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MEDICAL ESSAYS

AND

/ *

OBSERVATIONS,

Publifhed by a

SOCIETY in EDINBURGH,

VOLUME II.

The Fourth Edition,

Rtvifed and Enlarged by the AUT HQRS+

EDINBURGH:

Printed by Hamilton, Balfour, and Neill.

M, DCC, LII.

THE

P R E FACE.

AS we have met with no Objection of
great Weight to the Plan latd down in
our firft Volume , we flatter ourfelves that it
has been generally approved *, and therefore
have finifhed our fecond Volume upon the fame
Model.

It feems , however , we have exprefed our -
f elves either obfcurely or ambiguoujly in fome
Particulars ; for fome Gentlemen' have un¬
derflood us differently from what we would
have wiped.

It has been thought , that we propofed to
confine our Collett ion to Scotland ; whereas
we intended our Preface to the firft Volume,
as a general Invitation to alf oft whatever
Country , who defired to promote the Know¬
ledge of Medicine , to favour us with their
Effays or Obfervations. Tho1 we ftill refolvs,
to publip the whole Work in Englifh, we
hope thij will not dif courage Foreigners to
fend us Papers , fince we fioall endeavour to
do Juflice , in a F ranflation , to any that are
wrote in Latin or French.

Others have remarked, that we had not
mentioned the E fife Sis of Chemical Drugs , as
a Part of the Subjells to be treated . ’I is

truey

The PREFACE.

true> this was not fully enough expreffed in
cur Scheme *, hut we were hopeful our Ar¬
ticles of ftmple Drugs and Chemical Expe¬
riments might have included the Ufes of their
Produce .

We have been told , that our Meteorological
Regifter has not a fufficient Number of Ob-
fervations for each Day , whereby to know
the great eft Degree of Heat or Cold . W ? ac¬
knowledge this Remark to be juft ; but the
Circumftances of the Obfervator are fitch , as
do not conveniently allow of this ; and we are
afraid feme Readers think that Regifter fufe
ficiently long already.

Several have defer ed we would make feome
Application of this Regifter to the Account of
epidemic Difeafes : We have put it in every
one’s Power to make a Comparifon *, but , in
our Judgment , a much greater Number of
yearly Oh fervations are required , before any
Conclufeons concerning the Rife or Return of
epidemic Difeafes can be made from the State
of the Air.

In the Account of Improvements , Difcove-
rieSy Booksy &c. at the End of this Volume ,
we have in a great meafure fupplied the De¬
ficiencies and Omiffions of our firft V olume ;
at the publifhing of which it was fcarce pofe
Jible that all the Medical Books publifhed in
the preceeding Year could have been brought us.

CON-

CONTENTS.

Art. Pag,

I. CTT’HE Meteorological Reg'tjler , 2

II. An Account of the Difeafes that were
rnofl frequent lajl Tear in Edinburgh, 26

III. Extract from the publick Regijler of Burials , 33

IV. An E fay on penetrating topick Medicines ; hy

John Armftrong, M. D. ibid,

V. Remarks on the external ufe of Tobacco and

Groundfef and on the Effects of Oil of Tur¬
pentine given internally ; by Mr. John Sted-
man, Surgeon at Kinrofs, 42

VI. An Inquiry into the natural Hijlory and me¬

dical Ufes of fever al mineral Steel Waters ; by
Dr. Alexander Thomfon, Phyfician at
Montrofe, * 43

VII. An Efjay concerning the Analyfis of human

Blood ; by Dr. George Martine, Phyfician
at St. Andrew’s, 57

VIII. The Experiment of cutting the recurrent

Nerves carried on farther than has hitherto
been done ; by the fame, 96

IX. An Effay on the Nutrition of Foetufes ; by

Alexander Monro, Profeffor of Anatomy in
the Univerfity of Edinburgh, and F. R. S. 102

X. The Sequel of the pre seeding Effay ; by the

fame, 183

XI. Practical Corollaries from the Ef'ay on the

Nutrition of Foetufes ; by the fame, 206

XII. The

CON T E N T S.

Art. Pag-,

XII. The Brain forced by Coughing through the

Cicatrice of a IV mnd of the Head , where a
confiderahle Piece of the Cranium had been ta¬
ken out ; by Mr . James Jamiefon, Surgeon
at Kelfo, 217

XIII. The Cure of an Ulcer in the Cheek , with

the fuperi or falivary Dud opened > by Alex¬
ander Monro, Pi A. 219-

XIV. A remarkable Extravafation of Blood

after the Operation of the Hydrocele ; by
Mr. James Jamiefon, Surgeon at Kelfo, 222

XV. A Hiflory of the Operation for an Aneu -

rifm of the Arm , performed by Mr. John
Macgtll, Surgeon in Edinburgh, 224

XVI. Remarks on the Coats of Arteries , their

Difeafes , and particularly on the Forma¬
tion of an Aneurifm ; by Alexander Monro,
,P.A; 231

XVII. Reflexions on the Aneurifm occafioned by

Veneefeclioti ; by the fame* 243

XVIII. Hiflories of a Fever , and of an Epilepfy ;
by Dr. Andrew St. Clair, Profeffor of Medi¬
cine in the Univerflty of Edinburgh, 249

XIX. Anomalous Appearances after an Ague } by

Alexander Monro, P. A. 260

XX. Uncommon Hremorrhagies for twenty nine

Years y by Mr. Patrick Murray, Surgeon at
EarKIbn, 264

XXI. The Dura Mater efflfied^ and other mor¬

bid Appearances ; by Mr. J6hn Paifley, Sur¬
geon an Glafgow, 267

XXII. A Confumption and Dropfy of the Breafl ,
from a Wound too haflily clofed \ by Dr. Gil¬
bert Waugh, Phyfician at Kirkleathem, 271

XXIII. An

CONTENTS.

* 6

Vti

Art. Pag.

XXIII. An Alihma, accompanied with Palpita¬
tion and flying Pains of the Breafl and Shoul¬
der ; by Dr. Robert Lowis, Fellow of the
College of Phyf dans at Edinburgh, 274

XXIV. A Tumor in the GEfophagus hindering

Deglutition almofi entirely by Dr. Francis
Pringle, late Prefident of the College of Phy¬
ficians at Edinburgh, 277

XXV. Difficulty of Swallowing , Lofs of Appe¬

tite ’, Sic. from fchirrous Tumors in the GEfo¬
phagus and Stomach y by Dr. John Taylor,
Fellow of the College of Phyficians at Edin¬
burgh, 278

XXVI. An Account of an extraordinary TVorm ,$
by Mr. John Paifley, Surgeon in Glafgow, 284

XXVII. Inability of Coition from the Piles ; by
William Cockburn, M. D. Fellow of the
Royal Society , and of the ‘Colleges of Phyficians
ef London and Edinburgh, 2l

XX VIII. "Jaundice , from Concretions ; by Dr.
Thomas Simfon, Profeffbr of Medicine in the
Univerfity of St. Andrew’s, 290

XXIX. Jaundice , with Suppuration of the Li¬

ver ; by Dr. James Dundas, Fellow of the
College of Phyficians at Edinburgh, 293

XXX. An extraordinary large Gall-bladder and

hydropick Cyflis ; by Mr. Jofeph Gibfon,
Surgeon in Leith, Member of the Society of the
Surgeon- Apothecaries of Edinburgh, and City
Profeffor of Midwifery , 299

XXXI. An uncommon SuppreJJion of Urine , with

a preternatural Size of the Kidney ; by Mr.
George Balderfton, Surgeon- Apothecary in E-
dinburgh, 304

XXXII, A

VI 11

CO NTENTS,

XXXII. A Supprejfeon of Urine > by Dr. Fran¬
cis Pringle, late Prefedent of the College of
Phyficians in Edinburgh, 309

XXXIII. An Account of Medical Difcoveries ,
Improvements , and Books publijhed in the Tear
1731, and omitted in the firft Volume of this

Co’llettion , 3*3

XXXIV. An Account of the moft remarkable
Improvements and Difcoveries in Phyfick made
or propofed fence the Beginning of the Year

323

XXXV. A Life of Medical Books publijhed 'feme
the Beginning of the Tear 1 732,

XXXVI. Books propofed , and other Medical

349

News ■

Errata.

Pag. 126. tin. 15 .for became read become.

*73* *7- /• a2ain n Sain*

MEDb

i. ]

ME D1CAI

E S SAYS

- .r\

A N • D

OBSERVATIONS.

ARTICLE I.

Hoe Meteorological Regifler.

THE Inftruments with which the Obfer-
vations in the following Regifter were
made, are the fame, and lituated in
the fame Manner, as is defcribed in
Art . II. of V ?/. I. of this Collection.

Vol. II.

JUNE

2 Medical Ejfays

JUNE 1732.

Hour.

Baro.
jn. D.

Ther.
In. D.

Hyg.
I. D.

Wind.
Dir. For.

Weather

8 a. m .

r3 0

clear

4 p. m.

14 0

N. E.

clear

■ 2

8 a. m.

13 0

N.W.

clear

7 p. m.

14 4

N.W.

..2

clear

9 a. m.

1 3 3

. 2

clear

5 p. m.

14 9

N. W.

clear

9 a. m.

1 3 5

-5

N. W.

clear

7 p. m.

r7 7

S. W.

clear

8 a. m.

17 4

s. w.

clear

<5 p. m.

15- 4

s. w.

cloudy

9 a. m.

14 6

clear

5- p. m.

14 6

clear

9 a. m.

14 7

cloudy

5 p. m.

14 8

N. E.

clear

9 a. m.

13 -7

clear

7 P- m-

17 2

clear

9 a. m.

13 3

clear

5 p. m.

14 1

clear

8 a. m.

13 2

N. E.

cloudy

9 a. m.

*3 0

N. E.

cloudy

4 p. m.

1 3 4

N. E.

clear

8 a. m.

*3 4

clear

4 p. m

14 6

Rain

8 a. m

13 1

N. E.

cloudy

S p. m

12 7

N. E.

clear

9 a. m

12 0

cloudy

S p. m

13 6

N. W.

cloudy

8 a. m

12 9

cloudy

5 p. m

• 29

r3 7

clear

8 a. m

12 3

N. W.

Rain

S p* m

*4 5

clear

Rain.
In. D.

o,c>43

0,615

0,05a,

0,167

and Qbjervations

J U N E 1732.

©.

Hour.

Baro.

Ther.

Hyg

Wind.

Weather.

Rain*

]

[ir. D.

u. D

[. D.

Dir. For.

0,87?

9 a. m.

2.9

cloudy

5- p. m. zp

Rain

9 a. m.

x 9

cloudy

5 p. m.

8 14

clear

8 a. m.ap

s. w.

Rain

S p. m. 29

Rain

8 a. m.

clear

0,244

5 p. m.

clear

8 a. m.

19 ’

cloudy

y p. me

lo wring

8 a. m.

19;

N. W.

clear

5 p. m.

i-4

N. E.

cloudy

8 a. m.

N. E.

cloudy

5 p; m.

N. E.

clear

8 a. m.

clear

0,071

5 p. m.

3°

clear

9 a. m.

lowring

6 p. m.

clear

8 a. m.

Fog \

5 p. m.

1 J

clear

8 a. m.

clear

4 p. m

clear

8 a. m

3°

lowring

3 P- nr

i E-

clear

8 a. m

lowring

8 p. m

3°

clear

3°

8 a. m

3°

clear

— .

4 p. m

cloudy

H.atamed. 19

14 1

Total Depth

i,i9<S

Gr. Height 30

15 5

L. Height

t 11 c

Medical Ejfayi

JULY 1732.

x>.

Hour.

Baro.

Ther.

Hyg

, Wind.

Weather.

Rain.

In.

I Dir. For.

In. D»

8 a.

3°

*■

-7

N. W.

cloudy

0,049

6 p.

m .

N. W.

clear

9 a.

N. W.

clear

4 p-

1 9

lowring

8 a.

clear

4 p.

i 3

clear

9 a.

clear

5 p-

N. W.

clear

8 a.

N. W.

clear

6 p.

N. W.

clear

8 a.

■ W.

lowring

S p.

Fog .

8 a.

S. W.

lowring

9 P-

S. W.

lowring

9 a.

S. W.

lowring

5- P-

s. w.

clear

9 a.

s. w.

lowring

4 p.

s. w.

lowring

7 a-

s. w.

clear

6 p.

J 2

gr. Rain

8 a.

lowring

0,689

7 P-

m .

clear

8 a.

clear

0,193

4 P-

N. E.

clear

8 a.

N. E.

clear

5 P-

1 2

N. E.

cloudy

8 a.

I 2

S. E.

cloudy

0,367

9 P-

m .

S. E.

cloudy

8 a.

2 9

£3

S. E.

Rain

5 P-

£9

lowring

9 a.

lowring

<5 p.

•

clear

l,29&-

and Obfervations .

JULT 1732.

Hour.

Baro.

Ther.

Hyg.

' Wind.

Weather.

Rain.

In. D.

19.

Dir. For. 1

1,290

8 a. m.

N. W. 1 f

clear

7 p. m.

N. W. 2'

clear

9 a. m.

N. W. a I clear

5 p. m.

N. E. a

cloudy

8 a. m.

N. E. %\

clear

7 p. m.

N. E. a I

clear

9 a. m.

W. z '

clear

7 p. m.

W. z '

cloudy

9 a. m.

s. W. 2

Rain

0,(532

5 p. m.

2-9

w. z:

cloudy

8 a. m .

W. 2

lownng

0,140

S p. m.

E. z

lowring

9 a. m .

N. 3

gr. Rain

7 P- m.

2-9

N. W. z

clear

8 a. m .

N. by W. 2

clear

0..273

7 P- m-

W. by N.2

clear

8 a. ni.

W. by N.z

clear

5 p. m.

N. E. 1

clear

a<5

9 a. m.

N. WT. 2

clear

0,642

4 p. m.

N. 1

cloudy

9 a. m.

N. 1

clear

5 ' P- m-

S. W. r

cloudy

9 a. in.

W. 2

clear

0,177

4p.ni.

W. z

clear

9 a. m

1 3

W. by N. z

clear

0,026

5 p. m.

W. 1

cloudy

3°

9 a. m.

W. byN. Z

cloudy

4 p. m.

W. by N. 2

cloudy

10 a.m.

J W. by N. z

clear

0,039

5 p. m

2 9

N.W. 1

clear

H.at amed

23 9

Total Depth

Gr. Height 30

L. Height

a!„

' 0

Medical EJfays

AUGUST 1732.

Hour.

3aro.
in. D.

Ther.
fn. D.

Hyg-

I. D.

Wind.
Dir. For.

Weather

9 a. m .

N. W.

clear

5 p. m.

N. E.

clear

8 a. m.

S. W.

clear

5 p. m-

clear

8 a. rn.

1 3

N. Wo

clear

7 P- m-

3°

clear

9 a. m.

clear

5 p. m.

3°

S. E.

clear

8 a. m.

3°

S. E.

clear

6 p. m.

1 5

' S. E.

Cl. high

10a.m.

3°

7j2

cloudy

6 p. m.

clear

8 a. m.

S. E.

Fog

5 p. m.

S. E.

clear

8 a. m.

low ring

5 p. m.

clear

9 a. m.

cloudy

5 p. m.

cloudy

jro

8 a. m.

! 1

‘ N. W.

cloudy

js P- m.

N. W.

cloudy

1 1

9 a. m.

II.

N. Wo

cloudy

|7 p. m.

2 9

cloudy

9 a. m.

2 9

S. W.

cloudy

5 p. m.

lowring

9 a. m.

N. Eo

low ring

6 p. m.

N. E.

gr. Rain

8 a. m.

I I

N. E.

cloudy

7 p- ™

N. W.

clear

8 a. m

W. by S,

clear

5 p. m

clear

ar£

7 a. m

W. by S.

clear

•7 P- m

clear

f Ram*.
'In. D.

0,365

o,3

and. Obfervations ^

AUG U S r 1732.

Hour.

Baro. "

fher.iHyg.

Wind.

Weather.

Ram-<«

d. 1

n.D. 1

.D.

Dir. For.

0 ,365-

a. m.S;

7 1

3 J

Nv W. !

clear

7 p. m.l:

O .3

W. !

cloudy

8 a. m. :

c 6

S. w. 2

clear

S p. m.l

2,9

r.. 6

S. a

cloudy

8 a. m.l

2 9.)

i 9

N. W. 3,

cloudy

6 p. m.

i S

W. by N. a

clear

8 a. m.

2 9

S. W. j

Rain

o,4 3«.

6 p. m.

2 0

S. 2

cloudy

9 a. m

1 8

S. W. a

cloudy

5- p, m.

1 6

S. W. 2

clear

2,2

9 a. m.

r 8

N. E. 2

cloudy

6 p, m.|

1 S

E. by- N. 2

clear

2-3

8 a. m.

1 8

E. !

Rain

7 p. m.

1 7

S. W. 0

Rain

8 a. m.

2 9«

2 1

W. 2

clear

4 p. m.

,2 3

W. 1

clear

8 a. m.

i 7

S. W. I

clear

7 p. m.

1 S

s. W. 1

Rain

8 a. m.

1 7

S. W. 2

cloudy

5- p. m.

2 0

W. a

Rain

9 a. m

1 8

W. by-N. 2

clear

6 p. m.

3°

X: 2

W. by N. 2

clear

8 a. m

1 S

N. W. 0

cloudy

5 p. m

1 3

N. E. 2

clear

7 a. m

1 1

1 S

| N. E. 3

clear

7 P- m

3°

i 4

3 E. 3

clear

9 a. m

1 2

1 8

S. W. 3

clear

7 P- m

•ho

i 5

j W. :

clear

9 a. m

x 5

2 clear

10,818

H.atamed.29

? 23

1 <

*- Total Depth. 1,

Gr. Height 31

2 IS

6 3

•> Height 29

3 71

5 I

5 ■

8 Medical EJfays

SEPTEMBER 1732.

Hour.

Baro
tn. D.

Ther.
In. D.

%g-

i. d.

Wind.
Dir. For

Weather.

8 a. m.

-12

N. W.

clear

p. IT) •

N. W.

clear

8 a. in.

N. E.

clear

4 p. m.

3°

4 !

N. E.

clear

9 a. m.

Mill

6 p. m.

i’

Miff

8 a. m.

3°

Miff

j- p.

3°

Mill

8 a. m .

3 0

3:2

N. E.

Mill

5- p. m.

3°

N. E.

Miff

€

8 a. in.

S. W.

clear

5 P- ni.

cloudy

8 a. m .

cloudy

4 p. m.

cloudy

g]8 a. m.

1 3

S. E.

cloudy

4 p. m.

2,9

s. w..

clear

9 a. m.

s. w.

cloudy

6 p. m.

s. w.

cloudy

3.0

9 a. m.

1 2

s. W.

cloudy

6 p. m.

1 3

s. w.

lowring

1 I

9 a. m.

s. w.

clear

7 p. m .

s. w.

Tempeff

9 a. m.

cloudy

4 p. m.

N. W.

clear

8 a. m.

clear

<5 p. m.

|z8

1 1

cloudy

8 a. m

N. by W.

clear

4 p. m

N. W.

cloudy

8 a. m

1 1

s. w.

Rain

5 p. m

1 1

s. w.

Rain

8 a. m

fair

& p- m

fair

The Register of Rain was not kept this Month.

and Obfervations .

SEPTEMBER 1733.

D. Hour. Baro. Ther. Hyg. Wind.

In.D.In. D.I. D. Dir. For

9 a. m

N. W.

5 p. m.

8 a. m.

w .

7 p.rn.

8 a. m.

1 0

7 p. m.

1 0

w..

8 a. m.

I ,

w. .

8 a. m.

/j. jp • rn •

8 a. m.

1 1

s. w.

4 p. m.

s. w.

8 a. m.

1 1

9 a. m.

s. w.

5 p. m.

s. w.

8 a. m.

7 p. m.

8 a. m.

1 1

S. E.

5- p. m.

3°

1 1

8 a. m.

1 1

5 p. m.

3°

IS. E.

8 a. m.

I I

S.E.

S P- m.

S. E.

8 a. m

S. E.

5 Pm

3°

I I

S. E.

8 a. m

3°

S. E.

5 p. m

3°

1 1

S. E.

H.at a med

• 29

Gr. Height 30

1 4

L. Height

1. 9

I 1

Weather.

3
2
1
x
1

4
4

2
O

fair

Storm

cloudy

Rain

fair

cloudy

fair

Total Depth

Rain,

I Q Medical EJays

OCTOBER 1732.

Hour.

Baro.
In. D.

Ther.
In. D.

[Hyg
I. D

Wind.

Dir. For.

Weather

p a. m.

1 0

S. E. s

fair

f p. m.

r 1

S. E. 2

f Fog

8 a. rn.

S. E. ,

j cloudy

S p. m.

1 1

E. i-r cloudy

| 8 a. rn.

E. ,

?. cloudy

S P- *».

N. E 0

Rain

9 a. m.

2 9

N. E? 2

fair

5 p.m.

W. 1

cloudy

p a. m.

S. WV 2

fair

4 p.m.

1 1

E. . 2

Rain ?

8 a. m.

2i".

N. W. 2

clear

5 p. m.

I X

: W. by N. 1

clear

p a. m.

X-

S. E. 1

Rain ?

S P- m-

S. E. 1

Rain

P a. m.

S. W. . 2

fair

5 p. m.

S. w. . 2

cloudy

8 a. m.

2-9

S. i

fair

p p. m.

S. by W. 1

fair

8 a. m.

1 1

S. W. 2

fair

4 p- m.

I I

W. 3

fair

p a. m.

S. E. 2

Fog

4 p. m.

S. W. 2

cloudy

9 a. ra.

1 1

S. W. O

Fog

S p. m.

S. by Ei 1

Rain

8 a. m.

s. w. O

cloudy

4 p. m.

1 1

W. i

Rain

8 a. m .

S. W. I

fair

S p. m.

S. by W. 1

fair

p a. m

1 1

S. by W. t

cloudy

4 p. m.

S. by W. 0

cloudy

8 a. m.

s. W. 0

fair

y p.m.

s. w. 1

Rain

Rain,
In. D.

o,o 6%

o»2

o,<53s

0,4x6

1, 381-

md Observations* 11

r OB

E R

1732.

Hour.

Baro.

Ther.

Hyg-

Wind.

Weather.

Rain.

In. D.

[n» D,

[. D.

Dir. For.

1,386

8 a. m .

S. W.

--a

cloudy

5- p. m.

1 1

S. W.

cloudy

8 a. m.

s. w.

fair

5 p. m.

s. w.

cloudy

8 a. m.

S. w.

F(>g

o,3 95

S p- m.

cloudy

9 a. m.

N. W.

cloudy

5 P- m.

N. E.

cloudy

8 a. m.

S. E.

cloudy

5 P- m.

S. E.

fair

9 a. m.

1 1

S. W.

cloudy

5 P- m.

S. V/.

■i

cloudy

8 a. m.

s. E.

fair

4 P- m.

1 1

cloudy

9 a. m.

19 ,

1 1

N. E.

•2

Rain

•>

S P- m.

1 1

N. E

■2

Rain

9 a. m .

S. E.

Fog

5 p. m.

S. E.

Fog

9 a. m.

S. E.

fair

o,J 3©

5- p. m.

S. E.

fair

9 a. m.

I I

S. E.

Fog

4 p.m.

I I

S. E.

Fog

9 a. m.

•2

cloudy

4 P- m.

fair

8 a. m

w..

fair

4 p. m

N. W.

fair

9 a. m

cloudy

o,iia

jp-m

1 0

cloudy

8 a. m

.29

cloudy

S p.m

1 29

s. w.

cloudy

H.atamed.i9

1 1

]

Total Depth 2,513

Gr. Height 30

]

(

L. Height 18 <

? 9

5 x

Medical EJJays

NO V E MB E R 1732.

Hour.

Baro.
In. D.

Ther.
In. D.

Hyg.
I, D.

Wind.
Dir. For.

Weather.

8 a. m.

fair

5: p. m.

fair t

8 a. m.

S. E«

cloudy

5- p. m.

S. E.

cloudy

8 a. m.

'-s

S. E.

Fog

5 p. m.

S. E.

Fog

9 a. m.

■£

S. E.

cloudy

J P- m.

•I

S. E.

cloudy

9 a. m.

S. W.

cloudy

5 p. m.

-0

s. w.

fair

<25

8 a. m-

s.w.

fair

5 p- m.

”2

s. w.

fair

8 a. m.

s. w.

fair

5 p. m.

s.w.

Fog

8 a. m.

Fog

5 p. m.

•'2

Fog

8 a. m.

Fog

5 p. m.

Fog

9 a. m.

-0

Fog

S p. m.

-9

Fog

8 a.m.

2 9

cloudy

S P- m.

S. E.

'fair

9 a. m.

S. E.

Fog

4 p. m.

S. E.

Fog

9 a. m.

S. E.

Rain

5 p- in-

S. E.

Fog

9 a. m.

S. E.

cloudy

5 p.m.

N. W.

cloudy

* 5

9 a. m.

N. by W.

cloudy

5 p. m.

N. by W.

cloudy

9 a. m.

N. E.

fair

$ P-

fair

R&in,
In. D=

0,02$

0,075-

O it 57

0,033

©>39*

and Ohfervations. 1 3

NOVEMBER 1732.

Hour.

Baro.

Ther.

Hyg.

Wind.

Weather.

Rain.

In. D.

Dir. For.

fair

0,390

9 a. m.

W. 2

5- p. m.

W. by S. z

fair

9 a. m.

N. W. 1

fair

5- p. m.

N. W. 1

fair

9 a. m.

N. W. 1

fair

4 p. m.

N. W. 3

fair

9 a. m.

N. W. i

cloudy

5 p. m.

N. W. 2

cloudy

9 a. m.

N. W. 0

fair —

0,012

5 p. m.

S. x

cloudy

9 a. m.

S. 1

cloudy

S p. m.

S. 0

cloudy

9 a. m.

1 0

W. I

cloudy —

0,005

S p. m.

W. I

cloudy

9 a. m.

N. W. 1

fair

4 p. m.

W. i

fair

9 a. m.

W. 1

fair

4 p. m.

W. 1

fair

9 a. m.

W. 1

fair — -

0,008

S p. m.

W. 1

fair

9 a. m.

3°

W. 1

fair

5 p. m.

N. by W. 1

fair

9 a. m.

N. by W. 1

fair

5 p. m.

N. by W. 2

fair

9 a. m.

W. by S. 3

cloudy

3 P- m-

W. by S. 3

cloudy

30)9 a. m.

W. z

cloudy

5 p. m

\V. 2

cloudy

H. atamed

.29

Total Depth 0,415

Gr. Height

Height

Vol. II

Medical EJJajs

DECEMBER 1732.

Hour.

Baro.
In. D.

Ther.
In. D

Hyg
I. D

Wind.
Dir. For.

Weather.

9 a. m.

fair

s p. m.

fair

9 a. m.

N. W.

fair

4 p. m.

N. W.

fair

9 a. m.

S. W.

cloudy

S p. m.

S. W.

cloudy

9 a. m.

fair *

5- p. m.

N. W.

fair

9 a. m.

fair

S p. rn.

fair

9 a. m-

fair

5 p. m •

N. by W.

fair

9 a. m-

3°

fair

5 p. m.

Fog

9 a. in-

Fog

5 p. m.

fair

9 a. m.

E. by S.

fair

j p. m.

S. E.

Fog —

9 a. m.

3°

S. E*

fair

4 p. m.

S. E.

fair

9 a. m.

S. E.

Fog

5 p. m.

S. E.

fair

9 a. m.

S. E.

Fog

5 p- m.

S. E.

Fog

9 a. in.

S. E.

Fog

5 p. m.

S. E.

Fog

9 a. m.

fair

$ p. m.

fair

9 a. m.

Fog

5 p. m.

Fog

9 a. m.

S. E.

Fog

7 p. m.

S. E.

fair

Rain.
In. D,

0,032

and Ohfervations

1 5

DECEMBER 1732.

Hour.

Baro.

Ther.

Hyg.

Wind.

'Weather.

Rain,

In. D.j

In. D.

I. D

Dir. For.

0,032

9 a. m.

fair

4 p. m.

-S.

fair

i-8

9 a. m.

W. by S.

Fog

9 p. m.

W, by S.

Fog

9 a. m.

S. by E.

Fog —

0,099

5 p. m.

S. by E.

Fog

9 a. m.

Fog —

0,210

9 p. m.

Fog

9 a. m.

Fog —

0,172

9 p. m.

29-

1 0

Fog

9 a. m

2.8

Rain —

0,3 99

5 p. m.

Rain

9 a. m.

Rain —

0,390

5- p.m.

Rain

9a.m.

i9>

Rain —

0,410

4 p. m.

x 1

cloudy

9 a. m.

s. w.

cloudy

0,38*

5 p. m.

1 1

s. w.

cloudy

9 a. m.

s. w.

cloudy

0,196

4 p. m

1 0

s. w.

cloudy

9 a. m.

s. w.

cloudy

0,210

4 p. m.

s. w.

cloudy

9 a. m.

s. w.

cloudy

0,457

5 p. m.

cloudy

9 a. m.

Snow —

0,369

9 p. m.

s. w.-

cloudy

3°

9 a. m.

'28

s. w.

Rain

0,1.98 *

4 p. m .

s. w.

cloudy

9 a. m.

N. W.

fair —

o,o8y .

4 p. m.

fair

H.atamed.

2 9

Total Depth 3,617

Gr. Height

3°

1 1

L. Height

1 9

Medical EJfays

1 6

JANUARY 1733.

D-

Hour.

Baro.

Ther.

Wind.

In. D.

I. D.

Dir. For.

9 a. m.

N. W.

5 p. m.

W. by N.

9 a. m.

S. W.

4 P- m.

2.9

s. w.

9 a. m.

s. w.

5 p- m.

s. w.

9 a. m -

s. w.

j p. rn.

1 1

s. w.

9 a, in.

s. w.

5 P- m.

s. w.

9 a. m.

s. w.

4 p. m.

s. w.

9 a. m.

4 P- m-

9 a. m.

s. w.

S p. m.

9 a. m .

5 p. m.

s 0

9 a. m.

|s P-

s. w.

2 I

19 a. m.

8. W.

|S P- m.

S. Wo .

|9 a. m.

2-9

5 P- m.

2 3

9 a. m.

I5 p. m.

s. w.

34 9 a. m.

s. w.

1 5 P*

s.w.

9 a. m.

(s P- m.

s. w.

j<5 0 a. m.

15 P-m*

I29

Weather.

fair

Rain —

cloudy

fair —

cloudy

Rain - —

cloudy

fair

Rain

fair —

fair

fair —
Fog
Rain
fair

fair —

fair

cloudy

fair —

cloudy

fair

cloudy

Fog

fair

cloudy

Ram.
In. D.

0,054

0,117

0,190

0,083

0,215

0,053

o,9S7

and Observations.

JANUARY 1733.

D. Hour. Baro.

[In.D.

39
a v

3 1

9 a.
J- P-

9 a.

5 P-
9 a.

P P-
9 a.

S P-
9 a.

I P-

9 a.

7 P-
a.

P-
a.

P-

9 a.
5 P-

P-
9 a.

4 P-
9 a.

* P-

9 a.

5 P-
9 a.

5 P-

m .

3°

i 9
X9
Z9

Ther.iHyg.

In.D. I.D

1
X
1

2
2
2
2
I
I
O
I
o

2
1
6

H.atamed.29 8

Gr. Height 30 2

L. Height 29 0

8
8

1 1
11
1 1
IX

1 1
10
10

3
7

7
a
o

8
a

4
a
1

6
I
1
8
a
4
4

9 6

12 I

7 0

2
2
a
a
a
a
2
a
a
a
a
a
a.
1
1
1

3
a
a

4
4

3
o
1
I
9
9
9

Wind. Weather.
Dir. For.

S..W.
s. w.
s. w.
s. w.
s.

S. W.

s*-

s. E.
S. E.
s. E.
s. w.
s. w.
s.w.
s. w.
s, w.
s. w.
s. w.
s. w.
s. w.
s. w.
'S. w.
s. w.
s. w.
s.<w.
s. w.
s. w.
s. w.

2 I

a 6

I s

Rain
Rain
cloudy
cloudy
fair —
fair
fair
fair
fair
fair
fair
fair
fair
cloudy
cloudy
cloudy —
fair
fair
fair
fair

Rain * -
fair
cloudy —
cloudy
cloudy
cloudy
fair —
fair
fair
fair

Rain.

0,9;?

0,093

0,0 Sf:

0,106

0,092-

o,o63 4

Total Depth 1,370

* Rain when Mercury is at
30 1 is very extraordinary.

b 2

Medical EJfays

1 8

FEBRUARY 1733.

Hour.

Baro-
In. D.

Ther.

In.D.

Hyg.
[. D.

Wind.
Dir. For.

Weather.

9 a. m.

S. W.

Rain —

7 p. m.

s. w.

Rain

9 a. m.

s. w.

cloudy — -

S p. m.

s. w.

cloudy

9 a. m.

s. w.

fair - —

S p. m.

s. w.

fair

9 a. m.

s. w.

fair - —

4 p. m.

s. w.

cloudy

9 a. m.

fair

S p. m.

1 0

N. W.

fair —

9 a. m.

fair

5 p. m.

s. w.

cloudy

9 a. m.

s. w.

cloudy

5 p. m.

Rain

9 a. m.

Rain

J p.

N. E.

Rain

9 a. m.

fair —

5 p. m.

fair

9 a. m.

fair

5 p. m.

fair

i 1

9 a. m.

s. w.

cloudy

5 p. m.

1 1

cloudy

9 a. m.

s. w.

cloudy

5 p. m.

cloudy

9 a. m.

i P

s. w.

fair

5 p. m.

1 1

s. w.

cloudy

9 a. m.

s. w.

fair

j- p. m.

fair

9 a. m.

s. w.

fair —

5 p. m.

s. w.

fair

3 6

9 a. m.

s. w.

fair

5 F* m'

s. w.

cloudy

and Obfervations.

FEBRUARY 1733.

D»

Hour.

Baro.

Ther.

Hyg-

In. D.

In.

J p.

1 1

P-

a-5

P-

7 P-

H.atamed. Z9

Gr. Height z9

Height

Wind.

Weather.

Rain,

Dir. For.

S. W. 3

fair

i»334>

S. W. 3

fair

S. W. 2

cloudy

s. W. z

fair

S. E. z

cloudy

0,092

S. V/. 2

cloudy

S. E. 2

Rain —

0.373

S. E. 2

Rain

S. W. I

cloudy

s. W. I

cloudy

S. 3

fair —

o,3iS

S. W. 4

cloudy

S. E. 2

cloudy

0,14a

S. E. z

cloudy

S. E. 1

cloudy

S. W. 3

cloudy

W. z

fair —

0,094

W. 3

fair

s. W. 4

Rain —

0,11©;

S. W. a

cloudy

S. W. 3

Rain

S. W. a

Snow

S. W. a

cloudy

O,0$£

S. W. 2

cloudy

Total Depth 2,727

Medical EJfays

M A R G H 1733.

Hour.

Baro.

Then

Hyg

Wind.

Weather.

Rain,1

In. D.

In; D.

I.D.

Dir. For.

In. D,

9 a. m.

S. W.

cloudy —

°>°3i

j p. m.

S. W.

cloudy

9 a. m.

s. w.

cloudy

•4

j p. ra.

fair -

°>°73*

9 a. m.

fair <

j p. m.

fair - —

o,o4z

9 a. m.

w. .

fair

S p. m.

fair

9 a. m.

a "

N. W.

fair

5- p. m.

N. W.

fair

9 a. m.

N. W.

fair —

0,100

5 p- m.

fair

9 a. m.

s,w.

Rain —

0,072.

S p. m.

cloudy

9 a. m.

N. W.

fair

S p. m.

1ST. W.

cloudy —

0,254,

9 a. m.

N. W.

fair

5 p. m.

N. W.

fair — -

0,0 JO

9 a. m.

N. W.

cloudy

6 p. m.

29,

Snow

9 a. m.

fair

6 pi m.

’ 9

N. E.

cloudy —

O.IJI

9 a. m.

S. E.

Rain

5 p. m.

S. E.

cloudy

9 a. m.

3°

hazy - —

0,0 96

6 p. m.

hazy

9 a. m.

S. E.

hazy

5 P- m-

S. E.

fair

9 a. m.

S. E.

hazy —

0,194

S--P- m.

cloudy

9 a. m.

S. E.

Snow —

o,aio

5 P- m-

SL.E.

Rain

r>i-77

and Obfervaticns.

MARCH 1733.

Hour.

Baro.

Ther.

Hyg.

"Wind.

Weather.

Rain.

in. D.

In. D.

Dir. For.

1 7

9 a. m.

S. E. 1

hazy

/ p. m.

S. E. a

Rain

9 a. m.

S. E. 3

fair —

0,292

6 p. m.

S. E. a

cloudy

9 a. m.

N. 1

fair

S P- m.

N. E. 3

hazy

9 a. m.

N. E. 4

Snow

s p.

E. 2

cloudy

9 a. m.

S. W. 2

fair —

os52o

6 p. m.

S. W. 2

fair

9 a. m.

E. 2

cloudy

/ p. m.

N. 2

hazy

9 a. m.

N. a

cloudy —

0,118

5 p. m.

S. E. a

Rain

9 a. m.

S. E. a

Rain —

0,070

$ p. m.

S. E. 2

fair

9 a. m.

S. x

fair

5 p. m.

1 2

S. 1

fair —

0,130

9 a. m.

E. a

Mill

5 p. m .

E. 2

Mift —

0,0/4

2.7

9 a. m.

S. x

fair

S p. m.

S. 1

cloudy

9 a. m.

S. E. 1

cloudy

s p-

S. E. 2

cloudy

9 a. m.

I I

E. 2

hazy

5 p.m.

E. 2

Rain

9 a. m.

E. by N. a

cloudy

7 p. m.

E. by N. a

fair

3.1

9 a. m.

E. by N. 0

fair —

0,1 11

Hatamed.a9 6

2 4

Total Depth 2,638

Gr. Height 30 a

3 9

L. Height

1 i

2J2

Medical Ejfays

A P R I L 1733.

Hour.

Baro.
In. D.

Ther.
In. D.

Hyg-
I. D.

Wind.
Dir. For.

Weather.

9 a. m.

N. E.

Mift

5 p. m.

N. E.

Mill

9 a. m.

■N.

cloudy

7 p. m.

fair

9 a. m.

3°

N. W.

fair

7 p. m.

N. W.

cloudy

9 a. m.

1 O

2’

Mid

7 p. m.

I O

Mid

9 a. m.

3°

N. E.

Mid

7 p. m.

I-

• N.

fair

8 a. m.

3°

S. W.

fair

7 p. m.

fair

9 a. m.

i r

S. W.

fair

7 p. m.

s. w.

fair

9 a. m.

cloudy

7 p. m.

s. w.

drizling

8 a. m.

1 1

W. byS.

fair

7 p. m.

1 1

fair

8 a. m.

1 1

s.w.

fair

-7 p. m.

s. w..

cloudy

9 a. m.

1 1

s.w.

fair —

7 p. m.

1 1

cloudy

9 a., m.

cloudy

7 p. m.

cloudy

9 a. m.

S. E.

fair

7 p. m.

1 1

Fog

9 a. m.

1 1

S. E.

cloudy —

7 p. m.

S. E.

cloudy

9 a. m.

1 1

fair

7 p. m.

cloudy

1*6

9 a. m.

N. E.

fair

7 p. m.

Lip

N.E.

fair .

I Rain;
In.D.

0,0*3

oso SS

0,078

and Obfervations

2 3

APRIL 1733.

Hour.

Baro.

Ther.

Hyg-

Wind.

Weather.

Rain.

In.

In. D.

Dir. For.

0,078

9 a. m.

N. E.

Fog —

0,073

7 p. m.

1 1

N. E.

F°g

9 a. m.

1 0

N. E.

Fog

7 p. m.

N. E.

Rain

9 a. m.

cloudy —

0,187

7 p. m.

fair

9 a. m.

cloudy

8 p. m.

Rain

2 1

9 a. m.

s.w.

fair

8 p. m.

fair

9 a. m.

1 1

fair

5- p. m.

1 1

cloudy

9 a. m.

N. E.

cloudy

7 p. m.

N. E.

cloudy

9 a. m.

N. E.

cloudy —

0,2 62

4 p. m.

N. E.

fair

9 a. m.

N. E.

fair

S p. m.

1 1

N. E.

cloudy

8 a. m.

N. E.

fair —

O.OpS

S p.m.

N. E.

fair

9 a. m.

fair

5 p. m.

cloudy

9 a. m.

N. E.

cloudy

7 p. m.

1 1

N. E.

cloudy

8 a. m.

3°

N. W.

fair

S p.m.

N. W.

fair

9 a. m.

cloudy —

0,123

8 p. m.

1 1

cloudy

H.atamed. 29

1 1

Total Depth

0,8 18

Gr. Height 30

L. Height

Medical Ejfays

MAT 1733.

25.

Hour.

Baro,
In. D.,

Ther.
In. D.

Hyg-
I. D.

9 a. m.

30 1

5- P- m.

30 0

7 a. m.

<5 p. m.

2,9

9 a. m.

y p. m.

8 a. m.

n 4

1 5

8 p. m.

1 1

1 *

9 a. m .

30 0

1 1

1 5

8 p. m.

12 4

8 a. m.

1 1

4 p.m.

1 4

8 a. m.

Z9 6

5 p. m.

29 0

9 a. m.

10 7

1 4

6 p. m.

8 a. m.

1 1

9 a. m.

S p. m.

9 a. m.

2 9

S p. m.

9 a. m.

29 8

12 8

6 p. m.

13 1

1 3

9 a. m.

Z9 9

1 7

<5 p. m.

»5

9 a. m.

30 0

8 p. m.

9 a. m.

1 4

8. p. m.

30 O

IZ 2

Wind.
Dir. For.

Weather.

cloudy

fair

cloudy

fair

cloudy

fair

E. by N.

fair

E. by N.

fair

S. E.

fair

S. E.

fair

N. E.

cloudy

N. E.

cloudy

N. E.

fair

1 J

fair

N. E.

fair

N. E.

fair

S. E.

fair

Rain.
In. D.

and Obfervations

MAT 1 733-

Hour.

Baro.

Ther.

Wind.

Weather

- f ■

In. D.

Dir. For.

9 a. m.

3°

fair

6 p. m.

fair

9 a. m.

Rain

6 p. m.

cloudy

9 a. m.

cloudy

6 p. m.

S.W.

cloudy

2.0

9 a. m .

cloudy

7 p. in.

cloudy

8 a. m.

fair

7 p. m.

cloudy

9 a. m.

cloudy

7 p. m.

fair

9 a. m.

3°

N. W.

fair

8 p. m.

3°

fair

8 a. m.

3°

fair

8 p. m.

3°

cloudy

2-5

9 a. m.

E. by N.

cloudy

8 p. m.

E.byN.

cloudy

9 a. m.

N. E.

cloudy

8 p. m.

3°

N..E.

cloudy

9 a. m.

N. E.

cloudy

7 p. m.

N. E.

fair

9 a. m.

3°

N. E.

fair

7 P* m-

N. E.

fair

93. m

fair

9 p. m.

cloudy

9 a. m.

fair

8 p. m.

fair

9 a. m.

N. W.-

fair

8 p. m.

fair

H.atamed.29

1 5

Total Def

Gr. Height

3°

1 7

3 1

L, Height

1 i

VOL. II.

Rain*

0,032,

0,045-

0,00<>

0,083

II, An

■26

Medical EJfays

II. An Account of the DISEA SES that were mojl

frequent laft Tear in Edinburgh.

*“pHE Tertian Agues , which were mentioned
in the Clofe of our proceeding Year, con¬
tinued likewife through June, and Part of ‘Ju¬
ly 1732. Towards the End of June this Dif-
eafe did not form into regular Paroxyfms, and
perfect Intermiflions, hut appeared more in the
Shape of. a remitting Fever. During the Re-
miflions, the Pulfe was much funk, but as the
Sweat came on, the Pulfe became fuller and
ffronger. When the Sweat did not break out,
the Patients became, delirious, and fome conti¬
nued quite deaf for fome Days. The Urine
was pale, and without Sediment, till the Dif-
eafe was going off.

Some were cured of this Difeafe after two or
three Paroxyfms, by a Vomit or two, but with
others the Difeafe lafted much longer. Bleed¬
ing was not found of Ufe, altho’ fome Sym¬
ptoms feemed to require it, but Vomiting and
Bliftering fucceeded much better, either of
them bringing out the Sweat when untimely
ffopt or prevented.

In July fome few Tertian Agues remained ;
they were then more regular and gentle than
before. Towards the End of this Month the
Cholera began to appear ; but it was neither ve¬
ry frequent nor violent.

In August many among the poorer fort of
People in the Suburbs and Villages near Edin¬
burgh* , were taken with flow Fevers, generally
attended with a violent Head-ach and Ravings 5

fome

and Obfervations. %-j

fome with a Diarrhoea , others with Pains of
the Rhewnatick Kind all over the Body. As few
of the Sick had Accefs to timely Affiftance, fe~
veral died in this Diftemper.

The fame Fever continued . among the poorer
People through September and October,
and proved mortal the eighth or ninth Day.
Befidjes the Symptoms before mentioned, many
complained of great Weight of their Heads,
and Drowfinefs, Loathing and Vomiting ; o-
thers had Pains of the Bread:, and difficult
Breathing. Children in this Fever, befide the
Head-ach and 'Drowfinefs, had Pain and tenfe
Swelling of the Belly. Moft of them palled
Worms, fome the Terctes , . others the Af car ides ,
and recovered.

In November feveraf Children were foized
with flight aguifh Fits returning every other
Day, but lafting only a few Hours, and going
off without Sweating. Between the Paroxyfms
the Children were pretty eafy, and their Pulfes
calm. Thefe Fits were eafiiy carried off by a
Vomit or two.

About the fame time fe veral People were ta¬
ken with a Cholera , which did not prove very
obftinate.

In this Month likewife the Effects of Cold
appeared in different Shapes, as Coughs , Ahtin-
cys , Rheumatick Pains , Colick Pains , Diarrhoeas ,

&c.

From the Beginning till the Middle of De¬
cember, flow Fevers were very rife among
young People ; they continued long, and were
attended with Pains in the Breaft, and a fvm-
ptomatick Diarrhoea , but were not deadly. A-

C 2 bout

28 Medical EJJays

bout the fame time others were feized with Fe¬
vers of the nervous Kind, with a very frequent
but low Pulfe.

On the 17th December , feveral People were
fuddenly attacked with Fevers of Cold ; the
Numbers increafed but infenfibly till the 25th 5
after which thefe Fevers became greatly epide-
mick, very few efcaping them, and continued
univerfal in this City and Neighbourhood till
the Middle of January 1733, when they be¬
gan to decreafe, and diminifhed daily till the
End of that Month.

This Fever began with a Coldnefs, Shiver¬
ing, Swimming of the Head, Pains of the Head,
Bread: and Back ; the Pulfe was very frequent ;
the Appetite quite loft, and remained palled
Sometime after the Difeafe was removed. With
a great many it began with a running of Lymph
at the Eyes and Nofe* which continued for a
Day ; then they complained of Pain and Swell¬
ing about their Throats before the Cough be¬
gan, and not a few were fuddenly feized with
the Cough, which, after the third Day, was in-
ceffant and conftant in all, by which they dis¬
charged great Quantities of Mucus , and had
their Pains greatly increafed. Some complain¬
ed of fharp Pains in their Bellies, and had a
Diarrhoea , fometimes with bloody Stools, e-
fpecially if they were not fufficiently blooded
in the Beginning. Several paffed their Urine
in very fmall Quantity, of a high Colour, with¬
out Sediment, and continued to do fo, fome
time after the Fever was gone off. Among the
Children, along with the Cough, many had

violent

and Obfervations . 29

violent Vomitings, and fome a gentle Diarrhoea ,
which carried off the Difeafe.

The Fever commonly left the Sick in two or
three Days ; but after the third Day fcarce any
efcaped the conftant tickling Cough. General¬
ly all of them inclined to fweat, and were there¬
by confiderably relieved. Some had profufe Sweats,
with copious reddifh or brown, but not lateriti-
ous Sediment in their Urine, without any previ¬
ous Coldnefs, Shiverings, &c. Thefe foon did
well, if the Sweating was ngt difcouraged by fome
other Evacuation.

Bleeding in the Beginning gave Relief to the
Pains, and weakened the Fever, and required to
be plentiful to many who had violent Head-aches.,
and a Feeling in their Eyes as if they would
have ftarted out, or to thofe who had an tiniver-
fal Oppreffion of the Thorax , with Stitches and
Cramps of the Mufcles employed in Breath¬
ing ; fuch in this Condition who delayed Venre-
feJfion too long, were feized with a Hamoptce.
Some bled a little at the Nofe, and were quick¬
ly well, without any Medicine or other Evacu¬
ation. A few were at once feized with ugly
Faintings ; when bled they recovered more
llowly ; but when fupported with Cordials, they
were foon well.

Veficatories were of Service to the Cough^
and Opiates were of great Ufe, curing feveral.

When the Phlegm began to thicken, Mix¬
tures in which Gum Ainmoniac and Gxymel Soil -
liticum were the principal Ingredients, opened
the Belly, and did remarkable Service. The
ordinary Pectorals and Balfamicks were not ob-
ferved to do any good.

30 Medical EJfays

This Difeafe was not of itfelf mortal, but It
fwept away a great Number of poor old and
coniumptive People, and of thofe who were
much wafted by other Diftempers. As a Proof
on whom it fell heavieft, we may remark. That
though the Number of Burials in the Grayfri -
ars Church-yard (where all the Dead of Edin¬
burgh are buried) was double of what it ufes to
be in the Month of January ^ yet the Number
of thofe who were buried at the publick Charge
was fo great, that the Fees of the Burials fcarce
did amount to the Sum commonly received in
any other Month.

It was very remarkable, That, notwithftand-
Ing this Difeafe was fo univerfal here, the People
In our Prifon, and the Boys who are numerous
in Heriot’s Hofpital , which is contiguous to the
Weft Side of the Gray friars Church-yard , and
the Inhabitants of the Houfes near to that Hof¬
pital efcaped this Fever and Cough.

This epidemick Difeafe which was felt foon-
er at Edinburgh than any other Part of this I*
ftand, fpread itfelf gradually over all Scotland. It
did not reach the inoft Northern and Weftern
Parts till about fifteen Days after the Time a-
bove mentioned of its attacking this City. The
Ship Anne and Agnes y David Littlejohn Mafter, ha¬
ving made aVoyage to Holland , with one fick Sail¬
or on Board, returned with the other ten in per¬
fect good Health, till they made Flamborough-head ,
where on the 15th of January fix Sailors were
taken ill ; next Day two more were in the
fame Condition, and the Day thereafter one
more fell fick ; fo that when the Vefiel
came to the Road of Leith , none on Board

were

and Observations. 3 1.

were in Health except one, who was feiz-
ed the Day after he came on Shore with the
fame Difeafe which his Comrades had, whofe
Symptoms were the common ones of the raging
cpidemick Diftemper.

We believe it will not be improper here to
mention the Horfes in and about this Place, be¬
ing univerfally attacked with a running of the
Nofe and Coughs, towards the' End of October
and Beginning of November , before the Appear¬
ance of this Fever of Cold among Men.

This epidemick Diftemper above defcribed,
fpread itfelf over all Europe , and alfo infefted the
Inhabitants of America ; fo that it was perhaps
the moft univerfal Difeafe upon Record. The
i fir ft Accounts we have of any Thing like it this
laff Year in Europe , was in the Middle of No¬
vember^ from Saxony , Hanover , and other neigh¬
bouring Countries in Germany. It raged at one
Time in Edinburgh , and Bafil in Switzerland .
It appeared in London and Flanders after the
firft Week in January. Toward the Middle of
! which it reached Paris ; and about the End of
the fame Month Ireland began to fuffer. In the
Middle of February , Leghorn was attacked ; and
near the End of it, the People of Naples and
Madrid were feized with it. In America it be¬
gan in New-England about the Middle of Odlo-
ber , and travelled Southward to Barbadoesy Ja¬
maica^ Peru , and Mexico , much at the fame
Rate as it did in Europe.

There were alfo fome People in Edinburgh la¬
bouring under Fevers of the Pleuritick Kind,

; and others under flow tedious ones in the Month
of January*

$2 Medical EJJays

In February Rhenmatick and Fleur itick
Fevers fucceeded to the Colds, feveral who had
palled through thefe were feized with thofe and
died. The Management of the Sick was no o-
ther than what is common in Pleurifies.

About this Time alfo feveral People died fud-
denly.

The Pleuritick or Peripneumonick Fevers
which began in February , continued thro’ all
March.

At the fame Time How Fevers were likewife
frequent without any topical Inflammation. In
moil Patients thefe Fevers did not appear with
any violent Symptoms, tho’ fome had Ravings,
but they were neither conflant nor high. Thefe
Fevers often lafted till the 30th or 40th Day,
and in tome to the 60th ; and at length the Pa¬
tients gradually wreflled out of them, without
any remarkable Crifis. The common Reme¬
dies in fuch Cafes availed little here ; Bliflering
was found of much more Service than Bleed¬
ing*

Tertian Agues began to appear in March,
and continued thro’ April and Part of May ,
tho* not very frequent \ many of them went
off eafily after four or five Fits, without much
AfTiflance from Medicine, others took the com¬
mon Courfe.

Some fhort but fharp Fevers were frequent in
April, with an Eryjipelas for the mole part on
the Face, and fometimes on the Body or Ex¬
tremities.

Some few Children had the Small Pox all the
Spring, and there were rather more in May,
they were generally of the djftin£t Kind ; and

feveral

and Obfervations, gj

feveral had an Eruption like the Baftard or
Chicken-Pox. It was attended with yery little
Fever, and very flight Symptoms ; for after a
little Heavinefs and Lofs of Appetite, the Puflu-
les appeared. They were pretty large aftd red :
They did not fuppurate, but had a little Veflcle
of dear Lymph on the Top. Some new Puftules
appeared for four or five Days fuccefively like
the firft ; and about the ninth Day all went off.

III. An Extract from the publick Regift er of Burials
in Edinburgh.

1732.

Men.

Women.,

Child.

Still-born.

Sum.

June -

July - -

■

Auguji -

September

October

Eo^vember

89,

December

41 '

109

'7 33-

5 6

January -

214

February -

4°

*35

March

11 7

April - -

May •

105

Total

. 3l9

4*4

476

1247

IV. An Effay on penetrating topick Medicines 5
by John Armstrong M. D. Phyfician at
London.

T T does not feem ftrange that Medicines fhould,
A according to their various Powers, affed the
Solids and Fluids to which they are immedi¬
ately

34 Medical EJJays

ately applied. Neither is it hard to conceive^
by what Means fuch Particles as are capable to
enter the abforbent Veffels, fhould reach any
Part of the human Body that lies (as all its Parts
in a found State do) in the Road of the Circulati¬
on. But by what fecret Ways external Medi¬
cines are immediately communicated to the re¬
moter Subffance of the Parts to which they are
^applied, and how by that Means they contribute
to remove Difeafes that have for their Seats
the Ligaments of the Bones, or fuch other
Parts as feem not to be acceffble from with¬
out, is an Inquiry that Teems to have been hi¬
therto pretty much negle&ed. 3Tis a very
common Way of talking upon this Subject,
That this or that Medicine penetrates the Pores ;
but I am not fo certain, that the Ideas com¬
monly joined to fuch Expreffions*- are very di-
Ibindt : For no Writer of my Acquaintance
that has handled this Suhjedb, has taken the
Pains to explain himfelf fo far as to tell us what
Pores he means, which has induced me to ven¬
ture, the laying before you a few Conjectures
concerning the Ways by which topical Medi¬
cines are conveyed into the Subffance of the
Parts to which they are applied, directing my
principal Aim to the Confederation of thofe that
tend to the refolving of ObftruCtions of the re¬
moter Veffels. f

I need not here eater into any Difquifition
concerning the Nature and Seat of Obftr uni¬
ons, nor from thence explain the Indications of
relaxing the obftruCted fmall Arteries, and of
attenuating the obftruding Matter : This is
what may be learned in feveral Books, and is
* muff

and Obfervations. 35

jnofl methodically treated in that elegant Cha¬
pter of Boerhaave’s Aphorifms de objlrufl. Al¬
low me only to mention. That the Medicines
of which I now treat are fuch, as by the Small-
nefs and Mobility of their Particles, attended
for the moft part with a gentle Acrimony, are
able to make their Way into the Subftance of
the Parts to which they are applied, without
eroding or wounding any of the Solids, and
thence are jultly enough named penetrating To -
picks.

That the Effects of fuch Medicines are not
owing to the Particles of them, which enter in¬
to the Orifices of the abforbent Veins that are
every where on the Surface of the Body, feems
to me plain from their not being applied, on thus
Supposition, to the obftrudting Matter., rilh they
have been mixed with all the M afs of Blood ;
and therefore an exceeding fma-i Proportion of
them can never arrive at the obftru ed Arte¬
ries ; befides, if this was the Cafe. :nde Medi¬
cines would have as great, ,r .r eater Effedts
when applied to the found *rts of the Body,
than to the difeafed Part ; which daily Experi¬
ence fhews they have not.

I can as little allow all the Effect of thefe
Medicines to depend on their opening the Ori¬
fices of the exhalant VefTels on the Surface of
the Body, which fome might fuppofe always ob~
iftrudted when the more internal ones are block¬
ed up ; and therefore would alledge, that the
Fluids, having regained their Palfage by the ex¬
terior VefTels, will exert a lefs Momentum oh the
interior, the Obftrudtion -of which comes conlo-
quently to be refolved, I cannot, I fay, allow

Medical EJfays

this Account to be juft, becaufe by other Me¬
dicines,. the Emollients for Inftance, the Ob-
ftru&ion of the exterior Veftels can be equally
well removed ; but thefe have not the Power
of refolving deep-feated Gbftrudtions, which
they would have equally with the Clafs of Me¬
dicines of which I treat, if the above Reafoning
was juft.

Nor can I imagine the fubtile Particles of the
penetrating Topicks capable of forcing their Way
through the Coats of numerous Veffels, where
we can fcarce fuppofe Pores by which they
ftiould pafs, without Hazard of the |jner Par¬
ticles of our Fluids efcaping out at the fame
PaiTap-es by which the Medicines entered, which
wouid produce a great Train of bad Confequen-
ces.

Previous to my Opinion of this Matter, it
will be neceflary to obferve, That tho* the fmall
Arteries of the Body cannot admit any Thing
at their fmall Extremities to pafs backwards to¬
wards their large. Trunks, as long as the Force
of Circulation continues to propel the Liquors
towards their Extremities ; yet when that pro¬
pelling Force does not a£t, they will, like other
empty Tubes, admit Subftances at. either Extre¬
mity ; and where- ever they are fmall enough,
they will exert the fame Power of railing Li¬
quors in them, as other capillary Tubes do.
Befides what Reafon dictates to us in Prc5of of
this, we have it finely illuftrated and confirmed
by Mr. Hales’s Experiments of the Motion of
the Sap or Juices imbibed at either Extremity
of V egetables.

and Ohfervations . 3 7

are conveyed by the exhalant Veflels of the
Skin, to thofe Parts of the fmaller Arteries,
where the Circulation is choaked by Obftructi-
on, which I conceive to be thus accomplifhed.
The Places where the arterious Veflels are moft
liable to be obftrudded, are where they are ftrait-
eft ; that is, where they are about to join their
analogous Veins ; and the fmaller any Branch
of any Artery is, the more fubjecft it is, ce¬
teris paribus , to Obftrudfion. It does not feem
improbable then, that the Branches of Arte¬
ries, diftributed to the more folid Parts, imme¬
diately before they deliver their Contents to
their correfponding Veins, fend off an exha¬
lant Veflel to the Skin, by which a Separation
is made of the moft acrid exalted Parts of their
Fluids, which hitherto may have been ufeful
by their inciding Acrimony, to promote a free
Paflage through thefe dangerous Straits ; but,
by acquiring ftill a greater Sharpnefs, would
be -noxious in another Circulation* This I pre¬
fume is agreeable enough to the moft approved
Theory of Obftrudlion, Secretion and Perfpi-
ration. Now, fuppofe an Obftrudfion formed
in fuch a fmall Artery, above the Place where
it detaches its exhalant Branch ; here is a Stop
put to the Progrefs of the Fluids through this
Veflel, its perfpiratory Du£t becomes empty;
and for this Time it is as pervious from with¬
out as an abforbent Vein : Thus it may admit,
as far as the obftrudfed Point, the fmaller Par¬
ticles of Applications, whether fuch as are pro¬
perly called penetrating or emollient, by whofe
attenuating, ftimulating, and relaxing Powers,
the obftrudfed Matter is at laft refolved and
Vol. II. D loofened,

\q$ . : Medical EJfays

loofened, and the damm’d up Fluids following
with a great Gufh, partly return by the Vein,
ana partly make their Exit by the excretory
Tube. Thus when a great Number of fmall
Arteries, neighbouring one another, are ob-
ftrudled and wedged clofe together, as foon as
a few of them are, by the Means above men¬
tioned, unlocked, the reft will crowd each o-
ther lefs, and will be more at Liberty to yield
to the Force- of the urgent Stream : So that by
this increafed Laxity, and the continued and
repeated Application of the fame refolving Pow¬
ers, the whole Bulk of obftrudted Veftels is by
degrees opened.

After the fame Manner, when fome of the
larger Kinds of Arteries are obftrudled, the more
fubtile Particles of external Medicines may be
conceived to gain Accefs, by a great Number of
Conduits, to the Places where the Obftrucftion
is formed, if betwixt thefe Points and the
Rife of the exhalant Veftels, they have no A-
naftomofes with other Branches. And perhaps
thefe mutual Communications are not fo fre¬
quent in the capillary Veftels as fome give out.
This is confirmed by Mr. Hales’ s Hczmaft \ Ex -
per. IX.

Th is Dodirine may perhaps receive fome II-
luftration from fome Phenomena that ordinari¬
ly attend feveral topical Difeafes, particularly
the Gout, whole caufa proxima is, according
to the moft plaufibJe Accounts, an Obftrudlion
of the fmall arterious Veftels diftributed to the
Ligaments of the Bones, the Tendons and their
Ligaments. ’Tis well known, that, all the
Time this Difeafe exerts its Rage, the Skin of

the

and Ob fervati cits. 39-

the Parts affected is remarkably dry, which no
doubt is owing to the diijiinifhed Perlpiration j
and this Drynefs happens when the Pain is not
attended with any Tumor, and therefore can¬
not be imputed to any Compreffion made upon
the perfpiratory Ducts. But as foon as the bro¬
ken Lentor begins to thaw from fome of the
Veffels, the Skin of the Part is feized with a
keen Itching* from the morbid Matter, grown
acrid by a long Stagnation and Attrition, ruffl¬
ing through the Veffels of Perfpiration contracts
ed to their leaft Capacity, till at laff this fame
Matter, together with that fharp thin Fluid
which naturally is difcharged this Way, pouring,
into thefe Veffels in greater Quantities, dilates,
them more and more, and drills out in Form of
Sweat, while the cuticular Scales dried and
fhrunk for having been fo long deprived of Moi~
fture, fall off in great Abundance.

But befides this, there is perhaps ffill another
Way by which external Medicines are convey¬
ed to the more diffant Veffels j that is, by in-
ffnuating themfelves .between the Interffices of.
the Canals. And though in this Way they
cannot, according to our Hypothefis, a cf im¬
mediately on the ftagnant Fluids, except fuch
as are extravafated, yet they may be conceived
as effectually to ftimulate or relax the obftruCted
Veffels, as thofe that enter their Cavities.

Tho’ I faid before, (and gave a Reafon for
faying ) that it did not feem very probable, that
the Particles of Medicines, however fubtile,
could penetrate through the Coats of the Blood-
veffels into their Cavities ; yet it is not, as I
apprehend, inconfiftent with this Opinion, to

D 2 allow

40 Medical Effhys

allow their finding a Pafiage through that rarer
Texture of fmall VefTels, which fills up the In¬
terfiles of the larger ones, and connedls them
loofely together : For it does not appear that
thefe Tubes, which do not confpire to the form¬
ing of a larger VefTel, are fo clofely twilled to¬
gether, as the Vctfa vaforwn or thofe that do :
And that the Subfiance of our Bodies is really
pervious enough to tranfmit the more fubtile
Particles of Fluids that are applied to them, ap¬
pears ad oculum in the human Body, fince that
Part of the Inteflines upon which’ the Vefica bi~
iaria lies, is always found tinged with Bile bi¬
rred through the Coats of that tenacious Mem-*,
brane.

I know not how elfe the whole Subfiance of
a rigid contradled Part comes to be foftened and
relaxed by emollient Steams, Fomentations or
Cataplafms ; or, by what other Way of Com¬
munication, we can account for the Effedls of
ibme Medicines, that, externally applied ta
the Abdomen, prove emetick, cathartick, ante-
metick, . anthelmintick, &c. as well as when
taken inwardly, or for the Succefs of proper Fo¬
mentations, &c, applied to the Loins in fome
Difeafes of the Kidneys ; or of refolvent Ap¬
plications in difculfing occult Tumors of the^
Glands.

Medicines, whether Refolvents or Palliatives
of the flupifying anodyne Kind, may perhaps
reach the obftrudled VefTels of the more folid
Parts, by both the propofed Ways. Though
confidering in what liberal Quantities Anodynes
are ufed externally, and how fmall a Dofe is
fufficient to mitigate Pain, or even to caufe

Sleep,

and Obfervations. 4 1

Sleep, when inwardly taken, the abforbent Vef-
fels may take up as much of thefe as is fufEcient
to anfwer for their Effects.

• • •

V. RE Ad ARKS on the externa I life ^To¬
bacco and Groundfel, and on the Effects of Oil
of Turpentine given internally ; by Mr. John
St edm an, Surgeon at Kinro fs.

'y'OUR Propofals inviting People to com-
-*■ municate any uncommon EfFedfs of Me-
dicines which they have obferved, I prefume to
lay before you what I have feen performed by
two very common Drugs, that is not generally
remarked by the Writers on the Materia Medi¬
co : To which I fhall fubjoin a Caution neceflary
in the Ufe of another Medicine.

Tobacco beat well with Vinegar or Brandy
into a Mafh, and applied in a Linen Rag on the
Stomach, occafions flrong Vomiting, and has
fometimes very good Effects in removing hard.
Tumors of the Hypochondria. I know two In-
fiances of its making a compleat Cure ; One is
of an old Man, who by fleeping in the open
Air while the Serenadas or Night-Dews fell,
was taken in the Weft -Indies with a Numbnefs
of his whole Body, which foon was followed
with purging and vomiting; and thefe going
off, he had all the Symptoms of Jaundice, with
Hardnefs and Pain under the fhort Ribs of the
left Side : The Pain went off in a few Days,
but the 'Tumor increafed. After he had ufed
Variety of Medicines for live Years to remove
this Difeafe, a Sea-Surgeon applied aPuItice of
Tobacco difguifed with green Tea, Sugar and

D 3 " Cochi-

42 Medical EJfays

Cochineal, upon the Epiga/lrium and Hypochm -
r dria ; after this Application had been made
four or five Hours, he vomited a great deal of
purulent Matter : When the Pultice was taken
away, the Vomiting ceafed. He continued to
apply this Mafh once a Day for a Month, and
was perfectly cured. The other Example is of a
Boy fourteen Years old, who was cured much
in the fame Manner, of a hard indolent Tumor
of the left Hypochonder.

The Man had fix Ounces of Tobacco in his
Pultice, the Boy had only one ; and the Quan¬
tity muff always be regulated by the Age of the
Patient.

