. D.

M. & N. P. Fox.
Phantom form. '81. Newton, la. D. M. Fox.

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 615

Foy, Frank

Money in poultry and squabs. '11. Des Homes. The
author.

Franklin, William Suddards, 1863—

Electric waves; advanced treatise on alternating-cur-
rent theory. '09. Macmillan.

Mechanics and heat: a text book for colleges and tech-
nical schools. '10. Macmillan.

Study of science by young people. '08. From Proceed-
ings of the 12th annual meeting of the N. Y. state
scienco teachers' assn., 1907.

Tramp trip in the Rockies of Colorado and Wyoming.
'03. W : S. Franklin, Bethlehem, Pa.

(;jt. auth,) Nichols, Edward Leamington. Elements of

physics. 3v. Macmillan.
French, Alice (Thanet, Octave, pseud.), 1850 —

An adventure in photography. '93. Scribner.

Best letters of Lady Montagu. McClurg.

Book of true lovers. '97. Doubleday.

By inheritance. '10. Bobbs.

Captured dream, and other stories. '99. Harper.

Expiation. '90. Scribner.

Heart of toil. '98. Scribner.

Knitters in the sun. '87. Houghton.

Lion's share. '07. Bobbs ; Grosset.

Man of the hour. '05. Bobbs ; Grosset.

Matter of rivalry. '07. Harper.

Missionary sheriff. '98. Harper.

Otto the knight, and other trans-Mississippi stories.
'91. Houghton.

Slave to duty and other women. '98. Duffield.

Step on the stair. '13. Bobbs.

Stories of a western town. '93. Scribner.

Stories that end well. '11. Bobbs.

Stout Miss Hopkin's bicycle. '06. Harper.

We all; book for boys. '91.
— and others

Stories by American authors, v. 7. Scribner.

616

ANNALS OP IOWA

Frisbie, Alvah Lillie

Plymouth vespers. '95. Des Moines. Wells & Welch.
Siege of Calais and other poems. '80. Des Moines.
Mills & co.

Frisbie, William Albert, 1867—

A. B. C. Mother Goose. '05. Rand.
Bandit mouse, and other tales. '00.
Frisch and fromm. Eden pub.
Frisk and his flock. Button.
Pirate frog and other tales. Rand.
Puggery wee. '02. Rand.

Fuller, Corydon E.

Reminiscences of James A. Garfield.
ard pub.

Rand.

'87. Cin. Stand-

Fulton, A. R.

Red men of Iowa. '82. Des Moines. Mills & co.
Sketches of the northwest. '78. Des Moines. Mills
& co.

Fulton, Charles J.

History of Jefferson county, Iowa. '14. S. J. Clarke.

Fultz, Francis Marion, 1857 —

Fly-aways and other seed travelers. '09. Public school.
Out of door studies in geography. '08. Public school.

Galer, R. S.

Practical methods in arithmetic. Ed. 2 rev. '92. Flan-
agan.

Garden, Robert I.

History of Scott township, Mahaska county, Iowa. '08.
Oskaloosa. Shockley bros. & Cook.

Garland, Hamlin, 1860—

Boy life on the prairie. Harper.

Captain of the gray-horse troop. '02. Harper.

Cavanagh, forest ranger; a romance of the mountain

west. '10. Harper.
Eagle's heart. '00. Appleton.

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS 617

Garland, Hamlin — Continued.

Forester's daughter; a romance of the Bear-Tooth
Range. '14. Harper.

Her mountain lover. Century. '

Hesper; a novel. '03. '11. Harper; Grosset.

Jason Edwards. Appleton.

Light of the star. '04. Harper.

Little Norsk.

Long trail; a story of the northwest wilderness. '07.
Harper.

Main traveled roads. '10. Harper.

Member of the third house. Century.

Moccasin ranch ; a story of Dakota. '09. Harper.

Money magic. '07. Harper.

Other main traveled roads. '10. Harper.

Prairie folks. '99. Harper.

Rose of Dutcher's Coolly. '05. Harper.

Shadow world. '08. Harper.

Spirit of Streetwater. '98. Doubleday.

Trail of the gold-seekers. '06. Harper.

Tyranny of the dark. '05. Harper.

Ulysses S. Grant, his life and character. '98. Double-
day.

Victor Ollnee's discipline. '11. Harper.

Witch's gold; being a new & enl. ed. of "The spirit of
Sweetwater." ?06. Doubleday.

Garretson, A. S.

Primitive Christianity and early criticism. '13. Bost.

Sherman, French & co.
Garst, Mrs. Laura (De Lany), 1861—

In the shadow of the drum tower. '11. Cin. Christian

missionary soc.
West-Pointer in the land of the Mikado. '13. Revell.

Gates, George A.

Foe to American schools. '97. Minneapolis. Kingdom

pub.
Gault, Andrew

Memoirs of A. I. Gault. '03. A. W. Gault, Calamus, la.

618 ANNALS OF IOWA

Geiser, Karl Frederick, 1869—

Constitution of the United States, with questions. Ginn.
Redemption ers and endentured servants in the colony

and commonwealth of Pennsylvania. '01. Tuttle.
See Macy, J. jt. auth.

Gibbons, John

Tenure and toil ; or. Rights and wrongs of property and
labor. '88. Lippincott.

Gibbs, Jessie Wiseman.

Overtones; a book of verse. '13. Sherman, French

& co.
Gibbs, William H.

Address delivered before the literary association, Bland-
ford, Mass., upon the history of that town. '50.
Springfield. G. W. "Wilson.
No interest for money, except to government. '79,

Lyons, Ta. J. C. Hopkins.
Gibson, Charles Bain

Reflections of nature with affection taught. '10. Panora,

Iowa. The author.
Science of natural law for teaching kindness. '14. la.

state hist. soc.
Gilbert, Barry

(jt. a nth.) Mechem, Floyd R. Cases on damages selected
from decisions of English and American courts. '09.
West.
Gillespie, Henry La Fayette

Universal church aud freemasonry. '11. Manchester,

Iowa. The author.
Gillespie, Samuel and Steele, James E.

History of Clay county, Iowa. '09. S. J. Clarke.
Gillette, Halbert Powers, 1869—

Earthwork arid its cost. '03. Eng. news.
Economics of road construction. 2d. ed. '06. Eng.

news.

Handbook of cost data for contractors and engineers.
2d. ed. 10. Clark, M. C.

IOWA AUTHORS AND THEIR WORKS

619

Gillette, Halbert Powers — Continued.

Kock excavation, methods and cost. '04. Clark, M. C.

— and Dana, Richard T.

Cost keeping and management engineering. '09. Clark,

M. C.
—and Hill, Charles Shattuck

Concrete construction, methods and cost. '08. Clark,

M. C.

Herewith appear names, and character of books or pam-
phlets, of Iowa writers not heretofore listed by us. Fuller
information will appear in a completed list to be published
later.

Abraham, Lot, Songs.

Adams, Elmer Cleveland, Biog-
raphy.

Aken, Nellie, Essay.

Albrook, J. B., History.

Alexander, W. E., History.

Alexander, William L., History.

Amos, Andrew, Law.

Anderson, D. A., Education.

Arey, Melvin Franklin, Geology.

Armstrong, Mrs. Florence A.,
History.

Arnold, G. P., History.

Averill, Annie S., Fiction.

Avery, Elizabeth, History.

Baker, Elwyn E., Criminal law.

Baker, M. Margaret, Domestic
economy.

Baker, Margaret, Gymnastics.

Baker, R. P., Mathematics.

Baldwin, William Wright, Trans-
portation.

Ballard, John W., Pharmacy.

Barbour, Erwin Hinckley, Geol-
ogy.

Barnes, Stephen Goodyear, Po-
etry.

Barris, Willis H., Geology.

Bartlett, Dana Webster, Sociol-
ogy.

Bartsch, Paul, Natural history.

Baumann, Louis, Medicine.

Bawden, Henry Heath, Psychol-
ogy.

Beal, Foster Ellenborough Las-
celles, Ornithology.

Belfield, Henry Holman, Mathe-
matics.

Belknap, William W., History.

Bell, George W.', Economics.

Bell, John T., History.

Bell, W. B., Zoology.

Betts, Arthur, Poetry.

Bissell, George Welton, Geology.

Black, S., History.

Bleakly, John L., Banking.

Bode, William.

Bordwell, Walter Percy, Law.

Bowman, Harold Martin, Peace.

Bowman, John, Religion.

Boyd, William Robert, Biogra-
phy.

Braun, Frederick Augustus, Bi-
ography.

Brown, George van Ingen, Den-
tistry.

Brown, Kent J., Language.

Brown, Laura E., Travel.

Brown, William Horace, Fiction.

Buffum, Hugh Straight, Educa-
tion.

Burchard, Ernest Francis, Geol-
ogy.

Burton, LeRoy, Social.
Ethics.

Bushhell, Joseph P., History.

Butterworth, J. E., Education.

Byrkit, C. S., History.

Caldwell, Henry Clay, Law.

Carroll, George R., History.

Carstens, C. C., Social ethics.

Casady, Phineas M., History.

Catun, Charles Woodhull, Hy-
giene.

Chamberlain, Joseph Scudder,
Botany.

Chandler, George, Civil govern-
ment.

620

ANNALS OF IOWA

Chase, C. S., Medicine.

Cheney, J. W., History.

Cherrie, George Kruck, Orni-
thology.

Clark, Glenn, Ethics.

Clark, James S., History.

Clemens, Orion, History.

Clements, Wib P., Humor.

Colby, C. J., History.

Cole, Chester Cicero, Law.

Colgrove, Mrs. Chauncy Peter,
History.

Cook, George C., History.

Cook, W. W., Money.

Cooke, Wells Woodbridge, Orni-
thology.

Couch, E. J., Travel.

Crosley, George W., History.

Crow, Mrs. Martha Foote, Bi-
ography.

Cruikshank, G. L., History.

Curme, George Oliver, Language.

Currier, Amos Noyes, Language.

Dague, J. B., Man.

Davies, J. J., History.

Dawson, Charles C., Essays.

Dawson, William Leon, Ornithol-
ogy.

De Ford, William H., Dentistry.

Dickinson, W. H., Water supply.

Ditto, George T., History.

Dixon, James Main, Literature.

Doan«, Isaiah, History.

Dolliver, Jonathan Prentiss, Tar-
iff.

Donaldson, John B., History.

Donnel, William M., History.

Douglass, Harlan Paul, Missions.

Dungan, J. Irvine, History.

Dunham, Mrs. Anna (Cross) i. e.,
Tabitha Ann (Cross), Fiction.

Dye, Mrs. Eva (Emery), Fiction.

Ellis, George William, History.

Ellis, J. Loran, History.

Ely, E. H., Language.

Evans, S. B., History.

Evans, Mrs. William D., Law.

Fairall, Herbert S., History.

Farnsworth, P. J., Geology.

Farquharson, R. J., Hospitals.

Field, G. W., Drama.

Fink, Bruce, Botany.

Fletcher, Charles H., History.

Flickinger, Robert E., History.

Floyd, Charles, Travel.

Ford, Arthur Hillyer, Electricity.

Fosdick, Charles, History.

Foster, Warren Dunham, Biogra-
phy.

Fracker, G. C., Psychology.

Fraser, C. McLean, Paleontology.

Frazee, George, History.

Fritschel, George John, Theology.

F'ritschel, Gottfried Leonhard,
Theology.

Fritschel, Sigmund, Theology.

Garver, F. H., History.

Gaynor, Mrs. Jessie L., Music.

Gilbreath, W. C., History.

Gilchrist, James Grant, Medicine.

MRS. SIGOURNEY'S PUDDING.

.In a postscript to a late letter from Mrs. Sigourney, she
writes :

I was glad to see that you occasionally publish a useful recipe.
I think a great deal of good housekeeping, and deem it especially
important in a new country. I send you, to fill a crevice in your
paper, a rule for a plain and excellent pudding, which here is called
my pudding and which I have no objection to your designating by
the same name if you choose. L. H. S.

Boil 1 qt. of milk. While it is getting ready to boil, mix four
spoonsful of flour with cold milk, stirring it carefully until there are
no lumps. When the milk boils stir in the mixture, with 1 teacup
of sugar, and half that quantity of butter. When all is well min-
gled, take it off and let it cool. Then add 4 eggs well beaten, 4
drops essence of lemon, 1 teacup of stoned raisins, and bake in a
deep dish.

Sigourney— Life in the West, Sept. 11, 1856.

/V

ANNALS OF IOWA

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT

THE GREAT SEALS OF IOWA.

The leading article in this number illuminates the historical
area surrounding the selection and evolution of designs of the
Great Seals of Iowa, Territorial and State. It also illustrates
the advantage of present day waiters over those of the past
in investigation of subjects involving the transactions of
our early officials. It discloses the thoughtful and patriotic
efforts of Theodore S. Parvin to awaken interest in the true
meaning of pioneer state service, effort made in season and
out of season by him as a state official, as professor in the
State University, as the first State Librarian and as the
founder and creator of the great Masonic Library at Cedar
Rapids.

But Mr. Parvin was obliged to rely largely upon memory
in the instance of the Great Seals, whereas, since his noble
service ended, the original materials of which he evidently
spoke from a recollection of many years, have been brought
to light and are now at hand. We are the direct beneficiaries
of Mr. Parvin and his group of preachers of — one might almost
say martyrs to — the effort to save to the future the means
of knowing through the State and other archives themselves,
the exact facts of all important points in our history.

Mr. Cassius C. Stiles, who contributes this article on the
Great Seals of Iowa, was born in Madison county, Iowa,
October 17,- 1860. He was educated in the common schools
of Madison county and at Simpson College, Indianola. He
served as township clerk of South township, Madison county,
from 1883 to 1887, as deputy county auditor of Madison
county from 1893 to 1896, county auditor from 1897 to 1902
and index and corporation clerk in the office of the Secretary
of State of the State of Iowa from 1903 to 1907. His work

622 ANNALS OF IOWA

under the Executive Council in transferring to the Historical
Building the deposits of archives, and of their classification
and arrangement, began in 1907 and has continued to the
present time. His life has been one of devotion and his serv-
ice has been a training for his present work, a work that is
the fruit of the foresight and of the very nature of such as
Theodore S. Parvin and Charles Aldrich.

MARKERS FOR SPIRIT LAKE VICTIMS.

Few chapters of frontier hardship excel in tragic interest
the story of the group of circumstances attending the massacre
of the first settlers about the Spirit and Okoboji lakes in
northern Iowa. The larger and more spectacular phases of
the matter have received attention in one way or another.
In book and pamphlet, in granite and bronze they have been
legibly and indelibly written. But on a visit August 5, 1914,
with the surviving participants in the different parts of that
affair, the writer was struck with the thought that at least one
additional act of the living is still due the dead of that luck-
less band — to visibly note the exact places where the cabins
stood and where the respective households were broken up or
extinguished.

The average human heart is controlled by sympathy — say
what we may of modern greed and selfishness — and in a com-
pany of twenty persons of the average age of thirty years
standing with this little group of survivors on the ground at
the different places where skulls had been crushed or bodies
pierced, the common question was not "Why did these people
come away from civilization to these shores?" but a closer
thought, most intimate indeed, was "Why did these fathers
and mothers bring their little ones to this spot ? " " Why did
the Gardners stay at this point?" The question was of the
common human sympathy seeking the motive of the individ-
ual hero.

