b5\Hb
2.H37
V.6
Divis,on.ti";i.\^5
Secti on j_^iVri O i
Explanation of Jhvh, Colors, &c.
For Jhvh (that is, Va/rcvav), the Hebrew name of the Supreme
Being, erroneously written and pronounced Jehovah, see Introductory
Remarks prefixed to the Translation, p. viii, 1. 39'.
^Explanation of the Colors employed in the Book of Joshua is
jjiven on p. 45, 11. 43 ff
Explanations of Critical Marks, Italics, Footnotes, Marginal
Figures, Heavy-faced Numerals, References to Biblical Passages,
Untranslated Hebrew Words, Transliteration of Oriental Names, Spel-
ling, Abbreviations, are given in the Introductory Remarks, pp. v-viii.
\
EGYPTIAN AND IinTlTK CHAKlOTS ( AUL" SIMRHL)
(See p.gi, /.j7>
ZU (§oo& of ^oefim
BENNETT
Co/'yi^kt, tStjg, by Paul Haupt
L_x^u.\\^T^. \ o-\ o . \\U\uvi\
^T
THE SACRED BOOKS
OP~ THE
Oft) an^ (Ttett) Zc^tamcnt^
A NEW ENGLISH TRANSLATION
With Explanatory Notes and Pictorial Illustrations
9
PREPARED BY
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AND EDITED WITH THE ASSISTANCE ^OF
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BV
PROFESSOR IN THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
BALTIMORI-
«
PART 6
Z^e (good of Joogua
TRANSLATHD BY
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(new ^orft
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1899
£on6on ^tutfgarf
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THE
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A NEW FNGLISH TRANSLATION
PRINTED IN COLORS EXHIBITING THE COMPOSITE STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK
(PE)tt0 6irpfana(orj (llotce
AND PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS
The Rev. AV • H • BENNETT, M.A.
PROFESSOR OF OLD TESTAMENT LANGUAGES AND LITERATUkE,
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POLYCHROMY PATENTED FEB. 16, 1897
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J^v'' I' ^,",' i 1 1" present rendering of the Old Testament is not a revision of
S . 1 ./^^ t'i>^ Authorized Version, but a New Translation from the Hebrew,
1
((^'\' I' ' ' 3 '" modern English. The aim has been to render the sense of
( -^^ t,'-'^ i^ tlie original as faithfully as possible rather than to sacrifice that 5
( TL>-1<:. T)} S'^"se in order to give a literal translation.
jg, ^^f- ^x Tliis new Translation appeals to all interested in the Bible.
H ^ X The Explanatory Notes are free from technical details which
.0. A .a. have no interest for the average reader. We had no desire (as
the translators of the Authorized Version say in their Preface) 10
/t> wciiiy the unlearned, ivho need 7iot know so imich; and trouble the learned,
who know it already. The reader may rest assured, however, that all variations
from the Authorized Version in the present Translation are the results of the
ripest Biblical scholarship of the present generation both in Europe and in
America. The translation is based throughout on the new critical edition of the 15
Hebrew text of the Old Testament, published under the auspices of the Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore.
Departures from the Received Text are indicated by special marks, whereby
the reader can see at a glance whether a variation is based on parallel passages,
or on the authority of the Ancient Versions, or is merely a conjectural emenda- 20
tion, &c. These critical marks are, designedly, so unobtrusive as not to inter-
fere with the comfort of the ordinary reader ; they are mainly intended for the
benefit of those who are interested in the details of textual criticism.
<Expfa«a''on of Crittcaf (Jllarfto.
(i) - > (/. f. \ = Versions) indicate a reading adopted on the authority of 25
the Ancient Versions {Septuagint, Pcshita, Targums, Vulgate, &c., in reference
to which the reader may consult the Preface to the Authorized Version, also
the List of Abbreviations below, p. viii, under LXX, Pesh., Targ., Vulg. ). The
marks «">, -*-, &c. indicate that the footnotes [cf. below, p. vi, 1. 32) to which
those letters refer are omitted in the Ancient Versions. Punctuation marks 30
enclosed in <» (e. g. Joshua, p. 22, 1. 15) indicate that this punctuation has been
adopted on the authority of the Ancient Versions.
(2) < > {i. e. Q = conjecture) indicate Conjectural Emendations.
(3) ■ ' (;'. f. 3, the first letter of the Hebrew word "lip: niqqi'id 'punctua-
tion ' ) indicate changes involving merely a different division of the consonantal 35
yoshtta
VI — »+e^*!BSs- 3nlro6uc'org (Rctnarfta -«»«3*<^
text, or a departure from the vowel-points which tlie so-called Masorites added
to the original consonantal text in the eighth and ninth centuries A. D.
(4) - « (/. e.Q= Qire) indicate that the marginal reading (Heb. QPrC' 'what
is to be read') has been adopted instead of the Kf/hib 'what is written.'
5 (5) ' ' indicate changes introduced by reason of Parallel Passages.
(6) ' ■ indicate Doubtful Words or Passages.
(7) • • indicate deviations from the Received (or Masoretic) Text, suggested
by the Versions as well as by Parallel Passages.
(8) ■ > indicate departures from the Masoretic reading of the consonantal
10 text, which are supported by the Ancient Versions.
(9) In cases where critical marks occur without any letters or words
between them («-, <>, &c. ), Omissions are indicated, based on the Versions or
on Conjectural Emendations, &c.
(10) •• indicate words implied, but not expressed, in the Hebrew. These
15 marks, therefore, take the place of Ilalics in the Authorized Version.
(11) [ ] indicate Transposed Passages, the traditional position of the words
in the Received Text being marked by [], while the transposed words are
enclosed in [ ] ; see e. g. p. 5, II. i . 31 ; p. 29, 1. 40 ; p. 30, I. 2.
(12) I {e. g. p. 22, 1. 15; p. 25, I. 4 ; p. 29, 1. 39) indicates transposition of the
20 Masoretic ": " which marks the end of a verse in the Hebrew Te.xt.
{13) indicate Corrupt and Unintelligible Passages.
{14) « * * * * indicate Lacunce in tlie Hebrew Text.
(15) For the symbols --, see below, p. 46. 1. 27.
(Erpfanafion of Cofore.
25 Older incorporated documents or later sections in Biblical Books of a com-
posite character are printed on backgrounds of different colors. The explana-
tion of the colors employed in Joshua is given on p. 45, 11. 43 ff.
3faftce.
Passages printed in Italics (e.g. p. 7, 11. 16-22) represent Redactional
30 Additions ; cf. p. 46, 1. 15 ; p. 61, 1. 37, &c.
Words or passages printed as notes at the bottom of the pages of the
translation {e. g. p. 35) represent subsequent additions to the original text.
(Jtlargtnaf jftgurce.
35 In the Explanatory Notes the figures in the margin on the right refer to
the chapters and verses commented on ; the figures in the margin on the left
merely number the lines. On those pages, however, where there are no
references to chapters and verses in the margin the line-numbers are placed in
the outer margin. In the Translation the lines are always numbered in the
40 inner margin, while the traditional numbers of the chapters and verses are
placed in the outer margin.
15«a»g-fac«6 (Uumt-rafo.
Heavy-faced numerals are used instead of Roman letters to distinguish the
number of the chapter from the number of the verse ; c. g. Ps. 88 , 8 = Psalm
45 Ixxxviii, verse 8; but Pss. 88. 89 = Psalm Ixxxviii and Psalm Ixxxix.
— •■*e#^*- 3nfto>ucforg (JlemarRe
(Pefe«ncc6 (o (JftBficaf (paaaagcs.
References to Biblical passages follow, throughout, the Authorized Version,
not the Hebrew Text. It is well known that the division of the chapters is
occasionally not the same in the Hebrew and in the English Bibles. Where the
numeration of the Hebrew te.Kt differs it has sometimes been added in parenthesis 5
{e- S- P- 59. 1- 51)-
(UntranafatcS ^tixtn (JDorie.
A few Hebrew words have been left untranslated, viz. ben, the Hebrew
word for son (e. g. Joshua beti - Nun = Joshua, the son of Nun); Shedl (Heb.
shi'ol), the abode of departed spirits, the habitation of the dead (Greek Hades); 10
Ashcrdh, the sacred post or pole beside an altar (see Ezekiel, p. 106, 1. 47J ;
Negeb, the steppe-like region in the South of Palestine (see Joshua, p. 73. 1. 19);
Arabah, the deep depression of the Jordan Valley extending from the Sea of
Galilee to the eastern gulf of the Red Sea (see p. 60, 1. 17) ; Selah at the
end of certain stanzas in the Psalms (see Psalms, p. 165, 1. 8) ; Satan, in 15
Hehre-w = adversary, accuser (see Notes on Ps. 109,6); Hallelujah (Ps. 104,35
&c.) = Praise ye Jah (a shorter form of Jhvh) ; Sabaoth (cf. Jas. 5,4; Rom.
9, 29 = Is. 1,9) in the name Jhvh Sabaoth, Jhvh of the Hosts, /. e. the God
of the armies of Israel (i Sam. 17,45; cf. Pss. 44,9; 60 , 10 = 108, 11). For
Jhvh, see below, List of Abbreviations, p. viii. 20
S^ranefitcratton of Ortcnfaf (Hamce.
All Biblical names are given in the form used in the Authorized Version.
In the transliteration of other Hebrew words, or of modern Oriental (Arabic)
names, the vowels have their Italian sounds: a is like the a m far ox father;
i is the i in marine ; and li = 00 in cool ; e = a in name ; short / = / in pin ; 25
&c. (e. g. Tel-Abu-Oudes = Tel-Aboo-Koodace). As to the consonants, j awA y
are pronounced as in English ; g has about the same sound as English c in cool
(not as k in keel, or qu in queen) ; ' is the Arabic Ain, the voiced form of the
Arabic h which may be described as a stronger variety of our /; ; kh is the
guttural ch in German or Scotch loch (Spanish x or/); f is a modification of 30
our J (with an inner rounding), which aflects the pronunciation of the following
vowels (e. g. (in, not = seen, but more like sane; (d = saw. Sec). In the
majority of English books of a popular character the letters k and 5 are used
for q and f, respectively (e. g. el-Aksa for el-Aqfd; see Psalms, p. 235, 1. 3S).
^fcffing.
English readers who object to the 'American' spelling, honor, &c., may be
referred to Henry Sweet's New English Grammar (Oxford, Clarendon Press,
1892), p. xi and § 1710, &c., or to Dr. Murray's remarks on the spelling of a.v
in the Nezv English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Clarendon Press).
ilSBrevtattone.
I, 2, 3, &c., before the name of a » stands for first part (or first line)
Biblical book, stand for First Book, of a verse. Subdivisions of parts of
Second Book, Third Book, &c.. respec- verses are indicated by ° ", respec-
tively: I Kings is the First Book of lively; e. g. 2,14a* (Judges, p. 54,
Kings. 1. 36) refers to the second clause (*) 45
^, or 3, S:c.. after the title of a book of the first part (^) of the verse (and
stands for second or third editions, re- _ delivered them to spoilers who despoiled
spectively. — For E', &c., see E, &c. them). In reference to lines of pages
— »*e^«ai- 3t>tro6uctorg (RcmarRs -^xmff^t^ —
piiiiled in two columns, -i and L> mean
first and second columns, respectively.
(u/ loc. = On the passage.
A KV = Authorized and Revised
5 Versions.
AV = Authorized Version.
AV" = Authorized Version, mar-
gin.
*> = Second part (or second line)
10 of a verse ; also second column ; see '^.
c = Third part (or third line) of a
verse ; see ".
c, or C. = Cha])ter.
cc, or CC.= Chapters.
15 Cant. = Song of Solomon ( Canli-
c/es).
Chr., or Chron. = Chronicles.
d = Fourth part (or fourth line) of
a verse ; see ».
20 D = Deuteronomy, or the author of
Deuteronomy; see Joshua, p. 44, 1. 11.
E = Ephraimitic Document ; see
Joshua, p. 45, 1. 48 ; Judges, p. 46, 1. 24.
E'^ = Later additions to E ; see
25 Joshua, p. 45, 1. 49 ; Judges, p. 46, 1. 40.
f =: and the following verse (or
line, or page, &c. ).
IT.= and the following verses (or
lines, or pages, &c. ).
30 H = The Law of Holiness (Lev.
17-26) ; see Leviticus, p. 56, 1. 22.
)= Judaic Document; see Joshua,
p. 45, 1. 44 ; Judges, p. 46, 1. 23.
J^= Later additions to J; see
35 Joshua, p. 45, 1. 45.
JE = The Prophetical Narrative of
the Hexateuch, composed of J and E ;
see Joshua, p. 45, 1. 51.
Jhvh = the Hebrew name of the
40 Supreme Being, erroneously written
and pronounced Jehovah. The true
pronunciation is Yahivay, or Jahveh, the
j =y, as in Hallelujah, and the e as
in English where, there ; the first //
45 should be sounded as an aspirate, and
the accent is on the last syllable. The
monstrous form Jehovah (which is a
combination of the consonants of Jhvh
with the vowels of the Hebrew word for
Lord, Adonai) was first introduced by a
Franciscan Friar, Petrl's Galatinus,
in 1516 A. D. See Psalms, p. 163, 11, 36 ff.
LXX = Septuagint, the ancient
Greek Version of OT, made in Egypt
by Hellenistic Jews (3<'-is< cent. B.C.).
" = margin. CJ. AV, RV.
NT = New Testament.
OLZ = Orientalistische Literatur-
Zeituiig ( Berlin).
OT = Old Testament.
P = Priestly Code ; see Leviticus,
P- 56 ; Joshua, p. 44, 1. 19.
P* = Later additions to P ; see
Joshua, p. 46, 1. 7 ; Leviticus, p. 58, 1. 7.
Pesh.= Peshita, the earliest Syriac
Version of the Old Testament.
PSBA= Proceedings of the Society
of Biblical Archeology (London).
R = Redactor or editor.
R'' = Deuteronomistic editors ; see
Joshua, p. 46, 1. 24.
RJE = Redactor of JE ; see Joshua,
p. 46, I. 21 ; Judges, p. 46, II. 26.45.
R''= Priestly editors; see Joshua,
p. 46, I. 19.
RT = Received Text ; see above,
p. vi, 1. 7.
RV = Revised Version.
RV*' = Revised Version, margin.
Sir. = Ecclesiasticus (The Wisdom
of Jesus, the son of Sirach).
Targ. = Targum, the Jewish trans-
lation or paraphrase of the Scriptures
in the Western Aramaic dialect.
v., or V.= Verse.
vv., or VV.= Verses.
Vulg. = X'ulgate, the ancient Latin
Version of the Bible, made by St.