I had been informed of a young Man at Edin~
burgh , who was famous among the lower Sort
of People for curing Agues with an external
Application ; and I had feveral well vouched
Stories of his Succefs : This made me curious
to difcover what his Secret was. I therefore
procured fome of the Pultice which he applied
to the Pits of the Patients Stomachs ; it proved
no other than recent Erigerum or Groundfel beat
down into a very coarfe Pulp, with fome other
Herbs which I believed were put in only to con¬
ceal it ; for fince I came here, I have ufed the
Groundfel alone with very good Succefs. It is
applied cold, and caufes Prong Vomiting fome
Hours after it is applied, which is only done on
the Days free from the Paroxyfm,

JEtherial Oil of Turpentine is frequently ta¬
ken in Honey, or mixed with fome Liquor, by
People labouring under the fciatick and rheu-

matick

ani Observations.

matiek Pains ; and the Patients fometimes are
very carelefs in meafuring out their Dofe, which
ought to be fmall at firft, and to be very gra¬
dually increafed, for fear of the bad Confequen-
ces which happened to the two followingWomen.
One, fixty one Years of Age, whole Dofe I
cannot determine, was feized with a Pain in the
Kidney and Diabetes , and died hydropical in
twenty five Days.

The other got two Drachms of the Oil in
warm Ale, from a Smith, which foon brought
on a Strangury, bloody Urine, and its total Sup¬
pression, with Fever, violent Thirft and Vomi¬
ting; fo that I really defpaired of being able to
recover her : but fhe was happily cured by the
warm Bath, and drinking, plentifully of Dr. FuU
ler’s Emulfto Arabica .

VI. An Inquiry into the natural Hijlory and
medical Ufes of fever al Mineral Steel Waters |
by Dr. Alex. Thomson, Phyftcian at Mont-
rofe.

oTeel Spaws are every where fo frequent in
^ this Part of Scotland where I live, that to
imagine them impregnated with Iron in Sub¬
fiance, were to conceive the whole Country in
one Mine, for, Excefs and Defedl computed,
there may be reckoned at leaft one for every Pa-
riih.

The Soils out of which thefe Mineral Springs
rife are various : That near to Aberbrothock is
in the ordinary poorer fort of the Soil of this
Country, the upper Stratum being a gravelly

Clay,

44 Medical EJfcfys

Clay, below which there is another of Pebble
Stones intermixed with Sand ; under this there
is Sand and Gravel mixed. The Well is in
the lower Part of a Den or hollow Ground, ha¬
ving a Rivulet running by at the Difbance of a-
bout fifty or fixty Paces. The Side of the Ri¬
vulet oppohte to the Well is bounded by a gra¬
velly Rock betwixt the Lavers whereof there
ouzes clear Water dropping over Sleeks (a )
fufpended thereat ; and at the Top of the Rock
there is a fmali Well of good Fountain Water.
I evaporated the Water from thefe Sleeks by
the Heat of the Sun, and nothing remained
but a grey Powder, as of ordinary Clay. A-
bout three or four hundred Paces above the
Well, and on the fame Side of the Rivulet,
there is another Spring of common Water ;
but there are no more Rocks near or above the
Well for a confiderable Way. The Soil of
mofl other Spaws which I have examined is
much the fame with that of Aberbrothock , and
generally a Rivulet runs alfo near them through
common Flintftone and Sand ; particularly,
this is the Cafe of the Well o \ Kincardine, which
is efteemed in this Country next to Aberbrothock :
And I am informed by good Hands, that the
Soil cf the Mineral Well at Peterhead , at the
Mouth of the Murray- Frith, is much the fame,
without any Rocks in its Neighbourhood, ex¬
cept the Sea Rocks to which it is fo near, that it
is overflowed by high Tides.

There are only three Spaws that I know here¬
abouts, the Soil whereof varies from what I

have

§a) A fmooth /hiring Clay

and Obfervations. 45

have juft now defcribed ; one of thele is in
Glendy , beyond the fam’d Kairn , on the Top of
the Grampians : The Soil of this Well is Bog,
with Mofs-ground round it ; and no Rock is to
be feen near it. This Spring bubbles up between
the Mofs and the Gravel at its Bottom, playing
as it ifiues out like a Pot boiling, and appears of
the Colour of Oker , with which one’s Shoes alfo
are coloured when he treads on the Mofs near
the Well. I have feen another fituated in a like
Soil in Lentretham , near to the Mouth of Glen -
ijla : but it does not bubble up as the former
does.

The only Spaw of my Acquaintance, that
hath any thing of Rock uncommon in its
Neighbourhood, is near to Cortachie , my Lord
Airly ’s Seat, on the Water of South- EJk : This
Mineral Fountain is fituated at the Foot |of a
Hill near to the River, having, at the Diftance
of forty or fifty Paces, a good many rocky
Stones, which fhine or fparkle like Marcafites
when they are broken ; and Pearls are filhed in
the neighbouring River. 1 have fent fome of
thefe Stones for your Examination ; but they
are not fo bright or fhining and of fuch a polifh-
ed Surface, as others which I have feen on the
other Side of that Ridge of the Grampians in
Glenijla.

After confidering the Soils from which thefe
Steel Spaws rife, and all in their Neighbour¬
hood, I would think that the molt probable
Account which can be made of their Mineral
Origins may be taken from the Difcoveries of
Mr. Geoffroy , and of Mr. Lemery the Son, com-

4 6 Mtdical EJJays

pared (b). Geoffroy , after attempting to make
Iron with the Clay of Brick and Lintfeed-Oil,
found, by fome fueh Experiments, that there
was Iron in all Vegetables which he could put
under Trial; for all of them had Particles
which the Loadftone or Needle touched with
it, attracted. And Mr. Lernery , by expofmg.
Vegetables to the Burning- glafs, fufed them
into a metallick Mafs in the fame Manner as
was done to Filings of Iron ; and from hence
takes Occafion ingenioufiy to account for this
Mineral’s afcending, its Gravity notwithfland-
ing, thro’ the whole Compages of Vegetables :
Which he illuffrated and confirmed {till further,
by his Experiment on Iron diffolved, firft by
Spirit of Nitre, and then by Oil of Tartar,
when it arbor eel all over the Surface of the Vef-
fel in a great Variety of Branches. What I
aim at may Hill be more eafily conceived from
what Le Givre , a Man of good Senfe and Learn¬
ing of his Time, writes concerning the medi¬
cal Wells of Provence , to wit, That in Trench¬
es digged for difcovering the Origins of thefe
Weils, and on the Sides of the neighbouring
Ditches, he found the mineral Fluid drilling
through its fmall Conduits, and becoming of the
Confni'ence of the Dreg of Oil : And then he
tells us the various Colours it affumes in Ana¬
logy to Crocus Martis , and deferibes its diffe¬
rent Degrees of Confiflence and Solidity, ac¬
cording to its being more or lefs expo'ed to
the Air. It is probable that the like Difcove-
ries in feveral other Parts of France induced

Le¬
ft) Metaoires de 1’ Acad, des Sciences, 1704, 17 o$y 170 6.

and. Obfervaticns. 47

Fernery to fay, that France abounds in Iron e-
• very where ; for, I believe, we have not otherwife
heard of Minos of Iron being every where in
that Country. So that our medical Wells may
bear a juft Analogy to their mineral Progeny
of Vegetables, if fuch new Phrafe of Language
may be allowed ; and I think the Volatility of
our Spaws , difcovered, both by the Experi¬
ments made with them, and by their medi¬
cal Effects, of which hereafter, may hence be
b«ft accounted for. Nor needs what I have here
argued for be thought furprifing, fince the
beft Philofophy hath proved the primogenia!
Earth, compared with it as at prefent, to have
been of a more liquid Confiftence. And Mr.
Beyle and Monf. Fournefort have difcovered the
fame of Gems, Marbles and Corals.

Whatever Truth is in this Docftrine, Mr.
Geoffrey and L emery’s Experiments lead us to un¬
derhand why Steel Spaws are fo frequent ; and
really confidering how much the Mineral is dif-
fufed over all, one would think that all Waters
fhould be impregnated with it ; and poftibly
they may be io, only the Proportion of the Mi¬
neral is fo fmall in moft Fountains, that the
common Trials will not difeover it.

I could find no Difference in the fpecifick
Gravity of the Steel Waters I tried, from that of
common Fountain Water.

The fixed mineral Contents of the Steel Wa¬
ters of Aberbrothock and Peterhead may be col¬
lected much more eafily than is done in the com¬
mon Method of evaporating the whole Water,
if the Mineral Water is put in open Bottles
fome Days \ for then its Contents precipitate,

and

4$ Medical EJfays

and the Water being poured off, will let fall
any Remains of the Mineral, by affufing com¬
mon Fountain Water : And the Precipitati¬
ons may be haftened, by mixing any proper
Adftringent. The mineral Subftances thus
colledled, are afterwards to be dried in the
Shade, Sun, or analogous Heat of Fire . In
this Manner they will be got more entire, than
when fuch a ftrong Heat is employed as is ne-
ceffary in boiling, which may force off the moft
volatile Subftances.

After four Scottijh Pints of Aberbrothock Wa¬
ter were evaporated leifurely at the Well, there
was no Appearance of a Pellicule, and the dried
Powder that remained, weighed, as near as an
Accident of loftng a little of it would allow me
to judge, between fifteen aud twenty Grains j
this I threw into a Hot Iron Laddie, when it fpark-
led into little Flammules , juft as the fine Filings
of Iron ufe to do: But the Powder of the Sleeks
of the Well fparkled but faintly when fo tried.

Monf. du Clo’s Experiments fatisfy me, as
they did him, that it is not eafy to determine
what Salts thefe Waters contain, or whether
all are impregnated with the fame Kinds of Salts .:
He could find neither Allum nor Vitriol in
any of the French Wells ; only in one he found
fome Refemblance of the latter : All the other
W ells gave a Salt, anfwering to a Compofition
of Nitre and Sea Salt mixed in various Pro¬
portions ; which probably is the natural Salt
of the Earth difcovered by Mr. F our ne fort (r)
refembling in moft Trials the Natrum of the

Levant ,

and Observations.

'Levant, being neither acid nor alcali, but ap¬
proaching moft to the latter.

The Call , Myrobalan and Granat Bark were
chiefly ufed by du Clos , to difcover the Steel
Spaws of France , and to determine the greater
or lefTer Degrees of the mineral Contents, by
the higher or lower Tindure which they made
when mixed with the mineral Steel Waters :
Which Trials have alfo anfwered very well with
me, only, feeing the Myrobalans give a reddifh
Tindure to ordinary Water, and obferving the
mineral Waters going upon the fame Colour

when I ufed them, I have chofe to make my
Trials with the Gall , and employed either the
Shell entire, or its Tindure, becaufe the Pow¬
der or its Infufion generally makes the Water
muddy. Having therefore aftufed the fame
Quantity of Peterhead and Aberbrothock Wa¬
ters on like Quantities of Gall) the Peterhead
Water {truck a deep purple Colour, and the
Aberbrothock W ater became only dilutely red,
as a Vin pailPc ; then I added by degrees double
the Quantity of common Fountain Water to
the Peterhead Water tindured with the Gall)
before it became precifely like to the Colour of
the Aberbrothock Water with the Gall in it i
Whereby we may fee that the Mineral, as reach¬
ed by the Gall) is two Thirds ftronger in the
Peterhead than in the Aberbrothock W ater. The
Water of Glendy came nearefl: to the Peterhead
Well in its deep Tindure ; next to this was the
W ater of Kincardine : Mod: of the other Spaws
that I have examined give a Tindure much like
that of Aberbrothock , fome, a little higher ; o-
thers, fomewhat lower.

Vol. II.

The

go . Medical Ejfays

The Infufion of the Sleeks gathered from the
Stones wherewith theWell of Aberbrothock is en~
compared on the Sides, and covered above,
made with Water or Vinegar, flruck a ftrong-
coloured Tin&ure when Galls were mixed with
it.

Rectified Spirit of Wine makes no Change
on the Steel Wafers ; but when the Gall is after¬
wards added, the TindXure is higher than when
no Spirit is ufed. The common Spirit of Wine
mixed with the mineral Water, turns it of
a fine light Violet Colour ; and when the Gall
is added, the Tindfure becomes more dufky than
by the Gall alone : Whether is it not probable,
that the redfrfied Spirit exalts the Sulphur, or
other adtive Principles partaking of the Nature
of Sulphur, without making any Tindhire, but
only augmenting that given by the Gall ? where¬
as the common Spirit gives a Tin&ure, which
being confounded with that of the Gall, forms
that dufky Colour,

Our Steel Spaws which X have tried, appear
to be fo very volatile, that by the leaf!: Accefs
of Air after they are taken up from the Well,
all that bears Trial in them goes off, efpecially
if they are taken up in a hot Sun ; you will
better comprehend this, when I tell you, that
lately I caufed two Bottles of Aberbrothock Wa¬
ter to be taken up in my Sight, and to be im¬
mediately well cork’d and rofin’d : Next Day,
the firft of them I put under Trial anfwered
fcarce more than ordinary Fountain Water ; but
the other anfwered in the ordinary Manner.
The only Reafon I could find for this was, the
cracking of the Rofin, and Roughnefs of the

Neck

and Obfervatioris. 5 r

Neck of the Bottle, which hindered the Cork to
apply fo clofe.to the Bottle in which the j&rffc
Water was contained: This taught me to be¬
lieve I had not been formerly abufed, as I fu-
fpected, when I found this and fome other Wa¬
ters brought me to have a fenfibly vapid Tafte,
and to contain nothing of the Mineral ; tho’ I
mult tell you, that when I formerly had Aber-
brothock Water under Examination, and did not
tile fo much Precaution as lately, I did not meet
with fuch Bifappointments ; which I can attri-
bute to nothing but the Difference of the Sea-
fons, the Water being taken up for my late Tri¬
als in very hot Weather. -

As I found the Liege and Piermont Spaws gi¬
ving the fame Tin&ure with Galls, and agree¬
ing every other Way, the vinous Flavour pecu¬
liar to thefe foreign Waters only diftinguifhing
them, fo I have feen thefe alfo faint of Tafte,
and refufing the ufual Trials, on occafion of be¬
ing ill cork’d or rofin’d.

I come now to confider the medical Ufes of
thefe Springs. As they evacuate moftly by U-
rine, but rarely by Stool, and only in the more
lax and flabby. Texture of the Bowels, I have
found them, efpecially that of Aberbrothock , good
in nephritick Difeafes, feouring off Gravel, and
fometimes pufhing a Stone down. They are
beneficial in fcorbutick Foulneffes, efpecially
when the Humours are in an acefcent Difpofiti-
on ; in all Difeafes of the Stomach depending
on an Acid ; and in general, they are fervice-
able, and may be ufed more freely in all Indif-
politions, occafioned by what Phyficians call a
moibid Acid in the Body ; but where the alca-

E 2 line

5 2 Medical EJfays

line or bilious Difpofition prevails, they are to
be more , fparingly, if at all, taken. And as
Obfervation hath evidfed the Diftindiion of fuch
oppofite Caufes of Difeafes, fo the Trial by
Galls, their turning Syrup of Violets, Tindbure
of Rofes, &c. green, difcover the Alcali in them ;
which might have undeceived Men from being
ib fond of denominating them fo generally A-
cidulee .

My Experience in the Cure of Difeafes by
thefe Waters, will not allow me to ffate uni-
verfally their comparative Virtues on the higher
or lower Degree of Tindfure from the Mixture
of other Subfiances with them ; for I cannot fay
whether the deeper Colour of Peterhead Water
with Galls, depends on a greater Quantity of
the fame mineral Sulphur, or on a lirmer
Combination with its Earth ; or whether they
may not contain a grofler Sulphur, or a larger
Proportion of Earth than is in Aberhrothock
Waters. All I can hitherto determine by Ob¬
fervation is. That in Flaccidnefs, and too great
Relaxation of the Solids, efpecially of the Sto¬
mach, and other chylopoietick Organs, the Pe¬
terhead Water has by far the Pre-eminence :
As on the other Hand I have found the Ufe of
the Aberhrothock Water of fingular Advantage,
in Lownefs of Spirits and other Maladies, where
the Nerves are faid to be affedfed ; for which
1 have alfo feen the Kincardine Water bene¬
ficial.

One of our Burghers, about thirty Years of
Age, of a clean and healthy Conftitution, ha¬
ving met with ftormy Weather at Sea, fed
on fait Meat, and having bad Succefs other-

wife

and Obfervations. - 53

wife in a Voyage, returned fcorbutick, ema¬
ciated, enervated in all the digeftive Powers,
low fpirited, and fo extremely treble, that he
could walk or fit on Horfeback with Difficul¬
ty : After drinking Aberbrothock Water at the
Fountain a few Days, he walked about with
Eafe, and with much more Vigour.

A Gentleman of Honour, aged fixty, of as
vigorous Body, and who had enjoyed good
Health, impair’d at Times by- good Fellowfhip,
from an Inability to walk without Support, re¬
covered Ability to walk with Eafe by the fame
Means in a few Days : And he received the
fame Benefit in a greater or lefler Degree for
feveral Years, in which he ufed that mineral
Water.

A Lady in a declining Age, having had Un-
eafinefs in her Mind, and becoming otherwife
of infirm Health, every accidental Diforder was
accompanied with a notable finking of Spirits.
After various Medicines that feemed at Times
to gain on the Diftemper, which always how*
ever returned rather worfe,.. and the Lownefs
of Spirits Hill attacking her lefs or more, fhe
drank the Aberbrothock Water at her own: Houffi
in the Spring: The Water was always- taken
up at Night, and kept frelh two or three Days^
and then was renewed. She continued the Ufe
of it a Month, wkh fome little Intervals, and
thereby recovered both Health and Spirits.

A Gentleman having buffered an aguifh In-
difpofition feveral Years, it fhifted at lafl into
low Spirits to a great Degree ; which he reco¬
vered in good Meafure, by taking to a low Diet.
When his Symptoms return, as they often-do,

E 3 the

54 - Medical EJfays

the Liege and Piermont Spaws and Aberbrothock
Water in its Seafon are of good Ufe to him ;
frequently he prefers the lad: to the others, tho*
it is brought farther and longer kept than in the
former Cafe.

I have mentioned thefe two Cafes to fhew,.
that notwithdanding the Virtue of the Water
is fo liable to fly off, yet it proves of good Ef¬
fect at a Didance from the Fountain ; and it
may prove better this Way, if taken up at &
right Time, than when it is drank at the Well
in a hot Seafon, after the Spring hath been ex-
pofed feveral Hours to the Morning Sun.

The beft Seafon of drinking thefe Waters is-
doubtlefs in April and May /, after the Spring
Rains have fallen, and before the Heat of Sum¬
mer comes on ; and in the Month of Augujl , to
the Middle of September , before the Autumn
Rains begin 3 at both which Seafons they gene¬
rally tade mod of the Mineral : And it is com¬
monly obferved, that in the hotted Weather
thefe Waters tade mod faint, except after a
moderate Shower of Rain, when {he Tade turns
dronger, but it is weakened after great Rains.
The Badnefs of the Quarters, and the Pieafure
and Convenience of walking about in open Air,
have however determined the Seafon of Ufe to
the two intermediate Summer Months : But I
enjoin the People who afk my Advice to drink
this Water rather at home in the proper Seafon,
and to put the cold Air off it at a Fire, if it
proves cold to the Stomach.

Great Numbers drink the Waters of Aber-
- Irothock , without obferving any Regimen, or
having any Directions from a Phyfician 3 nor

do-.

■ and Ohfervations . 5 5

do I enjoin any confiderable Preparation of Bo¬
dy to my Patients, except in very remarkable
Foulnefs of the Juices. Nor do I allow them
to take Phyfick for purging, during the Ufe of
the Water, if they are not to bath in them.
The Medicine I ordinarily give is Cryjials of
' Tartar , to promote the Evacuation in the molt
ordinary natural Way. With this I fometimes
give ftewed Prunes, or fuch like, to ftir a flug-
gifh Belly a little.

The vulgar Opinion of all the Benefit of this-
Water being proportioned to the Quantity
drunk, prevails fo much here, without any Re¬
gard to the Conftitution, and Strength of the
Patient, or Nature of the Difeafe ; and fo ma¬
ny remarkable Accidents have happened by
drinking too much, that there is juft Reafon to
doult, whether the Abufe of thefe Waters does
not more Harm than the right Ufe does Good.
My general Rule is not to exceed three Englijh
Pints drunk leifurely, efpecially till the Evacu¬
ation by Urine begins, chewing Cinnamon,
Carvie, or any other eafy Aromatick as the Sto¬
mach requires during the Drinking, and walking
in the Intervals of their Drinking and after they
have finifhed their Day’s Dole, till they begin
to be fenfible of Fatigue.

This Rule concerning the Quantity to be
drunk, and Exercife while drinking, I have
found to require one Caution, and one Excepti¬
on. The Caution is taken from the Indications
in V iew. When the Springs of the fibrous Sy-
ftem are to be fcrewed up by the Force of the
Mineral, its greateft Quantity and ftronger
Confiftence with lefs of the diluent Element

are-

c6 Medical EJfays

are rreceftary ; and therefore the Waters which
give the higheft T'inCture upon Trial, and thefe
drunk in fmaller Quantities are preferable : And
th is makes me regret that there are no tolerable
Quarters nor Fields for walking near the Glen-
dy Well, which is of the higheft mineral Tinc¬
ture, next to that of Peterhead. I have caufed
it to be brought fometimes, to People’s Houfes,
where it did Good ; but I have never feen the
Ufe of it long enough protracted to make any
Obfervation of Confequence thereon. If our
Defign principally is to wafh the Inwards, the
weaker Kinds of the mineral Waters are moft
proper.

The Exception to Exercife. is chiefly in the
Gafe of great Relaxation of the Stomach and di-
geftive Powers, which makes the Patients liable
to throw up their Food, as moft frequently hap¬
pens to Females. I order fuch to teed a Bed and
t6*ly clofe till the firft Digeftion is accomplilhed ;
and this ferves to good Purpofe preventing the
Stomach’s calling up its Contents. A Gentle¬
woman fuppofed quite loft in this Difeafe, her
inward Powers being altogether enervated with
a miferable Scene of fucceeding Symptoms du¬
ring feveral Years, was at laft carried from
this Place to Peterhead , where {he drank all
the Water a Bed, laying herfelf to fteep after
each Draught ; by which Means fhe retained
all : And tho’ {he got into drinking the Wa¬
ter to the Excels of a Scotti/h Pint a Day, ,yet
fhe returned perfectly recovered, and remains
fo thefe. feveral Years.

The Aberbrothock Water has got the Prefe¬
rence to the reft in this Country, moft Cures

having

and Qbfervations. 5 7

having been made by it. Whether this is owing
to its Vogue, having occafioned a greater Num¬
ber of Patients to repair to it ; or whether it
depends on its intrinfick comparative Virtue
from the Sulphur , which I begin to difcover
more confpicuous in it than in the others, I fhall
not determine ; but in ail ordinary Cafes I re¬
commend theneareft Spaw , and have frequently
feen the Effedf anfwer efpecially by Kincar¬
dine Well and that on our River of EJk, in
the Skirts of the Grampians ; the former how¬
ever comes nearer to Aberbrothock W ater in the
Cure of nervous Difeafes. A Girl in bad
Cafe of the Nerves, as Nature was framing her
into the Condition of her Sex ; and her Bro¬
ther, a Bov of ten Years of Age, enervated to
aimoft a Cripple all over his Body, are now re¬
covered by drinking and bathing in thefe Wa¬
ters two Seafons.

VII. An ESSAY concerning the Analyjis of hu¬
man Blood ; byDr. George Martine, Phy-
fician at St. Andrew's.

I. The Blood a heterogeneous Mafs .

'“Tp HOUGH the Blood , upon its hrft Erupti-
^ on out of the VelTels of Animals, feems to
be an uniform red Liquor, every body acknow¬
ledges it to be a very heterogeneous Fluid, and
compofed of Particles very much differing
from one another. We are all ready to fu-
fpedl a Duflimilarity of Parts in that Mafs, which
is made up of luch a Multitude of different Ingre¬
dients, and which furnifhes fuch a Variety of

Appearances,

58 Medical Ejfays

Appearances, and new Productions in the Ani¬
mal Body. In like Manner, from the vari¬
ous Effedis of different Medicines , and from fome
Particles difplaying themfelves in a morbid State
more fenfibly than others, Hippocrates [a) infer-'
red their prior Exiflence in the Blood ; tho5 na¬
turally, and in a found State, from their exadfc
Mixture and Balance, they do not difcover
themfelves by any fenfible Effects.

II. Its Com f option , according to the Antients

2. The moft obvious Compofition of the
Blood is of a thin watery Liquor, and a thick
reddifh Lump, into which we find it fo ready
to feparate (h) upon its Emiffion out of the Bo¬
dy, throwing off at the fame Time a volatile
fmelling Steam (c). The red Part the Antients-
looked on as the dugoc the true proper Blood ; and
the other the oKty/uoi, as its diluting Serum , or
Whey,, or white Blood (d). The Rednefs of the
Mufcles, and other fanguineous Parts, they juft-
ly reckoned the Effedfs of a greater Quantity of
thefe red Particles, which conftituted, accord¬
ing to them, the firft and chief Element of
the whole Mafs. And as they faw (e) watery
Liquors feparated from the Kidneys and Skin

(a) De vet. med. xxiv. De nat; hum. v. vr. viii.

( [b ) Galen, de elem. 1. z. de melanch. 11. Avicen. lib.
Ji Fen. 1. do£t. iv. cap. 1. p. 23.

(r) Helmont. oper. p. 3-77. Cartes epift. 1. 80. p. 177.
Cornel, progymn. phyf.- vii. p. xgo. Malpigh. de polyp,
cord. p. 130. Beilin, opulc. ad Pitcarn xxxix. p. ip*.,.
Boerhaave mflitut. med, § 167.

(d) Hippocr. de gland. 1. 6.

( e ) Vid. Galen, com. in. iii. epidem. 1. 5.

and Obfervations. 59

in great Quantities, and other lymphatick Li¬
quors in other Parts of the Body, they thought
thefe to be the immediate Produfb of the Serum
of the Blood ; and fo the < came to be the
fecond Element. And obferving this common¬
ly to be of a yellowifh Colour ; and likewife find¬
ing a confiderable Quantity of Bile of that Hue
to be fecerned from the Bloody they ff raightway
concluded it to he the immediate Product of
thefe yellow Particles tinging the Serum, and an¬
other Element of the fanguineous Mafs. This
too they thought frequently to be fecerned by
Medicines, which therefore they called Chola -
gogues , or Purges of Bile. And laftly, becaufe the
under Part of the CraJJamentum is generally of a
very dark Colour, they reckoned it to be of the
fame Nature with the Blood or Liquor of the
Spleen, and the blackifh Liquors thrown out of
the Body by Vomit or Stool. And fuch, from
a particular PrepofTedion, were they pleafed to
call th z giKa.y'gyxlcLOxblack Bile , which they rec¬
koned as the fourth Element of the Blood. And
this Compofition of the Bloody as made up of
thefe four Elements, was moft carefully cultiva¬
ted, and the Theory and Pradlice of Medicine a-
dapted thereto in all Times, from before the
Days of Hippocrates , till the laft Age that it be¬
gan to give way to Principles of another Kind.
The Chemiffs fet up a Laboratory in our animal
Syflem ; and the Philofophers and Mathema¬
ticians introduced their Diagrams into the hu¬
man Body.

3. We cannot deny, that from the Blood are
produced Phlegm , Bile , and what the Antients
called Melancholy ; and confequently that all

thefe

6o Medical .Effays

thefe exiflr, at leaf! virtually in the Blood : And
fo may we fay of the Saliva, pancreatick Liquor*
common Lymph, Oil, Mucus , Latrymee , Semen ,
Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Bones, 6y. But we
are not firaightway to infer, that all thefe did
formerly exifi in the fame Form, as Elements of
Principles thereof. What a great Share of their
prefent Form and Appearance do thefe various
Liquors and Particles owe to the Adlion of the
Organs, to which they belong, and to the vari¬
ous Combinations and Circumfiances they un¬
dergo ?

III. The chemical Analyfis of the Blood.

4. Some of the firft Philofophers (/^repre¬
sented the human Blood , as the Product of Air,
fome as of Fire, forne as of Water, and others as
of Earth. There were not wanting fome (g)
who thought it was -an Aggregate of fuch Na¬
tures blended together. But the Chemifls pre¬
tended to put the Compofition of the Blood be¬
yond Difpute : By Diftillation they refolved it
into Water, Sulphur , Salt, and Earth ; and thefe
they affirmed to be the true Principles of which
it is compounded.

5. But when we confider the Matter fairly,
all we can juftly conclude from their Experi¬
ments is, That the Blood, upon fuch a Heat be¬
ing applied to it, and in fuch and fuch Circum¬
fiances, is capable to exhibite fuch and fuch Sub¬
fiances

( f ) Vid. Hippocr. de nat. hum. i.

(?) Vid. Galen, dc deer. Hippocr. &c. vid. 7.

and Observations. 6 1

{lances of various Forms and Natures, though
thefe, as they appear in the common chemical
Analyfis, never did nor never could exift in a
living Animal. Indeed there is plainly a great
deal of Water in our Blood. There is likewife
Sulphur too, or the inflammable Principle. The
great Quantity of Oil, wherewith all our Ali¬
ments abound, furnifh it fufliciently : And the
Fat exifting in all Animals, {hew Plenty of it
in the Bloody from which it is fecerned : Nay,
in fome Circumftances we can difcover the oily
Particles circulating in the Mafs of Blood ( h ).
Innumerable Confiderations, even the Tafte it-
felf, convince us of Salt in the Blood ; and there
is no Room, to doubt of earthy Particles like¬
wife exifting therein. And, beyond what the
ordinary Chemifts took fufHcient Notice, of, the
Air-pump (z), as well as the Fire (/f), and o-
ther Operations (/), {hew there is Air in the
Blood ; that is to fay, Particles which, when by
themfelves, and feparated from -the reft, con-
ftitute a heavy elaftick Fluid, readily mixing
with, and not eafily diftinguifhable from com¬
mon Air. But all thefe Elements, as they
are called, can neither exift in the Blood, nor
make up its Compofition in the common Senfe
the Chemifts were wont to underftand them.
The aerial Particles never exert their elaftick
Vol. II. F Force

(/;) Malpigh. de oment. p. 42. Vit. pofhuni. p. 92. con¬
fer 8c Ruyfch. Thef. anat. i. rep. 1.3. p. 14.

(i) Boyle in phil. tranf. lxiii. abr. ii. p. *a,8. 8c c. Fhyfico*
mech. exp. abr. ii.p. 5:40. 541. 634.

( k ) Hales veg. flat. exp. xlix. p. 173.

(/) Papin, in phil. tranf. abr. ii. 247- Boyle Phyfico*

mech. exp. abr. ii. 581. 641.- - 649. Hales veg. fat. exp-,

Ixxx. p. 20 2. Boerhaave chem. ii. proc. cxv. p. 351.

6 2 ] Medical EJfays

Force in a healthy State ( m ) and the fetid, vo¬
latile and fixed Oils, and the alcaline Salt , are
entirely the Effects of a Procefs that can never
exifl: in the animal Body (?z), and of a Degree
of Heat no living Creature is able to bear (o).

IV. The Cartefian Hypoihefs of the Particles of

the Blood , &c.

6. What an odd Work did Mr. Des Cartes,
and his mathematical Difciples, make in the an-
mal Machine ? The Particles of his feveral Ele¬
ments ferved them upon all Occafions , and
you would think they had really feen the differ¬
ent Spheres, Cubes, Prifins, Pyramids, Paralle-
lopipeds, &c. circulating in the Mafs of Blood ;
and wifely adapting themfelves to all the Purpo-
fcs they were pleafed to appoint them ; and paff-
ing through various Channels and Orifices of a
round, fquare, oval, triangular, quadrangular, o-
blong, or any other Figure you could fancy.

7. But they might have learned from Fair,
ab Aquapendente ( p ) and Dr. Gliffon (q), how
readily all the VefTels of an Animal would affiedl
a round 'Figure ; the Neceffity of which was
fully made out by Dr. Pitcairn (r). And as
to the circulating Fluids, about which is our

main

(m) Boerhaave chem. . p. $ zs ■

(n) Helmont. oper. p. 91. 6. 7. 327 • 3S* Boerhaave
chem. ii. proceff. 119-

(0) Boerhaave ibid.

(p) De form. foet. ii. 2. p. 8r.

(qj De ventric. &c. xxiii. 11.

(r) Differ t. de circ. fang, per vafa, & c . §

and Obfervations. 63

main Bufinefs at prefent, taking Things in a
geometrical Light, upon a nearer View and the
ftridleft Scrutiny, we can perceive no fuch vari-
oufly figured Corpufcles in the Blood of Ani¬
mals. All we can difcern, when aflifted with
the beft Microfcopes, are fpherical Particles
fwimming in a pellucid Liquor. This Malpi-
ghi (f) and Leuwenhoek (t) difcovered ; and
their' Obfervations are eafiiy verified by ocular
Infpedffion. And this leads us toajufter and
more intelligible Analyfis of the Blood .

V. The Blood made up of Globules of different Or¬
ders or Magnitudes.

8. By numberlefs Obfervations, Leuwen¬
hoek has {hewn the largeft and moll vifible Par¬
ticles of the Blood to be thofe Globules which
tinge it of a red Colour ; and which therefore do
chiefly make up what we call the Craffamentum
of extravafated Cruor. They are of a certain
determined Magnitude (#), the fame in differ-
ents Parts of the fame Animal, and even in
different Animals however differing in Bulk ;
of the fame Size in an Ox, as in a Sheep, or a
Rabbit (*). And thefe Plano-oval Particles in
the Blood of Fowls and Fifhes, which refemble
thofe Globules of terreffrial Animals, are the fame
in the greateft Whales, as in an Eel or a Frog ;
the fame in an Eagle, as in a Sparrow. Thofe

F 2 great-

(/) Vit. pofth p. 91. de polyp, cord. p. 130.

(/) Phil, tranf. cii. p. 23.

(«) Arcan. nat. det. epift. lx. p. 78. Tabor, exerc. me&»

i. i. § i. p. 78.

(x) Leuwenhoek ibid. & epift. cxxviii. p. izq.

6 4 Medical Ejfays

greatett Spherules we chufe to call the great red
Globules of the Bloody or, the Globules of the fojl
Order.

9. Thefe arc eafily perceived by any body 5
but the fharp-iighted Lemvenhoek went further,
and difcovered the Compofition of thefe Globules ,
which he found (y) made up of fix fmaller
Spheres cluttered together in a very regular
Way \ and that fo nicely, that in a perfect
Globule the Compofition comes to be imperce¬
ptible : But fometimes he faw a red Globule loofen-
ing and breaking into thefe compounding Sphe¬
rules 5 and fometimes he had the good Fortune
to perceive thefe running together, and begin¬
ning the Compofition of a new red Globule .
Thefe fmaller Spherules we call Globules of the
fecond Order.

10. This curious and accurate Obferver of
the minima natures did not flop here 5 he faw (%}
in the Chyle and Blood a great many Particles
fix times lefs than thefe Globules of the fecond
Order , and thirty ttx times lefs than the great
red Globules. The Globules of the fecond Order
are then to be looked on as compounded of thefe
fmaller Particles, which therefore are juftly to
be reckoned as another Clafs, or Globules of a
third Order .

11. But moreover, tho’ the fmaller Globules
are perfectly tranfparent, and confequently not
dittinguifhable one from another, we are certain
from the fame Mr. LeuwenhoeE s Obfervati-

ons,

(y) Ibid. epift. lvi. p. 8. Epift. Ivii. p. 36. Epift. cxxviii.
p. xxi. 22X. Anat. 8c contempt, contin. p. 119. 120. 1x1 .

(z) Arcan. nat. det. epift. lvi. p. ix . Anat, & contempt,
§ 1. p. 30. 3.4. 35. Contin. p. up.

and Obfervations.

tions, that there are innumerable VefTels of
fuch a Smallnefs, that none of thefe hitherto
mentioned Globules could pafs : So that it is ne-
ceiTary to fuppofe inferior ClafTes of Globules of
the fourth , fifths fixth , &c. Orders . Whence

by Analogy we are to conceive Globules of the
third Order , made up of fix Globules of the
fourth ; and thefe again made up of fix of the
fifth Order ; and fo on through feveral Degrees,
the Number whereof we are not to take upon us
to determine. Leuwenhoek (a) faw VefTels,
the Widenefs of which was lefs than the eighth
Part of the Diameter of a red Globule ; fo that
the Particles pafTing through them fhould be up¬
wards of five hundred times lefs than fuch Glo¬
bules, and confequently fmaller than thofe of-
the fourth Order . Yea, upon a careful Exa¬
mination (Z>), he could perceive ftill fmaller
VefTels, narrower than the tenth Part of the
Diameter of a red Globule , and confequently
not capable of tranfmitting Spherules greater
than if a red Globule were broken down into a
thoufand Parts. Thefe fhould almofi: coincide
with Globules of the fifth Order ; and that as
near as we can expedt Obfervations of fuch mi¬
nute Things to carry us.

12. What a beautiful Harmony and Regulari¬
ty do we here perceive in the Conftrudfion of the

Mafs of Blood!

Magnum certe opus oculis video .

F 3

The

(a) Anat. & contempl. § i. p. 31.
(bj Ibid. p. 32.

66 Medical Effays

The Globules of the firjl Order are made up of
fix Globules of the fecond , thefe of fix of the
third , thefe of fix of the fourth , thefe of iix of
the fifth Order , and fo on. And accordingly
we find the Globules of the higher Orders may
be broken down into their compounding Par¬
ticles. In fome Cafes, that the Blood may be
turned into Serum, oli/jlol was obfer-

ved by Ariflotle (c ). Nor did fuch a Change
of the Blood (in ferum fanguis tandem fere
iotus degenerat ) efcape the Obfervation of the
accurate Dr. Harvey (d)> But the judicious
and moft careful Boerhaave ( e) has moft diftindt-
ly of all obferved how very apt the Globules of
the higher Orders are to lofe their Contexture,
and to be broken down into the fmaller com¬
pounding Particles, when they are left to them-
felves, and without the Aftiftance of the Circu¬
lation.

1 3. It feems to be very well worth obferving.
That juft fix fmaller Spherules fhould make
up a larger Globe , if you were to chufe the
moft convenient and firmeft Way of conftrudf-
ing it. Were there but 2, 3, 4, or 5 compound¬
ing Globules , then in the running together
of thefe, the new compounded Particle would
be too angular, and its Parts eafily disjoin¬
ed. On the other hand, were there 7, 8,
o or 10, &c. too many of them would be out
of Contadf from the reft, and confequently for
that Reafon, not adhering fo firmly neither ^
and fo their Cohefion likewife eafily diflolved.

But

(/) De gen. animal, li. p. 160.

{<?) Aphor, § 94. chem,. ii proc. 327,

and Obfervations .

But in a regular Coalefcence of fix, every Sphe¬
rule is in Contact with other four, juft in four
equidiftant Points ; fo that they are very firm¬
ly joined, and not very fubjedt to a Diliolutioit-
from external Injuries. In Fig. i.and 2. o {Tab. L
we have the fix fmaller Spherules, but juft
touching one another, before they run toge¬
ther. In Fig. 1. we have a View of five of
them. A, B, C, D, E, the fixth F, being out
of Sight : But turning them a little, as in Fig. 2.
we fee diftindlly all the fix compounding Sphe¬
rules, three of them lying before, and as ma¬
ny behind. In Fig. 3. and 4. we fee the fame
Spherules adjufted to one another, and com¬
pacted together into one greater Globe ; where¬
in I have exprefied the Lines of Contadf, by
which we conceive they are run- together, and
where they would loofen if they were to be
diifolved and broke afunder. It feemed the
more neceffary to give this Delineation that
Leuwenhoek’ s own Figures (f ) are not very
regular, nor apt to give a juft enough Idea of
the Coalefcence of the compounding Particles,
or of the true Conftruction of the compounded
Globule.

14. From this Conftrudtion of the Blood , we
fee no Room left for Bohn’s ( g ) Idea of the red
Globules , as made up of the vifcid Bullulee inclo-
fmg little Spherules of Air, which Bernouilli (£),
Keil ( i )) and fome others of our mathematical

Phy~

C f) Arcan. nat. det, cpift. lv. p. a, Epifl'. cxxviih
g>. 211. 211.

(£) Circ. anat. xili. p. igp.

(/;) Diflert. de mot. mufc. § 5,

(J) Tentam. V. p. 1 35,

68 Medical EJJays

Phyfiologifts (k) thought fo much for theif
Purpofe. And when, from microfcopial Ob-
fervations (/), they found a Globule , upon its
Arrival at a fmall Veflel it was not able eafily
to go through, to be comprefled and flatned in
its Paflage ; and immediately when got into a
wider Channel, to refume its former round Fi¬
gure, they forthwith concluded that Appear¬
ance to proceed from an inclofed elaftick f luid,
refloring itfelf after Compreflion. How much
more fimple yea obvious would it have been
to have had Recourfe to that common Proper¬
ty of all Fluids, whofe Particles, when touch¬
ing one another, affect to form themfelves into
a fpherical Figure. This is the Appetite of Con-
tinuation , or Union of my Lord Verulam , the
Congruity of Hook , the mfus in contadum , and
the vis cohafionts , and contra Clio naturalis of
Bellini , which Sir Ifaac Newton chofe to call
by the old Words, Attraction and Gravitation ;
which thefe gFeat and inquifitive Philofophers,
following the wifeff: of the Antients, found to
be inherent in all Bodies we have Occafion
to make our Observations upon, and to be the
immediate Caufe of many of the principal Phe¬
nomena of Nature-

15. Not only the compounding Particles of
each Globule are endued with this Property, but
likewife the Globules themielves, have a very

* ffrong

( k ) Mead of Poifons 1. p. 15 Cheyne’s phil. Princ. cf
Relig. V©1. 1. p. 30.9. Wainewright of the Non-natur. vi.

16. p. 64.

(/) Vid. Leuwenhoek Arcan. nat. det. epift. lxv. p. 161,
in. phil. tranf. exvii. p. 380. Cowper in phii, tranf. ccl&xx*
abr. v. 1. p. 3 31,

and Obfervations. 69

firong mutual Attradlion or nifus in contaffum £5*
cohdsjionem. When extravafated Blood is left to
itfelf, we foon perceive how forcibly the red
Globules run together and coalefce, and fqueeze
out the intervening Serum in fome Animals with
a greater, in others with a fmaller Force, This
Force in the Blood of Deers is fo weak, as that it
fcarcely coagulates into a firm Craffamentum (m).
On the contrary, in fome great and firong
Beafis, it becomes a tough and almoft indiiTo-
luble Mafs : So that the Blood of Bulls was fre¬
quently drunk by the Antients as a moft effe¬
ctual Poifon («). Nay, even the pellucid wa¬
tery Serum , which confifis of Globules of inferior
Orders and Magnitudes, is very ready to lofe its
Fluidity : In a certain Degree of Heat, before
much of it is exhaled, it becomes a firm and fo¬
lk! Subfiance (0).

16. It will perhaps be afked what we have
done with the Fibres (’Irec), which many, and
thefe great Men too, have deferibed as very ef-
fential Parts of the Blood of Animals. But if
we deal candidly, tho’ even Malpighi ( p ) did
ftrenuoufly ftand up in their Defence, I am
afraid we muft yield to the fuperior Force of

Bo~

(m) Ariflot. hift. animal, iii. 19. De part, animal, ii . 4.
Meteorolog. iv. 7. Plin. hift. nat. xi. 38.

(«) Herodot. hift. iii. 15. Plin. hift. nat. xi. 38. xx. 9.
xxiii. 7. Plutarch, in vita Themiftocl.

(0) Golzadius apnd Barbat. diff. de fang. Sec. p. 10.
Boyle of Fluids, See. abr. i. p. 329. Ufeful. of exper,
Philof. abr. i. p. 32- Lyfer in Barthol. epift. med. 11.
33- p. 5°3* Malpigh. epifl. r. de pulm. p. 131. Tabou
excrc. med. p. 66.

(j>) De polyp, cord. p. lay. Vit. pofthum, p. 4S*

jo Medical Effays

Borelli’s (q)9 and Bohn' s (r) Arguments, and
confefs that we can find noVeftiges of them inr
the Blood in a natural State. If they were in
the VeiTels of Animals, they could not but difturb
the Circulation. And their Exiftence feems to
be entirely owing to a fubfequent Preparation of
extravafated Bloody whofe vifcid Parts, by the
Heat of warm Water, and Conquafiation, or
fome other fimilar Artifice, run together in Inch
new Forms.

VI. Of the Temperaments denominated from the
conjtituent Parts of the Blood .

17. All Animals (I mean fuch as we are
chiefly concerned with ) have Globules of all the
feveral Orders , fcattered thro’ their Blood \ but
in no certain or fixed Proportion : W7hich may
likewife be affirmed of the conftituent Parts of
the Bloody when they are confidered as giving
Rife to the compounding Humours of the An-
tients, and to the chemical Elements. From
the Confideration of which Variety it will be of
Ufe to take a View of the various Temperaments
of the human Body,, fa much talked of, and fo
little underftood, that we may the better under¬
hand the Syftems of the Antients, and alfo
have fome Idea of a middle ConJUtution , to which
all the Calculations relating to the Properties of
the Blood are to be referred.

18. If the Blood be plentiful, and abound with
red Globules , or thofe of the frft Order y fuch a

State

(</) De mot. animal, ii. prop. 132. p. 168..

(r) Cite. anat. xili. p. 187.

and Obfervations. jt

State will plainly enough conftitute what the
Antients called temper amentum fangnineum ; the
Symptoms whereof are eafily explained v from
thefe Circumftances.

19. When the red Globules were fcarce in the
Blood , and it was found thin and watery, this
was called a phlegmatick Te?npera?nent.

20. If the Blood happened by any means to
acquire a great many thick, tough, and iefs
moveable Particles, thefe the Antients looked
on as the chief Ingredients in the atra bills ; and
fuch a Conftitution was with them the tempera -
mentum melancholicum , which the learned Boer -
haave (f) thinks may be better explained from
Chemy ; and that in fuch a State, it is chiefly the
earthy , and fome of the more vifcid oily Particles
that abound.

21. Our Aliments are generally of an ace-
fcent Kind, or the Produdt of fuch ; but by the
Adfion of our Bodies on them, they are foon
reduced to a neutral State. Yea, fuch is the
Frame of Animals, that the Force of the Circu¬
lation bringing the Particles of the Blood always
farther and farther from their former Acidity, ani-
malizes them (if I may ufe the Word) more
and more, renders them volatile, and perfpi-
rable ( t ) ; and at length, if there be no new
Supplies or Obftacles to hinder it, even difpofes
them to an alcalefcent State (u) 3 the Breath

{links

( f) Inft. med. § 218. Aphor. § 1092. 10 95. Vid. &
Pethlin. de purg. p. 45.

(f) Helmont. p. 91. 4. p. 148. 31. p. 149. 34. p.. 150. 39.
p. 151. 4>. p. 177- 60.

( u ) Vid. Boerh. aphor. § 80. 109. Chem. ii. proc. 88.
f. 2.93.' proc. 9S ■ p. 313* proc. 100. p. 323.

72 Medical Ejjays

ftinks (#), and the Blood turns putrid (y). Now
the Bile is found (%) to have undergone a Jong
Courfe and Circulation, before it is fecerned from
the reft of the Bloody and to be one of the mofl:
perfect animal Liquors, and the furtheft remo¬
ved from any acefcent Quality ; and in Plenty
and Perfection in thofe who have a ftrong Cir¬
culation, and all their vital Operations carried
on with Vigour (a). And it is fuch a Conftitu-
tion going to too great a Height, that will truly
make what the Antients called a cholerick or bi¬
lious hot Temperament .

22. The direCt contrary of which, importing
an irregular and weak Circulation, and not fuf-
iicient to overcome, and alter the Difpofition
of our Aliments, feems to coincide in a great
meafure with the Cachexia of the Antients [b) ;
which might be looked on as a fort of Tempe¬
rament l, and a Deviation from the natural and
regular Conftitution ; and not fo properly to
be a particular Difeafe, as a State of the Body
giving Rife to a great many Difeafes eafily flow¬
ing from fuch a State. And this frequently
falls in with the phlegmaiick Temperament ; as
on the other hand, the fanguineous and chole¬
rick are oftentimes blended together. You
might find out other general Deviations of the
Body from a middle State, which might be call¬
ed Temper amentum oleofum , falinum , calidum ,

frigidum ,

(x) Ariftot. probi. xiii. 7. Petron. fatir. § 128, Mar¬
tial. epigr. iv. 4.

( y ) Vid. Boerh. ubi fupra.

(z) Vid. Boerh. inft. med. § 99.

(a) Hoffman, med. rat. i. p. 182.

(b) Vid.. Aret. de chronic, cauf, &c. i. 16. Cxi. Aurc-
lian, chronic, iii. <5.

and Obfervations .

fngidum , See. as you pleafe to confider the vari¬
ous Ingredients and Difpofitions of the Blood,
and Operations of the Body.

Blood then, which is as it were in a Middle be¬
tween all thefe, which has neither too much
Cruor , nor too much Serum , (svn klolv ttcc^v,
cure hJaLv Ki7TTov) (^), nor too much Earth , Salt,
or Oil, nor the Product of too weak, nor of too
ftrong a Circulation, we call the Blood of a
regular Constitution , or middle Temperament, to
which the reft are to he referred, and which
People are underftood to mean, when they fpeak
of the Blood in general, and in a found State.

TXV Tl TOVTZUV iXCtOSOV, V 7T\etOV eiYI, Xj (/.VI

yhov vj rolat %vy7roL<nv (*). And indeed we are
all but too liable to a Deviation from this de-
iirable middle State. The Blood of very young
ones is generally thin and watery, that of old
People, thick and black ; but the middle-aged
Folks are readieft to have a biliar and fangui-
neous Difpofition. Ek ylv joiq vrxyTrxv veoic to
cuy.x poet fiq er; £ 7rkeioi /, zv cTe tg?c yzpovoi,
Try.^v £ yzkxY, K) ihdyov, zv (XKyxfyun cPl ye<rae [/)•

VOL. II

G •

VII. The

(0 Hippocr. de vet. med. xxxv. if).

( d ) Ariftot. hid. animal, iii. 19.

(e) Hippocr. de nat. hum. vi. 1,
(/) Ariftot. hid. animal .iii. 19.

74 - Medical EJJays

VII. 77;^ Proportions of the chemical Elements •

24. The Antients did not pretend to deter¬
mine the Proportions their four Elements bear
to one another. But the Chemifls have had a
better "Opportunity to make a tolerable Efli-
mate of the Quantities of their Principles of the
human Bloody which however you are not to
expedx as perfeftly exacf, or nearly alike in all
Trials. However by way of Example, we fhall
take an Experiment of the accurate Mr. Boyle (g),
who, by diffilling ten Ounces and feventy three
Grains of human Blood at a flow Fire, found it
to yield the following Subftances.

Grains .

Phlegm rifing by a gentle Heat, differ¬
ing little (. h ) from common Water,
with two or three Grains of volatile
Salt diffolved in it, 352,7

Volatile Parts loft in Diftillation, which
we prefume to be of the fame Nature
with the colledfed Phlegm, - - 266

And fo thefe two Phlegms put together, 3793
The dry Subffance or Refiduum of this

Diftillation, - 1080

This Refiduum , d iftilled a fecond Time
at a ftronger Fire, gave,

Fetid Oil, - - - 168

Dry volatile Salt purified from its adhe¬
ring Spirit, - "65

Volatile

(g) Hift. hum. Blood, p. 231. Abr. ill. p. 4 59.

(Vj Vid. Vieuflens in phfl. tranC 141. Abr, iii, p. 243,

and Obfervations. 75

Grains.

Volatile Saline Spirit collected, - - 48

Particles loft, partly this Saline Spirit,
and partly Air, which in this Period
of the Diftillation begins to rife (/), , 427

The Air thrown off by fuch a Diftil¬
lation, according to Hales’ s Experi¬
ment (k), fhould be, - - 171

And fo the Spirit loft was, - - 246

Which added to gr. 48, the former vola¬
tile Saline Spirit makes, - - 304

Caput mortumn - - - 372

The gr. 168 of fetid Oil analyfed in Vi -
eujjens* s Way (/) fhould have given,

Saline Spirit, - ~ - 93

Yellow thick Oil, - - 60

Fixed Salt, - - “3

Fixed Earth, - - - 6

The gr. 304. and gr. 99 of Saline Spirit,
making in all gr. 403, analyfed ac¬
cording to a like Method (w), fhould

have given,

Water, - - - 278

Volatile Salt, - - 125

Caput mertuum , gr. 372, calcined, gave.

Fixed Salt, - - - 18

Moft- fixed Earth, 26

G 2 Par-

(i) Hales veg. flat. exp. xlix. p. 175. Exp. II. p. 174.
(k) Ibid. exp. xlix. p. 173.

(/) Phil, tranf. 141. Abr. iii. p. 147.

(w) Boyle Hill. hum. Bl. p. 112. 127. 126, 24*. Abr. iiL
E- 473" 47 S'

7 6 Medical EJJajs

Grains,

Particles evaporated in the open Fire, 328

The Proportions of whofe Ingredients
cannot well be determined ; but from
fome fort of Analogy we guefs them to
be about thefe following, negledling
the Air, which too perhaps was difli-
pated at this Time.

Oil, ~ - - 273

Salt, - - 22

Earth, - 33

From all which the Blood being Unity, con-
ftfting of gr. 4873, a Chemift would reckon
thefe Elements in the following Proportions,

Water

gr, 4068

Oil

333

1 S

Salt

- 190

_ 1

2 5

Earth

Air -

- 171

~ if

25. Thus we fee how vaftly the watery or
Phlegmatick Part of the Blood abounds above
the other Principles. It takes up § Parts of the
whole Mafs ; and other Experiments («) {hew
it {bill in a greater Quantity : And it exceeds the
Oil or Sulphur above a Dozen Times ; and the
Oil is in greater Plenty than any of the reft of
the Ingredients. However I fhall not fay but
fome of thefe Elements may ftill be refolved into
one another, or into more fimple Parts, fo as to
increafe or diminifti the above Proportions.

VIII. The

( r ) Boyle fcept. chem. abr. iii. p. 28$. Boerh. chem,
ii. proc. up.

and Observations*

VIII. The proportional Quantities of the Globule's

of different Orders.

26. But our main Bufinefs, as being hither¬
to lefs minded by Phyficians, is rather to de¬
termine the Proportions and various Properties
of the Parts or Elements of the Blood , analyfed
in the moft fimple, that is, ( if on this Occafion
we may be allowed the Expreilion) in a geo¬
metrical Way, and to find out the feveral Quan¬
tities of the Globules of different Orders . Now
in cold and fufHciently coagulated Bloody the
tough Crajfamentum , and its furrounding Fluid,
Serum , are ordinarily found (0) to be pretty near
equal to one another. And Dr. furin (p) fup-
pofes the Interfaces of the red Globules of th'e
Craffamentum to be nearly equal to the Globules
themfelves, fo as to render them | of the whole
Mafs.

27. The Interfaces would indeed take up
almoft fuch a Space, if the Globules were all re¬
gularly difpofed, fo as to ly perpendicular over
one another in a fquare Form. But it is plain
they could not well fubfift in that State *. Their
natural Lubricity would be readier to difpofe-
them in a more compact Figure, as perhaps in
a quincuncial Order or fo. And in fuch a
Cale, by a Calculation, differing confiderably
from Tabor s (^), I find that the interfperfed Spa -
tiola put all together, would take up but | of

G 3 tho

(6) ViJ. Boyle Hitt. hum. Bl. p. 2.5-2.. Abr. iii. p. 460,
(p) Phil, tranf. 361. Abr. v. 1. p. 326,

Exerc. med. i. s, § 5, p. 6 1.

yS Medical EJJays

the Crajfamentum , and the Blood Globules f
thereof: So that, on this Suppofition, thefe would
be 1 Parts of the whole Mafs. But neither is
it likely they fhould be fo very regularly and
compa&ly difpofed ; and therefore, making
fome Allowances for Irregularities, it may feem
reafonable rather to reckon, that thefe Globules
fhould take up only about § of the CraJJamen -
turrit and confequently f or \ of the Mafs,
and the ferous Part to take up the other §
thereof. In this Cafe the red Globules being
fuppofed to be fcattered uniformly through the
Bloody their mean Diftance from one another,
by a geometrical Calculation, comes out about
| Part of their Diameters : And this falls in
nearly with Tabor s (r) Obfervation ; which
however I will not fay was made, or could
well be made with fufficient Accuracy.

28. Now as the Blood is a Compound of G/<?-
bides of all the feveral Orders , fo is the Serum a
Compound of the Globules of the fecond Order ,
and of all the inferior Orders. And as the red
Globules , or thofe of the firjl Order , take up a
Third of the whole Mafs, fo from Analogy
.{and we have no other Way left us to deter¬
mine the Matter) it is not improbable that
thefe of the fecond Order fhould take up a third
Part of the Serum , and that the other two Thirds
are made up of Globules of the third and fubfe-
quent Orders , and fo on in this Progreflion.

The entire Mafs of Bloody 1

Globules of the firjl Order , - - |

Serum, - -

Globules

(r) E&erc. 1. 1. § $. p.

and Observations. 79

Globules of the fecond Order ,

The reft of the Serum coniifting of Glo¬
bules of the third and inferior Orders ,
Globules of the ihird Order , - -

The Remainder of the Serum , being
Globules of the fourth and inferior
Orders , -

Globules of the fourth Order , - q. p.

The Remainder, being Globules of the
fifth and inferior Orders^

Globules of the fifth Order ,

The Remainder, being Globules of the
fixth and inferior Orders ,

Globules of the fixth Order ,

Aggregate of the feventh and inferior
Orders , -

Globules of the feventh Order , - q. p .
Aggregate of the eighth and inferior Or*

ders, - - -

Globules of the eighth Order ,

Aggregate of the ninth and inferior Or¬
ders , - -

Globules of the ninth Order ,

Aggregate of the tenth and inferior Or-
ders, - - - p.

Globules of the tenth Order ,

Aggregate of the Globules of the ele¬
venth and inferior Orders , if there be
fuch, - - -

i o

■5s

3'^

* 7

__ X

5 1

_ I

a 5

7 5

_ y

1 8
_x

I i ^

"5 7

IX. Denfity of the Mafs of Blood*

29. Having thus considered the Several Quan¬
tities of the compounding Particles of the
Blood, it is convenient next to determine their

fpecihck

to Medical EJfays

fpecifick Weight or Quantity of Matter eon-
tained under a given Bulk, comparing them,
as alfo the entire fanguineous Mafs, to fome o-
ther Body of a fixed and determined Denfity, as-
common Water, which is the ordinary Stand¬
ard for fuch Calculations.

The truly Honourable Mr. Boyle (f)9 as he*
began a great many curious Reiharches of this
Kind ; fo he was the fir ft who attempted to
fettle the comparative Weight of human Blood, .
which, according to his Trial, came out to be
to Water as 1041 to 1000. But as his Expe¬
riment was not done with that Accuracy as to
fatisfy himfelf, who in every thing was very
fcrupulous, he recommended it to the farther
Inquiry of others. And accordingly the ac¬
curate Dr. Jnrin (/), by a Set of Experiments
of this Kind, found the Denfity of the Blood
to be 1054.. As far. as I can judge,, by com¬
paring it. with Rain-water, or that of a dear
limpid Rivulet,, but ■ differing little from Rain¬
water, and taking great Care that there be no
Bubbles of Air in the Blood, when I made my
Experiments, I found their Denfities as 1000
to 10565s or 1057, or as 18 to 19. q. p. Per¬
haps the Water I ufed being lighter than the
common London Water, which I prefume was
made ufe of in Jurin’s Experiments, might oc-.
cafion this, fmall Variation.

30. But we muft obferve a very remarkable-
Difference in the Blood, according to its diffe¬
rent States ; whether as circulating in the Vef-
fels of the Animal, or as it is expofed to the

cold

( f) Hid. hum. BI. p. 36. Abr. iii. p. 45c*

OJ fhil, tranf 361, AbrvV, 2. p. 314,

and Obfervations, . 8 1

cold Air ; in which Condition we commonly
examine it : From whence, after fufficient Al¬
lowances, we muft inveftigate its real and na¬
tural Denfity, while in alive State.

We know all Bodies whatfoever to be fome-
what condenfed by Cold, and expanded again
by Heat ; fo that we can fafely affirm the cold
Blood to be fpecifically heavier, than the warm
Fluids circulating in the Veifels of a living A-
nimal ; but by how great an Odds, is not fo ob¬
vious or eafy to be determined.

31. Some People feem to eftimate the Heat
and Denfity of the living Blood, according to
what they find it upon its firft Emiffion out of
the Body : In which Cafe it is plain, that in its
very Exit, and while you collect a fufficient
Quantity to make your Experiment, it has loft
confiderably both of its Heat and natural Ex-
panfion.

32. One would be ready to judge of the Ex-
panfion of Blood, from what we find it in Wa¬
ter. Now Dr. Halley ( u ) found Water, rea-
fonably cold, but not freezing, to be expanded

Part by boiling ; that is, as I judge, from
grad . 2. to grad. 34 f, in a Thermometer con-
ftrudted in Sir Ifaac Newton’s Way: The fame
Difference was affigned by Leuwenhoek ( x ).
Whence Water in a temperate Degree of Heat,
about grad. 4, fhould be expanded g j Part, by
the Heat of grad. 12 to which 1 find the
Thermometer rifes by the Blood of thofe living-
Animals, whole vital Operations come neareft

(u) Phil, tranf. ip? Abr. ii. p. 54.

(x) Arcan. nat. det. epift. lxviii. p. 114. See too M.
Reaumur mem. de l’Acad. des fciences 1730, p.

8 2 Medical EJfays

to the human, not grad. 14 Tf, as Sir Ifaac
Newton ( y ) and Mr. Hales (z), by fome Mif-
take reckoned it. But by repeating fome Ex¬
periments of this Nature, I could not perceive
the Expanfion to be near fo great, as is deduced
from Halleys and LuiwenhoeF s Experiments,.
Perhaps in their boiling Water, there were
fome Air-bubbles- which, they did not confider.

33. This makes me fufpect fome Miflake to
have been likewife in Dr. Tabor s (a) Experi¬
ment, by which he determined the cold Serum >
when brought to the Temperature of living
Blood , to be expanded Part.

If thefe Authors have afcribed too great a Di¬
latation to Water or Blood heated to a certain
Degree, I fufpedted that on the other hand Dr.
Boerhaave had allowed Water too fmall a Rare-
fadtion, when from grad. 56 in Fahrenheit* s
Thermometer to grad, 212, when it was in a
boiling State, he reckoned it dilated only ¥-i
Part; and confequently from grad. 53 (which
coincides with grad. 4 in Newtons Thermome¬
ter) to grad. 100, (which nearly anfwers to
Newton’s grad. 12, 8) it fhould be no more
than Part.

34. Weighing carefully a. certain Quantity
of human Blood, drawn from a Man in Health
in the Morning,, and flowing diredtly into a
Phial that was immerfed in Water, which raifed
the Liquor in the Thermometer to grad. 12,
8, and them letting it cool in a temperate State

(y) Phil, tranf. 270. Abr. iv. 2. p.

(z) Veg. flat. 1. exp. jo. p. 78.

(<*) Exerc, med, l, i. § 7. p.

and Obfervations, $ g

of- Air about grad. \, I found it condenfed T Im¬
part. So that the Denfity of the Bloody when
circulating in living Animals, is to its Denfity,
when reduced to the Coldnefs of temperate Air,
as 134, to 135, or 992 § to 1000. Water and
Urine tried the fame Way, fufFered 4rery near the
fame Degrees of Rarefa&ion and Condenfation.
Hogs Blood feemed to undergo fome greater
Change : But the Difference was very fmall ; no
greater than what might flow from a greater
Quantity of oily Particles in its Compofition :
And we know Oil is more rarefied by a given
Degree of Heat than Water.

35. There is however one Confideration too
often neglected ; but which neverthelefs muff
be taken in, before we can apply our Calcula¬
tions with the defired Accuracy to Liquors in
different Degrees of Heat. The Veifels, in
which our Areometrkal Experiments are per¬
formed, fuffer like wife a Dilatation, by the Ap¬
plication of' Heat, though in a much lefs De¬
gree than the contained Fluids. It is the Ex-
cefs of the Expanfion of thefe above the Dilata¬
tion of the containing Veflels, that is common¬
ly recorded in Obfervations of this Kind : But
they muft both of them be taken in to deter¬
mine the real Changes the Fluids undergo in
the different States of Heat and Cold. Glafs I
fuppofe from good Reafons may be lengthened
by the Heat of the human Body about tIoo Part
of its Dimenfions ; fo that a thin Glafs Phial
fhall be enlarged in its Contents about Part.
Whence the real Denfity of .cold Blood, to
its Denfity when circulating in a live Animal,
comes out in a compound Ratio of 135 to 134,

84 Medical EJJays

and 400 to 399, which is nearly, as 100 to 99.
And fo, from what has been faid, we may con¬
clude the real Denfities of Water and Blood to
be in thefe Proportions,

Water in a temperate Degree of Heat, 1000
freezing, - - - 1004

of the Heat of the Bhod in the hu¬
man Body, - - 990

Blood of the Heat of temperate Air, - 1056

in its natural living State, - - 1045J

36. Hence we fhall be able to determine the
Weight of a given Moles or Bulk of Bloody
which is not fo accurately done hitherto as it
deferves : This being of lingular Ufe in our In¬
quiries concerning the Velocities, Moments, idc,
of the circulating Liquors, and the Forces of the
Heart, and other Organs in the animal Ma¬
chine.

From the accurate Experiments of Dr. Ber -
nardy Sir Ifaac Newton , Mr. Everhard , and o-
thers, we conclude a cubick Inch of Rain Wa¬
ter to weigh 253-I Grains. Whence a cubick
Inch of warm Blood, (hall be found equal to
gr. 253 i3 X t!£§ = 264 1 : And an Ounce of
Blood will be 1,813 Inches. An Averdupois
Ounce ( which nearly coincides with the an-
tient Roman Standard Weight) according to the
very nice Experiments of Mr. Everhard , and
Mr. Stewart ProfefTor of Natural Philofophy in
the Univerfity of Edinburgh , is found to weigh
gr. 437 and therefore is in Water equal to
1,727 Inches j and 1,6526 Inches of warm
Blood »

Seeing from the Principles of Geometry, a

Cube

"and Obfervations. 8 5;

Cube is to its infcribed Sphere, as 1 to 0, 5236,
it eafily follows that a Globe of Water of an
Inch Diameter muff be gr. 253 \ X 0,5236™
1 32I q. p. and a Sphere of Blood of the fame Size
fhall weigher. 138^.

X. The Denfties of the Globules of different Or¬
ders.

37. And now we come more clofely to Work,
to determine the Denfiti-es of the feveral Parts
of the fanguineous Mafs, wherein Mr. Boyle , o-
therwife very accurate, has led very many lefs-
examining People into a mod: enormous Error,
when, by fome Miftake or other in thefe Expe¬
riments (b) he moft trufled to, he reckoned
the fpecifick Weight of Serum to that of Water,
as 1 174 to 1000, and confequently a good deal
heavier than that of the common Mafs or red
Blood. A thoufand Obfervations and Circum-
flances may convince us of the contrary ; but
we (hall confine our Selves to thefe Experi¬
ments that determine diredfly their fpecifick
Weights with the greateft Accuracy. We for¬
merly (c) found the Denfity of cold Blood to be
1054, or rather 1056 : And Dr. Jurin (^),
from a great many Trials, all done with utmoll
Care, concludes the fpecifick Weight of Serum
to be only 1030. Dr. Tabor’s (e) Obfervation
makes it 1031 : And I found it nearly the fame.
So that when compared to limpid Rain Water,
Vol. II. El it

(b) Hilt. hum. Bl. p. 71. Abr. iil. p. 461.