So, in addition to the beautiful monument which Iowa
erected on the sightly shores of Okoboji, to commemorate the
tragedy, is the need of simple tablets at the places where the

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 623

cabins burned and lives were yielded up. We can never
answer why, but we can yet say, through proper monuments,
where they chose to stand sentinel homes as outposts, and be-
come sacrifices to our racial passion for moving on.

We gladly promised to produce and promote a plan of
simple marking of these sacred sites.

" DODGE", THE "PLAINS" AND "BUFFALO."

The name "Dodge," the area known as "the plains" and
the subject of the "buffalo," somewhat in confusion, are
elucidated in the following correspondence :

Des Moines, August 20, 1914.
My Dear General,

In preparing a label for our "group of buffalo we have mounted,
I find my former assistant, Mr. T. Van Hyning, without noting
his source, uses the following language:

"Colonel Dodge mentions a single herd estimated at four million,
covering a territory not less than twenty-five miles wide and fifty
miles long. It required five days for the herd to pass a given point."

I also think I remember reading somewhere a reference to your
observing the arrow of an Indian driven entirely through the body
of a full-grown buffalo. Now, where, if any printed record of
yours contains these references, are these statements to be found?
If they were never printed, or if you cannot recall in what they
occur, shall I attribute them to you?

Sincerely yours,

E. R. HABLAN.
Gen. Grenville M. Dodge,
Council Bluffs, Iowa.

Council Bluffs, Iowa, Aug. 29, 1914.
Mr. E. R. Harlan,

Curator Historical Department,

Des Moines, Iowa.
My Dear Harlan,

I have yours of the 20th instant relating to buffalo hunts. The
Col. Dodge you refer to is Richard I. Dodge who was in the army.
I have seen the same thing that probably he did. I have seen a
continuous herd of buffalo from Fort Kearney to what used to be

624 ANNALS OF IOWA

called the Junction; that was 200 or 300 miles that covered not only
the Platte but the Republican Valley— no telling how many there
were. I have known that after the building of the railroad that
buffalo were so plentiful along both the Union Pacific and the
Kansas Pacific railroads that they stopped the trains, and in travel-
ing through a herd it took a great deal more than five days. In
the summer this was the grazing ground.

The other question about the Indian putting an arrow through
the buffalo, — many have seen that done with the bows and arrows
they had in those days; they went with very great force. The
Indian would ride alongside of the buffalo and fill him full of arrows
and kill him, and if the arrow struck where it did not find any
bone it would not be difficult to force it through him.

Col. R. I. Dodge wrote many books about matters on the plains.
He was not my relative. He was from North Carolina. His
identity and account, found in the writings of one of the greatest
living Iowa men, is in the American Natural History, by William T.
Hornaday, p. 102, Scribner, 1906:

"It is safe to say that no man ever saw in one day a -greater pano-
rama of animal life than that unrolled before Col. R. I. Dodge, in
May, 1871, when he drove for twenty-five miles along the Arkansas
River, through an unbroken herd of buffaloes. By my calculation,
he actually saw on that memorable day nearly half a million head.
It was the great southern herd, on its annual migration northward,
and it must have contained a total of about three and one-half mil-
lion animals. At that date, the northern herd contained about one
and one-half millions. In those days, mighty hosts of buffaloes fre-
quently stopped or derailed railway trains, and obstructed the pro-
gress of boats on the Missouri and Yellowstone rivers.

"In 1869, the general herd was divided, by the completion of the
Union Pacific Railway, into a 'northern herd' and a 'southern herd.'
The latter was savagely attacked by hide hunters in the autumn of
1871, and by 1875, with the exception of three very small bunches,
it had been annihilated."

I don't think I wrote much about the buffalo, although I have
hunted them with the Indians and have seen the "surrounds."

I am, truly,

G. M. DODGE.

THE RIVER JEFFREOX IS THE NORTH RIVER.

Touching the identity of the River Jeffreon in modern
nomenclature, we publish the following correspondence :

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 625

Historical Department of Iowa.
Des Moines, Iowa, August 24, 1914.

Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, D. C.

Gentlemen: In part 2, 18th Annual Report of the Bureau of
American Ethnology, and on Map 37, therewith, occurs among other
Indian boundary data the name "The Jeffreon River" which is a
section of the boundary of the Sac and Fox cession of November 3,
1804.

Upon what data is the conclusion reached that this particular
river, now known as the South Fabius river, was the "Jeffreon" river
had in mind by the parties to the treaty of 1804? Is there any map,
chart or writing extant, contemporaneous with the time of the ex-
ecution of the treaty that has intrinsic proof that this is the stream?
If so, will you kindly give me a copy, photograph or tracing of the
item. Sincerely yours,

EDGAR R. HARLAN,
Curator Historical Department of Iowa.

Smithsonian Institution,
Bureau of American Ethnology,
Washington, D. C., October 15, 1914.
Mr. Edgar R. Harlan,

Curator Historical Department of Iowa,

Des Moines, Iowa.
Dear Sir:

I am enclosing a copy of the letter from Colonel C. C. Royce,
dated October 7th, in regard to the "Jeffreon" river.

Truly yours,

F. W. HODGE,
Ethnologist-in-charge.

Washington, D. C., October 7, 1914.
Dr. F. W. Hodge,

Director Bureau of Ethnology:

I am in receipt by reference from you of a letter dated Aug. 24,
1914, from E. R. Harlan, Curator of the Historical Department of
Io*,va, asking "upon what data is the conclusion reached that this
particular river now known as the South Fabius river was the
Jeffreon river had in mind by the parties to the treaty in 1904."

In reply I will say that the river "Jeffreon" as named and
spelled in the Sac and Fox treaty of 1804 is laid down under the
name "Jaufrione" on a number of the early maps of that section,
viz.: on a map of the U. S. of N. America by A. Arrow smith dated
1802; also on a map of U. S. by Abraham Bradley, Jr., 1804; also
on a map of U. S. by Osgood Carleton, 1866; also on a map of
40

626 ANNALS OP IOWA

U. S. by P. A. F. Tardieu, 1806, and again in 1808 by same
cartographer.

These maps of course are wanting in much of the detail of mod-
ern maps of that section, but a rough diagram I submit herewith1
indicates the location of the "Jeffreon" river and makes it co-
incident with what is indicated on modern maps of Missouri as the
North river, a stream entering the Mississippi a short distance
south of the Fabius river.

I return herewith the letter of Mr. Harlan.
Very truly yours,

C. C. ROYCE.

NOTES.

On September 14, 1914, the Francis Scott Key chapter of
the Daughters of 1812, by their president, Mrs. Mary H. S.
Johnston, presented a memorial tablet to the Public Library
of Council Bluffs, Iowa. It commemorates a visit by Abraham
Lincoln to Council Bluffs. The inscription reads as follows:

To the memory of Abraham Lincoln, who on August 19, 1859,
was the guest of Hon.. William H. M. Pusey, whose residence stood
on this ground, this tablet was placed by Francis Scott Key chapter
Council Bluffs, Iowa, September 14, 1914.

J. M. Galvin, president of the library board, accepted the
tablet. Addresses were made by Hon. "Walter I. Smith and
Gen. Grenville M. Dodge.

On the occasion commemorated, Mr. Lincoln reached Coun-
cil Bluffs by boat from St. Joseph. He was accompanied by 0.
M. Hatch, then secretary of the state of Illinois. Mr. Lincoln
registered at the Pacific House, transacted some personal
business, held a conference with General Dodge, made an ad-
dress on slavery in Concert Hall and visited his old friends,
Thomas Officer and Judge W. H. M.. Pusey.

On August 4th at Fairport, in Muscatine county, the new
United States Biological Station was dedicated by public
ceremony. It is a monument to the persistence of our govern-
mental policy of restoring wasted resources, for the existence

aSee illustration opposite.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 627

of the fresh-water clam and all the industry and capital it
supports is dependent on the success that attends the scientific
experiments to be first worked out under the best circum-
stances.

But the station is even more a monument to John F. Boep-
ple, a German immigrant to Iowa, who adapted his trade of
cutting buttons from horns to the cutting of buttons from the
shell of the clam. Though Mr. Boepple had not the instinct
for gain that those had to whom he disclosed his adaptation,
and therefore carried little more to his grave than the thoughts
of a discoverer, his name is fixed in industrial annals, and the
station and the bronze tablet to his honor affixed to its walls
will so speak to those beyond our time.

The Historical Department is making a special effort to se-
cure a complete set of the Journals of the Council and House
of the Territory of Iowa for use in the indexing of the Ar-
chives. We would like, therefore, to call upon our friends
to aid us in collecting copies of these documents, which are
now very rare. Copies of any of these journals will be very
acceptable, and we are especially anxious to secure 'the fol-
lowing :

Journal of the House of the 1st Territorial Assembly
1838- '39.

Journal of the Council of the 2nd Territorial Assembly
1839- '40.

Journal of the Council of the 3rd Territorial Assembly
1840- >41.

Journal of the House of the 3rd Territorial Assembly
1840- '41.

Journal of the Council of the 4th Territorial Assembly
1841- '42.

Journal of the Council of the 5th Territorial Assembly
1842- '43.

Journal of the Council and House 6th Territorial Assembly
1843- '44. \

Journal of the Council and House 7th Territorial Assembly
1845, May-June. ,-J i :-..!:J{:"jy

628 ANNALS OF IOWA

Under a resolution adopted by- the Thirty-fifth General
Assembly, which authorized our institution to participate
with any Iowa citizens in providing on behalf of our State
some representation at the Panama-Pacific International Ex-
position at San Francisco in 1915, we have submitted a plan,
which, so far as funds which the voluntary Commission have
raised wholly by private subscription will permit, has been
approved as follows :

The walls of the Iowa building will be hung with the best
portraits of Iowa eminent personages, from the portrait gal-
leries of the Historical Department.

A current filing case for every Iowa newspaper, if sent
gratis to the Iowa building, will provide for any visitor the
latest number of his home paper.

A series of book cases will contain the documents, reports
and publications of each Iowa public institution from its or-
ganization to present time, and one or more will contain books
by Iowa authors.

A representative collection and receptacle from our Auto-
graph Collection and the Hall of Public Archives will be in-
stalled, and effort will be made to afford to the casual visitor
a pleasing impression and to the specialist every aid to a
knowledge of the fact, past or present, of every State pur-
pose or policy. No accentuation of any one institution will
be made, and no boom or puffing resorted to.

LEE GOODENOUGH.

In participating last summer in the appropriate reinterment
of the remains of Joel Howe, one of the victims of the Spirit
Lake massacre, the Historical Department made too little of
the service of the modest, keen-sighted, thoughtful youth,
Lee Gcodcnough, of Knoxville. It was he, who, a member of
the summer camp of the Y. M. C. A., while delving alone
along the edge of East Okoboji, observed the small bone frag-
ments that led him to uncover and carefully preserve the
remains which proved to be those of Joel Howe.

EDITORIAL, DEPARTMENT 629

NOTABLE DEATHS

JOHN LEWIS GRIFFITHS was born in New York, October 7, 1855;
he died at his residence in London, England, May 17, 1914. His
parents were David G. and Elizabeth Griffiths, natives of Wales.
When he was twelve years of age, the family removed to Iowa, where
he completed his high school course in less than three years. He
studied law at the State University of Iowa and received the de-
gree of A.B. in 1874 and LL.B. in 1875. He was admitted to the
bar and engaged in practice at Indianapolis, Indiana. He took
part in every national and state convention of the Republican party
after he had a vote, and was much in demand as a campaign orator.
He was a member of the Indiana state legislature in 1887, reporter
of the Indiana supreme court 1889-93, and at one time candidate for
governor. In 1905 he was appointed consul-general to Liverpool by
President Roosevelt, and in 1909 transferred by President Taft to
London. Memorial services were held at St. Pauls, Knightsbridge,
London, on May 22d, and final funeral services in New York, June
1st. Mr. Griffiths was an orator of ability, and at the time of his
death was engaged in writing a life of Benjamin Harrison. An
article by him on Legal Procedure in England, appeared in the
Annals of the American Academy for March, 1914.

WIIXIAM H. INGHAM was born at Ingham's Mills, New York,
November 27, 1827; he died at the home of his son in Olympia,
Washington, July 28, 1914. He was educated in the public schools
until the age of ten, then attended a private school for two years,
studying Greek and higher mathematics, and finally had several
terms at Little Falls Academy. At the age of eighteen he began
business with his brother and was engaged therein for several
years. In 1851 he removed to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, surveying and
locating lands, and was on a trip of this nature when he visited
Kossuth county in 1854, and noting its possibilities, decided to locate
there. As a pioneer hunter, land surveyor and settler he had many
interesting adventures and encounters with the Indians. In 1854,
after the Spirit Lake massacre, he formed a scouting party to ex-
plore the country for danger, and performed a similar service in
1862. When the troops were formed to protect the border, he was
appointed captain of Company A, Northern Border Brigade, and
with his company took quarters at Estherville and erected Fort
Defiance. They were mustered out of service in December, 1863. In
1866 he removed from his farm to Algona where he thereafter re-
sided. In 1870, in company with Lewis H. Smith, he began the

630 ANNALS OF IOWA

first banking enterprise in the county, and in 1873, when the bank
was re-organized and incorporated as a state bank, he was made
president and held the position until his death. Captain Ingham
was always interested in the cause of education and was one of the
promoters of the Algona College and the Northern Iowa Normal
School. He was a close student and a mathematician of high ability.
He was on a visit to the West when his death occurred. His re-
mains were interred at Algona, August 3, 1914.

FEEDEEICK WELKER was born in Melle, Province of Hanover, Ger-
many, April 19, 1834; he died at Muscatine, Iowa, July 14, 1914. At
two years of age he emigrated with his parents to the United States.
The family settled on a farm in St. Charles county, Missouri, where
his boyhood was spent. In 1852 he removed to St. Louis and en-
gaged in business. At the outbreak of the Civil war he enlisted as
private in Company G, First Regiment Missouri Volunteer Infantry,
and at President Lincoln's call for 300,000 volunteers, re-enlisted as
First Lieutenant of the same company. In September, 1861, he
was promoted to the Captaincy of Company H, First Regiment
Light Artillery Missouri Volunteers, and soon thereafter to Major.
He participated in a number of the most important engagements
of the Avar and won renown at the battle of Shiloh, in the siege of
Corinth and in the Atlantic campaign. On March 13, 1865, he was
commissioned Lieutenant Colonel and Colonel. At the close of the
war he settled in Mount Vernon, Ohio, remaining there until 1871,
when he removed to Muscatine, Iowa, where he was in business for
sixteen years. From 1887 to 1899 he was in the commission business
at San Francisco, from 1899 to 1902 resided in Vancouver, B. C.,
and from 1902 to 1908 in Montreal. In 1908 he retired from business
and returned to Muscatine to spend his remaining days. For many
years he was presiding officer of the Colonel Welker Veteran As-
sociation which embraced the surviving membership of the Old
Muscatine Rifles. Under his command the organization attained
national prominence, being one of the best drilled military bodies
in the country.