Jerome about 400 A. d.
ZA = Zcitsehrift fiir Assyriologie.
ZAT = Zeitschrijt Jiir die alttesta-
nientliche Wissenschaft (Giessen).
For a complete List of Abbreviations (including a large number which
would not require explanation if the present Translation were for the exclusive
use of American or English readers) as well as for the extremely instructive
50 Extracts from the Preface to the Authorized Version, admirably illustrating tlie
principles which have guided us in preparing this new translation of the Scrip-
tures, the reader may consult the Introductory Remarks prefixed to the Books
of Judges, Isaiah, and Psalms, pp. vii-.xii.
ybshua
CUNEIFORM DISPATCH OF DL'SHRATTA TO AMHNol'HIS IV.
<Sff /.JO, l.igy
^oe^ua
U C^e ConquBt
^fl
Z?>i Borb'e Charge (o ^oegua.
)FTER the death of Moses, the Servant' of Jhvh, i , i
Jhvh spoke to Joshua ben-Nun, the Minister' of
'm Moses, thus : My Servant' Moses is dead ; now 2
*;''"i|* therefore arise, pass here over the Jordan, thou
and all this people, to the land which I am about
to give them.<°> I have given you every place upon 3
*^ ^^ * which the sole of your foot shall tread, as I said
J 'a* I to Moses. Your territory shall extend from the 4
10 ■'• Wilderness and the Lebanon yonder to the Great
River, the river Euphrates,-*- and westward to the Great Sea.' No 5
one shall hold his own against thee all the days of thy life :
as I was with Moses, I will be with thee ; I will not fail thee
nor forsake thee.'' Be strong and firm, for thou thyself shalt 6
15 cause this people to inherit the land which I swore to their fathers
to give them. Only be thou very strong and firm to observe 7
faithfulh' alU'. that my Servant Moses commanded thee; do not
turn from it to the right hand or to the left, that thou mayst
deal prudently whithersoever thou goest. This book of the Law 8
1,2 -to the Israelites
4 *all the land of the HittitesS
7 ' the Law
1,9-2,2 ^'S'OjtEafr ^oe^uA ■
I shall not depart from thy mouth, but thou shalt meditate thereon
day and night,' that thou ma)-st observe faithfully all that is written
therein ; then wilt thou make thy way prosperous, and thou wilt
9 deal prudcntl)-. Have I not commanded thee? Be strong and
firm, neither fearful nor dismayed : thy God, Jiivh, is with thee 5
whithersoever thou goest.
^oe^ua'e Cgarge (0 t^i ©fftcere
and to the Two Tribes and to the Half-tribe.
'°'J
OSHUA commanded the officers* of the people, as follows: Pass
through the midst of the camp, and thus command the people : 10
Prepare yourselves food; for, three days hence, ^ ye shall here
pass over the Jordan to take possession of the land, of which your
12 God, Jhvh, is about to give you possession. And to the Reubenites,
Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh Joshua spoke, as follows:
13 Remember the charge which Moses, the Servant of Jhvh, gave 15
you: your God, Jhvh, gives you a permanent abode, and n givetsi
14 you this land. Your wives, little ones, and cattle, shall dwell in
the land which Moses gave you beyond the Jordan;^ but )-ou
yourselves, all the fighting men, shall pass over in battle array at
15 the head of your brethren, and shall help them, until Jhvh give 20
rest to your fellow-tribesmen as well as to you, and they also pos-
sess the land which your God, Jhvh, is going to give them ; then
shall ye return to the land of your possession,*"- which Moses, the
16 Servant of Jhvh, gave you beyond the Jordan, eastward. They
answered Joshua: All that thou hast commanded us, we will 25
17 do; and whithersoever thou sendest us, we will go ; we will obey
thee in all things as we obeyed Moses ; only thy God, Jhvh, be
18 with thee, as He was with Moses! \Vhosoe\-er rebels against thy
commandment, and does not obey in all that thou commandest
him, shall be put to death; only be strong and firm! 30
(Kafiafi anb f6c ^ptee.
, I T OSHUA ben-Nun sent secreth' from Shittim' two men as sjjies,
I commanding them: Go, note the land and ♦city of* Jericho. -
Tlic\- went, 3 and entered the house of a harlot, whose name
2 was Kah;il),' and there they la)' ilnw n to sleep, And it was told 35
to the King of Jericho : Behold, some Israelites came here last
I, 15 "and possess it
z ■;
^«*e#8€Bi- ^o^^"" -'v'***^'*'*^^ 2,3-19
night to spy out the land. Then the King of Jericho sent to 3 , 3
Rahab, thus commanding her : Bring forth the men who came
to thee ;" they have come to spy out the whole land. But the 4
woman took the two men, and hid=> *them*, and said: The
5 men, indeed, came to me, but I knew not whence they were;
when the gate was about to be shut at dark, the men went out; 5
I know not whither they went ; pursue them quickly, and ye
will catch them. But she had taken them up to the roof, and 6
hidden them under the fla.x-stalks which she had there spread out.
10 So the men pursued them by the road toward the Jordan, as 7
far as the fords, and as soon as the pursuers had gone out they
shut the gate. »The men* were not yet lain down, when .Rahab* 8
came up to them on the roof and said: I know that Jii\h 9
has given you the land, and that the fear of you has fallen upon
15 us, and that all the inhabitants of the land are faint-hearted at
your approach ;5 .for we have heard how Jhvh dried up the 10
waters of the Red Sea before you, when ye came out of Egypt,
and what ye did to Sihon and Og,'' the kings of the Amorites,
who were beyond the Jordan. When we heard that, our hearts n
20 trembled, and there was not a man here whose spirit did not sink
at your approach; your God, Jhvh, He is God in heaven abo\'e
12
and on earth beneath. Therefore, now swear to me by Jh\ii that
because I have dealt kindly with you, )-e also will deal kindly with
my family, and give me a sure sign,' and that ye will spare the 13
25 lives of my father and mother and brothers and sisters and all
that belong to them, and that ye will deliver us from death. The 14
men said to her: Our lives for yours,* if ye do not betnu' this
matter of ours; and when Jhvh gives us the land, we will deal
kindly and truly with thee. She let them down by a rope through 15
30 the window ;9 <'''(she dwelt upon the wall). She said to them : i5
Get to the Hill-country, lest the pursuers come upon you ; hide
there three days, until the pursuers are returned ; afterward ye
may go your way. The men said to !icr .- Wc ivill not be bound by 17
this oath ivhich thou hast made iis s7oea/-, ^unless., when wc come is
35 into the land, thou tie this scarlet thread to the window throui^h
iv/iieh thou hast let us down, and gather to thee into the house
thy father and mother and brothers and all thy relatives. No 19
blame shall attach to us for the death of any one who goes forth
from the doors of thy house into the street ; but for the death
>
2,3 "who came to thy house 15 ^for her house was upon the town-wall
2,20-4,3 — •*«^«sas- 3«s6"i -s®*^**"*— 4
2 of any one who is with thee in the house, if any lay hand on
20 him, thou mayst call us to account ; if, however, thou betray this
matter of ours, we will not be bound by the oath which thou hast
21 made us swear. She said: Be it according to your words! Then
she sent them away, and they departed ; and she tied the scarlet 5
22 thread to the window. They departed, and came to the Hill-country,
and stayed there three days until the pursuers were returned. The
23 pursuers had searched all the way, but did not find them. Then
the two men returned, and came down from the Hill-country, and
crossed over, and came to Joshua ben-Nun, and told him all that 10
24 had happened to them. They said to Joshua: Juvii has given
the whole land into our hand, and the inhabitants of the land
are faint-hearted at our approach.
, I TOSHUA rose early in the morning, and they moved from 15
I Shittim, and came to the Jordan,' he and all the Israelites, and (,'
2 spent the night there before they crossed ov'er. After three
3 days the officers went through the camp, and commanded the
people, as follows : When ye see the Ark of the Covenant of
your God, Jrvh,"" and the Levitical priests bearing it, then shall 20
4 ye also bestir yourselves, and follow it; (but between you and it
there shall be a space of about tiuo thousand cubits,^ do not draw too {_y
near;) that ye nmy knozv the way by which ye are to go, for yc have
5 never crossed over this Zi'ay before. Joshua said to the people: Purify*
6 yourselves, for to-morrow Juvit will do wonders among you. And 25
to the priests Joshua said : Take up the Ark of the Covenant,
and pass on at the head of the people ; so the\' took up the Ark
7 of the Covenant, and went at the head of the people. Jiuii
said to Joshua: This day will I begin to exalt thee in the eyes ^O '
of all the people of Israel, that they may know that as I was 30
, I with Aloses so will I be with thee.' t[jH\'H spoke to Joshua as
2 follows : Take twelve men of the people, a man from each
3 tribe, and thus command them : Take from the midst of
the Jordan, from the place where the feet of the priests .shall
stand firm, twehe stones, and carr}' them o\'er with you, and lay 35
5 ^**e#e@> 3"*^'"* "*SSs#a** — 3.S-4,7
them down in the place where ye are to spend the night.] Thou 3,!
shalt thus command the priests who bear the Ark of tlie Covenant :
When ye come to the edge of the water of the Jordan, ye shall
stand still in the Jordan. Joshua said to the Israelites : Come 9 r\
5 hither, and hear the words of your God, Jhvh. Joshua said : 10^
Hereby shall ye know that there is a Living God" among you who
will assuredly at your approach dispossess the Canaanites, Hittites,
Hivitcs, Perizzites, Girgashites, Amorites, and Jebusites. Behold, the n
Ark of the Covenant 0/ the Lord of tlic ivliolc earth passes 'on into
10 the Jordan at the head of you. Now take twelve men of the tribes 12
of Israel, a man from each tribe. When the soles of the feet of 13
the priests who bear the Ark of Jhvh, the Lord of the zvliole eartli,
rest in the water of the Jordan, the water of the Jordan shall be
cut off: the water that comes down from above shall stand in one
15 heap. When the people moved from their tents to cross the 14
Jordan, the priests bearing the Ark of the Covenant at the head of ,-'' "
the people, — when the-^ priests> who bore the Ark came to the 15
Jordan, and the feet of the priests who bore the Ark were dipped v
in the edge of the water (now the Jordan overflowed all its /
20 banks all the days of the harx-esf), the waters which came down 16 -^
from above stood still : they rose up in one heap, very far off at
Adam,^ the city which is beside Zaretan ;» and the water that went
down to the Sea of the Arabah,'° the Salt Sea," failed, was cut
off; so the people crossed over opposite Jericho, and the priests 17
25 who bore the Ark of the Covenant of Jhi'H stood still on dry
ground, firm in the midst of the Jordan, while all Israel were passing
over on dry ground, until the whole nation had finished passing
over the Jordan.
(Etechon of a QUonumcnt.
30 "\ ^ THEN the whole nation had finished passing over the 4,1
V V Jordan [] Joshua called the twelve men whom he had 4
provided from the Israelites, a man from each tribe. Joshua said 5
to them : Pass into the midst of the Jordan before the Ark of
the Covenant of your God, Jhvh^ and let every man take up a stone
35 on his shoulders, according to the number of the tribes of Israel,
that there may be a monument among you, so that when your chil- 6
dren ask you hereafter: What is the meaning of these stones? then 7
ye may tell them : ^They are a memorial of the day* when the water
of the Jordan was cut off at the approach of the Ark of the
40 Covenant of Jhvh (when it passed over the Jordan the water
4 of the Jordan was cut off); they shall be a memorial to the
5 Israelites for ever. So the Israelites did as Joshua commanded,
and took up twelve stones from the midst of the Jordan, according
to the number of the tribes of the I'sraelites, as Jhvh had com-
manded Joshua ; they took them to the place where they passed 5
9 the nii^ht, and there laid them down. Twelve stones did Joshua
set u]} in the midst of the Jordan, in the place where the feet
of the priests who bore the Ark of the Covenant stood firm,
10 and those < stones* are still there to-day. The priests who bore
the Ark stood still in the midst of the Jordan until cvcrytliing -was 10 T)
accoinplislicd wJiicIi Jhvh liad cininnandcd Joshua to speak to tin-
\\ people y' ■ and the people passed over in haste; and when the
people had finished passing over, the Ark of Jiivii and the
12 priests^ passed over to the head of the people. The Reubenites, -
the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh passed over in battle 15,:^
array at the head of the Israelites, as Moses had commanded them. 3
13 About forty thousand men equipped for ivar'' passed over in the
14 presence of Jhvh to battle, to the plains of Jericho. On that day
Jhvh exalted Joshua in the eyes of all Israel, and they feared him
15 as they feared Moses all the days of his life,^ Jhvh said to Joshua: 20
i5 Command the priests who bear the Ark of the -Covenant- ,'' that
17 they come up out of the Jordan. Then Joshua commanded the
18 priests : Come up out of the Jordan! When the priests who bore
the Ark of the Covenant of Jhvh came up out of the midst of the
Jordan, as soon as the soles of the feet of the priests were set 25
upon dry ground, the water of the Jordan returned to its place,
19 and overflowed all its banks as before. The people went up from
the Jordan on the tenth day of the first month,'' and encamped
20 in GilgaP at the eastern extremit\- of the territory of Jericho. Those f\ Q
t-welve stones 7ohieh they had takoi from the Jordan Josluia set up in 30 ' '- '
21 GUgal. Tiien he spoke thus to the Israelites: When hereafter
22 your children ask their fathers : What mean these stones ? then \'e
may tell your children : Israel passed over the Jordan on dry
23 land, because your God, Jh\ii, drictl up the water of the Jordan
at your approach until ye had passed o\er (as your God, Jhvh, 35
had done to the Red Sea, which He dried up at our approach j^
24 until we had passed o\'er) ; so that all the peoples of the earth
may know that the hand of Jii\ii is strong, and that itheyi may
fear' your God, Jhvh, for ever.
4,10 "ju.st ;i,s Moses had commanded Josliua'
7 — !>*^gS»- ^oe^ua -sS?*|eM-=— 5,1-12
When all the kings of the Amorites beyond the Jordan, westward, 5,1
and all the kings of the Canaanites near the Sea, heard how Jhvh
had dried up the water of the Jordan at the approach of the
Israelites until otheya ' had passed over, their heart trembled,
5 and at the approach of the Israelites there was no more spirit in them.