GO § *9*

( d ) Phil, tranf. 361. Abr. v. 1. p.32.3.

(f) Exerc,. mcd. 1. 1. § 7.

&6 Medical EJJays

it may fafel y enough be reckoned 1032, which is
then 4} Part lighter than Blood. The Scrum
therefore, when reduced to the Heat of live Blood ,
fhould be 1032 X too — 1021 f.

38. Since the Craffame?itum is about one half
of the whole Mafs (f[ it, when taken by itfelf,
muff as far exceed inDenfity the common Mafs,
as this does the Serum \ .and confequently
fhould be 1080, to which Supputation Experi¬
ence comes very near. For as a Medium of

feveral Trials, Dr. Jurin ( g ) found it 1084c
The very different Coniiftence of the CraJJ'amen-
ium of the Blood of different Perfons, will not al¬
low us to expedf a great Uniformity in fuch Ex¬
periments ; however I found it generally fome-
thing above 1080. Perhaps the handling of it
might have fqueezed out feveral of the thinner
and lighter Particles of the interfperfed Serum ;
fo that we found it fpecifxally heavier than na¬
turally it fhould have been.

39. About two Thirds of this Mafs of Craf-
[amentum is taken up by red Globules , the other
Third by Serum (h) ; from whence the Denhty
of thefe Globules is found j 1 04. It comes out
the fame from our former Determinations of
the Denfity ofSerum, as 1032 (2), and that of
Blood as 1056 (k) ; and the red Globules be¬
ing a Third of the entire Mafs of Blood (/). It.
is true Dr. Jurin reckoned (ml) the fpecifick

Gravity

1<r) PhU.tvanf. ibid. p. 327.

(h) § 27.

(0 § 37-

£*) § 2-9-

0) § 27-

(w) Phil, tranf. ibid. p. 326.^7,

and Obferv aliens. $ 7 '

Gravity of the Blood Globules to be 1126 ; but
he fuppofed the Quantity of thefe Globules only
a fourth Part of the whole Mafs ; whereas the
Reafons formerly adduced obliged us to rec¬
kon them a Third thereof. So then the true
Denfitv of a red Globule circulating in the
Blood of a living. Man, is 1104 X t§§ —

I093-

4c. And thus we have found that the red
Globules , or thofe of the firjl Order , are the
heavieft Parts of the Blood ; and that they, as
well as the groffer Serum , by being broken down
into fmaller Globules , lofe fomething of their fpe-
cifick Weight : So that it is very obvious to
infer, that as the Globules of the firjl Order are
the denfeft, as well as the biggeft Particles of the
Blood , fo thefe of 'the fecond Order come neareft
to them in each of thefe Properties ; Thefe of
the third Order , as they are fmaller, fo are they
ipecincally lighter than the preceedlng, but big¬
ger and heavier than the Globules of the fourth ,
or fubfequent Orders and fo on : The Globules
of the larger Size always having their compound¬
ing Elements more ffraitly compared than
the fmaller ones, whofe Parts arc not fo ftrong-
iy bound to one another : So that we are to-
conceive the Mafs of Bloody as made up of a
Congeries of Spherules differing in Denlity as
well as Magnitude.

41. We have been able to determine the
real Denfity of the red Globules ; but how fhall
we arrive at any Knowledge of the Globules of
the inferior Orders ? Nature makes no Sepa¬
ration of them from one another out of the A-
tiimal 5 nor do we know by any Art, a Method

PL 2 ... of

Medical Ejfays

of reducing them into diffincf Parcels. But
notwithftanding thefe Difadvantages, we are
not to defpair of coming at a Determination o£
this fo feemingly difficult Queftion. We have
the Denfity of the Mafs of Blood 1045 in)> °f
the red Globules 1.093 (°)> an(l °f fhe Serum 1022
(p) and from thefe three Data^ we fhall necef-
fari-ly have a very regular and confiftent Series,
if we reckon the Differences of the Denfity be¬
tween any Order , and its fubfequent one, to h,e
a third Part greater than the Difference between
that fubfequent one, and what immediately fuc-
ceeds it. Thus if a> $.y y} d, be the Denfi-
ties of the Orders A, B, C, D,
then a— ,S X | wi.ll be equal to — - ys

and £ — . y X 4 equal to y — - <?y and fo on ;
thefe Differences of Denfities decreafing in a
geometrical Proportion ; fo that at length the
very minute Globules of the inferior Orders come
all to be nearly of the fame fpecifick Weight,
By this Rule the fpecifick Weights of the feveral
Orders of Globules are in the following Propor¬
tions :

The Mafs of warm Blood , or the Glo¬
bules of the firft and all the fubfe¬

quent Orders , - - 1045

Globules of th 0 firjl Order , - - 1093

The Serum or Globules of the fecond >

and all the fubfequent Orders , - 1022

Globules of the fecond Order^ ~ - 1053

Globules

(n) § 3$,

(o) § 39*
§ 37*

and Qbfervations . 8

Globules of the third and fubfequent

Orders ? - -- -- -- - 1006

Globules of the third Order , - 1027 -

Globules of the fourth and fubfequent

Orders , - -- -- -- - 995

Globules of the fourth Order , - - 1009

Globules of the fifth and fubfequent

Orders , ------- - 988

Globules of the fifth Order , - - - 99 &

Globules of the fixth and fubfequent

Orders , - -- -- -- - 984,

Globules of the fixth Order , - - - 990 -

Globules of the feventb and fubfequent

Orders , - -- -- -- - 980

Globules of the feventh Order , - - 985

Globules of the eighth and fubfequent

Orders , - -- -- -- - 978

Globules of the eighth Order^ - - - 981

Globules of the ninih and fubfequent

Orders , - -- -- -- - 977

Globules of the ninth Or der^ - - - 979

Globules of the tenth and fubfequent

Orders , - -- -- -- - 975

Globules 'of the tenth Order ^ - - - 977

42. We are not to wonder that the Globules
of the feventh , and all the lower Orders , are fpe -
cifically lighter than Water of the fame Degree
of Heat 1 they take up only the eleventh Part
of the Mafs of Blood (qf And the Liquors of
our Bodies are all ftored with oily light Par¬
ticles, and that in greater Abundance than ei¬
ther with Salt or Earth (r) 5 which therefore

H ars

(?) § 28,

(r) § .

Medical EJfays

are capable to render the Parts of the Blood
lighter than Water, were it not that, the vis
vita; conftantly operating in the animal Ma¬
chine, the fanguineous Elements are wrought
up and compacted together in fuch a Way as
to render all the larger- fized Globules much den-
fer, and the whole Mafs confiderably heavier
than Water.

XL The Diameters^ Magnitudes , Weights , Secs-

of the Globules of the Blood.

43. From the Conftrudfion of the Blood for¬
merly deferibed (/), it is plain that the Quan¬
tity of Matter of the Globules of any Order is
fixfold the Quantity of Matter of the Globules
of the next fucceeding Order ; and the fame Ratio
would hold of their Bulk or Size, if they were
all of the fame Denfity. But by their Variety
in this Refpedt, their Bulks or Magnitudes do
not exactly follow this Proportion } for thefe
are. diredtiy as their. Quantities of Matter, and
inverfely as their refpedtive fpecifick Weights*.
And their Diameters are as the Cube Roots
of thefe Magnitudes. Thus the Magnitude of
a red Globule , is to that of a Globule of the fecond
Order in a compound Ratio of 1 to | diredfly,
and 1093 to 1053 reciprocally ; that is, as joVs

- 1 , or as 1 to — And their Diameters

6x1053 5>78

as 3N/ 1 to 3V/ that is, as 1 to and

fo on of all the reft as in the following Table..

The

if) § 9>

and Qbfervaiions*

The Or- \
ders of
Globules.

Quantities of
Matter of the
Globules

Magnitudes
of the
Globules.

Diameters

of the
. Globules.

- .

—

- -

S,79

X>79S

—

- - -

33.83

3.2 34

—

. — • —

- -

216

199.4

5. 842

1 j

— -

—

1x96

1 1 Si.

10,57 ;;

- -

777^

- 7043

19,17

/j66f6

42033.

34,77

279936

251 X49.

63,2

2679616

x 5 04400

1x3

■

r 0077696

9000000

208 I

44 x Tbefe

§4 • Medical EJfays

44. Thefe are the Proportions the fevers!
Orders of Globules bear to one another : But it
will be required to determine, if poffible, their
real Dimenfions compared to fome known Ma¬
gnitude. It is fatisfying and ufeful, as well as cu¬
rious, to reduce to Meafure and Weight the
fubtile Particles of Matter. The belt Philofo-
phers of all Ages have been very folicitous in
their Inquiries about .them, as being the chief
Springs of the Operations of Nature. Many
had aSigned to the heavenly Bodies their proper
Dimenfions ; but the great Sir Ifaac Newton ,
by an incomparable Strength of Genius, found
out their real Weights, or Quantities of Mat¬
ter, and, as it were, put the ftupendous Maf-
fes of the Sun and Planets in the Scales ; an
Attempt which our Forefathers would have
thought beyond the Reach of Mortals ! But Hill
he is as much admired ; and furely we are more
indebted to him for his wonderful Difcoveries
concerning the inconceivably minute Particles,
the Rays of Light ; and the feveral very minute
ThicknefTes of Bodies reflecting all the feveral
Sorts of Rays of different Sizes and Orders,
and producing all the various Colours in the
Univerfe. And no true Philofopher will judge
it a fruitlefs or vain Undertaking to investigate
the real Sizes of the Particles or Globules of the .
Blood. They are a Part of ourfelves, and
a confiderable Ingredient in our very Be¬
ings. .

45- Mr. Leuwenhoek , who fpent his Life
in microfcopical Obfervations ; and in parti¬
cular, very often viewed the Blood through
Ms moll excellent Glades, ufed to reckon

(0 the

and Obfervafions . erg

(?) the Diameter of a ra/ Globule of the firjl Order
to be the ! £6 Part of the Diameter of a large Grain
of Sand, and confeqently ,ol.oooo Part of h-s
Bulk. But this is fomewhat too vague ; he not
having carefully or pofitively enough determined
the real Diameter of fuch a Grain of Sand,
compared to fome known Meafure: However
we may prefume he meant by it a Grain of Sand
of the larger Sort, the Thicknefs whereof he
judged to be about Tl Part of an Inch («) 5 and
confequently an Inch fhould be 3000 times
broader than the Diameter of a red Globule*
Dr. 'Tabor (x) computed it^elo of an Inch.
But his Method is not capable of the defired
Exadfnefs. Dr. 'Jurin (y) taking a very pret¬
ty Way of inveftigating the true Size of ve¬
ry fmall Bodies, reckoned the Diameter of a
Globule of Blood to be ydfo Part of an Inch.
But as this was deduced from an Obfervation,
the Circumftances of which were not fo very
accurate as one could have wifhed, that DefeA
was amply fupplied by fome fubfequent Obfer-
vations carefully made by him, and then confirm¬
ed by Leuwenhoek himfelf ; whereby they both
found the apparent. Diameter of a red Globule
to be exadfly Part of an Inch (z). If

this Globule be fuppofed circulating in our Bo¬
dy, and heated to the ordinary Degree of li-
ying Blood , then indeed its Diameter will be
fomething enlarged, to wit, in the Ratio of

V I0a

(r) Anat. &■ contempt. p, 37. & palfim alibi.

(«) Ibid. p. 39.

(*>) Exerc. med. 1. 1. § 3.

( y ) Phil, tranf. 355-. Abr. iv. r. p. 444,

(z) Phil, tranf. 377. p. 341*

Medical EJfciy.

3 */ ioo to V 99 (*)j which is nearly in the
Ratio of 300 to - 299. Whence the true Dia¬
meter of a m/ Globule in its natural State comes
out Tgis X 013 T-srii.T* Part an Inch.
In the fame Manner the Diameter of a Globule
of the fee ond Order is equal to . t-9ts,?x t»79T5 or;
t+7^,6 Part of an Inch : And fo through the
other Orders as in the following I able.

Orders of Diameters -of the

Orders of Diameters of the!

Globules.

Globules in Parts

Globules.

j Globules in Parts]

of an Inch.

*933 >5

37065

67228-

- 3

6253

122000

!I295-

2185OO

20437

402170

46. Perhaps it may be worth while to ob~
ferve, that Sir Ifaac Newton (b) has determined
the Thicknefs of a Particle, of Water reflect¬
ing; -

fa) § IS-

(b) Opticks ii. z>. p. zo6*

and Obfervatiom . g §

frtg Scarlet of the fecond Order of Colours to be
■tIo’oVoo Parts or Part of an Inch, which

almoft coincides with sGas Part °f an Inch, the
Diameter of the Globules of the Blood of the fe-
venth Order.

47. From hence it will be eafy to determine
the real Magnitudes of the Globules of each of
-thefe Orders , compared to fome known Mea¬
sure. The Bignefs, for Example, of a Globule
of the firfl Order is to a Sphere of an Inch Dia¬
meter, in the triplicate Ratio , of 1 to 1933 J,
which is as 1 to 7228240000. And the Bignefs
of the other Globules are readily found in the
fame W ay.

48. A Sphere of Water of an Inch Diameter
was obferved to (c) weigh gr. 132 f ; and there¬
fore a Sphere of Matter of the fame Denfity with
the red Globules of Bloody fliould weigh gr.
132 7 x T6§§ = gr. 144,986, confequently a
Grain fhould be able to counterpoife 7“'8^°°° |
or 49854600, that is near fifty Millions fan-
guineous Globules of the firfl Order. What a
prodigious Minutenefs does this feem to be !
And yet thefe are the biggeft Particles that na¬
turally exift in the circulating Fluids of the hu¬
man Body ; and immenfely bigger than the lefi-
fer-fized Globules : And all of them are again to
be conceived as made up Hill of minuter Particles
and Elements of different Kinds.

Thou hajl ordered ail Things in Me a fur e and
Number and IV eight. I will praife thee , [O

God,] for I a?n fearfully and wonderfully made
Marvellous are thy IV orks^ and that my Soul knoweth
right well. Wifd. xi. 20. and Pfal. cxxxix. 14.

VIII. The

(O § 36.

9'6

Medical Effays

VIII. The Experiment of cutting the Recurrent
Nerves carried on farther than has hitherto been
done. In a Letter from Dr. George Mar-
tin, Phyfician at St. Andrew’s, to Mr. Monro,
Profeffor of Anatomy at Edinburgh, by whom
it was communicated.

H E Moderns have acquired a much exact -
er Knowledge of the Structure of the hu¬
man Body than the Antients could poffibly come
at. We have the Advantage of the Time and
Pains they laid out in making their Obfervati-
ons : and befide, can boaft of many Opportuni¬
ties they were entirely deftitute of. Yet We can¬
not but admire thefe great Men, if we will form
a Judgment ef them from the Monuments of
their Genius and Induftry they left behind them,
tho’ fome of thefe are loft, and many of them,
tho’ preferved in Books, are fometimes too much
.flighted by the over negligent Pofieflors of thefe
Treafures. -

2. The firft Phyficians had but a very faint
Notion of the Brain preftding over the Animal
Syftem by the Mediation of the fpinal Marrow
and Nerves produced from it, and diftributed
to the reft of the Body. And we muft acknow¬
ledge this was not fufficiently underftood before
Herophilus and Erafiftratus , the greateft Anato-
mifts of Antiquity, who explained this Scheme,
and left the World no Room to doubt of
this elegant Piece of Mechanifm of the ani¬
mal Body. Phyficians began to diftect with

ft- Urcrp er jecvC

and Observations . 1 9 y

more than ordinary Care both living and dead
Animals ; and they foon found, that, by cut¬
ting, tying, or compreffing any Nerve, or any
other Way intercepting its Communication
with the Brain, the Parts to which it belonged
were immediately deprived of all Senfe and Mo¬
tion.

3. It was eafy to confirm this Dodfrine by
Experiments on any of the ordinary Nerves.
But one of the prettiefb Inflances of it, was the
making Ligatures upon the Vefiels at the Side
of the Wind-pipe, and immediately Eriking
the Animal dumb, however noify it was before.
The firft Makers of this Experiment thought
the Animal turned comatous, or fell afleep ;
and afcribing this Effedl to the intercepting any
Paflage of vital Blood from the Heart to the
Brain, by the Way of the Arteries; they gave
thefe Blood-vefiels the Name of Carotids ,
uapoTiduv. But in the Days of Ruffus ( a ),
this fudden Silence of the Animal was found to
proceed from the tying of the adjacent Nerves.
And Galen , who feems to have laboured this
Affair more than any of his Predeceffors, evi¬
dently proved (b), That tying the Arteries fole-
ly produced little Change on the Animal. In this
Cafe, (laying afide the captious Cavils and Op-
pofitions of Hoffman, Vander linden, JVepfer,
and others of the Moderns, who difputed a-
gainft the Experiment, which however eafy,
they would not take the Trouble to repeat) we
muff conceive the Brain to have been furnifhed

Vol. II. I by

(a) De app, part. i. 34.

(bj De deer. Hipp. &c. ii. 6. Dc util. refp. v.

9 8 Medical Ejjays

by the vertebral Arteries. And fo he found
all that the Animal differed in the Experiment
of tying the whole Veft’els at the Side of the
‘ Trachea , to be a fudden Obmutefcence ; which
entirely proceeded from the intercepting the
-nervous Influence on the Mufcles of the Larynx :
For he difeovered ( c ) that thefe Nerves were
derived from the Par vqgum ; and that they,
making a Turn under the right fubclavian Arte¬
ry, and defeending Aorta , climbed up along
each Side of the Wind-pipe, to furnifh thefe
Mufcles.

4. The Oddnefs and Novelty of all this Do-
ddrine, was in thofe Days furprifing (d). The
Virtuofi at Rome knew nothing of it ; yea Alex¬
ander of Damafcus , the Peripatetick and Pre¬
ceptor of Boethius , was refolved to deny and
oppofe it at any Rate. He would rather re¬
fill the Evidence of Senfe, than yield any thing
that might contribute to the riling -Glory of Ga¬
len his Rival. But our Anatomift, in the midft
of a learned and judicious AfTembly, confiding
of Adverfaries as well as Friends, by ocular
Demonftration, gave them at once a convincing
Proof of the Truth of his Doftrine, and of his
own extraordinary Skill in Difteftions. Yea
this was confirmed by fome cafual Obfervations
made on fome of our own Species (e). An un¬
lucky fcrophulous Boy falling into the Hands of
an ignorant Surgeon, loft the Half of the
Strength of his Voice, by having one of the
Recurrent Nerves cut along with the Tumor.

How-

f d ) De prascog. ad pofthum. v.

(e) Galen, de loc, affedt. 1.7.

and Obfervations. 99

However he efcaped better than another Boy
who in the like Cafe was indeed cured of the Stru -
?ncz ; but, having both the Recurrents extirpa¬
ted, was left quite dumb.

5. This Experiment of cutting thefe Nerves
in brute Animals,, was repeated and confirmed
by Vefalius (/), otherwife, you know, no
great Favourer of the Dobirines or Glory of
Galen. And I myfelf about twelve or thirteen
Years ago, when I was firft fetting out to make
fuch Experiments, trying it in a Pig, with all
the Circumfpebtion I was then capable of, found
it to anfwer exabfly. So that tho’ this elegant
Operation has been much out ofUfe among
the Moderns, infomuch that one might have
fufpebfed it had been given over for Want of
Succefs, yet, however great Regard I have
to your Judgment and great Skill in Anatomy,
I could not confent to you, when, from a pre¬
conceived Theory, you feem to think (g) it
■probable the Voice would not be entirely lojly
tho\ both the recurrent Nerves were cut , [0

long as the fuperior Branches Jlill fupply the La¬
rynx. It is true that Galen ( h ) himfelf taught, that
there was on each Side an Inofculation of the
Extremity of the Recurrent, with one of the fu¬
perior Branches of the eighth Nerve. This was
copied by Nic. Majja , painted by Eujlachio , and
confirmed by Willis and the Moderns : But ffill,
on DifTebiion, I could not find that there was a-
ny regular Diftribution of Nerves to the proper
Mufcles of the Larynx , from any other Origin

I 2. be-

( f) Hum. corp. fab. vii. 19, p. 571,

(g) Of the Nerves, p. 19.

f/->J De ufu part, xvu 4.

IOO

Medical Ejfays

befide the Recurrents. This, you know, I guefl-
ed to be the Cafe : And now I find it to be true
in Fa£h

6. It is plain then. That the Voice muff be
loft, however found and free we fuppofe the
fuperior Branches of the Par vagtim. But ftill
there is fome hankering Doubt in this Affair ;
and it is propofed to try this over again, and
keep the Animal alive fome Weeks, to fee if
the Voice would at all return. We know not
of any of the Antients carrying on the Experi¬
ment thus far ; except we fay Galen’s fcrophu-
lous Boys fhow the abfolute Irrecoverablenefs
of the Voice. But to put the Matter beyond
all Doubt, I repeated the Experiment this Spring
on a young Sow five or fix Weeks old, fome
Days before it was weaned from fucking, and
took greater Notice of all the Circumftances
than I had done formerly. I could obferve with
the Antients, and fo did two curious young
Gentlemen who affifted me, that, upon cutting
the Nerve on one Side, the Voice was not de¬
ft royed, only it became weaker ; but upon cut¬
ting the other, it was entirely loft, tho’, by the
Sound of the Breath, and the Motion of the
Thorax, you would manifeftly have feen a
fruitlefs Conatus, and the Creature ftraining to
make a Noife. And fo I very well underftood
Ve [alius y when he fays, Pulchre auditur qudm
v ali dam efflationem animal citra voce?n molia-
tur , recurrentibus nervis cultello dwijis. ft he
Creature, when difmifted, feemed well enough,
fucked the Mother for fome Days, lived with
the reft of the Litter feemingly hearty and well,
tho’ always dumb. It could indeed make fome

little.

IOI

and Obfervations.

little, juft audible, grunting Noife,* but could
never give a Squeak in the ordinary Manner of
thefe Animals. From the Beginning it breath¬
ed as if the Glottis were too wide, efpecially in
the Heat of the Day. And this Difficulty in
fome Weeks began to increafe upon it; fo that,
in Procefs of Time, it became more lazy and To-
litary, frequently retired to the Shade by itfelf ;
by degrees loft its Strength and Appetite, pi¬
ned away, and at length in about fix or feven
Weeks died. Upon infpedling the Larynx , I
could not fay it had undergone any great or re¬
markable Change. The Orifices of the Ven¬
tricles feemed, I thought, laxer, and a little a-
bove them the Membrane of the Glottis was fome-
what inflamed on each Side.

7. The Antients knew, That the Noife of
the Voice depended on a due Narrownefs of
the Aperture of the Glottis. And the Author of
the Book de voce iff anhelitu (z), afcribed to Ga-
len , exprefsly affirms, Si injlrumenta vocis am -
plijjima ejjent , tunc vox dejlrueretur : So that,
on the cutting the recurrent Nerves, we are
to conceive the Glottis to ftand open, and not
to be fhut at the Pleafure of the Animal. And
what elfe indeed can we expeift, when the ner¬
vous Influence on the Mufcles belono-ino- to the

a. 0

Arytcenoid Cartilages is taken away in fuch a
Manner that they can never be brought to a due
Conftriclion, nor the Ventricles of the Larynx
buffer any Variety of Contraction and Dilatation.

I 3 IX. An

* This grunting Noife,. and the Barking of a "Whelp,,
whofe recurrent Nerves were tied by Morgagni, ( Epift. ad
Yalfalv. xiii.) feem to prove Mr. Monro’s AiTertion, that the
Voice would not be entirely loft, tho’ both the recurrent
Nerves were cut.

(1) Trad. iii. p. 63.

202

Medical EJJ'ays

IX. An E S S A T on ?/;<? Nutrition of Foetufes, by
Ale x. Monro, Profeffor of Anatomy in the U-
niverfity of Edinburgh, and F. R. S.

'STtT'HlLE our Senfes and Judgment are in
* * the prefent imperfect State, it is no
Wonder that Men fhould differ fo widely in
their Opinions of Things, and in the Confe-
quences they draw from the Appearances in
Nature. Such is the Cafe at prefent between
my ingenious valuable Friend Mr. Gibfon and
me. He has given a learned critical Account
of the different Opinions concerning the Nou-
rijhment of Feetufes in Art. XIII. of your firft
Volume, where, after examining the Arguments
made ufe of for proving their Nourifhment to
be conveyed by the Navel only, he concludes
them to be infufficient, and fupports the Do¬
ctrine of the Aliment being received by both the
Mouth and Navel. I formerly wrote Mr. Che -
felden , and he publifhed fome Fads, ferving
principally for proving the Negative of a Foetus
faking its Food at the Mouth ; fo that Mr. Gib¬
fon very juftly names me as one of thofe who
differ in Opinion from him, which I cannot help
doing ftill ; and therefore believe myfelf engaged
to give my Reafons of Diffent ; fince there is no
Certainty that Dr. Bellinger , whom he more di¬
rectly attacks, either has feen, or will anfwer
my Friends Effay.

The Work you are engaged in does not feem
to admit of numerous Defences, Replies &c
which fometimes Difputes are liable to run in¬
to] and you have given a ftrong Caution to

your

and Obfervations. 103

your Correfpondents to beware of indecent Ex-
prefiions. I hope both thefe Inconveniencies
will be prevented here ; for Mr. Gibfon has al¬
ready mentioned the moft material Arguments
made ufe of to fupport the Dodtrine he favours ;
and I {hall faithfully reprefent any other Rea-
fons furniihed by Books, or my own Reflexions,,
which favour his Side of the Quedion ; and
therefore Replies will be at lead Ihorter, if not
unneceflTy ; and this Way of managing the Dif-
pute will {hew you, that there is no great Anxiety
on my Part to bring People at any rate into my
Way of Thinking ; and I dare promife on Mr„
Gibfon s Behalf, that he will not value a Victo¬
ry in point of Argument near fo much, as he
would he fatisfied to fee the Truth afcertained
by our Labours, tho’ Judgment {hould be given
againd him. In fliort, Gentlemen, our Cafe
is that of two Friends differing in Opinion in
an Inquiry after Truth, and, not being able to
convince each other are willing to appeal to bet¬
ter Judges, that they may determine who has the
greated Probability on his Side, without belie¬
ving our Honours at Stake, which ever Way Sen¬
tence is given.

I lhall pafs without any Examination Alcmoe-
on s Opinion of the Fatus receiving its Nourifli-
ment by the Pores or Veffels on the Surface of
its Body, while it is a forming ; both becaufe
there are no Experiments for proving whether
the Veins there take in more at this Time, than
the Arteries throw out ; and that it is not the
Subject of the prefent Quedion, which only
concerns the Foetus after it is formed ; whofe
Nourifhment is now allowed by all, either to

1 04 Medical Ej/dys

pafs from the Amnios by the Mouth into its
chylopoietick Organs ; or to be conveyed into
its Blood -veffels, by means of the umbilical Vef-
fels ; or to be furniihed by both. I maintain the
fecond of thefe Opinions, and therefore endea¬
vour to render the other two improbable ; by
which you fee I am under the Difadvantage of
fupporting a negative Proof.

The Determination of the Queftion, as now
Rated, may be reduced to the Solution of the
few following Problems*

I. Plow far the Mouthy or umbilical Vejfels are
neceffary to the Nourijhmcnt tf/Tcetufes.

II. Whether the Liquor of the Amnios is proper
Food for a Foetus.

III. Whether this Liquor paffes into the Stomach
of a Foetus*

In this Paper I fhall only confider thefe Pro¬
blems, fo far as they relate to viviparous Ani¬
mals, and fhall foon fend you a Sequel to it,
wherein I fhall examine, How far the Analogy of
oviparous Animals , and of Plants ferves to explain
or confirm the Solutions , which I give here to the
foregoing Problems ..

In treating this Subject, I muff beg Leave to
throw away that humble Regard to Authority,
which bore fovereign Sway in the Schools of
Phyfick fo long, and to pafs all the Hypothe¬
tical Reafonings to be met with in Books un¬
mentioned. It is only well vouched Fadls,
and reafonable Confequences from them, that

and Obfervations . 105

I will take any Notice of ; for on thefe, and
thefe only it is, that a rational Foundation of
any Part of Medicine can be laid. The firft
Thing therefore which I fhall do, is to fet down
fuch Fadls as I may have Occafion to ahume in
my fubfequent Reasoning, together with fome o-
thers, Serving either to confirm and eftablifh
thofe, or to render them more clear and intelli¬
gible ; tho’ few of them are new, yet mofi: of
them are neglected in the common Books of A¬

natomy, and no Author of my Acquaintance
has collected them.

That the Truth of thefe Fadls may be more un¬
questionable, I fhall either point out the Man¬
ner in which others may obferve them ; or
where I had not the Opportunity of an exa e-
nough Examination myfelf, I fhall quote my
Vouchers, who are Authors of the beft Chara¬
cters for Knowledge and Candour : And if I
affirm at any Time the Being or Structure of
Things that are not demonftrable to the Sight,
I fhall fet down other Fadls from which they
feem to be plainly and neceffarily concluded to*
be true. But becaufe my Defign confines me
from entering into very particular minute De-
fcriptions, I generally refer to Books where fuch
Descriptions are to be had, fo that thofe who
defire to be more fully inftrudted, may know
where to be informed ; and others who do not
incline to give themfelves any further Trouble,
may believe as well as they pleafe of my Honefty,
and will meet with no great Interruption in
reading by the fmall Mark of a Reference to the
Quotations..

The

jg6 Medical Ejfays

The Preliminary Faffs,

1. The human Uterus has numerous Orifi¬
ces of Vefiels opening into its Cavities to pour
cut Liquors there ( a ).

Thefe Liquors may at any Time be feen ouz-
ing out, by gently prefiing the Subffance of am
opened Uterus.

2. Towards the Fundus of the Womb e=-
fpecially, thefe Orifices are found to be the Ex¬
tremities of Canals that come out from larger:
Cavities lodged within the Subftance of the
W omb ; thefe Cavities are commonly called Si—
nufes {b),..

3. The Sinufes are much of the fame Tex¬
ture with the Cells of the Spleen or rather of
the corpora cavernofa penis , being membranous
Cavities communicating with each other, and
having numerous Arteries fpread on them,

,whofe lateral Branches open into the Cells,
from which Veins go out to be joined to other
Veins that return the Blood from the other Parts
of the W omb ( c)< .

4. These Sinufes are diftended with Blood in
the Time of the Menfes, when their Orifices
alfo are enlarged (d),..

(a) Tho. Bartholin, anat. reform, lib. i. cap. a8. Santo-
rin. oblerv. anat. cap. xi. § 11.

( b ) Bartholin, anat. reform. lib. i. cap. 28. Morgagn .
adverf anat. iv. anhnad. x6. 27.

( c ) Malpigh. in epift. ad Span. Littre in memoires de
1’Acad. des Sciences, 1701.

( d ) Bartholin, anat. ref. lib. i. cap. 28. Morgagn. ad-
verf, anat. i. §,33. adv. iv. § 27.

and Observations. 107

I have feen this in feveral Women I differ¬
ed.

5. During the Time of Pregnancy, the Si-
nufes and their Canals that open into the Womb,
are gradually diftended and enlarged.

In a Woman who died three or four Months
gone with Child, I faw the Orifices of thefe
Canals large enough to receive a Goofe-cjuill,
the Sinufes being confiderably larger. At the
End of nine Months the Sinufes can contain the
Point of the largeff Finger (e) ; and the Canals
from them can receive the little Finger (f). This
I faw in two Wombs.

6< Besides the reticular Bundles of mufeu-
lar Fibres, which enter into the Strudlure of
the Womb (g)9 I have twice feen, where the
Placenta adhered, what agreed exactly with
Ruyfcb’s Defcription and Picture of what
he calls the orbicular Mufcle (h) ; but having
miffed it in four other fit Subjedds, and con-
fidering the Thicknefs, Softnefi, and Succulen-
cy of the villous and internal cellular Coats co¬
vering the inner Side of the mufcular Fibres of
the Womb, I fufpedl that I had too much Faith
in Ruyfch , and therefore too haftily, without
fufficient Examination, concluded what had an
orbicular Appearance on the internal Surface
of the Womb of the firft two Subjedls to be
mufcular; I now rather believe it to be only a
Print made by the Placenta upon the foft Surface
of the Womb.

7. The

( c ) Santorin. obferv. anat. cap. u. § 9. Morga*gn. adr,
anat. iv. § zp.

(/ Morgagn. ibid.

(g) Malpigh. in epifl. ad Spon.

( f ) Ruyfch. epift. de mufe. in fundo uteri.

io$ Medical Eff ays

y. The Placenta generally adheres to> or near
to the Fundus of the Womb. x

All agree in this. In five W omen with Child,
whom I had Occafion to open, the Placenta adhe¬
red to the anterior Part of the Fundus.

8. The Placenta is covered on the Side next
to the Womb, with a fine membranous Conti¬
nuation of the Chorion /z).

I faw this diftindfly in the five Subjects I
-difi'edfed.

9. The Extremities of the umbilical VefTels
pierce this Membrane, and fhew their very fmall
Orifices on its Side next to the Uterus ; and
therefore it is compared to the villous Coat of the
Inteftines (k).

The Orifices of thefe VefTels of the villous
Surface of the Place7ita are fo fmall, that even
lukewarm W ater injedfed by the umbilical Ar¬
teries, or by the Vein of a Placenta which had
this Membrane entire, "when pufhed with all
the Force that I could apply to the Syringe, on¬
ly ouzed out at a Number of fuch fmall Ori¬
fices as I could not perceive, and it came out fo
flowly that I was unable to continue pufhing the
Syringe till I could make eight Ounces of the
Water pafs through them. When Oil of Tur¬
pentine with the finefi: Powder of Vermilion
was injedfed, the Oil ouzed out, but brought
none of the Powder with it, though the Oil
which returned into the umbilical Vein, when

the

(i) Ruyfeh. theft anat. xi. after, iv. n. 18. not. 1. & theft.
V. n.41. Santorin. obferv. anat. cap. 11. § 11.

(k) Ruyftch. theft, v. n. 41. Rouhault memoires de l’Acad.
des Sciences, 17 14 & 1716.

mid Ob ferv aliens, 109

the Inje&ion was thrown in by the Arteries, was
coloured with the Vermilion.

10. The Allantois was carefully fought for in
all the five Subjects I opened ; but we could fee
no fuch Cavity, or Liquor in it. The Mem¬
branes had a loofe Connexion, by a cellular Sub-
jftance, and a fine tranfparent Membrane was ob~
ferved between the Chorion and Amnios .

11. The Uteri of other Animals have Vefiels
opening into their Cavities, as well as the human
Womb, and the fame Trial difcovers them ;
and, during Gravidation, the internal Membrane
becomes villous, and has a thick fuccuient cel¬
lular Suhftance interpofed between it and the
mufcular Coat.

12. The membranous Continuation of the
Chorion is not fo evident on the exterior Surface
of the Placenta of Brutes, as in the human Sub*
ject ; but. their Secundines have numerous Ori¬
fices of the umbilical Vefiels opening on their
Surface next to the Uterus , as is evidently de-
monftrated, by injecting a thin Liquor into the
umbilical Vein or Arteries; for it foon comes
running out every where from the exterior Sur¬
face of the Placenta and Chorion , carrying the
Powder of Vermilion or Verdigreafe along with
it ; which fhews the Extremities of the V efiels to
be larger here than in the villous Membrane of
the human Placenta , § 9.

13. The Mother fupplies Liquors to the Foe¬
tus, which returns others to the Mother by means
of the uterine and umbilical Vefiels.

T his feems to be plainly proved by Obfer-
vations. N Faetufes whofe Placenta: were not in
the leaf!: feparated from the Uterus , have been

V OL. II. K quite

IJO

Medical Ejays

quite exhaufled of Blood by the Mother’s dying
of an Plaemorrhagy ( /). And, I have feen Chil¬
dren pale and weak, by violent Flooding in the
Time of Labour.

14. When a Foetus dies, or is feparated from
its Secundines by cutting the umbilical Rope, the
Circulation of Liquors is wholly flopped in the
Vefl'els of the Secundines, and thefe become a
lifelefs Mafs.

The Experience of our greatefl Pradlifers in
“Midwifery fufhciently proves this.. They tell us
that no LLemorrhagy or Difcharge of any other
Liquor happens at the umbilical VefTels, upon
the Navel-firings being cut or broke, after the
VefTels are fecured on the Side of the Child, as
I have alfo feen frequently ; and another Proof is
the Placentae commonly feparating in a fhrivelled
or fuppurated State, foon after the Communica¬
tion with the Child is deflroyed (m).

When one is to obferve whether the umbili¬
cal V effels have a Circulation of Blood kept up
in them, after their Communication with the
Child is flopped or deflroyed, he needs fcarce
be defired not to miflake a few Drops of Blood,
fuch as would come from an amputated Limb
of a dead Perfon, for an Haemorrhagy ; but he
ought to obferve one Caution, which is to make
Cure before the Trial, that there is no Foetus
left with its Navel-firing untied or uncut: 'For
in the Cafe of Twins, when often the Placen¬
ta are blended, and fometimes one Navel¬
firing

(/) Mery dans 1’hift. de l’Acad. des fciences, 170S. Hei-
fter. com pend, an at. not. 36.

(m) Mauriceau maladies des femmes grolfes, liv, ii. chap,
p. Ruyfch. in thef. obferv. & adverf.

and ObJk'vatiGns'. in

firing ferves both («) ; though one Child is ta¬
ken away, the other may fill the Veilels of the
Placenta , and continue their Functions; fo
that an Htemorrhagy would happen at the cut
but untied Navel-ftring of the hrft Child. We
have an Inffance of a Mother and Child being
almoft wholly drained of their Blood, by the
Midwife’s neglecting to ty the Navel-ftnng of
the firft of the Twins, which was brought forth
without perceiving that the other Fill remained
in the Womb (0). This Cafe ought to be added
to the Hiftories brought in Proof of § 13.

15. That Power which Phyficians general¬
ly now-a-days call Jbforptiorij whereby the
fmall open Orifices of Veffels imbibe Liquors
lodged in the Cavities of the Body, is obferved
to increafe or diminifh proportionally to the
Strength or Weaknefs of the Creature.

In Difeafes where the Contraction of the
Veffels is too great, as in mod of thofe that
are called acute, there is fcarce as much Moi-
flure in the Cavities or Interfaces of the Parts,
as allows them to flide eafily one upon another*
In Health the Quantity of fuch Liquors is mo¬
derate, and a pretty conftant Equality is kept
between the ACIion of the Exhalants and of the
Absorbents. But when the Body turns weak,
the Exhalants pour out fo much more than the
Abforbents can take in ; that all the Cavities
are found to contain confiderable Quantities of
Liquors. After Death the Adtion of the Ab¬
forbents feldom or never can be fupplied by

K 2 any

(«/• Mem. de I’Acad. des fciences-, 1710. Ad. medic.
Berolin. Dec. VI. Vol. 4. § 4.

(oj Hiftoire de i’Acad, des fciences, 1727.

3 12

Medical EJj'ays-

any mechanical PrefTure. For Examples of what
has been faid concerning Abforption, confider
the common Phenomena which are to be obfer-
ved in the long alimentary Tube, in the large
Cavities of the Abdomen , Thorax , Pericardium 9
&c. and in the fmaller Cavities of the Tunica cel -
lularis every where, of the Cornea , &c. both
in a found and morbid State.

Hence we may underftand how Purgatives or
Diureticks may ferve to drain off extravafated
hydropick Waters, by {Emulating the Veffels
to a ftronger Abforption, and how Corrobo¬
rants may produce the like Effedh, though more

The Liquors ( § 13.) are not carried
from the Mother to the Fcetus , or from the Foe¬
tus to the Mother by continued Canals, that
is, the uterine Arteries and Veins do not ana-
ffomofe with the Veins and Arteries of the Se~
cundines ( p ) ; but the Extremities of the um¬
bilical Vein take up the Liquors by Abforption;
in the fame Way as the lacffeal Vefiels do in the
Guts j and the umbilical Arteries pour their Li¬
quors into the large Cavities of the Sinufes or o-
ther Cavities analogous to them.

Were I allowed to iiluftrate the Communica¬
tion between a Mother and her Child in the
Womb, by a grofs Comparifon, I would fay
that the uterine Sinufes are to a Foetus what
t‘he Inteftines are to an Adult. The Uterine
Blood poured into the Sinufes being analogous
to the recent Ingefta of Food and Drink : The

{lowly

16.

( p) Harvey de generai, animal, exercit. Ixx. Ruyfch.
tliei'. v. a. 41.

and Qb/ervations. x 13

Liquors fent from the umbilical Arteries to be
mixed with the uterine Blood, refemble the
Bile, pancreatick Juice, and the other Liquors
feparated from the Mafs of Blood : The umbi¬
lical Veins, and thofe on the Surface of the
Chorion , take up the finer Part of this com¬
pound Mafs, as the lacteal and meferaick Veins
do from the Contents of the Guts. And the
grofier Parts of the Blood in the Sinufes are
carried back by the Veins of the Womb, as
the Excrements of the Guts are difcharged at the
Anns.

It is plain from the difproportionate Si2e of
the human Sinufes, and of their excretory Ca¬
nals, to the very fmah extreme umbilical Vef-
fels (compare § 5. and 9. ) that there can be no
Anaflomofis by continued Canals fuppofed
here, which alfo feems to be proved next to a
Demonftration by § 14. p for if the VefTeis of
the Secundines anaflomofed, an Haemorrhagy
or Flux of fome Liquors would happen at the
umbilical Vein, whenever the Navel-firing
was broke or cut, and would continue as long1
as the After-burden adhered to the Uterus ; and
if the umbilical VefTeis were tied, the Circula¬
tion would flilT continue in the Placenta , and
it would not become a lifelefs Mafs ; but the
Reverfe of all thefe are obferved, which makes
a moft fure Proof of the Communication of the
Placenta with the Uterus' being deflroyed as
foon as the Navel-firing is divided 5 and as
§ 14. fhews the Secundines to owe their Life
and Ahlion to the Foetus , fo the Reafon of their
taking in no Fluids, after it is feparated, is evi¬
dent from § 15.

K 3: In

1 1 4 Medi cal EJJayS

In Brutes we can obferve no tearing or break¬
ing of Veffels, when we feparate the Placenta
from their Uteri ; and when any Liquor is in¬
jected into their uterine Arteries, none of it
does pafs into the umbilical Veffels, as J have
many Times fully tried in the glanduliferous
Animals, Cows, Sheep, &c. and in fome o-
thers. In many Animals the Secundines and
Uterus do not adhere for a confiderable Time
(q)*9 and in fome of thefe, Mares for Inftance,.
in whole Secundines the Allantois is every where
interpofed between the Chorion and Amnios ( r ),,
there is no Way for any Nourifhment to be
conveyed to the Foetus , except by the V eflels of
the Secundines, which therefore can only take
up their Liquors by Abforption ; and why may
not the fame obtain in other Animals ?

’Tis worth while to remark by the Way the
Inconveniencies that are fhunned by the Want of
an Anaftomofis between the Veffels- of the Womb
and Secundines. The Violence of the Mo¬
ther’s circulating Fluids is not in hazard of de-
ftroying the Embryo 9 while tender; and there
are no Veffels to he broken or torn at Birth,
which would have required too much Force in.
bringing ay/ay the Placenta , and would have
brought on Inflammation, Suppuration and other-
bad Symptoms.

Some Gentlemen who contend for an Ana¬
ftomofis, are fo fenfible of thefe Inconveniencies,,
t^h at, to fhun having them objected to them,
they will not allow the anaftomoflng Canals to.

(f) Fabric, ab Aquapend. de form. feet. £art. 2. eag. 3*
Needham, obf. an at. cap. 2.

{r 1 ibid. Si ca,p^. 3,*-

and Observations . i r ’dp

be of one continued Subfiance, but fuppofe the
VefTels of the Uterus and Secundines to be
joined only per appofttionem , which they ex~»
plain to be, by the one Sort receiving the other
fome Way within them, in the fame Manner as.
the fecond Sort of Pipes receive the firft in the in¬
jecting Inftruments (/) 3 fo that the Coats of
the VefTels being thus contiguous, they may
ferve for the Tranfmiffion of Liquors, as well as
if they were of the fame continued Subftance^
and may be feparated with a fmall Force, and.
without any Laceration.

This Suppofition takes off indeed the Obje¬
ction of fuch Inconveniencies, but is itfelf e-
qually deftroyed with the former, by the other
Arguments ufed againft the Anaftomofis or Pro-
puliion of Liquors from the Mother, into the
Branches of the umbilical Vein 3 and, at the
fame time, expofes the Propofers of it to ftilb
greater Difficulties. They muft {hew that the
Sizes of the oppofite VefTels are fitted for fuch an
intus-fufcepiio 3 whereas the Difproportions of
the human are mofl confpicuous 3 and in other
Creatures, the Chances of Unfitnefs are much
greater than thofe of their being rightly adapted
to each other. T hey muff name fome other-
Inflance of any Thing like this being obferved'
any where elfe in a found Creature. If they
take a morbid Cafe, fuch as the Cure of Wounds,
by Sy?nphyfis , to illuftrate their DoCIrine by, they
would do well to confid^r how foon the Change
from contiguous to continued VefTels is made
there.

Were

See Art, IX. of the. nr It YaL

ii 6 Medical EJfays

Were it not to prevent any good Grounds
for a Reply, I would leave the DoCtrine I have
advanced, to be maintained by the Arguments
already ufed ; but I know there are fome par¬
ticular Obfervations or Experiments which may
be infifted on as clear Evidence again# me, if
I do not take off their Force ; and therefore al¬
low me to ffate fuch Objections with their An-
fwers.

Mr. Mery (7) defcribes a Child that had no
Heart, Lungs, &c. nor nothing analogous to a
Heart ; and therefore cannot conceive any other
Force that could continue ^the Circulation of
the Blood in this Mon iter than the Motion it ac¬
quired from the uterine Arteries, which, accor¬
ding to him, muff have inofculated with the pla-
centary Veffels, that the Liquors might be pro¬
pelled through thefe.

Mr. Mery has d'effroyed the Neceffity of his
own Suppofition in the Relation of theFaCfj
for he tells us, That this Monfter was Twin to
a perfect Child, whole Funi's umbilicalis fent off
the final! Navel-ffring of the Monfter and
therefore the Heart of the compleat Child would
drive forwards the Blood of the Monfter, at the
fame time that it promoted its own Circulation,
without any Neceffity of Afliftance from the Mo¬
ther’s Blood.

Mr. Cowper is fometimes quoted alfb for fup-
porting the contrary of what I have afferted :
His Words are ( u ) : 6C Thefe Blood-veffels of

the Uterus are inofculated1 with thofe of the

<c PA--

(/) Menu cfe PAcad. des fciences, 1720-.

( u) Anatomy of human Bodies^ £xplic. of Tab. 54*.
3F . T • iv

and Obfervations , 117

44 Placenta , as may appear by the pafting of
44 Mercury from one to the other ; fo that if
44 you pour itrinto the hypogaftrick Arteries of
44 the Mother, it will pais into the Veins of
44 the Placenta , as well as thofe of the Uterus :■
44 And, on the contrary, from the Arteries of
44 the Placenta to the hypogaftrick Wins of the
44 Mother; as alfo into the Veins of the Pla-
44 centa. Hence it appears there is a Circu-
44 lation of Blood between the Mother and Fee -
44 tus : and it feems as if the Blood-veft'els of
44 both did germinate and inofculate with each
44 other. But this requires too much Speculati-
44 on for my Occaftons to admit of a further
44 Inquiry at prefent.”

I imagine that every one who reads the pre
ceeding Paragraph, efpecially if he is at all ac¬
quainted with Mr. Cowper s Manner of telling
what he has feen, will readily judge, that this
Author is there afterting rather a priori what*
he thinks would happen, than deferibing what
he really faw upon Trial. Obferve only how
dubious and timorous his Words are, 44 The
44 Inofculation may appear by pouring in Mer -

44 airy. - It feems as if the Blood-vejfels of

44 both did germinate and inofculate. - This*

44 requires too much Speculation to admit of a fur -
44 ther Inquiry at prejent If he had made
the Experiment, he would have told us that
he had poured in Mercury, and after feeing it
pafs in fuch a Manner, was. certain fuch Inofcu¬
lation did obtain.

Drake , who wrote after the Publication of
Cowper s Anatomy of human Bodies , fhews plain¬
ly, that Cowper never made this Experiment in

I 1 8 Medical Uffayys

the human Subject ; for, after defcribing a Pre¬
paration, which, he fays, 44 Mr. Cowper kept
44 by him, of a Cotyledon , and Part of the U-
44 term of a Cow, in which Mercury poured in-
44 to a Branch of the uterine Artery went into
44 one of the Cotyledons of the Uterus , and fil-
44 led thofe Branches of the umbilical Veins
44 which went from that Cotyledon to the Na-
44 vel of the Fcetus , he adds , It would be &
44 weak Objection to alledge, That the Obfer-
44 vation and Experiment being made on the
44 Uterus of a Cow, the Inference would not
44 hold from thence to a W oman.” And he is
obliged to make ufe of the Flux of Blood which
conftantly follows upon drawing the Placenta
from Women, to prove the Continuity of the
Veffels of the human Womb and Secundines.
Had Coivper ever made Mercury pafs from the
Uterine into the umbilical Veffels in the hu¬
man Subjedf, it would certainly have been
told here by Drake , who was greatly affifted
by Cowper in at lead the anatomical Part of his
Book.

Since the two former Editions of thefe Ef-
fays, Dr. Nortwyk has publifhed an accurate
Defcription of an impregnated human Womb,
and of its Contents, to which he has added an
Account of what Authors have wrote on the
different Parts which he examined (xj. In this
Treatife Dr. Nortwyk affirms, that the Matter
which he injedled by the uterine Arteries puf¬
fed into the Veffels of the Chorion and Placenta ,

which

(x) Uteri humani gravid, anatom. <5c hiftoria, autore Wil*
HjjZiiiQ Nortwyk* M. D. 4to, Lugd. Batav, 1743*

and Qhfervations. iif

which he is ready to demonflrate at any Time
in the Preparation which he preferves.

Such a poiitive Afiertion of an Anaflomofis,
or of a Continuity of the VefTels of the Womb
and Secundines, by a Gentleman of fo much
Learning and Candour as Dr. Nortwyk evi¬
dently appears to be, has made feveral confi-
derable Men to decide againft me, and to af¬
firm upon his Authority, that there is an Ana-
ifomoiis. But upon comparing his Defcriptioa
with my Diffedtions of big-bellied Women, I
think it altogether evident that a Miftake of the
Dodlor in the Difledtion has led him into Con-
clufions diredlly contrary to what I am perfua-
ded he will make when the Milfake is point¬
ed out to him. That every one may judge for
himfelf, I fhall here firft fet down his Defcriptions
of thefe Parts, then I fhall mention what I re¬
marked in my DifTedfions, and laftly, I fhall
point out the Circumftances in both, from which
the Conclufion muft he drawn.

cc Dr. Nortwyk was furprifed that he could
(C not recline over the cut Parts of the Womb.
lc Inquiring into the Caufe, he faw the Chorion
<c grown to the Womb by a true but very foft
<c cellular Subftance, by Means of which the
whole Surface of the Ovum adher’d moft ftrong-
<c ly to the Womb, fo that no Mark of Divifion
“ appeared when the Subftance of the Womb
<c was raifed. Having foftly deprefied the O-
vum with the Back of a Knife, and moved
the Knife backwards and forwards ( recipro -
C6 cato) betwixt the Ovum and Uterus , that

“ con-

%i"o Medical Effdys

€4 conne&ing Subflance was moil eafdy bro-
64 ken ( yj.

ct Numerous injecled Veflels with very thin
44 Coats were feen in this cellular Subftance
44 flretched from the Chorion into the Womb,
64 which he calls Veflels of the two Parts joined
44 by Anaftomofls, and believes them to be
44 Veins (%).

44 The larger Branches of thefe Veflels were
64 remarkably dilated within the Subflance of
44 the Chorion into twice their former Capacity,
cc forming Sinufes , and in this Form were extend-
44 ed an Inch, then dividing into Branches fank
64 deeper into the Chorion fa).

44 At the Placenta the cellular Subflance was
€4 ftronger, and the Connexion greater with Vef-
44 fels likewife extended thro’ it ( b ).

44 At the Root of the Placenta there were
^4 numerous very large Veflels capable of admit-
44 ting a Child’s Finger : they were true venous
44 Sinufes made of very thin Coats and fhort, from
44 which Branches much fmaller, moftly very
44 fmall, funk into the Placenta , and in fome
44 Places penetrated to its Bafis, where it lies on
64 the Chorion (c).

44 There were no Veflels in the Womb
44 of equal Size and correfponding to thefe Si-
44 nufes ; which furprifed him, having feen
44 Veflels of a Womb of a new laid Woman
64 difl'edted by ProfeJJor Albinus , and ol one

44 dil-

(y) Uteri anat, § <S. No.

(z) Ibid- No. 2.

(a) Ibid. No. 3.

(b) §7. No. 1.

( cj Ibid, No. a.

mid Ohfervatiom \

121

*'c differed formerly by himfelf fo large, that
u an adult Perfon might almofl have put his
64 Finger into them ( d ).

44 The whole internal Surface of the Womb
44 had many Orifices of Veflels filled with the
44 InjedTon (e ).

44 The Surface of the Ovum was all fhaggy,
44 becaufe of the Remains of the cellular Sub-
44 fiance ( f).

44 The Chorion was opaque, foft, fungous, and
44 fo very tender as to be eafily torn (g).

44 Under this fungous there was a reticulated
44 Subftance [h).

44 The fungous and reticulated Subftances
feparated moft eafily from each other (z).

44 Placenta extradled after Child-birth, when
44 injedted, ended in pulpy Knots, which mace-
*4 rated fhewed themfelves to confift of very
64 fmall VefTels of the Pencil Form (k).

44 The Injedlion into the impregnated Womb
44 did not penetrate into the Foetus or umbilical
44 Rope (/).

44 On the Side of the Placenta fartheft from
44 the Womb, the red Colour of the Injection
44 flrined thro’ the Chorion , and in one Part
44 where the Chorion , was taken away, the fmall

44 in-

(0 Ibid. No. 3.

(0 § 9 • No. 1.

(/) § ”•

(g) § 14. No 1.

■(/;) Ibid. No. i.

(i) Ibid. No. 3.

( k ) § 28. No. 1.

(/) Hiftor. utcr. yars a. § 63.

"3L2.2 Medical Effays

6t inje£led VefTels were to be Teen in the Pre«
6C paration (m).

Thus far Dr. Nortwyk gives an Account of
his Difledtion, &c.

I have now diflecShed five Women who died
each with a Child in the Womb, before either
the membranous Part of the Secundines was torn
to Jet out the Water, or that the Placenta was
the leaf! feparated from the Womb. One of
them was laid by the Friends to have been be¬
tween three and four Months gone with Child*
three others were about fix or feven Months,
arid the fifth was pafl eight Months with Child.
I likewife examined the Body of a fixth Woman,
whofe Child in the Labour had tom the Os Uteri9
and by the Aperture had efcaped into the Cavi¬
ty of the Abdomen, dragging its Secundines along
with it. : In all of them I found a thick fungous
fucculent cellular Subfiance between the mu-
fcular Part of the Womb and its villous Coat,
thro’ which .numerous thin-coated VefTels palled,
and in this cellular Subfiance the Sinufes were.
Excepting dts Sinufes , it refembled the internal
cellular Coat of the Latefiines.— — I was ignorant
of this Structure when I began the Diffedion of
the fir ft big-bellied Woman ; and .therefore*
when I had cut thro’ the firm mufcular Part of
the Womb, and faw this fungous Subfiance, I
imagined it to be the Placenta. I was furprifed
to find the Cohefion of this fuppofed Placenta
to the Womb do firm, but perfifted to feparate
the mufcular Part of the Womb from it, till,
having torn a little of the fungous Subfiance,

■ Ibjtl.

and Observations; 1 2 3 ;

I obferved the fmooth tenfe Chorion , from
which the fungous Subfl'ance feparated moil:
eafily, as it did likewife from the Placenta , by
only gently prefiing the Ovum with one Hand
and raifing the Womb with the other, without
the Afiiftance of any other Inftrument. What
of the fungous Subfiance had been left at firfl
with the Ovum came of as eafily. - I avoid¬

ed this Miftake in differing the other four im¬
pregnated Uteri which I had Occafion to ex¬
amine afterwards, and then had the villous Coat
of the Womb entire, and the fmooth Chorion
fpread over all the Secundines.

Let the following Circumftances be conit-
dered.

1. The firm Adhefion of the Uterus to the
Ovum as defcrrbed by Dr. Nortwyk whereas
in natural Births, and in my five Subjedls, the
Womb and Secundines feparated moil eafily.

The Want of Sinufes, or of Vefiels a-kin to
them in the Womb, which gave Rife to his
Treatife ; whereas, the Sinufes were demonflrat-
ed by Dr. Albinus , and they were feen by Dr„
Nortivyk himfelf in the Womb of a Woman
lately delivered, and they were found in all my
fix Subjects.

The fhaggy Surface of the Ovum , and the foft
fungous opaque Chorion defcribed by the Dodlor ;
whereas, the Chorion in natural Births, and in
all my Subjects was fmooth, firm, and tenfe.

The Separation of the fungous Subfiance on
the Surface of the Ovum mentioned in this
Treatife was as eafy, as what I found the Se¬
paration of the Womb from the Ovum .

Large Sinufes were found by Dr. Nortivyk

L 2 . in. -

124 Medical EJfays

In the Placenta and Chorion , which never were
ieen in thefe Parts of any other Subjedf.

From thefe Circumftances I muff think, that
the Dodfor perfiffed in the Error which I com¬
mitted in differing the firff impregnated Uterus,
which I had Occafion to examine, and brought
off' the internal cellular Subifance, and S inufes
of the Womb with the Ovum , in which Cafe
all the Appearances would be precifely as he
has defcribed them, and he will be under no
NecefEty of imagining home particular Form of
VefTels here, or any extraordinary Change of
Structure made in Placenta by extradfing them
at Birth ; on the contrary, the Reafons of all the
Phenomena are obvious, and he has afforded me
a very pretty Proof of there being no Anafto~
mofis between the VefTels of the Uterus and Se-
c undines.

Left the laff Paragraph which I quoted from
Dr. Nortwyk fhould make any incline to think,
that, in his Preparation, fome of the placeritary
VefTels were injedfed, I muff explain the Ap¬
pearances there mentioned, which I fhall do
by the AfTifTance of the Dodfor himfelf. “ 7"he
“ Placenta , fays he juffly, (§ 15. 28.) confiffs
ct of a great many Knobs, between which the
u Membrane (the exterior Lamella of the
45 Chorion) is inferted as the Pia Alater is be-
144 tween the Convolutions of the Brain,- and
<c the loft fpongy internal Subifance of the

Womb is inlinuated into the Furrows be-
i£ tween thefe Knobs”.-— -No Wonder then,
that the uterine VefTels filled with a coloured
Subifance fhine thro* the Chorion on the other
Side of the Placenta , or are feen when the Cho¬
rion

and Obferveitio'nr, 125:

rion is taken away. Let us remember this when -
we read any where, that Injections into the ute¬
rine VefTels Placentam fubibant .

To Dr. Nortwyk' s Experiment in Proof of
Liquors not going from the uterine VefTels into
thofe of the Secundines, I (hall add a Trial
which I made of injeCting thefe Parts of a Wo*
man three or four Months gone with Child,
Having fixed a Pipe into one of the iliac Arte¬
ries, and having tied the other iliac Artery,
and the Veins, I pufhed thro’ the Pipe fine Oil
of Turpentine, which is a Liquor that eafily
goes from the extreme Arteries of any Part' of
the Body into the correfponding Veins. I con¬
tinued this Injection till all the Veflels of the
Womb, both Arteries and Veins, wTerein hazard
of burfting, and till all the Gentlemen prefent a-
greed, that a fufficient Quantity and Force
were employed. Not one Drop of this Oil was
found in any Branch of the umbilical VefTels
or intheFeetus, tho' it was fearched for mod
carefully. •

Dr. Noriwyk is of opinion, that nothing can
be concluded againft the Anaflomofis of the
VefTels of the Womb and Secundines, from the
Experiment juft now related : For, fays he («)5
Injections do not always pafs where there
4£ is a Continuation of VeiTels ; thus, for Ex-
ample, Ruyfch (<?) informs us, that tho’ he
“ filled numerous Branches of the fpermatic
<c" Artery running in the Interfaces of the femi-
nal Tubes, and alfo the fmaller lateral

L 3 “ Brai^he* -

(«•) Hill, uteri gravid, pars 2. $ 83->
'(0) Th#f, anat, iv. Ho. 8r

1 2 6 Medical EJfays

cc Branches of Arteries bellowed on the T ubes^
yet he never could make his Injection enter
<c the Tubes, notwithftanding that De Graaf
<c (p) defcribes thefe Tubes as ten times lar-
ger than the injeCted Arteries”.

If the feminal Tubes were of the Size de¬
ferred by De Graaf, where they begin at the
Extremities of the fecerning Arteries, and thefe
Extremities were no fmaller than the Arteries
which Ruyfch injeCted, fame Application might
be made of this Example to the prefent Cafe ;
but feeing the fpermatic Arteries may divide*
for ought we know, into Branches not one
million Part the Size of thofe which Ruyfch, in¬
jected, before they became feminal Tubes ;
there is no other Inference to be drawn from
this Quotation from Ruyfch and De Graaf, than
that the fpermatic Arteries divide into Branches
before they become feminal Tubes, too fmall
for Ruyfch’ s InjeClion to enter. — —If the fper¬
matic Arteries had been as large at their Extre¬
mities, as what were feen in the internal Sur¬
face of the Womb in Dr. Nortwyk’ s Preparati¬
on, and if the feminal Tubes had been as large
•at their Beginning, as what he calls placentary
VefTels ; I make no doubt that Rufych’s Injecti¬
on would have filled the larger feminal Tubes*
Epidydimis , Vas deferens, &c. as Dr. Nortwyk’s.
InjeCtion ought to have filled the umbilical Vein*
and fev'eral of the VefTels of the Foetus, had it
once entered into fuch large Branches of that
Vein as he imagined.

Let us next examine the Trials made on

Brutes

(|>) Dcviror. organ, p» 42*.

and Obfervations *v i2f

Brutes for proving the Anaftomofis or Continui¬
ty of the Vefiels of the Womb and Secandines.

I have already tranfcribed Dr. Drake s Ac¬
count of Mr. Cowper’ s 64 having poured Mer-
44 cury into the uterine Artery of a Cow, that
4 4 went into one of the Cotyledons of the Uterus y
44 and filled thofe Branches of the umbilical
44 Veins which went from that Cotyledon to the
44 Navel of the Foetus”,

Mr. Cowper ( q ) mentions fome other Prepa¬
rations of the fame Parts in Cows, but takes
no Notice of this one, and Drake exprefies him-
felf fo little like an Anatomifi: in comprehend¬
ing both the Glandula of the Womb and the
Placenta of the Secundines under the Name of
Cotyledon , that I fufpeCted his having committed
a Miftake here ; and therefore I repeated the
Experiment many times, by pouring Mer¬
cury fomeumes into a Branch of the uterine
Arteries diftributed to one of the Glandules , and
at other times I poured the Mercury into a
Branch of one of the umbilical Arteries fent to
a Placenta , but never could make one Drop of
it go from the V eiiels of the one into the Vef-
fels of the other. The Weight g£ the Mercu¬
ry frequently makes the Glandula and Placenta
feparate from each other, and then the Fov-ees
of the Glandula and the Interfaces of the Papilla
of the Placenta have Quick-fil-ver lying in them ;
but none of it is to be feen in any Thing like a,
VefTel of the Placenta when it is poured into
the Artery of the Womb, or of the Glandula
when it is poured into the umbilical Artery..

(^) Anatomy of human Bodies^ Explic, of Tab*

12-8 Medical EJJays

Slade is quoted (r) for faying, 44 The Plcr*-
44 * centulce of Cows have more and larger Vef-
44 fels than the Cotyledons y and if a black Li- -
44 quor is injedted into the Artery which is
46 fent to a Placentula , the Cotyledon remains
46 white. The Liquor injedfed into the arteri-
44 ous VeiTels of th q Uterus was carried to the
44 Cotyledons , and, by the Cavities of the Coty-
44 ledons , into the Subfiance of the PlacentcP7*

Thefe Words being carried into the Subjlance
fif the Plaeentre , may fignify no more than effufed
on their unequal pappy Subfiance. I have tried
Injections of very different Kinds fo often in¬
to the Veflels of the Womb and Secundines
of Cows, prepared in all the different Ways I
could contrive for making Liquors -pafs from
the one to the other, without having once made .
a Drop to pafs, that I cannot be more certain
of any Thing than that there is no Anaflomofis
or Continuity of thefe Veffels in Cows.

Vieujfens is Laid to have made the following
Experiment (_/'): 44 He tied the left carotid Arte-
*4 ry of a living Bitch with Young, and then, ha-
44 ving put a dm all Ivory Funnel into the right .
44 Carotid, he poured Quick-filver at different *
44 Times towards the Head, till it amounted
4C to about four Pounds. By the Time this
44 Quick-filver was poured in, the Creature ap-
44 peared to be quite dead, and he dilfedled her
4C- before a great many Witnefles”. After de¬
ferring the Progrefs which the Quick-filver

had

(r) Vid. Blaf. anat. animal, p. m. jxt-. -
(/) Manget. theat. anat. lib. 2. pars cap. 3. Excerpta &, "
Raymuiidi Vieuflenii epiftol, ad excel!. Prof, celeb. Medic,
i’acult, fatay, &£oiioft, in CiciKveaU Verhcycnii sdiugnc.

end Obferv aliens . 3 29

had made in the VefTels of the Bitch, he has-'
thefe Words : Minim dictu ! Fluidum hacce
corpus , nullo rupto vafe^ et ne unci quidem gut-
td fanguinis ejfusa , Placentam unumquemque
catulum obvolventem permeavit , et in ipfas urn-
bilicales venas protrufus fuit : ipfummet fluidum
cavitates cordis , Jhmachi , veficce fellcce , intejii -
norum (S vefica uri larice ingreffus eft . Protru¬
fus d me in arteriam carotidem dextram mercuri -
z/r, z'/z arterias , et fubinde in duff us la Pi Per os
mammarios , _/g/<? immijit , zz£ fuprd indicavt
No more of this Defcription relates to the
ftzr than 44 That Fluid, (the Mercury) without
44 breaking any VeiTel, or the EfFufion of one
41 Drop of Blood, pafTed through the Placenta
44 furrounding each Whelp, and was pufhed
44 into the umbilical Vefiels themfelves”. All
that follows about the Heart, Stomach, &V.
being only applicable to the Mother’s Organs^
as appears by the Reference to what he had faid
above, where the Parts of the Mother only
were mentioned, and by the Account which he
gives of this Experiment in another Treatife
(r), in thefe Words : 44 Mercury being poured
44 into the right carotid Artery of a Bitch about
44 two Months gone with Whelp, the left Caro-
44 tid being tied, palled into the umbilical Vein
44 of the Whelps without any breaking of the
44 VefTels”.

This Experiment of Vieuffen? s is ftrangely
contrived for, by tying one carotid Artery*
and putting a F unnel into the other, he left

the

(t) DifTertat. <k ftru&ura & u(u uteri & Placentas ttulic-
br\s, hi Gcnevenfi Verheyenii editionc.

1 30" Medical Effayr

the vertebral Arteries alone to propel the Blood’;
and Quick-filver through the Veftels of the
Head, from which they were to return to be

distributed through the whole Body. - -Some of ",

the Blood of the Vertebrals muft have had a
retrograde Motion into the Carotids by their
Anaftomofes, to hinder the Entry of the Quick-
filver.-— -—If the Head of the Bitch was placed
fo depending, as the Weight of the Mercury
could overcome the Refinance of that Blood.,
which probably has been done ; then this ponde¬
rous Liquor muft have pafted through the tend¬
er very {mall arterious V eftels of the Brain, and
have afcended fn the V eins contrary to its own
Gravity, to come to the Heart ; after which it
muft have performed the Circulation through
the Heart and Lungs to be fent into the Aorta ,
from which it behoved to be pufhed through
the Veftels of the Womb into the Secundines.