MES. BERXIIARDIXE (LORENZ) WACHSMUTH was born in Hanover,
Germany, November 20, 1837; she died at Burlington, Iowa, January
19, 1914. She removed to America when a young girl and located
in Burlington, where she was married on June 3, 1855, to Charles
Wachsmuth, who was then engaged in the grocery business. The
condition of his health -making it necessary for him to be out of
doors, Mr. Wachsmuth took up the study and collecting of fossils,
and in this he was ably assisted by Mrs. Wachsmuth. They fre-
quented the quarries, bluffs and creek beds around Burlington, and
the collection soon grew to such proportions as to attract the at-

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 631

tention and commendation of Professor Agassiz of the Harvard Uni-
versity museum of comparative zoology. In 1865 Mrs. Wachsmuth
accompanied her husband on a trip to Europe and was absent for a
year. On their return they continued their study and collecting of
crinoids. In 1873 their collection was given to the Harvard Uni-
versity museum and Mr. and Mrs. Wachsmuth accompanied it to
Cambridge, remaining there for some time. The next year they
again went abroad, visiting Europe, Asia and Africa. Returning to
Burlington they made another collection, greater than the first. As-
sociating in 1877 with Mr. Frank Springer, they developed the
history and science of crinoids and published several important
books on that subject. After the death of Mr. Wachsmuth in 1896,
Mrs. Wachsmuth continued her interest in her husband's life work
and also along other lines of science, art and music. She was a
home maker as well as housekeeper and her home was a social cen-
ter for the cultured people of Burlington for many years.

GEORGE P. JENKINS was born in Clark county, Missouri, July 15,
1842; he died at Keokuk, Iowa, September 4, 1914. He attended the
public schools of Clark county and the high school- at Alexandria.
After a course in a commercial college at St. Louis and a visit to
the East, he crossed the plains to California and took up the study
of medicine in 1865 in the Toland Medical College, San Francisco,
which later became the medical department of the University of
California. After finishing the course there he returned to St.
Louis and graduated from the Missouri Medical College in 1867.
After three years' practice in Sandusky, Iowa, he located in Keo-
kuk, and continued in the general practice of medicine and surgery
from that time until shortly before his death. From 1879 to 1890
he filled a chair in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of
Keokuk and was also president of the faculty. In 1890 he as-
sisted in the organization of the Keokuk Medical College, was
elected president and retained connection with that institution until
1900, when upon its consolidation with the College of Physicians and
Surgeons he became president and professor and dean of the faculty.
He was one of the founders and promoters of St. Joseph's Hospital,
Keokuk, and gave close study to sanitation in the city. He acted
as medical examiner for a number of the leading insurance com-
panies for many years and was a member of various county, city
and national medical associations, contributing valuable articles to
the leading medical journals of the day. The honorary degree of
master of arts was conferred upon him by Parsons College in 1884.

PHILO MILTON JEWELL was born in Mt. Vernon, Knox county,
Ohio, January 1, 1848; he died at his home in Decorah, Iowa,

632 ANNALS OP IOWA

January 8, 1914. He removed with his parents to a farm in Car-
roll county, Illinois, in 1856. Here he grew to manhood, obtaining
his education at the Mt. Carroll seminary and the Mt. Carroll
high school. He taught school for a year and then began the study
of medicine in the medical department of the University of Mich-
igan, graduating therefrom in March, 1873. He engaged in the
practice of his profession at Lyndon, Illinois, for six years. He
removed to Winneshiek county in 1880 and continued there in the
practice of medicine and surgery, associating in later years with
his son, Dr. M. D. Jewell. He served as coroner of Winneshiek
county from 1899 to 1903 and was a member of the United States pen-
sion board from 1897 until his death. He was elected representa-
tive to the Thirty-second General Assembly in 1906 and served
through the Thirty-second, Thirty-second Extra and Thirty-third
General Assemblies. In 1910 he was chosen state senator and rep-
resented the Winneshiek-Howard district in the Thirty-fourth and
Thirty-fifth General Assemblies.

LEONARD BROWN was born in Syracuse, Indiana, July 4, 1837; he
died at Chicago, August 24, 1914. He attended the common
schools of Syracuse until thirteen years of age and then worked for
three years in a blacksmith shop. He removed to Des Moines in
1853 and attended Des Moines academy for one year. The next year
he went to Burlington where he remained for four years as stu-
dent and tutor in mathematics in a university. Returning
to Des Moines, he associated with Rev. John A. Nash in establishing
Forest Home Seminary in 1860. In 1866-7 he was superintendent of
schools in Des Moines and Polk county and in 1875-6 professor of
language and literature in Humboldt College. During the Civil
war he enlisted in Company F, Forty-seventh Iowa Volunteer In-
fantry and served with his regiment the one hundred days of their
enlistment. He spent much time on the lecture platform, speaking
on education and political subjects, and contributed much to cam-
paign literature. He was the author of several books and pam-
phlets, among them being Poems of the Prairies; Our Own Colum-
bia; Popular Perils; Iowa, the Promised of the Prophets; and the
Rights of Labor.

ALVIX MAXLEY WIIALEY was born in Wyoming county, New York,
May 14, 1838; he died at his home in Aplington, Iowa, October 29,
1911. He began his education in the common schools of Wyoming
county and at fifteen years of age entered Middlebury Academy,
teaching during the winters in order to pursue his course. In 1861
he enlisted in the Civil war in Company K, Seventeenth New York
Volunteers, was elected Second Lieutenant and on account of meri-
torious service was soon promoted to Captain. He was severely

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 633

wounded at Fredericksburg and mustered out upon his discharge
from the hospital, but he immediately re-entered the service com-
missioned as quartermaster and serving as assistant quartermas-
ter general. In this capacity he went to Alabama, Vicksburg and
with Sherman on his march to the sea. After the close of the war
he returned to Wyoming county, New York, and engaged in farming.
He removed to Iowa in 1869, settling at Aplington, Butler county,
and became one of the influential men of the community, inter-
ested in the grain, lumber and stock business and later was presi-
dent of the Exchange Bank for many years. He was a Republican
in politics and represented Butler county in the House of the Sev-
enteenth and Eighteenth General Assemblies. He was also senator
from the Forty-sixth senatorial district in the senate of the Nine-
teenth, Twentieth and Twenty-first General Assemblies. He was
appointed postmaster at Aplington by President McKinley and served
for several years.

JOHN NOLLEN was born at Didam, Holland, April 4, 1828; he died
at Pella, Iowa, May 31, 1914. He was educated at Arnhem, Holland,
for the profession of teacher and taught in that place for several
years. He emigrated to the United States in 1854, settling in the
struggling Dutch colony of Pella, not then ten years old. He was
assistant editor of the Pella Gazette, the first newspaper published
in Marion county, from 1854 to 1859. In 1855 he entered the bank-
ing business and acted as cashier of the Pella bank from the time
of its organization as the Pella Savings Institution until 1908, and
continued his connection with it until his death. He was the author
of a series of articles on currency reform that were considered
authoritative. Mr. Nollen was a prominent factor in the welfare of
Pella, serving in his early years as treasurer and for four consecutive
terms as mayor. He was also president of the school board and
member of the board of trustees of Central College. He was a man
of broad culture, well versed in the sciences, modern languages
and the classics, and was a skilled pianist and pipe organist.

MILLABD F. LE ROY was born in Manchester, Dearborn county,
Indiana, January 16, 1850; he died at Hillsdale, near Chicago, Illi-
nois, February 21, 1914. His parents removed in 1852 to Grundy
county, Illinois, and his early education was received there and at
Moore's Hill, Indiana, where he attended school from eleven to six-
teen years of age. After a business course in Clark Seminary in
Illinois, and a year at Manchester, Iowa, he returned to Moore's
Hill and graduated from the Moore's Hill College with the degree
of B. S. In 1869 he entered the State University of Iowa and grad-
uated from the law department in 1870 with the degree of LL. B.
He engaged with Charles L. Bronson in the practice of law at

634 ANNALS OF IOWA

Manchester for many years. He was also interested in the banking
business and was for some time in active charge of the Manchester
bank. He served as cashier of the First National Bank for years
and was elected president, which position he held at the time of his
death. He was a Republican in politics and represented Delaware
county in the Thirty-fifth General Assembly.

EDSON GAYLORD was born in Northville, Litchfield county, Con-
necticut, October 16, 1826; he died at his home near Nora Springs,
Iowa, March 18, 1914. He began work on a farm at the early age
of six years and at nine was hired out to work on a farm at six
dollars a month. He began teaching school at the age of seventeen
years. He continued working and teaching in the East until 1853
when he came West to make his home, and after stopping in Wis-
consin, Illinois and Minnesota, finally settled in Floyd county, Iowa.
In October, 1853, he cut the first tree for his home, which was made
entirely without nails. He cut the first tree for the first school
house in Floyd county, cut out and made the first pioneer road
through Rock Grove township and burned the first lime in a regu-
lar kiln. During his long residence he served as justice of the
peace, member of the board of township trustees and member and
chairman of the school board. For some years he was a corre-
spondent of the New York Tribune. He was considered an author-
ity on agriculture and horticulture and gave especial attention to
apple culture in the northwest.

JOHN D. McLEAEY was born in Wabash county, Illinois, Septem-
ber 27, 1829; he died at Indianola, Iowa, April 3, 1914. He was
educated and taught school in -his native county, later going as a
school teacher to Fulton county. In 1852 he removed to Mt. Pleasant,
Iowa, and taught school one winter. He then removed to Indian-
ola where he spent a few years teaching school and acting as deputy
county clerk. He took up the study of medicine, most of his course
being pursued in Chicago. He received his degree in 1861 from the
Keokuk Medical College. He practiced medicine in Indianola con-
tinuously for more than fifty-two years. During the last years of
the war he served as assistant surgeon in the Thirty-fourth and
Forty-sixth Iowa regiments. In 1891 Gov. Horace Boies appointed
him regent of the State University of Iowa to fill out the unexpired
term of Thomas S. Wright, and later he served a full term. He was
a member of the county board of examiners of the insane from the
time of its organization until shortly before his death. For many
years he was pension examiner and for forty-one years local surgeon
for the C. R. I. & P. Railway. He was a Republican in politics and
always interested in the welfare of the community in which he lived.

EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT 635

JOHN E. ROWEN was born at Thompsonville, Connecticut, July 26,
1837; he died at his home near Rowan, Iowa, May 1; 1914. As a boy
he worked in the woolen and carpet mills and attended school but
little, his education being obtained later by extensive reading and
observation. At the age of fifteen years he removed with his parents
to Cedar county, Iowa, and three years after to Wright county. At
the age of twenty-one years he was licensed preacher in the United
Brethren church and continued in this work for fourteen years, or-
ganizing and establishing twelve churches. He afterward entered
the insurance business and for twenty years was a very successful
agent. He was elected to the legislature and served as senator in
the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twenty-sixth Extra General As-
semblies. He was United States consul to the Falkland Islands for
ten years and to Punta Arenas, Chile, four years. On his resignation
from the service he was commended by the department of state for
work performed.

JOHN M. GOBBLE was born in Abingdon, Iowa, October 10, 1849; he
died at Muscatine, June 9, 1914. His early years were spent in his
native town where he received the elements of the business training
which afterwards enabled him to build up one of the largest whole-
sale grocery houses in Iowa. Prom 1870 to 1880 he engaged in the
retail and wholesale grocery business in Fairfield, removing in the
latter year to Muscatine where he has since conducted a flourishing
wholesale business. He was elected mayor of Muscatine in 1886 and
re-elected for a second term, but resigned in order to serve as
Senator in the Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth General Assem-
blies. He later acted as mayor for a third term.

JOSEPH H. MERRILL was born in Plymouth, New Hampshire, Sep-
tember 27, 1827; he died at Ottumwa, Iowa, April 25, 1911. He
removed to Ottumwa in 1862 and entered the grocery business in
which he was very successful and became the head of the whole-
sale grocery house of J. H. Merrill & Co. of Ottumwa with branch
houses at Creston and Red Oak. He was also interested in the
banking business and at the time of his death was president of the
Iowa National Bank of Ottumwa, the City Savings Bank and the
Agency Savings Bank. He served as senator from Wapello county
in the Fourteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth General Assemblies.

INDEX

VOLUME XI— THIRD SERIES

PERSONS

Abel, Henry 276

Abernethy, Col. Alonzo 241, 358
520

Abraham, Lot 109, 110, 619

Acheson, George 82, 84

Ackerman, Capt. Michael 218

Adams, Alva B . .475

Adams, Austin 77

Adams, Charles Kendall 520

Adams, Elmer Cleveland ...614
619

Adams, Ephraim 485, 520

Adams, Ephraim Douglass. . .520

Adams, Harvey 485

Adams, Henry Carter 521

Adams, Herbert 554

Adsit, Ruth 521

Agassiz, Louis, 227, 499, 631

Ainsworth, Danforth Hurlbut 521

Ainsworth, J. E 492, 493

Aken, Nellie 619

Albright, Thomas 283

Albrook, J. B 619

Alcott, E. E 475

Alden, Mrs. Cynthia West--
over 521

Alden, John 520

Alderman, Alva Bruce 521

Aldrich, Charles, 20, 23, 197, 215
232, 233, 307, 428, 521, 544, 545
594, 622.

Alexander, W. E 246, 619

Alexander, William L 619

Alker, Alphonse H 475

Allen, — 444

Allen, Alfred 33, 46

Allen, B. Frank 332

Allen, Isaac 188

Allen, James 475

Allen, Mrs. Lydia Bartlett

(Mrs. Isaac) 188

Allen, William (Lee Co.) 33

Allen, William (New York) . .231

Allen, William G 521

"Allender, Samuel 550

Allison, William Boyd 65, 76

97, 101, 181, 235, 321-27, 381
382, 584.

Allyn, Eunice Gibbs .522

Alvord, Ed 323

Ames, Charles Leslie 600

Ames, Edward Scribner 522

Ames, Oakes .490, 494

Ames, Oliver 490

Amos, Andrew 619

Anderson, Augustus 429

Anderson, D. A 619

Anderson, Joseph A 472, 590

Anderson, Madaline 279

Anderson, Melville Best 522

Anderson, Robert 523

Anderson, Maj. Robert 84, 93

Anderson, Rudolph Martin . . 522

Anderson, Thomas 408

Andreas, Alfred T 522

Andreen, Gustav 472, 585

Andrews, Gen. Christopher

C 233

Andrews, H. Franklin 522

Andrews, Launcelot Win-
chester 522

Andrews, Lorenzo F 522

Anson, Adrian C. 522

Applegate, James H 310

Appleton, Francis R 475

Appleton & Co., D 79

Archibald, Andrew Webster.. 522

Arey, Melvin Franklin 619

Armstrong, Mrs. Florence A.. 619

Arnett, Charles 281, 282

Arnold, G. P 619

Arnold, Ralph 522

Arrowsmith, A 625

Arthur, Joseph Charles 523

Ashby, Newton B 524

Ashton, Charles 524

Athearn, Walter Scott 524

Attila 324

Atwater, Joshua 524

Atwood, Thomas B. 469

Aughey, John H 524

640

INDEX

Aurner, Charles Ray 524

Austin, J. J 524

Averill, Annie S 619

Avery, Elizabeth 619

Avery, Joel C 288

Ayers, Philip Wheelock 524

Aylesworth, Barton Orville..524

Bacon, Capt 514

Bacon, C. G., jr 475

Bacon, Francis, Lord 504

Bacon, Henry 71, 387

Badger, Alfred S 524

Baghclasarin, M 524

Bailey, Bert Heald 524

Bailey, Edwin C 525

Bailey, Gideon S 597

Bailey, Mrs. W. H 544

Bain, Harry Foster 525

Baker, D. H 383

Baker, Ehvoocl Thomas 525

Baker, Elwyn E 619

Baker, Hugh Potter 525

Baker, Mrs. Isadore 525

Baker, M. Margaret 619

Baker, Margaret G19

Baker, Gen. Nathaniel B... 352-54

356, 461, 462.
Baker, Orlando Harrison 233, 234

Baker, R. P 619

Baker, Robert B 475

Baker, Dr. William 330

Bnlcom, Judge 400

Baldwin, Caleb 438

Baldwin, Charles 286-290

Baldwin, Mrs. Mary R 525

Baldwin, Mrs. Rachel Wright

(Mrs. Chas.) 287

Baldwin, William Wright ...352

488, 619.