Ctrcumcteton/
AT that time Jhvh said to Joshua: Make thee stone knives, 3 2
1\. and circumcise the Israelites again, a second t'uiic -, and Joshua 3
made him stone knives, and circumcised the Israelites at the Hill
10 of the Foreskins. This is the reason^ why Joshua circumcised 4
♦them* : all the people who came out of Egypt, tlic males, all tlic
armed jiicii, had died in the Wilderness, on the journey as they
came out of Egypt. All the people who came out were circumcised, 5
but all the people born in the Wilderness on the journey, as they
15 came out of Egypt, had been left uncircumcised. The Israelites 6
journeyed forty years in the Wilderness until an end zvas made of the
ivholc nation, the figlijing men tvho came out from Egypt, zvho did not
listen to the voice of fHVH, to whom [hI'H szcore that He zcould not
shozu them the land, zvhich jHl'H had szvorn to their fathers to give
20 ns,^ a land flozving zvith mUk and honey ; their children zvhom He 7
had raised up in their stead, those did foshua circumcise, because they
zcere uncircumcised, they had not been circumcised on the journey.
After the whole nation had been circumcised, they remained there S
in camp, till they were healed. Jhvh said to Joshua: This day 9
25 have I rolled off from you the reproach of Egypt;*" and the name
of that place was called Gilgal *and so remains* to this day.
THE Israelites encamped at Gilgal, and kept the Passover, on 10
the fourteenth day of the month,' in the evening, on the plains
30 of Jericho. They ate what the land produced, unleavened cakes ^ n
and wheat roasted at the fire, on the day following the Passover,
on that very da)'. The manna ceased*"* when they ate what the 12
land produced ; the Israelites had no manna, but in that year they
ate the fruit of the land of Canaan. * * * * *
5, 12 "on the following day
5>i3
5,13-6,13 _,,e»e6i:s-3oa§ua-«s*iei4->— 8
Capfam of tgc '§06t of tt)t £orb.'
(Fragment; of uiiknouii source)
WHEN Josliua was near Jerichu, he lifted up his eyes, and
looked, and beheld a man standinij in front of him with a
drawn sword'" in his hand. Joshua went to him, and said: Art;
14 thou for us or for our enemies? He said: Not so, but as the cap-
tain of Jiivh's host am I now come. Then Joshua fell on his face
to the ground, and worshiped, and said to him : What does my
15 lord say to his servant? The captain of Jhvh's host said to
Joshua: Take off thy shoes, thou art standing on sacred ground!" 1
Joshua did so ***** *
J
faff of Jcrtcgo.
6,1 TERICHO had shut its gates, and was shut up at the approach
of the Israelites: none went out, and none came in." But
Jhvh said to Joshua: Behold I have given Jericho and its 15
3 king and fighting men into your hand ; ye shall compass the
city, ij// the armed men, going once around it ; thus shalt thou do
4 six days. Seven priests shall carry in front of the Ark seven
rams' horns-/ on the seventh day ye shall compass the city seven
5 times, ii'/z/A' the priests shad h/oiv the /lorns. When they blow a 20
long blast on the ram's horn, when ye hear the sound of the
horn, all the people shall give a great shout, and the wall of the
city will fall down flat, 3 and the people shall advance, every man
6 straight forward. Then Joshua ben-Nun called the priests, and
said to them : Take up the Ark of the Covenant, and let seven 25
7 priests carry seven rams' horns in front of the Ark of Jhvh. And
to the people oheo't said : Pass on, and march around the city, and
S let the armed men pass on in front of the Ark of Jhvh; .let>5 the
seven priests who carry the seven rams' horns in front of Jhvh''
pass on, and bhni' the Itorns, the Ark of the Covenant of Jhvh fol- 30
9 lowing them, and the armed men going before the priests tvJio
bloio the horns, the rear-guard following the Ark, /'/(n^'ino;- the Iioriis
10 as they tj^o. Joshua commanded the people, saying : Ye must not
shout, nor let your \'oice be heard, nor must a word come forth
out of your mouth, until I say to you: .Shout! then sliall ye 35
11 shout. He caused the Ark of Jhvh to be borne around the city,
going around it once ; then they came to the camp, and spent
12 the night there. When Joshua rose early in the morning, the
13 priests took up the Ark of Jii\'h, and the se\en priests who
• 3o8^ua ^®*g3*« — 6.14-27
carried in front of the Ark of Jhvh seven rams' horns advanced, 6
b/int'ing the horns as they went, the armed men going before
them, and the rear-guard following the Ark of Jhvh, I'/oi^'ing the
horns ^as they z^'eiit^. On the second day they marched once 14
5 around the city, then they returned to the camp; thus they did
for six days. But on the seventh day, they rose up early, when 15
the dawn began to break, and marched in this way around the
city seven times. It was only on that day that they marched seven
times around the city. The seventh time, when the priests blew 16
10 the horns, Joshua said to the people: Shout! Jhvh has gi\en
you the city, but the city and all that is therein shall be devoted' 17
to Jhvh -, only the harlot, Rahab, shall be spared, she and all
who are with her in the house, because she hid the messengers
whom we sent; only beware of the devoted things lest ye <covet>* j8
15 and take any of them, and thereby make the camp of Israel
'devoted,' and bring calamity upon it; all silver and gold and 19
\'essels of bronze ' and iron are to be consecrated to |h\ii : they
shall come into the treasury of Jhvh. The people shouted, while 20
♦the priests* blew the horns, and when the people heard the sound
20 of the horn, they gave a great shout, and the wall fell do\Yn
flat, 3 and they advanced to the city, each man straight onward,
and took it. They 'devoted' everything that was in the city, 21
putting to the sword bcith men and women, young and old, oxen,
sheep, and asses. Then Joshua said to the two men who went 22
25 to spy out the land : Go to the harlot's house, and bring out
from it the woman and ev^erything belonging to her, as ye swore
to her. So the young men, the spies, went, and brought out 23
Rahab, and her father and mother, and all that belonged to her;
they brought out all their kindred, and plaeed them outside the camp
30 of Israel. ^° Then they burnt the city and all that was therein, 24
only the silver and gold and \'essels of bronze and iron they put
into the treasury of the house of Jhvh. But Joshua spared the 25
lives of the harlot Rahab and her father's family, and all belonging
to her, and she li\'ed among the Israelites, ^and her descendants
35 are here* down to this day, because she hid the messengers whom
Joshua sent to spy out Jericho. At that time Joshua laid an 26
oath *upon the people*, saying: Cursed by Jhvh be the man who
undertakes to rebuild this cit\- of Jericho ;
The laying of the foundation shall cost him his first-born,
40 The setting up of the gates shall cost him his youngest son ! "
Jhvh was with Joshua, and his fame was spread abroad throughout 27
the land.
7,1-15 ^»*e*etB<- 3»86m<» -**5*s**'«— lo
Jlc^an ani t{,i ©efcaf at £.i.
, I ^T^HE Israelites broke faith in the u/attcr of the devoted things:
-*■ Aehan^ ben- Car mi ben-Zabdi ben-Zerah, of the tribe of Jitdah ,
took some of the devoted things, and the anger of Jhvh was kindled
2 against the Israelites. Joshua sent men from Jericho to Ai,° which 5
is near Beth-aven,3 eastward of I5eth-el, and said to them : Go up,
and spy out the land. After the men were gone thither, and had
3 spied out Ai, they returned to Joshua, and said to him:'' Do not
send all the people to attack Ai , but ^only* about two or three
thousand men ; 'do not make all the people toil thither^ ; »the 10
4 men of Ai» are few. So there went up thither about three thou-
5 sand men of the people, but they fled before the men of Ai ; the
men of Ai killed about thirty-six of them, and pursued ^tlie rest*
from the gate as far as Shebarim,^ killing ♦others of» them at
:the Descent;* and the hearts of the people trembled and became 15
6 like water. Then Joshua rent his garments, and fell on his face
to the ground in front of the Ark of Jhvii, until the evening, he
7 and the folders of Israel; they put dust upon their heads. Joshua
said: Ah! Lord, Jhvh, why didst Thou let this people cross
the Jordan *only+ to give us into the hand of the Amorites to be 20
destroyed? Would we had been content, and remained beyond
8 the Jordan! I beseech Thee,' O Lord — what can I say after
9 Israel has fled before its enemies; so that the Canaanites and all
the inhabitants of the land will hear, and encompass us, and cut off
•our name from the earth; what wilt Thou do for Thy great name? 25
10 Jn\ii said to Joshua: Arise! Why art thou thus fallen upon thy
11 face? Israel has sinned, and they have also transgrcssctl my co\'e-
nant which I commanded them, and have taken sonic of the devoted
things, and stolen, and dealt deceitfulh', and put the de\oted things
12 among their own goods; therefore the Israelites cannot withstand their 30
ienemies; -they flee before their enemies^ because the\' ha\-e become
;' devoted.'^ I will be with \-ou no longer, unless ymi destroy the
i3:de\-oted things in the midst of you. Arise! purify' the people,
and say: Purif\' yourseh'es for to-morrow ; for thus says Jhvh,
the (iod of Israel: Devoted things are in the midst of thee, O 35
Israel, thou canst not withstand thine enemies, until ye send
14 awa\- the devoted things from the midst of you. In the morning
ye shall present yourseK'es 'before Jn\l|.,"" tril)e b\- tiibe; the tribe
which Jhvh takes" shall present itself, clan b\' clan; and the clan
which Jinii takes sliall present itself, family by famil_\- ; and the 40
15 family which Jhvh takes shall present itself, man b)- man. He
Copyr yl t by Ji ippleta lE Co iiUe U *• of A-iieriea
VALLEY OF ACHOR
[Stt /-.ti, 1.341
7, i6-8, 2
who is found with a devoted thing shall be burnt, he and all 7
belonging to him, because he has transgressed the covenant of
Jhvh, «and committed crime in Israel*.
So Joshua rose early in the morning, and presented Israel 16
5 ^before Jhvh*, tribe by tribe ; and the tribe of Judah was taken.
When he presented the clantsi'^ of Judah, the clan of the Zarhites 17
iwasj tia>kceni; and when he presented the clan of the Zarhites,
'family- by <family>, Zabdi was taken ; and when he presented his 18
family, man by man, Achan ben-Carmi ben-Zabdi ben-Zerah, of the
10 tribe of Judah, was taken. Then said Joshua to Achan: My son,'^ 19
honor"' tlie God of Israel, Jhvh; make confession's to Him, and
show me what thou hast done; hide it not from me! Achan answered 20
Joshua: Verily, I have sinned against tlie God of Israel, Jhvh,
and thus and thus"* have I done. When I saw among the spoil 21
15 a magnificent mantle from Shinar,"' and two hundred shekels'^ of
silver, »and a bar of gold fifty shekels in weight^ , I coveted them,
and took them ; -the mantle is hidden*" in the ground within
my tent, and the silver under it. Then Joshua .sent messengers, 22
and they ran to the tent, and ^the mantle* was hidden in his tent,
20 and the silver under it.'* They took them out of the tent, and 23
brought them to Joshua and all the Israelites,^" and laid them
down before Jhvh. Then Joshua, and all Israel with him, took 24
Achan beii-Zerah,<''>^^ and his sons and daughters, his oxen, asses,
and sheep, and his tent, and all belonging to him, and brought
25 them == to the Valley of Achor.^3 Joshua said: Why hast thou 25
brought calamity upon us? Jhvh will bring calamity upon thee
this day. And all Israel stoned him, and they burnt them,^^ «and
they stoned them- .=' They raised over him a great heap of 26
stones nvhich is* still ♦there* to-day. Then Jhvh relented.'"' There-
30 fore the name of that place is called the Valley of Achor^3 down
to this day.
Conqucef of Jit.
JHV^H said to Joshua: Be not afraid or dismayed! Take with 8,1
thee all the fighting men, set forth and march against ,Ai.
35 Behold, I have given into thy hand the king of Ai with his
people, his city, and his land ; thou shalt do with Ai and its king, 2
7,21 "and they are hidden
*
24 "and the silver, and the mantle, and the bar of gold
8,3- '9 ^**e*ea>- 3'"^"* ■**'*'^**''^ '^
8 as thou tlidst with Jericho and its king' (onl)- the plunder and
the cattle may ye take as spoil) ;^ set an ambush for the city
3 behind it. So Joshua and all the fighting men set forth to march
against Ai.' Joshua chose thirty thousand valiant men, and sent
4 them away by night, thus commanding them : Mark ! yc are to 5
lie in ambush behind the city;'' do not go very far from it, and be
5 ready all. I and all the people with me, will approach the city,
and when they come out to meet us, as before, we will flee before
6 them I and when they are come out after us until we have drawn
them away from the city, they will think: "They flee before us, 10
7 as before," and we will flee before them. Then shall ye come
out of the ambush, and take possession of the city ; your God,
S Jin'ii, will gi\'e it into your hand. When ye seize the city,
ye must set it on fire, according to the word of Jhvh. Mark!
9 I have commanded you. Then Joshua sent them forth, and they 15
went to the place of ambush, and stayed between Beth-el and Ai,
westward of Ai, while Joshua passed that night in the «valley" J
10 Joshua rose early in the morning, and mustered the people ; then
he and the Elders of Israel advanced to Ai at the head of the people.
11 All the fighting men with him advanced, and when they came near 20
the city, and opposite to it, they encamped to the north, so that
12 the valley was between cthem^ and it. He took about five thou-
sand men, and put them in ambush between Beth-el and Ai, west
13 of -Ai'. Tlicv^ statioiiitl th: people, the iclioh- hosf iclio zccrc north
of the citv, and its rear,^ west of the eity, ii'hile Joshua •passed'^ that 25
14 night in the lud/ey.^'^ When the king of Ai saw *them* he hastened,
and the men of the city rose early, and marched out to meet
Israel in battle, he and his people, to the =Descent^ " opposite the
Arabah ; " he knew not that there was an ambush laid for him
15 behind the city. Joshua and all Israel were routed by'^ them, 30
16 and fled by the road toward the Wilderness;"'' all the people of
oAia were called out to pursue them ; they pursued Joshua, and
17 ■were drawn away from the city so that there was not a man left in
Ai''- who did iiot go forth after Israel. They left the city open,
iS and pursued Israel. Then Jhvh said to Joshua: Stretch forth 35
the javelin in thy hand toward Ai ; I will gi\e it into thy power.
When Joshua stretched forth the javelin in his hand toward the
19 city, the ambush came out tjuickly from its place ; they ran when
he stretched forth his hand, and came to the cit)^ took it, and
•f*S«gSSS§«-
8, 17 "or Beth-el
13 — »*eg{@5s- 3«83ua <-?*ss»** — 8,20-33
hastened to set fire to it. When the men of Ai turned round, 8,20
and looked, the smoke of the city went up to heaven, and they
had no strength to flee one way or the other; while the ♦Israelitish*
people who fled to the Wilderness turned upon their pursuers.