I endeavoured to imitate Vieujfens9 s Expe¬
riment on a living Bitch, but the Creature died
before any Succefs could he expected, and there¬
fore, with the Aftiftance of my Colleague Dr.
Andrew Sinclair , P. M. and of Mr. Gibfon , I
took another Way to try if the Mercury would
pafs from the Womb into the umbilical Vef-
fels. I cut as much of the Teguments of the
Neck of a pregnant Bitch immediately dead, as
to have a View of as much df the carotid Arte¬
ry as I could open andf put a Pipe into, then,
hanged the Bitch by the. Neck higher than
where the Pipe was, and ' in this Pofture
poured in the Quick-filver, by which we pre¬
vented the Mercury’s running out at cut Vef- -
fels3 and gave it the Preftiire of a very high

Co-. -

and Ohfervaiions ♦ tgt

Column to make it run further into the Vefiels
than it would have doneotherwife. The Quick-
filver foon ran plentifully out at the Vagina9
the Orifice of which was then tied, and more
Mercury was poured into the Carotid, till all
of us agreed, that if there was any Anaftomofis
or Continuity between the Vefiels of the Womb
and Secundines, the Mercury mull have palled
from the one to the other. When we opened
the Bitch, we fawthe Vefiels of the Uterus and
of its Cornua vt ry turgid with Quick-filver. The
Body of the Uterus and the right Cornu contained
-no Foetus , but were diftended with extravafated
Quick-filver. There was one Whelp in the
left Cornu , which we tied above and below
where the Foetus was lodged, then cut it out

and laid it on a Plate. - When this Cornu was

cut longitudinally, the annular Placenta fepara-
ted moll eafily from it, and as we were fe-
parating them, the Mercury ran plentifully out
of the Vefiels of \\xCornu , but not a Drop of it
appeared in, or dropped out of any Vefiel on the
exterior Surface of the Placenta or of the Cho¬
rion, - After the Amnios was opened, there

was no Mercury to be feen in the Fcetus or in
the umbilical Vefiels, though we could trace
thefe to their very minute Branches in the Pla-
crnta and Membranes.— -When the Secundines
had been handled fome Time, and the Amnios
was turned outermoft, fome exceeding fmall
and (hort Streaks of Quick-filver appeared
under that Membrane ; but not being contained
within any Thing like the Coat of a Vefiel,
Dr. Sinclair and I judged them to be no other
than fome Drops of the Mercury, which we

rf 3 2 Medical EJJays

liad feen flick to the outer Surface of the Pin*
centa , when they fell from the Cornu , that had
been prefled by handling into the fmall Inter-
Ibices of the placentary Subfiance ; and therefore
concluded that no Mercury had paffed from the
Uterus into the umbilical Veflels. - -I repeat¬

ed this Experiment in a Bitch that had five
Whelps in her Cornua , without one Drop of
' Quick-filver being feen in any VefTel of any of
their Secundines, tho? both Arteries and Veins
of the Uterus and Cornua were full of it. I de¬
signedly dropt fome Quick-filver on one of the
Placenta , and then worked it in with my Fin¬
gers, till I formed fuch Streaks as we had feen
in the former Trial, which I verily believe was
all that Vieujfens faw. Though if we would
grant, that fome of the Quick-filver in his Ex¬
periment had entered the Branches of the umbi¬
lical Vefiels, or even though the Mercury had
been found in the Whelps, it would be no
Proof of the Anaflomofis or Continuity of the
uterine and umbilical Veflels : For fmce, ac¬
cording to him, the Bitch was alive, till at dif¬
ferent Times near four Pounds of Mercury
were poured in, (cr eclat Judaus) the Placen-
tary Veflels might have abforbed the Quick-
filver.

Would a Man, who believed that the above
Experiment fhew’d an Anaflomofis, write in
the following Manner as Vieujfens has done (u) :
44 It is obferved, that Quick-filver injeded in-
44 to the Arteries of the Womb, does not run
€4 into its Cavity, unlefs when its Subfiance is

44 ftrongly

w *

(») DifTert, de ftrudur-. & ufii uteri, 8c c, §5-1,

and Observations, ;> 153

a {trongly prefled with the Fingers ; for then
<c forne Parts of the Mercury fall into the Womb
<c by the Pores of the lymphatico-arterious Ca-
nals that form its Sublbance.” And again ( x ),
tc The EfFuflon of Blood at Birth, without
<c doubt, was alfo the Caufe why feveral old
44 Anatomifts, who were little acquainted with
44 the natural Oeconomy of the human Body,
44 yea and Mr. Mery , believed that the Arte-
44 ries of the Womb dire&ly opened into the
44 V eins of the Placenta , and that the Arteries
44 of the Placenta opened into the Veins of the
44 Womb, from which they concluded, that
44 the Mother’s Blood circulated into the Body
44 of the Foetus , and that the Blood of the Foe-
44 tus palled into the Mother’s Body. But the
44 Falfity of this Opinion, which was refuted
44 by many Anatomiils of the lafF Century, who
44 were not only fkilful Dihedtors, but very
44 learned Natural Philofophers, fhall be molt
44 evidently demonflrated from what I am to
44 fay, when I explain the internal Slrudture
44 and the Ufe of the Placenta \ fo that the A-
64 bettors of it will readily reject it.”

I have fometimes feen Quotations from Pre~
ft on (y) and Heftier (%), for Experiments pro¬
ving this difputed Anaftomofls, but there are
no fuch Experiments mentioned in either of
them. Prefton tells only that he faw, 1. Air
pafs from the umbilical Vein into the umbilical
Arteries. 2. Air and an injedled Liquor forced
into the hypogaftric Arteries of a Woman new-
Vol.IL M ly

(jc) Ibid. § 5 6.

( y ) Philof. Tranfadt. Lowihorp’s Abridg. Vol. 3. p. aio.

(z) Compend. anat. not. 36.

134 Medical EJf ays

ly brought to Bed made their Way into the Ca¬
vity of her Womb. 3. An Injedlion into the
umbilical Vein of a Foetus which filled both

its Veins and Arteries. - Heijler has nothing

but what I have already taken notice of.

Though I think this § 16. fufficiently pro-
Ved, yet to fhorten hereafter the Difpute con¬
cerning the Nourifhment of a Foetus , I may re¬
mark, that it will be Sufficient for my Purpofe in
the prefent Queftion, to have Part of the Vef-
fels of the Secundines granted to be Abforbents^
(the Negative of which, I dare affirm, no bo¬
dy will undertake to prove) though others were
found to be continued, or to inofculate with
thofe of the Uterus.

17. The red Particles of the Blood are not
probably abforbed by the fmall Extremities of
the umbilical Vein.

My Reafons for thinking fo are : The Small-
nefs of the Orifices of thefe VefTels (§ 9.), the
chylous Appearance of what is feparated by the
Glandules of Cows and Sheep, tho’ the Extre¬
mities of the VefTels of their Placenta are lar¬
ger than in the human Subject ( § 12.), and the
Want of an Example of red Globules being ab-
forbed any where elfe.

If it fhould be afked, Whence then has the
Foetus red Blood ? I anfwer, without entering
upon any philofophical Comparifon of the Pla¬
centa in a Foetus , and of the Lungs in refpiring
Animals, that Fatufes of viviparous Animals
have their red Blood from the fame Source that
Chickens in Ovo have theirs ; which can be no
other than the Adlion of their Heart and of the
VefTels in their Body and Secundines.

and Ohfervations.

135

If it fhould be further objected, That the
Inftances mentioned § 13. of Children being
exhaufted of Blood by Hemorrhages from the
Mother’s Veflels, fnew the red Globules to be
fent out from the Secundines into the Uterus ;
and therefore probably fuch are taken in ; the
Anfwer is ready, viz. That thefe Inftances prove
the Lofs of fuch red Particles no more, than
the wan Colour, Faintnefs, and the Emptinefs
of the Veflels in a violent Diarrhoea , are cer¬
tain Signs of bloody Stools ; which none will
affirm they are.

• 18. The Placenta does not increafe in the
fame Proportion which the Foetus does, for the
fmaller the Foetus is, the Placenta is proportion¬
ally larger («).

19. The fmaller Share by far of the Blood
fent out by the umbilical Arteries is returned
to the Uterus , moft of it being poured into the
umbilical Vein by anaftomofing Canals.

' This may be feen by injecting Liquors into
the umbilical Arteries of any Creature. Rou-
hault (b) calculates, that only one feventh Part
of the capillary Branches of the human umbili¬
cal Veffels reach the exterior Surface of the Pla¬
centa.

20. The progreffive Motion communicated
tp Liquors by the Fower of Abforption being
flow, and no external alternate Preflure having
a confiderable Effedf in increallng the Momen¬
tum of the Liquors moving in the Veflels con¬
tained within the Uterus , it would appear that

M 2 the

(a) See the Figures in Ruyfch. thefaur. vi. Heiiler. fig-27.

(b) Mem. de PAcad. des feiences, 1717.

1 36 Medical Ejf ays

the Blood returning to the Fast us is pulhed for¬
ward principally by the Force of the Heart and
Arteries of the Foetus itfelf.

That the Force of the Heart may be ftrong
enough to drive forward the Blood in fuch a
long Courfe as it muff make in the Secundines*
the Canalis arteriofus is fent from the pulmo¬
nary Artery into the defcending Aorta , where¬
by the Blood thrown out by the umbilical Ar¬
teries is propelled by the united Force of both
right and left Ventricles of the Heart, and thefe
Arteries anaftomofe with the Branches of the
umbilical Vein by larger communicating Canals
than the Arteries and Veins commonly have in
other Parts of the Body, as appears by Injedli-
ons: For Liquors thrown into the umbilical
Arteries towards the Placenta, require lefs Force
to make them return by the umbilical Vein,
and when inje&ed with the fame Force, they
return more quickly, than they do into the Vein,
correfponding to any other Artery of a Child
when the Artery is injedfed.

21. In the greater Number of Animals that
have hitherto been carefully examined, the Al¬
lantoid Membrane with its contained Urine has
been found (c).

22. The Allantois of fome Animals ( Mares%
Bitches , Cats,) furrounds the Amnios , being eve¬
ry where interpofed between it and the Chorion .
In others, ( Cows , Sheep , Goats,) the Allantois in-
clofes a confiderable Share of the Amnios . And
in others ( Swine , Rabbits ,) it is confined to a
fmall Space (d).

23. At

{d} Id. ibid.

and Obfervations. 13 J

2,3. At thofe Places where the Allantois is
not interpofed between the other two Mem¬
branes of the Foetus , the Chorion adheres to
the Amnios by a very fine cellular Subftance,
which ealily yields to any flretching Force, as e-
very one mull fee in examining the Secundines.

24. The Amnios has numerous Ramificati¬
ons of the umbilical VefTels fpread upon it (>)’,
the Orifices of the lateral Branches of the Arte¬
ries pouring out Liquors into its Cavity.

Injections plainly difcover this ; for, after
injeCting a thin Liquor, Water for Example,
into the umbilical Arteries, dry the interior
Surface of the Amnios well with a Cloth ; then
prefs the Membrane gently, or continue the In¬
jection, and the Water is feen coming out on
that Surface, in the Form that we fee fmall
Drops of perfpirable Matter come out on the
Surface of the Skin at the Finger Points, when
we prefs the Finger hard, or have tied a String
round it. I have many times repeated this Ex¬
periment, and always with Succefs.

25. Seeing we can demonftrate Veins alfo
on the Amnios , and feeing the Veins of all
other membranous Bags tha.t have arterious Ca¬
nals throwing Liquors into their Cavity are en¬
dued with an abforbing Power, and take up
Fluids from the Cavity, we may conclude that
the Veins here are the fame Way employed.

26. The Liquor contained in the Amnios is
either wholly feparated from the Veffels of that
Membrane, or it is furnilhed partly from them,
and in part from the Foetus*.

M 3 In

(e) Id. ibid. Cowper Anat, of human Bodies, Expl. Tab*-
53. A. A.

1 38 Medical EJfays

In the Creatures whofe Amnios is every where
inclofed by the Allantois (§ 22.) it is impof-
fible this Liquor can be tranfcolated from the
Uterus or its Cavity, through all the Membranes
into the Cavity of the Amnios , becaufe if the
Allantois could allow a PafTage to fuch a Fluid,
its own Contents would necefTarily go along
with it, which every one will confefs would be
of bad Confequence ; but the Truth is, that
the Allantois does not allow Liquors to pafs
through it. In thofe Creatures where the Al¬
lantois only furrounds Part of the Amnios , if we
did fuppofe the Chorion and Amnios capable eve¬
ry where elfe of ferving as Strainers, the Liquor
would always be found in confiderable Quan¬
tity in the cellular Subllance between them,
( § 23. ) which it is not ; and what fhould
hinder it to run out as fad as it could be convey¬
ed in ?

Let none here affume Canals having Orifi¬
ces opening on the Surface of the Chorion , and
fent dire<?cly into the Cavity of the Amnios , un-
lefs he undertakes to demondate them. There
can be no fuch Canals in the Creatures whofe
Allantois furrounds their Amnios ; for there are
no Threads extended crofs the Allantois.

Harvey’s Obfervation (f) of this Liquor A-
mnii being feen in large Quantity before the
Fcetus is formed, may profcably_.be objected to
me as a fure Argument of its being derived
from fome wFere elfe than the umbilical Vef-
fels, or Surface of the Fa tus ; and that can on¬
ly be from the Cavity of the Uterus by Tranf-
eolation.

Harvey’s

(/) De generat. animal, exercit. $6.

and Observations. 139

Harvey s Affertion is only this Negative, that
he did not fee a Foetus in the very fmall Con¬
ceptions he examined ; but it is very evident
from later Obfervations (^), That the Rudiments
of the Foetus , and its funis umbilicalis may be
feen much fooner, and while the Conception is
lefs than what he determines it to have been in
the Cafes where he fays he could not fee it ;
and, in my Opinion, extra-uterine Fcetufes prove
clearly that the Embryo is always lodged much
fooner in its Secundines than we can difeern
the different Parts of thefe ; far lefs need we
expedf to be able to diftinguifh the different
Parts they contain. I fhaJl readily allow that
the Liquor Amnii is in larger proportional Quan¬
tity, the younger a Conception is : And the
Reafon of this Appearance may very eafily be
underftood from what was faid concerning Ab-

forption (§ 15.)* From the Obfervation itfelf,
compared with what is above in this Section, I
would infer that the Veffels of the Amnios fur-
nifti by much the larger Share of the Liquor con¬
tained in it.

Whoever confiders the large Placenta , § 18.
the quick Growth, § 32. and the Weaknefs of
a young Foetus , will not affirm its being inca¬
pable of furniftiing this Liquor of the Amnios .
• — The Vehicles, full of Water, in which there
is no Foetus , and confequently no Placenta , when
found in the Womb, cannot be efteemed to be

Ova ,

( g ) Compare Harvey’s Exercit. 15-. 16. 17. with Mal-
pighius de ovo incubato in the firft three or four Days of
Incubation, and his Exercit. 5-6. with Kerkring. Anthro-
pogr. Ichnogr. and Ruyfch. Thef. 6. and many other la¬
ter Obfervations.

1 40 Medical EJfays

Ova , but are Hydatides , of which great Num¬
bers are often found here (/?), and therefore
ferve nothing for determining: the prefent Que-
ftion.

N. Authors having differed widely concern¬
ing the Quantity and Quality of the Liquor A-
mnii , and my Obfervations not having been uni-
verfal enough to fix a general Rule, I fhall de¬
lay any Inquiry into the State of this Liquor,
till I come to examine it as it is employed in
accounting for the Nutrition of a Foetus , where
I fhall consider it, according to ^11 the different
Opinions of Authors.

27. As foon aim oft as we can ob ferve any
Embry 0, its umbilical Veffels difcover them-
felves (z).

28. The Mouth, Lips and Cheeks of Foe-
tufes are at ffrft wanting, and leave a large
Chafm inftead of a Mouth, which is gradually
contracted by the Formation and Conjuncti¬
on of thefe Parts, till it is- brought to a due
Size (i).

29. While Fcetufcs continue in the Womb,
their Mufcles are - ordinarily left to aCt only by
their natural Contraction, or the Foetus is faid
to be in a ffeeping State ; but fometimes, when
its Eafe or Prefervation requires a Change of Si¬
tuation, it feems to perform fome voluntary
Motions, which are called its Stirrings.

The Pofture of a Child is owing to the

Mufcles

(/;) Vid. Hitter, in Haller, not. m. in § <579. iultitut,
Boerhaavii,

(?) Harvey Exercit. 56. Ruyfch. thef. <5„

Riolan Anthropograph, lib, 6, cap»uilt».

(k) Harvey ibid.

and Obfervations. 1 4 1

Mufcles being left to their natural Contractions,
the ftronger ones always prevailing, till their
Antagonifts exert fuch a Refinance by being
ftretched, as brings them, to an Equilibrium •,
no Wonder therefore that the Spine is fo much
bowed forward, and the Head is bended to¬
wards the Knees : The Thighs are brought for¬
ward ; the Legs are bended back ; the Arms-
hang down, but are drawn a little forward ;
the Fore-arms, Hands and Fingers are all bend¬
ed, and thereby the Hands are placed round the
K nees : For it will appear to any who fhall take
the Trouble to confider the Structure of thefe
Parts, that the Members are all brought to that
Side where the Mufcles have an Advantage over
their Antagonifts in Number and Strength, or
in the Angles of Infertion, or in the Length of
the Lever they aCt with.

That the Pofture above defcribed arifes from
the natural Contraction of the Mufcles, while
the Foetus is in a deeping State, is farther evin¬
ced, by obferving how much Children deep af¬
ter they are born, and how the Members natu¬
rally go into near the fame Pofture when People
fall adeep.

30. The Stomachs of the youngefl Fatufes
we can dideCt are full of a mucous Liquor,
which remains of near the fame Confidence all
the Time of Geftation, except that it becomes
gradually fomewhat more viicous as the Foetus
increafes.

This has obtained in all the different Ani¬
mals I have had occafion to ddfeCt.

31. The fmall Guts of Fcetufes are full of a
glairy mucaginous Liquor, which becomes thicker

and

142 Medical Eff ays

and darker-coloured as it defcends to the Great
Guts, where it is collected under the Name of
Meconium .

32. Foetuses increafe proportionally lefs
the longer they continue in the Womb.

Mauricean (/) pretends to determine the pro¬
portional Increafe of a Child to be fixty four
times its own Weight in triple the Time.
The Numbers he condefcends on are the fol¬
lowing : At Birth, a Child weighs 12 Pounds,
©f 16 Ounces each ; at three Months, it weighs
3 Ounces ; at one Month, three fourth Parts of
half a Drachm \ and at ten Days lefs than half
a Grain.

Having now eflabliffied the neceiTary Fadfs,
I defign to ufe them hereafter as fo many Axi¬
oms or Data ; and, to fave Repetitions, I fhall
only refer to them by the Numbers prefixed to
each, in the Solution of the feveral Problems.,
to which I now return.

PROBLEM I.

Mow far the Mouth or the umbilical VefiHs

are necejfary to the Nourijhment fl/Tcetufes.

A UTHORS have all known that Fceiufes
^ have been brought forth without Mouths ;
but feveral of thefe Monflers being found, up¬
on a fbricSb Examination, to have fome other
Paffage leading from the Surface of their Bodies
into their Stomachs, feveral Writers of good
Account have affirmed, or, at lea if, in an in¬
direct

(/) De maladies des femmes grofles, liy, i. chap,

find Obfervations. 143

dire<51 Way have infinuated, that fuch vicarious
Paffages are never wanting when the Mouth is
fhut or deficient; which they think rather a
ffronger Proof of the ordinary Canal by the
Mouth in compleat Fcetufes being altogether ne-
ceflary for the Nourishment of the Foetus , than
if no fuch Monfters had been feen ; Since, fay
they, we hereby fee how careful Nature is to
preferve a Paffage from without into the chylo-
poietick Organs.

To remove all Pretences for concluding here¬
after fo generally that a vicarious Paffage is ne¬
ver wanting, allow me to point out Some Au¬
thors, who give accurate and well vouched Hi-
ftories of Monfters who had no fuch Canals, and
in Some of which it was impoffible they could
have them, or they muff have been altogether
nfelefs.

Children (w), a Whelp («), and a Lamb (<?),
were brought forth without Heads, or any Paf¬
fage into the chylopoietick Bowels. In other
Foetufes that had Heads, all Paffage to the Sto¬
mach was fhut up : See fuch Obfervations of
Children (/>), of Whelps (^), of a Lamb (r),
of a Pig ( f ). Where the Paffage into the Sto¬
mach has been open, there have been no Inte-

ftines

(nr) Two by Littre mem. de PAcad. des fciences, 1701 ;
one by Mery, ibid. 1720.

(n) De Graaf. de mulier. organ, cap. 15.

(0) Antoine hid. de l’Acad. des fciences, 1703.

(p) Littre mem. de l’Acad. des fciences, 1701. Buch-
ncrus a£t. med. phyfic. Acad. n. c. Vol. 2. Obf. j >6.

(q) Littre hid. de PAcad. des fciences, 1703. Brady Phi-
lof. Tranf. n. 304.

( r ) Ruyfch. thef. 4. n. 75.

(/) Bellinger, de foet. nutr. cap. $,

i 44 Medical EJfays

dines (f). And where the Guts were, nothing*
could get them down into them («).

Thefe Examples are fo exa£t in (hewing the
little Necedity there is for either Mouth or chy-
dopoietick Organs in the Nourifhrrtent of Fee-
tufes , that I need fcarce mention how much
they ferve to determine the fir ft Part of this
Problem ; and they make Remarks on the Hi-
(lories of Fcemfes who had the vicarious PafTa-
ges, unneceffary ; only allow me to caution the
young Phyfiologifts, not to take fome Authors
AfTertion, of the Food being conveyed by thofe
extraordinary Canals, for an edablifhed Truth,
till they have examined what is to be faid for
and againd it.

Tho’ the former Part of the Problem (hould
be determined in the Manner I have argued for,
which takes away all Probability of Nourifhment
being furnifhed to Fcetufes by the Mouth alone,
yet the Gentlemen who are of Opinion that
it is conveyed by both the umbilical Vein and
the Mouth, endeavour to refolve the latter
Part of it, fo as dill to favour their Sentiments ;
for they undertake to prove that the Supply by
the Navel may be wanting, as well as that by
the Mouth ; and therefore that both contribu¬
ting towards the Nourifhment in the natural
State of the Fcetus , whenever one of them is
wanting, the other performs the Fun£lion of
both, as is fometimes done in other Parts of the'
Body. I acknowledge great Probability in this
Reasoning, if they can bring a clear convin¬
cing

( t ) Lemery hift. de I’Aead. des feiences, 1704.

(a) Caider, Medical Effays, Vol. I. Art. 14.

and Observations, 145

clng Proof of Foetufes fubfifting and increafmg
without receiving Liquors by their Navel-firing.
Seeing then this Part of the Problem is of fuch
Importance in the prefent Queftion, I muff be
excufed f r infifting particularly on the feveral
Fadts which I have obferved to be advanced by
Authors in Proof of the Navel not being; indif-
penfably neceifary toward the Nourimment of a
Feet us.

The firfl Argument ufed by the Gentlemen
of the other Side of the Queftion, is, That Au¬
thors of the beft Character (x)9 who have dif-
fedted viviparous Animals with Young, adore us
there is no Adhefion or Connexion between the
Secundines and Uteri of mod; Animals, for a
confiderable Time after the Conception is lod -
ged there; and in fome Animals many Months
pafs before there is any Adhefion (y) ; therefore,
fay they, the Foetus can receive nothing all this
Time from the Mother by the umbilical Veffels,
and confequently is then wholly nourifhed by the
Mouth.

On the Suppofition that the uterine Veffels
muff always inofculate with thofe of the Se¬
cundines, before the umbilical Veffels can re¬
ceive any Liquors from the Mother, this Ar¬
gument is indeed of great Force; but accord¬
ing to the Scheme which I have explained, and,
I hope, have proved in § 13. — 16. of prelimi¬
nary Facts, it is a Matter of Indifference, whe¬
ther the Liquors furnifhed by the Mother are
applied to the bibulous Orifices of the abforb-
Vol. II. N ent

(.t) Harvey, Needham, d' Graaf.

(y) Needham, obi', anat. de form, f ~t. cap. 2.

14'6 Medical Effays

ent Veflels of the Secundines, while the Li¬
quors are contained within Cells formed in the
Subfiance of the Uterus ^ (§ 2. — 5.) or wThen
they are poured into the Cavity of the Uterus
itfelf; for thofe Veflels will equally well per¬
form their Office in both Cafes, and thereby
ferve to nourifh the Foetus Efficiently ; which
mull take off the Neceffity we w7ere here ima¬
gined under, of fuppofing the Food to be whol¬
ly received at the Mouth. Nay in fome Animals,
for Example Mares , whofe Allantois furrounds
the Amnios (§ 22.) and whofe Secundines have
no Connexion for a confiderable Time with
the Uterus , what has been juft now faid is fine¬
ly illuftrated, and there is downright Demon-
llration of all the Fcetufes Nourifliment being
conveyed by the umbilical Yreffels, as was re¬
marked § 16.

Next, feveral O1 fervations are brought to
fhew, that the Paffage of Liquors by the Navel
has often been flopped long before Birth ; the
ftrft I.fhall mention is one of Mr. Petit: “Mr.
« Petit (fays the Secretary of the Academy of
« Sciences (&)') caufed the Navel-ftring of a
t£ human Fcetus to be fliewn, which had a Knot
ec in its middle, where one could obferve the
Ci Marks of the Contiguity ( cT att. ouch ement) of the
“ Parts that formed the Knot ; which proves
« that the Knot had been made long before the
££ Woman’s Delivery.”

It may be faid, that this is in fome Meafure
anfwered by what Mauriceau [a)9 Deventer (b)y

and

(z) Hifl. de l’Acad. des fciences, 1718.

(a) Maladies des femmes grofles, liv. ii. chap z6.

(Jb) Ars obftetric. cap. 38.

and Ohfervaficns. 147

and other practical Writers in Midwifery af¬
firm of the Danger- Children are in of lofing
th eir Lives, when the umbilical Rope is pref-
fed or expofed to the cold Air before Birth ;
and by Observations of Faetujes being killed by
Knots on the Navel- firing (c) : But the Faff as
it is told, is open to ftrong Objedfions ; for
there is not one Circumftance mentioned by
which we can know whether this Knot flopped
the Courfe of the Blood, or if it was any more
than one of the common ones, about which
fome Midwives make fo much to do. I have
fent you a Figure of one, ferving to fhew you,
by my Injection palling, that Liquors wiil not
flop in fuch. ( S ee Tab. I. Fig. 5. rcprefent-
ing a Piece of the Funis umbilicalis, vchofe Vef-
fels are diflended with JVax.) AA is the large
Vein ; BB the two Arteries twirling fpirally
round the Vein ; C a very remarkable Convo¬
lution of the Arteries, which refembled a Knot,
before the Injection was thrown in. — Further,
I fee no Reafon to conclude from Mr. Petit’ s
Obfervation, as the Secretary has done, that
becaule there were Marks of the Parts which
compofed the Knot, touching or being conti¬
guous to each other; there ore the Knot mud
have been of an old Standing. — Add to all
this, that there is no Mention made of the
Child’s Condition, whether it was born dead
or alive. So that from the whole, I mufi think
there can be no Ufe made of this Obfervation
in this Argument; and I mufi alfo acknow-

N 2 ledge.

i 4§ Medical Effays

ledge, that the Obfervations of Children laid
to be killed by Knots on the Navel -firing, are
as little to my Purpofe ; for though the Authors
who relate them do aver the Knots to have been
the Caufe of Death, yet they do not mention Cir-
cumffances in the Facl, fufficient to fupport their
Opinion, for which I mufl decline the greatefl
Authority, though it was ever fo favourable to
my Side of the Queflion.

The fecond Obfervation brought to prove
the Courfe of the Blood interrupted in the um¬
bilical VefTels before Birth, is what Mr. Hei -
Jier ( d ) quotes from Fred. Hoffmans Di her ra¬
tion de pinguedine. Unluckily that 1 reatife is.
not among the Collection of Hoffman's ~ Difierta-
tions I am poffefTed of, and therefore I mufl
take the Relation of the Fad at Second-hand :
It is this; “A perfect Child was born, whofe

umbilical Rope was all corrupt and putrid,

( putredine totus corrupius erat .)” Mr. Hei-
Jier adds, “It would have been impoffible that
“ it fhould have lived, unlefs it had taken its
“ Nourifhment fome other how than by the Na-
“ veld’

Though, for ought that is exprefTed here by
either Hoffman or Heifter , it feems to be ambi¬
guous, whether this compleat Child was born
dead or alive, yet I fhall fuppofe the latter
Care ; and when this is granted, the Account
is fuch as one canm >t pretend to guefs from it
how long this Navel -firing had been corrupted ;
what Parts had been dTroyed by the P utrefa-
clion ; whether the cellular Membrane and Mu¬
cus

(J) Compend. anat. not. 37.

and Obfervations, 1 49

dus of the Rope only were affected ; or if the,
VefTels involved in them were alfo deftroyed. In
fhort, this Story does not feem diftindl enough
to allow any Confequence to be drawn from
it. Left however any fhould build on a ftridft
Senfeof the Word T OT U S9 which ALL the
World knows is generally ufed in a very vague
Way, let fuch reconcile any Appearance of a Fu¬
nis umbiltcalis , with the total and compleat Cor¬
ruption of the Membranes, Mucus, and Veffels
compoling it.

The two following Hiftories are much more
exadl and to the Purpofe : One is from Chat-
ton (e), the other is told by Petrus Kommeli -
Hus (f). Both agree almoft exactly in the
principal Circumftances. Healthy Children are
born with the Navel fkinned over. The Se-
cundines, when afterwards brought away, are
of a natural Size, and the Extremities of the
umbilick Rope are coalefced. The Mother of
the one told Mr. Chatton , that (he had gone
with Child three Weeks longer than her ordi-
nary Time; and he thinks the Navel was as
found as a Child three Weeks old ufed to have
it. Rommeltus judges the other Child’s Navel to
have been as found as in Children feveral .Months
old-. A fmall little impervious Procefs about
the Size of a Worm flood out from the Navel,
and the umbilical Rope was as fmall as a Goofe-
quill.

Thefe Authors have been very fond of bet¬
ting the World a-ftaring, other wife they would

N 3 never

( e ) Vander Wiel obierv. cent. pott. pars i. not. in obf. 3.2.

( f ) Ephenierid. German, dec. a. ann- 7. cbf. ao^*

150 Medical Ejfays

never have made the Companions of the Sound-
nefs of the Navels of the Children in their
Hiftories with thofe of Children fo many
W eeks or Months old. I wifh they would ex¬
plain to me what is the Difference as to Sound-
nefs in a found Navel of Children three Days,
Weeks, Months or Years old. Since there is
none, we are to inquire how long Time thefe
Navels had probably been in fkinning over af¬
ter the Navel-firing was broke or eroded. The
Circumftance of the Secundines being of a na¬
tural Size, fhews that this Accident did not hap¬
pen long before Birth ; for from what was faid
in § 14. of the Placenta being a lifelefs Mafs af¬
ter the Communication betwixt it and the Child
is deflroyed ; and from what the bed and moft
experienced Pradlifers in Midwifery (g) agree
in the Size and State of the After-burden rnuft
be greatly changed in very little Time after it
is in that lifelefs State which muff be here fup-
pofed. The only Way of judging in what
Time a Skin might be brought on the Navel
of the Children mentioned in the foregoing Hi-
flories, is, to determine how foon after Birth
Children’s Navels are fkinned over; and then
to inquire, whether a Cicatrice would be loon-
er or later brought on by the Child’s continu¬
ing immerfed in its WYters after the Navel-
firing was broke. I have frequently feen, and
among the reft in my own Children, the tied
Piece of tire Navel-firing fall oft', in four, three
or two Days after Birth and the Skin was

found

(g) Mauriceati maladies des femmes grofies, liv. ii. chap.
9. Ruyfch, in thef. obferv. adverf.

and Obfervations . 151

found where the fhrivelled String feparated :
And you probably know how very foon the
Remains of the Navel-firing drop off from
Brutes. If then fuch a.Separation can be made
fo foon, when dry Rags are applied, or by be¬
ing expofed to the Air, we have Reafon to
think that the Skin would be much fooner
brought on the Navel, while the Parts were
foaking in th o. Liquor Amnii\ for we have ve¬
ry convincing Proof what the Effedls of fuch a
Salt Liquor is in the Saliva , which not only
ferves to keep the Mouth foft and flexible, but
very foon heals Wounds or mild Abfceffes
there ; the Urine will fcarce allow Surgeons to
keep the W ound in Lithotomy long enough
frefb, but notwithflanding their utmofl Efforts,
it often renders the Pafiage callous. The Sy¬
novia of the Joints, the glary Liquor of tendi¬
nous or ligamentous Sheaths : and in fhort, all
fuch Liquors of our Body do the fame. From
all which I would conclude t!;at the Navel-
firings, which are the Subjedl of our prefent
Inquiry, were broke very foon before Birth ;
and if I fhouid allow the Time to have been a
Day or two, the Foetus might continue fo long
in Life, without any new Supplies ofNourifh-
ment, as well as it oes feveral Days after Birth,
when it ordinarily takes only feme purgative
Syrups j and you have recorded (/;) an Jndance
of a Child that lived feven Days after Birth,
tho’ nothing could oafs out of its Stomach into
its Guts to nourifh it. The Probability of a
Child’s living without Nourifhment in the

Womb

(b) Medical E flays, Vol. I. Art. 14.

hj i Medical EJfays

Womb fo long as I have allowed, is certainly
much greater than that it fhould continue in Life
Days, Weeks or Months, after the Waters have
been evacuated, and continued to be conftantly
difcharged (r), on the Suppofition which the
Gentlemen of the other Side make of its recei¬
ving its Food moftly by the Mouth for fome Time
before Birth. I would therefore conclude from
the wholes that thefe Children whofe Hiltories
Cbatton and Rommelius relate, were under no Ne~
ceility of being fupplied with Nourifhment any
other Way than by the Navel, and confequent-
ly do not prove what was defigned by appealing
to them.

A more diredt Proof of the umbilical Veffels
not being fo neoeffary as I argue for, is offered
by Examples of Fcetufes who had no Navel-firing*
I know only two Cafes where this is alledged ;
one is told by Vander Wiel •, the Author of the
other is anonymous.

Vander Wiel- fays [k\ 44 In the Time of the
44 Fan- at the Hague , in the Year 1683, a male
44 Child, a Year and three Months old, born
44 of poor Parents in February 1682, was ex-
44 pofed for a Show. When it was born, there
44 was not the leapt Veffige of the umbilical
44 Rope and therefore the Midwife had no
44 Occafion to feparate it from the Child’s Bel-
44 ly. The Navel alfo was wanting , but in-
44 ftead of it a broad round red Spot, as large
44 as a Stiver Piece of Money, covered with a
44 very thin Skin appeared in the Hypogajiri -

44 urr*y

(i ) Mauriceau dans phifieurs obfervat.

(k) Obferv. cent. pod. pars 1. oblerv, 32*

and Obfervatiom, 153

ii um , near to the Share-bones; within the
“ Circumference of which Spot? two Papillu -

la or AquaeducLs were feen, at an Inch Di-
“ (lance from each other, by which the Urine
u was evacuated. The Child died at three
cc Years of Age.” In the Notes upon this Gb-
fervation he tells us, its Body was not opened
after its Death.

This feems to me fuch an Hiflorv, as one
can rely very little on ; for it would appear to
be on the Parents Information that Fancier Wiei
afferts there was no Navel-firing ; their Bufi-
nefs to be fure was to make the Cafe as won¬
derful as they could, to draw in Cuhomers.
There is not any where Mention of Secundines,
to know whether the umbilical Rope was hang¬
ing at them ; and the Breadth of the Spot an-
fwers very well to the Navel ; which probably
would have been made as certain by a Difledli-
on, as it was confpicuous in another Cafe rela-
ted towards the End of the Notes upon this Cb-
fervation, and very like to it in all the principal
Circumflances, excepting that here the umbi¬
lical Rope was evident. ( See fuch an Hijlory in
Vol, III. Art. 14.) Since then this Hillory is fo
imperfedl, and on an Hearfay, while the very
Cafe which the Author tells as analogous to it,
brings it to make for my Side of the Queflion, I
am hopeful it will not be advanced any more a-
gainft me.

The fecond Cafe of a Navel being wanting,
is told in a Letter of an anonymous Author in
Words to this Purpofe (/): “ An Hare big

“ with

(l) Commerc. literal. Korimberg. 1731. Ipec. *7. art. 4*

1 54 Medical Effays

44 with Young being caught, its Belly was care-
44 fully opened, and immediately three confi-
44 derable Balls tumbled out ; they were of a
44 whitiih Colour externally, with this Diffe-
rence, that the Coat of the hrfb which fell'
44 out was not pellucid, whereas the other two
44 were furrounded with a pellucid Coat. I
44 confidered thefe Globes accurately, and-
44 could not obferve on their Surface the lead:
44 Mark of their adhering any' where. I alfcr
46 with great Care examined the Uterus that
44 was cut out, which I found perfedfly entire,
44 and of a natural Size, without any Marks of
44 a Conception, or of any Breach in it. When
44 I had cautioufiy cut thefe Globes or Balls, I
4£ found in each a little Hare covered all over
44 with Fur, and of the Bignefs new-kittled
44 Hares commonly are. The Membranes fur-
44 rounding them were eafily taken off whole
44 and entire; but I could find no Veffige of
44 the umbilical Rope either in the feparated
44 Membranes or Bodies of the Flares. After
44 this I viewed the Membranes more exactly,
44 difcovering them to be double • and eafily fe-
44 parable. In the Ball whofe Membranes I
44 faid were opaque, the external one was thick®
44 er ; the one within this was thin and pellu-
44 cid, its internal Surface being covered with
44 a yellowifh Mucus. Internally there was a
44 Space about the Bignefs of a Guilder Piece of
44 Money, that refembled a-fmail uterine Pla-
44 centa, equally covered with a thin Skin, but
44 without any Veffige of the umbilical Rope.
44 I cut the Placentulce , and found them inter-
®4 nally Liveivlike, (hepati formes) whitiih, of

44, a

and Obfervations . 155

44 a foft vaffular Texture, full of Canals and Pa-
44 pillula. Thefe are what were partly faithfully
44 related to me, and partly were observed and
64 remarked by myfelf. Indeed having never
44 had an Opportunity, I did not fearch into
44 the Faetujes of Hares be- ore. This whole
44 Matter feems a Paradox to me.”

Many Inconfiftencies difcover themfelves in
this Observation at firft Reading, even in the
Part of it where one would think the Author
is telling; what he faw. T wo of the Balls are
pellucid, and the third has only a round Spot
on the interior Surface of its Membranes, which
he feems to expect fhould have had umbilical
Veffels coming out from k, and is much dis¬
appointed at milling of them : After, 1 fay, he
has thus made it evident, that there were no
Placenta. ', yet afterwards hepatiform vafcular

Placenta are very accurately defcribed. -

The Membranes are taken off whole and en¬
tire from the Fcetufes inclofed in them, after
the Globes containing the Fcetufes had been

cautioufly cut. - The Placenta are hepatifcr-

mes , either from their Shape, Form and Bulk,
being before invifil le ; or they are like Livers,

becaufe they are white. - Though it is now

agreed that a Placenta is no more than nume¬
rous Ramifications of the umbilical Veffels, yet
here are Placenta, without their Veffels being
derived from any Part ; which to me appears
to be an exprefs Contradiction and Impoffibili-

ty. - Though the whole Affair is a Paradox

to him, he has not the Curiolity to open one
of the young Hares, that he might fee whether

the

1 56 Medical EJfays

the umbilical Veflels were wanting within their
Bodies as well as without.

Though this Gentleman has concealed him-
felf in a Country where People are far from
fhunning to be the firff publick Tellers of fuch
Prodigies of Nature as come to their Know¬
ledge, yet I fhall not doubt of his Sincerity ;
but cannot help faying, that his Ignorance, at
lead: in the Structure of the Faetifes of Hares,
which he fays he never had an Opportunity of
difi'edting before, has led him into Miflakes nu¬
merous enough to give me fufficient Caufe to
decline his Teflimcny. And as to the princi¬
pal Thing which relates to the prefent Quefti-
■on, the Want of a funis umbili calls, I think
I can, with the Help of Needham's third Table
of his Obfervations de form. foot. make an A-
pology for his not difeovering it, by fhewing
that others, more accuftomed to the Difl'edfion
•of Hares, might have milled of it as well as he.
Needham reprefents the Fcetus f a Rabbit with
its Secundines (which differ fcarce any Thing
from thofe of a Hare) where that Part of the
umbilical Rope in which all the Veflels are in-
clofed, is very fhort, and feven or eight conii-
derable Branches go from it feparately to the
Placenta. If thefe Veflels were all broke at the
Place where they feparate, by the running of
the Dam, or falling out of the Balls, or in o-
pening the Membranes, the fhort Navel-firing
would contradt, and be hid by the Fur, fo as
to be difeovered with Difficulty ; and the Ex¬
tremities of the broken Veflels would appear
on the Placenta like PapllluL-e , and the Pla¬
centa would be vafcular and whitifh-coioured.

and Obfervations. 157

as the anonymous Obfervator has defcribed it.
This Account is natural and eafy enough to
bear a ftrong Air of Truth with it.

If then accurate Inftances are recorded of
Faetufes being nourished without any Poffibility
of their receiving Aliment by the Mouth, or
into their chylopoietic Organs j and if there can
be no diftindt unexceptionable Proof made out
of their being ever fupplied with Nourifhment
without the Navel-firing, Imuft determine the
flrft Problem by affirming, That the umbilical Vef-
fels are abfolutely necefj'ary towards the Nouri/h-
mcnt of a Foetus ; and that the Mouth is not
fo. ■

PROBLEM II.

TPdoeth er the Liquor contained in the Amnios is
proper Food fora Foetus.

1L THEN we confider this Liquor as it is fome-
* ^ times reprefented, to wit, that it is at iirft
mild and mucaginous, and afterwards becomes
thinner, more acrid andmrinous, it would appear
ill calculated for the Food of the Foetus in its
different States : For while the Parts of a
Foetus are weak, and have little Adlion, they
are not fo well fitted for digeding and breaking
the Cohefion of a Fluid, whofe Particles feparate
with fuch Difficulty j whereas it would have
been m uch more capable of digefting ftronger
Food after its Stomach, Guts and other chy^
lopoietic Organs were become ftronger, con-
fequently this Liquor ought to have been of
the reverfe Confidence to what is above defcri-
Vol. II. O bed.

j 5 8 Medical Ejjays

bed, as we fee happens in a Cafe which mull be al¬
lowed to be very analogous to the prefent Sub¬
ject, that is, in the Confiftence of Milk, which is
at firft thin and purgative, but afterwards be¬
comes thicker and {Longer Food.

Needham may perhaps be faid to have defcri-
bed this Liquor really to be as I have argued it
fliould have bean formed ; for he tells us (m)
44 That the Liquor of the Atnnios becomes confi-
44 derably thicker than it was at firffc in the lar-
44 ger Animals”. And inanother Place ( n ) he af¬
firms, u That it gradually becomes thicker,
44 and foon acquires the Confiftence of the
44 White of an Egg; nay, in the laft Months of
44 a Cow’s going with Young, it is thicker and
44 more vifcid than any Geliy”. This agrees ex-
a£Hy with what I alfo remarked in Cows, whofe
Fostufes, with their Secundines, I have examined
in a great many different Ages. But neither
in this View of the Confiftence of this Liquor
does it appear proper No.uriftiment ; for accord¬
ing to the old Adage, Eft modus in rebus, though
the Food of a Foetus might be expedled to be
groffer in the laft Months, when its Organs are
ftronger than foon after Conception, yet a Li-
ciuor^fo very thick and vifcid .as Needhain de-
fcribes, would be altogether indiffoluble, and
very improper for nourifhing a Creature whofe
Organs of Digeftion are ftill in a tender State,
and for whom Nature has provided fuch a dilute
fine Liquor as Milk is, to ferve for Food a con-
fiderable Time after the Birth, when all its Parts

are

(m) Obfer. anat. de form. feet. cap. 3.
. (>;) Ibid. cap. 5*

and Observations. 159

are become much more rob u ft and ftrong. If
we can make any Judgment in this Affair, from
a View of the ordinary Courfe and Tenor of
Nature, we muff: think that if the Liquor Amnii
had been defigned to be fwallowed for Food,
it would have been at firft a thin Serum that
gradually came afterwards near to the Conffft-
ence and Nature of Milk ; but this I never faw,
nor do I know, that any has affirmed this Li¬
quor to have been ever obfervcd of fuch a proper
Conffftence in the different Times of Gravitati¬
on ; and therefore muff: conclude that it is not
defigned to ferve for Food.

The Liquor Amnii feems not only thus im¬
proper Food, while it is in a natural State ; but
there are Examples of its being fo much depra¬
ved, that it muff have been of the worft Con-
fequences to the Foetus to have fed upon it.
Such is the Hiftory related by Dr. Bellinger (0)
of a Woman who had laboured under a virulent
Gonorrhoea during her Pregnancy, of which
flhe was cured a very little Time before her
Delivery. The Waters were very putrid and
fetid, and the Membranes tender and aJmoft
rotten ; yet the Child was born well and healthy,
which the Dodfor thinks could not have happen¬
ed, if this Child had received fuch putrid Waters
into its Bowels.

The Force of this Obfervation is attempted
to be taken off*, by remarking, That Poifons
and other noxious Subftances do lefs Harm
when taken into the Stomach, than when imme-

O 2 diately

(of Tract, de feet. nntr. cap.

i&o Medical EJJays

diately mixed with the Blood. - Every body,

I believe, will grant this to be true, if the Quan¬
tities received both Ways are equal : But it is of
no Ufe in the prefent Queflion, unlefs this other
Propofition is alfo proved, viz. That fuch a
Quantity of this putrid Liquor, as is fufhcient to
nourifh the Foetus , muft be taken in either by
the Mouth or umbilical VefTels j then indeed by
a plain fyllogiftical Confequence it follows,
that fuch a Quantity of the putrid Liquor Amnii
will do lefs Harm, by being received at the
Mouth, than if it had been conveyed by the
Navel. I can however fee no Reafon to allow
the minor Propofition to be true ; nor am I fen-
fible of being brought, by a Denial of this Pro¬
pofition, under aNeceility of giving the Placenta
a Faculty of feparating the pure from the im¬
pure, or of having the Goodnefs to fend the impure
to the Amnios , where it does no Harm, and the
pure to the Foetus , where it does much Good.
I prefume every one’s Practice has taught him,
that there is no Neceffity to fuppofe the whole
Mafs of the Mother's Blood to have been taint¬
ed by he virulent Matter of this Gonorrhoea .
I can imagine this Difeafe to have had its Seat at
firft in the Vagina , and then to have attacked
the internal Os Uteri and the Mucus with which
it is commonly filled in the Time of Pregnancy ;
See an Injlance of an ulcerated Os Uteri from juch
a Caufe by Des Noves (p)y and this corrupted
Mucus might communicate its Fcetor to the
Liquor of the Amnios , without the Veflels of

the

(o) Morgagn. adverf. anat. 4. animad. 4*,

and Obfervations . 1 6 1

the Placenta having received one Drop of
this putrid Liquor ; and therefore, according
to the Dodfrine which I endeavour to fupport,
the Child might remain healthy and found, un-
lefs the W aters had been long enough acrid to
affect the Surface of its Body ; whereas, had
fuch putrid Liquor ferved it for Food a very
fhort Time, it fcarce could have efcaped with¬
out fome Difeafe. Nay, from what was faid
concerning the Source of the Liquor Amnii be¬
ing either the Foetus , or its umbilical Arteries,
{and. § 24. and 26.) it neceffarily follows, that
the Liquor Amnii in this Cafe could not have
been corrupted in any other Way than what I
have juft now aftigned ; for we can never ima¬
gine that a Child could have fuch corrupted Li¬
quors circulating in its Veflels, without being
tainted.

It may be objected from what I have faid
(§ 2$ = ) of the Branches of the umbilical Vein
abforbing the Liquor Amnii , that fuppofmg this
Liquor to have been corrupted in the Manner
I have explained it, the Foetus could not have
remained found, becaufe the abforbent Veins
muff: have taken up this corrupted Stuff', to mix
it with the Blood of the Fat us. To this I
anfwer, That the Quantity taken up by Abforpti-
©n is but fmall, and the Time would appear to
have been but fhort, in which it could here have
been abforbed. Next, I would obferve, That
though a gentle Contradtion is necefiary for in-
creafing Abforption, yet very acrid Subftances
irritate abforbent Veflels to fuch a ftrong Con¬
traction, as makes them incapable of performing
their Functions, which I take to be one prin-

O 3 cipal

1 62 Medical EJfays

cipal Reafon why Poifons when fwallowed do
fo much lefs Harm, than when they are imme¬
diately mixed with the Blood ; and hence the
very acrid Kinds of them are obferved to produce
all their bad Effects on the primes vim, without
any Appearance of their having entered the
Blood-veffels (q) : So that we have Reafon to
think the Child to have been in much lefs Dan¬
ger of differing, by what the Abforbents of the
Amnios could take up in fuch a Cafe, than if the
putrid Liquor had been fwallowed for Food,
when it would furely have hurt the alimentary
Tube ; and if it had gone further, it muff have
tainted the whole Mafs of Blood ; or if the
Ladleals had refufed it Entrance, the Child would
have been famifhed ; and at any Rate it would
have laboured under fome Difeafe, whereas in
the Hiftory it is affirmed to have been found and
healthy.

Whether then we confider the Liquor of
the Amnios in a found or morbid State, it appears
to be very ill calculated for jervirg as Food to be
taken into the Stomach of a Foetus.

PROBLEM III.

Whether the Liquor Amnii paffes into the Stomach
of a Foetus. -

THE Impoffibility of having ocular Demon-
hration of the Fa£t inquired after in this
third Problem , has occafioned a great many
Circumftances to be ufed by way of Arguments,

each

Wepfer ocut. acLuat. Mead on Poifons.

and Obfervations. i %

each of which we mu ft examine ; and if they
all point one Way, and the Gonclufiom arifing
from them are favoured by the Solutions of the
two preceeding Problems, the general Conclufi-
on concerning the Nutrition of the Foetus will be
fufticiently warranted.

The farft Thing I offer again!! the Liquor
A?nnii palling into the Stomach of a Foetus is,,
the Improbability of a Liquor that is to ferve for
Food, being previoufly fent into the Foetus's
own Veflels, there to circulate and to be fecerned
in order to piepare it for being fwallowed, which
§ 24. and 26. Ihew would be the Cafe on thi*
Suppofition.

No Matter where this Liquor is feparated, or
from what Source it comes, will the Advocates
of the other Side fay, if its Paffage into the Sto¬
mach can be proved ; which they infer does
happen from,

1. The Refemblance which they alledge is
to be feen between the Liquor of the Amniosy
and that of the Stomach.

I have already defcribed the Liquor of the
Stomach, as I have feen it in Fcetufes of diffe¬
rent Animals, ( See § 30.) but have not had Op¬
portunities to obferve the Liquor of the Amnios
in the different States of a fufficient Variety of
Foetufes ; and therefore fhall find confider it,
as it is reprefented by the Gentlemen who differ
in Opinion from me, and afterwards lhall
fuppofe what I faw in Cows to be gene¬
ral.

If the Liquor of the Amnios is at firlt mild
and mucagmous, and afterwards becomes thin¬
ner and more acrid, it differs greatly from the

Liquor

I #4 Medical EJJays

Liquor of the Stomach, which on the contrary*
turns gradually more vifcous as the Foetus in-
ereafes, (§30.) Nor will it fuffice to fay, that
the liner Parts are abforbed by the Veliels of
the Stomach, for by fuch an Abforption it
could never happen, that a thin watery Liquor
would leave a greater Quantity of a grofs Mucus
than a thick Geliy would do ; efpecially when
there is lefs Time allowed for the Abforption of
the Watery Liquor, by the quicker Digeftion
which the Foetus muft be fuppofed to have,
when it becomes larger and llronger. Upon
which Account too the Contents of the Stomach
would be more and much oftener diluted by the
thin Food fwallowed in greater Quantities, and
more frequently. And then we might expedf
fometimes to fee the thin Liquor lately taken
down, and the thick Remains of the former
Food diftindt, without being blended, as we
obferve the Mucus of the Stomach of Adults to
keep in a feparate Body from any thin Li¬
quors drunk fome little Time before they are
vomited : This however is never obferved in the
Foetus , though it has neither Refpiration, Vomi¬
ting, nor other conquaflatory Prelfure on its
Stomach to- incorporate the different Liquors
contained there ; and therefore there is no Pro¬
bability that they fhould be fo intimately blend¬
ed. So that on the whole, the Liquors of the
Amnios and Stomach are fo far from refembling
each other in this Cafe, that their Appearances
difcover them to be very different, and deftrqy
the Suppofition of that of the Amnios ever being
fent down into the Stomach.

Let us next fee how well the Liquor Amnii

and Obfervattons. 1 65

of Cows, taken for a general Rule, will ferve
to fupport this alledged Refemblance. It mu ft
indeed be owned, that till the Liquor of the A-
juntos comes to a certain Degree ©f Vifcidity,
which, as near as I could guefs, happens when
the Cow has gone three Fourths of her Time,
the Appearances of Refemblance are pretty
favourable; only while the Fatus is very young,
the Objections to the former Suppofition take
Place ; becaufe for fome time this Liquor is glai¬
ry, then becomes more watery, and afterwards
thickens, till it comes to much the fame Con-
fiftence with that in the Stomach, at the Period
juft now mentioned, after which the Ap¬
pearances are quite deftruCtive of any Re¬
femblance ; for the Liquor Amtiii becomes
confiderably thicker : And even during that
favourable Period, when their Confidence is fo
like, I have often feen the Liquor Amnii of 2
dark brown Colour and turbid, while the Li¬
quor in the Stomach was of a very pale watery
Colour, and pellucid ; and at other Times I
have obferved the contrary of this, and other
remarkable Varieties of Appearances : Which
perfuades me that there is no Communication
between the Cavity of the Amnios and the Sto¬
mach.

You certainly have remarked, that I have
made no Comparifon of the Tafte, Smell, or
Coagulation of thefe two Liquors, which is o-
mitted defignedly, becaufe neither Smell nor
Tafte are very greatly different in any of the
faltifh watery Liquors of the Body, for that in
the Pericardium , Thorax , Abdomen , ‘Joints , the-
Saliva 3 tsV. of a Foetus lmell and tafte as

1 66 Medical EJfdys

like to either of the Liquors that are the im^
mediate Subject of our Inquiry, as thefe two do
to each other; and different Salts, Heat, re¬
produce much the fame EiFedt upon all of them.

2. The Liquor of the Amnios is faid to be
generally conftimed, or in very little Quantity,
at or near the Birth; from which iris inferred,
that it has been fwallowed dowrn by the Foetus .
De Graaf. \ in Confirmation of this Fa6f, tells us
(r), that he diffedled a Rabbit when Ihe was a-
bout to kittle: In the Time of his diffecting the-
Mother, fome of the Foeiufes came out with;
their Membranes entire, and without any Li¬
quor contained in the Amnios or' Chorion. He
obferved' alfo the fame Thing in the others
that were taken out of the Uterus ; and to be
allured that the Coats were not broken, he dif-
tended . the Membranes with Air, and found they
were entire. .

Whatever Truth is in the general Propofiti-
on, I think De Graaf $ Obfervation, which he
fancies equal to a Proof of it; is good for little ;
becaufe it fhews’ only what happened in that
particular Animal, without determining what
the Quantity of the Liquor is for ordinary in
Rabbits ; far lefs does it teach us what we ought
to fay of Animals in general.

X am certain that a great many Creatures
have not all this Liquor confumed at Birth,
having had my Arm wet . up to the Shoulder
when the Waters broke, while my Hand was
in the Vagina , in fome Cafes where Neceffity
has obliged me to a6l the Accoucheur to Wo¬
men

(r) De mulier. organ, cap. i£«

and Obfervations. i6y

men ; and we fee every Day how the Cloaths
are wet when the Waters come away. I have
alfo feen a remarkable Quantity of Liquors ftill
remaining in the Amnios after the Delivery of
feveral Animals, but my Obfervations have not
been fufficient to determine (except in one Spe¬
cies of Animals, Cows,) what Proportion the
Liquor of the A?nnios bears at Birth to what it
was formerly ; and I know no Author, except
Harvey , ‘ who feems to write on this Subject
accurately, and from Obfervation. When he is
endeavouring to prove the Liquor Amnii to ferve
for Food to the Foetus , he rahes this Objection
to himfelf (/), “ One might believe, that the
“ Liquors which we appointed for Food to the
Foetus are excrementitious, and chiefly on
ct this Account, became they increale as the
<c Foetus turns bigger ; and in the Birth of fe-
tc veral Creatures, when it is probable all the
Aliment is confumed, they are feen in great
<c Plenty”. And where he is treating ot the
human Waters, and is proving the Liquor Amnii
to be no Excrement, he fays (t), “ it is feen in lefs
<c Quantity proportionally (pro proport ione) near
cc the Time of Birth”. Allow me to add what
Obfervations frequently repeated have taught
me, that in Cows this Liquor is evidently de-
creafing in its Quantity fome Months before the
Delivery.

You furely fee what a Lofs I muff be at to
lay down any general Rule concerning the pro¬
portional Quantity of the Liquor A?nnii in the

diffe-

(/) De humor, uter.
(f) Exercit. jtf.

1 6*8 Medical EJJays

different Times of Gravidation of different A-
nimals. What the Gentlemen who differ m
Opinion from me will undoubtedly be belt plea-
fed with, is to take my own Observations on
Cows as the general Rule ; which I am fatisfied
rather to do, than be expofed to perpetual
Wrangling about this Fa£b. Let us fuppofe
then, that the Liquor of the Amnios increafes
in its Quantity for fome more than the firfb
half of the Time of Geftation, and after that
decreafes, till at the Birth it is in very fmall
Quantity. The Confequence they draw is.
That the Confumption of the Liquor is made
by its palTing into the Stomach of the Foetus .
But, with Submiilion, they cannot come fo
foon at their Conclufion : They muft previouf-
1 y prove one or other of thefe two Propofitions,
either that the Liquor does go down into the
Stomach, or, that it cannot poilibly be carried
off any other Way. The Truth or Falfhood
of the firft of thefe depends on the Arguments
examined in the fubfequent Part of this Effay,
and muff fhare the fame Fate with them ; and
as to the latter Proportion, I Hauer myfelf that
I have demonffrated another Paflage by which
it may go, (§ 25.) and really by which only we
can fuppofe it to go, in order to account for all
the Phenomena, wLich I would do thus. While
the Foetus is weak, the Arteries of the Amnios
pour out more than the Veins take up, (§15.
and 26.) and the Heat, adffted by the con-
qualfatory Motions to w7hich the Liquor is ex¬
pofed, melts dowm its Particles, and makes it
appear more watery : But when the Veffels
of the Foetus become {Longer, and confequent-

and Observations. 169

ly the Veins abforb more, (§ 15.) the Quanti¬
ty collected does not increafe fo faft, and in
fome Time the Liquors thrown out and thofe
abforbed are pretty near equal, when the Quan¬
tity of the Liquor Amnii remains much the
fame ; till kt laft the Veins prevailing, the
Quantity diminifhes, and continues to do fo
till Birth: But feeing the Veins take up chiefly
the finer Particles, what they leave muff be¬
come more thick and vifcous. All this will cee-
tcris paribus be obferved in different Animals
proportionally to the Sizes and Number of the
Veffels. If what Rouhalt ( u ) affirms be true,
of the human Liquor Amnii being always in a
watery State, (which fo far as I could obferve,
it is rather more than in other Creatures ;) the
Arteries or exhalant Veffels are fmaller, and the
Veins perform lefs Abforption than thole of
Brutes do.

This Liquor Amnii ferves to keep the Foetus
and its Membranes foft and extenfible, hinders
them to cohere, and defends the Foetus from
Preffure or other Violence, which it needs moff
to be protected from, while its Parts are very
tender, for which this Liquor is then, at leaff,
in greater Proportion than afterwards, when
the Foetus is firm and ftronger ; and by the Li¬
quor’s real or proportional Quantity being lefs
towards the Time of Birth, the Mother is not
in fo much Danger of fuffering by the over-
ffretching of her Uterus , as {he certainly would
be, if the Waters increafed proportionally with
the Foetus.

j- Vol. II. P What

(u) Men?., de l’Acad. des fcicnces, 1714.

170 Medical EJfays

What I have faid of the Changes produced
on the Liquor Amnii , will perhaps be better
underftood, by naming fome analogous Cafes ;
fuch are, the vifcid Nature which the Water
in a Dropfy of old Handing acquires ; the Pro-
grefs of incyfted Tumors from a Hydatis to a
Steatom ; the Courfe of a large Oedema at the
End of an acute Difeafe, to its changing into
what the Surgeons call a white Swelling , and
at laft to its Cure. None that I know ever af¬
firmed the Liquors reaffumed into the Mafs of
Blood in any of thefe Cafes ; nor what is con-
ftantly abforbed in a natural State,, from the
Pericardium , Thorax, Abdomen , &c. to ferve
as Nourifhment ; and therefore I cannot expert
that what is juft now faid of the Liquor Amnii
will weaken what I faid formerly of the Im¬
probability of a Creature’s furnifhing its own
Food.

3. Besides thefe Arguments deduced from
the Quality and Quantity of the Liquor Amnii ,
it is further pleaded by thofe who favour the
Opinion of the Nutrition of a Foetus by the
Mouth, That the Foetus (hews it was in Ufe to
take down Aliment while it was in the Womb,
by its knowing how to fuck as foon as it is
born.

This is building on that divines particula
aura, that Principle wdiich is commonly cal¬
led Inflinft, and of which we obferve daily Ex¬
amples in propagating the Species, and prefer-
ving the Individuals among Animals, but of
which we have no Comprehenfion. Can any
one aftign a Phyfical Caufe, why of Ducklings
and Chickens hatched under the fame Hen, the

form er

and Obfervations.

l7'

former fhould contrary to the Example and
anxious Warnings of the Parent, run into each
Pool they can come at, while the others fhun
going into Water? Who taught a young Stal¬
lion that has been always kept out of Sight of
Mares, either the Inftruments or Manner of Ge¬
neration ? And in the prefent Cafe, what is
there in the lead analogous to a Nipple within
the Amnios , on which the Foetus could have pra-
dtifed fucking while in the Womb? Thefe are
Subjects we may admire, but lofe ourfelves when¬
ever w7e pretend to account for them.

4. Here is, fay they again, a Liquor in the
Amnios conflantiy applied to the Orifice of a Ca¬
nal that leads to a Cavity,, and therefore it pro¬
bably will pafs down there.

To this it is anfwered, That there are Im¬
pediments both to the Entry and PafTage of the
Liquor. The firft is, the Lips being general¬
ly found fhut in a Foetus : This however is de¬
nied by the other Side to be true in Fa£t. In
my Opinion it is of no great Confequence in
the Argument, whether the Lips of a Foetus
are found to be contiguous or not, unlefi fome
other Circumftances can be determined at the
fame Time. If the Lips, for Example, are
found fhut, it is neceffary to know whether the
Foetus , while in Life, had not or did not ex-
ercife the Power of opening them. And if, on
the other Hand, the Mouth is feen open, we
ought to inquire whether that is not owing to
the fhrivelling Contraction or handling of the
Parts after Death. In moft of the Fcetufes of
. Cowrs wrhich I looked at, the Lips were conti-
; guous \ in fome few I have feen the Point of

P 2 the

1 72 Medical EJfays

the Tongue lying between them ; and in all the
human Fostufes which I have had the Opportu¬
nity of feeing, the Lips were contiguous. One
might indeed judge that the Mouth generally
Would be fhut in a living Foetus , from what
was faid (§29.) of the Mufcles of a Foetus be¬
ing left to their natural Adtion ; and from what
we fee in moil Animals when they are afieep.
The Force by which the Lips are kept conti¬
guous, will however not probably be fo great,
as that by which the Eye-lids are fhut, becaufe
the Sphincter oris does not feem to be fo much
fuperior to its Antagonifts, as the orbicularis
palpebrarum is to the reftus apefiens palpebram.

This Obffacle of the Lips is not the only
one , for the Under-jaw, being fupported by
its Levators , will keep the Tongue applied to
the Roof of the Mouth $ and the Pharynx al¬
ways is fhut in Animals, unlefs when the vo¬
luntary convulfive Adfion of Deglutition is per¬
formed. That I might know how thefe Parts
appeared in a Foetus , I opened the Mouths of
fever al, then cautioully deprefbng the Point of
the Tongue, I faw the Root of it raifed up a-
gamft the Palate. When the Root was alfo de-
preffed, I obferved the velum pendulum was hol¬
low below, where the Tongue had been lodged,
and was fo convex above, as to (hut up the Paf-
fages to the Noflrils'. As to the Pharynx being al¬
ways fhut, it is univerfally known 3 but to make
fure of it, I put a Funnel into the Mouths of
feveral Fostufes , after their T ongues were de-
preffed, and holding them eredf, I poured Wa¬
ter into the Funnel, but none palled farther than
the Root of the Tongue.

and Obfervations. 173

I cannot omit the Mention of the remarkable
Mechanifm employed here, for keeping the
Tongue clofely applied to the Palate, chufing
the human Foetus , as belt known, to illuflrate
it by. You know that the Force exerted by
Mufcles in their natural Contradfion is increa-
fed and diminifhed proportionally to their be¬
ing more or lefs ftretched. You alfo know, that
the Mufcles coming from the Jaw to the Tongue
and Os Hyoides are thicker, confequently Wrong¬
er than thofe that come to thefe Parts from the
Sternum and Scapula?. Now when a Foetus
lies with its Neck bended, fuch of thofe Mufcles
as are fituated below the Os Hyoides are confr-
derably relaxed, which thofe above it arc not.
Since therefore thefe latter are naturally flrong-
er, and again fo much over the others by the
Difference of their ftretching, it is no Won¬
der that they pull the Os Hyoides , Tongue, &c.
ftrongly upwards, and prefs them fo flrongly a-
gainft the upper Part of the Fauces and Mouth,
as to leave their Print in the flexible Parts, and,
by bringing all the Sides of the Paffage into the
Oefophagus clofe together, prevent any Thing’s,
getting down into it.

Since then there are fuch Obffacles to be over¬
come, the Liquor Amnii cannot pafs, unlefs ei¬
ther the Force with which it is fqueezed is fupe-
.perior to the Refiflance, or the Foetus mult per¬
form the Adtien of Deglutition.

I fhall not flop here to confider the bad
Confequences which fuch Prefiure on the very
tender Parts would have, while the Chafm of
the Mouth is not fhut (§28.) to make Refin¬
ance ; but fhall proceed diredtly to examine

P 3 what

174 Medical Effays

what is called by feveral Writers an Experi¬
ment which demonftrates the PafTage of the
Liquor of the Amnios into the Stomach : It is re¬
lated thus, by Mr. Heijler (x), u I received a
4C full formed perfedf Foetus of a Cow, inclofed
tc in the Uterus and Membranes, in cold Win-
ter Weather, where not only the Liquor of
the Amnios wrhich furrounds the Foetus was
frozen, but the fame Liquor was found frozen
in the Mouth, Oejophagus and Stomach, like
one continued Subffance : The Column of
Ice in the Oefophagus was about an Inch
thick. I happened to fee the fame another
« Winter.”