Ball, James Moores 526

Ball, Jonas 4

Ball, Joseph 86, 89, 90, 91

Ballard, James 526

Ballard, John W 619

Ballinger, Richard Achilles. .526

Baltimore. Lord 200

Bancroft, Herbert Howe 429

Banks, Charles Eugene . .526, 600

Barber, Isaac 277

Barber, William 277

Barbour, Erwin Hinckley . . . 619

Bardine, J 449

Barkman, William 4

Barnard, William Francis . . .526
Barnes, Stephen Goodyear . . .619

Barnett, J 551

Barr, Granville Walter 526

Barrett, Mrs. Katherine Ellis,
see Ellis, Katherine Ruth.
Barrett, Richard Cornelius. .553

554.

Barrett, Mrs. Richard Corne-
lius 554

Barris, Willis H 526, 619

Barrows, Egbert S 477

Barrows, Willard 527

Bartlett, Dana Webster 619

Bartlett, Lydia (see Allen,
Mrs. Lydia B.)

Barton, George DeF 475

Bartsch, Paul 619

Basham, John 218

Bashford, Herbert 527

Bates, Wells H 4

Batten, Samuel Zane 527

Battey, Thomas C 527

Battin, William 527

Baughman, Mrs. Nancy Ran-
dolph Ball 527

Baumann, Louis 619

Bawden, Henry Heath 619

Bay, J. Christian 527

Bayer, Charles J. "U. S.

Bayer" 527

Bayless, C 528

Baylies, Nicholas 528

Beach, Col. Benjamin 235

Beal, Foster Ellenborough

Lascelles 619

Bean, Mrs. Elizabeth Hill

(Mrs. John) 555

Bean. Mrs. Hannah Shipley

(Mrs. Joel) 555

Bean, Joel 555

Bean, John 555

Beans, — 514

Beard, Eli W 76

Beard, James Thorn 528

Beardshear, William Miller . .528

Beattie, Wray 273

Beatty, J. H 446

Bechtcl, City of Cedar Rapids

vs 315

Beck, W. Butler 475

Beckley, — 52

Beede, Charles Gould 528

Beede, Mrs. Lillian Barker

(Mrs. C. G.) 528

Belfield, Henry Holman 619

Belknap, Gen. William W 70

235, 619.

Bell, George W 528, 619

Bell, Hill McClelland 528

Bell, John 443, 453

INDEX

641

Bell, John T 619

Bell, W. B 619

Bellows, Ernst Wilder 529

Bellville, Archibald 4

Bemis, George W 356

Bender, Wilbur N 529

Benedict, Charles Rush 399

Benedict, Mrs. Lavinia B 529

Bennett, Alfred Allen 529

Benning, J. J 38, 46, 49, 58

Benson, Emil 29

Benton, Guy Potter 529

Benton, Thomas H 576

Benton, Thomas H., jr 506

510, 518.

Bereman, Alvah H 356

Bergh, Richard 473

Bertram, John 490

Bessey, Charles Edwin 529

Betts, Arthur 619

Betts, George Herbert 529

Bever, S. C 491

.Beyer, Harold Legrand 529

Beyer, Mrs. Mary Queal (Mrs.

Jackson) 529

Beyer, Samuel Walker 529

Bickel, Milton Valentine 530

Bickford, Nathan 475

Bickford, Sumner M. ...446, 449

Bickford, William 441

Bickley, T. R 109

Bicknell, Frank W 530

Bidwell, Dr 411, 420

Biglow, Samuel E 449

Bingham, Charles W 530

Bird, Thompson 335

Birrell, Henry 475

Bismark, Count Otto von 326

Bissel, Charles R 13, 14

Bissell, Julius B 600

Bissell, George Welton 619

Bitter, Karl Theodore Francis 98

99, 387.

Black, Paul Walton 260

Black, S 619

Black, W. A 530

Black Hawk (chief) 530

Blair, D. C 496

Blair, James 496

Blair, John Inslee 478, 489-96

548, 549.

Blair, Ledyard 496

Blair, William W .530

Blake, F. A 4

Blake, Orwell 530

Blakelee, T. M 530

Blakeman, A. Noel 475

41

Blanchard, Ruf us 530

Blanden, Charles Granger ..530

Bleakly, John L 100, 619

Bleakmore, M. M 89

Bloomer, D. C 531

Boak, William W .429

Bode, William 619

Boepple, John F 627

Boggs, Edward Brenton 531

Boggs, Martha Frye 531

Boies, Horace 634

Boisot, Louis 531

Bolton, Frederick Elmer 531

Bonaparte, Napoleon ...546, 547

548
Bonebright, Thomas B. 4, 383, 408

Bonney, J. H 597

Boodin, John Elof 531

Bookwalter, Louis 531

Boone, Capt. Nathan 117

244-248, 256, 364, 376, 377, 378

380.

Booth, B. F 531

Booth, Henry 238

Bopp, Clinton LeRoy 532

Bordwell, Walter Percy 619

Botsford, George Willis 532

Botsford, Lillie Shaw 532

Bouligny, John E 93

Bousquet, Henry Louis 237

Bowen, 270, 271

Bowen, Jesse 462

Bowman, Harold Martin 619

Bowman, James Cloyd 532

Bowman, John 619

-Bowman, Melville Leroy ....532

Boyd, William Robert 619

Boylan, William M 532

Bracken, Charles 253

Brackett, Frederick 475

Bradbury, John 404

Bradley, Abraham, jr 625

Bradley, Joseph P 289

Bradley, Philip B 576

Bradshaw, John 408

Bradstreet, 433

Brady, Matthew B 92

Brainard, James 408

Brainerd, Mrs. Eleanor Hoyt 532

556.

Branch, Homer P 533

Brandt, Amos Wiseley ...558-59

Brandt, N 589

Brattain, Paul 597

Braun, Frederick Augustus .. 619
Braunwarth, C. C 533

642

INDEX

Brazil, Father John F 335

Breckenridge, John Cabell... 81

443.
Breckinridge, Mrs. John . . . .533

Bremner, William 240

Brennan, Patrick 265

Brewer, Luther A 533

Bridger, James 98

Briggs, Ansel 574

Brigham, Johnson 533, 549

Brindley, John Edwin 533

Brite, James 387

Britten, Fred E 534

Broaclbent, Mrs. Marie 534

Bromley, Owen ...86, 89, 90, 452

Bronson, Charles L 633

Bronson, Thomas Bertrand. .534

Brooke, Robert D 294

Brooker, Alva 281

Brooks, Preston 440

Brooks, McCauley vs 393

Brothers, Frank 283, 284

Brown, Abbott 475

Brown, Cassius M 318

Brown, Charles 0 534

Brown, Charles Reynolds . . . .534

Brown, George 519

Brown, George van Ingen ...619

Brown, Henry Edwin 535

Brown Howard 448

Brown, J. W 270, 271

Brown, Jesse B 567

Brown, John 555

Brown, John D 107, 108

109, 110.

Brown, John Franklin 535

Brown, John L 354

Brown, Kent J 619

Brown Laura E 619

Brown, Leonard 271, 277

535, 632.

Brown, R. C 82

Brown, Timothy 535

Brown, Walter B 2

Brown, William Harvey .234, 535

Brown, William Horace 619

Brown vs. Ringdal 391, 392

Browning, M. D 598

Brumfield, William H 434

Bryan, William Alanson . . . .535

Bryce, Hon. James 112

Buchanan, James 437, 440

443, 446, 447.

Buck, E. C 535

Buck, Mrs. Lillie West Brown

"Amy Leslie" 535

Buckland, H. H 179

Budd, Joseph Lancaster 536

Buel, Elijah 214

Buffum, Hugh Straight 619

Buford, Gen. Abraham 345

Bullard, 509

Buncombe, Col. Edward . . : . .458

Bunn, John 283

Burchard, Ernest Francis . . .619

Burchman, Joseph 281

Burdette, Robert Jones 536

Burdick, R. E. 475

Burgess, John 536

Burk, 282

Burk, William D 397

Burke,. Finley 536

Burkholder, William E. .408, 426

Burnham, Col 478

Burrell, Howard A 536

Burrows, J. M. D 536

Burtch, Asa 426

Burton, Leroy 619

Burton, Martha Virginia ....536

Burton, T 518

Burton, Wiley 335

Busby, Mrs. Allie B 536

Bush, Bertha Evangeline . . . .537

Bush, David 335

Bushnell, Joseph P 619

Busick, H. S 335

Busick, William 335

Butler, Alfred Augustus 537

Butler, C. E 472

Butler, Ellis Parker 537

Butler, Peter 519

Buts, Casper 537

Butterfield, Daniel 475

Butterworth, J. E 619

Byers, H. W 399

Byers, Samuel Hawkins Mar-
shall 215, 216, 217, 537

Byrkit, C. S 619

Cabdell, Maj 515

Cading, Augusta 275

Cadle, Gen. Cornelius 77

Caesar, Julius 453, 456

Cake, Lu B 538

Caldwell, Caleb 191

Caldwell, Henry Clay 65, 66

355, 487, 596, 619.

Calkins, Franklin Welles 538

Calkins, George C 319

Call, Richard Ellsworth .182, 538
Callahan, Capt. Byron M. ...346

Calvin, Samuel 538

Calwell, Dan 2

Cameron, Simon 444

Camp, Elisha K 475

INDEX

643

Campbell, James 330

Campbell, Valeria J 538

Campbell, W. M 450

Campbell, Col. Wallace . .342, 345

Carleton, Osgood 525

Carlyle, Thomas 307, 309

Carondelet, Baron de 255

Carpenter, 422

Carpenter, Anthony Wayne . .169

170, 172, 225, 226.
Carpenter, Charles Albert ...399
Carpenter, Cyrus C 3, 78

429, 430.

Carpenter, E. H 225

Carpenter, George T 538

Carpenter, Col. S. D 491

Carroll, Beryl P 63, 73, 99

101, 104, 112, 319.

Carroll, George R 619

Carskaddan, Jerome 397

Carsley, William D 2, 4

Carstens, C. C 619

Carter, - - ..410, 411, 416, 508

Carter, Blanche C 539

Carver, Thomas Nixon 539

Casady, Phineas M 204. 335

597, 598, 619.

Casady, Simon 352

Casey, Benjamin 539

Cass, Lewis 241

Cassady, Sherman 408

Casteel, Mr. and Mrs 269

Catt, Mrs. Carrie Chapman . .539

Cattell, Jonathan W 354-55

Catun, Charles Woodhull 619

Cavour, Count Camillo di ...326
Chamberlain, Joseph Scudder 619
Chamberlain, Josephine E.

(see Hornaday, Mrs. Jose-
phine E.)

Chamberlin & Widden 387

Chamberlin, Thomas Crowder 228
Chambers, John . . .254, 462, 539

Champlin, Frank 18

Chandler, George 539, 619

Chandler, James 550

Chapin, Edwin N 539

Chapin, Mrs. E. N 539

Chapman, Samuel D 539

Chappie, Joseph Mitchell 539

Chapu, Henri Michel Antoine

« 99

Charles II, King of England .547

Chase, C. S 629

Chase, Daniel Cady 383, 540

Chase, Daniel D 429

Chase, R. L 108

Chase, Salmon P 306, 444

Cheney, Joseph W 65, 620

Cherrie, George Kruck 620

Christy, Joseph M 69

Church, Daniel Webster 540

Church, Lieut. William L. . . 4

5, 7, 11, 12, 408.
Church, Mrs. William L..408, 430

Clafflin, Tennie C 540

Clagett, S. H 540

Clagett, Thomas W 355

Claiburn, James 303

Clapp, Edwin Ruthven 335

Clapp, Frederick Gardner ...523

Clarendon, Chancellor 308

Clark, A. M 475

Clark, Alexander 92

Clark, Charles A. ..109, 478, 540

Clark, Charles W 4

Clark, Dan Elbert 540

Clark, Ernest E 225

Clark, Francis Edward 540

Clark, Glenn 620

Clark, Mrs. Harriet Elizabeth

(Mrs. F. E.) 541

Clark, Henry 0 475

Clark, Howard Walton 611

Clark, Hugh 478

Clark, James 479

Clark, James S 620

Clark, Mathew 438

Clark, Rush 356

Clark, Samuel M 487, 597

Clark, W. M 439, 446

Clark, Wareham 551

Clark, William 241

Clark, Wycliffe M 90

Clarke, Charles Shipman 83

90, 445, 449.
Clarke, George Washington . . 63

64, 72, 74, 101, 105, 225.

Clarke, Rachel Chadsey 541

Clarke, William Penn 458

Clarkson, Mrs. Anna Howell

(Mrs. J. S.) 188, 541

Clayton, - - .593

Cleaves, Margaret Abigail . . .542

Cleghorn, John 549

Cleghorn, Mrs. Ellen (Mrs.

John) 549

Clemens, Orion 619

Clements, Wib F 619

Cleveland, Grover 236, 289

Cleveland, William S 542

Cloud, D. C 542

Cloyd, David Excelmons .... 542
Clute, Oscar 542

644

INDEX

Clymer, Albert 542

Cobbey, Joseph Elliott 542

Cochran, Richard E 475

Cody, AVilliam Frederick ...475

542.
Coelln, Carl AVilhelm von ... 79

Coffin, Nathan E 200

Colby, C. J 619

Cole, Mrs 221

Cole, Ashley AV 475

Cole, Chester Cicero 399, 595

619.

Cole, Cyrenus 543

Colgrove, Chauncey Peter . . . 543
Colgrove, Mrs. Chauncey

Peter ..620

Collier, Ada Langworthy . . . .543

Collier, P. F 475

Collis, C. H. T 475

Colton, J. H 593

Compton, J. D 519

Compton, James R 543

Comstock, Capt 514

Conard, Henry Shoemaker ..543
Condit, Edgar Mantelbert ...543
Conger, Mrs. Sarah Pike

(Airs. E. H.) 543

Conk, - - 274

Conklin, Charles H 600

Conklin, E. H 475

Conkling, Roscoe 321, 322

Conlan, Patrick 408

Conner, Jacob Elon 600

Conrad, Thomas 402

Conrad. AVilliam F 559

Conway. AViliam B 43G, 561

562, 563, r»U6, 567, 508, 570, 572

574, 575.
Conyboare, AVilliam Daniel ..404

Cook, E. T GOO

Cook. Crorae Cram 526, 600

620.
Cook, Mrs. George Cram

( Sec Glaspell, Susan).