5 When Joshua and all Israel saw that the ambush had taken the 21
city, and the smoke of the city going up, they turned and slaugh-
tered the men of the city ; and those ♦who had been in ambush» 22
went out of the city to meet them so that the ♦men of Ai* were
in the midst of Israel, some being on one side of them, and some
10 on the other. They were slaughtered until there was left of them
neither survivor nor fugitiv'e. The king of Ai was captured alive 23
and taken before Joshua. When Israel had finished slaughtering all 24
the inhabitants of Ai "in the Wilderness, whither they had fled, and
they had all been put to the sword, till an end was made of them,
15 all Israel returned to Ai, and put ^the rest of the inhabitants* to
the sword. All who fell that day, both men and women, were 25
twelve thousand ; indeed, all the inhabitants of Ai. Joshua did not 26
withdraw his hand which he had stretched '5 forth with the javelin,
until he had ' devoted ' all the inhabitants of Ai. Only the cattle 27
20 and the plunder of that city the Israelites took to themselves as
spoil, according to the command which Jhvh had given to Joshua.
Joshua burnt Ai, and made it a heap of ruins for ever, ^and it 28
has remained* a desolation down to this day."' The king of Ai 29
he hanged upon a tree till eventide; but at sunset'' they took
25 down the dead body from the tree, at the command of Joshua,
and, having cast it down at the entrance of the gate'* of the city,
they raised over it a great heap of stones ^which is* still ♦there*
to-da)'.
dSftar on QUounf 66af anb (Reading of i^i Ban.
30 '' I ^HEN Joshua built an altar to the God of Israel, Jhvh, on 30
1. Mount Ebal (as Moses, the Servant of Jhvh, had commanded 31
the Israelites, as it is written in the book of the Law of Moses),
an altar '9 of unhewn stones, on which no iron tool had been
used; they offered on it burnt-offerings to Jhvh, and sacrificed
35 peace-offerings ; ^° while he wrote there on the stones'" a duplicate 32
of the Law of Moses " which he had written for the Israelites.
All Israel, />i>t/i strangers and tribesmen, with their elders, officers, 33
and judges stood on each side of the Ark, opposite the Levitical
S . 24 "in the field
8 . j4 - 9 . 9 — •*ese*s»- ^oe^ua -sss^sw-s — 14
8 Priests who bore the Ark of the Covenant of Juvh, half of them
in front of Mount Gerizim, and half in front of Mount Ebal, according
to the command which Moses, the Servant of Jiivii, had furmerl}-
34 given for the blessing"^ of the people. •"=■ Afterwards Joshua read
all the words of the Law, the blessing and the curse, exactly 5
35 as it was written in the Book of the Law. There was nothing
of all that Moses had commanded, that Joshua did not read before
all the assembly of Israel, including the women and children, and
the strangers who journeyed with them.^''
(Seneraf cSfftance againef ^evixit
J, 1 "\ ^ THEN all the kings on the twesternt side of the Jordan heard
V V thereof, *all the kings who were* in the Hill-country, in
the Lowlands, and on all the coast of the Great Sea as far as the
Lebanon, then the Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hivites,
2 and Jebusites, tall* gathered themselves together with one accord 15
to fight against Joshua and Israel.
^frafagem of (6e (BtBeonttee.
3 T3UT when the inhabitants of Gibeon' heard what Joshua had
4 J_^ done to Jericho and to Ai, they, on their part, acted craftily,
and proceeded to 'get> themselves -provisions^ *for a journe)-*. They 20
took worn-out sacks for ^the backs of* their as.ses, and worn-out
5 wine-skins that had burst and been mended ;3 they put on worn-
out, patched shoes and worn-out clothes ; all the bread the\^ had
6 provided was dry and crumbled to pieces. t Then they came to
Joshua, to the camp at Gilgal,' and said fo liini and to the Men 25
of Israel : We are come from a far country ; now, therefore, make
7 a treaty with us. The men of Israel said to the Hivites .- Per-
haps ye live within our .country.; how then can we make a treaty
S with you? They said to Joshua: We are thy servants. I^ut
Joshua said to them: Who are ye? and whence do ye come? 30
9 They said to him : Thy servants are come from a country very
far oiif, because of the name of thy God, Jhvh ; we have heard
*egS»#—
,33 "Israel
s <
:,il__,_iL^.
IS — »*s#^s- ^'B^ua -*s;*Hf»«-» — 9,10-25
the fame of Him and all that He did in Egypt; all that He did 9,10
to the two kings of the Amorites, who were beyond the Jordan,
to Sihon, king of Heshbon, and Og, king of Bashan, who reigned
in Ashtaroth. Our Elders'" and all our fellow-countrymen said to n
5 us : Take in your hands provisions for a journey, go to meet
them, and say to them : We are thy servants ; iimj, therefore, make
a treaty zvitk iis. Here is our bread; we took it hot from our 12
houses for our provision, on the day when we set forth to come
to you ; now it is dry and crumbled to pieces. Here are 13
10 wine-skins, which were new when we filled them; they have burst.
Here are our clothes and shoes, they are worn out through the
great length of the journey. Then the men *of Israel* partook 14
of their provisions, without asking counsel from Jhvh. Joshua 15
made peace with them, and tthe Men of Israel* made a treaty with
15 them, that their lives should be spared, and the Princes of the '
Congregation swore to them *an oath*. But at the end of three 16
days, after they had made the treaty with them, *the Men of Israel*
heard that they were their neighbors, and lived within their *couiitry*.
When the Israelites advanced they came to their cities on the third 17
20 day ;!■ their cities were Gibeon, Chephirah, Bceroth, and Kirjath-
jearim.^ The Israelites did not kill them, because the Princes of 18
the Congregation had sworn to them by the God of Israel, Jhvh;
but all the Congregation murmured against the Princes. Then all 19 ^^
the Princes said to all the Congregation : We have sworn to them \J
25 by the God of Israel, Jiivii; therefore we cannot touch them
now. But this will we do to them : we will spare their lives, 20
lest wrath corrie upon us, on account of the oath which we swore
to them.<"> Spare ye their lives,' and -let- the<m> bec<o>me 21
wood-cutters and water-carriers to all the Congregation. <So all
30 the Congregation did- as the Princes said to them. Joshua called 22
*the Gibeonites*, and .said to them : Wh\' have ye deceived us by
saying: We live very far from you, whereas yc li\e within our
♦country*? Now shall ye be accursed, and never cease to be 23
slaves and zcood-eiitters and i^'ater-carriers for tjie house of my God.
35 The\' answered Joshua, and said : Assuredly, thy servants were told 24
what thy God, Jhvh, had commanded His Servant, Moses, that all
the land should be given you, and all its inhabitants extirpated
to make room for you, and we feared greatly for our lives at \'our
approach ; so we did this thing. Now we are in thy hand, do 25
9,21 "and the Princes said to them
9,26-10,11 — »^^smSi- ^oe^ua ism^^^ — i6
9 , 26 with us as it seems to thee good and right. So he dealt with
them accordingly, and delivered them from the Israelites, so that
27 ♦the Israelites* did not kill them.'° Joshua assigned them that day
as iK'ood-ciittcrs and ivatcr-canicrs to the Coiii^ri.-i^atioii and to the
altar of Jhvh, -and they serve* still to-day, in the place which 5
♦Jiivii* chose."
©cfcaf of five ^ouf^ern 'Kinge at (Btficon.
i,i 'X ^ THEN Adoni-zedec," king of Jerusalem, ' heard that Joshua
V V had taken Ai, and 'devoted' it, (as he did to Jericho and
its king, so had he done to Ai and its king), and that the 10
inhabitants of Gibeon had made their peace with Israel, and *had
2 been allowed* to remain among them, they feared exceedingly,
because Gibeon was a great city, like one of the royal cities, ^ and
3 because it was greater than Ai, and all its men were warlike ; so
Adoni-zedec, king of Jerusalem, sent a message to Hoham, king of 15
Hebron,* Piram, king of Jarmuth,' Japhia, king of Lachish,^ and
4 Debir, king of Eglon,' saying: Come to my assistance, and let us
attack Gibeon ; it has made peace with Joshua and the Israelites.
5 The five kings of the Amorites, the kings of Jerusalem, Hebron,
Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon united, marched with all their hosts, 20
6 encamped against Gibeon, and besieged it. But the Gibeonites sent
a message to Joshua in camp at Gilgal, saying: Let not tin-
hands be slack for thy servants, march hither speedih' to our
rescue; all the kings of the Amorites who live in the Hill-country
7 are united against us. Then Joshua marched from Gilgal with 25
8 all the armed and all the valiant men. Jhvh said to Joshua:
Be not afraid of them ; I have given them into thy hand : not a
9 man of them shall hold his own against thee. Joshua made a
10 march by night from Gilgal, and came upon them; Jhvh discomfited
them in the presence of Israel ; so *Israel* routed them with great 30
slaughter in Gibeon, and pursued them along the road to the
Ascent of Beth-horon ; they went on slaughtering them as far as
11 Azekah* and Makkedah.'^ As they were flying "° before the Israel-
ites, when they were in the Descent of Beth-horon, Jh\ii cast upon
them great .hail-stones from the sky, *until the)' came* to Azekah, 35
so that they died; those who were killed by hailstones" were
more than those whom the Israelites slaughtered with the sword.
5 C;
o
^ 8.
ca .
17
**^^ii- ^oe^ua <i*im-*^— lo , 12-27
Then spoke Joshua to Jhvh, on the day when Jhvh delivered 12
the Amorites to the Israelites, and said in the presence of Israel:,
Sun, stand tliou still over Gibeon ! I
And thou, Moon, in the Valley of Ajalon!'' |
5 And the Sun stood still, '3 and the Moon stayed, 13
Until the nation had avenged itself on its enemies.
Is it not written in the Book of Jasher?'-* So the sun stood still
in the midst of the sky, and delayed to go down almost a whole
day. There was no day like it before or after, when Jhvh m
10 hearkened to the voice of a man; so that Jhvh ^Himself* fought
for Israel. Then Joshua returned with all Israel to the camp at 15
Gilgal. But those five kings fled, and hid themselves in a cave 16
at Makkedah. When it was told to Joshua that the five kings 17
had been found hidden in a cave at Makkedah, he said: Roll iS
15 great stones to the mouth of the cave, and station men thereby to
guard them ; ye must not stay, but pursue your enemies, and 19
cut off the hindmost of them ; suffer them not to enter into
their cities; your God, Jhvh, has given them into your hand.
When Joshua and the Israelites had finished killing them with a 20
20 very great slaughter until they had made an end of them," all 21
the people returned to Joshua, to the camp at Makkedah, in peace:
<none> tso much as* moved his tongue against the Israelites.''' Then 22
Joshua said: Open the mouth of the cave, and bring me those
five kings therefrom. <''>They brought to him out of the cave 23
25 those five kings: the kings of Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth,
Lachish, and Eglon; and when they brought those kings to Joshua, 24
he called all the Men of Israel, and said to the chiefs of the armed
men who went with him: Draw near, and put your feet upon the
necks of these kings. So they drew near, and put their feet upon
30 'the kings'* necks.'? And Joshua said to them: Be not afraid or 25
dismayed, be strong and firm; thus will Jhvh do to all your
enemies against whom ye fight. Then*'' Joshua fell upon them, 26
killed them, and hung them upon five trees ;'^ they were hanging
upon the trees until the evening. At sunset they took them down 27
35 from the trees at the command of Joshua, and cast them into
the cave where they had been hidden, and at the mouth of the
cave they placed great stones *ivhich there remain* dozvn to this
z'ery day.
10,20 "and the " survivors '5 thad> entered the fortified cities
*
23 »and they did so 26 'afterwards
^^
10,28-42 -^I'i'ts^^if ^oe^via ■!!m^»**— 18
10,28 On that diiy Joshua took Makkedah, and conquered it, and
put its king to the sword ; " he left none surviving, and he did with
the king of Makkedah as he had done with the king of Jericho.
29 Then Joshua and all Israel with him passed on from Makkedah
30 to Libnah,'9 and besieged it. Jhvh gave it also, with its king, into 5
the hand of Israel ; they conquered it, and put to the sword all
the persons that were in it ; they left none surviving, and they
31 did with its king as they had done with the king of Jericho. Then
Joshua and all Israel with him passed on from Libnah to Lachish,
32 and encamped against it, and besieged it; Jhvh gave Lachish into 10
the hand of Israel, and they took it on the second day, and
i^ conquered it, arid put to the sword all the persons that were in
33 it, just as the)' had done with Libnah. When Horam, king of
Gezer,'° came to help Lachish, Joshua slaughtered him and
34 all his people, until he left none surviving. Then Joshua passed 15
on, and all Israel with him, from Lachish to Eglon, and they
35 encamped against it, and besieged it, and took it that same day, and
conquered it, ^putting all the inhabitants* to the sword, ^ just as he
36 had done with Lachish. Then Joshua advanced, and all Israel with
37 him, from Eglon to Hebron, which they besieged and took, and 30
conquered, *putting* all the persons in it to the sword ; <'> he
left none surviving, just as he had done with Eglon. He
38 'devoted' it and all the persons therein. Then Joshua, and all
39 Israel with him, turned against Debir," which they besieged and
took, with its king and all its cities ; they put them, to the sword, 25
'devoting' all the persons therein; he left none surviving; as he
had done with Hebron, so did he with Debir and its king, just as
he had done with Libnah and its king.
40 Joshua massacred *the inhabitants of* the whole land: the Hill-
country, the Negeb,''^ the Lowlands, and the Slopes, with all their 30
kings, and left none surviving; he 'devoted' every living creature,
41 as the God of Israel, Jhvh, had commanded. Joshua slaughtered
them from Kadesh-barnea ''■' as far as Gaza, ^5 and all the land of
42 Goshen^* as far as Gibeon ; Joshua conquered all those kings and
10,28 "he 'devoted' -it> and all the persons that were in it
*
35 *and all the persons that were in it he 'devoted' on that day
*
37 'and its king^' and all its cities
:\^ feji am
'{,;^?
19 —^'■^■tsmai^ ^oe^ua -asmia*^ — 10,43-11,15
their land in a single season ; for the God of Israel, Jhvh, fought 10
for Israel. Then Joshua, and all Israel with him, returned to the 43
camp at Gilgal.
W":
©cfeat of Jafitn, Utttg of l^ajor, ani 6te ilfftee.'
HEN Jabin,^ king of Hazor, heard of it, he sent to Jobab,
of Madon, and to the kings of Shimron and Achshaph,3
and to the iNortherm kings in the Hill-country, in the Arabah 2
south of Chinneroth, in the Lowlands, and in the Heights of Dor**
near the Sea, the Canaanites on the east and west, the Amorites, 3
10 Hittites, Perizzites, the Jebusites in the Hill-country, and the Hivitess
at the foot of the Hermon in the land of Mizpidh.'' They marched 4
out with all their hosts, a great army as numerous as the sand
upon the seashore, with a great force of horses and chariots. All 5
these kings met, and marched on, and encamped together at the
15 Waters of Merom^ to fight against Israel. But Jhvh said to 6
Joshua : Be not afraid of them ; to-morrow, at about this time,
I will deliver them all up: +they shall all lie* slain in sight of
Israel; thou shalt hamstring their horses, and burn their chariots.