If any Ufe is to be made of this Experiment*
in proving the Liquor Amnii to be fent into the
Stomach, it muff be faid, that the freezing of
the Liquors did no more than fhew more di-
Ilinftly how the Waters were lodged before
they were turned into Ice ; and if this is true
then we would fee all the Contents of the Sto¬
mach run out, whenever a Foetus is fufpended
with its Head lowed: 3 or if the Mouth and Oe¬
jophagus are flit open, while the Foetus > is hang¬
ed by its Mouth after being taken out of the
Liquor Amnii , we would obferve Part of the
Column of Water to rup out at every Cut, and
all the Canal would bp' feen full below where
it is opened. Thefe Things would certainly ,
I fay, be feen,, if the Experiment did no more
than confolidate the Water naturally lodged in
the Oefophagus . But, after many repeated Tri¬
als, I can allure you, that none of thefe Things

Compend. anat. not. 37.

and Observation*. 175

do happen ; and therefore it is more reafonable
to believe, that the icy Column which Mr. Hei-
Jier faw in the Oefophagus , was introduced there
from the Amnios or Stomach by the immenfe ex¬
panding Force of freezing Liquors confined
within the frozen rigid Uterus and Secundines,
which every body knows is far fuperior to any
Refiftance can be fuppofed here.

To make myfelf frill more certain about the-
Nature of this Experiment, I repeated the Trial,
already mentioned, of pouring Water into the
Mouth through a Funnel ; and, that it might
not be thought to be hindered by the Liquors al¬
ready contained there, I emptied the Stomach
before I began to pour the Water ; but hill the
fame Succefs of nothing palling down attended
it. T o confirm all more, I pufhed a Trocar
into the Amnios, of feveral Calves involved each
in its Uterus and Secundines, and forcibly in-
jedfed Milk through the Cannula of the Trocar ;
then I caufed the Uterus to be preffed ftrongly
by feveral People, fome times equally* other
whiles alternately ; but. though the Milk was
thus intimately blended with the Liquor Amniiy
none of it would pafs into the Stomach ; which
to me is a Demonftration, that Mr. Hei/fers
Experiment ought not to be mentioned as a
Proof of what naturally happens to a Fcetus , but
only as a T rial of the Force of Expanfion in free¬
zing Liquors.

It is hardly worth while to take Notice of
thofe who fay, that the PreiTure which the Li¬
quor A?nnii differs, mull make it go down thro*
the open Mouth into the vacuum formed in the
Stomach. For the Mouths of Foetujes are oft-

ner

1 76 Medical EJJays

ner found fbut than open ; there never can be
a vacuum in the Stomach, and the external Pref-
lure mult he equal on the Stomach as on the
Mouth.

5. The only other Suppofition to be made
of the Foetus taking the Liquor Amnii into its
Stomach i% that it fwallows down thefe Waters,
by performing the voluntary convulfive Adtion of
Deglutition.

The Gentlemen who affert, that the Foetus
does perform Deglutition, fay, that becaufe it
has the Organs of Deglutition, and a Capacity
of exercifing them, therefore it performs this
Adfion as well as it employs fome other Mu-
fcles in its Stirrings. But this Way of Reafoning
can never ferve their Purpofe, becaufe there
are many other Actions which a Foetus has the
Organs and Capacity to perform, and yet evi¬
dently does them not ; they muft therefore pre-
viouily fhew fome Neceilitv the Foetus is under
to perform this particular Adtion, or fome ma-
nifeft Advantage it is to gain by it. There
can be no fuch Neceffity, and I hope it appears
by what was faid in the Solution of the fecond
Problem, and elfewhere in this Paper, that
the taking th z Liquor Amnii as Food, the only
Advantage to be imagined here, would be hurt¬
ful to them And therefore, if the Will did
contribute to the Actions of thefe Organs of
Deglutition in a Foetus , it would be directed by
InfiinSl to keep the Paffage into the Stomach
clofe {hut, inftead of forcing down the Liquor
Amnii into it.

That fometimes Foetufes fwallow the Con¬
tents of the Amnios is evident, fay fome, from
* • ' the

and Obfervations . 177

the Faeces alvina having been Teen both in the
Amnios and Stomach of Fcetufes (y). And,
add they, if a Fceius does fometimes fwallow,
it probably does fo always. — — To which it may
be anfwered, 1 y?, That in the few extraordinary
Cafes here referred to, it is not certain that the
Faces were fwallowed ; for fince genuine Me¬
conium is to be feen in the ‘ Jejunum and Ilium
of Foetufes (z), and new-born Children have
vomited Meconium (a), why might not the
Faces found in the Amnios in the morbid Ex¬
amples cited have been brought up from the
Stomach ? Needham , one of the Authors quo¬
ted, gives a very reafonable Objection to the
Faces being fwallowed, if even they were eva¬
cuated at the Anus of a Foetus \ for, fays he,

44 The Thicknefs or Vifcidity of the Liquor
44 Amnii is fo great that it does not eafily mix
44 with them, neither can what is voided by
44 the Anus be allowed to come to the Mouth
44 of the FcetusF - 2 dly, Tho’ it were grant¬

ed, that in the above Cafes the Faces had been
fwallowed, the Conclufion that the Contents of
the Amnios are ordinarily fwallowed, has been
too haftily made. They might as well infer from
thefe Cafes, that the Faces alvina are for or¬
dinary to be found in the Cavity of the Amnios>
which every body knows to be falfe. We
may endeavour to account as well as we can '
for thefe morbid Ph amine na , but we muff not
draw fuch hafty general Conclufions from them.

Slade

( ’y ) Needham de form. feet. cap. y. Steno in aft. Hafn.
tom. x. obf. 89.

(z) Haller not. f. in Boerhaav. inftit. §683.

(a) Mauriccau obf. 300.

i 78 Medical EJfays

Slade ( b ) obferved, among the glutinous
Faces contained in the re Hum of a Foetus Calf,
Hairs of the fame Colour with thofe which co¬
vered the Calf, from which it is inferred, that

the Calf mud: have fwallowed thefe Hairs.— -

Whoever makes this Inference muft like wife
fay, that the Calf had licked itfelf with its
Tongue a confiderable Time before, and withj
it brought off thefe Hairs which were found irr
the redlum ; for Hairs do not fall off from Fostu-
fes for ordinary, and Slade takes no Notice of
Hairs in the Liquor of the Amnio sot the Stomach;
tho’ he defcribes both, and in fuch a Manner as
to fhew, that the Calf did not fwallow the
Liquor of the Amnios , for that of the Stomacht
was more vifcid and whiter coloured than
it,. Why might not thefe Hairs have been form¬
ed in the Guts of this Calf, as they are formed
frequently in the Omentum, urinary Organs,
He art. Arteries, Inteffines, IFcF

6. Le st the diredt Proof of the Liquor A?nnii
being preffed or fwallowed down fhould fail, there
are Tome other Arguments advanced that are
thought to imply a Neceffity of fuch a Liquor ha¬
ving been taken down ; among the reft it is argu¬
ed, That it is neceflary to keep the chylopoietick
Organs of fufticient Dimenfions, for receiving the
due Supplies of Food after Birth.

If it had been confidered how very languid
and- flow the Motion of the Contents of thefe
Organs muft be in a Foetus , where the con¬
tractile Tone of its own Fibres is fo very
weak, and where there is no exterior alternate

Pref-

(l) Apud Blaf. anat, animal, p. m. 121.

and Obfervations . 179

PrefTure by Refpi ration, or any other Power, it
might have been thought that the Liquors fup-
plied by the Vefiels of thefe hollow Vifcera would
be fufficient for this Purpofe, without the Addi¬
tion of any thing from without; and what we
obferve of the youngeft Fcetufes we can difFebf,
having their Stomachs full, (§ 30.) feems plainly
to point out the Source of the Liquors there to be
no other than that Bowel itfelf. It would appear
to me, that the Contrivance of pufhing the Blood
in the defeending Aorta , with the united Force
of both Ventricles of the Heart (§ 10.) is in part
defigned to promote a greater Secretion in thefe
hollow Vifcera , where the Reiifiance to the Ef-
fufion of the Liquors will be lefs than in ordina¬
ry Glands.

7. The Quantity of Mucus in the Stomach
and fmall Guts, and of the Meconium in the
great Guts, (§ 30. 31.) is looked upon by fe-
veral Writers as a very convincing Argument
for the Foetus's feeding on the Liquor of the
Arrmios ; and as a Proof a pojieriori , they men¬
tion De Graaf’s ( c) Example of a Whelp
brought forth without a Head, whofe Stomach
was empty, and in whofe Inteftines there was
found but a fmall ( modica ) Quantity of Excre¬
ments. JTis alfo probable, that a Circumftance
in the fecond Child, which Mr. Calder deferibes
(d) may be made ufe of here, viz. That ha¬
ving the Pafiage from the Stomach into its Guts
fhut up, there was but a fmall Quantity of Me¬
conium in its great Guts. For it may be faid, that

(d) Medical Eflays, Vol. i. Art. 14,

i So Medical Ejfays

De Graafs Whelp fbews the Stomach not to
furnifh its own Liquor, but to receive it from
the Mouth ; and as well as Mr. Colder’ s Child
had little Meconium , becaufe the Liquor Amnii
was not fent down into the Guts.

I am fo far from thinking that the Quantity
of Matter ordinarily contained in the Stomach
and Guts of a Foetus , is any Argument for Food
being furnifhed from the Amnios , that on the
contrary it appears to me very ftrong againft that
Opinion ; for it is not to be imagined that the
Meconium fhould be the Recrement of any Pro¬
portion worth Notice of the Food it had during
the whole nine Months of Gravidation, feeing
there is fcarce more Meconium than what an In¬
fant when it is nourifhed by the Mouth after Birth
paftes of Faces in one Day ; and that the Co¬
lour of the Meconium evidently difcovers the Li¬
quors fecerned within the Foetus’s Body, to
compofe the greateft Share of it.

If De Graaf’s Whelp is applied to the Ufe
I have made of it, namely, to prove the Sto¬
mach incapable of furnifhing any Liquor, be¬
caufe this one was found empty, it will certain¬
ly be allowed by every one to prove too much,
fince none can with any Sort of Reafon fay,
that the Stomach fecerns no Liquor. But left
I would be faid to extend this Example de-
fignedly to too general a Conclufion, in order
to elude the natural Confequence, I fhall give
my Opinion of the Fa6I as it is related. It is
this. That I would blame a faulty Difpofition
In the Veffels of that Whelp’s Stomach for its
Emptinefs, becaufe I {hall foon give pofitive
Proof of the Stomach’s being capable of fur¬
nifhing

1 8 1

and Observations.

ftifhing the Quantity of Liquor commonly found
there in Fcetufes , without receiving any thing
from the Amnios.

It needs be no Surprize that there were few
Excrements in Mr. C alder s Child, fince the two
great Sources of them were wholly or in part
{topped. The Stomach fent nothing down, and
the divided Duodenum hindered the bilary and
pancreatick Liquors to pafs freely.

But to overbalance thefe two Examples, and
indeed the general Argument alfo by pofitive
Proof of the Stomach and Guts being able to
furnifh their Contents, which mud: be of more
Weight than any Negatives can, I {hall likewife
mention two Hiftories ; the firft is, of the Pig,
which Dr. Belknger (e) befcribes, brought forth
with its Mouth quite fhut up, but having its
Stomach and Guts full of the ufual Contents.
The other Inftance is rather {Longer ; for Mr.
Antoine ( f ) found a glairy yellow Liquor like
to Excrements in the Stomach and Guts of a
Lamb, that had neither Head, Heart, Lungs, Li¬
ver nor Pancreas, which I hope will be convin¬
cing, that the Meconium is no other than the
grofter Parts of the Liquors fecreted in the ali¬
mentary Tube, and of the Bile and pancreatic
J uice.

Thefe are all the Arguments of anv Weight

o j c

that I know to be advanced for proving the
Paffage of the Liquor Amnii into the Stomach.
In anfwer to which I have offered Reafons,
which feem to me to turn them all in favour of
the Side of the Qu eft ion oppofite to that for
Vol. II. which

\f) Hift. de 1’ Acad, des fciences. 1703.

1 8 a Medical EJJdys

which they were advanced ; and therefore I muft
conclude this third Problem , by averting, That
the Liquor Amnii does not pafs into the Stomach of
a Foetus.

TheCONC LUS ION.

C Eeing then all the three Problems are refolved,
with refpedf to viviparous Animals, fo as
to favour the Nutrition by the Navel alone, al¬
low me to fum up all by a fhort Recapitulation
of the Arguments which I have infilled on at fo
much Length.

The Foetus being capable of receiving its
whole Nourilhment by the umbilical Vein a-
lone, whereas none can fubfift without the um¬
bilical Veflels.— - The Liquor of the Ajnnios

being ill calculated in its natural State for the
Food of a Foetus ; and becoming fometimes al¬
together unfit Food in morbid Cafes without the
Foetus being any Way injured. - It being high¬

ly improbable that a Creature fhould furnifh its
Food out of its own Body, which muft be the

Cafe if the Foetus feeds on the Liquor Amnii. - -

Seeing it cannot be inferred from any Refem-
blance of the Liquors of the Stomach and A-
mnios , nor from any other Appearances, that
that of the Amnios ever is fent down into the

Stomach. - Seeing no diredf Proof can be had

of the Liquor Amnii being preffed or fwallowed
down, but on the contrary, all Circumflances

make it probable that it does not go down. - -

And fince all the Phenomena of a Foetus can
moft reafonably be accounted for, without fup-
pofing the Liquor of the Amnios to be any Part

and Ohfervations. 183

of its Food. Is it not reafonable after all this
to exclude the Mouth from the Office of con¬
veying the Aliment of the FcetuJes of viviparous
Animals, and to believe that all their Nourifh-
ment is conveyed by the umbilical VefTels.

X. The Sequel of the proceeding EJfay on the Nu¬
trition 0/Tcetufes, by the fame .

T Come now to confider How far the Nutrition
^ of the Fcetufes of oviparous Animals , and of
Plants ,- fsrVes to illujlrate or confirm what has been
argued for in the preceeding EJfay ; the Plan of
which I fhall here follow ; but beg to be ex*-
cufed, if, inftead of mentioning only the Fadts
immediately neceflary, I take the Liberty to
give a Abort Hiftory of an Egg, and of the
Changes brought on it by Incubation, with an
Abftradt of the Formation and Vegetation of
the Seeds of Plants. My Reafons for taking in
more Fadts than are juft neceflary, are, That
feveral of thefe cannot be rightly underflood,
without a previous Knowledge of others ; and
in the next Place, I have obferved that fuch an
Hiftory of Eggs and Plants as I propofe to give
here is very little known, notwithftanding accu¬
rate Treatifes have been wrote on thefe Subjects,
which I think may be attributed to their being
treated of in a Manner that requires more Study
than moft People are willing to employ in pick¬
ing out from among the numerous particular
Examples thefe Authors defcribe, the Facts ne¬
ceflary for compofing an orderly general Syftem,
which is what I aim at here.

0,2

i 84 Medical Effays

Of the Nutrition of the Foetufes of Oviparous A-

nimals.

'T* O fave the perpetual Repetition of my be-
-*■ ing a flu red of the Truth of each Fa£I by
repeated Obfervations, I fliall advertife you
once for all, that unlefs where I exprefsly con-
fefs I had no Opportunity, or negledbed to exa¬
mine them, you’ll be pleafed to believe, that I
am obliged to give ocular Demonflration of what
I aflert.

1. The Shell of an Egg becomes more brittle
by being expofed to a dry Heat.

2. The Shell is lined every where with a ve¬
ry thin, but pretty tough Membrane, which di¬
viding at or very near to the obtufe End of the
Egg, forms a fmaii Bag, where only Air is con¬
tained.

3. In a new laid Egg this Folliculus appears
very little, but becomes larger when the Egg is
kept.

4. The Albumen oxlVhiteot an Egg is con¬
tained in concentrical Membranes, but is not
all of the fame Confidence : for the exterior
Part of it is thin, and diffufes itfelf almoft like
Water, when the Membranes are broke \ where¬
as its interior Part is more vifcous.

5. The White of an Egg can make its Way
through the Shell, as appears from its wafting
by keeping, efpecially if it is expofed to gentle
Heat.

6. The globular Vitellus or Yolk would feem
to be no other than a Liquor, inclofed in a
Membrane, becaufe whenever the Membrane

and Obfervations . 185

is broke it runs all out; and it is fpecifically hea¬
vier than the White .

7. The Chalazcs are two white fpungy Bo¬
dies, riling very fmall from oppofite Sides of the
Membrane of the Yolk, but gradually become
larger as they are ftretched out from it in an
oblique Diredtion with regard to the two Ends
of the Egg.

8. If we compare the Chalazce to the Extre¬
mities of an Axis palling through the fpherieai
Vitellus , this Sphere will be compofed of two
unequal Portions, its Axis not palling thro’
its Center ; confequently, fince it is heavier
than the White , 6.) its fmaller Portion mull
always be uppermoft in all Pofitions of the

Egg-

9. The yellowifh-white round Spot, called
Cicatricula , is placed on the Middle of the fmal¬
ler Portion of the Yolk ; and therefore, by § 8.
mull always appear on the fuperior Part of the
Vitellus.

10. The Cicatricula feems to be compofed
of feveral Circles of different Colours, and in a
fecundated Egg contains the Embryo or Chick,
fee Malpigh (a).

11. Eggs whofe obtufe Ends are all rubbed
over with Lintfeed Oil, or fuch other Subltances
as block up fmall Pores, are as fit for bringing
forth Chickens, when incubated by a Hen, as ci¬
ther Eggs are.

I did not make the Experiment, but can give
a Voucher, whofe fcrupulous Candor, with
fincere good Wifhes and Endeavours for the

3 Im-

(a) Deovo incubat-

1 86 Medical Ejjdys

Improvement of Phyfick in this Place, fome of
you muft be acquainted with, I mean my Fa¬
ther, who befmeared eighteen Eggs in the man¬
ner mentioned ; then having put a Mark on
them he fet them with the like Number of other
Eggs, under three Hens, who brought out thirty
fix "Chickens, not one Egg of the whole Num¬
ber failing.

12. After 1 N CUB AT ION, the Follicu-
lus aeris is gradually extended ; till near the Time
of the Excluhon of the Chick, it occupies, as
near as I could judge, fome more than a third
of the Cavity of the Shell.

13. The extended Folhcuhis does not col-
lapfe, upon being expofed to the PrefTure of the
Atmofphere, after incubated Eggs are open¬
ed. (b).

14. By Incubation the Albumen becomes
thinner and more turbid, efpecially on its upper
Part near to the Air-bag, where it is alfo hr ft con-
fumed : and it is afterwards diminifhed toward
the iharp End of the Egg, till at laft nothing of
it is left except a white cretaceous Subftance at
the lower Part of the Shell.

2 e. As the Part of the White neareft to the

Ci-

^b) It is fomewhat out of my Sphere to inquire how this
additional Air gets into the Folliculus ; but, if any are curi¬
ous enough to make this Inquiry, I would recommend to
them to obferve how this Folliculus diWends and keeps Wretch¬
ed in an exhauWed Receiver of an Air-pump ; to exhauW the
Air gradually out of the Shell, while it Wands expofed to the
Atmofphere, both while the Folliculus is entire, and after it is
broke, obferving always the riling or falling of the Mercurial
Gage. To confider § n. and 13. and to coufult B(llini , De
mot. cord . Prop. ix. and Hale’s Stalicks.

and Obfervations.

187

Clcatricula is wafted, its Membrane and the CV-
catricula ftill approach nearer, till they become
contiguous. This Membrane of the Albumen
is what is commonly called the Chorion.

16. Some time before the Albumen is quite
confumed, what remains of it is placed at the
lower Part of the Egg, and therefore the Yolk,
is interpofed betwixt it and the Membrane,
which immediately contains the Foetus , (See§ 9.
and 10).

17. The White of a fecundated Egg, is as
fweet, and free from Corruption, during all the
Time of Incubation, as it is in a new-laid Egg.

I tailed, fmelled, and fwallowed the Whites
of Eggs during all the States of Incubation,
both when they were raw, and boiled, and con-*
ftantly found it as juft now defcribed ; and
therefore cannot imagine how Bellini (r) could
affirm it to have a heavy, abominably-ungrate-
ful Tafte, a {linking Smell, and not only to oc-
cafion, when fwallowed, a troublefome Senfati-
on in the Stomach and Guts, but to prove pur¬
gative. He muft unluckily have examined none
but fubventaneous Eggs ; which is further con¬
firmed by his Defcription of the fmall Particles
in the colliquated Albumen , that reflecft Light
fo ftrongly as the Eye cannot bear it ; which
I faw in fome fubventaneous Eggs, but could
not oblerve in any that were impregna¬
ted.

18. According to Bellini ( d ) the colliqua-

1 8 8 Medical EJfays

ted IVhite always becomes uncapable of Coagu¬
lation by Heat ; but in the Trials I made, it
frequently did coagulate, though I found the
Succefs of this Experiment very uncertain ; the
only general Rule I could fix was, that before
the 9th or 10th Day of Incubation, the thinner
IVhite did not generally coagulate, but after that
it frequently did.

19. Very foon after Incubation, the Vo¬
lume of the Yolk appears increafed, and by its
rifing then nearer to the upper Part of the Egg*
one may conclude that its fpecifick Weight de-
creafes.

20. The Yolk becomes pale and more fluid
for fome time, efpecially on the Side next to the
Chick, where its Bulk alfo fooneft increafes ;
but afterwards the Membranes of the Yolk turn
firmer and fixonger, and the Liquor in them is
lefs in Quantity, and becomes more vifcous.

21. As the Chick increafes, the Yolk is de-
prefled in the Middle, and is foon brought into
a Form fomething like to a Horfe-fhoe, in the
Middle of which the Chick is lodged.

22. The Yolk remains frelh and uncorrupted
all the Time of Incubation, and is always coagu-
lable.

23. Not long before the Exclufion of the
Chick, the whole Yolk is taken into its Abdo¬

men.

24. The whole Albumen and Vitellus are not
confirmed by the Chick, for fome Part of the
Humors of the Egg efcapes through the Shell,
and is not fupplied by any Thing from with- .
out, as evidently appears by an Egg’s beco¬
ming fo much fpecifically lighter, as to fwim in

Wa-

and Qbfervations *

Water after Incubation, though it funk in it
when recent.

25. The Cbalazcz remain long without be¬
ing conflderably changed, unlefs that they are
brought nearer to each other by the crefcent
Form of the Yolk, at laft they degenerate into
a dry chalky Subftance.

26. The Cicatricula very loon is enlarged by
Incubation; and being buoyed up on the Top
of the Yolk, to the fuperior Part of the Egg,
it is placed very near to the Air-bag ; and when
both increafe they become contiguous.

27. The Cicatricula is called Amnios , when
it becomes large, and contains the ColUquamen -
turn, or Liquor in which the Chick is immer-
fed.

28. The Quantity of the Colllqiiamentum gra¬
dually increafes till the 15th or 16th Day of In¬
cubation ; on the 1 8th it is all confumed ; and
in the three following Days fcarce any Moifture
can be obferved on the internal Surface of the
Amnios .

29. The Liquor of the Amnios is more clear
and tranfparent than the colliquated White ; its
Tafte is more fait, and it has no obfervable
Smell. Its Confiftence is at flrfl: a little vifcous,
then it becomes more fluid, and afterwards turns
a little ropy again.

N* I can fay nothing of the particular Times
when it does or does not coagulate by Heat ;
for it is in fo fmall Quantity during the greater
Part of the Time of Incubation, that one can
fcarce gather as much in a Spoon as is At to
make any Experiment with ; and when all the
Egg is boiled hard, it adheres fo clofely to the

White ,

i (pt? Medical EJJays

White , that it is fcarce poflible to difimguifh one
from the other. Malpighius ( e ) fpeaking of the
Egg between the 14th and 19th Day, fays,

That this thin diaphanous Liquor of the A-

mnios was fometimes forced by boiling into a
<c white tafty Subftance,” which my Trials al~
fo confirmed.

30. The Allantois and its contained Urine,
are to be feen in an Egg, as well as in the Se-
cundines of viviparous Animals. %

31. Tho’ the Heart is among the firfi: Parts
of the Chick that can be difimguifhed, yet the
umbilical Veflels are feen much about the fame
time that the Heart is obferved.

I did not inquire into this Fa£f, but have two
very good Vouchers for its Truth, Harvey ( f)
and Malpighius. (g).

32. The umbilical Veflels gradually difperfe
their Branches upon the Amnios , upon the Vi-
tellus , and upon the Membranes of the Albu-
jnen : The Extremities of their much greater
Number, being immerfed into the White , are
extended proportionally as itfsu:olliquated.

33. Near to the End of fncubation, the um ¬
bilical Veflels begin to fhrivel and decreafe,; till
at the Exclufion they are very fmall.

34. The Embryo is feen in an Egg at firfi: in
Form of a fmall Worm, then its Carina or
Spine, with the large Prominencies that after¬
wards fhew themfelves to be the Brains and
Eyes, appear ; the other Bowels feem hanging
from the Spine, the Chafm of the Mouth dif-

covers

( e) T)e ovo incubato.

* Malpig. Append, de ovo incub. Tab. vii.

(f) De gentrat. animal, exercit. 16. andBi 7.

(g) De ovo incubato.

and Obfervations. 1 9 1

covers itfelf ; the Extremities fprout out ; the
Vifcera are gradually covered with the Tegu¬
ments ; and at laft the Beak, Nails, and
Feathers are feen *. After which all the Parts
become ftronger and firmer, the proportional
Bulk of the Head decreafing.

For the particular Times when all thefe Chan¬
ges are thus orderly brought about, confult
Fabric . ab Jquapendente , Harvey and Malpi -
ghius.

35. After all the Parts of the Chick are
formed, it is always found lying on its Side,
with its Neck greatly bended forward, the Head
being covered with the upper Wing, and the
Beak placed between the Thighs.

36. When the Shell is opened after the Chick
is large and ftrong, it may be feen to bounce
and fpurn fometimes opening its Mouth wide,
efpecially if it is ffirred or pricked.

37. The Mouth, Oefophagus , and Ingluvies
are always found moift, but never contain any
Quantity of Liquor that can be colle£fed, or
will run out in Drops.

38. The bulbous glandular Part of the Oefo-
phagus immediately above the Stomach, or what
Peyer(h) calls the Infundibulu?n , and the Stomach,
are full of a Liquor, in the youngeft Chick we
can difTedf, and continue full the whole Time
of Incubation ; neither Infundibulum nor Sto¬
mach having yet got the tendinous Firmnefs they
have in Adults ; nor can we obferve the dry
Pellicle which is fo eafily feparated from thefe
Parts in Hens.

39. Th is Liquor of the Stomach is at firft

thin

O Comment, in anat. ventricul. gallin.

19ft Medical Eff ays

thin and more watery ; afterwards it becomes
curdy, and at iaft is all in Form of a greyifh
white Mucus, unlefs that fome Part of it frequent¬
ly is coloured yellow or green, by a Mixture of
Bile. It always coagulates by boiling, into a
firm yellowifh white Subftance.

40. The Quantity of Faces was not large
in the great Guts, of any Chickens I opened be¬
fore Exclujion.

41. A little Time before the Exclufion, the
Chick may frequently be heard, making the
fame pieping Sound that hatched Chickens make.
In three Eggs, which were all I opened in this
State, the Beak of the Chick had perforated the
Membrane of the Folliculus a'eris.

42. T he Shell at the obtufe End of the Egg
frequently appears cracked fome Time before
the Exclufion of the Chick.

43. The Chick is Sometimes obferved to per¬
forate the Shell with its Beak, but in thofe I faw
tumbling out of the Shell, it was broke off ir¬
regularly, at the Place where the Membrane of
the Folliculus a'eris was joined to it.

44. After the Exclufion the Yolk is gra¬
dually wafted, being conveyed into the fmall Guts,
by a fmall Du£t its Membranes gradually con¬
trast themfelves, and the Duct becomes fhorter.
On the tenth Day afterExclufion, the Vitellus was
no larger than a fmall Pin-head, and the Duct
was fcarce one twentieth Part of an Inch long.

From this Hiftory ofthe Egg and of Incubation,
I (hall endeavour to deduce the Manner in
which the colliquated White is taken in by the
Chick.

Au-

and Obfervatkns]

Authors generally feem to agree, that the ovi¬
parous Foetus , while very young, receives its
Nourifnment by the Navel $ but feveral of the
belt Reputation have been of opinion, that af¬
terwards it is conveyed by the Mouth. I Ihall
examine the Arguments they ufed in Proof of
this, .and then fhall fubjoin fome negative Rea-
fons which they have not taken notice of.

Bellini (J) has deferibed the Cicatrkula or
Sacculus Amnii with the Chalazss firft formed in
the Back of the Hen ; to which, according to
him, the Vitellus is afterwards joined, and the
White is acquired as they tumble down the Ovi¬
duct. He fays the Chalazez are compofed of
numerous Canals which open into the Amnios ,
and fend out their Roots into the Cavity of the
Yolk, and into the White. It is eafy to con¬
ceive what Confequences may be drawn from
this Defcription, by thofe who afiert the Nou-
rifhment to be carried by the Mouth, viz. That
here are direft Paflages into the Cavity 'where
the Chick is, which can take up the Liquors no
other W ay than by the Mouth.

The Anfwer to this Obfervation is the fame
as has been made to the other Faffs already
quoted from this Author. I deny that the Sac-
cuius Amnii is formed before the Vitellus $ on the
contrary, the Vitellus is evidently to be feen be¬
fore the Cicatricula or Chalazee can be difeern-
ed. Next, I deny the Chalazce (if they are Ca¬
nals) to have the leaft Communication with the
Amnios , at any Time, or in any State of the
Tgg, other wife than as they are both adhering:
Vol. II. R to

v \») De mot. cord. prop. ix.

■ £ 94 Medical Effays

to the Membrane of the VitAlus^ upon which,
or within which, no particular -Fibres, mo Ca¬
nals are ftretched to the Cicatricula. Every one
has it in his Power to examine thefe Facts, If
then the Fa6ts are denied, the Conferences
cannot be admitted.

Since there are no Canals palling through the
Y oik, that open into the Saccus Colhquamenti , and
the Cicatricula comes . to be placed on the upper
Part of the Yolk, and contiguous to the Air¬
bag, §. 26. it is evident, that th 0 Liquor Amnii
mutt be furnifhed .by the Chicken, which be¬
ing covered with Feathers, having no I\Aam?nce^
Bladder of Urine, or large falivary Glands, can
only fupply it by the Branches of the umbilical
Veffels fpread on the A?nnios.

'Harvey (£) affirms, that a Liquor is found
in the Mouth and Ingluvies of the Chick, which
he concludes to be the Colliquamentum or Li¬
quor Amnii from their Refemblance ; from the
Quantity of the Contents of the Stomach ; from
the Chick’s being feen to open its Mouth ; and
from the Neceffity. Creatures are in of fwallow-
ing, or of forcing back by yomiting, whatever
is introduced to the Root of their Tongue.

As to the Refemblance, I do not fee how the
Comparifon can be made, feeing the Liquor in
the Mouth and Crop is in fuch fmall Quantity,
§ 37. But fuppofe that a fufficient Quantity
was collected, the two-Liquors agreeing in fe-
veral Properties would not of itfelf be a fuffici-
ent Proof of their being the fame ; and if, for
.‘Argument’s lake, the Liquor in the Crop was

granted

(k) De general, animal, exer tit- /8C

md Obfervations. 195

granted to be In very large Quantity, and to
agree in every Property with that in the Amni¬
os, it would certainly -appear in the fame Form
for fome time in the Stomach, whereas it is
always found very different there in' the larger
Foetus , § 39. and Harvey confeffes as much in
this Place ; therefore it may be concluded, that
it does not get down into the Stomach.

If ever any thing like Foeces has been feea in
the Crop of Chickens, as has been alledged by
fome, it might be no more than the yellow or
green-coloured Subftance brought up from the
Stomach, § 39.

The Quantity of the Contents of the StO5*
mach and Inteftines may be accounted for from.

§ 38. applied to what was laid on viviparous
Animals-.'

Though Creatures that refpire are under a
Neceffity of either fwallowing, or forcing back
by vomiting, whatever is introduced beyond
their Fauces , I cannot think it fhouid ' be thence
concluded, that a Foetus is under the fame Ne-
ceffity ; for as it does not exercife Refpiration,
it will buffer no Inconvenience by a Liquor lod¬
ging near to the Glottis, whereas Creatures that
breathe cannot' allow any Subftance -to remain
there without Danger of the Glottis being flop¬
ped, or of fuch Subftances falling down the
Trachasa, either of which would be of bad Con-
fequence ; which the Creature prevents, by for¬
cing fuch Subftances out of fuch. a dangerous
Situation.

But to enforce the Negative of the Colliqua -
rnentum paffing by the Mouth, obfervre, that
there are only three Days in which this Paf-

R 2 fage •

ic) 6 Medi cal EJJays

fage can moil probably be fuppofed to happeny
which are from the fifteenth to the eighteenth
Day of Incubation ; for, before the fifteenth,
the Quantity of the Liquor Amnii is increafing,
which is no great Sign of its being fwallowed ;
and after the eighteenth this Liquor is not to
_„be feen, vid. § 28. If then the Liquor Amnii
were all fwallowed between the fifteenth and
eighteenth Days, the Stomach ought to be ful¬
ler at this Time, and its Contents fhould be
thinner, more pellucid, Lfc. like to the Colli-
quamentum ; which I affure you does not hap¬
pen. Befides, if we fuppofe the Power of Di-
geffion fo ftrong as to expel this Liquor as fail
as it is taken down in thefe three Days, it would
certainly follow that this powerful Digeftion,
continuing in the three fucceeding Days, while
there is no Liquor to be fwallowed, the Sto¬
mach ought to be quite emptied, which every
one, who opens the Stomachs of Chickens at
this Time, will fee it is not. And -lajlly , As
a more diredt Proof ftill againft Harvey , I
broke the Shells of feveral incubated Eggs^,
while the Colli quamentum was in large Quanti¬
ty ; and before the Amnios was opened I faw
the Chickens open their Mouths very wide fe¬
veral times, but . could not obferve the Quan¬
tity of the Liquor in which they lay any Way
lelfened. I afterwards carefully diffedled the
Chickens, and found no other than the com¬
mon fmali Quantity in the Crops, and the or¬
dinary curdy Mucus in the Stomach, which
feems to me a Demonftration that they do not
fwallow.

After fuch convincing Proofs, it will be need-

lefs

and ObjervatmU* £57

Ids to make any Application of the Arguments
in the former Part of this Efl'ay to this Subjeht ; .
and therefore I {hall only defire your Readers,
to compare the Fofture of a Chick, and of a
Hen while (he fwallows Liquors, that they may
fee the Pofture of the Chick’s Neck to be moft
unfavourable to the Suppofition of Deglutition
being performed ; and then fhall conclude with
a very fliort Hiftorp of Incubation, aligning
what I imagine to be the moft probable Reafons
of the feveral Appearances.

By the Heat of the Hen, or of Stoves equal
to it, affifted poffibly by the A&ion of the Air
contained in the Folliculus aeris , (§ 2. 3. 12.)
the Albumen becomes thinner, efpecially where
it is moil expofed to thefe Forces, (§ 14.) and
the Vitellus in the fame Manner becomes fpech
fically lighter, ( § 19. *) and therefore readily
rifes in the White; and as, by being divided in¬
to two unequal Portions by its Axis the Cba-
laztZy it prefents the fmaller Portion to the incu¬
bating Heat at firft, (§ 8. 9.) fo the Change in
confequence of Incubation being feoneft and
moft produced here, (§ 20.) and the ,Cicatricida
being enlarged at: the fame time, the fmailer
Portion of the Yolk becomes of the leaft fpecir
heal W eight ; and therefore is buoyed up to
the fuperior Part of the Egg,, whereby the
j Folliculus aeris , and Membranes of the Cicatri -
cula become contiguous when they enlarge,
(§ 2b.) and the Vitellus can never be in hazard
of comprefting the tender Embryo ; and. the
-umbilical Vefiels are fituated fo as to. have their
Extremities immerfed in the Liquors, that firft
undergo the proper Change, for being imbibed

R 3 by

f()S Medical EJJayr ■■

by their Orifices, (§ 32.) — —The Incubation
continuing, the White is Hill more and more
colliquated, and the umbilical VefTels are pro¬
portionally extended, the Veins to abforb it,
and the Arteries to throw out any Particles that
are unfit for the Chick till- they are farther pre¬
pared, but efpecially to drive forward the Liquors
in the Veins, as was explained in the Account

of the viviparous Animals, (§ 20.) - When

the White in the upper Part of the Egg is exhaull-
ed, its Membranes become contiguous to the-
Amnios , (§ 15.) and thereby the Membranes
involving the Fcetus> become fufficiently ftrong
to refill the Motions of the Chick, when its
Eafe or Safety prompt it at any Time to
jpurn. - — — The Powers of Incubation above
mentioned, aflifted by the Pulfation and con—
quafiatory Motions of the numerous umbilical
VefTels fpread on the Yolk, (§ 32.) diflolve
that Humour more, and render fome Part of it-
fine enough to be taken up by the fmall Extre¬
mities of the unbilical Vein, fome of which
penetrate its Membrane : by which the Liquor
at laft becomes thicker, (§ 20.) and the Mem¬
brane being in Part emptied, will more- eafily
yield to the Weight of the Chick ; and is-pref-
ted into the Form of a Horfe-fhoe, (§ 21.) while
the Net- work of VefTels extended on this Mem¬
brane, render it llronger and firmer. - -The

Folliculus a'eris not only affills in colliquating
the Albumen \ but when the Humours of the
Egg come to occupy a lefs Space, by efcaping;
through the Shell, (§ 24.) and by being chan¬
ged into the folid Subliance of the Chick, the
FFllkulus enlarging, (§ 12.) keeps the Chicle

and Ohfervations . 299

3nd Humours Heady, without Danger of being
difordered and broke by the Motions of the

Ego;. - Branches of the umbilical VefTels be-

ing diftributed to the Amnios , (§ 32.) the Arte¬
ries will pour out their Liquors into its Cavity
in greater Quantity than the Veins can take
them up, as long as the Foetus is weak $ but
whenever the Foetus becomes ftronger* and
eonfequently, the abforbent Power of the Veins
increafes, (yid, § 15. of former EfTay) they will
take up the Fluid of the Amnios fafter than the
Arteries pour it in, and its Quantity will be di~
minifhed till it is< quite exhaufted, (§ 28. and

29.) - This Abfbrption will go on more fpeedi-

ly in Proportion' alfo to the umbilical VefTels
being lefs diftended with. Albumen , whereby
there is lefs Refiflance to the progreflive Moti¬
on of the abforbed Liquors ; which probably is
the Reafom of the: Colliquamentum being all ta¬
ken up between the fifteenth and eighteenth
Days. — -By the conftant Circulation and Re¬
newal of all thefe Humours of the Egg, they
keep frefh and uncorrupted in a fecundated
Egg, •(§ 17. and 22.) but corrupt Toon in a fub-
ventaneous one, or. in fuch whofe Foetus dies in

the Time of Incubation. - Where-ever Vef-

fels are not fufficiently filled, they contradt them-
felves ; and therefore,, the Albumen beings exhauft¬
ed in the lafl Days of Incubation, the umbili¬
cal VefTels gradually fhrivel, (§ 33.) which pre¬
vents the Danger of an Haemorrhagy when the
Chick is feparated from its Membranes, But
as the Whin, is not fufficient at this Time fully
to fupply the Chick, the Yolk is taken into its.
Body, (§ 23.) and being there prefled, it is

thxsjwn

200

Medical Effafs

thrown gradually by the proper Du<ft (§23. and:
44.) into the Guts, to fupply that Defebb —
The Veliels and Glands* which open into the
alimentary Tube, feparate at leaft as much Li¬
quor as will moiften it ; and the Stomach ha¬
ving no callous- ftrong* Cruft on its internal Sur-;
face, (§ 38.) will feparate more than it can da
in the Adult ; and in the mean time the Glands
of the Infundibulum pour out a Liquor that is al¬
ways thicker as the Chick inereafes, till it be¬
comes a very thick white Mucus : Arid there--
fore the Contents, of the Stomach of the Foetus
in the Egg muft have >the Appearance defcribed
§ 39. and will be llowly paffing off into the

inteftines. - The Shell at the obtufe End of

the Egg becoming more brittle, by being fo long
expofed to a dry Heat (§ 1. ) and the Membranes
lofmg their Toughncfs when ‘ their Moifture is
exhaufted, the Chick very eafiiy tears them, and
breaks off that End of the Shell, to make its
Way* into the common Atmofpherei- — The
Mother having no Juices prepared within her
Body, to give the Chick for Food after it is hatch*
ed, and its Organs for taking in and digefting
Aliment being, for fome time, too weak to fup¬
ply it fuiiiciently with Nourifhment,. the Vitellus
is made to fupply; thefe Deficiencies, till the
Chick is fufticiently confirmed and ftrong, (§ 44.)
after which it is. no longer the Subject of my
prefent Inquiry.

and Obfervatiom, 20 r

Of the Nour ijhment' of Plants while in £ Foetus

State*

v i - ■'* > >

pp HE firfl eight Numbers of the following
Faffs are taken from Mr. Geoffrey ( / ), and
all the others, except one or two Obfervations
of my own, are collected from Malpighius (m}».

1. Flowers contain the male and female
Organs of Generation of Plants.

2. The male Organs are fmall Bladders, (the-
.apices) full of a very fine Dull:, each Particle of
^which is of a particular diftinguifhed Form in
each Species of Plants.

3. Whe n this Duft or Farinnxs fufficiently ripe,
the Bladders break with an elaffick Force, and
throw the Dull: from them.

4. The female Organ is the Stylus , P if ilium *
or Tubay confifting of feveral Canals, which are
open and wide at one Extremity ; but in the
the other, nearefi: to the Stalk of the Plant, ter¬
minate in one or more Cavities where fmall
roundilh Ovula are contained.

5. Both Organs of Generation are contain¬
ed within and protected by Leaves of different
Make and Colour in different Plants, which
Leaves are generally callM the Petala of Flowers.

6. Some Flowers contain both the male and
female Organs, and therefore are called Hermo -
phradites y others only contain one or the o-

thet

pi) Mem. de I’Acad. des (ciences,, 1711.

(m) Anat. Plant, cap. de fcminum gencrat. & la trafUi*
de fcm. veget.

202 Medical EJfays

ther Kind, and thence are named male or fe-
male .

7. Those Flowers which are only male or
only female, either grow both from the fame
B.Oot, or the* male only grow omone Plant, and
the female upon another of the fame Species ;
from which fuch Plants are faid to be male or
female.

8. When the male Farina, or Dull, is pre¬
vented from having Accefs to the female Organs*,
either the Ovula do not increafe into Seeds, or,
if they do grow, they are deformed, do not
contain any Germ or Rudiment of the young
Plant, and are not%prolifick.

9. When the fecundated Ovula increafe,.
the Germ or young Plant of each is feen lod¬
ged in a pulpy Subftance named th t femtnal
Leaves., which again adhere to, and frequently
are funk fome way into a Depreffion of a Mem¬
brane, which forms a little Bag for containing a
Liquor j and therefore : this. Bag is called the A-
mnios.

10. From this. Side of th t' Amnios, oppofite
to that where the Germ, with its feminal Leaves
is fixed, a T ube (the. Umbilicus) goes out . to be
continued to the Uterus.

11. Before the Umbilicus reaches the Ute¬
rus, it paffes thro’ a Cavity formed by another
Membrane that is full of Liquor, or contains a
great Number., of final! Veficles diftended with
Liquor, and therefore is compared to the Cho¬
rion.

12. The Chorion and Amnios become more
and more turgid with Liquors for fome time,
but then the Liquors begin to diminilh, the

Chorion

and Ob fer -vat tons, 20 j

Cborion-b&ng foonefl emptied, and the Navel-
firing fhrivels away till it can no longer be ob~ >
ferved.

13. In the mean time the Germ -and feminal
Leaves increafe apace.

14. At laft all the Liquors in the Chorion and
Amnios are confumed, their Membranes contrail
and fhrivel, the Seed is fufHciently large and
confirmed ; the fmall Peduncle, by which it
adheres to the Uterus , fhrivels, turns hard and
brittle, and the Seed * falls ofF -with the leaft
F orce.

15. The Seed is compofed of its Membranes
or Teguments, of a large farinaceous Part, and,
of the fmall Germ joined to the farinaceous
Subfiance by a fmall Peduncle, which is inferted
into the Germ between the Caulis , Stalk or Plume,
and the Radicle or fmall Root of this young
Plant.

16. The Germ is evidently the young Plant
where the Plume and Root may plainly be feen.

ly. When the fecundated Seed is fowed at
the proper Seafon, the farinaceous Subfiance
foon becomes fofter, and the Ger?n flretches its
Stalk upwards, and its Root downwards.

18. The farinaceous Subfiance either re¬
mains under Ground, turning larger for feme
time, but having its Subfiance changed more
and more into a milky Liquor, or it is extended
upwards, in Form of one or two pulpy juicy
Leaves : From thefe different Forms which this
farinaceous Subfiance takes, it is called the Co¬
tyledons , feminal Leaves , or Lobes.

19. After fome time the Lobes begin to
fhrivel, and to have their Liquors confumed,

and

S04 Medical EJfays

and at laft, when their Juices are all wafted*
they fade away and fall off*.

20. The Plant grows very faft all this Time*

21. When the Cotyledons are taken off before
the Plants are put into the Earth, fcarce any
of them will vegetate, and all perifh very foon.

22. T hose that advance any, after being thus
deprived of their Cotyledons , increafe rather in
their Plume than Root.

23. W hen the feminal Leaves are taken away,
after allowing the Plant to vegetate fo far as to
come above Ground, it perilhes, in a little time,
the Roots generally fading hrft.

24. If the Cotyledons are taken away later, moft
of the Plants dy, and thofe that continue to grow
are always very fmall.

25. When one Cotyledon is only taken away,
the Plants do grow, but are not near fo large or
ftrong as the others that are left entire.

26. By taking away the Plume , when it frft
fprouts above Ground, the Roots grow very
large and quickly.

To fix an Analogy here between Animals
and Plants, it will be neceffarv to determine
how long either of them fhould be laid to re¬
main in the State of a Foetus , which, in my
Opinion, ought to be underftood fo long as
the young Creature is nourished folely by Li¬
quors furnifhed by the Uterus of the Parent ;
but as loon as it is fupplied any other Way,
with all or any Part of its Nourifhment, it can
no longer be looked on as a Foetus.

If this is agreed on to be the diftinguifhing

Chara-

and Gbfervatidns . 205

Chara&er of a Feetus , it will be evident that
we are only to regard Plants as j Fcetufes, while
the Seed is ripening, and before the Earth,
Water, Moifture of the Air, &c. have commu¬
nicated immediately any Matter for its Xn-
creafe ; and in this Cafe it will appear mod:
probable, That the Umbilicus pours in Liquors
from the Uterus and Chorion into the Amnios ,
from which it is taken up by the VefTels of the
feminal Leaves, to be conveyed partly into the
Feet us, and partly into the Leaves themfelves,
by which the Plant is increafed and its Parts
are explicated, and a Subfiance is provided for
nourifhing it afterwards, when "its tender Roots
either can receive from the Earth very little, or
anything lefs than is neceflary for the'fufficient
Growth of the Plant.

In running this Analogy between Animals
and Plants, you’ll obferve a Mixture of the
Mechanifm of the viviparous and oviparous A-
nimals in the Nourifhment of the Fcetufes of
Plants; for the little Plant having, as in the
viviparous Animals, a Communication with
the Uterus of the Parent till it is fully formed,
the whole Quantity of the Liquor it is to be
nourifhed with, is not at firft to be feen, as the
Albumen is in the Egg ; but the Uterus furnifh-
es the Liquor to be gradually abforbed by the
Cotyledons or Placenta : And then on the other
Hand, Plants refemble the oviparous Animals,
in fo far as the Parent being uncapable of flip-
plying any Juices, prepared in its own Body
i after the Foetus is feparated from the Womb,
i for the Nourifhment of the Plant; and the
young Plant not being in Condition for fame
Vol. II. S ti ne

2q6 Medical EJfays

time to fubfifl entirely on the new Nourifhment
it muft receive ; the farinaceous Cotyledons , or
pulpy feminal Leaves do the fame good Office
to the Plant, as the Vitellus does to the Chick
after it is hatched*

Since the Refemblance is fo great between
Animals and Plants, it would be fuperfluous,
after what has been faid of the former, to en¬
ter into a particular Detail of the Reafons of
the foregoing Phenomena of Plants ; and it is
almofi: lieedlefs to fay that I would conclude
both the oviparous Animals and Plants to fa¬
vour my Opinion of the whole Nourifhment
of all Fcetufes being conveyed by particular ab-
forbent Veffels, and not by the ordinary Ca¬
nals, thro’ which the Aliment muff pafs, alter
the Creature is out of its Foetus State ; for thefe
are obvious to any who reads thefe Efiays with
the lead Attention.

XL Practical Corollaries from the EJfay on the
Nutrition of the Fcetufes of viviparous Ani¬
mals, hy the fame,

BEing confcious to v/hat Length the ElTay
on viviparous Animals had run out, I did
not intermix any Account of morbid Phtznojne -
na , with the Defer iption of the Parts, or with
the Argumenrs concerning the Nourifhment of
the Foetus, which alfo would have had the bad
Effehl: of diverting the Reader’s Attention from
the principal Defign; but confidering how
much fuch Pkanotnena may ferve to explain,
and poffibly confirm home Part at lead: of my
Reaforiing ; and knowing how ill any thing

and Observations. 207

that is not practical goes down with fome Peo¬
ple, I beg to be Hill farther indulged, while I
bring a few Examples to (hew that the Know¬
ledge of the Structure of the Parts is abfolutely
neceflary for underifandins; the Nature of Dif-
eafes ; and that all Theory is not mere idle
Speculation, but that Reafon and Experience
united, lay the furefc Foundation of the Pra¬
ctice of Phyfick, ( See Art. XXV. of firji Vo¬
lume.)

I. Seeing the Veffels of the Womb and of
the Placenta do not anaftomofe, (§ 16.) and
Women have an eredt Pofture, and are fubjedt-
ed to periodical Evacuations from their Uterus ,
which has larger Canals opening into it, than
are to be obferved in other Animals, ( § 2. 3.
4. 5.) we may underftand how much more li¬
able Women are to fuffer Abortions, than the
Females of other Creatures are; for the Con¬
tents of the impregnated human Uterus prefs
more on the Orifice of the Womb to force it
open, the fuperfluous Quantity evacuated peri¬
odically at other Times, is apt to thru 11: off the
Placenta , and being poured into the Cavity of
the Womb, either corrupts there, or forces o-
pen the Os Uteri ; both which will probably
occafion the Lofs of the Foetus: Whence Wo¬
men much more feldom conceive immediately
before the Menfes are to How, than foon after
that Evacuation is paffed. Thence alfo we un¬
derftand why Loofening , as the Women call
an Appearance of Blood from the Uterus , is a
Symptom that difcovers great Hazard of Abor¬
tion.

II, Nature endeavours to provide againft:

S 2 the

£o8 Medical Ejjays.

the Inconveniencies mentioned in the preceed-
ing Paragraph,. by making the Placenta adhere
fooner to the human Womb, than is ordinary
in other Creatures j and by furnifhing the hu¬
man Foetus with a larger proportional Placen¬
ta , whereby the Adhefion is dronger, and on
both Accounts the Evacuation is prevented.

III. When there is the larged Quantity of
the fuperfiuous Liquors colledied, the dronged
Pufh mud be given to feparate the Placenta
from the Womb y but the Menfes are general¬
ly dropped after Pregnaacy,. and the Child is
too final! for fome Months to confume them ;
wherefore Women are mod: expofed to Abor¬
tions in the third or fourth Month of their go¬
ing with Child.

IV. We fee what Diforders are brought fre¬
quently on Women at each Period when their
Menfes are about to flow, and what Mifchiefs
almoft condantly attend their Obdruciions ;
and therefore need not be furprifed at the Faint¬
ing, Nanfeee, Reachings to vomit, is c. that
fo often attack Women in their fird Months of
Pregnancy, fome of which help to remove and
prevent other Diforders ; for by the vomiting,
for Example, not only an Evacuation is made,
but lefs Chyle mud be feat into the Blood-vef-
fels, which therefore will havelefs of the fuper-
fluous Liquors. This again teaches us to re¬
move or mitigate fuch Symptoms when they
become very violent and dangerous, by proper
Evacuations.

V. Since the Separation of the Placenta
from the Womb mud fo evidently produce
Abortion, we may fee that this may be occafi-

oned

and Obfervations. 209

orred by very different Caufes, operating in va¬
rious Manners, and requiring very different
Treatment in preventing the Lofs of the Foe¬
tus , when our Advice is afked timely.

1. Whatever occafions too great a Quantity
of Blood to be fent to the Uterus , or affifts or
increafes its Momentum to thruft off the Placen¬
ta ; fuch as plentiful Living, Compreffion of
other large Veffels, Frights, violent Exercife,
Shocks of the Body, Fevers, &c. will bring a
Woman into Danger of Abortion. The Cure
however is plainly pointed out, to v/it, Blood¬
letting, mild Food in fmall Quantities, and
Reft.

2. When the Adhefion of the Placenta to
the Womb is too weak, and the Os Uteri does
not make a fufRcient Refiftance to its own Di¬
latation, whether thefe depend on the ordina¬
ry general Conftitution of the Body, or on a
particular Difpofition of the W omb, or on a
fudden Relaxation, as in Fainting, the fame
bad Effedf, Abortion, may ftill follow ; but the
Cure muff be very different from what is to be
ufed in N. 1 . For here we muff rely on Cor¬
roborants ; and though much Exercife is at firft
to be fhunned, yet if the Patient can by de¬
grees be brought to bear moderate Exercife, it
will affift the other Medicines conuderably.

3. If the Sinufes of the Womb are allowed
fuddenly to coliapfe, by the Want of a large
enough Quantity of Liquors to diftend them,
as by the neceffary Supplies to the Blood being
with-held, or by violent Evacuations, efpecial-
ly Lofs of Blood, not only the W eakneis
mentioned in Numb . 2. may follows but the-

S 3- ¥ eftels

210

Medical Ejfays

VefTels of the Placenta which have not been
proportionally emptied, will be difengaged
from the Excretories of the Sinufes , by their
being deprived of fufficient Space to lodge in,
and there is great Danger of Abortion. In
fuch a Cafe we are to be on our Guard not to
apply fmart Stimulants to rouze the languid
Mother too haftily ; for fuch Medicines increafe
the Contraction of the VelTels of the Uterus ,
and will drive off the Placenta Toon ; but we
ought to repair the Quantity of her Blood . by
mild balmy Food, with a Mixture fometimes
of the leaf! irritating Cordials..

4. All Caufes that can produce a ftrong Con¬
traction of the Fibres of the Uterus^- or of the
Parts that can prefs upon it,, as for Inftance^
of the Diaphragm and abdominal Mufcles, will
be in Danger of forcing away the Placenta ,
and of opening the Os Uteri> whereby Aborti¬
on is occafioned. Therefore fharp Pains in a-
ny Part of the Body,, and efpecially in or near
to the Uterus , rough Emeticks, fharp acrid
Purges, Penefmus , Strangury, Piles, or fuch
like, are every Day bringing on Abortion, The
radical Cure is certainly to remove the Caufe
of the Pain or Irritation, which muff be done
by Medicines adapted to its particular Nature
and Seat, which are too numerous to be men¬
tioned here. If this cannot be executed fo foon
as we would defire, we are to lelfen its bad
Confequences as much as polfible, by blunting
its Violence, and. counteracting its EfFeCIs. The
hr if of thefe Indications will principally and
in olf fpeedily be purfued in moft Cafes, (ex¬
cept perhaps in the. inflammatory ones) by gi-

and G'bferv nitons. 211

ving Opiates. The fecond Intention is anfwer-
ed by diminifhing the A4o?nentum of the Blood,
which Venaefedfion effedlually does, and is al¬
ways ufeful in the inflammatory Cafes ; but is
not fo proper in fome other Circumflances,
where however the Opiates generally anfwer
our Intentions.

VI. The Liquors fent into the Foetus By the
umbilical Vein not having their propelling
Force communicated from the Mother (§ 16.)
the State of the Mother’s Pulle cannot affedl the
Child otherwife than by 1 occafioning Abortion,
or vitiating the Fluids that are to be abforbed^
and therefore we may be convinced, how vain .
it is to pretend to account, in a phyfical Way,
for the Impieifions faid to be made on Children
by the. Imaginations of the Mothers.' We may
hence alfo fee, that Children 'may be infedled *
with the difeafed Juices of. the Mother, but that
it is poffible for them to efcape catching the
Difeafes of their Mothers, if either they are on?
ly topical, without affedfing the whole Mafs of
Fluids, or even when the Mother’s Blood is
fpoiled, the Child may be free of her Difeafe,
if the morbid Particles are fuch as the placentat-
ry Veffsls cannot abforb. This you fee is in
fome Senfe giving thefe VefTels a Power of
chafing good or bad.

VII. The Placenta is largeft proportionally
in the • youngeft Faetufes (§18.),.. by its being
lefs capable of yielding to the firetching Power
of the Contents of the Uterus^ than the mem¬
branous Parts of the Secundines are ; and there¬
by it is better calculated for the greater pro¬
portional Growth of the Foetus when young. .

VIII. Tho’

212

Medical Effays

VIII. ThcT the Surface of the Placenta iff
not extended proportionally to the Increafe of
the Foetus , yet the Orifices of the Sinufes feem
to keep up to that Proportion (§ 5-)^ therefore
the Surface of ContaCt between the Uterus and
Placenta rather decreafes than turns greater;
and a greater Quantity of Fluids is applied to
that Surface. Which may be one Reafon why
the After-burdens of ripe Children are brought
away more eafily than thofe of Abortions.

IX. By being acquainted with the mufcular
Structure of the Uterus (§6.) we come to know*
how the Placenta feparates more eafily after
the Child is born, than while it is yet contain¬
ed in the Uterus ; for as long as the Child re¬
mains there, the Womb is hindered to contraCt,
upon which, and the Want of a mufcular Con¬
traction in the Placenta, the Separation of the
After-burden depends. And fince the Degree
of Contraction of the Uterus will be propor¬
tional to the DiftraCtion of its mufcular Fibres,
as happens in all Mufcles, we may fee another
Reafon why the After-burdens of Abortions are
more difficultly brought away than thofe of
ripe Children ; and we may obferve, how rea-
fonable the Ufe of Pulv. ad Partum , or other
cordial ftimulating Medicines, is, in fuch Ca¬
fes, to haften this Contraction, when there is
not fome ftronger Contra-indication, fuch as
Fever or Inflammation, to forbid their Ufe.

X. The Sinufes of the human Womb {§3.)
are much more fafe and ufeful than any conti¬
nued arterious Canals could have been ; for
thefe would have occafioned too great an
morrhagy when the Placenta was feparated,

where-

213

and Qbfervations.

whereas, in the Way the {mall Branches of the
Arteries are, difpofed upon the membranous
Sides of the Sinufes , they muft be comprefied
as foon as the Uterus contrails, and at the fame
time the Refinance, which the Womb occafi-
oned to its own returning Blood, by its Pref-
fure on the large Veins, being taken off when
the Womb collapfes, the lateral Branches cf
the minute Arteries can be very little diftended
with Blood, and the Sinufes will be very little
filled. To illuftrate this, remark a very ana-?
Joyous .Cafey the ©edematous Swellings of the
Legs in Women with Child, which go off as
foon as they are delivered. Hence we may be
convinced, thatr the only Means whereby we
can fave a .Woman’s Life, whofe Placenta fe-
parates before Birth, is to deliver her immedi¬
ately. And hence it is plain, why the Lochia
or Cleanfings gradually diminifh in Quantity*
and lofe their red Colour.

XI. Seeing the Refiflance to the Blood in
the defcending Aorta is taken off upon Delive¬
ry, and that not only the Placenta feparates
with more Difficulty when the Womb has not
contradled itfidf, but alfo a greater Hamorrha-
gy muft happen, it will appear no Wonder
that weak Women fhould be fo liable to faint
at this Time, efpecialjy if they have been kept
in an erecf Pofture, and the Midwife is too an¬
xious to bring away the Placenta fcon. Hence
we ought to learn to deliver fuch lying in a
Bed, or on a Couch ; and the Uterus ought to
be allowed fome Time to contract ; and the
Mother ought to have Time given her to reco¬
ver the Fatigue of her Throws, before the Afr

214 Medi cal EJJays

ter-burden is brought away. Hence alfo we
may be convinced, how necefTary foft Com-
preffion by Bandage is on the Belly after
Delivery.

XII. When the Quantity of the Mother’s
Blood is fmall, or when the Contradfion of the
Uterus is very quick, or when an Obftrudfion
happens in the Arteries of the Sinufes , the
Clear [mgs will be in very fmall Quantity. The
Conftitution of the Patient, and the State of the
Pulfe, readily difcover what the Want or too
fmall Quantity of the Lochia depend on ; and
in the firffc Suppofition there is no Harm from
this Stoppage, but we do Mifchief if we at¬
tempt to force them; but in the other Cafes we
ought to encourage this Evacuation by foft re¬
laxing internal Medicines, and by Xnjedfions*,
Fotufes, &-c. applied to the Womb, or near
it, while other Evacuations are promoted or
made, if the Symptoms become urgent.

XIII. The Liquor of the Stomach being fo
thick (§ 30.) while all the digeftive Powers of
a Child are very weak at Birth, we may eafily
underfland what bad Confequences, fuch as its
flicking to the Guts, obErudting the Orifices of
the Ladfeals, O5 c. may be produced by this Mu¬
cus remaining there; and therefore ought to
admire the Wifdom of our Creator, who has
provided fuch a thin diluent purgative Milk at
this Time, for preventing thefe Diforders, and
may hence learn how necefTary it is to cleanfe
the prime e vice of new-born Children by pro¬
per Medicines, efpecially when they are not
fuckled by their Mothers, and have notaNurfe
whofe Child is as young as themfelves.

XIW The

and Obfervations. 2 1 5

XIV. The Want of Refpiration to fqueeze
forward the Bile, and the Reliftance made to
its Entry into the Guts of Fcetufes , by the tough
Slime which lines the inteftinal Tube, make
the Effufion of their Bile very flow ; and there¬
fore their Gall-bladder is generally full of a
green fbarp Bile. Hence at Birth or foon af¬
ter it, Children are often obferved to have the
faundice , the thick Slime producing the fame
Effedls in them, as is difputed for from Stones
in Art. XXXIII. of your firft Volume. This
Jaundice generally yields to any gentle Purga¬
tive, and very often is carried away by any Me¬
dicine that increafes the Contraction of the
Guts ; which is no more than might be expedt-
ed from underftanding the Caufe of the Difeafe.
It is alfo from this Coliedtion of Bile during
Geftation, that Children are fo frequently fub-
jedt to Gripes and green purging foon after
Birth, which cleanfes their Guts of the unne-
cefiary Slime and Meconium , and difcharges
that (harp Bile, which might bring on Difor-
ders of worfe Confequence if it continued to
lodge there: fo that however troublefome it
may be to the innocent Babes, they are gene¬
rally the better for it afterwards.

XV. From the Care bountiful Providence
is at, not only to fupply a fufficient Quantity
of nourifhing juices to the Fcetufes of Animals
and Plants, but alfo to furnifh Subftances pre¬
pared by the Mother’s Organs, for ferving them
after they are feparated from her, viz. Milk in
the viviparous, the Yolk in the oviparous Ani¬
mals, and the farinaceous Subftance of the
Seeds in Plants : And from what we obferve of

Brutes,

2 1 S Medical Effays

Brutes, who follow the Dictates of Nature more
clofely than Man does, how they only gradual¬
ly come to ufe the common Food of 'their Pa¬
rents,- we may be convinced that the Food,
provided by Nature, Milk, is the moft proper
for Infants ; that a fudden Change of Food is
dangerous to fuch tender Creatures, and that
therefore the Food given Children when they
are -to be weaned from the Breaft, fhould be
fuch as is neared to Milk, and the Breaft ought
to be taken only by degrees from them. By
which Method I have often prevented all -the
troublefome Diforders which generally attend
Weaning.

XVI. From what was remarked above (§IV.)
of the Diforders Women are frequently fubjedt
to when their Menftrua are about to flow, we
may rationally conclude that a Nurfe, who has
fuch a Redundancy of Superfluous -Liquors, will
have her Milk changed to the worfe. And from
what all Pracftifers in Phyflck have obferved of
the Effecfts of deriving a more than ordinary
Quantity of our Juices to one Part, in order to
make a Revulfion from another, we have Rea-
fon to think that a Nurfe, whofe Menfes are
brought on by any other Caufe than a Super¬
fluity of Liquors, will come not only to have
lefs, but alfo worfe Milk after fuch an Evacua¬
tion ; .and therefore a Nurfe who menftruates
ought not to be chofen. But if particular Cir-
cumftances oblige us to continue a Child with
fuch a Nurfe, we ought to confider -the Caufes
that occafton her MenJ'es to flow, and according
to thefe we are to order the Child to be kept up
from the Breaft, either before the Evacuation

and Ohfervations . 217

in the firft Suppofition, or for fome Time after
it, when it has been brought on by any other
Caufe.

XII. The Brain forced by coughing through the
Cicatrice of a Wound of the Head , where a
con fider able Piece of the Cranium had been
taken out j by Mr, James Jamieson, Surgeon
in Kelfo.

Cj O M E Slates falling from the Roof of a
^ Houfe four Storeys high, upon the Head of
a Girl about thirteen Years of Age, broke and
fhattered her Cranium at the Place where the
fagittal and coronal Sutures meet, making a
Depreffion of the Bone of about four Inches
Diameter. The Symptoms attending this Ac-*
cident were common, viz. an univerfal Stu¬
por ^ blooding at the Nofe, Difficulty of breath¬
ing, with a full irregular Pulfe. I immediate¬
ly took twelve Ounces of Blood from her Arm,
and fent for all the Phyficians and Surgeons of
this Place, who agreed to trepan her fpeedily,
which I performed. When I endeavoured to
raife the depreffied Pieces of Bone, they were
all found feparated from the neighbouring found
Bone, and therefore were all brought away,
and fo left a terrible Chafm in the Cranium.
The Dura Mater was covered with a Syndon
[dipped in Mel. Rofar. with a little Tindture of
M)rrh. Pledgets wet in the Tincfure were ap¬
plied to the Cranium , and the other common
Dreffings were put on* Being laid in Bed, an
emollient Clyfter was injedted, and procured
two plentiful Stools ; and before Night fhe re-
Vol. II. X cover-

1 1 8 M’dical Effays

covered the IJfe of her Tongue, and all the o-
ther Parts of her Body, except the left Arm
which continued in a paralytick State for eight

Days.

She was kept at a low Diet ; and the Cure
went very fuccefsfuliy on., and was completed fo
far in three Months, that the Teguments were
cicatrized.

On the fifth Day after her Wound, I had cau-
fed a Plate of Lead to be made for covering all
the Dreflings, and kept it on all the Time £he
was under my Care, with two Pieces of broad
Tape put through four Holes, one on each Side
of the Plate before, and the other two behind,
tying the. Ends under the lower Jaw, and behind
the Occiput .