Conic, .Tennie Miichmore GOO

Cook, .John H 475

Coo\-. Melinda Amelia 278

Cook, AV. AV 620

Cooke, Wells AVoodbridge . . . .620
Coolbaugh, AVilliam F. ..169, 170

17:., 225, 226, 574.

Cooley, Edwin Gilbert 600

Cooler. Roger AVilliam . . . .600-01

Coop, AVilliam G 442. 443

Cooper, Isaac 339

Cooper, James Fenimore 169

Cooper, Stephen . ..550

Corbin, H. C 475

Corbit, R. M 601

Corey, Daniel 497

Corkey, Alexander 601

Corkhill, William 273, 274

Cornell, Dr 512

Corning, Burton H 331

Cory, Carleton C 191

Corey, N. E 601

Cosson, George 601

Couch, E. J .620

Cousins, Robert G 602

Cowles, James H 598

Cox, Ulysses Orange 611

Craig, Capt. James 247, 248

358, 376.

Craig, John Alexander 602

Craig, Walter F 71

Craine, Evan L 82

Crampton, Charles Albert . . . 602

Crane, John 475

Crane, AVilliam 1 602

Cranston, Charles 332

Craven, Roger Carey 602

Crawford, Charles W 280

Crawford, James Shannon ..559

602.

Creegan, Charles C 602

Crilly, Francis J 475

Crittenden, John J 87. 92

Crocker, L. B 491

Crocker, Gen. Marcellus M... 70

Crockett, John C 237

Crofts, G. W 602

Croll, James 227

Crooke, George 602

Crosby, James 0 524

Crosley, George W 397, £20

Crossley, Bruce W 532

Crotty. M. J 519

Crow, Mrs. Martha Foote ...620

Cruikshank, G. L 620

Cnlbertson, W. Benton 85

Cnllen, AV. 1 14, 15

Culler, Mrs. Lucy Yeend 603

Cullom, Shelby M 381

Cummings, AVilliam H 475

Cummins, Albert Baird . .25, 101

103, 399.

Cummins, Hester V 603

Cummins, Scott 603

Cupp, Prof 587

Curie, Charles, jr 475

Curme, George Oliver 620

Currier, Amos Noyes . . .TTl, 191

193, 195, 620.
Currier, Mrs. Amos N. . .71

INDEX

645

Curtis, Samuel R 10, 93, 400

Custer, Richard 267

Cutler, Elisha 597

Cutler, James Elbert 260, 261

Cutler, John 603 .

Cutler, John Elwood 603

Dague, J. B 620

Dahlberg, Charles Leonard . . 16

Dalley, Henry E 408

Dampt, Jean Auguste 99

Dascombe, Marianne 188

Daugherty, John 329, 330

Daugherty, Levi 2

Davidson, Charles 603

Davidson, Edward 282

Davidson, Mrs. Hannah A.

Noyes (Mrs. Chas.) 603

Davies, J. J 620

Davis, Floyd 603, 604

Davis, Jacob Conrad 604

Davis, Jefferson 565

Davis, John W 4

Davis, T. C 604

Davison, Arthur Henry. .100, 604

Dawley, Frank F 478

Dawson, A. F 228

Dawson, Charles C 620

Dawson, Thomas Cleland . . . .604

Dawson, William Leon 620

Day, Frank Edward 604

Day, Nicholas W 475

Day, Timothy 597

Dayton, William L 441

Deacon, Charles J 478

Dean, Henry Clay 65, 66, 481

485, 486, 604.

Dean, James H 69

Deaton, Sarah Forrest (See

Temple, Mrs. Sarah F. D.)
Deemer, Horace E 23, 398

604, 605.

Deemer, Mrs. Horace E 544

Deeves, Richard 475

DeFord, William H 620

Defore, William S 4

Deindoerfer, — 585

Demander, George A 224

De Peyster, J. L 475

De Ronde, Frank S 475

Des Marets, Ernest A 475

Detrick, George 2

Devine, Edward Thomas 605

De Ward, Charles 250, 366

Deweese, John 267

Dewell, Hiram 320

Dewey, John N 331

Dewey, William 551

DeWolf, Sherman W 384

Dey, Peter A 103

Dibble, Mary H. (See Wright,

Mrs. Mary H. D.)

Dibble, R. T 598

Dibble, Thomas 594, 595

Dickinson, W. H 620

Diederich, Gustav 240

Dietz, C. W 471

Dillon, Mrs. Anna 'Price (Mrs.

J. F.) 477

Dillon, John Forrest ...477, 596

606.

Dillon, John Milton 606

Ditto, George T 620

Dively vs. City of Cedar

Falls 315

Dixon, Mrs. Clarissa Belknap 606

Dixon, James Main . . , 620

Doane, Isaiah .620

Dockery, Gen. Thomas P 516

517.

Dodge, Augustus Caesar .171, 431
Dodge, Gen. Grenville Mellen

65, 98, 99, 110, 114, 344, 474, 475

476, 606, 623, 624, 626.

Dodge, Henry 253, 254

Dodge, Richard 1 623, 624

Dodge, W. E 490

Dodge, William Wallace 606

Doherty, John B 475

Dolliver, Jonathan Prentiss. .381

602, 620.
Donaldson, John Barnett.607, 620

Donaldson, William 2, 4

Donovan, John W 475

Donnel, William M 620

Douglas, Stephen A 82, 87

433, 443, 445, 446, 447, 448

449, 451, 453.

Douglass, Ellsworth 607

Douglass, Harlan Paul 620

Douglass, Truman Orville . . .607

Downer, Harry E 266, 607

Downey, Ezekiel Henry 607

Downing, Andrew 607

Drake, A. E 475

Drake, Francis Marion 235

Draper, Lyman C 309

Dred Scott 200

Drouit, Robert 607

Drury, Marion Richardson . . 607

608.

DuBois, John W 438

Dubuque, Julien 255

Duckworth, William A 342

Duff, Alexander 190

646

INDEX

Duffield, George C 608

Duncan, Blanton 217

Duncan, Ralph 280

Duncan, Stuart 475

Duncombe, John F 424, 425

429.

Dungan, David Roberts 608

Dungan, J. Irvine 620

Dungan, Warren Scott 233

Dunham, Mrs. Anna (Cross). 620

Dunn, B. S 550

Dunn, L. A 608

Dunroy, William Reed 608

Dunwoody, H. H. C 475

Durley, Mrs. Ella (Hamil-
ton) 608

Duryea, J. B 608

Dust, Michael 32, 52

Dwiggins, Elmer 608

Dwight, Jonathan 231

Dye, Mrs. Eva (Emery) ....620

Dye, William McE 609

Dyer, H. A 108

Earle, Mrs. Teda Morgan

(Mrs. I. M.) 609

Early, Carrie L 609

East, Emma Tolman 609

Eastburn, Manton 293

Eastman, Charles Rochester .609

Eastman, Enoch W 564, 566

Ebersole, Ezra Christian 609

Edmonds, James B, 609

Edmondson, Charles Howard. 609

Edmundson, James D 304

Edwards, Fitz Hugh 475

Edwards, John 454

Edwards, M. L 609

Edwards, Ray 284

Egan, George William 609

Egan, W. P 69

Eggert, Charles Augustus ...610

Eiboeck, Joseph 78, 610

Eisentraut, Bernhard 610

Elbert, Benjamin F 487

Elbert, John D 597

Elbert, Samuel D 597

Elliott, Francis Perry 610

Elliott, I. N 451

Ellis, George William 620

Ellis, J. Loran 620

Ellis, James W 269, 610

Ellis, Katherine Ruth. . .526, 610

Ellmaker, Reuben 92

Ely, E. H 620

Ely, H. F 587

Ely, J. F 49i

Emerson, Oliver Farrar . . . 610

Emerson, Willis George 610

Engleman, Gen. Adolpb .506, 510

Eno, Henry 598

Ensign, S. Laura 610

Ericson, Alice 17

Ericson, Charles John Alfred

16-31

Ericson, Lorena 17, 29, 30

Ericson, Mrs. Matilda Nelson

(Mrs. C. J. A.) 17

Ericson, Mrs. Nellie Linder-

blood (Mrs. C. J. A.) 17

Erie, John 408

Errickson, Charles D 277

Erwin, Mrs. Clara 284

Estes, Francis M 240

Estes, Lewis L 4

Evans, — 421, 422

Evans, Dudley 475

Evans, F. W 610

Evans, Jeremiah 7

Evans, R. D 475

Evans, S. B 620

Evans, T. C 94

Evans, Thomas D 445

Evans, Mrs. William D 620

Evermann, Barton Warren . .611

Fackler, Lieut 517

Fagan, James F 510

Fairall, Herbert S 620

Fairall, Samuel Husband . . . .611

Fairbanks, Arthur 611-612

Fales, Joseph T 574

Farnsworth, F 475

Farnsworth, P. J 620

Farquharson, R. J 620

Faure, John P 475

Faust, Capt 514

Favard, Berthe des Combes.. 612

Fearing, Lilian Blanche 612

Fellows, Stephen Norris ....612

Fenton, Charles T 428

Ferber, Edna 556, 612

Ferber, Lawrence 2

Ficke, Arthur Davison 612

Field, A. G 612

Field, G. W 620

Field, Homer H 612

Field, Stephen J 289, 315

Fielding, Mrs. Helen (Horna-

day) 338

Fields, George Washington. . .612

613.
Fillmore, Millard . . .437, 440, 443

Finch, John 404

Finch, William 100

Fingerle, F. A 518

INDEX

647

Fink, Bruce 620

Fink, William Westcott 613

Finkbine, Robert S 103

Finlaw, Dr 505

Fisher, John 179

Fisher, W. R 613

Fitch, George 613

Fitzpatrick, Benjamin 449

Fitzpatrick, T. J 613

Flagg, Ernest 100

Flecten vs. Lamberton. . .391, 392

Fleming, William H 613

Flentje, Henry 472, 585

Fletcher, Charles H 620

Fletcher, Matilda 613

Fletcher, Robert Huntington.614

Flickinger, Robert E 620

Flom, George Tobias 614

Floyd, .Charles 620

Flynt, Thomas 179, 199

Follett, Marie L 614

Foote, John Graham 103

Ford, Judge 549

Ford, Arthur Hillyer 620

Ford, Mrs. Lucy 548, 549

Fordyce, Emma J 614

Fordyce, Lewis 239

Foreman, Cyrus 103

Forest, Capt 515

Forrest, Gen. Nathan B 343

344, 345, 346, 517.

Forsythe, John , .571, 572

Fosdick, Charles 620

Foster, L 519

Foster, Warren Dunham.614, 620

Fox, F 281

Fox, Mrs. Nettie Pease 614

Foy, Frank 615

Fracker, G. C 620

Franklin, Benjamin 405

Franklin, William Suddards.615
Franz, Capt. Charles 514, 518

519.

Fraser, C. McLean 620

Frazee, George 620

Freeman, Maria (see Gray,

Mrs. Maria Freeman).

Freeman, William 37

Freemont, 46

Freeze ( ?) , 32

Fremont, John C...236, 437, 440

441, 443.
French, Alice "Octave Thanet"

556, 615.

French, Daniel C 387

French vs. City of Burlington 315
Frisbie, Alvah Lillie 335, 616

Frisbie, William Albert 616

Fritschel, George John 620

Fritschel, Gottfried Leon-
hard 620

Fritschel, Sigmund 585, 620

Frye, Sherry E 304

Fuller, Charles W 475

Fuller, Corydon E 616

Fulton, Alexander R 90, 439

449, 616.

Fulton, Charles Jacobs ... 81, 437
616.

Fultz, Francis Marion 616

Funk, William W 4

Furlong, Richard 13

Fury, Mr. & Mrs 13

Gage, Ebenezer S 438

Gage, Francis 188

Gaines, Richard 439

Galer, R. S 616

Gallagher, Charles 281

Gallagher, William 282

Galliher, James A 445

Galvin, J. M 626

Gantz, John 449

Garden, Robert 1 616

Gardner, Rowland 420, 425

427, 552, 622.
Garfias, Valentine Richard. . .523

Garfield, James A. 97

Garland, Hamlin ..556, 616, 617

Garretson, A. S 617

Garrett, Henry 269

Garrison, Silas 551

Garst, Mrs. Laura (DeLany) 617

Garst, Warren 20, 101, 103

Garver, F. H 620

Gast, Samuel 587

Gates, Charles 75

Gates, Emery W 408

Gates, George Augustus 77

617.

Gates, John 408

Gault, Andrew 617

Gaylord, Edson 634

Gaylord, Horace 85, 91

Gaylord, William P 2

Gaynor, Mrs. Jessie L 620

Gear, John H 580,596

Geiser, Karl Frederick 617

Gibbs, Jessie Wiseman 618

Gibbs, William H 618

Gibbons, John 618

Gibson, Charles Bain 618

Gibson, Francis M 475

Gibson, W. B 518

648

INDEX

Gifford, 269

Gilbert, Barry 618

Gilbert, Grove Carl 228

Gilbreath, W. C 620

Gilchrist, James Grant 620

Gilham, E. J 550

Gillespie, Henry LaFayette. .618

Gillespie, Samuel 618

Gillette, Halbert Powers 618

619.

Gillin, J. L 261

Glaspell, Susan (Mrs. Geo.

C. Cook) 600

Glidden, W. T 490

Gobble, John M 635

Goddard, W. N 476

Goetting, A. H 476

Goodenough, Lee 62$

Goldsborough, Edmund Lee

611.

Goodrell, Stewart 355-56

Goodrell, William H 70

Goodrich, Harry 551

Gordon, James 519

Gordon, Maj. William. . .117, 143

253.

Gounod, Charles F 472

Govin, J. W 284

Gowey, Mrs. Ann 469,470

Gowey, John 470

Grafly, Charles 99

Graf strom, Olof Frithiof 472

473, 557, 585.

Graham, William 518

Granger, Carl 420

Grant, Leslie 4

Grant, Madison 337

Grant, Dr. Ulysses Sherman. 182
Grant, Ulysses S....98, 216, 233
397, 461, 463, 464, 465, 474, 477
516.

Grant vs. City of Davenport .315
Granville, George Leveson-

Gower, Earl 327

Gray, Asa 405

Gray, John 38

Gray, John Henry.. 200, 203, 213

214.
Gray, Mrs. Maria Freeman

(Mrs. J. H.) 200

Gray, Thomas 598

Grayson, William G 4

Greaser, Henry 276

Greaser, Margaret 276

Greeley, Horace 78, 171, 352

479.

Green, 272

Green, George 491

Green, H. C 518

Greenwood, A. B 15

Gresham, Gen. Walter Q....235

463.

Griffin, Thomas 449

Griffith, Mrs. Helen Sherman 557
Griffith, Isaac W..200, 203, 204

Griffith, Josiah 408

Griffiths, David G 629

Griffiths, Mrs. Elizabeth 629

Griffiths, Henry Holcombe. . .'335

Griffiths, John Lewis 629

Griffiths, Joseph M 335

Grimes, James Wilson. . .1, 2, 6

9, 10, 14, 172, 305, 306, 441

453, 458, 462, 598.