When Joshua and all the armed men with him came upon them 7
20 suddenly at the Waters of Merom, and fell upon them, Jhvh gave S
them into the hand of Israel, and they routed them, and pursued
them to Great Zidon* and Misrephoth-maim,' and to the valley
of Mizpeh eastward; they slaughtered them until they left none
of them surviving. Joshua did with them as Jhvh had said to 9
25 him; he hamstrung their horses, and burned their chariots. '
Then Joshua turned back, and took Hazor, and put its king io^,
to the sword (Hazor was formerly the head of all those kingdoms). '
They massacred all the persons that were in it, 'devoting' them: n
no living creature was left, and Hazor was burned. Joshua took 12
30 all these kings and their cities, and conquered the cities, putting
♦the inhabitants* to the sword, and ' devoting ' them, as Moses,
the Servant of Jhvh, had commanded. Vef Isi-acl burnt none of it,
till cities sfniidino; on uioinids,^° except Hazor,- that did Joshua burn.
All the plunder of these cities, and the cattle, the Israelites took 14
35 as spoil for themselves ; but they put all the men to the sword,
until they had extirpated them : they left no living creature. As 15
1^
ii,i6-i2,2 — »*e8«@S<- ^oe^ua «eej«a*« — 20
II Jhvh had commanded his Servant Moses, so Moses commanded
Joshua, and so did Joshua; he neglected nothing of all that Jhvh
had commanded Moses.
^ummarj of Joe^ua'o Cottqucote.
16 JOSHUA took all this land, the Hill-country, all the Negeb, 5
I all the land of Goshen, the Lowlands, and the Arabah ; and
17 the Hill-country and Lowlands of Israel; from Mount Halak"
that rises toward Seir, as far as Baal-gad" in the valley of Lebanon
at the foot of Mount Hcrmon ; and Joshua took all their kings,
i.s and fell upon them, and killed them. Joshua made war for a long 10
19 time with all those kings. No city made peace with the Israelites ;<">
20 they conquered the whole land by force of arms; for"' the stubborn
resistance tof the Amorites* was inspired by Jhvh -Himself*, in
order that they might meet Israel in battle, and be 'devoted'
without mercy, extirpated, as Jhvh had commanded Moses. 15
Joe6ua conquers tBe (Btanfe.
21 yfT that tunc Joshua proceeded to extirpate the giants^'' from the
-^^ HUl-cmintry, from Hebron, Debir, and Anab,^^ from all the
I /ill-eon ntrv both of Jitdali and Israel, foshna 'devoted' them together
22 701th their cities. No giants were left in the land of the Israelites ,- 20
there were remnants of them only in Gaza,^^ Gath,^^ and Ashdod.^^
©eutcronomtc Concfueion of l^tetorp of Conqucef.
23 JOSHUA took the whole land, just as Jhvh had said to Mo.ses,
and gave it as an inheritance to Israel, according to their divisions
by their tribes. Then the land had rest from war. 25
J
""N
£t6( of €onqucreb "Ktnge.
OW" these arc the kings of the land, whom the Israelites
conquered, and of whose land they took possession : Beyond
the Jordan eastward from the valley of the Arnon' to Mount
2 Hermon, and all the eastern Arabah :3 Sihon, king of the Amorites, 30
11,19 "except the Hivites who thvelt in Gibeon
• ^oe^ua
who reigned in Heshbon, and ruled from Arocr, which is on the 13
edge of the valley of the Arnon, and from the middle of the valley
over half Gilead as far as ••''>Jabbok/ which is the border of the
Ammonites, and over the eastern Arabah ; ^northward* to the Sea 3
5 of Chinneroth,* and ♦southward* to the Sea of the Arabah, ^ the
Salt Sea, in the direction of Beth-jeshimoth ; and on the south
•the border of his territory in the Arabah was* under the Slopes
of Pisgah. And -^^^Og, king of Bashan, of the remnant of the 4
Rephaim, who reigned at Ashtaroth and at Edrei, and ruled over 5
10 Mount Hermon, and Salcah, and all Bashan as far as the border
of the Geshurites and the Maachathites, and over half Gilead as
far as the border of Sihon, king of Heshbon. *These two kings+ 6
did Moses, the Servant of Jhvii, and the Israelites overthrow;
Moses, the Servant of Jhvh, gave ♦their land* as a possession to
15 the Reubenites, and Gadites, and to the half-tribe of Manasseh.
These 5 are the kings of the land, whom Joshua and the Israelites 7
overthrew beyond the Jordan westward from Baal-gad, in the Valley
of the Lebanon, as far as Mount Halak which rises toward Seir;
Joshua gave -the land* to the tribes of Israel as an inheritance
20 according to their divisions ; in the Hill-country, and in the Lowlands, 8
and in the Arabah, and in the Slopes, and in the Wilderness, and
in the Negeb.- the Hittites, Amorites, Canaanites, Perizzites, Hi\'ites,
and Jebusites :
25
30
35
the
King
of Jericho, one;
the
King
side
of Ai, which is be-
Beth-el, one;
9
the
King
of Jerusalem,* one ;
the
King
of Hebron, one ;
10
the
King
of Jarmuth, one ;
the
King
of Lachish, one ;
II
the
King
of Eglon, one ;
the
Kin<j
0
of Gezer, one ;
12
the
King
of Debir, one ;
the
King
of Geder,' one ;
13
the
King
of Hormah,^ one;
the
King
of Arad,9 one ;
14
the
King
of Libnah, one;
the
King
of Adullam,"° one;
15
the
King
of Makkedah, one ;
the
King
of Beth-el, one ;
16
the
King
of Tappuah," one ;
the
King
of Hepher," one ;
17
the
King
of Aphek,-= <'>
which is
in Sharon, '3 one ;
iS
the
King
of Madon, one ;
the
King
of Hazor, one;
19
the
King
one ;
of Shimron-meron,
14
the
King
of Achshaph, one;
20
the
King
of Taanach,'3 one;
the
King
of Megiddo," one;
21
'Sli^jw-.
12, 2 "the river
4 "the territory of
18 '■one; the King of
12 , 22-13,6
\ -^>^^^^»- 2'>B^v.a ■aam^^*'^-
12, 22
23
24
the King of Kedesh,"' one; the King of Jol<neam'* in
Carmel, one ;
the King of Dor, in the the King of the nations '» in
Height of Dor, one; G<a>l<i>l<ee>,°° one;
the King of Tirzah,^' one; Thirt\- >" kings in all.
2. ®tpt0ton of t^t Banb
^3c Banl not ^it Conquer^.
13
, I "\ ^ THEN Joshua was old and \\ell-advance(
V V said to him : Thou art old and wcll-ai
iced in years, Jhvh
-advanced in years,
2 and there is very much land left to be taken in possession. This 10
is the land that was left: all the districts of the Philistines, and all
3 of the Geshu'rites," from Sihor,= which is east of Egypt, as far as
the northern border of Ekron (it is reckoned to the Canaanites), the
five capitals of the Philistines : Gaza, Ashdod, Eshkalon, Gath,
4 and Ekron; also the -district of the» Avitess | in the south-;- *also» 1.5
all the land of the Canaanites <as far as> Mearah* of the Sidonians.
5 to Aphek, to the border of' the Giblites ; = also all the eastern
Lebanon, from Baal-gad at the foot of Mount Hermon to the
6 neighborhood of Hamath ; -in short- .all the inhabitants of the
Hill-country from Lebanon to Misrephoth-maim, all the Sidonians. 20
I will disposse.ss them in favor of the Israelites ; only assign the
land by lot as an inheritance for Israel, as I commanded thee.
13 • 4 ■ 5 "tlie .'\morites. And the land
23 - -^^i-^ms^ ^oe^ua ■sss^mi*^^- 13.7-23
3n6cntance of f^e Zno t^rtfiee <xni of ttii ^atf-Zviii.
NOW divide this land as an inheritance to the nine tribes * * 13,7
* * *,* and the half-tribe of Manasseh, with which tribe 8
the Reubenites and the Gadites received their inheritance, which
5 Moses had given them beyond the Jordan eastward (just as Moses,
the Servant of Jhvh, had given to them) from Aroer, on the edge 9
of the valley of the Arnon, and 'from* the city in the middle
of the valley, all the plain of Medeba as far as Dibon, and all 10
the cities of Sihon, king of the Amorites, who reigned in Heshbon,
10 to the border of the Ammonites ; also Gilead, and the territory of 1 1
the Geshurites and Maachathites, and all Mount Hermon, and all
Bashan as far as Salcah, all the kingdom of Og in Bashan, who 12
reigned in Ashtaroth and in Edrei (he was left of the remnant
of the Rephaim) — those kings did Moses oNcrthrow and dispossess.'
15 But the Israelites did not dispossess the Geshurites and the Maacha- 13
thites ; Geshur and Maachath have dwelt in the midst of Israel
down to this day. Only to the tribe of Le\i -Moses- ga\ l no 14
inheritance: <°>the God of Israel, Jhvh, is their inheritance,* as He
had told them.
T
l^coJtng of dRccounf of ©wston of (Baefcrn ^erntorj.
HESE are the inheritances in the plains of Moab, beyond the
Jordan, opposite Jericho, which Moses gave to the Israelites. >
3n6cnfancc of (Kcu64n.
MOSES gave an inheritance to the tribe of the Reubenites 15
according to their clans. Their territory was from Aroer, 16
on the edge of the valley of the Arnon, and ♦fromt the city in
the middle of the valley, including all the plain near Medeba;
Heshbon, and all her cities in the plain: Dibon, Bamoth-baal, 17
Beth-baal-meon, Jahaza, Kedemoth, Mephaath, Kirjathaim, Sibmah, 18.19
30 Zareth-shahar on the Mountain of the Valle\', Beth-peor, the 20
Slopes of Pisgah, and Beth-jeshimoth ; also all the cities of the 21
plain and all the kingdom of Sihon, king of the Amorites, who
reigned in Heshbon, wlioiii Moses had slaugJitcrcd ivitli the princes
of Midinii,'^ Evi, Rekeiii, Ziir, Hiir, and Reba, Sihon' s chiefs, zuho
35 dtM'lt in the land, — t/ie Israelites also put to the sword, among -zi
those -u'hoin they slaughtered, the diviner Balaam ben-Bcor.^° The 23
13,14 "offerings made by fire of
13,24-33 -^*^es»- 3oa§ua ■5e®3«»«-«— 24
13 line of the Jordan was the .western* border of the Reubenites.
This is the inheritance of the Reubenites according to their chins,
the cities, and the villages belonging thereto.
Jn^entance of <Ba5.
24 1\ /f OSES had given .an inheritance* to the tribe of Gad, to the 5
25 IVl Gadites according to their clans. Their territory was Jazer,
and all the cities of Gilead, and half the land of the Ammonites,
26 as far as Aroer east of Rabbah ; and from Heshbon as far as
Raniath-mizpeh and Betonim ; and from Mahanaim to the border
27 of Lidebir;" and in the valley: Beth-aram, Beth-nimrah, Succoth, 10
and Zaphon, the remainder of the kingdom of Sihon, king of
Heshbon; the line of the Jordan *was their border* to the *south-
28 ern* end of the sea of Chinnereth beyond the Jordan eastward. This
is the inheritance of the Gadites according to their clans, the cities,
and the villages belonging thereto. 15
5n6enfancc of (Baefern QllanaeecB.
29 1\ /r OSES had given *an inheritance* to the half-tribe of Manasseh,"
M
({
it was for the half-tribe of the Manassites according to their
30 clans ; their territory was from Mahanaim, all Baslian, all the
kingdom of Og, king of Bashan, all the towns of Jair, in Bashan, 20
31 sixty cities; half of Gilead,"^ and Ashtaroth and Edrci, the -capital-
cities of the kingdom of Og in Bashan."
Concfueton of dSccounf of ©tmeton of Caefern Ztrvitov^.
32 ^T^HESE are
1 iilains of M
the inheritances which Moses had given in the
plains of Moab, beyond the Jordan eastward, opposite Jericho<*>. 25
-(•jt!s;s^#~-
13.31 -to the Sons of Machir ben-Manasseh ; to one-half of the Sons of Machir,
accordintr to their clans '4
33 "hut to the tribe of Levi, Moses had given no inheritance; the God of Israel,
Jnvii, is their inheritance as He had told them
jj
25 —^-^^tsimff- ^oe^ua -■ir-^hyi-e-<^~ 14,1-15
35«a5tng of dRccount of ©ipteion of (^eefem ^crnforp.'
THESE are the inheritances received by the Israelites in the 14,1
land of Canaan which the priest Eleazar and Joshua ben-
Nun and the heads of the families of the Israelites gave them | by 2
5 lot, lasi their inheritance, as Jhvh had commanded, through Moses,
for the nine tribes and the half-tribe. Moses had given the inherit- 3
ance of the two tribes and of the half-tribe beyond the Jordan, but
to the Levites he had given no inheritance among them. The 4
Sons of Joseph were two tribes, Manasseh and Ephraim, and they
10 gave no portion of the land to the Levites, except cities to dwell
in, and the pasture-lands belonging thereto for their cattle and their
substance. The Israelites did as Jhvh had commanded Moses, and 5
divided the land.
inheritance of €afe6.
15 *" I ^HE Judahites^ approached Joshua in Gilgal, and the Kenezite^ 6
A Caleb ben-Jephunneh said to him : Thou knowest the word
that Jhvh spoke to Moses, the Man of God, on my behalf, a;tt/
on tliy behalf, in Kadesh-barnea. I v.'as forty years old when 7
Moses, the Servant of Jhvh, sent me from Kadesh-barnea to spy
20 out the land, and I brought him back word to the best of my
knowledge ; but my companions who went with me made the S
heart of the people tremble, while I wholly followed my God,
Jhvh. Moses swore on that day: Verily, the land where\'er thy 9
feet have trodden shall be an inheritance for thee and thy children
25 for ever, because thou hast wholly followed my God, Jhvh. Now 10
Jhvh has kept me alive, as He said, for forty-five* j'ears, from
the time when Jhvh spoke this word to Moses, while Israel jour-
neyed in the Wilderness ; and now I am this day eighty-five years
old. I am still as strong to-day as on the day when Moses sent 1 1
30 me : as was my strength then, so is my strength now, for war
and all manner of workjS so give me now the hill-country here, 12
whereof Jhvh spoke on that day; thou heardest on that day that
the giants 7 were there in great walled cities; perhaps Jhvh \\\\\
be with me, so that I shall dispossess them, as Jhvh said. Then 13
35 Joshua blessed him, and gave Hebron as an inheritance to Caleb
ben-Jephunneh. Thus Hebron'' became the inheritance of the 14
Kenezite, Caleb ben-Jephunneh, ♦and so remains, down to this da\%
because he wholly followed the God of Israel, Jhvh. (The name 15
of Hebron was formerly Kirjath-arba ; he, .Arba*, was the greatest
40 among the giants.)'' Then the land had rest from war.