Notwithilanding the Wound being fkinned o-
ver, I recommended the conffant life -of the Plate
of Lead laid over aComprefs upon the Cicatrice,
to fupply the Want of. Bone; and fhe kept
it on two Months after I left off feeing her;
but then thinking herfelf fecure, (he laid it
afide, and continued well feven Months more,
when the Kink-cough , {pTuJJis convulfwa ) then
epidemick in this Place, feized her ; and was fo
violent one Night when file was in Bed, that the
Cicatrice in her Head was lacerated, and the
Brain was pufhed out at the Teguments. Being
inflantly, called for, I found above two Ounces
of the Brain lying on the Scalp: After cleanfing
this away, I applied Dreffings with the Plate of
Lead over them, thereby preventing a greater
Difcharge.

The Symptoms that followed this direful
Accident were an entire Paralyfis of the Limbs,

. fne

and Obfervatio'ns. 1 1 q

{he retaining ftill the Ufe of her Reafon and
'Tongue, but much inclined to Sleep, with a low
deprefled Pulfe anc FAhxietds cordis , and her Urine
was difcharged involuntarily. In this Condition
Hie continued five Days, and then died. Her
Friends did not allow any Infpedtion into the
State of her Brain after Death.

T1 iis Girl’s Cafe will teach us how little we
need be furprifed at tormenting Head-achs being
brought on by frequent violent coughing, when
the Brain mu ft be fc ftrongly prefFed on the Crco-
niton. *

We may likewile learn, from the 'unhappy
"Accident that occafioned this Girl’s. Death, to
be very careful to fupply any Part of the Cra¬
nium that is wanting, efpecially after the Bones
of it are fo firmly joined as to prevent their yield¬
ing, and thereby enlarging the Cavity within
them.

Since I did not open the Body, I can pretend
to affign no Caufe, why the Parts furniftied with
Nerves from the Medulla 'Spinalis fhould have
been fo much affedled with Pally in the five
laft Days ftie lived, while fhe retained her
Speech and Senfes, contrary to what might hava-
been expedted.

XIII. The Cure of an Ulcer in the Cheeky with
the fuperior Jalivary Duff opened ; by A-
lex. Monro, ProfeJJ'or of Anatomy in the
Univerfity of Edinburgh.

1V/TR. Ker of Frogton , a young Gentleman
of a delicate Conftitution, and threatened
with a Confumption from an Ulcer in his

T 2 Lungs*

220

Medical EJfays

Lungs, was feized, after riding in a cold Night,,
with a very hard Tumor about the Middle of
his left Cheek ; which the Gentlemen who at¬
tended him endeavoured at firfl to refolve, but
obferving a Suppuration to come on, it was
opened with a Lancet on the Infide ; and after¬
wards an external Orifice was alfo made, and
Efcharoticks were applied to wafte down the
Jiard Stool of the Tumor that ftill remained.
When no more Hardnefs was felt, his Surgeon
endeavoured to incarn and cicatrize, but was dis¬
appointed by a conftant plentiful Difcharge of a
thin clear Lymph. The Orifice was again en¬
larged, and it was drefTed a confiderable Time
with Adftringents and Driers in different Forms*
hut without any Succefs.

In. September 1727, being accidentally in the
Neighbourhood of Kelfo , where Mr. Ker lived,
I was fent for thither, to advife with Drs. A -
bernethy and Scott , Phyficians there, and with
Mr. yamiefon Surgeon, concerning his Cure*
The external Orifice in his Cheek was as large
as would have received the Point of my Thumb,
and at the Bottom of it we could diftimffly fee
fome Part of the fuperior falivary Dudl laid
hare, with a Hole in the Outer-fide of it, large
enough to allow the Button of a middle-fized
Probe to enter it ; and when he moved his low¬
er Jaw at our Defire, the Saliva ran out plenti¬
fully at that Orifice. When the Jaw was not
moved, a very fmall Quantity of the Spittle ou-
zed out ; hut in Time of Dinner, it made a Nap¬
kin, laid eightfold over the Plaifter that covered
the Ulcer, wet all through.

W e agreed to make an artificial Opening for

the

221

ana Ob fervaticns.

the Saliva into his Mouth, which I did in the
following Manner: Having with* two Fingers
of one Hand ftretched his Cheek outwards, I
directed the Point of a large Shoemaker’s Awl,
which I held in the other Hand, into the open
Breach of the Duel, and thurtl the Awl oblique¬
ly forwards through the Cheek into the Mouth*
betwixt my two Fingers ; then drawing back
the Awl, I pafTed an eyed flexible Probe, mount¬
ed with a fmall Cord of Silk, through the Paf-
fage made by the Awl,^ and brought it out be¬
tween his Lips with my Fingers, leaving one
half of the Cord hanging from the external Ul¬
cer ; then the Ends of the Seton being difenga-
ged from the Probe, were tied loofely near the
Angle of the Mouth ; and his external Ulcer
was drefled up with dry Lint kept on with * a
Plaifler. He was defired to rinfe that Side of
his Mouth frequently with Brandy; and the
Sides of the external Ulcer were kept from
growing out too faff or turning callous, with
the lunar Cauftick. In lefs than three Weeks
this Management had the delired Eftedt of ren¬
dering the Pafl'age, in which the Cord was enga¬
ged, callous, (which the Loofenefs of the Cord,
and the W ant of Pain when it was drawn plainly
fhewed ;) when Mr, Jamiefon took out the Cord,
and cured up the external Ulcer very foon. In
a little Time after I faw our Patient here in E~
dinburgh , with a firm Cicatrice on the Part
where the Sore had been.

This Operation is plainly directed by my
Friend Mr, Chefelden in thefe Words* (a)%

46 When

... T 3

( r) Anatom, Book iii, chap.

22 2

Medical Ejfays

€i When this Du6l is divided by an external
sc Wound, the Saliva will flow out on the Cheek*
4C unlefs a convenient Perforation be made into
€c the Mouth, and then the external Wound
cc may be healed.” See Vol. III. Art . 13.

My Succefs in this Cafe has encouraged me to
attempt fome Improvements in analogous Ope-
rations, which I fhall probably communicate
to you hereafter. When I fent this Paper to you
in 1732, I believed it to be the only Infiance of
a Cure of the opened falivary Du£l by an artifici¬
al Opening into the Mouth ; but have fince read
Saviard’ s Book of chirurgical Oblervations, in
Obf 121. of which Mr. De Roy communicates
the Hiftory of fuch a Cure performed by perfora¬
ting the Cheek with an adtual Cautery.

XIV. A remarkable Extravafation of Blood after
the Operation for the Hydrocele ; by Mr*
James Jamieson, Surgeon in Kelfo.

A Gentleman about fixty Years old was af¬
flicted with a Hydrocele in the left Tefticle*
which obliged him to have the Operation perform¬
ed annually for four fucceffive Years. I made
the Perforation with a fmall difle&ing Scalpel,
and evacuated twenty three Ounces of Water
each Time, applying aromatick and aftringent
Medicines to the Scrotum , with a proper fufpen-
fory Bandage, and recommending ftren|thening^
Diet and internal Medicines after fome Doles of
purgatives. But he commonly neglected all
the Prefcriptions in a few Days after the Opera¬
tion, and lived in an irregular enough Way.
la two or three Minutes after the Water was

and Ohfervat'ions. 223

evacuated, when I performed the Operation the
fourth Time, about twelve Ounces of pure li¬
quid Blood ran out at the Orifice in a full equal
Stream, as from a large Vein, without the final-
left Complaint of Pain or other Uneafi nets ; and
then the Hcsmorrhagy ceafed of itfelf, with no o-
ther Aftiftance than blooding him plentifully at
the Arm, and the Dreflings applied in the former
Operations.

He informed me next Morning, that he felt
a great Weight andFulnefs in thatTefticle, and
all the Way from it up to his Groin ; and upon
taking oft’ his Dreflings, the Scrotum appeared
bigger than at any Time of the Hydrocele. In a
Confultation with two Phyficians, Drs. Granjion
and Scot, it was agreed that I fhould make a large
Incifion in the Scrotum upwards from that made
for the Hydrocele , to difcover the State of the
^Tunica vaginalis and Tefticle, When I had made
a Wound about two Inches long, we difeovered
the Tunica vaginalis of a natural Colour and Tex¬
ture, but very greatly diftended, and therefore
determined to make our Incifion through it alfo3.
having previoufly prepared all the Dreflings for
Caftration, left we fhould be obliged to perform
that Operation. As foon as the Tunica vagina -
Us was cut, a great Quantity of thick coagula¬
ted Blood fell out, and by putting my Finger all
round the Tunica albuginea , and upwards towards
the Rings of the abdominal Mufcles, I brought
out a good deal more. Having then cleaned the
Parts with an armed Probe dipped in warm Cla¬
ret, we faw the Tefticle, its Veflels and proper
Coats in a found Condition, which, with the
W ant of any Hccmorrhagy^ and the Tunica vagi-

224 Medical EJJays '

fialis contra&ing itfelf quickly, gave us Hopes of
making a Cure without any further Operation.
I applied Pledgets dipped in Claret Wine
mixed with Mel. rof to the Tefticle, and co¬
vered the reft of the Wound with Pledgets, on
which common Digeftive, with a fmall Propor¬
tion of Balf, psruvian. werefpread. Over which
I put the Dreflings formerly ufed in the Hydrocele *
His Phyficians confined him to a ftridf cool Regi-
men, and gave Directions for Evacuations by
blooding, Clyfters,, or for cordial Juleps, Ok.
as his Circumftances might require.

His Cure went on in the ordinary W ay, with¬
out any troublefome Accident, and was comple¬
ted in three W eeks ; the T unica vaginalis growing
every where fo firmly to the Albuginea or proper
Coat of theTefticle, that he had not the leaft
Appearance of the Hydrocele during the three
Years he lived after his Cure. I he Caufe of his
Death was a Fever attended with an AJlhma.

fhuzr. How or from whence this great Quan¬
tity of Blood had been extravafated ?

XV. An Hiflory of the Operation for an Aneuriftn
of the Arm , fuccefsfully performed by Mr. John
Macgil, Surgeon in Edinburgh'.

H E Aneurifm is a Difeafe which ehirurgi-
■** cal Writers pretend to defcribe with great
ExaCtnefs, and to relate the feveral Symptoms
by which the different Species of it are diftin-
guifhed ; while the particular Hiftories of this
Malady, handed down by Obfervators, are fo
few and inaccurate, that of late the Nature,
Seat, and Symptoms of at leaft the true Kind,

have

and Obfervations . 225

have afforded Matter of Difpute, which can on¬
ly be determined by a Number of Obfervati¬
ons. In the following Cafe I had a good Op¬
portunity to remark exactly the Frogrefs, Phce-
?iomena and Structure of what was judged by all
the Phyficians and Surgeons who faw it to be a
true Aneurifm ; and therefore believe an Account
of it will neither be unacceptable to you, nor
improper to be inferred among the other Papers
of your Cohesion.

James Forreji a Coachman, forty Years of
Age, a heal flrong Man, being thrown from the
Coach-box, broke the Bones of his right Leg
into a great many fmall Pieces ; and a Gangrene
coming foon on, there was a Neceffity to perform
the Amputation in the Country Place where he
then was. The third Day after this Operation
he was let Blood of by a young Surgeon there,
who opened the BafiTic Vein of the right Arma
The Patient felt a very fharp pricking Pain, while
the fmall Incifion was made with the Lancet ;
and four Days after, he obferved a Tumor about
the Bignefs of a fmall Cherry at the Wound,
which he believed to be the common one of co¬
agulated Blood, called by Surgeons Thrombus ;
and therefore did not mention it to the Gentlemen
who performed the Amputation.

On the twelfth Day after his unfortunate
Fall, he was carried to Town, and received
into the Infirmary , where the Cure of his
Stump went on as well as could be wifhed,
without any Accident or Symptom to retard
the Cure. After he had been eight Days in
the Hofpital, he told the. Phyfician and Surgeon
then attending, that he had feme Uneannefs

from

22 6 Medical EJJays

from a Swelling at the Bending of his Elbow*
When it was examined, a Tumor appeared of
an oval Form, as big as a fmall Hen-Egg, iitua-
tea behind the Bafiiic V-eirr. The Skin over this
Tumor was of a natural Colour ; no Pulfation
* could be felt ; and it adhered as firmly to the
Tendon of the Biceps Mufcle, as Ganglions com¬
monly do to Tendons. Two Days after, a Pul¬
iation, exadlly fynchronous to that of the Arteries;,
was diflindtly feen and felt. When the Tumor
was ftrongly prefied, it feemed to be lefs, but
could never be made to difappear. There was
fcarce any Pain at this Part, either in moving his
Fore- arm, or when the Tumor was handled.

A Confultation of feveral Phyficians and of
all the Surgeons who attend the Infirmary being
called, the Difeafe was unanimoully determined
to be a true Aneurifm ; but the Patient being flil!
weak, it was refolved to try the Effedts of art¬
ful Compreflion, and to delay the Operation till
the Patient had Strength enough to undergo iti
unlefs the Tumor feemed before that to be in
Hazard of burffing, Graduate ComprefTes wet
in Oxycrate were therefore applied, with the
proper Bandage, which at firft had an exceeding
good EfFedl in diminifhing the Tumor; but it
foon after began again to increafe r And then fe¬
veral Machines, fuch as that with a Screw for the
Fijiula lacrymalis , Mr. Petit* s Tourniquet , & c*
were ufed, but without any Succefs ; on the
contrary, the Tumor {fill increafed, and the
Skin began to inflame ; and a fmall Suppurati¬
on was brought on the moft prominent Part
of it. By laying afide thefe more forcible Ma¬
chines, and returning to the Ufe of the former

Com?

and Obfervations. 22 7

iCcmprefles &nd Bandage, after covering the
fmall fuperficial Ulcer with white Ointment,
the Inflammation went off, and the Ulcer cu¬
red. The Tumor was now all firm und hard,
fcarce yielding at all to Preflfure, except at
that prominent Point where it was foft, and
where only the Pulfation could be felt, when the
Fore-arm was bended : When the Member was
extended, no Pulfation could be obferved any
where in the Tumor.

The Patient was not yet fufRciently recruited,
and therefore the Operation of the Aneurifm
was ftill delayed : But to prevent any Danger
from the fudden burfting of the Aneurifm , the
j Tourniquet was kept conftantly applied to the Pa¬
tient’s Arm.

In the Beginning of ^January 17335 the Pa¬
tient was judged to be Prong enough to fuffer
the Operation, and the Tumor increafed fa
faff, that there was great Danger of the Tegu¬
ments yielding fuddenly ; and therefore the
Operation was not to be delayed any longer.
This happening to be the Month of my Atten¬
dance I was of Courfe to perform, but previ-
oufly brought all the Surgeons of the Hofpita!
together, to examine the State of the Tumor,
and to determine the Method to be followed in
operating.

The Tumor was of a very great Bulk and
Height, its Safe extending internally as far as
the internal Condyle of the humeral Bone, and
externally it had pufhed the Tendon of the Bi¬
ceps flexor cubiti as far as the cepbalick Vein :
Jt afeended about three Inches along the inter¬
nal Side of the Biceps , and defeended as far be-

*28 Medi cal Effays

low the Joint of the Elbow, being alfo confide*
jably prominent forward.

Being uncertain whether this Tumor was form**
ed without the] Artery, or if it was the Body
©f the Artery dilated, we determined to do the
Operation in the moft cautious, though more
tedious Way, viz. by Difledlion, having alfo all
the Inflruments and Dreffings for an Amputation
ready, in Cafe there was no Hope of Succefs
from the Operation of the Aneurifin.

Having applied the Tourniquet in the com¬
mon Way to prevent any H&morrhagy , the
Skin was pinched up about the Middle of the
Tumor, and cut with a Biflory ; then a fmall
Dire£tory being pufhed into the fatty cellular
Membrane, firfl upwards, then downwards,
and to each Side, I cut upon it with a Biflory,
and thus made a crucial Incifion on the whole
Extent of the T umor. After which I differ¬
ed the four Angles of the Teguments from the
Tumor with a convex-edged Scalpel, Hitching
a cutaneous Artery that would otherwife have
been uneafy to me. The Tumor thus laid
bare, appeared covered at its upper Part with
a -thin cellular Membrane, but below it feem-
ed to have a very flrong tendinous like Coat,
which we foon difcovered to be no other than
the Aponeurofis of the Biceps Mufcle ; after fe«
parating with my Fingers the Adhefion this
had to the Tumor below it, I cut it through
to the lowefl Part of the Aneurifm , which now
was all bare and full in View. The Coat of
It was only a very thin tender Membrane,
which appeared eroded, as well as the firm
Subfiance it contained, at that prominent foft

Part,

end Obfervations, lit)

Part, where, as I mentioned before, the Pul-
fation was only to be felt. In endeavouring
to feparate the Tumor from the adjacent Parts
with my Fingers, its tender Membrane was
eafily torn in feveral Places ; and therefore.
Without infilling on fuch a Separation, I open¬
ed the Membrane from one End to the other,
when feveral Ounces of a blackifh grey colour¬
ed Liquor, like to Coffee made of half-burnt
Beans, ran out, and feveral Pieces of coagu¬
lated grumous Blood, and of polypous Concre¬
tions, fell down to the Floor. What remain*
ed was one large polypous- like Subftance that
weighed fix Ounces, below which fome Spoon¬
fuls of that blackifh Liquor, mixed with pret¬
ty pure Blood, were taken out with a Spunge.
There were no Bridles or flefhy Beams ftretch-
ed tranfverfely from one Side of the Cavity to
the other; but the humeral Artery, involved
in all its Coats, came fully in View. About
the Middle of the bare Part of the Artery we
faw a Hole, large enough to receive the lar-
geft Surgeon’s Probe, without any retorted Lips,
or other Sign of the interior Membranes ha¬
ving been extended through the exterior, but
exactly of the fame Appearance as if it had
been made by an oval fharp-pointed Inftru-
ment. After by unloofing the Tourniquet a
little, we had made fure of what we faw being

7 ri

the wounded Artery, one of the Gentlemen
who affifted me put in a flrong Probe by the
Orifice, and with it raifed the Artery fo, that
I eafily paffed the Aneurifm-needle , with pro¬
per Thread, behind the Artery both above
and below the Orifice, without engaging the
V oi». II. U Nerve

2 3 ° Medi cal Ejfays

Nerve or Vein within the Thread. I mad£
the two Ligatures in the common Way, the
Patient complaining much of Pain while I tied
the fuperior Threads, and then untwihing the
Tourniquet , only fome few Drops of Blood out
-smd, out at the Aperture in the Artery ; and the
other common Drefiings and Bandages were ap¬
plied.

The polypous Lump we took out was very
hard and firm on the Side next to the Skin,
except where I faid already it was eroded in
the Middle ; but turned fofter in a lamellated
'Way as it approached the Artery, till it degene¬
rated gradually into mere coagulated ..Blood,

During half an Hour after the Drefiings were
applied, the Right-hand remained cold and fcarce
fienfihie, but gradually then recovered Senfe and
pleat. Next Day that Hand was a little fwelled,
and on the fecond Day became fio big, as to
oblige me to take off the thick Comprefs that
.was preffed on the humeral Vefiels by the ex¬
terior Bandage ; after which, and fomenting the
Hand with warm Water and Brandy, the Swel¬
ling decreafed.

On the fifth Day after the Operation, the
Drefiings were removed, and the Wound be¬
gan to fuppurate in a very right Way, and
was cured entirely before the End of March ,
without any Accident, unlefs that on the 22d
of ‘January Blood made its Way through all
the Drefiings ; It had come out from the Hole
of the Artery, but hopped as foon as the Dref-
fings were removed ; and no Hamorrhagy e-
ver happened afterwards. In the Time of the
Pure, the Hand often became oedematous , and

fome-

end Obferi'atiohs . 2 3. r:

Sometimes a gentle Eryfipelas attacked the Skin
of it, but foon yielded to an Embrocation with
the Aq. Minder err , or to Aq. Calcis , with fome
Brandy. The Threads with which the Artery
had been tied did not come out till the Middle of"
March'.

We never could feel any Pulfe below the El¬
bow fince the Operation. The Member is weak,
but he can perform the Motions of the Fore-Arm,
bland and Fingers. He Bill complains of a
Numnefs and Difficulty of Motion in the Thumb
and Tore -Finger more than in- any of the refly
though it is now two Months fince the Wound
was1 iki lined over.

N. The Pulfe after fome Months more re¬
turned to the IVrij ?, hut the Numnefs and Fee-
hlenefs of the Thumb and Fore -finger re main-

id.

XVI. REMARKS on the Coats of Arteries ^
their Difeafes , and particularly o?i the For-
. motion of an Aneurifm ; by Alex1-. MoNPOy
Profejfor of Anatomy in the Univerjity of E~
dinburgh.

H E curious and accurate Account of the
Aneurifm , which was fhewn to me be¬
fore it was fent you by a Gentleman, to whom
I Band indebted for many obliging A£ts of
FriendBrip ; and Mr. Macgill’ s Defire that X
would endeavour to explain the Nature of this
Difeafe, which appears neither to have been
exactly examined, nor rightly underBood by
chirurgical Writers, have given Rife to the
following Remarks on the Coats of Arteries,

U 2 their

2 ^ 2 Medical EJTays

their Difeafes, and particularly on the Formati¬
on of the Aneurifm ; and as a Sequel to this, I
fhall foon lay before you fome Figures of the
Arteries of the Arm, accompanied with a few
Reflexions on the Aneurifm occafioned by Venae-
feflion, which is by much the mod frequent that
admits of any Cure.

In feveral Parts of the Body, Arteries receive
a flrong firm Covering from the contiguous
Parts, which has been defcribed as their exte¬
rior Coat, fuch is, the Membrane that fur-
rounds the Aorta , while it is within the Peri-
eardrum ; the Pleura and Peritonaeum fpread
over the defeending Aorta in the Thorax and
Abdomen &c. But feeing this Coat is only to
be obferved in fome Parts, where particular
Purpofes are to be ferved, fuch as {Lengthening
ran Artery, where it is more than ordinary ex-
pofed to the firetching Force of the circulating
Fluids, countera&ing the Refinance made by
fome folid Body on its oppohte Side, faving it
from Compreflion, &c. I think it ought not to
be confidered when we fpeak of the Coats of Ar¬
teries in general.

All Arteries are covered externally with a
cellular Subfiance, compofed of very fine pel¬
lucid Membranes, which are capable of being
flretched, even fuddenly, to a great Extent
without breaking ; and they collapie as quick¬
ly when the firetching Force is removed .
There is always more or lefs of an oily Li¬
quor contained in the communicating Cells of
this Subfiance, and the proper VefTels of the
Arteries run in it, fpreading Branches every
where on the Cells for the Secretion of that

Oil.

and Qhferv aliens. 23^

Oil. When either the Membranes are diftend-
ed by a Liquor thin enough to enter the Cells,
or when the exterior Part of the Membrane is
gently drawn, the cellular Texture is very evi¬
dent ; but when a grofs Subftance is forced inta
the more internal Part of this cellular Mem¬
brane, it conceals the line Threads of the Mem¬
branes mixed with it ; and whenever the Cells
are empty, they collapfe fo clofe together, that
the whole appears to be one membranous Coat,
confifting of feveral Layers.

All Arteries are furrounded with fuch a Sub-
fiance as I have juft now defcribed ; and there¬
fore it may be reckoned one of their Coats ; tho*
I muft obferve, that the fame Kind of cellular
Subftance is common to, at leaft, all the flexible
Parts of the Body, where every little Fibre is con-
nedled to another by the fame Contrivance. See
Boerbaave s Preface to his Edition of the Autores-
uarii de tnorbo Galileo .

This cellular Subftance of the Arteries ferves
to connect them to the furrounding Parts, with¬
out hindering or difturbing their Adlions or
Motions ; it prevents their being fo readily
eomprefled ; it gives a fafe Paft'age to the Vef-
fels of their other Coats ; it contains Oil for
lubricating and keeping the interior Coats flexi¬
ble.

What really deferves to be called the firft
proper Coat of the Arteries, is the mufcular
or tendinous, which, in the human Body,
at leaft, confifts of annular Fibres connected
ilrongly together. It is to thefe principally
that the recoiling of an Artery is owing, after
it has been diftended by the fuperior Force of

U 3 ths

234 Medi ca l EJfays

the Syflole of the Heart, and the EJafticity of the
Subftance connecting the annular Fibres, which
is of the cellular Kind, is very remarkable in the
quick Contraction of an Artery, after it has been
ftretched longitudinally.

The moll internal Coat of Arteries cannot
be rightly obferved while they are found and
recent, becaufe it is fo thin, and adheres fo
firmly to the mufcular Coat, that it appears
in Form of a very thin Layer of longitudinal
Fibres j but after the Arteries are kept fome
Time, and their Texture becomes more eafily
unravelled by the beginning Putrefaction, it
Separates very eafily, and fhows numerous In¬
equalities on its interior Surface, with VefTeL
difperfed on it, and a cellular Subftance is feen
connecting it to the mufcular Coat j but there
is no Appearance of any mufcular Structure in
k, and it tears very foon upon attempting to
diftraCt or ftretch its Fibres ; fo that it would
fbem to bear a very ftrong Refemblance and
Analogy to the villous Coat of the Inteftines*
whofe proportional greater Diftenfions and
Contractions above what Arteries. ' ever fufter,
and thicker tunica cellular is interna , will ac¬
count for the Papillec and Rugcey fo much more
obfervable in the Guts than the Arteries. X
fufpeCt it muft be this Coat which Mr. WinJlovj-
[a) calls the Duvet , which he affirms he faw
filling up the Cavity of the fmall fecerning Ar¬
teries of the Glands, and on which he builds
his Account of Secretion. I imagine it a Mem¬
brane analogous to this, which, divefced much.

(o) Menu de I’AcaL des Fiends* 57 it*

and Observations* *35

of its cellular Subfiance, forms the Valves in the
Veins.

This interior Coat will prevent any Parti¬
cles of our Fluids from infinuating themfelves
into the cellular Subfiance of the other Coats,
it renders the Surface of the Arteries more
fmooth and polifhed than otherwife it would
be ; and we may conclude from the Analogy
of other Parts, that its VefTels feparate a Liquor
to protect and lubricate its own interior Sur¬
face.

From the Texture of the external cellular
Coat of Arteries, as above explained, it is e-»
vident, that Obffrudrions are very apt to be
formed here, which, according to the diffe¬
rent Series of Veffels in which the Obflrudti-
on is, and the different Natures of the obftruct-
ed Liquors, will produce various Difeafes, as
well as in the Tunica cellularis elfewhere in
the Body, which is the Seat of numerous Dif- *
eafes that are faid by Authors to affect other
Parts. To take but one Example of the many
which Boerhaave ( b ) names, here it is that In¬
flammations are placed, this it is that melts
down into Pus in all Suppurations. Let Sur¬
geons refleSI whether ever they faw the pro¬
per mufcular Fibres diffolved into Pus , or if
firm Membranes, Ligaments, the Skin, & c*
do not caft off in Sloughs when they are ero¬
ded. Let thofe who examine the Bodies cf Peo¬
ple dead of Pleurifies, inflamed Guts, &c. re¬
mark, whether the Membranes faid to be affedf-

(i>J FrsefktriaAii tores de morbo Gaiikc,

2 $6 Medical EJJays

ed are not entire, and the Pus is not colled-
ed in the cellular Subftance under the Mem*
brane. But, to return to the prefent Subject,
the Difeafes of the external cellular Coat of Ar¬
teries may ferve to diminifii the Diameter of
the Artery, if they comprefs it. If the Oil in
the Cells becomes too thin, or only Lymph is
contained in them, the mufcular Coat may be
too much relaxed. If there is too fmall a
Quantity of the nroiftening Liquors, the Arte¬
ry lofes that Flexibility that is neceffary for it ;
and if the morbid Matter becomes acrid, it
may erode or deffroy the mufcular Coat, though
this will be done with Difficulty, becaufe of its
firm Texture. Hence we daily fee large Arte¬
ries long foaked in the Pus of Abfceffes without
any Hamorrhagy.

The mufcular Coat will be fubjedt, as well
as other Mufcles, to too great Rigidity or Laxi¬
ty, to convulfive Contractions, or paralytick,
Affedtions, though thefe will not (hew them-
felves evidently, becaufe of the ACtion of the
Heart upon the Artery, and of the Elafticity
which this Coat has, independent of the Circu¬
lation.

What was faid of the Texture of the moil
internal Coat, will naturally lead one to think
that it muff be fubjeCt to Difeafes, and that
thefe will be much a-kin to the Maladies of thC
external cellular Coat, Allowance only being
made for the violent Compreffion which the
internal one muff always fuffer, from the im¬
petuous Stream of Blood on one Side, and the
brifk Re-aCffon of the mufcular Coat on the o-
ther j the Effe&s of which may be readily e*

nongh

md Olfervations. 237

Hough underftood from what I have had Occafi-
on to fay elfewhere ( c) on fuch Compreffion. It
is only in the cellular Membranes of this interior,,
Coat, that ever I faw any of the bony or calcu¬
lous Concretions of Arteries. I have more than
once obferved the Cavity of a large Artery almoff
blocked up by a fteatomatous Thickning of this
Coat, and frequently I have obferved purulent
Matter colle&ed in it.

Notwith handing the morbid State of this Coat^
and of its cellular Membranes by which it is con¬
nected to the mufcular Coat, offers itfelf fo fre¬
quently to the View of thofe who diffeCt the human
Body, practical Authors and Obfervators have
not been at Pains to remark, how far the animal
Oeconomy was thereby difturbed, I offer the few
following Conjectural Queries to their Confidera-
tion. May not Difeafes here often occafion
great Inequalities and Irregularities of the Pulfe ?
May not a Tabes purulenta have its Seat here,
without any Bowel being affected ? Will not
a fmall Erofion of this Coat, and a confequent
ouzing of the Blood through the cellular Tex¬
ture of the other Coats, more naturally account
for the Ecchymofes that happen fo frequently
in Difeafes, where the Blood is acrid, than
; breaking of theVeffels can do? Are not the
mall Veffels, where the Motion of the Fluids

is floweft, more liable to fuffer this Erofion than

the larger ones are ?

The preceeding Account of the Coats of Ar¬
teries may let us fee, that no Ansurifm can hap¬
pen,

$3$ Medical Effays

pen, unlefs through fome Fault of the interior
Coats ; therefore it will be neceffary to take a
V iew of the feveral Ways thefe Coats may be fo
vitiated, as to give any Chance for the Formation •
of an Aneurifm.

1. A large Opening made into an Artery,
with a proportional Aperture in the Tegu¬
ments, produces only an Hcsmorrhagy ; but if
the external Orifice in the Skin is fo fmall, as
not to allow the Blood to efcape as faff out at
it, as it flows from the Artery, the neighbour¬
ing cellular Membranes will foon be filled with
Blood ; the Member becomes every where
fwelled and difcoloured ; and, in fhort, what
is generally called a Bajlard Aneurifm is form-
ed.

2. If the Aperture into the Artery is very"
fmall, and the Blood cannot efcape through!
the Teguments, it will coagulate before it can
be pufhed to any confiderable Diftance from,
the Orifice by which it efcaped, and thereby
an Obfhacle will be made to the fucceeding
Blood’s fpreading in the 'Tunica ceilularis ,
which foon will be formed into a lamellatsT
Membrane, by the Oil being fqueezed out,
while the extra vafated Blood becomes firmer
and harder, fo as to appear of the polypous
Confidence, by the PrefTure it differs. I had
fometimes Occafion to be much farprifed at
feeing how foon fuch a Change can be brought
on the arterious Blood ; the Inftances I mean
are, where after a Limb was amputated, the
Patient’s Faintnefs hindered the Arteries to
fpring as ufual, by which one lay undifcover-
ech and was nut ftitched, but in a few Hours

after

and Observations. 239

after the Dreftings were put on, occafioned an
Hxmorrbagy , notwithffanding the Bandages
had been tightly applied, and a Prentice pref-
fed flrongly with his Hand on the End of the
Stump. When the wet Dreflings were re¬
moved, I faw the clotted Blood on them be¬
come firm, of a pale Colour, and having the
Appearance of a fibrous Texture. Since then
fuch coagulated Blood is contained in a mem¬
branous Subfiance, the Difeafe, in the Cafe we
have fuppofed, will have the Appearance of a
circumfcribed incy fled Tumor, which the Pul-
fation of the neighbouring Artery and the Jett
made at its open Orifice will communicate a
Pulfation to, till either the Bulk of the Swelling,
the Quantity of Liquor below the Coagulumy
or the great Refinance of the Parts ftretch-
ed on the Tumor, render the Vibration
imperceptible ; and till once the polypous Con¬
cretion turns very large, the Tumor will be¬
come much lefs on comprefling it ftrongly, by the
fluid Blood being forced back into the Artery
through the Perforation in its Coats ; that is, a
Tumor, attended with all the Symptoms of
what is called a true Anenrtfm , is formed, tho*
the principal Part of the ordinary Definition, viz.
the Diflenfion of the proper Coats of the Artery,
is wanting.

3. If the mufcular Coat only is perforated,
the interior Coat will be pufhed out at the Inter¬
face of the divided Fibres, and not being capa¬
ble of being ftretched far without breaking, the
Cafe is Toon reduced to one or other of the two
former Suppofitions.

4. If Part of the mufcular Coat only has fuf-

fered

±4-0 Medical EJfays

fered a Solution of Continuity, the remaining
Fibres are either able to refift the Force of the
Blood without being diftradbed beyond their
natural Tone, in which Cafe, they will re¬
unite, efpecially if they have been divided by
a fharp Inftrument cutting tranfverfely ; but
when there is Lofs of Subftance, or a longitu¬
dinal Incilion, the Breach can only be made
up by Syjfarcofis ; but in neither Cafe will ei¬
ther fort ciAneurifm happen, unlefs more Fi¬
bres afterwards yield to bring it to be no long¬
er able to refift the impetuous Blood, as I
think would for moft part follow, from what
I have feen in trying fome Experiments for
obferving what happens in an Artery taken
out of the Body, when it is filled with Quick-
filver and prefled, after fome of the mufcular
Fibres have been cut or broke. If either then
the Fibres continue to break gradually, or the
Diftenfion of them is fudden, when all are torn,
the Difeafe is reduced to the Suppofition made
In § I. and 2.

5. When Part of the Fibres are broke, cut
or eroded (any of which Ways you may con¬
ceive the Solution of Continuity to be made
on all the Suppofitions yet mentioned) we can
Imagine fuch a Proportion to remain entire, as
being very near, but not altogether able to re¬
fift the Fluids, will yield very gradually, and
form a ‘true Aneurifm , in the Senfe the com¬
mon chirurgical Books explain it : But befides
the many Chances againft fuch a precife Ap¬
proach to an Equilibrium happening between
a lefed Artery and its contained Liquor, I
snuft obferve, that though Membranes become

ftronger

and Obfervations . 241

flronger and thicker as they are gradually
ftretched ; yet mufcular Fibres feparate more
and more, leaving larger Interftices : And
therefore, if the annular Fibres of an Artery
were thus feparated, the interior Coat would
foon yield in their Intervals, and the Blood
would burft out to form one or other of the
Tumors defcribed §1. and 2. and when it is
confined, as in § 2. the circular Fibres would
appear like fo many Columns or crofs Bars in
the T umor ; which agrees very well with fe-
veral Defcriptions of Aneurifms handed down
to us.

6. If a fmall Part of the mufcular Coat of an
Artery lofes its natural Tone, or contracting
Force, by any paralytick Diforder, it will
yield to the ftretching Force of the Blood ; and
thus an Aneurifm may be formed, which will
have all the Charadters of what is commonly
named a true Aneurifm . You fee, that a
partial Palfy, and that very gradually coming
on, mull be here fuppofcd ; otherwife the Fi¬
bres being feparated, and the internal Coat
breaking, will reduce it foon to the State men¬
tioned in § 5. and indeed it would appear from
what is there laid, that before it becomes of any
very confiderable Bulk, we have Reafon to
judge the fame would happen here. Befides,
fuch a Palfy as has been here fuppofcd will
very rarely be formed, becaufe of the great
Sympathy and Connexion which the whole
arterious Syftem has, the pulmonary Arte¬
ry and Aorta making each one hollow Mufcle
continued from the Heart to their fmall Rami¬
fications : And I believe a Palfy is feldom
Vol. II. X or

24'2 'Medical Effdys

or never obferved to a:fF b<R only one Extre¬
mity, or the Middle of a Mufcfe, while the
other Parts of it continue to be vigorous and
addive.

7. The only Suppofition we need make con¬
cerning the interior Coat of Arteries alone be¬
ing affedded is a Solution < of its Continuity,
which will readily happen by all Ridden over-
firetching of an Artery, or it may he made by
any eroding Caufes, fuch as Suppuration,

I cannot fay pofitively, that the Want of this
Coat is capable of producing an Aneurifm , but
fir all offer a Conjecture, which may poffibly
he improved afterwards by Obfervation ; it is
this, When this Coat is removed, fome Parti¬
cles of our Liquids may infinuate themfelves in¬
to the cellular Membrane connecting the mu-
fcular Fibres, and gradually enlarging thefe Paf-
iages, may at laft penetrate through it, to be
diffufed in the external cellular Coat : And thus
at length this Cafe is reduced to what is menti¬
oned towards the Clofe of § 5. I was brought
into this way of thinking, partly by obferving
how readily cellular Membranes tranfmit Li¬
quors, and by feeing Air efcape through all
the other Coats -of the Guts when the villous one
is removed.

From the whole we may fee, that what Au¬
thors call now- a* days a irue Aneurifm will very
feldom be formed ; which may be Rill further
confirmed by mentioning the remoter Caufes
which are agreed on by all to occafion it for
ordinary ; thefe are, Wounds, Bruifes, Strain¬
ing, loud Laughing, Crying, &e.. All fuch
you fee make a -fudden violent Effort on the
f • Arteries,

and ObfervaticM. 24^

Arteries, and therefore do not rightly anfwer
to any of the Suppofitions we made of the Man¬
ner this Difeafe could poilibly be brought on.
And toeftablifh what you fee I argue* tor, of the
true Aneiirifm being a very rare Difeafe, I peril¬
led a confiderable Number of Hiftories of
Aneurifms , befides thofe mentioned by Dr,
Freind (<r/), and could not find above two or
three that were difi'edted, fo much as ailedged
to have been true Aneurifins ; and there was
not one, where it is faid that the aneurifinal Sac
ccnfifted of ftrong. annular mufcular Fibres y
which muft however be the true Criterion
whereby the true Aneurifm can be known, fee¬
ing from what was faid in § 2. confirmed by fe-
yeral accurate Hiftories, Blood extravafated. in
the Tunica cellularis will have all the other
Symptoms that are deferibed as proper to the
true Aneurifm,

XVII. Reflexions, on the Aneurifm cccafloned by
_ Blood-letting ; by the fame,

*T' H E Figures herewith font will give a bet-
ter Idea of the Situation and Courfe of the
Arteries of the Arm that are the Subject of the
following Reflexions, than any Words cany
and therefore I fhall not trouble you with any
verbal Defcription, but fhail proceed to the
Explication of Table IX.

Fig, 1. Reprefents the m oft ordinary Diftri-
bution of the humeral Artery.

1. A Part of the peftoralMufcle.

X 2 2. The

O Hidory of Phyfick, JVol. I. -

244 Medical EJJayr

2 . The Biceps flex a r cubit i .

3. The Cor a co-bra chi alis Mufcle.

Iv. The Brachieeus internus.

4. The Brach'ueus ext emus.

5» The Brevis and Longus Extenfor .

6. The Pronator radii teres.

7. The Supinator radii longus , and Extenflrt
tarpi radialis drawn outwards by a Thread.

8. The Supinator radii brevis .

9. The Flexor carpi radialis.

10. The common Origin of the Palmar Is
hngus and Flexor carpi ulnaris.

A The Trunk of the humeral Artery giving ofF
Branches in its Courfe to the neighbouring
Mufcles.

B The Place below the Joint of the Elbow,
where it is about to fplit into its two large
Branches.

C The radial Branch.

D The common Trunk of the ulnar and
dian Arteries.

E A Branch going off from the hwneral Ar¬
tery above the Elbow toward the internal Con¬
dyle ^ behind which it anaftomofes fometimes by
a large Canal with a Branch fent up from the
Ulnar ; oftner they communicate by a great ma¬
ny fmall Branches, and frequently I could not
difcover any Conjunction of thefe two Arte¬
ries.

F The Part of the humeral Artery, where it
commonly begins to be covered by the Aponeu -
rcfls of the Biceps Mufcle.

G A Branch fent up from the radial Artery
behind the external Condyle of the Os humeri ,

and Obfervatiom. 245

to anaftomofe with fuch a Branch of th ? hume¬
ral Artery as E is.

The fame Parts are pointed out in the three fol¬
lowing Figures, by the Letters and Cyphers em¬
ployed in the firft Figure, which makes a Repe¬
tition of their Explication needlefs.

Fig. 2. Is borrowed from Mr- Cowper s Scheme
of Arteries (a).

u Is a Branch fent off from the humeral Arte¬
ry, to anaftomofe behind the internal Condyle of
the Humerus , with the Artery (3, which comes
from the Trunk of the ulnar and median Arte¬
ries.

H 'The ulnar Artery#

I The median Artery.

k Branches given to the Mufcles of the Hand
from the humeral Artery, juff as it is about to
fplit into its Branches,

Fig. 3. Shews the humeral Artery dividing
into two great Branches as it is coming out from
the Arm-pit. Thefe Branches are reprefented
as if they lay at each others Sides, which the
oblique View I gave of them to the Painter o-
biiged him to but the one <y9 which afterward^
becomes the radial , is placed dire&ly anterior to
the other in the Subjech, the ulnar $ lying pretty
clofe to the Bone.

Fig. 4, Reprefents the humeral Artery fplitting
near the Middle of the Arm, ? being theHarger

x 3 anterior

* (a) Appendix to the Anatomy of human Bodies,, Tab#

246 Medical EJJays

anterior more fuperficial Branch, which goes
on to divide as the humeral Artery in Fig. 1.
does, while the leffer Branch £ runs clofe on the

Lone to open into the common Trunk of the uU
liar and median Arteries*

H The ulnar Artery.

I The jnedian Artery.

L 7 he Branch marked (2 in the fecond Fi¬
gure.

Not. The Mufcles 6, 9, 10, are here cut
through, and hang over the Cubit, while
thofe marked 7, are drawn outwards, that
the Arteries might be diflindlly feen.

I flill preferve the Arms reprefented by Fig*
I. 3. 4.

By the Diftribution of the humeral Artery in
Fig. 1. it would appear, that the Artery which
is in hazard of being hurt by the Lancet in
Blood-letting of the Arm, is for ordinary the
Trunk of the humeral Artery, and that the
Lancet muft pierce the tendinous Apcneurofis
of the biceps Mufcle before it touches the Ar¬
tery. To be hill more allured of this, I
pufhed Pins into the Arms of feveral Bodies
at the ordinary Place where the Bafilick Vein
is opened, and where the Cicatrices of for¬
mer VenaTedBons were feen ; and allowing
the Pins to remain there, I differed the Parts
till I faw what has been above afFerted to be
true.

Sometimes when the median Vein is opened
lower than ordinary, the radial Artery may be

hurt^

and Obfervatkhs . 247

hurt ; but then its Wound muft be fa near its
Rife from the Trunk, that it is impoffible to
make any Ligature on the radial Artery above
the Aperture ; and therefore, feeing the hume¬
ral Artery muft be tied, if the Operation of the
Aneurifm is performed, the Confequences will be
the fame as if the humeral Artery had been
wounded.

In all Patients, then, whofe VelTels are diftri-
buted in the common Way, without any con-
fiderable Anajiomofs between the humeral Artery
and its large Branches in the Fore- Arm, it is
in vain to expe<!ft that any Pulfe fhould be felt
at the Wrift, immediately after the Operation
of the Aneurifm is performed ; and at the fame
time, the Want of a Pulfe there, needs not
make the Surgeon go on precipitately to the
Amputation of the Member, becaufe the nu¬
merous fmall Anaftomofes may be fufficient to
keep Life in it, and may poffibly be gradually
enlarged fo much, as to reftore Vigour and
Strength to it, and even to make a perceptible
Pulfe at the Wrift. •

When the Operation of the Aneurifm is per¬
formed at the Bending of the Elbow to one
who has the Ar.ajlomofis reprefented in Fig. 2.
the humeral Artery muft be tied, but the Pulfe at
the interior Side of the Wrift will continue, and
probably that on the exterior Side will foon be
reftored, becaufe the Blood may have the fhort
retrograde Motion from the Infertion of the
anaftomofing Tube into the ulnar Artery, to
the Place where the radial Artery begins,
without any great Diminution of its Momen¬
tum*

Thofe

24& Medical Effays

Thole who happen to have fuch a Divifion oJH
the humeral Artery as is reprefented in Fig.. 3. .
can only have the rW/W Artery hurt in Venae- -
fedlion, and after the Operation of the Aneurifm
will have a flronger Pulfe than formerly in the
interior Side of the Wrift,. but will probably .
want it in the exterior Side.

If the Veffels anaftomofe as in Fig. 4. you’ll/
readily fee, that the anterior Branch only being
hurt, the Operation of the Aneurifm may be per¬
formed without interrupting entirely the Courfe
of the Blood either in the radial or ulnar Arte-
ry \ and therefore the Pulfe may ftill be felt
in the common, Place on both Sides of the.
Wrift.

I have very little to add,, by way of Remarks
on the Hiftory related by Mr. Macgilt , ha¬
ving, in the Account already given of the For¬
mation of Aneurifms , prevented any Explica¬
tion of the principal Phenomena. I may how¬
ever obferve, that in that Hiflory we can trace
the gradual Formation of the Polypus , and from
the Mixture of the deeper-coloured Parts of
the Blood then Squeezed out, with fome of the
diffolved cellular Membrane, may underhand .
Bow a Liquor like to Coffee made of half-burnt
Beans could be collected within this Aneurifm .

If the common Notion of the true Aneurifm .
being a Sac formed by the dilated mufcular
Coat of Arteries, has not had its Rife from The¬
ory only, I would, fufpect that the firft Affertors
of it, feeing the Pleura covering an Aneurifm in*
the Thorax , or the tendinous Aponeurojis of the
Biceps here in the Arm adhering firmly to fuch

. a

and Obfervations. 249

a Tumor, miftook them for the mufcular Coat
of the Artery. I have an Argument for this Su-
fpicion which feems very ftrong to me, whatever
it may do to others, who are lefs liable to millake
one Thing for another ; it is this. That not-
withftanding my Theory and Diffedfions had
brought me to think true Aneurifms to be at
leaft a very uncommon Difeafe, yet when I faw
Mr. Macgill lay the tendinous Aponeurofis bare,
I was ready to have renounced my Opinion,
being perfuaded it was the mufcular Coat of
the Artery, till he moft dexteroufly profecuted
the Aponeurofis to its Rife from the Biceps , and
fo fully convinced me of the Miftake, into
which I fhould moft readily have been led
without difcovering it, if the Operation had
been performed in the more fpeedy Way of
laying the whole Tumor open by one In-,
cifion.

XVIIL Hlftories of a Fever and of an Epilepfy j
by Andrew St.Clair M. D. and Profef*
for of Medicine in the Univerfity of Edin¬
burgh.

A Mong the various Difficulties which attend
the Pradfice of Phyfick, a confiderable one
arifes from the Refemblance of Symptoms in
Difeafes of a different Nature. Hence it is that
young Pradhtioners are commonly at a Lofs
What Method of Cure to follow, where the Ap¬
pearances don’t fully difcover the Nature of the
Diltemper : for however carefully a young Phy-
ncian, during the Courfe of his Studies, be warn¬
ed not to expedf that he fhall find Difeafes

2$o Medical Effays

as diftindt in Fa£t, as the Rules of Teaching
require them to be explained, yet it is very na¬
tural for him at his firft fetting out m Practice,
to judge of the Nature of the Difeafe by its
firft Appearances, and to fettle the Method
of Cure accordingly. It may therefore perhaps'
be of fome Ufe to fuch, for whofe Benefit
Hiftories of particular Cafes are chiefly intend¬
ed, to communicate, as Occafion offers, Inftan-
ces of fuch Cafes as in the IfTue were found
to be different from what they appeared at
firft.

With this View I fend you the two follow¬
ing Accounts, one of a Fever , the other of an
Epilepfy , not indeed remarkable for any thing
new or wonderful, far lefs for the Succefs which
, attended them. As they both proved fatal, I need
not tell you, that neither Vanity nor Interefi
are the Motives which determined me to make
them publick ; and I willingly leave it to
proper' Judges to decide, whether any Thing,
lias been omitted or mifapplied in the Cure
of either. If they contribute in any Meafure
to prevent too hafty a Determination of the
Nature of Difeafes, and to engage young Pra¬
ctitioners to attend more to their Symptoms
than their Name, in applying Remedies, I fhall
have my Wifh.

A Boy, ten Years old, of a flender Habit of
Body and delicate Conftitution, was feized^ a-
bout feven Years ago, with the Small-pox of?
the confluent Kind, and reduced to the great-
eft Extremity. During his Sicknefs he was
under the Care of a Phyfician of this Place, e-
minent for his extenfive and fuccefsful Practice ; •

and

and Ohfervationsl 251

-land at length was reftored to Health again, tho*
with the Lofs of his left Eye, and Weaknefs of
the right, which ever after was fubjedt to In¬
flammations from the fmalleft Accidents. He
was afterwards attacked fometimes with a Loofe-
nefs, attended with feverifh Fits and Vomit¬
ings, which yielded to gentle Vomits and Pur¬
ges of Rhubarb . He had recovered the laft of
thefe about four Days, when, on the 13th of
October 1732, he was taken with Wearinefs,
Coldnefs and Shiverings, which were foon fuc-
ceeded with burning dry Heat, and then with
Sweating.

October 14. Next Day he was free of all Com¬
plaints, except unufual Wearinefs and Want of
Appetite.

15. The Day following, being called to him
for the firft Time, I found him very feverifh,

- and was told the cold Fit had returned three
Hours fooner than on the 13th; he was free
of Head-ach and Vomiting, his Eye was flighdy
inflamed, his Tongue whitifh, his Breathing
fomewhat opprefled with frequent Sighs, his
Stools of a natural Confidence, and his Urine
of a Straw-colour, with a white Sediment. In
the Evening, after bathing his Legs, he had
a Sweat, and a reftlefs Night ; his Urine
then was thick, with a Sediment as be¬
fore.

16. He got a Vomit in the Morning, of the
Infufion of Ipecacuan , Scrap, ii. which opera¬
ted only once, Part having been loft in prefling
him to drink it. Through the Day he made
no Water, was coftive, drowfy, and inclined to
rave, his Pulfe foft, weak and fcarce frequent.

g.5 2 Medical EJJdys

In the Evening he got a Turpentine Clyfter,
which procured him a plentiful Stool, and a
large Difcharge of Urine, with a lateritious Se¬
diment. He was reftlefs till four next Morning,
then llept found.

17. He continued to deep all next Day, al-
moft without Interruption till Evening, had fre¬
quent Grindings with his Teeth, no cold Fit,
nor any thing like a new Paroxyfm ; his Pulfe grew
gradually more frequent through the Day, but
continued foft', full and weak. His Back was
bliftered in the Evening, he drank Emulfion,
and had a reftlefs Night.

18. Next Morning he was little fenfible, but
reftlefs, his Pulfe fmall and frequent, his Breath¬
ing free, his Tongue dry, his Urine thick, high-
coloured, with a large brown Sediment. The
Cataplafmata Craton were applied to his Soles,
and a Spoonful of the Decoft, Serpentar. co?np .
was given every two Hours. At Noon the Stu¬
por was lefs, his Pulfe fometimes ftronger, but
variable ; afterwards the Reftlefthefs and Ra¬
vings increafed till Six of the Evening, when
he fell into a found Sleep. He had paft no Urine
for eighteen Hours, till now that he got a Milk-
Clyfter, and urined plentifully, but had no
Stool.

19. He tolled all Night, had a great Sweat
on his Head, and frequently grinded his Teeth.
In the Morning his Pulfe was weak and quick,
the Stupor much increafed, and his Counte¬
nance ghaftly ; Blifters were immediately ap¬
plied to his Arms and Ancles, Emulfion was gi¬
ven for his ordinary Drink, and a Spoonful of
the following Mixture every two Hours.

R DecotK

and Obfervations* £53

:R Decdft . Serpentar. comp, fine Me cm, Unc *
iv. Sp. Satin. Aromat. Scrap, ii. AI.

Through the Day his Pulfe continued variable*
fometimes weaker, fometimes dronger the
Stupor commonly abated upon taking the Mix¬
ture, but foon increafed again ; his Head and
Palms only fweated plentifully. In the Even¬
ing he pad Water infenfibly, and could fwal-
low nothing but Liquids. The Cataplafms at
his Soles were renewed ; he was more redlefs
in the Night than before, fhriek’d often, made
Water infenfibly, and the Sweating of his Head
increafed.

20. Towards Morning he got fome Red, and
then the Stupor was much abated, his Judg¬
ment lefs difturbed, his Tongue dry, of a deep
red Colour, but not furred, his Pulfe fome what
flronger ; a large Difcharge followed upon re¬
moving- the Bliders, and the Sweating- of his
Head was almod gone. Thus he continued till
Evening, that his Pulfe grew quicker and weak¬
er, his Tongue moid ; he became redlefs, pafs’d
Water infenfibly, raved, fhriek’d and tofs’d till
two in the Morning, then grew calm : At Night
his Head was ordered to be blidered, but he was
not able to bear /having it. The Cataplafms
were renewed at his Soles.

21. After a foft Sleep all the former Sym¬
ptoms returned with more Violence, while his
Pulfe grew weaker ; Bliders were applied in
the Morning to his Thighs ; the Emulfion and
DecoSt. Serpentar. continued as before. No
Change happened through the Day. In the

! Evening he got a Clyder, which he could not
retain, and late at Night was almod choaked
Vol, II. Y with

54 - Medical EJfay-s

with tough Defluxion in his Throat, which' was
"Brought up by the following Mixture.

■Ik Gumm. Ammon . Dmch. fem. Sohatur in
Aq. Still. Hyffop. Unc. ii. Acet. Scillit .
Drach. i M.

■ Of this he took thrice at an Hour’s Diftance, till
he got free of the Defluxion.

22. Next Morning his Pulfe was weaker and
.more frequent, a great Sweat on his Head and
Hands, with a gentle Moifture over his Body, no
Defluxion in his Throat ; the reft as Yefterday.

. He got the following Powder in a Spoonful of
Sack-whey at Noon, and had it repeated in the
; Evening ; the Sweat however on his Body did
not increafe through the Day, and flopp’d altoge¬
ther at Night.

R Rad. Serperdar. virg. Gr . vii. Cajlor .
Rujf. Gr. iii. Camphor, pur. Gr. i. M. f.
Pulvis pro dofe.

As fcon as the Sweat flopped, his Pulfe be¬
came fo weak and quick as fcarce to be reckoned ;
he had frequent deep Sighs, though his Breathing;
was otherways eafy. About Midnight the De¬
fluxion returned to his Throat, and at three of
the Morning he died.

H is Food, while he could take any thing folid,
was chiefly Bread-berry, ftoved Barley, and Bread
foaked in Tea, or weak Sack-whey. His Drink
(befides .Emulfion) was Barley-water, Tea, and
weak Sack-whey, by turns.

A Child about four Years old, well made,
..nimble, and of a beautiful florid Complexion, to¬
wards the. 'Beginning of laft Winter was taken
,with an obftinate Cough, Night-fweats, Wafte

♦

and Qbfervatiotis . 25-j-

ofFlefh, and other bad Symptoms, which threate¬
ned a Decay ; but by due and timely Ufe c?
gentle Vomits, Balfamieks, Affes Milk, and
Country Air, he Teemed to recover perfect
Health, notwithPanding an unfavourable Sea-
fon : For his Appetite became good, his Di~
gedion eafy, no unnatural Third: or Heat, no
Cough, his Breathing free, his Sleep found and
calm, no Night-fweats ; nor was he Toon fati¬
gued at Play, but grew Prong, and recruited
Flefh daily, till he recovered his ufual Habit of
Body.

On the 25th of January 1733 he complained
of a Pain at his Stomach, and Itching at hio
Nofe ; he was reftlefs in the Night, and his
Sleep frequently interrupted by hidden Start¬
ings. Mr. Mac gill ^ who had been fo fuccefs-
ful in relieving his former Complaints, gave him
three Grains of Mercur dulc. (the Boy being
fhy to take unpleafant Medicines) which procured
him a-loofe Stool or two, without any thing un¬
common.

January 26. The Symptoms continued the
fame, together with a Difpofition to rave. He
got a ClyPer that Day, which moved his Belly
once.

27. He was brought to Town from the
Country in the Neighbourhood. At three After¬
noon I was called to him, and found him ra¬
ving without Interruption, fcratching his Nofe,
fhrieking frequently ; and was told, that whem
he flept, he wak’d fuddenly with Startings*
and cried out as if frightned. His Pulfe wao
full Prong and quite calm. He was immediate¬
ly blooded -at the Arm

and afterwards got the
following

25^ Medical EJfays

following Powder, which was repeated at Night*,
and early next Morning-.

R JEtbiop. miner . gr, v. Ent, Vener. gr. ii M*
f pubis pro dofe. Fiant hujufmodi dafes in.
In the Evening he got a Clyder, and had one
Stool by it. He raved inceflantly all Night*
except in the Time of fhort Sleeps, which were
didurbed as before with Startings and Shrieks,
He fcratched his Nofe aimed without Interrupti¬
on, deeping and waking.

28. In the Morning he knew no body, his
Pulfe was quite calm, fort, and diffidently
Ifrong. The former Dofe of Merc. dulc. was
repeated and half an Ounce of Tin ft. of Rhu¬
barb , drunk above it. About Noon he was
feized with an Epileptick Fit, which laded ten
Minutes, and was fucceeded by a fecond about
an Hour after. A Blider was immediately ap¬
plied betwixt his Shoulders j he got Emulbon
40 drink, and a Spoonful of the following Mix¬
ture at the Approach of a Fit, or. when it went
<oiT.

M yJq. Still. Flor. Chamam Unc. ii. Rut. Unc ,
i. TinHur Cajlor. Drach. fe?n. Sp. C. C. gutt v
xv. Syrup . Caryoph. Unc. i. M.

In the Evening having had no Stool all Day*,
he grot a purgative Clvder, which moved his Bel-
ly once. He pad this Night as the former.

29. About fix in the Morning he h^d another-
Fit, which laded longer than either of the for¬
mer. The ether Symptoms as Yederday. The
Mr cur. dulc. with Tinttnre of Rhubarb was
repeated, but no Stool following, the purging
Clyde r was given about one Afternoon, which
was returned with very little Mixture of Faces y

and

and Gbfervatiom. 257

anil immediately after, Iharp Cataplafrns were-
applied to his Soles. In the Afternoon he be¬
came quite fenfible, and continued fo about tw©
Hours. Towaids Evening the Ravings returned \ ,
his Pulfe continued foft and calm ; Blifhers were
applied to his Ancles, and he got the following
Draught.

R Tint 1. Rkei. fimp. XJnc. fern. Syrup . ds Rhamn ,
Track, ii. M.

30. At four of the Morning he had another
Fit ftili more fevere, then a loofe Stool, and
ilept after. His Pulfe at nine was full but
languid and flower than that of a Man in Health*
The laft Purgative was repeated without any
EffedE At Noon he feemed to be dying, but
towards the Evening his Pulfe and Looks grew
better. A Blifter was ordered for his Head,
but not applied; the Purgative was then re¬
newed, In the Night the Fits returned, ancF
continued with little Intermiffion. Fie had no
Stool.

31. Next Morning the Fits continued, he~got
the following Mixture.

R Syrup , de Rhamn. cath . Track . ii. Tindf*
jalapp. gutt. xv. M.

This, procured him a loofe Stool after Noon. In
the Evening the Fits ftili continuing, his Neck
and Body were much diftorted ; he had no Pulfe,
and died next Morning; at feven.

During his Sicknefs he took fometimes a little .
light Spoon-meat, and drank Ernulfion, Tea,
and Barley Water.

Upon opening the Body next Day, we found
the Bowels of the lower Belly all found ; the
Stomach was almoft empty, and though Mr.

Y 3 Macgjll ,

258 Medi cal EJJays

MacgUl carefully flit open the Guts from one End
to the other, there was not the lead: Appear¬
ance of Worms to be found, nor indeed of any
thing elfe, except about two Ounces of a glairy
Subfiance, of the Confidence of Jelly, near the
Beginning of the Jejunum , and a fmall Quanti¬
fy of foft Fesces , towards the lower End of the.
Colon ; the Bile was fomewhat thicker than na¬
tural, and of a dufky Colour. In the Bread: no¬
thing was faulty, but the Lungs, which adhered
firmly on all Sides to the Pleura^ and were full
<of Tubercles and fuppurated Impodhumes of
different Sizes ; fo that where-ever they were cut,,
cither thin Pus ran out, or a thick Subdance of
the Confidence of new Cheefe was found within,
the Membranes of the Tubercles. The Blood-
veffels of the Brain were all greatly didended with
Blood, and in the Ventricles about fix Ounces
©f Water- w^re found: The Brain itfelf appear¬
ed quite found.

✓

Before I put an End to this Paper, allow me
to obferve, that tho? the firft Cafe had al-
mod: all the Appearances of an Ague the firft
four Days, yet it proved a very different Dif-
<eafe, and required very different Management
afterwards. In its Progreis feveral of the Sym¬
ptoms gave Ground to fufpeft Worms in the
lower Belly, though none were voided, and,
there was no Opportunity of examining the
dead Body; but the Violence of the Fever it-
felf, and of the other Symptoms arifing from
ft, was fo great and of fuch Confequence, as
>0 leave no Place for Anthelmintick MedicineSa,
And here it tteftrvs.s to be gbfervecL That in

siuiolt*

and Observations. 259

almofl all’ fymptomatick Fevers* where the
Symptoms are firong, and threaten immediate
Danger* Regard muft be had to thefe in the
hrft Place, till their Violence abate and allow
Time and Opportunity to remove the particular
Caufe by proper Medicines. But on the contra¬
ry, where the Symptoms are not violent nor dan¬
gerous, the original Caufe ought to be firft car¬
ried off, and then commonly the fymptomatick
Fever ceafes, either of itfelf, or with very little
Aftiftance.

’Tis remarkable, in the fecond Cafey- that for
feme time before the Child’s laft fickning, he had
all the Appearances of confirmed Health, altho5^
a fure and certain Caufe of a Pbthijis Pulmonalis
was lodged in his Lungs ; which undoubtedly
would have proved fatal the Spring- following :
For neither the Tubercles, nor Impofthumes
could poflibly have been formed during his lafr
Ulnefs, which fcarce allowed Time for fuch a
Progrefs, and fhewed not any one Symptom of
either. Hence it appears how little fecure the
Event of phthifical Cafes is,, even after all
Com pi lints ceafe, till the Patient has gone thro5
all the different Changes of the-Seafons, particu¬
larly Spring and Autumn.

Further, ail the Symptoms of. the Child’s
laft Sicknefs feemed to point at Worms as the
Caure of the Difeafe, irifomuch, that nothing
was wanting to put the Matter beyond Doubt
except voiding them ; which however never
happened, nor were there any found upon open¬
ing the Body* A Difappointment of this Kind
is no new T hing ; for all experienced Phyficians
know* that every Symptom commonly pro¬
duced

2 (So Medical EJfiays

duced by Worms (except that of voiding them)
fometimes arifes from other Caufes, It is there¬
fore of Importance to obferve, that the Method
of Cure in thefe Cafes ought never to be con¬
fined to the Vermifuga alone ; thefe indeed are
not to be omitted where the Circumftances
will admit of them, as in the prefent Cafe ; but
at the fame time the chief Symptoms are to be
treated as if they were independent of any fuch
Caufe*

XIX. Anomalous Appearances after an Ague ;
by Alexander Monro, Profiefor of
Anatomy in the Univerfity of Edinburgh,
and F. R. S.

BY your allowing the Cafe I formerly extracted
from the Records of the Infirmary here, a
Place in your firft Volume of Medical Tra£lsyl
have Reafon to think other Examples of Hofpital
Practice, if tolerably well chofen, will not be
difagreeable to you. I have picked out the fol¬
lowing Hiflory, beeaufe of its being fo near of
Kin to the one I fent you lafl Year, both being
the Effects of an ill- managed Ague, with fome
anomalous Appearances common to them ; but
at laft the Symptoms come out very different:
And the Manner of their being carried off is fin-
gular in each, and uncommon in both.

Ifiabel Durie , of a low labouring Station of
Life, was always irregular in her menffrual
Evacuations, being fometimes obffrudfed for a
whole Year together; and was frequently at¬
tacked with a Vomiting of Blood, for which
fhe had ufed a great Variety of Medicines ; but

never

end Observations,. 261*,

never was relieved till 1727, which was the
thirty feventh Year of her Age, when lhe took
fome Purgatives, and had the bloody Vomit¬
ings only twice ever fince. In November 17 285.
after a regular Courfe of the Menfes^ fhe was
feized with a Quotidian Ague , which continued
all the Winter, and walled her Flefh and
Strength greatly. Towards the Spring the Pare-
xyfms became very irregular, both in their Time
and Type ; fhe had a conflant Naufea and Want
of Appetite, with Pains through ail her Body.
From the firff Attack of the Ague her Menfirua
ceafed to flow nor had fhe any Appearance of
them ever fince that Time*

In the Summer of 2729, fhe u fed many
common Cures for her Ague, fuch as Vine¬
gar, the Roots of the Beilis minor , Cortex Peru¬
vian. & c. with which fhe put it off for fome
little Time; but always foon had irregular Re¬
turns.

In March 17 30, inflead of fuflering the com¬
mon cold and hot Fits, fhe was feized with a vi¬
olent trembling, or rather fhaking of her Arms,
or of her Head, or of her Legs, or of all together 1
wdiich obferved no certain Period of Time, ei¬
ther in their continuing or Intermifllon, hut at¬
tacked her three or four times one Day, then .
took the Form of [uotidian , and afterwards in¬
termitted feveral Days, and foon again appear¬
ed in fome of its former Shapes.

On account of thefe anomalous Shakings and
flying Pains in her Head, Neck, Bread and
Belly, fhe was admitted into the Infirmary on
the 15th Auguft 1730. Her Pulfe was then
little altered from the ordinary healthy State,

even

2' 6 2 Medical EJf ays

even in the Time of the Tremblings', whtcfic
however were fo violent, that a ftrong Man could"
not hold one of her Hands from fhaking. Her
Appetite and Digeflion feemed to be good. Her
Belly did its Office fufficiently. Her Urine was'
in large enough Quantity, and of a good Colour,
without any lateritious' Sediment. There were*
no preternatural Swellings to be obferved any¬
where in the Patient’s Body.

When fhe was firft taken in, her Difeafe
ffiemed to yield confiderably, and at laft to be
almoft cured by the Ufe of Muftard Vomits (<?),
repeated every three or four Days, and by ta¬
king two Drachms of' crude Sal Ammoniac every
Morning. But in the Beginning of September
the Pain of her Stomach returned, and the ir¬
regular Shakings foon fucceeded ; and did not
yield to the former Medicines. She was there¬
fore ordered frequent and large Dofes of the
Stinking Gums , Gaibinum and Ajja feetida , with
Sah C . C. and an aloetic Purgative was now
and then given her r Thefe at hrft relieved her*
but foon loft their EfFedt, all the Symptoms re¬
turning with their former Violence. Her Vo¬
mits and Salt were again tried ; which failing,
ihe took the hotter Alexipharmicks , and thefe

were

(a) This being a little , out of the common' Road of Pra¬
ctice, would be the better to be a little explained. The
Powder of Muftard Seed is made into the Confidence of a
Loch, with warm Water, in which a little Sea Salt has
been diflolved. Of this a common Spoonful, fbmerimes
two, diluted in tepid Water, are given with an empty Sto¬
mach ; and it operates well as an Emetick, and proves an
excellent Remedy in molt of the nervous Diforders. I have
ieen its good EfieCts in the Infirmary, and among my private
.Patients fince I was taught it there.

and Observations. 26 g

-^vere fucceeded by the ftrerigtheningStomachicks :
But though fhe acknowledged herfelf relieved al¬
ways for a Day or two, on the Change of the
Medicines, {he was foon as bad as ever.