Grimes, Thomas 284

Grimmel, Francis C 335

Grimmel, Henry 335

Griswold, Alexander Viets 292

296.
Groesbeck, William Slocomb.236

Grossman, • • 585

Grout, Henry W 383

Gue, Benjamin F 356

Gumbart, Capt. G. C 463

Gunn, Elihu 191

Gurley, William Henry Fitz-

hugh 356

Gurley, Zeno H 320

Gwinn, John 277

Hager, Levi ...169, 170, 172, 225

226.

Haggard, Edward 551

Hagle, Anson Elisha 604

Hale, Eugene 324

Hall, Augustus 434, 597

Hall, James 402, 499, 562

Hall, Jonathan C..355, 434, 598

599.

Hall, P. E 493, 494

Halland, Bengt Magnus 591

Halleck, Gen. Henry W 98

Ham, Moses M 256

Hamil, John 279

Hamilton, Joseph V 460

Hamilton, William H 445

Hamilton, William W...454, 458

459.
Hamlin, Hannibal 446,448

450, 452.

Hammond, William G '595

Hanawalt, George 438

Handel, George Frederick. . .472

INDEX

649

Hanks, Andrew N 512

Hanna, Thomas 318

Hansmann, Anton 75

Harbert, Albert N 116

Harbour, E. A 85

Hargreave, Paul 476

Harkey, L. P 587

Harlan, Aaron Word 32

Harlan, Edgar Rubey 70, 96

99, 454, 473, 483, 623, 625, 626

Harlan, James 453, 584

Harlan, William B 4

Harley, Mrs 506

Harmon, M. W. . . . 110, 480

Harpel, Mrs. George 471

Harper, Capt. George. 188

Harper, Lieut. W..514, 518, 519

Harris,' Charles 280

Harris, Joel Chandler 231

Harrison, Benjamin 629

Harrison, George W 2*54

Harrison, William Henry 97

238, 480

Hart, .Ernest Eldred 76

Harvey, Stephen ..202, 203, 204

Haskins, Miss 276

Hatch, O. M 626

Hathaway, Maj 512

Hathaway, A. Newton 408

Hathaway, Esse V 471

Hawkins, James D 2

Hayden, H. V 500

Haydn, Joseph 472

Hayes, Mrs 517

Hayes, G. W 265

Hayes, Col. J. E...514, 518, 519

Hayes, Joseph 476

Hayes, Rutherford B 236

Hayward, J. 593

Hay ward, William C 20, 100

Hazen (sheriff) 279

Hedge, Thomas 168, 225

Hedges, Christian 238

Hedges, Nathaniel G 356

Hemborg, C. A 592

Hempstead, Stephen ...568, 577

Hemstreet, William 475

Henn, Bernhart 85, 91, 169

170, 171, 172, 225, 226, 431, 432
433, 445, 595.

Hennepin, Father Louis 547

Henry, 421

Henry (negro) 199

Henshaw, 35, 52

Hepburn, William P 240

Herriott, Prank Irving 261

Heuberer, Charles E 476

Hick, William 276

Hickey, James 383,408

Hickox, C. R. jr 476

Hicky, Jim 419

Hildreth, Azro Benjamin

Franklin 562

Hill, Charles P 2

Hill, Enoch S 171

Hillis, Isaac Lea 69

Hillock, Humphrey C 4, 408

Hillman, John L 72

Hines, 33

Hinton, George P 476

Hockenlively, John 587

Hodge, F. W 625

Hodges, 101

Hodgson, Mrs. M. Jennie.... 30

Hoff, P. R 294

Hokonson, Magnus Frederick

591

Hollins, DeReyter 475

Hollins, F. C 476

Holmes, Oliver Wendell 217

Homer, Charles P 476

Hood, Gen. John Bell 344

Hooper, Samuel 321

Hoover, Harris 408

Hopkins, John Henry 300

Hopkins, Stephen >560

Horn, W. L 282

Hornaday, Mrs Josephine E.

(Mrs. W. T.) 338

Hornaday, Mrs. Martha Var-

ner (Mrs. W.) 338

Hornaday, William 338

Hornaday, William Temple, 234

336, 337, 338, 339, 582, 624.

Horton, Wiliam E 476

Hovel, Mrs. Sarah 281

Hovey, Dr. Edmund Otis . . . 186
Howard, Gen. Oliver Otis ..217
Howard, Lieut. Thomas 0...218

221

Howe, Alfred 414

Howe, Mrs. H. J 544

Howe, Joel 7, 408, 409, 410

411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 425, 551
552, 628.

Howe, Mrs. M. W 2

Howe, Orlando C .1, 2, 5

408, 419, 424, 425, 426.

Howe, Philetus 414

Howe, Samuel Luke 76

Howe, Sardis 414

Howell, George 449

650

INDEX

Howell, James B 597

Rowland, John 175

Howland, M. W 408

Hoyt, Colgate 476

Hubbard, Nathaniel Meade..478

Hudson, Hendrik 230

Hughes, Charles E 339

Hughes, Felix 487

Hughes, John 538

Hughes, Rupert 556

Hull, John A. T 598

Hunter, John D 428

Huntington, Collis P 98

Hurd, Marshall F 98

Hus, Henri .543

Hussey, Tacitus 331

Huston, William L 223

Hutchinson, Horace 172

Hyde, Robert 284

Ingersoll, Lurton Dunham

"Linkensale" 328, 478

Ingersoll, Robert 170

Ingles, - - 269

Ingham, William H 629

Inkpadutah ..7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15

410.

Ireland, J. A 451

Ireland, Archbishop John.... 99

Irwin, Thomas 511, 514

Isett, Maj. John H 216

Isle, Le Gardeur de 1' 547

Ives, E. B 476

Ivory, L. C 476

Jackson, Andrew. 85, 86, 167, 445

Jackson, Frank D 67

Jackson, J 515

Jacobs, Samuel ..85, 86, 94, 445

449.

Jaques, A. W HO

James, D. W ! ! ' ^490

Jarnagin, J. W .524

Jarrett, Henry, see Garrett,

Henry.

Jay, Reuben, jr 179

Jay, Reuben, sr 179

Jefferson, Thomas 170, 440

Jenkins, George F .'.631

Jenkins, Oliver Peebles 611

Jerome, J. N 577

Jewell, M. D ..632

Jewell, Phiio Milton ........ 631

Jewett, David S ] . 4

Jewett, Eunice, see Thrift,

Mrs. Eunice J.

Johns, Stacy 331

Johnson,- - .... .'.517

Johnson, Albert H 383

Johnson, Andrew ..451, 454, 462

Johnson, Mrs. C. M 2'84

Johnson, Daniel D 512

Johnson, Harry R 523

Johnson, John C. ..408, 426, 552

Johnson, S 281

Johnston, John A 476

Johnston, Mrs. Mary H. S...626

Johnstone, Edward 599

Jones, — - 276

Jones, George C 4

Jones, George Wallace. .117, 119

120.

Jones, Isaac D 87

Jones, W. A 451

Jordan, David Starr 556

Jordan, Harry 449

Jourdan, James 476

Joyce, John W 476

Judd, Francis Emerson 291

297.

Juilliard, F. A 476

Junkin, John 284, 285

Junkin, Joseph M 398

Junkin, Paul S 30

Junkin, William Wallace 90

449, 450.

Kahler, Charles 331

Kane, Theodore F 476

Kappler, Charles J. .242, 243, 250

253, 358, 460.

Karwarth, Henry 110

Kasson, John A 92, 453, 455

Kauffman, Ben F 487

Keables, Benjamin F 238

Keck, Joseph A 240

Keef ner, J. A 285

Keeler, Mrs. Catherine M.... 30

Kellogg, Elias D 408

Kellogg, Racine D 352, 356

Kelly, "Gen." Charles 68

Kemper, Jackson 293, 296

Kemps, James 331

Kendall, William Converse. .611

Kenedy, Andrew 550

Kennedy, John Stewart 387

Kennelly, Bryan L .476

Kent, James 207, 208

Kenyon, William S 72, 399

Keokuk, Chief 144, 252, 304

Keuhl, C. Conrad 587

Keyes, Charles Rollin 80, 180

227, 401, 465, 497, 546, 556.
Kibben, James Madison. .272, 273
Kibben, Mrs. James Madison 272

INDEX

651

Kibben, Mary 272

Kibben, Walter 273

Killing, Dena 214

Kimball, D. P 490

Kimball, David W 554

Kimball, Isabel Moore.. 554, 555
Kimball, Mrs. Sarah Moore

(Mrs. D. W.) 554

Kimmel, Louis 343

King, 271

King, Horatio C. 476

Kingman, Agnes J 2

Kingman, Alvarado 4

Kingman, Rosalie 2

Kingsbury, Henry P 476

Kinsman, William H 98

Kirkman, George W....274, 275
Kirkman, Mrs. George W...275

Kirkpatrick, 95

Kirkpatrick, G. B 451

Kirkwood, Samuel J 236, 453

454, 461, 462, 578, 584.

Kister, Israel 597

Knapp, Jefferson W 4

Knapp, Joseph C. ...66, 434, 597

Kneeland, Abner 596

Knight, Josiah M 551

Knight, Newton 349

Knoch, Fredrick 276

Knowles, Mrs. Mary Henri-
etta 612

Konti, Isador 387

Koppikus vs. State Capitol

Commissioners 393

Kramer, 453

Kreigh, P. L 587

Krout, John 279

Kurtz, D i&87

Kyoni, Sergt. Corad 518,519

Lacey, John Fletcher. . .110, 336
479, 582, 583, 584.

Lacy, Benjamin W 76

Ladd, Scott M 225, 310, 472

Laf orce, D. G 551

Lake, Jed 479

Lamb, J. & R 429

Lambard, C. A 490

Lamlerton, Flecten vs... 391, 392

Lamont, William 2

Lamson, Ward 84

Lane, 410, 423

Lane, Daniel 485-488

Langworthy, Lucius H 265

Lannon, Jones 281

Lapsley, 33

Larrabee, C. F 253

Larrabee, Frederic 72, 383

Larrabee, William ...71, 72, 101
102, 232, 429, 591.

Larrabee, Mrs. William 72

La Salle, Rene-Robert Cave-

lier 547

Lathrop, Henry Warren 566

Laughlin, William K...408, 425

429.
Lauman, Charles Newcomb 461

463, 464.

Lauman, Col. George Viele. . .461
Lauman, Gen. Jacob Gartner
461, 462, 463, 464, 469, 470.

Lauman, Mrs. Jacob G 463

Lawrence, ..46, 51, 52, 58

Lea, Albert Miller.. 115, 116, 119
136, 157

Lea, Rutledge 488

Leake, Joseph B 236

Leake, William Glodomore. .231
Learner, Angus B. .472, 557, 586

Learner, Helen Adelaide 472

Learned, J. D 179

Le Claire, Antoine 152, 153

256.

Lee, Boswell 291

Lee, Green 283

Lee, Bishop Henry Washing-
ton 291-303

Lee, Mrs. Lydia Mason Mor-
ton (Mrs. H. W.) 293

Lee, Victor 283

Leffingwell, William E..563, 575

Legler, George 519

Leman, J. Howard 476

Leonard, Andrew S 4, 408

Leonard, Harvey 266

LeRoy, Millard F 633

Lester, Charles Sumner 476

Leverich, Ruthven Wilson... 76

Leverett, Frank 228

Levy, Ferdinand 476

Lewis, Capt 517

Lewis, C. L 392

Lewis, Edson 476

Lewis, I. N 59fc

Lewis, Warner 568

Light, S 449

Lilienthal, A. W 476

Liljefors, Bruno 473

Lily, Col. Eli 346

Lincoln, Abraham.. 71, 81, 82
83, 84, 85, 88, 95, 97, 98
272, 273, 288, 298, 326, 331, 348
387, 443, 444, 446, 447, 448, 450
451, 452, 453, 455, 462, 471, 478
490, 494, 626, 630.

652

INDEX

Linderblood, Nellie, see Eric-
son, Mrs. Nellie L.
"Linkensale," see Ingersoll,

L. D.

Littleton, William B.83, 84, 86
Lodge, Henry Cabot. .. .321, 381

Logan, Gen. John A 98, 463

Longfellow, E. E 2

Longman, Evelyn Beatrice, 386

387.

Longshore, George L 69

Lord, F. H ' 476

Lorenz, D. E 30

Lothrop, John Stillman 238

Lott, Henry 248

Louis-Philippe 308

Loveland, Frank C 475

Loveland, John Winthrop. . .476

Low, Philip B 476

Lowe, Ralph P.. 2, ?,, 4, 5, 6, 7,

8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 454, 455, 457,

461, 462, 562

Lozier, Leon 279

Lucas, Robert 254, 357, 569

r>70, 571, 572, 573, 575.
Luther, Martin 472, 557, 585

593.

Lyman (sheriff) 274

Lyon, Col. Delos E 236

Lyon, John H 4

Lyon, Gen. Nathaniel 458

Lyons, Alfred M 335

Lyons, Harrison 335

McArthur, Maj. Henry C.... 70

Macartney, Frederick C 68

Macaulay, Thomas Babbing-

ton 324

McCaitley. State vs 315, 393

McCaulcy vs. Brooks. 393

McClain, Emlin 204

McCleary, George W 462

McClellan, - - 101

McClellan, Robert 518, 519

McClure, William 406

McComb, Benjamin 271

McConnell, F. B 449

McCown, - - 37

McCracken, Cyrus 450

McCrary, Andrew J 487

McCrary, George W 596

McCnllougJi vs. Virginia 395

McCullough, Canada 268

McDonald, David 269

McDonald, John S 476

McDonald, Michael 107,108

McElderry, Horace G. . .68

Macey, J 618

McFarland, William M 597

McGee, Mrs. Anita Newcomb

(Mrs. W J) 185

McGee, James 180

McGee, Mrs. Martha Ander-
son (Mrs. Jas.) 180

McGee, W J 80, 180-187, 228

466, 468.

McHenry, Lieut 514

McHenry, William H., sr 267

Mclntosh, Lemuel 4

Mack, Robert 220

McKim, Mead & White 387

McKee, Maj. George C 463

McKee, Samuel Ewing 239

McKemey, Joseph Allison 82,

449.

Mackey, Phil. J 533

McKinley, William 97, 237

479, 633.

McKissic, — - 517

McLeary, John D 634

McMillen, State vs 391

McMullin, Thomas 335

MacNeil, Hermon A 387

McPhaeters, Andrew 4

McPherson, Gen. James B... 98

463

McVicker, H. W 476

Madden, Reuben 513, 518

Mahan, Miles 6, 7

Mahaska, Chief 304

Malcolm, A. H 383, 551

Malmberg, Carl J 591

Manchester, George B 476

Mann, Asahel 75

Mann, Eleazer 269

Manning, Edwin 598

Marble, Mrs. Margaret Ann 409

Marble, William 409

Margry, Pierre 547

Markham, Morris ..408, 420, 421

Marple, Alice 520, 545, 600

Marsh, A. N 271

Marsh, Millard Caleb 611

Marks, 1 231

Martin (scientist) 403,405

406.

Martin, Charles 284

Martin, Henry B....4, 5, 6, 7, 8

9, 10, 11.