I5,i-i6 — •^-^ssji-^'^^i'ii <-¥*es***- — 2^
5n6entancc of Ju6a3.
15,1 nr^Pip: lot for the tribe of the Judahitcs according to their clans
1 was toward the border of Edom, southward to the W'ikier-
2 ness of Zin, at the extreme south. Their southern border was
from the end of the Salt Sea, from the bay that runs southward ; ' 5
3 it began about the south of the Ascent of Acrabbim, and went on
to Zin, and went up southward of Kadesh-barnea, and went on to
4 Hezron, and went up to Adar, and turned about to Karkaa, and
it went on to Azmon, and ended at the Brook of Egypt,' so that
the end of the border was at the sea. This shall be your southern 10
5 border. The eastern border was the Salt Sea as far as the mouth
of the Jordan. Their border on the north side was from the bay
6 of the sea at the mouth of the Jordan, and the border went up
to Beth-hogla, and went on to the north of Beth-arabah, and the
7 border went up to the Stone of Bohan ben-Reuben; and the border 15
went up to Debir" from the valley of Achor and northward in
the direction of Gilgal,3 opposite the Ascent of Adummini, south
of The Brook;* and the border went on to the Waters of En-
S .shemesh, and came to a points at Kn-rogel ; and the border went
up through the Valley of Ben-Hinnom to the south of the ridge 20
of the Jebusites (that is, Jerusalem) ; and the border went up to the
top of the mountain which lies to the west of the Valley of Hinnom
9 and at the northern end of the Valley of Rephaim ; and the border
inclined from the top of the mountain to the fountain of the Waters
of Nephtoah and came to a point at the cities of Mount Ejjhron, 25
10 and the border inclined to Baalah (that is, Kirjath-jearim) ;" and the
border turned about from Baalah westward to Mount Seir,' and
went on to the north of the ridge of Mount Jearim (that is,
Chesalon), and went down to Beth-shemesh,*^ and went on to Tim-
11 nah ; and the border came to a point at the ridge of P^kron on the 30
north, and the border inclined to Shicron, and went on to Mount
Baalah, and ended by Jabneel, so that the -end of the border was
12 at the sea. The western border was the coast-line of the Great
Sea. This was the border of the Judahites round about according
to their clans. 35
13 To Caleb bcii-JcpIuiiiiicJi lie gave a portion in tlte midst of the
Judahites according to tlie comniandment of Jhi-H to Jos/iiia, namely
14 KirjtUii-arha {>.-lr/><!' the father of .h/,/f). that is. Hebron. Thencesl
Caleb dispossessed the three giants: Shcshai, Ahiman, and Talmai,"!
15 the sons of Anak. Thence he went up against the inhabitants ofj4o
16 Dcbir (the older name of Debir was Kirjath-sepher).'° And Caley
27 — »*e§«@i!- ^oe^ua -sr+sissw-s — 15 . 1 7 - 5^
said : I will give my daughter Achsah in marriage to the man who 15
attacks Kirjath-sepher, and takes it. Caleb's brother, Othniel ben- i;
Kenaz," took it, and 'Caleb* gave him his daughter Achsah in
marriage. When she came to him "he incited h>er> to ask her is
5 father for a piece of land. So she leaped down from her ass.l
and wlien her father asked: What is the matter? she answered: 19
Give me a present ; thou hast put me off into the Negeb, there-
fore give me Gull<a>th-maim. So Caleb gave her Gull<a>th-illi'>thi
and Gull<a>th-tahti-th. |
10 This is tile inheritance of the tribe of the Judahites according 20
to their clans:
The ♦southern* border towns of the tribe of Judah in the Ne- 21
geb" toward the territory of Edom were Kabzeel, Eder, Jagur,
Kinah, Dimonah, A-r»ar>ah,'3 Kedesh, Hazor, Ithnan, Ziph, Telem, 22-24
15 Bealoth, Hazor-hadattah,'^ Kerioth-hezron (that is, Hazor), '5 Amam, 25.26
Shema, Moladah, Hazar-gaddah, Heshmon, Beth-palet, Hazar-shual, 27. 2S
Beer-sheba and <its dependent towns>,'^ Baalah, lim, Azem, Eltolad, 29.30
• Bethu-l,'' Hormah, Ziklag, Madmannah, Sansannah, Lebaoth, Shil- 31.32
him, <En>.->rimmon ;'^ — twenty-nine'' cities with the villages belong-
20 ing thereto.
In the Lowlands:''" Eshtaol, Zoreah,'' Ashnah, Zanoah, En- 33.34
gannim, Tappuah, Enam, Jarmuth, Adullam, Socoh, Azekah, 35
Sharaim, Adithaim, Gederah and Gederothaim; — fourteen ^^ cities 36
with the villages belonging to them. *Also* Zenan, Hadashah, 37
25 Migdal-gad, Dilean, Mizpeh, Joktheel ; Lachish, Bozkath, Eglon, 38. 39
Cabbon, Lahmasms'^s Kithlish, Gederoth ; Beth-dagon, Naamah, and 40.41
Makkedah ; — sixteen cities with the villages belonging to them ;
♦furthermore* Libnah, Ether, ^^ Ashan, Jiphtah, Ashnah, Nezib, 42.43
Keilah, Achzib, Mareshah ; — nine cities with the villages belonging 44
30 thereto.
Ekron and its dependent towns and \-illage3, from Ekron to 45.46
the sea, all ♦the towns^ that lay on the side of Ashdod with the
villages belonging thereto. Ashdod and Gaza and their dependent 47
towns and villages to the Brook of Egypt. The ♦western* border ^5
35 was the ♦coast-line of+ the oGreata Sea.
In the Hill-country: Shamir, Jattir, Socoh, Dannah, Kirjath- 48. 49
sannah (that is, Debir), Anab, Eshtemoh, Anim, Goshen, Holon, 50.51
Giloh ; — eleven cities with the villages belonging to them; ♦also^ 52
Arab, Dumah, Eshean, Janum, Beth-tappuah, Aphekah, Humtah, 53.54
40 Kirjath-arba (that is, Hebron), and Zior ; nine cities with the villages
belonging to them; Maon, Carmel, Ziph, Juttah, Jezreel, Jokdeam, 55.56
I5.57-I6.S — *4^ms»- ^oe^ua ■fiB^m-e''— 28
15.57 Zanoah, Cain, Gibeah, Tininah ; — ten cities with the \illages belong-
5S.59ing to them ; Halhul, I5etli-zur, Gedor, Maarath, Beth-anotli, and
Eltckon ; — six cities with the villages belonging to them. •Tekoa,'''
Ephrath (that is, Bethlehem), Peor, Etam, ;Kolon, Tatam, Sores^,
Kerem, Gallim, Bether, Manahath ; — eleven cities with the \illages 5
60 belonging to them>. Kirjath-baal (that is, Kirjath-jearim) and Kab-
bah,— two cities with the villages belonging to them.
61.62 In the Wilderness: Beth-arabah, Middin, Secacah, Nibshan, the
City of Salt, and En-gedi ; — six cities with the villages belonging
to them. 10
63 But the Judahites could not dispossess the Jebusites who
inhabited Jerusalem ; the Jebusites live with the Judahites in
Jerusalem to the present day.-'
^n{)iritanci of ffic Joaep^tfce.
16,1 *" I ^HE border" of the Joscphites was from the Jordan near 15
J. Jericho to the east of the Waters of Jericho,' near the Wilder-
ness that extends from Jericho through the Hill-country to Beth-
2 el -["]-, and it came to a point at lietli-el [], and went on to the
3 border of the Archites at Ataroth, and came down westward to
the border of the Japhletites,= to the border of Lower Beth-horon 20
4 and to Gezer, and came to an end at the sea. So the Josephites,
Manasseh and Ephraim, received their inheritance.
3n^cn(ance of (6c 6p6ratinttC0.
5 ' I ^HE territory of the Ephraimites according to their clans was 3
!-***»*, and the *southern* border of their inheritance 25
6 was ♦from* Ataroth-addar on the east to Upper Beth-horon, and
the border ended at the sea. The northernmost point was Mich-
niethah, and the border turned about eastward to Taanath-shiloh, and
7 went on to . . . * * *■• eastward of Janohah, and went down
from Janohah to Ataroth and to Naarath, and touched -the territory 30
S of. Jericho, and ended at the Jordan. Westward the ^northern*
border went from Tappuah to the Brook Kanah,' and came to
16,2" Luz
T
29 — >*e3|«s5Ss- 3'"^"'' ^***s^*** — 16,9-17.11
an end at the sea. This is the inheritance of the tribe of the 16
Ephraimites, according to their clans, ^together* with the cities that 9
were set aside for the Ephraimites in the midst of the inheritance
of the Manassites, — all the cities with the villages belonging there-
5 to. They did not dispossess* the Canaanites who dwelt in Gezer; 10
the Canaanites have dwelt in the midst of Ephraim down to this
day, but *the Canaanites* had to labor for them. j
3n6entance of t^t ZnU of Q1lanae6e6.
HE tribe of Manasseh had its lot; tManasseh* was the firstborn 17,1
of Joseph. Machir, the firstborn of Manasseh, the father of
Gilead, had Gilead and Bashan, because he was warlike. The rest 2
of the Manassites had *their lot* (ii-cording- to their clans, the
Abi-ezrites, Helekites, Asrielites, Shecheniites, Hepherites, and
Shemidites.' These were the iiiah- Manassites tu cording to t/iiir
15 lians.
Zelophehad^ ben-Hepher ben-Gilead ben-Machir ben-Manasseh 3
had no sons but only daughters. These are the names of his
daughters : Mahlah, Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirzah. They went 4
to the priest Eleazar and Joshua ben-Nun and the Princes, and
20 said : JuvH commanded Moses that an inheritance should be given
us among our fellow-tribesmen ; and according to the command-
ment of Jhvh he gave them an inheritance among their father's
fellow-tribesmen.
The portions that fell to Manasseh were te/i,^ apart from the 5
2s la)id of Gilead and Bashan beyond tJie Jordan {the dangliters of b
Manasseh received an inheritance among his sons, and the rest of the
Manassites had the land of Gilead). The *southern+ border of 7
Manasseh was from Asher to Michmethah, which is east of
Shechem, and the border went southward to the *Iand of the* inhabi-
30 tants of En-tappuah. Manasseh had the land of Tappuah, but the 8
Ephraimites had Tappuah on the border of Manasseh. The border 9
went down to the Brook of Kanah to the southern side of the
brook * * * «'• Ephraim had these cities in the midst of the
cities of Manasseh * * * * The border of Manasseh was along
35 the northern bank of The Brook, and it came to an end at the sea.
Ephraim had »the land* to the south, and Manasseh to the north. 10
The -western, border *of Manasseh* was the sea; they' touched
Asher on the north, and Issachar on the east. But Manasseh had 11
in Issachar and in Asher [the three heights'' | but Manasseh did
40 not conquer"]' Beth-shean '^with the villages belonging thereto, nor
14
I7.i2-i8,3 -^-Msg^Si- ^oe^uo ■*S**S"S3*-=— 30
17 Iblcam and its villages, nor the inhabitants of Dor,-'- nor of Taa-,
i-'nach, nor of Megiddo, with their villages []; for the Canaanitcsl
i;, maintained themselves resolutely in that region. Hut when Israel
became strong they subjected the Canaanites to forced labor, but
did not dispossess them.' 5
6rtva £ot for (6c 3o6Cp6ttC6."°
THI'^ "House" of Joseph said to Joshua: Why hast ^fflP
given us ♦but* one lot as an inheritance* although we are a
5 great people, seeing that hitherto Jiivii has blessed us? Joshua said
to them: If ye are a great people, go up into the Forest,'- and 10
hew out troom enough* for yourselves there,'- if the Hill-country
6 of Ephraim is too narrow for you. The House' of Joseph said:
The Hill-country is not enough for us, but all the Canaanites whoj
inhabit the land of the Valley have chariots of iron,'-* both those
who are in Heth-shean' and its dependent towns and those who 15
7 are in the Valley of Jezrecl.'^ Joshua said to the House of Jo.seph :''
Ye are a great people, and have great strength ; ye shall not have
s one' lot only,'<5 but ye shall have the Hill-country '? .of Gilead*
though it .also, is forest ; ye will hew it down, and it shall be'
yours ;■■> but ye must dispossess the Canaanites, though the\- have 21.
iron chariots, '■* and are strong.
^tvtn CriBce receive t^iiv ^n^tvxtanci.
18,1 ' I ^HE whole Congregation of the Israelites gatherec
1 at Shiloh,- and there they established the Tent of M
;d together
hey established the Tent of Meeting, the
2 land having been subdued by them. T/ir/r rciVc /iff of the
Israelites seven tribes, to ivhom their inker it ance had not been apportioned.
3 Therefore foshna said to tin /srae/ites -. How long will ye delay to
go in and take possession of the land, which the God of your
17,11 "and the inhabitants of Endor^ with the villages belonging thereto
*
14 *and one portion 15 'in the land of the Perizzites and the Rephaini'3
17 ''to Ephraim and Manasseh, saying 18 'and its outlying districts
31 -^-Ms^eeSi- 3**5"* ■*®^*^**^ 18,4-16
fathers, Jhvh, has given you? Take tlircc uicii for each tribe, <"> let 18,4
them set out, and go through the iaiiii, and map it out' into suita/tte
inlieritaiiees *for* their strides*, then eoine haek to me. They may divide 5
it into sei'en portions. Judah may remain in its territory in tlie soutli,
5 and the House of Joseph may remain in tlieir territory in tlie itortli.
Map out^ t/te iand into se7\'n portions, and bring back *your report* 6
hither to me, then / luill cast lots for you here in the presence of
our God, Jhi'H. The Levites have no portion among you: they
priesthood of Jhvh is their inheritance; but Gad, and Reuben, and
10 the half-tribe of Manasseh received their inheritance beyond the
Jordan eastward, which Moses, the Servant of Jhvh, had given to
them. The men set out, and loeiit, and Joshua said to those who 8
luent to map out the land .- Go, pass through the land, map it out ;
then return to me, here loill I cast lots for you in Shiloh. The men 9
15 zoent, and passed through the lan</, and nuipped it out by cities in seven
portions on a scroll, '^ and they <brought^ *back their report* to Joshua
in camp at Shiloh. Then Joshua cast lots for them in Shiloh in 10
///(■ presence of fHi'H, and there divided the land for the fsraelitcs
according to their dii'isions.