The Phyficians and Surgeons being fo often
difappointed, and her Cafe appearing to prove a
very tedious if not incurable Difeafe, while Re¬
commendations were prefented for feveral other
difeafed People, who needed immediate Aflift-
ance, {he was difmiffed on the 8th October.

She lived at Leith after this, where fhe had
no Affiftance, but fometimes came to Town
.here to afk my Advice ; by which I became ac¬
quainted with the Sequel of Per Hiftory. Her
Tremblings and Pains continued in the fame
Way notwithftanding fome nervous Medicines I
gave her, till the Middle of December , when
'her right Arm fwelled confiderably at the Joint
of the Elbow, with very racking Pain, and her
Tremblings left her. By my Advice emollient
Pultices of Bread and Milk, with fome Althea
Ointment were applied ; they relieved her
fomewhat of the Pain, but the Swelling of the
Joint increafed, and a How Suppuration at laft
came on in April following. When the Abf-
cefs was opened a little below the Olecranon^ a
confiderable Quantity of watery Pus was eva¬
cuated, and fire had fome Dreffings delivered
her ; but having no fkiiful Hand to apply them,
. and not being in Condition to come frequently
to Town, her Sore degenerated into two fiftu-
lous Ulcers, which continue {fill to difcharge
.a fmall Quantity of a thin Ichor: Her Fore¬
arm is bended and rigid, with little or no Mo-
.tion in the Elbow'. But {he has been all this

Time

<&(>. 4 Medical Ejfays

Time free from the bloody Vomitings, flying
Pains, Tremblings, and all other Complaints,
except the Trouble of her Arm.

This Woman’s Difeafe went off in but a very
indifferent Manner, fhe having loft almoft the
whole Vfe of one Arm ; yet it is the moft fa¬
vourable Cafe of tliat Kind, that I have either
feen or heard of among my Acquaintances ; for
no other, of feveral whom I could name, under
thofe irregular Shakings, after an ill managed
Ague, have at all recovered. I faw one who
lias fuffered a tedious continued Fever, with the
Advantage^ of only a few Weeks Remiflion from
ihaking.

XX. Uncommon HVemorrhagles for twenty nine
Tears ; by Mr. Patrick Murray, Surgeon
atiE arlfton.

¥ Sabel Robertson, living in the Village
**• of Earlfton , now aged forty four Y ears after
'’Slaving had her Menjirua twice at fifteen Years
of Age, was thrown violently on a Stone, while
the third Oourfe of that natural Evacuation was
on her ; her left Shoulder was much hurt by the
Fall, and fhe foon vomited a great deal of
Blood. Her Menjirua left her before next
Morning, and fhe had violent Pain in the left
Shoulder and Side, with great Faintnefs and
Sicknefs, vomiting Blood, and voiding it at
the Nofe every now and then ; which fhe con¬
tinued to do every Day to the Quantity of a-
bout half a Pound for two Years thereafter, the
Hamorrhagy obferving no particular Time or
Period, but returning four, five, fix or feven

times

cmd Observations . 26 g

times in a Day : And fometimes the Blood
came not only by the Nofe and Mouth, but alfo
by the Ears ; and fome Appearance of Menflrua
returned every fourth Night. During the four
fucceeding Years fhe bled at Mouth, Nofe, Ears*
Eyes and Uterus , having but fhort Intermiffions ;
only that by the Uterus was fometimes flopped
for feven or eleven Weeks, which fhe attributes
to the aflringent Medicines which fhe got in
great Quantity.

In the fixth Year of her Difeafe, cupping
Glafles were applied to her Back, and flopped the
Floodings for feven Weeks ; but this occafioned
a moil violent Pain in her Breafl, which lwelled
fo much, that it was obliged to be fcarified a
little below the Cartilage Enfiformis .

In the eighth Year fhe was greatly troubled
with a Suppreffion of Urine for eight or ten
Days, of which fhe was at laffc relieved, by ap¬
plying two living Toads to her|Kidneys ; what
flie then palled was rather like Blood than U-
rine.

In the twelfth Year her Bloodings were not
fo frequent, they returning fometimes every
fifteen or twenty Days, and at mofl twice a
Week; in which Way it has continued thefe
feventeen Years more, only that within thefe
two Years pall, fhe not only bloods at Mouth,
"Nofe, Ears and Eyes, and palfes it by Stool,
but I have feen it coming out from her Breafls,
and from the Roots of the Nails of both Fingers
and Toes.

This poor Woman has always lived on the
lowefl vegetable Food, being born of mean Pa- '
rents, and being fuflained thefe Years bygone

V (XL. II. Z by

£X)6 Medical *; EJfay-s

by the Church-box; nor was fhe ever fenfible,
.that any little Change of Diet that fhe has had,
either made herBloodings more or lefs frequent,
er in greater ar lefs Quantity. She is fenfible
of little or no Pain before the Bloodings come
on, but Fnows their. Approach, by a Stiffhefs
in the Finger and Toe- points, and by her be?
coming dull of Hearing. She is fenfible when
the Fall:- wind blows, for then fhe is chill .and
cold, and it brings on the Htemorrhagy^ efpeci-
_a.lly at the Nofe and Mouth. After eachfU&mor-
rhagy fhe is faint and Tick for fome Days. Du¬
ring the firft twenty Years of her Hamorrhagies ,
ihe was .able in their Intervals to walk through the
Town ; but, llnee that, fhe is .for moft part
confined to her Bed, and is very wan-coloured,
feeble and weak, but has her Judgment and
Memory ftill entire.

In the firft Years of her Illnefs, fhe got a
great Variety of Medicines, from none of which
fhe found .any Change, unlefs that fhe thought
the Tinffura Antiphthifica made her Blood
thicker, though it did not prevent the Hamor-
rhagy.

.For feveral Years fhe was let Blood of at either
Arm or Ancle, and fometimes at both, every
eight or ten, Days, .and frequently oftner. Now
fhe is blooded every Fortnight or three Weeks..
She could not obferve that opening a Vein,
when fhe let to the Quantity of fourteen Oun¬
ces, immediately before fhe expedfed the Ha-
morrhagy , ever prevented it, or that Veneefe -
ftion ever flopped it ; but they make it more
moderate, which has induced her to continue
this .twenty nine Years in the Ufe of it.

.All

and Odfervatibns . i6f

All the Times that I have let Blood of her*,
it is no higher coloured, or of thicker Condd~
ence than Water, in which Flefh has beer&
wafhed 3 and what I have feen her evacuate in
the Hcemorrhagies is of the fame Nature : And-
fhe tells me it has not been thicker thefe many
Years pad.

Any of you, Gentlemen, who happen to
come to this Part of the Country, may fatisfy
yourfelves of the Truth of what I have told*-
for (he is very fond of relating her Hidory 3 in
the mean time allow me to appeal to Mr,
Monro Profeffor of Anatomy at Edinburgh , as &
Voucher, whom you certainly know and will-
credit, who has feen her feveral times, exa-
mined herfelf and her Neighbours concerning her-
Cafe, and defired me to draw up this Ac¬
count.

XXI. The Dura Mater cjjified , and other mor¬
bid appearances obfcrved 3 by Mr, John
Paisley, Surgeon in Glafgow.

TN a Man whom I differed, February 1732,-
I found the Omentum very much emaciated,
confiding only of the Membranes and Veffels.

The Vefecula fellis was enlarged as big as>
both my Fids; and, from all the Trials I could'-
make, the Duflus cyjlicus feemed entirely col-
lapfed 3 I could eafily pafs a Probe from the
Duodenum , through the Dudtus communis choli -
dockuss but not into the cyftick Dudt 3 neither
could I fqueeze one Drop of the Bile from the
cyftis to the Gut. Thefe Trials confirmed me
in the Opinion, that that Du£t was grown toge-

£ 2 ther*

2 6$ Medical Effays

ther, and hindered me from trying it by Inje£Ucn7
which ought likewife to have, been done, to put
it pad; Difpute. Upon opening the Vejica , X
found that it contained a great Quantity of a duf-
ky-coloured Bile, with many fmall black dony
Concretions, though none of them were in the
Dudf ; nor could 1 then didinguilh the Place
where the Du£f made its Exit from the CyJUs a
The Liver was a little fcirrhous, and of a con-
iiderable Bignefs.

The Spleen was likewife very large, and ad¬
hered fo firmly to the Diaphragm, that it could
not be feparated from it, without a confiderable.
Force.

The Heart was very large and flaccid ; the
feft Ventricle confiderably larger than the right,
and its Sides at lead as thin : The B.eafon of
which X could not fo well underdand or explain,
sanlefs it were owing to a fmall Hole obfervable
in two of the femilunar Valves in the Mouth
of the Aorta , fo big, as eafily to allow a large
Probe or fmall Crow-quill to pafs them, by
which in the Contractions of the Aorta , when
thefe Valves were thrud back, forne of the
Blood might regurgitate into the Ventricle.
The upper Limbus of one of the Valves was,
cartilaginous; in another there was a fmalt
cartilaginous Subdance about the Bignefs of a
Coriander Seed, not perfectly fpherical but a
little angular.

After removing the Cranium , and cutting up
the Dura Mater upon each Side of the Falx, in
order to take out the Brain, I found forne hard
Bodies in the Falx, which X thought at fird
were feme dony Concretions * but upon Exa¬
mination.

and Obfervcitions. 2 6gr

mination found they were Bones. Gn the:
right Side there were four of them, of the fame
Dimenfions and Figures, as in the annexed
Tab. III. Fig. 1. EE EE ftretching out ftiarp
pointed Stride every Way, a fmall Part of tlte
three anterior, which are the largeft, being form¬
ed in the Falx , the reft of them in the Dura
Mater of that Side, D D D, which in the Fi¬
gure appears folded up, to be in a Plain with
the Falx. There was no Appearance of any of
thefe Bones upon the external Side of the Dura f
Mater.

A little farther forward in the Falx, near its
anterior Part, was a large Bone, more than an
Inch and a half in Length, and a large half
Inch in Breadth, very protuberant on the right
Side, and angular at M, with fharp-pointed
Stride all around, efpecially at its anterior Part.
This appeared likewife on the other Side of the
Falx, but not half fo large; the whole of that
Membrane on the leftSide not being odified,
oppofite to the Bone, but only the Part F, as
in Fig. 2. It was not protuberant on this Side,
but rather a little hollowed. On this left Side,
appeared another Bone K, diftindl from thefe on
the right, and lying in the fame Manner .in the
Falx and Dura Mater. -

A little further forward, near the Attachment
of the. Falx to the Crijla Galli, is another fmall
Bone G, equally confpicuous on both Sides.

Though I could not procure fuch a diftindt
Account of this Man’s Life and Malady as might
be neceftary to illuftrate the foregoing Fliftory,

I have fent it to you, Gentlemen, that if you
think the communicating thereof to the World

X 3 may/

2 7 o Medical EJfays

may be of any Ufe, you may do it ; if you don't
think it proper to give it a Place in your Collecti¬
on, you may throw it afide.

Seri here te nobis ^ tibi nos accredere par ejh.
Hor.

All I have heard with refpedf to him, was,.
That he had been a Soldier, was many Years a-
broad but has been in this Country again more-
than twenty Years, did not complain much of"
Head~achs, was no great Drinker, neither was
much indifpofed, till about fix Weeks before his
Death, that he took a Fever and after it a Jaun¬
dice, of which he died.

The Figures are drawn very exadfly from the
dried Falx (which I have ftill by me) by Mr*.
William Robertfon Limner.

TAB . III. Fig. i.

AAAA, The Sinus longitudinal': s fuperior «

BBBB, The Sinus longitudinalis inferior.

C, The fourth Sinus of the Dura Mater.

DDD, Part of the Dura Mater of the right
Side turned up, fo as to be in a Plain with?
the False, that the four following Bones,
may be feen.

1£EEE, Four fmall Bones, the three anterior,
being the largeft.

1\> The large Bone in the Falxr very protuberant,
and angular at M, being more than half am
Inch thick at this Part.

€3* Another fmall Bone equally confpicuoua on
both. Sides*.

E, Th§-

Od, imrum

and Observations.

H, The fecond Procefs of the Dura Mater.

L, The anterior Part of the Falxy where It.
takes its Rife from the Crifla Gallic

Fig. 2

AAA, The Sinus hngiiudinalis fuperior.

BBB, The Sinus, longitudinalis inferior.

C, The fourth Sinus of the Dura Mater •

DD, Part of the Dura Mater of the left Side
turned up, that the following Bone may bg
feen.

K, A fmall Bone on the left Side^

F, The Appearance of the large Bone in the left

Side of the Falx.

G, The fmall Bone in the Falx equally vifibla

on both Sides,

H, The fecond Procefs of the Dura Mater*.

L, The anterior Point of the Falx.

XXII. A Confumption and Drop fy of the Breaf5
from a Wound too hajlily clofed ; by Dr
Gilbert Waugh, P by fid an at Kirklea*.
them in Yorkfnire.

A Rthur Cayley, a young Gentleman
about fifteen Years of Age, was of a weak¬
ly Conftitution, a bilious Temperament, and fre¬
quently fubjecl to the Jaundice.

It happened unluckily, about three Months
before his Death as he was running to Schooi,
with a Penknife in his Hand, that he fell, and
thereby received a Wound about an Inch below
the Nipple of his right Bread: ; thence ifiiied a.
fmall Quantity of Bipod before the Surgeon

came,

‘572 Medical Effay S'

came, who judging the Wound altogether fiA
perficial, did without Hefitation heal it up, tho-?
the Symptoms plainly indicated that the Hurt
was deeper; for the Patient .inceffantly com-
plained lefs or more of a Pain in his Breaft3
which was fometimes fo violent, that he could
neither laugh nor - cough without T orture : nor
could he infpire fully, without the greateft Un-
eaflnefs ; fo that his Neighbours judged him in a
lingering Condition ; and with Pity obferved
him going off by a gradual Confumption, with¬
out a violent Cough or purulent Spitting. The
Symptoms of his Difeafe were, perhaps, more
gentle, that he naturally loved, and always ufed
a Milk Diet.

I was called only four Days before his Death ;
at which Time he complained conftantly of an
acute Pain in his left Side, about the Situation
of the Diaphragm , and of an unfupportable
Anxiety and Difficulty of Breathing, an intenfe
Heat within his Bread, an unquenchable Third,
and exceffive Coldnefs of the extreme Parts ; his
Eyes were dim and cloudy as in the laft Strug¬
gles ; his Urine variable, fometimes letting falL
a light flimy Sediment, but for the moft part
pale, with none ; his Fulfe weak, flow, and
fometimes intermitting; he had a Tenfion of the
Hypochondria , and Stomach, and cold Sweats
about his Plead and Bread: ; all which feemed
to intimate Death inevitable. However, that
I might in fome meafure anfwer the Importu¬
nity of my Patient’s Mother, I was obliged to
prefcribe, though with fmall Hopes of Succefs.
The prefent Situation of Affairs abfolutely forbad
Bleeding, and there was fcarce any other Mean

and Obfervations , '^'73

left, but to attempt to give him Tome fmal!
Relief by a pectoral DecoCtion for Drink, the In-
fpiration of the Fumes of the fame made warm*
and mixed with Vinegar and tome other pe¬
ctoral Medicines ufuaily prefcribed in fuch Cafes*
Veficatory Plaifters were likewife applied to the
Extremities. In a few Hours his Cough (which
before had given little Trouble) growing
more frequent, flattered us with Hopes of a fuc-
c.eeding Expectoration ; but they were found
groundlefs : The Pain in his Side alfo apparent¬
ly yielded to a Fomentation ; but the other Sym¬
ptoms not only remained* but increafed, tilt
Death put a Period to them all.

Having obtained Liberty to open the Body*
I obferved the Skin on the left Side appeared
blotted, and difcoloured in a very fingular
Manner. The Teguments of the Breaft being
laid afide,, the firft Thing that ftrvck my Eye
was the callous Veftige of the Wound, clearly
demon!! rating the Progrefs of the Knife into
the Cavity of the Thorax. Playing then raifed
the Sternwn , I found that the Pleura on the
right Side was much thicker than natural, and
in fome Places almof! cartilaginous, ftriCtly ad¬
hering to the Ribs. I found alfo at the Ye—
ftige of the Wound, a remarkable Cohefion of
the Lungs to the Pleura. Having feparated
the right Lobe of the Lungs* there appeared at
the Part adhering to the Pleura , a hard fcirrhous
Lump almoft as big as a Walnut, under which.
I difcovered a large Collection of Pusy which
had alfo made its Way into the other Lobe of the
Lungs.

In the left. Side of the Thorax was contained

Wats*

274 Medical EJfays

Water to the Quantity of eight Pound's, irr which;
did fubfide a thick white Water, not unlike half-
melted Suet.

Having removed the Water, I found the left
Lobe of the Lungs not the Bignefs of my Fid,
and no Way refembling the Subffance or Figure
of Lungs, but a putrid Lump. The Pleura on
this Side was quite wafted.

The Heart with its Veffels, was very fmall,
void of Blood, on all Sides firmly attached to the
Pericardium.

The Colour of the Liver was good, but its
Subffance fomewhat harder, and the Size larger
than natural.

The Gall-bladder was turgid with Bile, whofe
Colour was not a laudable yellow, but much in*
dined to black.

XXIII. An Affhma accompanied with Palpitation
and flying Pains of the Breaf and Shoulder \ by
Dr. Robert Lo w is, Fellow of the Col¬
lege of Phyfcians at Edinburgh.

A Healthy Boy, about four or five Years of
Age, after playing among wet Grafs, was
fuddenly feized in the Night with a Suffocation ;
of which he was immediately relieved by a plen¬
tiful Blood-letting at the Arm : But ever after
was obferved, when fpeaking much, or at his
Diverfions, not to have fo free and long Breathing
as ufual.

In November 1721, being them about eleven
Year$ of Age, he was affeded with a Pain of his
right" Shoulder and Breaff, which gave him
great Uneaffnefs in breathing 5 his Pulfe at hrft

differed

and Ohfervatiom . 2.-75

differed not much from what it ufed to be in
Health, but in the Progrefs of his Difeafe be¬
came feeble, frequent and unequal. He had
feme Cough, but not very troublefome ; his
Appetite for Food was little, and his Third: mo¬
derate : Plis Urine was generally in fmall Quan¬
tity, of a reddifh Colour ; and when it did fe-
parate, let fall a copious brown Ground. To¬
wards the End of hislllnefs, he had a Pulfation,
at the Pit of his Stomach, but not fo confider-
able as in the two following Returns of it. He
had a Swelling of the Tefticles and Scrotum ,
and of his Legs, chiefly towards Evening ; at
which Time alfo his Pains were mod violent,
and often obliged him to ly upon his Elbows
and Knees, in which Pofture he always found
moft Eafe.

The Remedies ufed were repeated Blood¬
lettings, to the Amount of forty Ounces, in lefs
than three Weeks, by each of which he was
fenfibly relieved, but the Pains always returned
in three, four or five Days : All his Blood was
fizy : he took feveral Vomits and Purges, Infu-
fion -of Stone-horfe Dung, Sperma Cet<e, with
volatile Salts, Expreflion of Hog-lice, and other
Medicines, to the fame Intention. He had alfo
externally fpirituous Liniments. And lad: of all,
his Pains ftill returning, he took forty or fifty
Grains of Sweet Mercury in fmall Doles ; which,
without Salivation, Sorenefs of Mouth, or any
confiderable Evacuation, freed him of his Pains
and other Symptoms, after fix or feven Weeks
UJnefs.

In June 1723, he had a fecond Return, only
in this the Symptoms were more uneafy : Blood¬
lettings

fi^S Medical BJfays

lettings had no better Effect than before, and
for that Reafon were not fo often repeated :
Mercury given as formerly had not like Suc-
cefs : Tepid Baths, with cupping and fcarifying
where the Pain was moft afflicting, gave fome
Relief; the Pain and other Symptoms yielded
gradually, and, the Seafon of the Year favouring,
by the Help of Afles Milk and moderate Exercife
on Horfeback, after two Months Illnefs, he re¬
covered.

The third and laft Return was about the Be¬
ginning of September 1724: The Symptoms
were ibill worfe than in the former : Blood¬
letting three or four Times repeated gave but
fhort Reilef, Mercury none at all; the Pulfa-
don at the Pit of the Stomach became much
more obfervable ; there was a confiderable
Tenfion in the Region of the Stomach and
right Hypochonder. About a Week before
bis Death, he complained of a flight dull Pain
in thefe Parts, but had no Vomiting, nor Signs
of greater Fever than before ; his Legs fwelled
to a vaft Bignefs, his Face alfo fwelled, but
the reft of his Body was much emaciated ; his
Breathing was very laborious, with a fhort
Cough, and little Expectoration, What he
did fpit up with much Trouble, as he drew
*iear his End feemed to be a brownifh Pus ,
mixed with a little Blood. With thefe Sym¬
ptoms his Pains continuing, made his former
Pofture of lying upon Elbows and Knees af¬
ford him little Relief ; the moft he had was ftand-
lug with his Arms leaning upon the Back of
a Chair, or fitting with his Breaft and Arms
leaning forward upon Pillows laid on a Fable.

find Observations. 277

And In this Pofture he died October 18th.

Upon the 20th his Belly was opened.

1. In the lower Belly the Stomach was found
much diftended, and upon the Bottom of it to¬
wards the left Side there was a Mortification
about the Breadth of the Palm of a Man’s
Hand.

2. The Liver was very large, but otherwife
found.

3. In the Thorax , the Lungs were attached
to the Pleura in two or three Places, otherwife
they were pretty found.

4. The whole Surface of the Heart was as
cloiely united to the P ericardium as to its own
proper Membrane, and each of its Ventricles
was capable of containing a Gill of Liquor.

XXIV. d Tumor in the Oefophagus, hindering
Deglutition almojl entirely ; by Dr. Francis
Pringle, late Prefident of the College ofPhy-
ficians at Edinburgh.

TN the Year 1712, a Gentleman of a robufi:
X healthy Conftitution, and in the Flower of
his Age, after hard drinking, efpecially of
Spirits, was feized in the Month of with
a throwing up of every thing he eat or drank,
^ and that without Pain, violent Reachings to
vomit, previous Sicknefs or Nanfea ; but the
Moment he fwallowed Meat or Drink, almofl
before it entered the Stomach, it was returned
again, as if he had fpit it out of his Mouth
only. This Symptom, however flight and in-
confiderable it appeared at firft in one of his
Age and Strength, eluded the Force of a great
Vol. II... A a Variety

278 Medical Effiays

Variety of Medicines ; Vomits, Stomachidk
Purgatives, Bitters and Strengthened, Chaly -
beates , Mineral Waters, Aftes Milk, teftaceous
Powders, c, were all prefcribed in their turns,
to no Purpofe. The Difeafe, ffcill continuing
obftinate, . began foon to be attended with a
daily and gradual Decay of Strength and Flefh,
and a conftant Ghilkiefs, even during the Sum¬
mer Seafon ; till at laft he was brought into *a
perfecft Marafmus and Atrophy , in which Condi¬
tion he died in October following, never ha¬
ving any other Symptom than thofe menti¬
oned.

His Body being opened, there was a hard
glandular .Excrefcence found in the Cavity of
the Oefophagus , continued from the Middle of
this Canal to the upper Orifice of the Stomach,
filling the whole Cavity fo much, that a Probe
could fcarce be thruft down to the Stomach.

XXV. Difficulty of [wallowing Lofs of Appetite ,
he. from feirrhous Tumors in the Oefophagus
and Stomach ; by Dr. John Taylor, Fellow
of the College of Phyficians at Edinburgh.

- - - - - - Aged thirty four, of a flender

Habit, but of a very healthy Conftitution, com¬
plained, , for almoft .a Year, of a Pain frequently
attacking him under the Xiphoid Cartilage,
without ufing any Medicine : After this, upon
getting for fome time his Diet very irregularly,
he loft his Appetite and Digeftion ; for which
he was advifed to try Steel, Ginger and Pepper
mixed. Having continued the Ufe of this Pow¬
der three or four Weeks without any Benefit ;

and Obfervations. 279

but, on the contrary, his Symptoms growing
every way worfe, and his Body wafting confi-
derably, he afked my Advice, about the End of
November laft. His Complaints then were a
Decay of Flefh, Strength and Colour, a great
Difficulty formoft part in fwallowing any folid
Food, which, after paffing eafily enough to near
the Mouth ;of the Stomach, met there with great
Refiftance, being fenftbly comprefied, and occa-
honing much Pain before it got further down $
and frequently the defcending Bolus was violent¬
ly fqueezed back into the Fauces from this Part,
while fometimes, though feldom it could get
without any Impediment into the Stomach ;
whence he commonly was foon- obliged to fpout
up again his Victuals, with a great- deal of
Phlegm. He had- however little or no Trouble
in fwallowing or retaining Liquids or thin Food,
provided he fwallowed them flowly. He alfo
complained much of a conftant girding acrofs
the lower Part of the Epigaftrick Region. He
never had been fenfible of his receiving any
Hurt, neither was there any external Pain or
Tumor felt; his Pulfe was full and good; he.
flept well, had no Thirft or Sweats ; his Urine
was in a natural enough Quantity, but crude ;
he was generally coftive, and much, troubled
with Belching and Borborygmi .

I flattered myfelf that his Symptoms were
moftly nervous ; and therefore refolved to cleanfe
the prima via: ftrft ; and then to preferibe him
corroborant Medicines, with fome of the milder
Antihyftericks.

Dofes of Ipecacuan in Subftance and Infufton,
though larger than ordinary, and affifted by Car *-

A a 2 cluu$

2 So Medical Ejfays

duus Tea for Drink, had no Eflecfl on him :
But the Tinffura facra and Rhubarb, compofit.
anfwered very well as Purgatives ; and he got
Pills compofed of the fofter Gums, Rhubarb and
Extract. FI. Chamameli , in a few Spoonfuls of
an Antihyfterick Julep ; by the Ufe of which,
with gentle bitter Aomachick Infufions, an eafy
nourifhing Diet, and proper Exercife, his Ap¬
petite and Digeftion became better in a few
Days : I added foon a little Soap to the Pills,
and fome compound flomachick Waters to the
Juiep; and, in fome time after, I mixed Steel
with the former, and diflblved a little Afa foe -
fida in the latter, and applied the Antihyfterick
Plaifter to the Epigaftrick Region ; by which
Means he recovered his Appetite, Fleflh, Strength
and Colour, and his Girding became eafier \
but ftill the Complaints in fwallowing remained,
as well as the fpouting up his Food, with great
Quantities of Phlegm : To remove this I gave
him Qxymel Scillitic. and afterwards Vim Emet .
drach. x. but could procure only fome W’eak
Attempts to vomit, which brought up no¬
thing.

Towards the End of December he was violent¬
ly feized with a Nephritis in both Kidneys, at¬
tended with a total Suppreflion of Urine > which
kept him five Days in a very miferable Con¬
dition, notwithftanding all the ordinary Eva¬
cuations, Bathings, Diureticks, &c. proper in
that Difeafe, till at laft he pafled a Stone that
had come down from the right Kidney : But
this Shock left him much weaker, and made
all the Complaints of his Appetite, Deglutition
and Digeftion worfe than ever, fo that he could

bear

and Observations, 281

bear no folid Food, and his Medicines were
all thrown back, except a medicated Ale in
which bitter ftomachick and diuretick Materials
had been infufed.

Upon my defiring Aftiftance, Dr. Francis
Pringle , late Prefident of our College, was con¬
futed. We ordered fome FI. Sulphur is to be
taken in Milk every Morning, and renewed the
gummous Pills, with Soap and Balfam Peru¬
vian : which he continued to ufe till the Begin¬
ning of February , without any Relief, about
which Time the Patient obferved, that if he eat
Bread with any Liquors, he was fure to throw
all up ; which did not happen, if he firft eat
the Bread, and fome while after drank the. LL
quors.

Next we preferibed Riding, Mthiops Mine¬
ral , and a Decodfion of the Pareira • Brava>
with fome Tinftura Martis in Vino Rhenano ,
which he took a confiderable Time to no P.ur-
pofe, his Symptoms turning worfe, his Bo¬
dy wafting apace, and his Pulfe becoming
quicker.

About the Middle of March he began to have
Morning Sweats, without any Cough or grofs
Spitting ; foon after which, as he was walking
in the Fields, he brought up two polypous- like
Subftances, in the fame Way as he ufed to do
his Food ; one of thefe was of a firmer Con¬
fidence than the other, but was pretty much
putrified at its Extremities. They both refem-
bled a Piflachio Nut in Figure and Bulk, only
they were about a third longer. Immediately
upon their coming away, he felt a (harp Pain
in his Bread, which continued condant four

A a 3 Bays*

2 8 '2 Medical EJfays

Days, he taking in the mean time Aq. Calcis in
Milk, and a mild healing Eledluary. In a Fort¬
night after he brought up a third Subfiance,
like the two former, but without feeling any
Pain at the Time, or after ; neither did he eva¬
cuate any thing bloody by the Mouth or by
Stool at either Time. After the coming a-
way of this third Body he had no more Night-
Sweats.

We then forbore giving Medicines, and on¬
ly recommended a Milk Diet, and moderate
Exercife.

After the Middle of Aprils he found Veal,
young Pigeons, and fuch like, do much better
with him than the thin Food which he could on¬
ly bear formerly.'

In the Beginning of May he underwent a
gentle Ihort Fit of the Nephritis in the right
Kidney, and then began to be fenfible of a
Hardnefs in the left Hypochondre , which he al¬
ways complained of from that Time. Soon
after this a Diarrhoea , with whitifh-coloured
Stools, came on ; we could not flop it, and he
decayed fail : So that he died before the Middle
of June, greatly emaciated, but perfectly di-
jtindt in his Senfes and Judgment.

His Body was opened at my Defire, in Pre¬
fence of Mr. Monro Profeffor of Anatomy, by
Mr. George Young Surgeon- Apothecary, who
had attended him during all his Sicknefs.

Upon cutting the Teguments of the Abdo¬
men, the lower Edge of the Omentum which was
very fhort, was feen grown to the Peritoneum
from one Side to the other of the lower Part
of the Epigaf rick Region . The Omentum was

thin.

and Qbfervatiom. 28 j

thin, but hard and firm, at the Place of this
Attachment; which being cut, and the Tegu¬
ments laid back, it was likewife feen adhering
to the Inteftines in feveral Parts, being every
where fcirrhous and vaftly thick where it ad¬
hered to the Liver, Spleen and Stomach ; the
two former being firmly connedfed to the laft
by it. In cutting away the Omentum from the
other Bowels, we difcovered a great many little
Abfcefies in its Subftance. The Surface of the
Liver, Spleen and Stomach had fmall white Tu¬
bercles fcattered over them, excepting which,
fo much of the Stomach as was then in Sight,
appeared natural enough, only its Dorfum adhe¬
red every where very firmly to the Diaphragm^.
by means of a hard fteatomatous or fcirrhous
Subftance like to that of the Omentum .

The Inteftines feemed a little inflamed in
fome Places, and were grown more than ufual
to the Peritonaeum.

The Kidneys and Vefica Urinaria contained
no Stone, contrary to what we expended.

All the other Vifcera of the Abdomen were
found.

When the Thorax was laid open, we took
fome bloody Water out of each Cavity. The
Lungs appeared found, only the inferior Lob
of the left Side adhered firmly to the Dia¬
phragm ; where, when we were feparating it,
we difcovered an Abfcefs containing fome Pur
and a vifeous brown Fluid, exadtly like to what
was found in the Stomach afterwards. The
Cavity in the Lungs was not larger than to re¬
ceive two Ounces of Liquor ; but from that the
Abfcefs penetrated through the Diaphragm and

Coats

2-$ 4; Medical Effays

Coats of the contiguous Stomach into its Cavi¬
ty ; the Perforation in the Diaphragm and Sto¬
mach being large enough to allow one’s Thumb
to pafs.

The Oefophagus was found till within two -
Inches of the Diaphragm , where it degenerated
into a white thick fcirrhous Subftance in
which there were a great many fmall Suppura¬
tions, each of which opened into this Canal.
The fuperior Orifice and Subftance of the Sto¬
mach, for fome Inches below, were much in
the fame Condition ; fo that the Par vagum be¬
ing here comprefted, this Bowel might proba¬
bly have been rendered fo infenfible, as not to
be moved by the ftrong Emeticks which had been .
given him.

The Glands at the Divifions of the Drachma:
Arteria were infardled with a fpongy ftony
Subftance, inclofed in a very firm black Mem¬
brane.

• All the other Parts were in a natural State...

XXVI. An Account of an extraordinary Worm ;
by Mr. John Paisley, Surgeon in Glafgow.

TN February la ft a young Man was wounded
in a Duel with a fmall Sword, which en¬
tered about four Inches below the right Nipple,
and a little towards the Back ; by probing the
Wound, we found it reached four Inches flant-
ing downwards betwixt the Teguments and
the Ribs, without any Signs of its penetrating,
though all the different Ways to difcover it
were tried, as probing, Injedtion, &c. He told
us he was in his utmoft Lange 5 when he got the

Wound,

and Obfervations . 28V

Wound, and ran upon his Antagonift’s Sword,
who having both a much longer Arm and,
Sword than he, and being taller, had dropped
the Point of it a little, otherwife it was not pof-
fible to fee how he could have got fuch a Wound.
He loft a confiderable Quantity of Blood, by
which after he had walked off the Field for a
confiderable Way, he turned faintifh ; when he
held his Hand upon the Wound, he could eafi-
Jy ftop the Bleeding ; but the Pain foon obliged
him to take it off, the Blood gufhed out for a
little brifkly, then ran trickling down, as from
any fuch fmall Wound in the Teguments. When
he fainted, it was upon a Stair-cafe, early in the
Morning, where he lay above an Hour, with
nothing upon him but his Shirt and riding Coat.
At firft the Wound was dreffed with dry Dref-
fings, the Blood eafily ftopt ; and by a gradual
Comprefs, and the Scapulary and Napkin, it
was bandaged up. In two or three Days, the
Suppuration fucceeding well, it healed up in
eight or ten more.

The third Day at Night, after he had re¬
ceived the Wound, he complained of a violent
Pain in the Region of the Stomach, and in the
Back oppofite to it ; but none near any Part
' where the Wound was, and had fome teach¬
ings to vomit ; upon which I was afraid left
the Sword fhould have fhpt through below one.
of the Ribs, and pierced through the Diaphragm , ,
and touched the Liver, though he had none, oi-
the other Signs of thefe Parts being wounded..
He was confined to a low Diet from the Begin¬
ning, and having a great Cough before he was
wounded, which no doubt was increafed by his

afi& Medical EJfays

lying fo long on a cold Stair almoft naked, he
was ordered proper Linftufes, Apozems , & c. by
Dr. Brifbane , who was the Phyiician that at*
tended him, and an Anodyne Draught at Bed¬
time. HisPulfe was a little quick the firft three
Days, but on the fourth, the Pain in his Back
was entirely gone, as was the Fever, and the’
Pain in the Stomach was much abated: He
complained of no Drought, nor of any other'
Wneafinefs, but of the Cough and the Pain in
his Stomach, which > recurred frequently in the
Night-time, , and efpecially towards the Morn¬
ing. About" the: fourteenth Day from his re¬
ceiving the Wound, he was attacked with fome
aguilh Fits, . and profufe Sweatings, without any
regular; Appearance ; fo that it could not be re¬
duced, to. any kind of intermitting Fever; and
fometimes was thrown into ffrong convullive
Fits, .though he faid he never had had any fuch&
ail his Life before.

About the 15th of March all terminated in a**
Jaundice, for which the Phyfician ordered pro**
per Medicines, by which it went off in ten Days,
when he recovered his Colour, again, and did not
complain fo much of the Pain in his Stomach ;
he had got little or no Paffage by Stool from the
Time he firft complained, without the Help of
Clyfters ; but on the 24th of March ^ he .took a
kind of Loofenefs, and paffed a great "Quantity
of Faces , which looked like boiled Blood, and
fome pure Blood, complaining much of the Pain;
in his Stomach.

On the 26th he paffed a large Worm, a Foot
and a half long, and an Inch and .an half dia--
meter, when the Draught of it, which I fend/

you.-

and Obfervations. sSy

you along with this, was taken by Mr. Robertfm
the Limner, before feveral of the Matters of the
Univerfity. It had been confiderably larger at
firft j but fo foon as he had patted it, (which
he could not do till one in whofe Houfe he ftaid,
.pulled it from him) he was fo much furprifed
at it, and afraid that it had been one of his In-
teftines, that he faid he cut off about an Inch
of its Tail, and gafhed in one or two Places
with a Knife, to fee what was in it, by which
a great deal of Blood ran from it ; as there did
alfo after it had been wafhed fix or feven Times
in Water. *He loft a great deal of Blood along
-with it, .to Appearance fo me Pounds, and for
•feveral Days patted feme grumous Blood.

The Worm was dead when he patted it;
and made up of a great many Rings like the
JEarth-worm ; the Interfaces between each Joint
were rather larger than as they appear in the
Figure, and were of a dark Chocolate Colour ;
the Joints themfelves more pale, or rather of a
livid Flefh-colour : The Head was conliderably
fmaller than the Body, though made up of
Joints, and very much refembled a Duck’s Bilk
It was flatter on the under-fide, with a kind of
Band, running all along from the Neck, which
joined the Head and Body together to the Tail,
into which all the Rings and Joints feemed
to terminate, refembling pretty much the one
that runs along the upper Side of the Colon.
It had a triangular Mouth like the Horfe-
leech. After he patted it, he ftaid in this
Place till the 26th of Aprils when he ventured
1 on a Journey to Ayr , and grew gradually bet-
; ter, though frequently complaining of Pains in

the

<28 8 v Medical Effays

the Region of the Stomach all the Time,
From Ayr he writes he has palled another, ra¬
ther larger than the firft, but it came away all
in Pieces.

I have no Author who gives an Account of
any fuch Worm, only Dr. Daniel Clerk in his
Miftoria Latorum Lumbricorum , cap . xiii. (a),
that Section where he treats of the res inanima¬
te e vermibus ftmiles , reprehends Maroja , Phyfici-
an to the King of Spain , for relating the Hiftory
of fuch an one. His Words are, Verum crajjius
etiam allucinatus eft Cyprianus Maroja , Philippi
quarti Hifpaniarum regis medicus , enjus hccc Junt
verba (b j, Ajuidam eeger, qui per inferriam alvum
ejecit lumbricum mortuum , iff fimul cum ipfo vitam
ami jit, Erat tamen Lmnbricus longitudinis vigin -
ti digitorum , iff rotundas , iff in rotunditate cequa-
bat magnitudini carpi manus hominis robuJtL
Erat J anguine plenus ; iff in vafe teflaceo im-
mijfus , fa ft a fanguinis exprefjione , rejecit a fe
plus quam unam fanguinis libram cum dimidia ,
Sic.

• . *' / ; . ■' fa" * f i 1 < > • * • ' * • ] “ • • * fc

Jt V* •• » I i ... * J f . - • ' ‘ V - . * > iis*

TAB. IV. Fig. i. fhews the upper Side of
the Worm.

A B C D, The Head.

C D, The Neck by which it was joined to
the Body : The fmaller Rings reprefent the Hol¬
lows formed by the joining of the protuberant
annular Surfaces.

Fig. 2. Reprefents the under Side of the Head, ,
and two Rings of the Body.

(rr) Pag. m. zSo.

(b) De raorbis in tern is, lib. 4. cap. id.

\ ' .

; •*.

•/

i - *>*? * •

-M

• ' .

■

•\

and Obfervations . £$9

A B C, Its triangular Mouth,

D E, Part of the Band that runs along the
whole Body on its under Side,

XXVII. Inability of Coition from the Piles ; by
William Cockburn, M. D. Fellow of the
Royal Society , and of the Colleges of Phyfecians
of London and Edinburgh.

A Woman related to one of the moft emi-
nent Midwives in this Place, had fuch an
intolerable Pain when fhe had any Commerce
with her Hufband, as rendered the Adtion im¬
practicable. The Midwife having a great O-
pinion of the late Dr. Hugh Chamberlain , de¬
filed his Affiftance for this unhappy Woman.
He judged her Cafe to be a Cancer of the Womb,
and ordered her what he thought bell for her
Relief. She was frequently purged, made
Ufe of Fomentations, befides alterative Medi¬
cines.

This Method was continued for fome Time;
but finding no Relief that Way, Sir David
Hamilton was afterwards advifed with ; and, no
Eafe coming from that Quarter, my Afliftance
was defired.

The unfortunate Woman made no great
Complaints of Pain, but in the Time of Coi¬
tion. Mrs. Cotton examined the Womb, and
\ could not find any Difcharge from it, nor any
1 Hardnefs, Scirrhus or Callofity about the Neck
I of the Womb, Now as that Part appeared to
be blamelefs, I found fhe was troubled with
the inward Piles ; and they were kept much
ipon her, with the Purging and other Admini-
Vol, II, B b ffrationsj

i go 'Medical EJfays

ftrations ; I fufpe£ted that the Pain in Coition
proceeded altogether from preffing the Piles,
when the Penis ftretched out the Vagina.

On that View I attempted the Cure of the
Piles, and with fo great -Succefs, that at once
fhe was cured of - her Difeafe, and admitted of
the Embraces of her Hufband, without any
further Complaint ; fo necefiary it fometimes
is to attend minutely to the Situation of Parts as
well as the fuppofed Affedtion, or the Methods
©f Cure,

XXVIII. 'Jaundice from Concretions ; by Dr.
Thomas Sympson, Profeffor of Medi¬
cine^ in the Univerfty of St. Andrew’s.

THE Hiftories of idterick Cafes, which con¬
firm the Account of the Jaundice, de¬
pending moll frequently on Concretions lodged
in the bilary Puds, as is argued for in Art.
XXXIII. of your firft Volume ; fuch Hiftories,
2 fay, are' to be met with in great Numbers in
Obfervators; but are generally told fo fu per¬
il ci ally, that they ferve very little to explain the
Phenomena of the Difeafe ; and therefore the
following Cafe I hope will not be unacceptable,
fince it Hliuftrates pretty accurately a general
Dodlrine which you have thought to merit the
Attention of the Publiek.

Mrs. Forbes , aged about Forty, the Mother
of feveral Children, of a fanguine Conftitution
and fedentary Life, about the Beginning of A-
pril awak’d in the Night with an acute Pain at
the Scrobiculus Cordis , and Part of the "Back
©ppofite to it j a quick, hard and full Pulfe,

great

and Gbfervations, 29 r

great Sicknefs, unfatiable Thirft, excefTive Heatj
no Food, however mild,, {laid upon her Stomach ;
without taking any thing, fhe had frequent
Reachings and Vomiting. The Blood, which
was let plentifully from the Arm for thefe
Symptoms, was Rheumatick to a great De¬
gree. The fourth, fifth, and fixth Days of her
Trouble fhe raved, had- the Hiccup, and faint¬
ed frequently. The three', following W eeks,
wherein fhe was often bled' and received
Clyfters, as fhe had done from the- Beginnings
the Symptoms became eafier ; but about this
Time we obferved her whole Body coloured
with a deep yellow, and that every Thing put
into her Urine, came out coloured the fame
Way, while what fhe palled by Stool was
white : This determined me to venture her
with a purgative Infufiom of Senna and Rhu *-
barb ; after which we obferved her Stools for
Lome Days coloured, tho’ the Skin, was little
changed, and all the Symptoms abated. Shorts
ly after they made a new Attack upon her, at¬
tended with Vomiting, Pain at the Scr obi cuius*,
a fmail Uneahnefs at the Region of the Liver*
univerfal Itching, Feeblenefs and Oppreflion
without the Fever, and other, fevere Symptoms*
which took Place at firft ; the Potion, was a-
gain adminiftrated with the- fame' obfervable
Succefs as formerly ; but, ten- Days after, a
third Attack of the fame Nature with this laft
was made, which yielded nothing to the Phy-
fick, though feveral Times repeated ; wherefore
I now ordered her Pills of Venice Soap and
Aloes equal Parts, to be taken gradually till
they fhould produce, a Lcofenefs ; Upon their a-

Rb 2 perating^

2<)2 Medical EJfays

perating, fhe was fenfibJe of a Pain finking
from the Region of the Gall-bladder towards
the Linea alba , as fhe had frequently felt before*
and accidentally viewing her Stools, fhe found
them bilious, with fome Kind of compact di-
Ifindt Bodies fwimming in' them, mold of them
bigger than Peafe ; nine were found at this
Time, and as many the next Day, the Purging
being flill continued ; and now the Symptoms
greatly remitted, but returned again in a few
Days ; in which Fit, continuing her loofe Belly*
fhe paid two of the fame Bodies ; and in a fol¬
lowing Fit, which was a few Days after, four :
And we obferved, that every Time the Symp¬
toms remitted, the Stools were bilious.

After thefe, fhe had full three Weeks Inter¬
val, with confiderable Eafe ; but then fhe had
one of the worft Fits fhe ever had, except the
firfr, fhe being feverifh, and vomiting under it*
&c, I being from home, file got nothing until!
the third Day, wherein fhe took her Pills, pur¬
ged, but nothing appeared ; next Day fhe rode,
jo no purpofe ; the fifth Day her Pills were
repeated, fhe purged, and paiTed a Stone as
|arge as a Bean, of a prifmatick Figure, impref-
ed on one Side, as if another Stone had been
^adhering to it, which I found to be the Cafe of
Several fhe had formerly pafied : After which fhe
continued fometimes riding, purging, bathing in
warm Water, and has now recovered her Health,
without any further Moleftation from the Jaun *
dice.

I'he Stones pafied were of a brown Colour*
finely polifhed,; fo that they felt fmooth, and
oily like Soap « They differed much in Fi»

' gure.|

and Obfervattons. 293

giire, and were all angular and irregular, ex¬
cept two, one of which was of a prifmatick Fi¬
gure, as above, and the other exadtly triangular^
with two equal Sides ; when divided, they ap¬
peared compofed of different Crufts, though thefe
were not perceptible near their Middle : The/
were bitter to the Tafte; and (except fome
of the biggeft, which equalled a- Hazel-Nut}
they all fwam in frefh Water, the biggeft de¬
fended flowly. The Number we got in ail wa&
twenty fix : but we fufpedled feveral befides had
pafled in the firft Fits, before the Stools were e~
xamined ; and we reckoned not without fome
Reafon, fince we never found the Fit to yield
afterwards, without meeting more or fewer o£
thele Concretions;

XXIX. jaundice , with Suppuration cf the
Liver ; by Dr. James Dundas, Fellow
of the Royal College of Phyficians in Edin¬
burgh.

A Gentleman of a thin Habit of Body had
^ ^ been thrice feized with the faundice , from
the forty fifth to the fifty ninth Year of his Age ;
this Difeafe being each Time preceeded, for fome
Months, with fharp deep-feated Fains of the E-
pigajlrium , which began three, or four Hours
after eating, efpecially after folid Food, and
continued an Hour or longer.

Thefe Pains wTere for moft part uneafy to
him while the faundice remained, which was
near a Month, but dccreafed as the Difeafe
went off j tho’, for two or three Weeks there -

B b 3 aft££>

294 Medical EJfays

after, a full Meal of folid Food ufed to occaHoit
a Return of the Pains.

From the lafF Attack of the Pains, which-
happened about feven Months before his Death*
his Flefti wafted confiderably, without any Di¬
minution of his Strength, till the Jaundice had
its ordinary Courfe ; foon after which, the Pati¬
ent having gone to the Country in the Month of ,
.March, and having ufed much Exercife there,,
enjoyed very good Health for fix Weeks.

Towards the End of April, after having rode
fome Miles in a very cold Day, he felt a conftant
internal Pain in the right Hypochondriac Region
and in the Epigaftrium , which laft incrcafed u-
pon eating folid Food.

Thefe he did not much regard, but took an-
Anderjan s Pile, which he commonly ufed when
eoftive. This Purgative occafioned a Diar -
race a, which conhned him fome Days to the
Houfe.

The Loofenels being flopp’d, he rode out
after Dinner, on the fifth Day after the Begin¬
ning of this Relapfc, the Weather being very
cold. At his Return home, the Pains were
much more violent, and were attended with a.
great Heat and Thirft, difficult Breathing, an
ill Tafts in his Mouth, Want of Appetite, with
a Sicknefs, as he called it, fometimes in his Sto¬
mach ; and he could not fieep at Night.

Next Day the Jaundice appeared, and the for*-
mer Symptoms having increafed,. hs was confi¬
ned to his Bed.

The Symptoms became Hill more violent
the two following Days ; and on the fecond
q£ them his Puke intermitted, and he had a fe-

vefic

and Observations* 295

vere cold Fit, with great Trembling, botk
Evenings.

Next Morning, which was the ninth Day
from the firft Attack of this Difeafe, I firft faw
him, his Pulfe wras ftrong, full, a little frequent'1
and intermitted at the eighth, twelfth or Six¬
teenth Stroke ; his Breathing was quick. But
iefs difficult than it had been : His Skin W4,
very warm, and he complained of very great
internal Heat, The Pains were much abated,
and fcarce troubled him, except at a large Infpi-
ration. The Pain in the right Hypochondre -
was (harp, upon lying on the left Side. He had
fometimes a Pain about the right Clafoicle* ,
which he told me had been more frequent the
Day before. He was fenfible of a Weight in
the right Hypochondre , and his Stomach was-
much opprelied by every Thing he fwallowed.
His Urine w^as in fmall Quantity, very high-
coloured, and foon became turbid. The Co¬
lour of his Skin was not fo yellow as it had
been : I caufed eight Ounces of Blood to be let,
which foon was covered with a thick Inflam¬
matory Cruft of a yellow Colour. I then or¬
dered him to take every Hour two Ounces of an
aperient Decodlion, a little warm, and to wadi
it down with a Spoonful of a mild acidulated
cordial Mixture. At.Night I prefcribed a gentle
hypnotick Draught, which procured him Sleep?
ail Night,

On the 10th he was again blooded, and his
Blood had the fame Appearance as formerly.
The Draught having been negledfed this Night,
he did not fleep well.

When I v lilted him again on the 1 xth> he

complained

2gS Medical EJfays

complained of a pretty -fharp.Pain in the right
Hypochondre , but the other in the Epigajlrium
feldom was urreafy to him.- The Heat- of his
Skin was much lefs, though he affirmed the in-*
ternal Heat w*as much the fame. He had fome-
Appetite, and Food did- not opprefs his Sto¬
mach. His Tongue was covered with a Cruft
of a brownifh white Colour. His Urine was
more plentiful, and not of fiich a- deep Colour^
foon letting fall a lateritious Sediment. His
Fulfe was weaker and fmaller, and free of In^
termiffion in the Forenoon, but in the Afternoon,
was unequal in the Strength and b ulnefs of the
Stroke.

I continued the former Prefcriptions, and de-
fired he might take fome gummous cardiac Pills*
with Soap and a- terebintbinat Clyjler , Morning
and Evening, and caufed all the pained Parts to
be covered with a Plaifter compofed of the Adehlot
and Diachylon cum Gummi Plaifters and Gum Am?*
moniac mixed.

From this Day his Urine fettled well-, and
had a great Quantity of a lateritious Sediment ;
and he always ilept well, except when his Pack
lie was omitted.

I few -him again on the 13th at Night; his
Fulfe was then lefs frequent, equal, ftronger,
and more full, but intermitted at every thir¬
tieth. or fortieth Stroke. His Refpiration was*
freer. The Heat of his Skin was moderate*
and his Senfe» of internal Heat much lefs.
The Weight at the right Hypochondre was
much diminifhed. He felt no Pain, and could
Jy more eafily on his left Side. His Thirft

was kfs3 and he. fat up while his Bed was ma¬
king.

and Obfervatiom ; 297

king. He had had four loofe Stools in this and
the preceeding Day.

Next Adorning his Pulfe was free of' Inter-
miffion, ftronger and lefs frequent ; the Re-
fpiration eafy. He felt no internal Heat nor
Weight, and lay eafily on the left Side. The
yellow Colour of his Skin and Eyes was conft-
derably lefs.

This Day and the following, his Refpiration
fometimes was difficult, and his Pulfe had Inter-
millions. He flept much, and had no Stool till
his Clyfters were repeated.

The quieting Draught haying been omitted
on the 1 5th at Bed-time, he was reftlefs all
Night, and complained of Heat.

When I faw him the following Afternoon*
his Pulfe was quicker, larger, ftronger, and
equal ; the Heat of his Skin moderate; but the
Complaints of internal Heat were again renew¬
ed ; his Refpiration was quick and difficult 5
his Spirits were much opprefled, and he fre¬
quently fighed. The Cruft of his Tongue was
moift, and of a light-brown Colour ; his Urine
turbid, as from the 14th. He had a copious
Stool in the Evening; after which I caufed a
bliftering Plaifter to be applied to his Neck and
Shoulders, and repeated his Draught with the u«

: fual Effebl,

In the Morning after, he was more ch car¬
ful and free of Sighs, his Spirits lively, his
Pulfe lefs frequent, and Breathing freer and
flower ; the Senfe of internal Heat much abated %
the Cruft of his Tongue was dry, and of a dark-
brown Colour ; the Yellowne-fs of his Skin, €aT, c*
was lefs ; his Urine of a deep Citron Colour,

£•9$ Medical EJJ'ays

In the Forenoon of the 19th Day of his
Difeafe, he was perfectly eafy : In the Afters
noon he flept fome Hours ; and about fix he a-
waked, with an exquifite Pain in his Belly^
which was foon followed with a continual V omk*
ting of a black moft vifcid Liquor, and with ve¬
ry difficult Breathing. Thefe Symptoms put an
End to his Life in a few Hours.

When his Body was opened next Day, a
confiderable Quantity of purulent Matter was
found in the Cavity of the Abdomen , which we
judged to have come. out of three Abfcefles we
obferved in the Liver ; the f.rft was a large one,
formed on the fuperior convex Part of the large
Lobe, near the Coronary Ligament ; the ex¬
ternal Coat of . the Liver, which had been railed
here into a Bag, was much thickened, very
tender, and moftly white, but in many Places
red, as if it had beeninjedfed. The fecond Ab-
fcefs was near the inferior Margin of the fame
Lobe 5 and the third was near the Gall-bladder.
The external Membrane of the Liver was much
Inflamed in- many Parts of the convex Side of this
Bowel ; and the Subfiance of the great Lobe
was very tender.

The Gall-bladder was very tender, and con¬
tained eight calculous Concretions, of different
Bignefs and Shapes j the larged was flat, and
about the Bignefs of a Turky Bean ; the fmalleft
was not fo large as a Grain of Barley. They
were of a black Colour externally, but were of
a brownifh-grey within ; and fome of them had
a Nucleus of a white Subfiance. Thefe Stones
Seated in a great Quantity of a thick dark-
blown, or biackifh Humour, refembling Mum.

'and ' Observations.

in Colour and Confidence. The Stomach alfo
contained a great Quantity of the fame Liquor,
was much inflamed, with Numbers of red Points .;
and at its Fundus and left Orifice, the Veflels ap¬
peared as if they had been injected. No Rugce
wTere obfervable on its internal Surface, The
Ion was alfo inflamed.

XXX. An extraordinary large Gall-Bladder and hy-
dropick Cyfiis ; by Mr, Joseph Gibson, Sur¬
geon in Leith, Member of the Society of Surgeon
Apothecaries of Edinburgh, and City Profejfor of
Midwifery .

XTTIlliam Gordon, of a healthy Habit, when
* * about twelve Y ears of Age, in October 1 72 j .
fell from a Wall of three Yards perpendicular
Height a-crofs an old Tree, on which his right
Side ftruck ; and he immediately complained of
an acute Pain all over the Baftard Ribs of that
Side ; but by repeated Blood-letting, it decreafed
into an obtufe heavy one, or rather a Senfe of
Weight ; which not being fo confiderable as to
confine him at home, or to reftrain him from
Play, was not taken further Notice of by his Re¬
lations, till after fome Months, when he was ob-
ferved to grow lean, to eat little, and to be lefs
fond of Diverfions than ufual ; which giving the
1 Alarm, he was advifed to go to the Country,
and to be put on a Diet of Whey, with riding on
Horfeback : Both which (the Seafon favouring)
he followed, and returned to Town after Plarvefi:
in feeming good Plight, without any other Com¬
plaint than a little Weight or Wearinefs, as he

exprefled

Medical Effays

exprefled it, in both his Sides, upon running, or
any violent Exercife ; but had not been long at
home, till I was confulted about him. He then
complained of the Pain in his right Side, had loft
his Flefh and Colour, and was become exceed¬
ing flothful. A few Weeks added a long Train
of other yet more direful Symptoms ; for he fuf-
fered a conftant Pain in his Stomach ; vomited
often, drank much, had his Tongue parched,
his Skin dry and hot, his Pulfe was frequent and
feeble, his Urine crude, and in fmall Quantity ;
his Belly very coftive, and what Excrements he
voided were white ; he breathed quick ; his Legs
pitted towards the Evening ; and a hard circiyn-
fcribed Swelling began to appear in his right
Side, and increafing daily ftretched itfelf over the
Scr obi cuius Cordis , to the left Hypochondrium , rai¬
ling the under Part of the Sternum , and forcing
outwards the falfe Ribs of both Sides.

His Legs, which only pitted towards the Even¬
ing, during eight Months after his Fall, were
in November 1722, conftantly fwelled, as were
his Thighs and Belly. About the Middle of
January following. Water was felt fluctuating
in his Abdomen , and, till the Beginning of April
thereafter, all his Symptoms increafed daily, e-
fpecially the Difficulty of breathing, which did
not allow him to fit, far lefs to ly down ; but
fome Days before his Death he was obliged to
ftand eredt, fupported by Chairs, Tables, or the
People about him, while he {lumbered.

This melancholy Situation made him beg fo
earneftly for Relief in breathing by Tapping,

that

and Observations. 301:

that I yielded to his Importunity ; though I had
always allured his Relations, there were no
Hopes of removing his Difeafe by that Opera¬
tion, becaufe the Dropfy was of the incyfled
Kind, and the Water was inclofed in Vehicles.
Having applied a laced feneflrated Bandage,
fupported by a Scapular, in order to prevent
the Faintings which commonly do enfue, and
have often proved fatal, upon drawing off at
once all the Waters contained in the Belly of
hydropick People, without this or feme fuch
Precaution. I placed my Patient in the moft
convenient Pofture his Cafe would admit ; and,
in Prefence of Mr. Edward Hawkins Surgeon
to my Lord Delorains Regiment, and of Mr.
Adam Lindfay Chirurgeon- Apothecary in Edin¬
burgh , I drew off by the Trocar near three
Scots Pints or twelve Pounds of Water, of a
greenifh Hue, having a grofs Sediment of the
fame Colour. The lower Part of his Belly fub-
fided to very near its natural Dimenfions after
this Evacuation ; but its fuperior Part did not
in the leaf! diminifh. While the Waters ran
out, the Bandage was proportionally ftraitened
as his Breathing would permit, and the Wound
was dreffed as ufual. He died the fecond Day
after the Operation, being the 3d of April, and
X was allowed to infpedt his Body on the 5th.

I was affifted in the Diffedtion by one of the
Gentlemen prefent at the Operation, and by
Dr. "James Crawfurd late Profeffor of Hebrew
and Medicine in the Univerfity of Edinburgh ,
whofe univerfal Literature, and confummate
medical Knowledge, joined to all thofe amiable
Qualifications which made up the beautiful Cha-
Vol. II. C c racier

302 Medical EJJays

rafter of a good Man, and fincere Friend, muft
make all who had the Happinefs to know him
beft, to bemoan with me their own private, and
regrete the publick Lofs of him.

When the Periionmum was cut open, the
Contents of the Abdomen had fuch a different
Appearance from what they ufually bear, that
we had the greateft Difficulty to diftinguifh the
Vifcera. The Omentwn , which was firff in the
Way, was not at all fatty, but had its Blood-
veffels very confpicuous, and fome other VefTels,
that were exceeding fmall and numerous, were
obferved on it, which we took to be the Dufius
Adipofi Malpighii. At the lower Part, where
the Caul is ordinarily free, it adhered fo very
firmly to the Inteftines, that it could fcarce be
feparated without tearing.

The Stomach was rather lefs than ordinary,
and was preffed by the Gall-bladder and Spleen,
into an oblong Form, not much unlike the
Cm cum.

The Inteftines and other Vifcera of the Ab¬
domen (the Liver, Gall-bladder, and Spleen ex¬
cepted ) appeared almoft as ufual, only were
more tender, fcarce bearing the Touch.

The Liver was not much bigger than ordi¬
nary, but its convex Part adhered fo intimate¬
ly to the Diaphragm, as it was impoflible to fepa-
rate them without the Help of the Knife. When
this Vifcus was cut, a great Number of fphe-
rical Tubercles, about the Bignefs of a com¬
mon Bean, appeared in its Subftance : Some of
the Gentlemen then prefent., were inclined to
efteem thefe to be Glands ; but how juftly, I
am not to determine. It was obferved that they

had

and Observations. 303

iiad no.Veflels either entering in or going out
from them, and feemed only to be fet loofe in
the Subffance of the Liver.

'I he Gall-bladder was continuous to ail the
concave Part of the Liver, and was extended
to a moft furprifing Bulk ; for it contained no
lefs than two Scots Pints, or eight Pounds of
Bile, rather thicker than the Cyfiick generally
is, and of which feveral concentrical Bags, in-
clofed one within another, were formed ; thefe
had all the internal Figure of the Gall-bladder ,
and differed from each other only in this, that
thofe which were next to the Veftca , were firmer
and more opack, while the more internal were
of a lighter green Colour, and of a more tender
Subffance.

The Du ft us communis- cholidochus was larger
than tffual, and was filled with many final!
fpongy Stones of a yellowifh Hue that fwam in
W ater.

The Spleen was natural in its Subffance, but
adhered to the Diaphragm as the Liver did ; and
it had an additional Coat from that Part of the
Peritoneum which covers the Diaphragm. This
and the common external Coat formed a preter¬
natural Cy/lzs that contained three Scots Chopins,
or fix Pounds of a clear Serum, without Smell,
but exceeding fait, and not coagulable.

The Liver and Spleen were continuous, by
a fmall Lobe that went from the lower Edge of
1 the Liver under the Stomach, and terminated
membranous into the Cyjiis of the Spleen.

1 his extraordinary Gall-bladder , and preter¬
natural Cyjiis annexed to the Spleen, are Fill
in my PoffeiTion, ready to be fliown to any of

C c z you

•30 4 Medical Ejays

you who will take the Trouble to examine

them.

I fhall not tranfgrefs your Rules, by fubjoin-
Ing any theorical Account of this Boy’s Sym¬
ptoms ; but beg Leave to be allowed to apply
this Hiftory to that excellent EfTay of an anony¬
mous Author on the Jaundice, which is the
XXXIII. Article of your firft Volume.

Though at firft View of the Cafe I have re¬
lated, it feems to contradict what is argued for
in that Article, by the Boy having no iCterick
Symptom, notwithftanding the cyftick Bile was
prevented from palling down into the Inteftines,
by Stones lodged in the DuSlus cholidochus , and
the Gall-bladder was fo full of it ; yet when we
confider how very vifcid this Boy’s cyftick Bile
was, that it was formed into concentrical Bags,
and therefore could not regurgitate, or be re-
affumed into the Blood-veflels, which the Au¬
thor of the Eflay always fuppofes neceflary for
occahoning the Jaundice, this Hiftory will ra¬
ther appear favourable to his Opinion.

XXXI. An unccommon Snpprejfion of Urine , with
a preternatural Size of the Kidney ; by Mr*
George Balderston Chirur gem- Apothe¬
cary in Edinburgh.

t . '■* * ' * *

A Woman about thirty five Years of Age, fre-
quentiy complained of Nephritick Pains for
two Years, and often pafied Sand with her U-
rine. In Augujl laft Ihe was carried home from
the Harveft-field, having been laid afide from
Work, by a violent Pain of the right Kidney ;

(lie

and Obfcrvations. 305

fhe was foon relieved by a Clyfter, and paft a
few fmall Stones. Ten Days after, fhe was
taken ill again in the fame Manner, when in
one Morning fhe paft twenty five fmall Stones,
and three or four at a Time, of the fame Size,
for feveral Days afterwards. Through the Win¬
ter fhe conftantly vomited folid Food immedi¬
ately, but kept Liquids for moft part till Bed¬
time. Her Pains frequently returned ; but no
Stone appeared, till about three Weeks before
her Death, that fhe paft three or four more in
a Morning, and was foon after feized with a
Suppreftion of Urine, which continued almoft
total for fifteen Days ; having in that Time not
voided above a Gill of W ater, and that only
by Drops, deeply tinged with Blood, and at¬
tended wdth the utmoft Pain and Uneafinefs :
Iler Belly at the fame time was much diftended,
and pained, efpecially about the Navel and Re -
gio Pubis.

In this Condition I found her at my firft
Vifit on the 16th of May 1733. I immediate¬
ly founded her, and imagined I found a Stone,
which eafily yielded to the Catheter ; fhe felt
immediate Eafe, though (he voided but a few
Drops of Urine, and on withdrawing the Ca¬
theter , I perceived a confiderable Rehftance, as
if one had been pulling againft me. In the
Afternoon fhe was feized with a violent Pain
in the right Kidney, and Ureter of the fame
Side. I ordered her a Turpentine Clyfter, and
a pacifick Mixture to be taken as foon as it was
paft : About ten that Evening fhe voided half a
Mutchkin of Urine, and was much eafed both

C c 3 of

go 6 Medical EJfays

of the Pains, and Difienfion, and Swelling of
her Belly.

Next Day {he was free of Pain, but very Tick*
and vomited whatever {lie took. I caufed her
to drink plentifully of a Decodfion of Althea
Root, moft of which fne threw up : In the
Evening {he got a Turpentine Clyfter, and was
ordered to take the pacifick Mixture after it was
pad:, but {he kept the Clyfter all Night.

The Day following, finding the Clyfter {hill
remained in her Body, I ordered her a Pound of
a Ptifan of Senna , Tamarinds , and aperient Rcots>
of which {lie drank a Gill every Hour while it
lafted. She vomited moft of the Ptifan, which
however, about ten at Night, procured her two
Stools. She got the Paregonck immediately
after, and had an eafy Night.

She pafied the 19th Day pretty eafily, with¬
out taking any Medicine.

On the 20th the Ptifan was renewed, with
the Addition of Rhubarb ; but die threw it up fo
quickly, that it had little Effedt on her Belly :
The vomiting increafed towards Evening, when
I gave her a ftomachick opiate Mixture, with
Sal Abfenth. and Syrup Li?non. to be taken in
Spoonfuls, and fometimes a Glafs of Rhenijh
Wine. The Pain {he formerly complained of
at her Navel and Regia Pubis now removed to
the Stomach, and feized chiefly its upper O-
xifice.

On the 21ft before Noon, the Vomiting
eeafed, and returned no more; {he continued
the Mixture and Rhenifn Wine, and took a
little Bread-berry ; but her Breathing became
laborious, and wheezing, though her Pulfe con¬
tinued

and Obfervations. 307

tinned calm and ftrong, as it had been all a-
long. About Four after Noon file was feized
with Convulfions fo firong, that four Women
could fcarce keep her in Bed : Soon after her
Pulfe became weak and irregular. About two
in the Morning fhe had a iecond Convulfion,
which brought Blood from her Mouth : After
which fhe lay calm, but funk gradually till ten
before Noon that fhe died.

During the whole Courfe of her Difeafe, fhe
never could ly on the left Side, but was all along
free of Pain both of left Kidney and Ureter.

Upon opening the Body before Dr. Andrew
Sinclair , Profefibr of Medicine , and Dr. Mon¬
ey ief\ we found the Mufcles of the Abdomen
extremely thin, a confiderable Quantity of Wa¬
ter betwixt them and the P eriionceum^ and like-
wife fome Water in the Cavity of the Belly.