Martin, R. E 280

Mason, C. S .. . 25

Mason, Charles 32,171,179

599.

INDEX

653

Mason, Franklin R...4, 408, 429

Masqueray, Emmanuel Louis 63

64, 98, 99, 104, 110, 112, 113

Massey, Mrs. H 2

Matthies, Gen. Charles 1 463

Mattock, James ...420, 425, 552
Maury, Hon. Dabney Hern-
don 349

Maxwell, John N...383, 408, 425
426, 430, 551, 552.

Mayne, Winfield 488

Meade, Gen. George G 463

Mechem, Edmund 441

Mechem, Floyd R 618

Medberry, State vs 315, 394

Meek, C. F 476

Meek, F. B 499

Meek, Seth Eugene 555, 556

Mendenhall, 38

Merrill, Joseph H 635

Merrill, Samuel 579, 580

Miller, 52

Miller, Capt. Amos B 218, 220

Miller, D. F 598

Miller, J. W 476

Miller, John B 598

Miller, John H 518, 519

Miller, Joseph 2

Miller, Samuel Freeman 288, 289

Milligan, Lieut 347

Mills, Frank M ..328

Mills, Frederick 598

Mills, Jacob W 330

Mills, Noah Webster. .. .330, 331

Mills, 0. H 265

Minor, Thomas 2

Mitchell, L. B...38, 41, 46, 49, 58
Mitchell, Thomas (Jefferson

Co.) 550

Mitchell, Thomas (Polk Co) 329

Mitchell, William D 226

Mix, Col. Edward U 218, 219

Mix, F. W ...476

Mohr, R. J 451

Moody, F. R . . . 408

Moore, Eva 280

Moore, Robert 278

Moore, Samuel H 319

Moore, William S 446

Morgan, James M &71

Morris, C. B 476

Morris, Judge 334

Morris, Eastin 171

Morrison, G. S 493

Morrissey, Daniel 383

Morrow, Willison W. . ..100

Morton, Lydia Mason, see
Lee, Mrs. Lydia M. M.

Morton, Marcus 293

Morton, Samuel 402, 404

Moscrip, F. A 527

Mosely, T. P 519

Motern, Jacob 587

Mott, Lucretia 188

Mount, J. S 438

Mount, Samuel -. . 446

Mulvany, Thomas 4

Murchison, Sir Roderick 404

Murdock, Samuel 246

Myers, James 551

Nash, Capt 511

Nash, John A 335, 632

Nast, Thomas 471

Negus, Charles 90, 445

Nelson, Eric 16

Nelson, Matilda, see Ericson,

Mrs. Matilda N.
Newcomb, Anita, see McGee,
Mrs. Anita N.

Newcomb, Simon 185

Newcomb, Harry Turner 521

Newell, Robert 551

Newell vs. People 390

Newman, Allen G 226, 230

Newton, Augustus 330

Nickerson, Fred 490

Nickerson, Joseph 490

Nichols, Edward Leaming-
ton 615

Nicholson, William L...&05, 519

Niehaus, Charles H 387

Nielson, A. S 589

Niermeyer, John 519

Noble, Christian E 90,441

Noble, Lewis 278

Nollen, John 633

Norrbom, Carl 472

Nourse, Charles C. . . '. 597

Nowland, John 408

Nowlin, Hardin 569

Nuttall, Thomas ...403, 404, 405
406.

Gates, William Calvin 230

O'Connor, Patrick 265

O'Conor, J. C 476

Officer, Thomas 626

Oglesby, Richard J .464

O'Keaf, George 265

Olcott, George 4

Olcott, J. Van Vechten 476

Olney, C 179

Olson, Hakan 591

654

INDEX

O'Morra, John 265

Orr, Jackson 18

Orton, Edward 227

Osborn, Henry Fairfield 337

Oscar II, king of Sweden... 473

Owen, David D 405

Pachcco, People vs 392

Packard, W. H 2

Palda, L. J 318

Palmer, Eber 4

Palmer, Jareb ... 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7

408.
Pankhurst, Mrs. Emmeline. .178

Pardee, Bart 268

Pardee, Ben 268

Pardee, John 268

Pardee, Nat 268

Parish, John Carl 573

Parker, James 476

Parker, Jonathan W 436

Parker, Samuel 597

Parkinson, State vs 316

Parmenter, B. P 408, 410, 412

413, 414, 415, 417, 418, 419, 421
424, 42", 426.

Parmenter, Mrs. B. F 418

Parrish, Randall 557

Parsenow, Kate 387

Parsons, Gen. Mosby M 510

514, 515.

Partridge, Capt 98

Partridge, John N 476

Parvin, Theodore S 545, 561

51', 2, 563, 564, 565, 566, 567, 574
r>7r>, 021, 622.

Pashepaho 187

Patch, N 94

Pattee, David J 236

Patterson, - - 281

Patterson, Lt. Col. R. F 518

Payne, James 551

Peabody, Dr 504

Peavey, Mrs. Mary D.

(Wright) 596

Peck, Ferdinand W 559

Peck, Mrs. Maria Purdy

(Mrs. W. F.) 560

Peck, Washington Freeman.. 560
Peebles, Capt. Hubert F 218

220, 221.

Peet, Edward W 335

Pelamourgues, Very Rev. J.

A. M 436

Pelton, William E 4

Pemberton, J. C 408

Perm, William ..547

Pepper, Irvin St. Clare 397

Perkins, George Douglas 477
478, 55-3.

Perrenaud, G. F 476

Perrine, 462

Perry, Dr. C. C 499

Peters, David 450

Peters, James P 2

Peters, Malissa A 2

Peterson, Nels G 472, 589

Phelps, Julian 237

Phillips, W. W 559

Phillips, William 41, 42

Phillips vs. Reed 315

Phipps, James 266

Pickard, John 480

Pickard, Josiah Little 480

Pickard, Samuel 480

Pickard, Mrs. Sarah Coffin

(Mrs. S.) 480

Pickering, William 277

Pierce, Abiel R 94, 448

Pierce, Frank 278

Pierce, Franklin 352, 441

Pierce, H. T 476

Pierson, J. Fred 476

Pike, Zebulon M 547

Pilkington, Charlotte, see
White, Mrs. Charlotte P.

Ping, Thomas 551

Planett, J. W 94

Plummer, F. A 476

Poe, Adam 343

Polk, James K 167

Polk, Jefferson S 203, 204

Polk, Lucius E 517

Porter, James M 463

Porter, Will ...265, 266, 267, 271
279.

Post, George S 2

Post, Joseph M 2

Powell, Clifford 115

Powell, Jason 513

Powell, Maj. John W 184

Powers, Horatio N 299

Powesheik, Chief 143, 252

Prescott, J. S 1

Preston, Joseph Hamilton. . .239

Price, Hiram 457

Price, James 283

Price, Gen. Sterling 516

Pringle, Ralph 398

Priver, H. T 476

Proctor, Reuben 275

Pruden, W. A 281

INDEX

655

Purdy, Mrs. Amanda Sears

(Mrs. M.) ,560

Purdy, Merritt 560

Pusey, W. H. M 626

Putnam, Charles E . . 235

Pugh, Col ......463

Quay, . 233

Quick, Herbert 557

Quick, William H 332

Rainsbarger, Finley .'5'79

Ralston, J 46

Ramey, 46

Ramsey, M. K 19

Rankin, John W 453

Ranseen, M. C 592

Ransome, S. S 499

Rapp, Jacob 4

Rascovar, Edward 476

Ratcliff, Robert P 449

Rathbun, Ezra 335

Rathbun, Mrs. Fannie 280

Rathbun, Mary 280

Rawlins, Gen. John A 464

Ray, - - 410, 423

Read, Opie 526

Redfield, George S 476

Redhead, George S 69

Reed, 411

Reed, Emerson 272

Reed, Joseph R 612

Reed, Phillips vs 315

Reeves, Cameron 266

Reeves, G. F 519

Reeves, Presley 266

Reeves family 266

Reid, 423

Reily, Peter P 4

Remey, William B 169, 170,

172, 175, 225, 226.

Remey, Webber & 569

Renault, 547

Reynolds, Dr 549

Reynolds, James 278

Reynolds, Mrs. Sarah. ..... .549

Rhoades, Henry C 476

Rhodes, Cecil 234

Rice, E. W 270

Rice, Henry H 110

Rice, Henry M 15

Rice, Samuel A 479, -508, 510

511.

Rice, Thomas F 579

Rich, Alfred 598

Rich, Jacob 234, 235

Rich, Joseph W 70

Richard, Oscar L 476

Richards, Charles B...1, 3, 4, 5
6, 7, 14, 383, 429.

Richardson, Alonzo 408

Richardson, C. L 2

Rider, Daniel 82

Riddle, Samuel H 355

Ridgeway, Isaac 267

Ridgeway family 265

Ridpath, Lucius Blake 279

Ried, Hugh T 598

Ring, Herbert C 72

Ringdal, Brown vs 391, 392

Ripley, Edward H 475

Ripley, Erastus 485

Robb, Samuel ...449

Robbins, Alden B 485

Robbins, Caleb A 576

Robbins, Charles A 576, 577

578.

Roberts, - - 233

Roberts, Abel Commins 276

Roberts, Charles F 476

Robertson, Bishop Charles F.302

Robertson, Joseph M 436

Robertson, Samuel A... 329, 330
398.

Robinson, • 46

Robinson, Benjamin 440

Robinson, Frank M 77

Rockwell, W. 0 216

Roddy, Gen. Philip D 344

Rodenbough, T. F 476

Rodman, W. M 519

Rogers, George 2

Rogers, George W 4

Rogers, Julia Ellen 557

Rollins, 35

Roosevelt, Theodore ...101,185
399, 629.

Rorer, David 598

Rosen, Clara 284

Ross, - - 434

Ross, Hewett 410

Ross, William 433

Ross, William R 551

Rowen, John E .635

Royce, C. C 625, 626

Ruddick, George W 355

Ruff, T. S.... 2

Rusch, A. R .449

Rusch, Nicholas J 459

Russell, Gen 231

Ryan, Capt 198

Ryan, Mrs. Lewis 197

Ryan, Mrs. Thomas 198

Sage, Mrs. Russell 231

656

INDEX

Saint-Gaudens, Augustus ... 387

Salisbury, Nate F 476

Salter, William ...169, 172, 225

226, 485.

Sample, Hugh W 597

Sampson, E. S 318

Sanders, • 273

Sanger, William Gary, 2nd.. 476

Sarpy, Col. Peter A 254

Saunders, Alvin 453

Sawyer, Dr 512

Sawyer, Lorenzo 393

Scarff, Emmanuel ..191, 193, 195

Schaeffer, George W 587

Schaeffer, J. G 587

Scheide, George W 587

Scherer, F. R 587

Scherer, Jacob 586, 587

Scbermerliorn, A. F 476

Schmidlapp, J. G 387

Scholte, Henry P 196

Schooling, John 513,518

Schroeder, Henry C 319

Schrup, Nicholas J 71

Schueller, - - 585

Sch uneman, John H 4

Scott, A. M 90, 95, 453

Scott, Wilson Alexander. 71, 355

Scott, Gen. Winfield 121,250

Scranton, J. II 490

Ser.grist, F. W., jr 476

Son IP. Alvin 611

Sedgwick, Adam 404

Sclman, John J 598

Severance, Caroline 188

Scward, William H 444, 445

Sewell, William J 476

Sharkolford, Barlow 116

Shaffer, Charles J 68

Shaffer, J. W 449

Shaffer, John E 79

Shaffer, John R 449

Shaffer, Joshua Monroe 79

Shambangh, Benjamin F 569

Shaw, Leslie Mortier. . .101, 102

235.

Sheffield, J. R 476

Sheldon, David S 297

Sheridan, den. Philip 2?>1

Sherman, Buren R., 78, 354, 581

Sherman. Charles S 463

Sherman, George B 14

Sherman, John 172

Sherman, Gen. William Te-

ciimseh, 77, 98, 215, 216, 217

235, 344, 351, 457, 4(55, 517

Sheward, David 86

Sheward, W. H 449

Shields, 272

Shields, Col 517

Shipley, Hannah, see Bean,
Mrs. Hannah S.

Shippy, William 7

Shiras, George, 3d 340, 341

Shirer, Seward Smith 75

Shotts, J. C 476

Shuffleton, Samuel 598

Shutt, Charles J 225

Sibley, Stephen 202

Sigourney, Mrs. Lydia Hunt-
ley 620

Siljestrom, O. J 592

Sims, Edwin W 75

Skillen, James A 319

Skinner, George J 4

Slagle, Christian W., 83, 84, 85
89, 90, 91, 95, 438

Sloan, Robert 286

Sloat, Charles H 476

Smith, Mrs. George 280

Smith, Maj. Gen. Giles A 235

Smith, Guernsey 4, 383, 551

Smith, Hardin ...551

Smith, Hugh M 611

Smith, John 171

Smith, John C. ....513, 518, 519

Smith, Lewis H 629

Smith, Milo 491

Smith, Mrs. Rebecca (Mrs.

W. R.) 549

Smith, Roderick A., 1, 2, 383, 408
424, 426, 551, 552

Smith, Scott W 30

Smith, W. R 549

Smith, Walter 1 626

Smith, Wilbur 280

Smith, William 402, 405, 406

Snyder, C., 408, 410, 412, 413, 414
415, 417, 418, 421, 422, 424

Snyder, Charles 273, 274

Snyder, E. A 110

Sokalski, Lieut. Col 515

Somers, William T 4

Sparrow, Edward W 231

Spaulding, Benjamin A 485

Spencer, John 483, 484

Spooner, W. R 476

Springer, Francis 576

Springer, Frank 631

Stafford, Patrick 408

Stanard. Edwin 0 488, 598

Stancliff, H. T 476

Standish, M 476

INDEX

657

Stanton, C. 0 440

Stanton, Edwin M 351, 462

Stanton, G. A 476

Starr, Frederick 382

Starr, H. W 598

Starr, William H 179, 598

Starring, Frederick A 476

Steele, Gen. Frederick. .479, 515

Steele, James E 618

Steinberg, George T. ....... 476

Stevens, Smith E 14

Stewart, Henry G 597

Stiles, Cassius C., 254, 561, 621

Stiles, Edward H 477

Stillman, Edwin Baldwin ...398

Stivers, Henry 238, 544

Stivers, Thomas 237

Stockton, Lacon D 288, 595

Stoddard, Bertha 191

Stoddard, Mrs. Druscilla C.

Allen (Mrs. Ira J.) 188-199

Stoddard, Ella 191

Stoddard, Ira Joy, 189, 190, 193

195, 196, 197, 198, 199

Stoddard, Ira Joy, jr 191

Stokes, James 490

Stone, Judge 269

Stone, Mrs. Lucia H.

(Wright) 596

Stone, William M., 236, 298, 400

579

Stoner, Henry 85, 91

Stoppani, Joseph H 476

Storms, A. D 280, 281

Story, William H 217

Stowe, Mrs. Harriet Beecher, 188

Strange, Maj. J. F 345

Stratton, Charles C 4

Stratton, W. H 476

Strong, George 451

Stroud, Oliver S 511

Struble, Isaac S 78

Stubbs, D. P 448

Stubbs, R. W. 277

Stuckslager, Dr. ..512, 516, 518

Stull, O. H. W 462

Summers, S. W 598

Sumner, Charles 440

Swain, Mrs. Adeline M. (Mrs.