3n6en(ance of QBenjamm.
WHEN the lot of the tribe of the Renjamites came out accord- u
ing to their clans, the territory allotted to them was to lie
|>etween the Judahites and the Josephites. Their border on the 12
north side was from the Jordan, and went up to the ridge northward
25 of Jericho and up through the Hill-country westward, passing into
the Wilderness of Beth-aven ; thence the border went on to Luz, 13
to the south of the ridge of Luz (that is, Beth-el) ; then the border
went down to Ataroth-adar near the mountain south of Lower
Beth-horon. The border inclined, and turned about on the western 14
30 side southward from the mountain in the south opposite Beth-horon,
and came to a point at Kirjath-baal (that is, Kirjath-jearim), a city
of the Judahites. This was the western side. The southern side* was 15
from the end of Kirjath-«baal',5 and the border came to a point
•at Mount Ephron-^ and at the Fountain of the Waters of Nephtoah ;
35 and the border went down to the end of the mountain east of 16
the Valley of Ben-Hinnom, at the northern «end of the> Valley of
Rephaim,^ and went down through the Valley of Hinnom, to the
south of the ridge of the Jebusites, and went down to En-rogel,
18,4 "and I will send them
18,17-19.1' — »»et^a^ ^oe^ua -mj^t" 32
18,17 and inclined northward, and came to a point at En-shemesh, and
passed into tiie regions opposite the Ascent of Adummim, and went
18 down to the Stone of Bohan ben- Reuben, and went on to the ridge
aUing the north of the Arabah, and went down to the Arabah ;
19 and tile border went on to the north of the ridge of Beth- 5
hoglah, and" came to an end at the northern bay of the Salt Sea,
at the southern end of the Jordan. This was the southern border.
20 The Jordan bordered it on the eastern side. This is the inheritance
of the ]?enjamites according to its borders round about, according
21 to their clans: The cities of the tribe of Benjamin according to 10
22 their clans were Jericho, Beth-hoglah, Emek-keziz, Beth-arabah,^
23. 24 Zemaraim, Beth-el, Avim, Parah, Ophrah, Chephar-haammonai,
Ophni, and Gaba; — twelve cities with the villages belonging to
25-27 them. Gibeon, Ramah, Beeroth, Mizpeh, Chephirah, Mozah, Rekem,
28 Irpeel, Taralah, Zelah, Eleph, the -city of the* Jebusites (that is, 15
Jerusalem), Gibeath, and Kirjath-<jearim>; — fourteen cities with the
villages belonging to them. This is the inheritance of the Benja-
mites according to their clans.
3n6crt<ancc of ^tmcon.'
19,1 ' I ^HE second lot fell to Simeon, to the tribe of the Simeonites 20
1 according to their clans ; their inheritance was in the midst
2 of the inheritance of the Judahites. They had in their inheritance:
3.4 Beer-sheba, Sheba, Molahah, Hazar-shual, Balah, Azem, Eltolad,
5.6 Bethul, Hormah, Ziklag, Beth-marcaboth, Hazar-susah, Beth-lebaoth,
and Sharuhen; = — thirteen 3 cities with the villages belonging to 25
7 them; ]-".n-.rimmon,+ <Tochen-,5 Ether, and Ashan ; — four cities with
8 the villages belonging to them ; also all the villages that were round
about these cities down to Baalath-beer and Ramah of the South.
This is the inheritance of the tribe of the Simeonites according to
.9 their clans. Out of the portion of the Judahites was the inherit- 30
ancc of the Simeonites; the share of the Judahites was too great
for them, therefore the .Simeonites received an inheritance in the
midst of their inheritance.
3n6crtfance of jcBufun.
10 ' I ^HE third lot fell to the Zebulunites according to their clans ; 35
1 the border of their inheritance stretched as far as Sarid;''
11 and their border' went up westward to Maralah, and touched
18, 19 'the border
33 —^>4^^m»- ^oe^ua -^sim^^t-^— ' 19,12-31
Dabbasheth, and touched the brook which is east of Jokneam, 19
and ^turned from Sarid eastward toward the sun-rising to the 12
border of Chisloth-tabor, and came to a point at Daberath, and
went up to Japliia ; thence it^ went on eastward toward the sun- 13
5 rising to Gath-hepher and Eth-kazin,' and came to a point lati
Rimmon, cand) incHned '° to Neah ; and the border" turned 14
about it on the north lof" Hannathon, and came to an end at
the Valley of Jiphthah-el ****** Kattath, Nahallal, 15
Shimron, Idalah, and Beth-lehem-, — twelve '3 cities with the villages
10 beloneinsr thereto. This is the inheritance of the Zebulunites 16
according to their clans; those cities with the villages belonging
thereto.
5n6ertfancc of jeeac^at."*
FOR Issachar. The fourth lot came out for the Issacharites 17
according to their clans ; their territory was <>'5 Jezreel, Chesul- 18
loth, Shunem, Haphraim, Shihon, Anaharath, Rabbith, Kishion, 19.20
Abez, Remeth, En-gannim, En-haddah, Beth-pazzez. The border 21.22
touched Tabor, Shahazimah, and Beth-shemesh, and their border
came to an end at the Jordan; — sixteen cities with the villages
20 belonging to them. This is the inheritance of the tribe of the 23
Issacharites according to their clans ; those cities with the villages
belonging thereto.
JnBcnfance of dtleger.'*
HE fifth lot fell to the tribe of the Asherites according to 24
THE
their
25 A their clans. Their territory was Helkath, Hali, Beten, Ach- 25
shaph, Alammelech, Amad, Misheal. ^The border* touched Carmel 26
on the west and Shihor-libnath, and turned toward the sun-rising 27
to Beth-dagon, and touched Zebulun and the Valley of Jiphthah-el
on the north * * * Beth-emek and Neiel * * *, and ^goincr*
30 northward came to a point at Cabul * * * <A>b-:d>on,'7 Rehob, 28
Hammon, Kanah * * * *and went on* as far as Great Zidon ;
then the border turned to Ramah and to the fortified city of Tyre; 29
then the border turned to Hosah, and came to an end at the sea
* * * * <Mehalleb>,'^ " Achzib * * * -Accho-,'' Aphek, 30
35 and Rehob ; — twenty-two ^° cities with the villages belonging to
them. This^' is the inheritance of the tribe of the Asherites 31
according to their clans ; those cities with the villages belonging
thereto.
19.32-51 — »*^^(!- 3oe6uo -!«s#5M-« — 34
3tt6cntance of QtapBtaft."
19,32 TTOR the Naphtalites. The sixth lot fell to the Naphtalites
33 1 according to their clans. Their border was from Heleph, from
the Bazaan"imTree^3 (and Adami-nekeb and Jabneel) to Lakum, and
34 it came to an end at the Jordan. The border turned westward 5
to Aznoth-tabor, and ♦going on* thence came to a point at Hukkok,
and touched Zebulun on the south, and Asher on the west. "<*■''
35 The fortified ''s cities were Ziddim,^* Zer, Hammath, Rakkath, Chinne-
36-3S reth, Adamah, Ramah, Hazor, Kedesh, Edrei, En-hazor, Iron,
Migdal-el, Horem, Beth-anath, Beth-shemesh ; — nineteen^' cities 10
39 with the villages belonging to them. This is the inheritance of
the tribe of the Naphtalites according to their clans ; those cities
with the villages belonging thereto.
JnBcnfancc of ®an.='
40 ' I ^HE seventh lot fell to the tribe of the Danites according to 15
41 L their clans. The territory of their inheritance was Zorah,""'
42.43 Eshtaol,^' Ir-shemesh, Shaalabbin, Ajalon, Jethlah, Elon, Thimnathah,
44.45 Ekron,^9 Eltekeh, Gibbethon, Baalath, Jchud, Bene-berak, Gath-rini-
46.47 mon, and Me-jarkon .-3° with the territory opposite Japho. The
territory'' of the Danites was <too narro\v>3'' for them; therefore the 20
Danites marched out, attacked Leshiaan.^^ took it, conquered it,
♦putting the inhabitants* to the sword, took possession of it, and
settled in it, calling Leslnaim: Dan, after the name of their ancestor
4S Dan. This is the inheritance of the tribe of the Danites according
to their families ; those cities with the \illages belonging thereto. 25
3nBcntancc of JoeBua.
49 "\ ^fHEN they had finished giving the land as an inheritance
V V according to its borders, the Israelites gave an inheritance
50 among them to Joshua ben-Nun ; according to the command of
Jhvh, they gave him the city for which he asked: Timnath-serah '* 30
in the Hill-country of Ephraim ; he built the city, and settled in it.
Concfuoion of cSccount of ©tpieton.
51 ' I ^HOSE are the inheritances which the priest Eleazar, and
1 Joshua ben-Nun, and the heads of the families of the tribes
of the Israelites gave as an inheritance by lot in Shiloh, in the 35
presence of Jhvh, at the door of the Tent of Meeting, thus com-
pletely dividing up the land.
19,34 "and to *Judah^ 'at the Jordan toward the sun-rising
35 — »*e#^!s- 39«?ua -isaHls** — 20,1-21,5
titka of (Kcfugc
THEN Jhvh spoke thus to Joshua: Command the Israelites as 20,1.2
follows : Appoint for yourselves the cities of refuge, of which I
spoke to you through Moses, that the homicide who kills any one 3
5 by accident<''>^ may flee thither, and that they may be a refuge
for you from the avenger of blood<*>^ until he come up before 6'^
the Congregation for judgment<''>.^ So they dedicated ^ Kedesh in 7
Galilee, in the Hill-country of Naphtali ; Shechem, in the Hill-
country of Kphraim, and Kirjath-arba (that is, Hebron) in the Hill-
10 country of Judah ; and beyond the Jordan<"> they appointed Bezer 8
in the Wilderness, in the plain, of the tribe of Reuben ; Ramoth
in Gilead, of the tribe of Gad ; Golan in Bashan, of the tribe of
Manasseh. These were the cities appointed for all the Israelites 9
and for the strangers sojourning among them, that whosoever killed
15 any one by accident might flee thither, and should not die by the
hand of the avenger of blood, until he appeared before the Con-
gregation.
Biviticai Ciika.'
THEN the heads of the families of the Levites approached the 21,1
priest Eleazar, and Joshua ben-Nun, and the heads of the
families of the tribes of the Israelites, and spoke to them at Shiloh 2
in the land of Canaan as follows: Jhvh commanded through
Moses that cities should be given us to live in, and the pasture-
lands belonging to them for our cattle. Then the Israelites gave 3
25 to the Levites, at the command of Jhvh, out of their inheritance
these cities and the pasture-land belonging thereto. The lot came 4
out for the clans of the Kohathites: the Sons of Aaron, the
Priest, +who were* of the Levites, had by lot thirteen^ cities of the
tribes of Judah, of the Simeonites, and of Benjamin. The rest of 5
20,3 "inadvertently
4 *he shall flee to one of those cities, and shall stand at the door of the gate
of the city, and shall state his case before the Elders of that city, and they
shall admit him into the city, and give him a place that he may live with them.
5 When the avenger of blood pursues him, they shall not deliver the homicide
into his hand ; for he killed his neighbor inadvertently, and not with malice
6» aforethought ; he shall live in that city
*
6 'until the death of the reigning High-Priest, then the homicide may again enter
his city and his house, in the city whence he fled
*
8 'at Jericho eastward
21,5-32 — ^*e*ffi6s• 3**5"* -^SS^i***— 36
21 the Koliathites liad by lot 'according to their» clans 3 ten cities
■of^ the tribes of Ephraim and Dan and of the half-tribe of
6 Manasseh. The Gershonites had by lot =according to their=
clans3 thirteen cities cofi the tribes of Issachar, Asher, and Naphtali,
7 and of the half-tribe of Manasseh in Bashan. The Merarites had 5
according to their clans twelve cities of the tribes of Reuben, Gad,
S and Zebulun. The Israelites gave by lot to the Levites these
cities and the pasture-lands belonging thereto, as Jhvh had com-
9 nianded through Moses. Of the tribes of the Judahites and Simeon-
10 ites they gave these cities which are mentioned by name. The 10
Aaronites of the clans of the Kohathitcs of the Levites had
11 (for theirs was the first lot) ******* and tlicv gave
tJicm Kirjatli-arha (*Ayba* the father of Anak), that is, Hebron in the
12 Hill-country of Judah, and the pastiire-lands round about it, but the
fields of the city and the 7'illages belonging thereto they g^'^'C to Caleb 15
13 ben-Jeplnniiieh as his possession. To the Sons of Aaron, tlie Priest,
the}' ga\'e Hebron, the city of refuge for the homicide, Libnah,
14-16 Jattir, Eshtemoa, Holon, Debir, A^sha-n,'' Juttah, Beth-shcmesh,
w ith the pasture-lands belonging thereto ; — nine cities of these ttuo
17 . iS tribes ; and of the tribe of Benjamin: Gibeon, Geba, Anathoth, 20
A!mon,5 with the pasture-lands belonging thereto; — four cities.
19 All the cities of the priests, the Aaronites, were thirteen cities
with the pasture-lands belonging thereto.
20 The clans of the Kohathitcs, the Levites, the rest of the
21 Kohathitcs, had the cities of their lot from the tribe of Ephraim ; and 25
they gave them Shechem, the city of refuge for the homicide in
22 the Hill-country of Ephraim, Gezer, Kibzaim, Beth-horon, with the
23 pasture-lands belonging thereto; — four cities. Of the tribe of Dan:
24 Eltekeh, Gibbethon, Ajalon, Gath-rimmon, with the pasture-lands
25 belonging thereto; — four cities. Of the half-tribe of Manasseh : 30
Taanach'' and Tbleam.,' with the pasture-lands belonging thereto;
26 — two cities. In all, ten cities with the pasture-lands belonging
27 thereto for the remaining clans of the Kohathitcs. Tlie Ger-
shonites, of the clans of the Levites, had of the half-tribe of
Manasseh : Golan, the city of refuge for the homicide, and Beesh- 35
28 terah, with the pasture-lands belonging thereto ; — two cities. Out
29 of the tribe of Issachar: Kishon, Dabareh, Jarmuth, En-gannim,
30 with the pasture-lands belonging thereto; — four cities. Out of
31 the tribe of Asher: Mishal, Abdon, Helkath, Rehob, with the
32 pasture-lands belonging thereto; — four cities. And out of the 40
tribe of Naphtcdi : Kedesh in Galilee, the city of refuge for the
37 — i-f^e^Sss- 3«6^ua -isssj#3*<-^ 21,33-22,4
homicide, Hammoth-dor, Kartan, with the pasture-lands belonging 31
thereto; — three cities. All the cities of the Gershonites, according 33
to their clans, were thirteen cities with the pasture-lands belonging
thereto.