The Stomach was found \ moft of the fmall
Guts Hightly inflamed.

The Liver very large, but not hard ; the
whole convex Surface of the right Lobe firong-
ly attached to the Peritoneum, the Extremity of
its left Lobe contiguous to the Spleen.

The Spleen confiderably larger, thicker, and
fofter than ufual.

The Uterus inflamed, with both its Cornu a
obftrudled, by a tough white Matter of an un¬
equal Coniiflence.

The Ovaria much contracted, flat and white,
without any Ova.

That Part of the P eritoneum which covered
the right Kidney, of a very unnatural Thick-
nefs*

The.-

$0% Medical EJfays

The right Kidney of a monftrous large Size %
the Blood -veflels on its Surface very red and-
turgid. Upon making an Incilion into its ex¬
ternal convex Side, a fmall Quantity of Pus was
found near the Pelvis in the Pelvis itfelf was
contained a large Stone, and a great Number of
fmaller ones of different Shapes and Sizes ; none
of them exceeding the Bulk of a common Pea,
and none lefs than a great Pin’s Plead.

The Ureter on the right Side little above the
natural Size.

The left Kidney fo fmall, that with Difficul¬
ty it was found ; neither Stone nor Sand in any
of three fmall Cavities which it had inftead of a
Pelvis.

The left Ureter very large near the Kidney,
then much contracted, and afterwards dilated
again above the natural Dimenfion. See Fig. 3*
which exhibites the Dimenfions both of Kidney
and Veffels.

There was nothing found in the Bladder.

Explication of Fig. 3. TAB. IV. »

A The Kidney as large as the Life.

B One of the Cavities that fupplied the Want
of a Pelvis opened by Part of the Subftance of
the Kidney being cut off.

N. B. The three Cavities had no Communi¬
cation with each other within the Kidney ; and
though there were fome fmall urinary Canals
opened into each, I could not obferve any Pa -

The Trunk of the emulgent Artery.

D The emulgent Vein.

E The

and Obfervations . 309

E The nephritick Nerve, the Branches of
all thefe V eifels going to the Kidney, are deli¬
neated, but need no Explication.

F The Canals coming out from the three Ca¬
vities, to compofe one large Sac G, at the Be¬
ginning of the Ureter.

H The Ureter pretematuraliy flraitened.

I The Ureter again dilated to the ordinary
Size.

XXXII. A Supprejjion of Urine*, by Dr. Fran¬
cis Pringle, late Prefedent of the College of
Phyftcians in Edinburgh.

A Gentleman about feventy three Years of
Age, of a healthy ConfHtution, and full
Habit; of Body, was feized on Tuefday June 22.
with a total Suppreffion of Urine, attended with
Pains about the Os Pubis , Region of the Loins
and Kidneys, and with frequent Vomitings of a
darkifh-coloured Subftance, refembling Coffee
or Chocolate, he had alfo frequent Returns of
the Hiccough, and complained of a fcalding
Heat, when he fwallowed any Drink, efpecial-
ly if it had the leaf! Acrimony.

He continued two Days in this State, notwith-
ftanding his having been let Blood by his Surge¬
on, who alfo gave him feveral Clyfters, and a
Decodfion of the aperient Roots, with Sal
P run ell. for Drink.

Being called to him on Thurfday fune 24. I
immediately ordered him to be founded, and
three Mutchkins and a half of a dark-coloured
tfiofly Urine were voided by the Catheter . Af¬
ter

g i o Medi cal EJJays

ter which the black Vomitings and Hiccough
ceafed ; and he found fo much Relief every
Way, that he delayed the Ufe of the Semicupi -
urn which I had caufed to be prepared for him ;
but he had emollient Terebinthinate Clyfters in¬
jected ; and he continued the Ufe of the aperi¬
ent diu retick DecoCtion, to the Materials of
which fome Althea Roots were added.

Next Day having paifed no Urine, he was
put into a Semicupium ; and that availing no¬
thing, he was again founded, and palfed fome
lefs Quantity of Urine than was taken away be¬
fore. While the Surgeon founded him, the Ca¬
theter met with little Refinance ; neither was
there any Appearance of Stone, Ulcer, or Ca¬
runcle in the Neck of the Bladder ; nothing:
Came away with the Urine, except a Drop or
two of coagulated Blood, and fome fandy gritty
Sediment.

He continued in this Condition, till the Sa¬
turday Evening, when he was obliged to be
founded again ; and his Pulfe being frequent,
hard and ftrong, with Heat and Thirft, he was
blooded. On Sabbath he was founded for the-,
fourth Time, was again put into the Semicupi -
wiiy and a laxative purging Ptifan given, which,
anfwered well enough.

From the firft Time he had been founded,
the black Vomitings left him ; but he was
troubled with the Hiccough from time to
time, which , iricreafed fo much on Tuefday
June 29th, being accompanied with a low de-
prelfed Pulfe, and Coldnefs of the Extremities,,
that it was judged proper to apply a bliflering
Plailter between his Shoulders at Night ; and

befides

mid Obfervations. ' g ii

befides the former Medicines, he was ordered to
take frequently a Spoonfull of the Solution of
Balfam Copaib. to which fome Gutts of the 01.
Macis chemlc. diffolved in Sugar, were added.
He flept well all Night, and was quite free of
the Hiccough, and had a good Pulfe next Morn¬
ing ; but parted no Urine till the Catheter was
again introduced. Upon removing the bliftering
Plaifler,he felt fome fharp Pains, refembling thofe
of a Strangury, which were probably owing to
theBlirter: He was therefore ordered to drink
plentifully of the Emulfto Arabka , and at Bed¬
time, to take a Bolus compofed of Pulv. Rad .
Valerian. Silv. gr. x. Gaft or. Rufs. Sal. Snccin .
Camphor, a gr. v. Extract. Opii. gr. I. Syrup
Cariophyll. f. q. which eafed his Pains, and pro¬
cured him a pretty good Night. At the fame
time he continued to take the Solution of Balft
Copaib.

•On the three following Days he continued
much in the fame Way, being founded every
Day to evacuate the Urine, which he never paf-
fed without the Catheter. "July 3d, he was or¬
dered to drink plentifully of Piermont Water and
Rhenijh Wine, and Pareyra Brava was added to
i his ordinary diuretick Decodtion,

'July 4th and 5th, there was fcarce any Change ;
his Decodtion, Piermont Water and Rhenijh
Wine were {till continued. On the 6th, 7th,
8th, being a little ftronger, he rode fometimes
out in a Chaife, and continued in the Ufe of the
fame Medicines, only half a Drachm of the
Oil of Juniper , and as much aetherial Oil of
Turpentine were added to fix Ounces of the Co¬
paiba Mixture. On the 9th or 10th he had a

gradual

5 1 2 Medical Effays

gradual flow Difcharge of more than a Pound of
Urine, without the Afliftance of the Catheter ,
which the Suppreflion he had of Urine, put us
under the Neceflity of introducing every Day
from the Beginning of his Difeafe, till the 17th
or 1 8th of July, when he came to void his Wa¬
ter in the natural Way and regularly. He con¬
tinued the Rhenijh Wine, and Spaw- water, with
riding on Horfeback, or in a Chaife for fome
time, making rather more Urine than he was
formerly in ufe to do, and continued a confider-
able Time in good Health, without having any
Occafion to be founded.

Afterwards this Gentleman was fubjedt to fre¬
quent Returns of the Suppreflion of Urine upon
any Excefs in his Bottle ; and five Years after,
was attacked with the fame Symptoms as for¬
merly ; but neglecting to call proper Afliftance
in due Time the Difeafe was fo advanced, that
it was very difficult to found him. In few Days
a confiderable Quantity of bloody Matter was
brought away with the Catheter , the Fever and
other bad Symptoms increafed, and he died.

XXXIII.

and Obfer vat ions.

31 3

XXXIII. An Account of medical Dlfcov erics ,
Improvements , ZLs/fr pub lift) ed in the Tear

1731, omitted in the firjl Volume of this
Collection.

Difcoveries and Improvements.

T^R. Stahl, firfl Phyfician to the King of
^ Prujfa , recommends the Eryfimum or
Verbena fcemina as a good Medicine for fchirrho-
cancrous Tumors, both when taken internally,
and applied to the Tumor. Mr . Bingert, Sur¬
geon at Berlin , communicates two Hiftories of
its good Effe&s in fuch Cafes, Aft. medic . Be -
rc//». 3. Vol. 1. p. 59.

Morgagni confirms by feveral Experiments
what Burlet had affirmed of Aq. Calc, not coa¬
gulating Milk. De Bonon. Art. iff Scient . Injlitu-
to atque Acad. Comment, p. 155.

The Powder of the Fungus thyphoides coccineus
Melitenfis is recommended as a good and fafe
Styptick in Hcem 0 rrhag ics, ibid. p. 158.

Mr. Le Dran mentions feveral Examples of
his Succefs in curing white Swellings of the
Joints, or Tumors occafioned by a Collection
of infpifTated Lymph, by a fmall Stream of
warm Water falling from a Height upon them.
When the Water is impregnated with pene¬
trating Medicines, or natural Minerals, its
Virtues are greater. Befides the Ufe of thefe
Douches, as he calls them, he alfo recommends
the Application of Bladders, containing warm
Water, to the Parts affedled with fuch Difeafes.

Vol. II. Dd Le

314 Medical Ejf ays

Le Dean Gbfervations chirurgicales , Eom. 2. Ob-
fcrv. 93. 94.

Mr, Batlleron Surgeon, affirms, that a Com¬
position of Sulphur, Rofm, and Honey, proves
an Efcharotick Medicine, but gives little or no
Pain, ibid. Obferv. 100.

Morgagni has never yet fulfilled his Promife
of publifhing Valfalva' s pofthumous Works,
which he propofes to comment on, and add
Notes to : But, by a fhort Abflradf from his Pa¬
pers now publifked, we may judge what Difco-
veries V alfalva is to treat of.

His firft Differtation is to be on the Liga¬
ments of the Colon, which other Authors, and
particularly Morgagni , has prevented him in.

Next, he treats of the Sinufes of the Aorta .
By Sinus he means any Part of an Artery,
where its Sides are jfiretched outwards beyond
the ordinary proportional Dimenfions elfe-
where. He oblerves four fuch Sinufes , three
of them anfwer to the femilunar Valves ; and
the fourth is all that Part of the Aorta between
the former Sinufes , and the Origin of the com¬
mon Trunk of the right fubclavian and carotid
Arteries.

He then gives ibme Reafons why the Nervus
dccejjorius , aTcribed commonly to Willis , fhould
not be faid to have its Origin where the com¬
mon Defcriptions place it, but fhould on the
contrary be thought to rife from the eighth Pair,
to be joined to the Medulla fpinalis .

Valfalva calls that Ring, which the Mu-
fcles of the Eye make round the optick Nerve
at the Bottom of the Orbit, by the Name of'
.the Moderator Ring of that Nerve, alledging;

that ;

and Observations. 3 1 5

that the exterior Fibres of thefe Mufcles, which
rife from the Nerve, muff fhorten it when they
contract ; and when the interior Fibres act,
they muff comprefs it ; fo that thefe different
Fibres of the Mufcles affedf the nervous Fluid
here very differently. Thereafter he accounts
for feveral Phenomena of Vifion from this Stru¬
cture. He alfo defcribes fuch another Ring:

made round the Motory Nerves of the Eye ; but
acknowledges that it is neither fo remarkable or
diftinCt as the former.

'Fhe laft Treatife mentioned by Morgagni
is the one wherein Valfalva endeavours to prove
the Renes fuccenturiati , or Glandules renales to
be Organs of Generation, or afliftant to them.
Valfalva had endeavoured to fecure the Ho¬
nour of . this Difcovery to himfelf, by entering a
publick Proteff, that no other fhould claim it.
Mr. Ranby , Surgeon to the King of Britain's
Houfhold, fufpebfed that the Du<5t, which
the Italian literary Journals mentioned as the
principal Part of this Difcovery, was no other
than an Artery fent off from that of the Ca~
pfula on each Side, to the Teflicles of Men, and
( Jvaria of Women. (See Phil. Tranf Numb.
•387. § 3. and Numb. 395. § 12. ( a ) Mor¬
gagni has now explained Valfalva' s Doctrine
more fully.

Valfalva gives the following Reafons for his
Opinion of the Renes fuccenturiati being af-
fiftant in Generation, by means of their ex-
icretory Ducts. He obferves the fern inary Vef-

D d 2 fels

(a) We beg Mr. Ran}y would determine whether the Ar¬
tery he ddcrib«s is conftuntly or leldom found.

3 1 6 Medical EJfays

fels of fevcral Fowls to come out from thefe
Capful# , before they are fent from the Te¬
fticles. In the Viper and Water Tortoife he re¬
marks fuch membranous Connexions between
the Renes fuccentariati and Tefticles, as make
it probable that fuch Excretories 'are fent through
the Capful ce to the Tefticles. He affirms his
having feen Veflels that were neither nervous,
fanguiferous nor lymphatick, going from the
human Capful# to the Defies. His Obferva-
tions are much the fame as to Females. To
thefe he fubjoins the Confent and Sympathy
obferved by Phyficians between the Loins,
and the natural or genital Parts. To confirm
all, he relates the following Experiment : He
cut away one Tefticle, and extirpated the Kid¬
ney of the oppofite Side of a Whelp. The
Wounds healed, but the Creature was of a
very lax Habit, and was fo far from attempting
Coition with Bitches, that he did not feem
fond of them when they were proud, Acad. Bd*
nonienf Comment . p. 376. tsV.

Petrus Nannius , after giving fome Exam¬
ples of veficular Bodies found in the conglome¬
rate Glands, which, he thinks, fupport the
Malpighian Scheme of Gland?, endeavours to
prove the Neceffity of fuch Veficles for recei-
- ving all the different Particles required in the
Compofition of fecerned Liquors, that muff be
conveyed in different Series of Veffels, to be
intimately blended in the Veficle, which will
be confiderably affifted by the Syftole and Dia-
ftole, which he fuppofes the Veficles to undergo,
ibid. p. 326. &c.

Dominic . Gufman. Galeatius having found

fmall

and Observations < 31 7

fmafl black bilary Concretions contained in
Folliculi of the Coats of the Gall-bladder, con¬
cludes Malpighius' s Opinion of the Glands of
the Gall-bladder to be thereby confirmed, ibid,

P • 355*

Mr. Lamorier propofes fome Improvement on
the Operation of the Fijiula lacrymalis \ for he
defires the Os unguis to be laid bare at the fir ft
Incifion, and immediately after to pierce it
with a Pair of ftrong fharp-pointed crooked
Forceps, then to dilate the Perforation, by o-
pening the Forceps. After the Inflammation is
over, he would have a Piece of finall Wax-
Candle fihaped like a Tent, introduced by the
Wound into the Nofe, where he fecures it by
the other Dreflings. He continues the Ufe of
this Bougie till the Paflage is made callous and
out of Hazard of reuniting, after which he al¬
lows the external Wound to cure. The Ad¬
vantages he propofes by this Method, are to
abridge the Operation, and to fecure a Paflage
for the Tears into the Nofe. Memoir e envoy} du
Montpelier a P Acad, des Sciences 1729.

Mr. Le Dran Surgeon at Paris has mention¬
ed feveral Improvements in Surgery, in his two
Volumes of Obfervations.

He cured a Polypus of the Nofe that he could
not extract wholly, in the following Manner,
which may be pradtifed for deftroying all fuch
Excrefcencies. He introduced one Extremity
of a large Seton, put on the Point of the Fore¬
finger of the left Hand, into the Patient’s
Mouth, till he brought it behind the Velum
pendulum of the Palate, then Aiding a Pair of
.thin crooked Forceps, held in the right Hand, in-

D d 3 ~ t«

3 ig Medical EJJays

to the affe&ed Noftril, he catched hold of
the End of the Seton, and brought it out at the
Noftril, leaving its other Extremity hanging
out at the Mouth. Every Day he fhifted the
Part of the Seton in the Noftril, after covering
what was to be introduced into the Nofe with
a fuppurant Medicine. While he drew the
Cord, he endeavoured to prefer ve the pofterior
Edge of the Velum pendulum from being hurt ;
by introducing his Finger into the Mouth, and
fupporting the Cord upon it. He continued the
the Ufe of the Suppurant, till he was fenfible, by
the Patient’s Breathing freely through the No¬
ftril, that the Remains of the Polypus were de-
ftroyed, and then he injedted Deficcatives to ci¬
catrize the Ulcer, Tome I. Obferv. 6.

In his Reflexions on this fixth Obfervation,
he propofes to make fuch a Seton ferve for
flopping Hcemorrhagies of the Nofe ; for which
Purpofe he faftens two Doflils to the Cord,
and after drawing one out at the Noftril, to
bring away the clotted Blood, he continues to
draw the Cord, and fo fills up the pofterior
Part of the Noftril with the other, which ought
to be larger, and well wet in a ftyptick Li¬
quor, by which not only the Hamorrhagy
may be flopped, but if it fhould continue, the
Doflil will efFedlually prevent the Blood and
Medicines put into the Nofe, from running
down the Throat, which commonly occafion
a Cough or Vomiting that increafes the Blooding.
He confirms his Reafoning by the fubfequent
Obfervations, which is an Example of the Sue-
cefs of this Method.

In his Obfervations on Wounds of the

Head,

and Observations. 319

Head, viz. from Obferv. 15. to 29. he en¬
deavours to fhew how much more dangerous
the Cafe is, when the Cranium does not break
by violent Blows, &c. than when it is fra£fcu-
red, becaufe of the greater Commotion of the
Brain, Contufion of the Skull, and Separation
of the Du? a Mater in the former Cafe, and
therefore concludes it neceflary to perform the
Operation of the Trepan oftner than is common¬
ly pradtifed.

In his Reflexions on the 31. Obferv. he re¬
marks, That whenever any confiderable Quan¬
tity of Pus is contained in either Cavity of the
Thorax, that Side will appear larger than the o-
ther.

Pom. 2. Obf 59. He defcribes a Bijioury
cache of his own Contrivance, for more
fafely performing the Operation for Her¬
nia. The Point of the Bijioury does not come
out of the Furrow of the Directory, but Aides
in it, while the Edge of the Blade is raifed, and
there is a Wing or broad Plate that Hands out
cn each Side of the Diredlory, to keep down the
Guts, and thereby to prevent the Hazard of their
being cut.

Obferv. 80. He allures us, that when a
fmall Stone is lodged in the Neck of the Blad¬
der, the Patient only is pained in pilling, till
the firffc Drops of the Urine come away. When
the Stone in the Bladder is large, his greateft
Pain is while the laft Drops are evacuated 5 but
when the Difficulty in urining depends on the
Difeafes of the Coats of the Bladder, the Pam
continues all the Time of the Evacuation. By
obferving thefe Symptoms, he has determined

People

320 Medical Ejjays

People to have no Stone in their Bladder, af¬
ter feveral others had allured them there was
a Stone ; and his Opinion was confirmed by
probing with the Catheter . He names one par¬
ticular Inftance of this in a Perfon who laboured
under what he calls a contracted hardened Blad¬
der ( vejjie retrecie & raccornie ) whom he cured
after feveral Bloodings, and Purgatives, by
injeCting into the Bladder the mucilaginous De-
coCtion of Rad. Alth. & Se?n. Lini , which he
changed afterwards for Barley W ater, with
fome Melrofe } for by thefe he removed the Pain
and brought the Bladder, which could fcarce con¬
tain at firlt two Spoonfuls of Liquor, to the or¬
dinary Capacity.

Obferv. 1 12. He defcribes the Amputation
of the metatarfal Bone of the great Toe. He
cut with a Biltoury between the affeCted meta¬
tarfal Bone and the one next to it, till his
Knife palled beyond the carious Part and even
beyond the Swelling of the Tegument; then
introducing a furrowed Probe between the
Bones near the pofferior Extremity of the In-
cifion, he pufhed his Biftory by the Help of it
fome Way between the Bones, and made a
feinicircular Incifion upon the metatarfal Bone
of the great Toe, firft above and then below,
fo as to make a compleat circular Wound, and
to lay that Bone bare all round ; and imme¬
diately taking out the furrowed Probe, he in¬
troduced a thin Plate of Lead in its Place, and
with a fine Saw cut the affeCted Bone through,

j *

the next one being faved from any Injury by the
Plate of Lead.

Msrgagni .tells, that Valfalva {hews by feve¬
ral

and Observations. 321

ral Reafons and Examples, the Cataract to be a
Difeafe of the cryftalline Humour and not a Mem¬
brane.

The principal Difference, according to him,
between a Cataract and Glaucoma , is, that in
the latter Difeafe the cryftalline Humour be¬
comes hard, and of a fky-colour (glauci colons ,}
and in the former it is foft, Comment. Acad,
Bonon . p. 378.

Dr. Alb ertinus's Remarks on fome Faults of
Refpiration, depending on the iefed Structure
of the Heart and Pnscordia , will not admit of
fuch an Abridgment as our Defign allows ;
wherefore we muft refer to the original Treatife,
ibid. p. 382.

The fame Gentleman obferves, that all
feverifh Difeafes, nay almoft all Difeafes, are
followed by Crijes ; and that particularly after
intermitting Fevers are flopped by the Peruvian
Bark, critical Evacuations are to be expected ;
if they do not come timely, the Patient is in
Danger of fome other Difeafe, efpecially if any
ufual or habitual Evacuation has been hindered.
In which Cafe it is dangerous to give the Bark,
unlefs we are on our Guard to promote a
fuitable Excretion, if a Crifis does not foon
come naturally, ibid. p. 405.

Cajetanus Tacconus M. D. tried many Ex¬
periments with the Mucilage of the Joints of
Brutes, and of Men both found and gouty, in
order to difeover whether the gouty Matter is
acid or alcali ; and concludes, that the Mat¬
ter of this Difeafe is fometimes of the one and
fometimes of the other Nature. The Signs by
which he thinks they may be diftinguifhed are

thefe :

322 Medical Ejjays

thefe : If the Gout produces no Tophi or Knots,
or does it very fiowly ; and efpecially if it is
attended with oedematous Swellings, he pro¬
nounces it to depend on an alcaline Humour :
But if the Knots are large, and -quickly form¬
ed, he is of opinion it is owing to an Acid,
The Method of Cure muff confequently be
Very different according to the Caufe, ibid . p,
148.

BOOKS.

Y T Nleitung %ur hijiorie der Me didn't fchen. Ge-
lahrtheit , 4 to, Jenae.

Raccolta degli Gpufcoli fdentifichi e fdologici ,
Tom. 4. Venet.

Jo. Dominic Civini Difcurfus Academicus de
hijioria A natura Cajfce , 4 to, Florentine.

Difpenfatorium regium is electorate^ Boruflb
Branderburgicum, Regii Collegii media fupcrioris
cura is? opera denub editum , revifum , emeudatum 3
is? audtum^ foL Berolin.

Tr a Status phyfiicus , de tempejlate , t'w fubjungi-
tur objervatio circa vafia lymphatica ventriculi infiti-
tuta. Audi ore D. Jo. Wilhelmo Albrecht Med.
P. Erfurthenfi , 81/0, Erfordiae.

Petri Chriftophori Burgmanni, fuccindtum
Elypothcfios Stahiianae examcn , r/<? anima rationali
corpus bumanimi jiruente , jnotufique vitales tam in
Jiatu fano quam morboj'o adminiflrante , 8w,
Tipliae.

Reflexions critique fur P ' ennnenologie de
Mr. F reind, par Mr. Tellier le fils , Medecinr
limo , a Paris.

Jufti Veffi M. D. z/z Academia Erfurtenfii

and Obfervations. 323

P. Injlitutiones mediate reformates nunc denub
publici juris feadtes, 8 vo^ Francofurt. & Lipfine.

II medico in Mantoua , oppure qual metodo di
medicare nelle palluftri , e quale nolle cita mon¬
tane convenga di Flaminio Corghi M. D.
Mantoue.

JDilucidazioni Fifeco-mediche del Potter Sancaffi-
ni tendenti a richiamare la medicina pradtica aUa
preziofa Puritd , in cui ce la lafeio il grande Ipo-
crair , con altri Trattati concernenti a tale impor¬
tant' Jfjimo argument /, foL Roma.

XXXIV. An Account of the ?noJl remarkable
Improvements and Difcov cries in P byfeck
made or propofed fence the Beginning ofe the
Tear 1732.

^TpHE Small-pox are generally believed to
have been firfl obferved and deferibed by
the Arabians ; but Dr. Hahn endeavours .to
prove in his Book intitled, Variolarum antiquita-
tes e Greeds erutts , that the Smallpox was de¬
feribed by the old Greek Phvficians under the
Name of Carbuncle.

In the Epiffle to Fabricius , tack’d to his Vari¬
olarum antiquitates , the fame Author ufes many
Arguments to (hew farms Damafcenus and Me-
feue the Syrian to be the fame Perfon.

The Peruvian Bark , fo well known as a Spe-
cifick in the Ague, is now difeovered to be as
effectual in the Cure of Mortifications from an
internal Caufe. The Hiftory of this Difcovery
is : In 1715, Mr. Rufhwortb Surgeon in North¬
ampton gave it to a Patient labouring under a
Mortification ; and, having afterwards other

Proofs

324 Medical EJJays

Proofs of its good Effe&s in this Difeafe, com*
municated his Difcovery in the 1731 to the Ma¬
tter and Governor of Surgeons Hall at London .
Serjeant Amyand foon tried it in fuch Cafes,
and found it fuccefsful in feven. Mr. "John
Douglas confirms it by the Hiftory of a Patient
of his, which he published in 1732; and Mr.
Shipton Surgeon foon after relates his Succefs
by this Medicine to the Royal Society in Lon«
don. Mr. Rujhworth and Mr. Arnyand confine
its Ufe to Mortifications from an internal Caufe,
and the former Gentleman thinks it is not pro¬
per in all Cafes of that Kind, particularly where
there is no Intermiffion of the Fever, when on¬
ly he advifes it to be given. Mr. Douglas feems
to think it will fucceed in all Mortifications.
All thefe three Gentlemen gave half a Drachm
for a Dofe every fourth Hour. Mr. Shipton in-
creafed the Dofe to two Scruples , and gave it
while the Fever continued. He propofes to have
it tried in Nome?, Phagedena , Herpes , or o-
ther chironian Ulcers. See Mr. Rujhworth's
Letter, Mr. Douglas's Account of Mortifications,
and Philofoph. Tranfadi. Numb. 426. § 5.

yo. Gc. Henr. Kramer us allures us we may
depend on the fame Effect, in the Cure of a
Dyfentery, from the Decodtion of common Mil -
let Seed, called St. Ambrofe's Syrupy as is pro-
mifed on the Simarouba by Mr. yujfteuy Commerce
literar. Norimberg 1733, Hebd . vi. § 3,.

Dr. Dovar , in his Phyfician’s Legacy to his
Country, having recommended Quick-filver as
a mo ft beneficial Medicine for feveral Difeafes,
Morning Draughts of crude Quick-filver be¬
came the Top of the Mode laft Winter in Lom

dOtJy

and Obfervations. 325

don ; which has occafioned the W riting of a
great many Pamphlets, fome condemning, o-
thers extolling; this Practice : But till the con-
tending Parties are better agreed about their
Fadls, Cafes and Hiftories, nothing pofitive can
be determined.

Mr. Boulduc defcribes a Manner of making
Corrofive /ultimate more ea ily and fafely, than
can be done in the common Way. Pie pours
equal Quantities of tifuick-filver and dephlegma -
ted Oil of Vitriol into a Retort ; then, with the
Help of Fire, diffolves the Mercury , and draws
off the Phlegm, and Part of the Acid that does
not incorporate with the Quick -filver : The
Fire is continued till the white Mafs of diffolved
Mercury is dry, when he fpeedily mixes it with
equal Parts of the whiteft common Sea Salt,
dried by a gentle Heat, and not decrepitated.
And putting all into a Matras , makes the Sub¬
limation in the common Way. After it is all
railed, he breaks his Matras , by taking it out
of the Sand-heat while it is warm, or by put¬
ting a wet cloth on it, which prevents any of
the S ’ultimate from falling down, as it does
when the Glafs is broke by ftriking on it. Me¬
moir es de T Acad, des fciences , 1 7 30.

Mr. Le Fevre propofes a compendious eafy
Way of making Colcothar of Vitriol. He mixes
two Parts of Filings of Iron with one of com¬
mon Sulphur and a little Water ; after the Acid
of the Sulphur has diffolved the Iron, he expo-
fes the Pafte to the Air, and it changes into
Colcothar. FUJI, de l Acad, des fciences , 1730.

Mr. Petit the Phyfician’s Obfervations and
Experiments on the Colour, Confiftence, Mea-
Vol. II. E e fure.

22 6 Medical EJJays

fare Weight, fcff. of the cryftalline Humour
of the Eye arid its Capfula , in different Ani¬
mals, are fo minute and numerous, that it is
impoffible for us to make fuch an Abridgment
of them as our Defign will allow ; we fhall on¬
ly obferve, that he (hews the Cryftalline to con-
• fift of concentrical Lamina : He always found
the Capfula tranfparent, and denies any Con¬
nexion between this Membrane and the Cry¬
ftalline, or that there are any Veffels going from
the one to 'the other; but that the Cryftalline
is noun {lied by abforbing the Lymph that is
lodged between it and its Capfula. Memoir es de

V Acad, des fciences , 1 7 30, .

■Mr. Window's Remarks on the Motions of

the Head, 'Neck and Spine, and Mr. Hunauld’s
'Obfervations on the Bones of the human Scull,
are fo particular, that we muft refer our Readers
wholly to the Originals in the Memoires de

1' Acad. -1730.

Dr. Waltherus Profeffor at Leipftck has given
a very minute Defcription of the Mufcles and
Ligaments in the Sole of the Foot, which we
ran not abridge ; and therefore muft refer to the
nZ Adi. Erudit. Lipf April* 1732.

Dr. Alexander Steuart Phyfician to the Queen
of England , having cut off the Head -of a Frog,
obferved, that upon thrufting a blunt Probe
into the Medulla fpinalis , the Mufcles of the
Body were brought into convulfive Contra¬
ctions; and that the fame happened to the
Mufcles of the Head, when the Probe was
thruft into the Brain. From which he con¬
cludes, the Brain and Nerves to contribute to

mufcular Motion, and that to a very high De¬
gree.

and Obfervations . 327

gree. Next, he laid bare the crural Artery,
Vein and Nerve of a Dog ; and placing a
Thread parallel to them, he made two Liga¬
tures on them, at four Inches Diftance from
each other; then cutting the Veffels through
beyond the Ligatures, he took them out, and
obferved that the Nerve did not contradf,
though the Bload-veffels loft three eighth Parts
of their Length : From whence he infers, that
what the Nerves contribute in mufcular Mo¬
tion, cannot arife from,, or be owing to Elafti-
city, but to the Fluid they contain ; which he
thinks the name of Spirits unhappily contrived
to exprefs, becaufe it is apt to miHead into
an Idea of fermented or faline Spirits ; where¬
as, fays he, we have no Reafon, from any
Appearances we can obferve, either in the
Brain or Nerves, to judge thefe Spirits to be
any other than a pure and perfectly defecated
elementary Water. PbiloJ'oph. Pranfail. Numb *
424. § 5.

An anonymous Phyfician,, after, mentioning
the Arguments ured for and againft the Nerves
Being compofed of cylindrical Canals contain¬
ing a Fluid-, offers what he calls an Experimen-
tum cruris in Proof of fuch a Structure; it is
the Demonffration of the optique Nerve inflated
and dried, which appears cannular to the naked
Eye. Prefent State of the Repuhlick of Letters ,
Vol. XII. Art. 16.

Mr. Browne Langrijh, in his Effay on muf-
icular Motion, endeavours, (p. 14. ) to prove
the Blood to have no immediate Effedf in muf-
cular Motion ; which he does, by Experiments
of tying the . crural and carotid Arteries of

e 2

Dogs*

328 Me it cal EJfays

Dogs, who did not thereby lofe the Adiion of
any Mufcles. He grants however, (p. 16. ) that
when all the Blood is intercepted, mufcular
Motion ceafes in a few Minutes. The chief
Ufe of the Blood towards mufcular Motion is,
in his Opinion, (p. 19.) to keep the Fibres
warm, fupple, diftended and every way ready
for the Influx of animal Spirits into them ; and
by its expanfive and progreilive Motion, to af-
fiR the Motion of the animal Spirits.

P. 23. He thinks the mufcular Fibres to be
little hollow Cylinders, and could never obferve
that they were divided into Cells, Vehicles or
Bladders.

After explaining at large his Opinion con¬
cerning the Doctrine of Attraction and Repul-
fion, and obferving the Elafticity with which
our mufcular Fibres are endued, and how vo¬
latile, fpirituous Things, Aftringents, and cold
Bodies incite the Mufcles to a contractile Mo¬
tion, and increafe their Contraction ; he fup-
pofes (p. 55.J the animal Spirits to be near a-
kin, or analogous to Spirits of Sal Ammoniac ,
Hartfhorn, or human Sculls ; and therefore,
whenever they fly from the Nerves into the
mufcular Fibres, they will increafe the attra¬
ctive Quality of their component Particles to¬
wards each other, fo as to make them run
nearer together, which will confequently oc-
cafion the Coats of the Fibres to be both
thicker and fhorter, and the Mufcle will be
contracted, having all its Dimenfions rather
diminifhed than increafed. (p. 78. ) The ani¬
mal Spirits , fays he, are fo fubtiie, that they
cannot be fixed, and confequenly they will im¬
mediately

and Obfervatlons . 329

mediately make their Efcape through the mufco
lar Fibres, and leave them in the fame State
they found them in, as foon as the Supply by
the Nerves is by any means dffcontinued.

According to our Author, (p. 78. ) there 13
a Difference in the Mechanifm of the Nerves,
which are fent to the Mufeles that adf by the
Influence of the Mind, from thofe of the
Mufeles that are faid to perform; involuntary
Motions,, the latter having no Let or Hin-
derance to the Courfe of the animal Spirits, , un-
lefs fometimes the Parts through which they
pafs have. Influence on them ; whereas the
Nerve3 which ferve the Mufeles of voluntary
Motion have fome little Conftridlions at their
Extremities, or elfewhere, which hinders the
Courfe of their Fluids, except when their Re?-
lilfance is overcome by the Momentum of the a-
nimal Spirits being, increafed by the Will.

He thinks (p. 70.J the U le of the Ganglions*
is to prevent any Communication of Motion
from one Nerve to another, whereby in a State
of Health, Senfation is always performed dir
ifindlly.

Mr. Mery (a) attempted to eifablifh the Do
dlrine of Air being mixed with the Blood in
the pulmonary Vein; and being again dif~
charged into the Branches of the Trachea , by
the jfmall Branches of the pulmonary Artery.,
His principal Argument in fupport of this Da-
dfrine was, That Air blown into the Trachea
palled by the pulmonary Veins into tile Heart,,

E e 3 and

C a) Memaircs de I’Acad. de$ fcienees.pour V anrke. 1700
& .1707,

33$ Medical EJfays

and that by blowing Air into the pulmonary
Artery, it could be forced into the Trachea .
Mr. Bulfinger at Peter/hurg undertook the Ex¬
amination of thefe Farits, by a Variety of Ex¬
periments made with the Air-pump, by which
he obferved, that Water thrown in at the
Trachea , ran out at both the pulmonary Artery
and Vein, and chiefly by the Vein, which nei¬
ther Milk nor Air would do. Water injerit-
ed into the pulmonary Artery, pafTed into the
Trachea and pulmonary Vein, which Air alfo
did. Water injected into the pulmonary Vein
was pufhed with Difficulty, but at laff ran
into the Trachea , and not into the pulmonary
Artery. Finding therefore that he could not
force Air in any Trial from the Trachea into
the pulmonary Blood-veflels, he concludes Mr.
Mery's Experiment, and confequently his Sy-
flem, to be ffilfe ; but makes an Apology for
him, by fhewing how readily his feeing the Air,
which had been lodged in the Blood-veffels
before the blowing into the Trachea , or what
enters in the Time of it, at the cut VefTels,
might have led him into the Miftake, as it had
done at firft to fome Gentlemen who faw Mr„
Bulfinger s Experiments, till he undeceived them.
Comment. Acad . Sclent. Imperial, Petropol, Tom .
III. p, 230.

Mr. Hales , in his firft Volume of Statical
Efiays, had given us by the Way fome Expe¬
riments relative to the Force wherewith the
Blood is propelled from the Heart into the Ar¬
teries ; and now in his fecond Volume or Has-
majlatich , he has treated this Matter more fully,
giving us all the remarkable Circumflances of

and Obfervations. 331

the many hydraulico-ftatical Experiments he has
made with great Pains.

P. 31. He obferves, cc That the Force of

the Blood in the Veins and Arteries is very
44 different not only in Animals of different
44 Species, but alfo in Animals of the fame
44 Kind ; and even in the fame Animal ac-
44 cording to its different Circumftances : From
44 whence he concludes it requifite to be fur-
44 nifhed with a good Quantity of Obfervations,
44 thereby to find out the more nearly a Medi-
44 um of thofe Forces, not only in the fame
44 Animal, but alfo in thofe of different Ages,
44 Sizes and Kinds, whence happily fome curi-
44 ous Obfervations may arife.” And indeed
he has furnifhed us with a great many very cu¬
rious Experiments, which may be of confider-
able Ufe in carrying on to the defired Perfection
an hybraulical View of the animal Body.

In the mean time he concludes from his own
Obfervations, That the Quantities of Blood
palTing through the Hearts of different Animals
in a given Time, and the Forces of the Blood'
in the Vefiels are not proportioned in any regular
Way to their Sizes, p. 44.

To give a Detail of all his Experiments,
would be to tranfcribe a great Part of the Book.
We fhall only give the Subftance of a few of
the cardinal Obfervations that are of the great-
eft Confequence, and moft out of the ordinary
Road.

The Force which the left Ventricle of the
Heart fuffers, or wherewith it fqueezes the
Blood in the Beginning of its Contraction is
1 1 3 lib* in a Mare, whofe arterial Blood rofe

3 3 2 * Medical EJJays

to 1 14 Inches perpendicular Height in a GlaiV
Tube, fixed into the carotid Artery, p. 21. Ia
a Dog whole Blood rofe 80 Inches high, he de¬
termined the Force, of the Ventricle to be 33
lib . and a half, p . 38* And he thinks that in a
Man of a middle Conftitution, the Blood would
rife 9.0 Inches, and the comprefiive Force of the
Heart to be. 51 lib. and a half* p. 40.

P. 48; &■£. He gives an experimental Proof
of the great Reftftance the Blood meets with in
palling through the fmall Arteries. , cc And to
44 this Reftftance is. owing the great Difference
44 of the Force, of the Blood in the Arteries
44 to that in the. Veins, viz. as 10 or 12 to 1.”

“ P- 55*

Becaufe equal Quantities of Blood pafs through
the Lungs, and all the reft of the Body in the
fame Time, it is commonly reckoned that the
Blood 1ms a much greater Celerity in that Vifcus ,
than in its ordinary Courfe through the Body.
To confirm and illuftrate this, Mr. Hales ob»-
ferves, That the Parts of the Body thro’ which
there is a free. Circulation, are about thirty
Times heavier than the Lungs, p. 64} and
that a Quantity of Blood equal to twenty eight
Times the Capacity of the pulmonary Veffels
paffes through , them in a Minute,,^. 66. To
ftrengthen which Calcules* he finds by micro-
fcopical Obfervations ( if the Computation ■ were
jujl) the Celerity of Blood in the fmall Arteries
of the Lungs of a Frog, is forty three times
greater than . in equal Arteries of the Mufcles,
p. 68. 69.

Mr. Hales having obferved the Lungs to be
much dilated, by pouring in Blood into the

pulmo-

and Obfervations. 333

pulmonary Artery of Lungs taken out of the
Body, p. 75. and feeing the Lungs diftended in
a living Dog, after a large Incifion had been
made into the Cavity of the Thor ax , concludes
the natural Dilatation of the Lungs in living
Animals, to be owing partly to the Blood for¬
cibly propelled into them by the pulmonary Ar¬
teries, p. 77.

P. 323. From the Diminution of the Elafti-
city of the Air, by the Breath of Animals, he
takes Occafion to fhew the mifehievous Confe-
quences of crowding many People together, as
in Jails, &c. and obferves of what great Benefit
it would be to contrive thofe Places in fuch a
Manner as that they might have a conftant E-
ventilation, or new Recruits of frefh Air. A
Precaution which Ramazzini very judicioufly re¬
commended to be ufed in the Dormitories of
Convents.

Mr. Hales in his firft Volume had reckoned
the Quantity of Moifture expired by the Lungs
in a natural Day to be about fix Ounces and a
half, almoft the fame Santtorius reckoned from
the Drops collected upon a Glafs. But Dr.
Lifter thought that too fmali an Allowance by
much. Now Mr. Hales , by making his Breath
pafs through dry Afhes, found the expired Moi¬
fture to be at the Rate of 9792 Grains, or
9 Lit — zz \ Ounces, or 1, 39 lib. Averdup .
which falls in pretty nearly with Dr. Thrujloris
Conjecture, when he fuppofed the Quantity ex¬
pired by the Lungs, to be equal to the Perfpira-
tion from all the reft of the Body.

Becaufe in the common Method of inject¬
ing the animal Vefiels with a Syringe, one

cannot

334 Medical Effdys

cannot be allured with what Force the injedfed’
Liquors are impelled ; our Author thought of
a Way of doing it, as it were, hydroftatically,.
by the Weight of the fuperincumbent Column
of the injected Liquor, which fnould be con-
ftantly uniform, and nearly equal to the Force
of the arterial Blood, p. 145, And on this
Occafion, p. 148. he makes publick Mr. Ran-
by s inj effing Matter, which confilts of white
Rojin and 1 Tallow , of each two Parts, eight
Parts of Turpentine Varnijb, and three Parts of
the, tinging Powder, as Vermilion or Indico, all.
duly, mixed and prepared.

From' his Injedtions and microfcopical Ob-
fervations, he alledges, that the very minute
extreme Arteries arife all at right Angles from
their refpedtive Trunks, and do not form any
Net- work or Xnofculafions with each other (as
he allows the larger Capillaries to do), and that
they are moftly inferted at right Angles into
large venous Trunks. See p. 51,, 67. 70. 150.
1 51-

From a careful Obfervation of the Appear¬
ance of common Flefh, Dr. Lower reckoned
the Contraction of a Mufcle to be owing to the
Crifpation of its Fibres. This feems to receive
fome Confirmation from a very curious micro¬
fcopical Obfervatiomof Mr. Hales' s, upon the
Adticn of the Mufcles in a live Frog, whole
parallel Fibres he obferved in Contraction to be
changed into rhomboidal P innuke, p. 61 *

This Author did not confine himfelf to the
Confideration of the Forces of the Fluids; he
likewife gives us fome new and curious Experi¬
ments. of the Strengths of the Arteries, Veins,

Periojleum

and Obfervations. 335

'Per 1 oft earn and Ligaments, p. 155. - 172.

He effimates the Prefiure of the Stomach on
the Aliments to be about 20 lib. inftead of the
immenfe and incredible Forces fome had afcri-
bed to it, p. 179.

Upon transfi ling warm W ater into a Dog,
when the Blood came to be very diluted he
died, p. 1 14. and had an univerfal Dropfy from
the ouzing of the watery Parts of the too thin
diluted Blood through the fmall Orifices that are
not large enough to admit the red Particles, p.
1 16. Lower had formerly found the fame Effect
from making Ligatures upon the Veins.

As Dr Keil had obferved how fome People
are fubjebb to Head-achs and Flufhings of the
Face alter Dinner, from the Diftenfion of the
Stomach ; in like manner Mr. Hales remarks,
that the flatulent are often fubjebb to a Abort
fwimming or Vertigo , from the Wind diftending
the Gullet, and fo prefling on the defcending
Aorta , whereby the Blood is too forcibly driven
to the fuperior Parts, p. 183.

Although the Operation of feveral Medicines
may be pretty well underftood, yet fince it
is making fome Advance in Knowledge fur¬
ther to illuftrate even known Truths; our
Author., by inj ebbing various Liquors, fhewed
their great Powers of relaxing or ftraitning the
Veffels. Heat and warm Water were found
to relax them. The Aflringents he tried were
cold Water, Spirit of Wine, Decobfions of Pe¬
ruvian Barb, of Oak-bark, of Cbamcemel Flow¬
ers, of Cinamon and Piermont Water, p . 127.

- r35*

Mr. Hales in his firft Volume had obferved,

that

Medical Effays

that an urinous Calculus was the Body in the
World wherein he found the greateft Quantity
of Air wrought into its Compofition, and thence
conceived great Hopes of finding out fome
Menftruum which might rouze this adfive Prin¬
ciple, and fo difTolve that moft formidable Con¬
cretion, which has hitherto baffled all human
Art and Contrivance. Many, but fruitlefs,
were his Trials ; however, at length he found
a Menftruum , and that not very acrid neither,
which, though it could not well be reduced to
Practice, has a great Power this Way, efpeci-
ally on the fofter Calculi , from which we are
encouraged to hope for greater Light and Ad¬
vantage in this Matter. It is a Solution in Wa¬
ter of the ftrongeff Alcali , and the ftrongeft A-
cid juft in the Adt of EfFervefcence, to wit, Salt
sf Tartar and Oil of Vitriol , or of Sulphur , p .
203. &c.

That the Effedt of any Menftruum injected
into the Bladder for diffolving the Calculus may
not be prevented, by the Mixture of too much
Urine, he propofes to make a continual Flow
of Liquors into, and out of the Bladder, du¬
ring the Injedtion, by ufing a Catheter , the Ca¬
vity of which is divided length-ways, by a thin
Partition, into two feparate Channels, which
end in two divaricating Branches. By one of
thefe Branches he injedls the Menftruum into
the Bladder, in the common, or rather in the
hydroftatical Way, while it returns mixed with
Urine by the other Branch, p. 212.

Onions have a greater diffolving Power of
the Gravel than fome other hot alcaiefcent
Plants, as Scurvy-grafs or Horfe-radifh , p. 215.

The

and Observations. 337

The Gravel more readily attacks thofe of a
hot Conftitution and Men, than People of a lax
Conftitution and Women, becaufe in the for¬
mer the Urine is more highly alcalifed, attenu¬
ated and digefted, p. 217. 218. The more at¬
tenuated and digefted Aliments are moft liable
to breed calcalous Concretions, contrary to the
Docftrine of the Antients, p. 221. 222. Pro¬
bably Stones increafe moft in the hot Seafons,
otherwife than what Aretceus ( de Chron . &c. 1 1.
3.) reckoned, p. 225.

For better preventing the Gravel, Mr. Hales
propofes lying as Soldiers do in their Barracks,
not in a horizontal, but a reclined Pofture, with
the Head and upper Parts of the Body confider-
ably higher than the Feet and lower Parts ;
whereby the Urine is not detained fo long in the
Kidneys, as to allow its tartarous Parts to attradl
each other, p. 229.

Our Author gives us a new and very ingeni¬
ous Contrivance of a Forceps , for extracting a
Stone fticking in the Urethra , which Mr. Ranby
and other Surgeons have ufed with very good
Succefs. He made it thus : 44 He cut off the
44 lower End of a ftrait Catheter , which made it
44 a proper Canula for a S fillet or Forceps to pafs
44 through ; the lower End of the Forceps was
44 divided into two Springs like Tweezers,
44 whofe Ends were turned a little inward :
44 Thefe Springs were made of fuch a Degree of
44 Tendernefs and Pliancy, as not to bear too
44 hard againft the Sides of the Urethra by their
44 Dilatation.

44 When this Inftrument is ufed, the Springs
44 are drawn up within the Canula $ which

Vol. II. F f 44 being

3 3 § Medical EJfays

4 6 being palled into the Urethra as far as to the
tc Stone, the Canula muft then be drawn back
44 fo far as to give Room for the Forceps to di-
4t late ; which dilated Forceps being then thruft
64 down a little further, fo as to embrace the
44 Stone, then the Canula muft be again Hid
64 down, to make the Forceps take faft Hold of
44 the Stone, fo as to draw it out.”

Dr. .7. Ad. Kuhn Profeflor of Anatomy at
Danizick , obferving the Difficulties which at¬
tend the Diftenfion of the Bladder with a Li¬
quor in performing the high Operation for the
Stone, efpecially in Women, has contrived an
elevatory Catheter of the Bladder for that Sex.

The Bending of it is fitted to the Turn of
the Os Pubis , and its great Curve, inftead of
being only furrowed on the convex Side, is
pierced quite through. He introduces this Ca¬
theter into the Bladder, with its Convexity to
one Side ; then gently raifes it to the Hypoga-
ftrium , and cuts Securely upon it. Nova Act.
Erudit. Lipf Mart. 1732.

Saltzmannus relates an Inftance of a Luxation
of the Thigh-bone, without any Fradlure of its
Neck, and confirms what Ruyfch had obferved
of the Epiphyfe of the Os Femoris being as it
were annihilated, or at leaft being changed, fo
as it could not be obferved when fought after in
one vrho had it broken. Comment . Acad. Petra -
polit. Fom. III. p. 275.

Oliver St. John Efquire gives the Defign in
Perfpective of the Arcuccio , an Inftrument to
prevent the overlaying of Children ; which the
Nurfes in Florence are obliged to lay the Chil¬
dren in under Pain of Excommunication. It

confifts

and Observations . 339

confifts of a femicircular Piece of Wood, or
Head-board , of one Foot and an Inch Diame¬
ter, to each Side of which a Board three Foot
two Inches and a half-long is faftened. Each
of thefe has a Hollow on the upper Edge, near
to the Head- board , for the Nurfe’s Bread; to
reft in when fhe gives Suck, and a femicircular
Arch of Iron is fixed to them near the other
End. Erom the Top of the Head-board to the
Middle of the Iron-arch there is a Bar of
Wood fixed, on which the Nurfe leans when
fhe fuckles the Child. -The Arcuccio with the
Child in it may be fafely laid entirely under the
Bed-cloaths in the Winter, without Danger of
fmothering. Philof. Pranfafyt. Numb . 422. § 6.

Dr. Wintfi ng ham’s Commentarium nofologicum ,
being principally a concife Narration of Fafils,
will not allow of an Abridgment ; but we can¬
not but refer our Readers to the Book jtfelf,
where they may fee an induftrious accurate
Comparifon of the Changes of the Air with
epidemick Difeafes, accompanied with a very
ingenious / Etiology modeftly propofed. Among
the many judicious Reflexions this Author
makes on the Cure of Difeafes, according to
their different Circumftances, we fhall only
mention two that relate to the prefent raging
epidemick Difeafe of this Place, the S?nall~
•pox,

P. 63. He never obferved antTphlogi flick Me¬
dicines that open the Belly, diluent Clyfters, or
fuch like, to have any bad Effedl in this Dif¬
eafe, by weakening the Patient, or making the
Swellings of the Face and Extremities fall ;

E f 2 but

pyo Medical EJfays

but on' the contrary, has always feen them ve¬
ry ferviceable to young vigorous plethorick Pa¬
tients, while too bound a Belly frequently pro¬
duces at laid a very dangerous Diarrhcea.

Ehtejt. 23. He propofes in urgent Cafes of
the confluent Small-pox, where the Reforption
of the variolous Matter is in great Danger of
increafmg the fecondary Fever, that the Puftules
Ihould all be opened and treated as fo many
Ulcers by a Surgeon.

Dr. Hilcher Profeffor of Medicine at 'Jena , in
a finall Efl'ay, intitled, Prolufio de amputatione
& rafura capillorum in variolis , recommends
the cutting off the Hair in the Small- pox, by
which Perfpiration may be increafed. This
Method was pradtifed on the King of Spain’s
Son Don Carlos , and on a Saxon Prince with
Succefs.

The Urine of phthiflcal People is faid to be
always fpecifically heavier than that of People
in Health, or in any other Difeafe, Commerc .
Norimberg . 1732, Hebd. 44.

The fame anonymous Author who deferibed
the Colick that prevailed in Amjlerdam in
1730, has continued his Differtation on thefe
Colicks, to fhew the other Caufes, befides the
Gout, on which they may depend; and con-
fequently how differently they ought to be treat¬
ed. Bibliotbeque raifonee des Quvrdges des Scavans
de V Europe , Tom. IX. 1. 2. Parties. In his
laid Paper he mentions feme curious enough
Obfervations he made on fucking Rabbits, that
were taken with Vomiting, Purging and Con-
vulffons, in the Stomach of which he found

the

and, Observations. 341

the Milk {trongly curdled, and moft abomina¬
bly fetid.

Dr. William Cockburn , Phyfician at London ,
diffinguifhes Fluxes , into thofe from a Stimulus ,
and thofe from a greater than ordinary Secreti¬
on of a watery Subftance from the Blood into
the Guts. The former is to be treated accord¬
ing to the different Stimuli. When it proceeds
from indigefted Food, Fruits or fuch like, the
common Methods will be fuccefsful enough,
or it will cure of itfelf. When Bile is the
Caufe, it is more difficult. If the Piles, an
Ulcer, or Stridlure of the Guts, adt as Stimuli ,
the Way of treating the Flux muff be very dif¬
ferent. And, in the watery Flux, all the com¬
mon Methods of Purging, Vomiting and Affr in¬
gents, are hurtful, Philo], , Tran fa Ft. Numb. 425.

§ 3*

Dr. Tovar , in his Book called, The anticnt
Phyfician s Legacy to his Country , propofes Cures
for Difeafes that frequently are different from
the ordinary Pradfice. We fhall fet down fuch
of them as feem to be moff uncommon.

According to him, a gouty Patient will he
free of Pain two or three Hours at fartjreft af¬
ter taking a Dofe, which is from forty to feven-
ty Grains of the following Powder. Take Salt¬
petre , and Tartar vitriolated , each four Ounces ;
put them into a red-hot Mortar ; ffir them with
a Spoon till they have done flaming ; then
powder them very fine; and after that flice in
an Ounce of Opium: Grind thefe to a Powder:
and afterwards mix with it an Ounce of the
Powder of Ipecacuana , and as much of the
Powder of Liquorifn . This Powder is to be

F f taken

342 Medical EJfays

taken going to Bed, in a Glafs of white Wine
Poffet-drink, covering up warm, and drinking
a Quart or three Pints of Poffet-drink while
fweating.

Mynficbt* s Elixir of Vitriol often taken, tho’
it may caufe Pain for fome Time, yet molt cer¬
tainly deftroys the gouty Matter, and muff in the
End have its defired Effedf.

One who writes Notes to the Legacy, fufpedts
the Dodtor’s Cure for a Dropfy, which he had
not told, to be 01. funiper. or elfe an Infufion
of Juniper Berries roafted, and made into a Li¬
quor like Coffee.

His Cure for an Anafarca is an Eledluary
compofed of Steel, prepared with Sulphur and
crude Antimony , each an Ounce, Diagridium
four Ounces $ make a fine Powder of thefe :
then add as much of any Syrup as will make a
foft Eledtuary. The Dofe, a large Spoonful
at Night, going to Bed, and another in the
Morning. Liquors muff not be taken with this
Purge.

Allom Poffet-drink is an effedtual Cure for a
Diabetes.

A Phthifis puhnonalis , or Confumption of the
Lungs, is principally to be cured by frequent
Bleeding in fmall Quantities. In one Patient
he determines the Quantity to have been fix
Ounces once a Day for a Fortnight.

The moft beneficial Thing in all the World
for the Lungs, is, in our Author’s Opinion,
to take an Ounce of Shack-fiver every Morn-
in <r; This is his darling Medicine, which he

O , o '

alfo recommends in the Stone or Nephritis , Bar-

rennefs*

and Obfervations. 343

rennefs, Cholorofis , Difeafes of the Stomach and
Inteftines, &c.

Green Fruit deftroys Worms, ripe Fruit breeds
them.

He recommends large Dofes of Mercurius dut¬
ch with Cinnabar of Antimony in the nervous or
Head Difeafes, Palfy , Hemiplegie , Epilepfyy Apo¬
plexy.

He cured the Plague that had got among the
Sailors in a. Voyage to the South-fea , by one ve¬
ry plentiful Blooding, he fays, to the Quantity
of an hundred Ounces, and with Drink fharpen-
ed with Spirit and Oil of Vitriol.

In fpotted Fevers he recommends large Blood-
ings, purging every other Day, with a Parego-
rick at Night, and cooling acidulated Medicines
in the intervening Days.

He cured a young Man of fuch a Fever, and
a violent Hcemorrhagy at the Nofe, by putting
him into cold W ater.

In the confluent and anomalous Small-pox he
recommends Aiercur. dulc. and Cinnab. Anti -
men. on the feventh and thirteenth Days.

In an Angina or )uinfy , befides high Bleed¬
ing, he recommends a Gargarifm , compofed of
fublim ate Mercury half a Drachm, Cream of Tar¬
tar two Drachms, diflblved in a Pint of Spring
Water.

Bleeding, he affirms, is no Remedy in the
Rheumatifm ; though thisDifeafe is, in his Opi¬
nion, an high inflammatory Fever.

Fevers on the Spirits are cured by the Barky
in the fame Manner as the Ague is.

In Difeafes of the Stomach, our Author is a-

gainft

344 Medical EJfays

gainft Vomiting j but thinks Purging more rea*
fonable.

XXXV. A Lift of Medical Books publifoed Jince
the Beginning of the Tear 1732.

T Tlftoria vitce & meritorum Frederici Ruyfch9
** * Audi ore Joanne Frederico Schreibero, M.
D. 4/0, Amftelod. 1732.

Variolarum Antiquit at es nunc primum e Greets
erutee d Jo. Gothofredo Hahn Phil. & Med, D .
accedit cle Mefuae Syri feriptis ad Cel. Fabricium
Epftola , 4 to, Brigae 1733.

Bartholomaei Lavagnoli in Patav. Gymnafio
Med. Theor. Pr. de ufu pravo & redto difeiplina -
rum optimarum in Medicina opus , in tres partes
divifum , pars 1 max de ufu Chymia , Pataviae
1732.

The State of Phyflck, antient and modem,
briefly confidered, with a Plan for the Improve¬
ment of it, by Francis Clifton M. D. £sY. 8vo9
London 17 32.

A brief and didindb Account of the Mineral
Waters of Piermont , tranflated from Seippius’s
Treatife 3 as alfo a like Account of the Waters
of Spa, extradted from the bed Authors, by
George Turner M. D. 8vo , London 1733.

A Treatife of Mineral Waters, particularly
of Bath , in Somerfetjhire , CY. by jf, Quinton M.
D. London 1733.

The natural, experimental and medicinal Hi-
ilory of the Mineral Waters of Torkjhire , Der-
byjhire , and Lincolnjhire , by Thomas Short M. D.
4^, London 1733.

Adolph. Gottlieb. .Richteri Ph. & M. D.

corrupt dh

and Obfervations. 345

corrupted $ medicamentorum cognofccndis tradtatus
Medico-chymieus , 8-z /<?, Drefda? & Lipfiae 1732.

An Account of Mortifications, and of the fur-
prifing Effects of the Bark, in putting a Stop to
their Progrefs, tffc. by ‘John Douglas Surgeon,
F. R. S. 8 Wj London 1732.

jo. Helfrici Junkhen Corpus Pharmaceutics -
chymico - medicum, Editio tertia priori bus longe
auditor reddita , Davidem de Spina M. D.

yi?/. Francofurt, ad Maenum 1732.

Dr. Boerhaave s Elements of Chemiflry, faith¬
fully abridged from the late genuine Edition pu-
blifhed and figned by himfelf at Leyden . With
all the Cuts and Explanations, as in the Origi¬
nal. To which are added curious and ufeful
Notes, rectifying feveral Opinions, isfc. of the
learned Author. By a Phyfician, 8 w, London
J732.

Some Obfervations on the Tranflation and A-
bridgment of Dr. Boerbaave’s Chemiftry, where¬
in the learned ProfeiTor is vindicated from the
unjuft Reprefentations and weak Criticifms of his
Abridger, in a Letter to Cromwell Mortimer
M. D. R. S. Seer, by John Rogers M. D. Svo9
London 1733.

Tabulae Anatoinicee , in quibus corporis humam
cmniumque ejus partium Jlrudiura id ufus brevif
Jime explicantur. Accejferunt majoris perfpicuita -
tis causa annotationes iff tabula? ecnete. Audtore
Jo. Adamo Kulmo Prof. Gedanenfi, 8 voy Am-
itelod. 1732.

Jofephi Pozzi Prof. Bononienfis Orationes dues ,
quibus accedit epijlolare Anatomicum commentario-
lum , 4 to^ Bononiae 1732.

Lettre

34 ^ Medical EJfays

Leitre cle Mr. Petit Docteur en Medecine, &c.
contenant des reflections fur des decouvertes flaites
fur les yeitx , 4 to9 a Paris 1732.

An Efiay on mufcular Motion, founded on
Experiment, Obfervation, and the Newtonian
Philofophy, by Browne Langrifh Surgeon, 8vo,
London 1733.

Statical Experiments containing Haemafla-
ticks, or an Account of fome hydraulick and
hydroftatical Experiments made on the Blood
and Blood-vefiels of Animals, &c. by Stephen
Hales Redfor of Farringdon^ 8 vo9 London 1733.

Opere FiflicoMediche Stampate e Manofcritte del
Cavalier Antonio Valifneri, raccolte da Antonio
fluo Figliuolo, corredate d’una Prafatione in ge-
nere flopra tutte , di una in particular e flopra il
vocabulario della fieri a naturale9 Tom. i„ floL
Venet. 1732.

An Efiay on the Improvement of Midwifery,
chiefly with regard to the Operation, to which
is added fifty Cafes, .feledled from upwards of
twenty five Years Practice, b y Edmond .Chapman
Surgeon, 8vo, London 1733.

Henrici a Deventer, M. D. Ars objletricandi ,
Editio ida , cui novce obflervationes accejferunt . 4 to9
Lugd. Bat. 1733.

Colkquia Chirurgica ; the fourth Edition, by
flames Handley , 8 vo9 London 17 33.

Fraite complct dc Chirnrgie , par Guillaume
Mauqueft de la Motte Chirnrgien , fecond Edition
revue , corrigee & augmentee , en 4 T omes 1 'imo ,
a Paris 1732.

Bari casus explicatio Anatomico-medica , A id ore

Thoma Schwenke M. D. Anat. Pr. 8 vo9 Hagse

J 733-

Morbi

and Obfervations. 347

Morbi epidemici brevis defcriptio iff curatio per
. Dwpborejim , Autore Joanne de Gorter M. D. h
P. 4 to9 Harderwic. 1733.

Commentarium nofologicum morbos epidemicos iff
aeris variationes in urbe Eboracenfi locifque vicinis
per fedecim annos grajfantes completions, Autore
Cliftono Wintringham M. D. 8vo, Londini 1733.

An Effay concerning the Effedls of Air on hu¬
man Bodies, by John Arbuthnot M. D. 8vo,
London 1733°

Joannis Freind M. D. opera omnia medica,fol.
Lond. 1733.

La me de cine theologique , ou la medecine cree telle
quelle fe fait voir ici fortie des mains de Dieu
Createur de la nature iff regie par fes loix. On
y a joint a fin les Lhejes de medecine de If Autheur
de ce traite , Mr . Hacquet, 2 VoL limo , a Paris

J733*

A Difcourfe on the Nature and Caufe of fud-
den Deaths, 8 vo, London 1733.

Obfervationes Medico: , a G. Clinch M. D.
8vo, London 1733.

M. Ludovici Joannis de Thieullier in Univer-
fitate Parifienfi Regentis Obfervationes Medico -
pratlico , 12 mo, Paris 1732.

The antient Phyfician’s Legacy to his Coun¬
try, being what he has collected himfelf in for¬
ty nine Years Practice, by Tho?nas Dovar M. D.
8 ve, London 1732.

Several Pamphlets for and again# the pre-
ceeding Book.

The Englijh Malady, or aTreatife of nervous
Diforders of all Kinds, by George Chcyne M. D.
8 vo9 London 1733.

34 8 Medical Ejf ays

Le Brigandage de la medecine dam la maniere
de traiter les petites Veroles , id les plus grandes
maladies par P Emetique^ la Saignee du Pied iff le
Kermes mineral . Avec un traite de la meilleure
maniere de guerir les petites Veroles par des re-
medes iff des obfervations tirees de Pufage 3 1 2 mo9
a Utrecht 1732.

Obfervations de medecine fur la ?naladie appellee
convulfion , par un Medecin de la Facultee cfe
Paris, 12 mo.) a Paris 1732.

A Letter to Sir Hans Sloane about the Cure of
the Gout, by Dr. Stuckley , Svo, London 1733.

Geo. Dan. Gofhwitzius M. D. de gravida •
rum iff puerperarum , nee non de infantum recent
natorum regimine iff ajfeflibus , 4 toy Lipfias &
Suidnicii 1732.

Jo. Phil. Burggravii jun. Lexicon-medicum uni-
verfale , Tom. I. continent A . B. fol. Francofurti
ad Maenum 1733.

Philofophical Tranfadtions for the Year 1732,
4 to<„ London.

UHijhire iff les Memoires de P Acad, des Sci¬
ences^ Annee 1730, 4 to, a Paris 1733, iff i2moy
a Amfterd.

Commercium literarium Norimb eigen fe , Anni

1732. Semeftr. 2. - ; - -Anni 1733. Se-

meft. 1. 4 ioy Norimberg.

Commentarii Academic e Scientiarum Imperialis
P etropolitance , Tom. Ill, ad Annum 1728, 4 to3
Petropoli 1732.

XXXVI.

349

and Observations.

XXXVI. BOOKS propofedy and other medical
News.

^fOfias IVeitbreicht Profeflor of Phyfiology at
J Peterfburg is preparing a Defmologia , or a
Defcription and Delineations of all the Liga¬
ments of the human Body.

Dr. Trew ProfefTor of Anatomy at Norhnherg
is engaged in an Examination of the Ligaments
of the Bones.

Dr. VerceUom Phyfician at AJUy is foon to
publifh a Treatife under the following Title,

Pfycolagia , feu motuu?n animalium id recipro -
corum machines animalis 'Theoria medica , omnes
hwnanos a£ius autoptica Id facili quamvis hadtenus
inaudita ?nethodo explanans.

The chirurgical Academy at Paris , mentioned
in our hrft Volume, p. 361. will foon publifh a
Volume of Memoirs.

Dr. John Arbuthnot in the Preface to his
EfTay concerning the Effects of Air on human
Bodies, promifes to complete his Account of
the Non- naturals, by a Treatife on Reft and
Motion.

Dr. Albrecht Profeflor of Medicine at Erfordy
is preparing a Treatife, De effettibus muftces in
corpus animatum in extenfo.

D. Kejlner is compofing a Lexicon literarium
medicum .

The chirurgical Academy at Parts has pro-
pofed the following Problem this Year, What
is the Advantage or Difadvantage of different
Kinds of Tents ufed in enlarging Wounds ac-

V 0 L. II,. G g cording

25 o Medical Effays, 8zc.

cording to the different Circumftances of the
Difeafe and Patient ?

The Society of St. Hubert at Lifbon in Portu -
gal> were to give their laft Year’s Prize to him
who accounted belt for the Caufe and Nature
of the Plague.

Dr. Gobi who publifhed the Atta Medicorum
Berolinenfum , died in the 173.2, but it is ex¬
pected that Dr. Chudenius will continue that
Work.

Daniel Fifcher Phyfician at Kefmark , has un¬
dertaken to colled! and publifh the Obfervations
of the Hungarian Phyficians mentioned in our
former Volume, and has difperfed an Invitation
to engage them to communicate Papers to hirm

The End of the Second Volume.

To the B I ND E Ra

Place

Tab. I.

II. \ fronting

III. \

IV. j

Page 96
248
270
288

T-

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Full text of "Medical essays and observations. Volume 2 (The Fourth Edition), 1752."

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