Jas.) 549

Swain, James 549

Swalm, Al W 476

Swan, Aimer U 604

Swanger, Druscilla 408

Swanson vs. City of Ottumwa,

388, 389, 394

Sweeney, Michael ...4, 408, 429

430

Swift, Charles N 475

Switzer, David 550

Swords, Henry C 476

Swords, Henry L 476

Taft, Lorado 387

Taf t, William Howard 629

Tailof, Ivan 476

Talmadge, Charles H 72

Talmadge, D. H 72

Talbut, John 219

Tanner, 342, 343

Tanner, Henry S. . .115, 116, 157

Tardieu, A. F 626

Tarkington, H. A 333

Taylor, Moses 490

Teas, G. W 179

Teas, J. B 179

Teasdale, J. H 78

Teedrick, Linsley 462

Teets, William 277

Teller, William P 535

Tellsen, John 592

Temple, Edward Ames, 168, 225

226
Temple, George ...169, 170, 172

175, 225, 226
Temple, Mrs. Sarah Forrest

Deaton (Mrs. Geo.) 175

Teter, Abraham 92

Thatcher, Joseph M. ...410, 412

413, 419, 421, 426

Thayer, 510

Thayer, Frank A 319

Thieme, Otto 499

Thomas, James 13

Thomas, William B 267, 269

270

Thomassen, J. W 453

Thompson, A. G 451

Thompson, Harry 283

Thompson, Jacob 15

Thompson, Col. James ...84, 90

445

Thompson Col. Robert M 387

Thrift, Mrs. Eunice J. (Mrs.

J. M.) 558

Thrift, Josiah Moffitt 558

Thrift, William Hulbert 558

Thornburg, Thomas A 318

Thurston, E 2

Thurston, Elizabeth 2

Thwaites, Reuben Gold 309

Tillinghast, C. W • 476

Tilt, Albert 476

658

INDEX

Tipton, Gen. John 407

Tiren, Jolian 473

Tisdale, Capt 599

Tollman, Julia 191

Torrey, Dolphus 613

Tower, Lieut. D. W 216

Trent, William Peterfield ...520

TribclcocJc vs. Wilson 288

Trimble, Col. Henry H., 288, 289

Tucker. Martin 550

Tulles, D 587

Tullis, A. K 408

Turner, Alvin 89, 95, 449

Turner, Jonathan 550

Turner, Robert P 4

Tuttle, Gen. James M 597

T\vombly, Voltaire P., 486, 487

597

Ulrich, Edward Oscar 525

Underbill, Elizabeth 549

Unkrich, Caroline 452

Upton, Richard 4

Vail, Bishop Thomas H 302

Van Buren, Martin 167, 572

Vanderbilt, Aaron 476

Vanderbilt, Cornelius 98

Van Deventer, J 494

Vandever, William 457

Van Hyning, Thompson, 471, 623

Vanuxem, Lardner 402, 404

Van Wyck, W. E 476

Viele, Philip 598

Virgin, Horatio H 463

Voss, Charles W 472

\VacliKmuth, Mrs. Bernhardine

Lorenz (Mrs. Chas.), 630, 631
Wachsmuth, Charles 499, 630

631

Wade, John F 318

Wade, Martin J 497

Wagner, William ..562, .",66, ."75

Walker, - - 510

Walker, A. F 476

Walker, Cyrus 433

Walker, Mrs. Laura (Mrs. W.

W.) 548, 549

Walker, Nellie V 304

Walker, Newton P 231

Walker, W. W 491, 549

Wallace, B. F 567

Wallace, John William 288

Wallace, Gen. W. H. L 463

Walton, Edward 278, 279

Wamsley, James 441

Wapello, Chief 252

Ward, John Quincy Adams, 226

230

Ware, Ada 282

Warner, B. H 476

Warner, Nellie 280

Warner, S. F 461

Washington, George 450

Washington, W. D. H 476

Washington, Seymour 282

Watkins, Samuel E 275

Watson, Alfred E 476

Watson, George W 294, 296

WTatson, Thomas L 476

Weare, George 549

Weare, John 491, 549

Weare, Mrs. Martha (Mrs.

John) 549

Weare, Mrs. Mary (Mrs.

Geo.) 549

Weaver, James B 598

Weaver, James B., jr 556

Webb, Archie P., 200, 201, 202

203, 204, 213, 214

Webb, John H 450

Webber & Remey 569

Weber, Anton 518

Webster, Gen 463

Webster, Daniel ...289, 326, 555

Weems, George 279

Weese, Henry 276

Weise, John 277

Weiser, Reuben 587

Welker, Frederick 630

WTells, George A 449

Wendell, Louis 476

West, Jerome 277

Western Historical Co., 274, 276

Western Stage Co 328

Weston, Charles ...569, 570, 571

Whaley, Alvin Manley 632

Wheeler, G. M 500

AVheeler, Gen. Joseph 344

Wheelock, Robert U., 1, 2, 4, 408

409, 410, 412, 413, 414, 415, 417

418, 419, 421, 422, 424, 425, 426
Whidden, Chamberlin & ....287

Whipple, Charles A 474

Whipple, Bishop Henry B....302

Whitcomb, Selden L 545

White, Abiathar 497

White, Charles Abiathar, 497-505
White, Mrs. Charlotte Pilking-

ton (Mrs. C. A.) 498

White, Mrs. Nancy Corey

(Mrs. Abiathar) 497

White, Peter 551

WThite, Mrs. Sarah Elizabeth, 541

Whiting, Charles E 334

Whitman, P. Spencer 520

INDEX

659

Whitney, Mrs. Henry 197

Whittier, John G 217, 555

Wick, Barthinius F. ...256, 489

533, 555

Wilcox, Ezra M 4

Wilkerson, James H 75

Wilkins, James E 68

Wilkins, Orlando P 280

Willard, Mrs. Emma 188, 189

197

Williams, Arthur 511

Williams, Elias H 232

Williams, George A 463

Williams, Horace, 490, 491, 492

Williams, Jesse 432

Williams, Col. Jesse E 570

Williams, Maj. William, 3, 4, 5

6, 13, 14, 281, 408, 410, 423
Williamson, Lewis J., 506, 508

509, 512

Willis, Nathaniel P 504

Willoughby, Wetsel 76

Wilson, Tribelcock vs 288

Wilson, Brittain B 537

Wilson, Hiram 274

Wilson, Irvine 32

Wilson, James 32, 49, 52

Wilson, James Falconer, 83, 84

89, 90, 95, 442, 443, 444, 449, 452

Wilson, Wilburn 32, 45, 47

Wilson, William 426

Wilson, William R 552

Wiltfong, Hiram M 6, 7

Wintjen, John G 476

Winston (negro) 199

Wishard, E. H 278

Withrow, Thomas F 14

Witmer, C 587

Wittell, Howard 283

Wood, Lieut 517, 518

Woodbury, G. M 491

Woodward, J. 0 476

Workman, H 551

Worthen, Amos 499

Wrigglesworth, William 32

Wright, Carroll C 596

Wright, Craig L 487, 596

Wright, David 434

Wrright, Gen. Ed 103

Wright, George Grover, 66, 287

288, 352, 400, 431, 458, 481

594-96

Wright, Goerge G., jr 596

Wright, Mrs. Mary H. Dibble

(Mrs. G. G.) 594, 595

Wright, James 203

Wright, John R 66

Wright, Joseph A., 287, 458, 594

Wright, Joshua 449

Wright, Rachel, see Baldwin,

Mrs. Rachel W.

Wright, S. M 551

Wright, Sim 66

Wright, Thomas S., 487, 596, 598

634

Wright, William R 596

Wright, William W 394

Wrigley, Thomas 231

Young, Brigham 331

Young, Kendall 429

Young, M. C 391

Young, State vs 389

Youngerman, Conrad. .. .329, 330

York, J. Devereux 100

Yule, George W 277

Zalinski, E. L 476

Zeller, Elias R 107

Zimmerman, — - 282

Zinsmaster, William 275

Zorn, Anders L 473, 557

ARTICLES.

Allison, William B 321, 381

Allison Memorial, The Place-
ment of 63

Archaelogical Survey of Iowa,

Proposed 382

Baldwin, Charles 286

Beautiful Life, A 188

Blair, John Inslee, and His
Associates in Railway Build-
ing in Iowa 489

Capitol Grounds, Proposed
Improvement of the Iowa
State 96

Capitol Grounds Extension,
Interpretation of the Law

q-i A qcc
oJ.U, GOO

Coals that Were France's '546

Dean, Henry Clay, Judge

Caldwell on 65

"Dodge", the "Plains" and

"Buffalo" 623

Early Commercial Traveling

in Iowa 328

Ericson, Charles John Alfred,

Biography of 16

660

INDEX

Frontier Guards, Organization

and Service of the 1

Geologic Science in America,

Foundation of Modern. . . .401
Glacial Period, and Iowa's
Role in its Establishment,

Complexity of the 227

Great Seals of Iowa 561, 621

Harlan, A. W., Journal while

Crossing the Plains 32

Historical Portrait Collecting 306

Ice Ages in Iowa, Great 465

Indian Treaties and Boun-
daries, Early Iowa 241, 358

Iowa Authors and Their
Works; A Contribution to-
ward a Bibliography. .520, 544
600.

Jefferson County at. the Begin-
ning of the Civil War 81

Jefferson County Politics be-
fore the Civil War 437

Jeffreon River is the North

River 624

Jeffreon River? Where is the 460
Jenkins Ferry, The Engage-
ment at 505

Keokuck Monument, The.... 304
Kirkwood, Governor, Private

Archives of 454

Lacey, John F 582

Lauman, Gen. J. G., Collec-
tion 461

Lauman, Gen. J. G., Letters

Concerning 469

Lea's "Notes on Wisconsin

Territory" 115

Le Mars, How Named 548

Lutherans in Iowa 585

Lynchings in Iowa, At-
tempted 260

McGee, W J, Geologist, An-
thropologist, Hydrologist. .180
Memories of Industrial Dis-
tress 67

Mormon Trail, Marking the..30ri

Notable Deaths 75, 232, 318

397, 477, 558, 629.

Notes 71, 228, 383, 471, 553

626.

Palmetto Flag, As to the 70

Pleasant Hill, La., After the
Battle of 218

Private Archives 460

Protestant Episcopal Church
of America, Establishment
of the Diocese of Iowa 291

Republic within the Confeder-
acy and other Recollections
of 1864 342

Song — Sherman's March to
the Sea 215

Spirit Lake Massacre, Dis-
covery and Interment of
the Remains of Joel Howe,
a Victim of the 551

Spirit Lake Massacre, Some
Additional Materials on 408

Spirit Lake Victims, Markers
for 622

Temple Tablet, Installation
of 168, 225

Thwaites, Dr. Reuben Gold. 309

Wapello and Monroe Coun-
ties, Organization of 550

Webb, Archie P., The Case

of 200

White, Charles Abiathar, Life
and Work -of 497

"Wild Life, Our Vanishing",
by Dr. William Temple
Hornaday 336

Wright, Judge George G.,
Writings of:

Autobiographical 594

Baker, Nathaniel B 352

Cattell, Jonathan W 354

Dean, Henry Clay 481

Goodrell, Stewart 355

Henn> Bernhart 431

Lane, Daniel 485

Van Buren County Famous

Men 596

Walker, Cyrus 433

INDEX

661

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Abernethy, Alonzo 241

Allison, William Boyd . . .321

Capitol Grounds Extension —
Outline bird's-eye view of

possible improvement. . . 110
Plan of location of Allison
Memorial and future state

buildings 104

Carpenter, Anthony W. (bas-
relief) 225

Coolbaugh, William F. (bas-
relief) 225

Conway, Wm. B., letter on
Territorial seal, facsimile. 561

Dean, Henry Clay 483

Dodge, Gen. Grenville M.,

equestrian portrait 474

Emery, Rush (group) 500

Ericson, C. J. A 16

Fulton, Charles J 81

Henn, Bernhart (bas-relief) .225

Henn, Bernhart 84

Hornaday, William Temple.. 336
Iowa Frontier Guards, roster,

facsimile 4

Iowa scientists — White, St.

John, Emery 500

Jacobs, Samuel 445

Judd, Francis Emerson 291

Junkin, William W 449

Keokuck, Chief, statue 304

Keyes, Charles 401

Lane, Daniel 486

Lea's "Notes on Wisconsin

Ty.", facsimile cover 157

Lea's "Notes on Wisconsin
Ty.", facsimile title page . . 116

McGee, W J 180

Maps —

Black Hawk Purchase and
southeast corner of Neu-
tral Ground 366

Capitol Grounds Extension,

present and proposed
grounds and environs ... 96
Indian boundary line of

1830 358

Iowa Indian boundary lines

380

Jefreon Island, map and
other landmarks of treaty,

Nov. 3, 1804 460

Jeffreon river identified

with North river 626

Neutral Ground 248

Neutral Ground, south line

corrected 376

Wisconsin Ty., Lea's map

of ...136

Old Places of Worship at

Keosauqua . . . . 481

Parvin commission as Terri-
torial Librarian 575

Remey, William B. (bas-re-
lief) 225

Richards, Charles B 1

St. John, Orestes H. (group) .500
Salter, William (bas-relief) .225
Seals of Iowa —
State seal, eight dies of. 577-81
State seal, Parvin repro-
duction 564

Territorial seal 561

Territorial seal, Parvin re-
production 564

Spirit Lake Expedition, Co.

C. memorial tablet 408

Stiles, Cassius C 621

Stoddard, Mrs. D. C. A 188

Temple, George (bas-relief) .225

Temple Memorial Tablet 225

White, Charles A. (group).. 500

White, Charles A 497

Wilson, James F 92

Wright manuscript, facsimile
page 352

662

INDEX

ERRATA.

p. 526, Barris, William H.,
should be Barris, Willis H.

p. 397, Carskaddan, Bruk &
Pepper, should be Carskaddan,
Burk & Pepper.

p. 109, Clarke, Charles A.,
should be Clark, Charles A.

p. 602, Crooks, George, should
be Crooke, George.

p. 14, Cullen, W. I., letter show-
ing expenses refers to Spirit
Lake relief expedition, not to
Frontier Guards.

pp. 252-53, 358, Kappler's In-
dian Affairs, Laws & Treaties,
v. II, p. 497, should be v. II, p.
495.

p. 293, Eastman, Bishop, should
be Eastburn, Bishop Manton.

p. 76, Howe, Samuel F., should
be Howe, Samuel Luke.

p. 463, Knives— Hunting knife,
present from Gen. Rawlins,
(Grant's chief of staff), should
be Present from Gen. J. D. Web-
ster (Grant's Chief of Artillery).

p. 335, Lynns, should be Lyons.

p. 278, Pierce, Frank, Des
Moines county, should be Pierce,
Frank, Des Moines city.

p. 71, Scott, William Alexander,
should be Scott, Wilson Alex-
ander.

p. 1, Smith, Rodney A., should
be Smith, Roderick A.

p. 2, Wheelock, R. N., should
be Wheelock, Robert U.

F

616

A55

ser.3

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