5 The rest of the Levites, the clans of the Merarites had of 34
the tribe of Zebulun : Jokneam, Kartah, R immo nah,* Nahalal, with 35
the pasture-lands belonging thereto; — four cities. -Of the tribe 36
of Reuben : Bezer, in the Wilderness, the cit)' of refuge for the
homicide, Jahazah, Kedemoth, Mephaath, with the pasture-lands 37
10 belonging thereto; — four cities*. ^ Of the tribe of Gad: Ramoth 38
in Gilead, the city of refuge for the homicide, Mahanaim, Heshbon, 39
Jazer, with the pasture-lands belonging thereto; — -in all four
cities. *These are* all the cities tthat were given* according to 40
their clans to the Merarites who remained of the clans of the
15 Levites ; their lot \vas twelve cities. All the cities of the Levites 41
within the possession of the Israelites were forty-eight cities with
the pasture-lands belonging thereto. Each of those cities had 42
pasture-lands about it; so it was for all those cities.
J
Concfuitng ^uinmarj.
20 I HVH gave to Israel all the land which He had sworn to give 43
to their fathers ; they took possession of it, and settled in it.
Jhvh gave them rest round about, just as He had sworn to 44
their fathers ; of all their enemies not a man was able to hold his
own against them: Jhvh gave all their enemies into their hand.
25 Nothing failed of all good things that Jhvh had promised to the 45
House of Israel ; everything was fulfilled.
(Kcfurn of fge Zno Zvi&ie anb of t9,i '§aif-tvi&i.'
*
THEN Joshua called the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the 23,1
half-Z/v/v of Manasseh, and said to them : Ye have kept all 2
30 that Moses, the Servant of Jhvh, commanded you, and ye have
hearkened to my voice in all that I have commanded you ; ye have 3
not abandoned your brethren all this time until this day, and ye
have been careful to observe the commandment of your God, Jhvh.
Your God, Jhvh, has now given rest to your brethren, as He said 4
22 to them ; depart then, and go to your tents, to tlie land of
voiir possession, which Moses, the Servant of Jhvh, gave you,
5 beyond the Jordan. Only be exceedingly careful to observe the
commandment and the Law, which Moses, the Servant of Jhvh,
commanded you, to love your God, Jhvh, and to follow all His 5
ways, and keep His commandments, and cleave to Him, and to
6 serve Him with all your heart, and with all your soul. Then
Joshua blessed them, and sent them away; and they went to their
tents.
7 To the half-tribe of Manasseh Moses had given *an inheritance* 10
/;/ Baslian ; to the mother* half Joshua gave *an inheritance" with their
brethren beyond the Jordan westward.
8 c> When Josluia sent thciii away to their tents and blessed then/ o
<thej'> return <ed'' to <thei>r^ tents ivith much ivealth and very much
catde, silver and gold, bronze and iron, and great abundance of 15
raiment, and divide-d''' the spod of <thei'r' enemies loith -thei-r''
brethren.
Jlffar of {%t Zreo ZxiUa ani of iU l^aff-fnBe.'
9 -T^HE Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh
V returned, and departed from the Israelites from* Shiloh,"* in the 20
land of Canaan, to go to the land of Gilead, the land of their
possession, whereof they had been given possession according to
10 Jhvh's commandment through Moses. When they came to the
regions of the Jordan, in the land of Canaan, the Reubenites, and
the Gadites, and the half-tribe of Manasseh built there an altar 25
11 near the Jordan, a great, conspicuous altar. Word was brought
to the Israelites : Behold the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and
the half-tribe of Manasseh have built an altar opposite 5 the land of
Canaan in the regions of the Jordan beyond the land of the
12 Israelites. When the Israelites heard -that*, the whole Congregation 30
of the Israelites gathered themselves together at Shiloh to march
13 against them. The Israelites sent to the Reubenites, and to the
Gadites, and to the halfrtribe of Manasseh, to the land of Gilead,
14 the priest Phinehas ben-Eleazar, with ten princes, one prince of a
family for each of the tribes of AVestern» Israel; each man was the 35
15 head of a famil_\- among the thousands of Israel. They came to
the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to the half-tribe of Manasseh,
16 to the land of Gilead, and said to them : The whole Congregation
of |nvH sends this- message:* What is this breach of faith which
ve have committed against the God of Israel in turning awa>- this 40
39 — **e^mis- ^oe^ua •^m^»i'<^- 22,17-29
day from Jhvh to build for yourselves an altar, and to rebel this 22
day against Jhvh? Was the iniquity of Peor'' too little for us, 17
from which we have not cleansed ourselves even to this day, and
♦on account of which* the plague came upon the Congregation of
5 Jhvh? Yet ye will turn away this day from Jhvh, and if ye 18
rebel against Jhvh to-day, to-morrow there will be wrath against
the whole Congregation of Israel. Moreover, if the land of your 19
possession be unclean, pass over to the land of Jhvh's possession,
where the Dwelling of Jhvh stands, and receive a possession in
10 the midst of us, but do not rebel either against Jhvh or against
us, by building for yourselves an altar other than the altar of
our God, Jhvh. Was not Achan ben-Zerah guilty of a breach of 20
faith? yet wrath fell upon the whole Congregation of Israel, and
not he alone perished in his iniquity.
15 The Reubenites, and the Gadites, and tlic half-tribe of RIaiiassch 21
answered the heads of the thousands of Israel : el elohim Jhvh, 22
EL ELOHIM Jhvh,^ He knows and Israel shall know: if *we acted*
in rebellion or unfaithfulness against Jhvh (do not spare us this
day!) in building for ourselves an altar to turn from following 23
20 Jhvh, or to offer up thereon burnt-offerings, or cereal offerings,
or peace-offerings, let Jhvh Himself require it. We have not done 24
this save from fear of what might happen, thinking that hereafter
your sons might say to our sons: What have ye to do with Jhvh,
the God of Israel, seeing that Jhvh has put a barrier between us 25
25 and you, ye Reubenites and Gadites, namely, the Jordan; ye have
no portion in Jhvh ; and your sons cause our sons to cease from
fearing Jhvh. So we said: Let us make for ourselves * * *' 26
by building the altar neither for burnt-offering nor for sacrifice ;
but it shall be a witness between us, and between our sons, and 27
30 between our descendants, that we are to perform the service of
Jhvh before Him with our burnt-offerings, and sacrifices, and peace-
offerings, and that your sons shall not say hereafter to our sons :
Ye have no portion in Jhvh. When they speak thus hereafter to 2S
us and to our descendants, we thought to say : Behold the
35 fashion of the altar of Jhvh which our fathers made neither for
burnt-offering nor for sacrifice ; but it is a witness between us and
you ; far be it from us to rebel against Jhvh, and to turn this day 29
from Jhvh by building an altar for burnt-offering, or cereal offer-
ing, or sacrifice, other than the altar of our God, Jhvh, which *stands*
40 before His Dwelling.
22,30-23,9 — **eg^S(- 3o«6i<a -!S*»|!3*« — 40
22, yi When the priest Phinehas and the Princes of the Congrega-
tion" heard the words that were spoken by the Reubenites and
31 the Gadites and the MaiiassiUs, they were satisfied. The priest,
Phinehas ben-Eleazar, said to the Reubenites and the Gadites and
the Manassitcs: To-day we know that JiiVH is in the midst of us, 5
because ye have not been guilty of tiiis breach of faith against
JiiVH; now have ye dehvered the Israehtes out of the hand of Jhvh.'"
33 Then the priest Phinehas ben-Eleazar and the Princes returned
from the Reubenites and the Gadites, from the land of Gilead to
the land of Canaan, to the Israelites, and brought them word again. 10
Z2, The Israelites were satisfied, and blessed God, and spoke no ♦more*
of marching against them to lay waste the land inhabited by
34 the Reubenites and Gadites. The Reubenites and the Gadites
called the altar cGalj<'ed>" ♦saying*: It shall be a witness between
us that Jhvh is God. 15
^oe^ua'e ^ivst farcrocff.
23,1 AFTER a long time, when Jhvh had given rest to Israel from
l\ all their enemies round about, and Joshua was old and
2 advanced in }-ears, he called all Israel with their elders, heads,
judges, and officers, and said to them : I am old and advanced in 20
3 years, and ye have seen all that your God, Jhvh, has done to
all those nations, ♦in overthrowing them* at your approach ; for
4 your God, Jhvh, He has fought for you. Behold. I have allotted
to you those nations that remain as an inheritance for your tribes:
from the Jordan * * with all the nations that I have extir- 25
pated * * <as far as> the Great Sea in the West <shall be your
5 territory^.' Your God, Jhvh, He shall drive them out, and dispossess
them to make room for you; ye shall possess their land as \'our
6 God, Jhvh, told you. Be very firm faithfully to observe all that
is written in the Book of the Law of Moses, lest ye turn from it 30
7 to the right hand or to the left, or go among these nations, these
that are left with you; or mention the name of their gods or swear
8 by them, or serve them or bow down to them ; ye must cleave
9 to >our God, Jhvh, as ye have done down to this day. Jhvh
22,30 "that is, the heads of the thousands of Israel who were with hir
41 — .*e#683s- ^oe^MO •*a«^<-« — 23,10-24,4
has dispossessed, to make room for you, nations great and powerful, 23
and as for yourselves, not a man has held his own against you
until this day. One man of you chased a thousand ; it was your 10
God, Jhvh, who fought for you, as He told you. Take good ir
5 care therefore to love your God, Jhvh. But if ye in any wise 12
turn, and ally yourselves with the remnant of these nations, those
that are left with you, and make marriages with them, and mix
with them, and they with you, ye will surely learn that your God, 13
Jhvh, will no more dispossess those nations in your favor, and
10 they will become to you a snare, a trap, and a scourge to your
sides, and thorns in your eyes, until ye are extirpated from this
good land which your God, Jhvh, has given you. Behold I go 14
to-day the way of all the earth, and ye know with all your heart
and soul that not one thing has failed of all the good things which
15 your God, Jhvh, spoke concerning you; they have all been fulfilled
for you : not one of them has failed. And as all the good things 15
have come to you that your God, Jhvh, promised you, so will
Jhvh bring upon you all the evil things, until He extirpate you
from this good land which your God, Jhvh, has given you ; when 16
20 ye transgress the covenant with Jhvh which He commanded you,
by going to worship and bow down to other gods. <"'>
JOSHUA gathered all the tribes of Israel to Shechem,' and called 24,1
the elders, heads, judges, and officers of Israel, and the\'
25 presented themselves before God.= Then Joshua said to all 2
the people: Thus says the God of Israel, Jhvh : Your fathers
lived of old beyond the river tEuphrates*, Tcrali, the father of
AbraJiain and Nahor, and worshiped other gods.^ I took )-our 3
father Abraham from beyond the river -Euphrates*, and led him
30 throughout all the land of Canaan, and I increased his progeny,
and gave him Isaac. I gave Jacob and Esau to Isaac ; and 4
I gave Mount Seir to Esau to possess it, while Jacob and his
23, 16 -then will the anger of Jhvh be hot against you, and ye will be speedily extir-
pated from the good land which He has given you
24.5-20 —t-ifs^msf ^oe^ua ■iiSi^a*''^- 42
24,5 sons went down to Eg^ypt.'' I sent Moses and Aaron, and I
plagued Egypt -with portents- ' which I did in the midst of them, and
6 afterward I brought you out. / brouglit out your fathers from Egypt,
and ye came to the sea, and the Egyptians pursued yowr fathers, with
7 chariots"' and liorsemen to the Red Sea, and they cried to Jhvh, and 5
He put darkness between you and the Egyptians. He brought
the sea upon them, and covered them, and your eyes saw what
S He did in Egypt. Ye Hved a long time in the Wilderness. I
brought you to the land of the Amorites who lived beyond the
Jordan, and they fought against you, and I gave them into your 10
hand ; ye took possession of their land, while I destroyed them to
9 make room for you. Then the King of Moab, Balak ben-Zippor,
undertook to make war^ upon Israel, and called Balaam ben-Beor
10 to curse you. But I would not listen to Balaam, and he had to
11 bless you, and I delivered you out of his hand. Then ye passed 15
over the Jordan, and came to Jericho, and the mcn^ of Jericho
fought' against you, the Amorites, Perizzites, Canaanites, Hittites,
Girgashites, Hivites, and Jebusites, but I gave them into your hand.
12 I sent before you the hornets,'" they drove out before you the tw<elve>"
kings of the Amorites, neither by your sword nor by your bow. 20
13 I gave you a land for which ye had not labored, and cities which
ye had not built; ye settled in them; ye ate of vineyards and oli\-e
14 yards which yc had not planted." Now, therefore, fear Jhvh,
and worship Him loyally and faithfully; put away '3 the gods which
your fathers worshiped beyond the river ^Euphrates* and in 25
15 Egypt; worship Jhvh! If ye are not willing to worship Jhvh,
choose this day whom ye will worship, whether the gods your
fathers worshiped who dived* beyond the river *Euphrates., or
the gods of the Amorites in whose land ye live ; but as for me
and m_\' House, we will worship Jh\'h. 30
16 The people answered : Far be it from us to forsake Jhvh
17 to worship other gods. Jhvh is our God, it was He who brought
up ounselves and our fathers out of the land of Egypt where we
were bondmen, and who did those great signs before our -very-
eyes, and kept us all the way wherever we went, and among all 35
iS the peoples through the midst of whom we passed. Jhvh drove
out before us all the peop/es and the Amorites who inhabited the
19 land. We, too, will worship Jhvh, for He is our God. Joshua
said to the people: Ye cannot worship Jhvh ; He is a holy God;
He is a jealous God ; He will not forgive your transgression and 40
20 your sins. If ye forsake Jhvh, and worship strange gods. He
43 ^«4«3|*sSs- 3*^^"* ■*^**^^**"~ 24,21-33
will turn, and do evil to you, and consume you, after He has 24
done you good. But the people said to Joshua: Not so, we will 21
worship Jhvh. Then Joshua said to the people: Ye are witnesses 22
against yourselves, that ye yourselves have chosen Jhvh to worship
5 Him.<"> Now, therefore, put away the strange gods who are among 23
you, and give your heart to Jhvh, the God of Israel. The people 24
said to Joshua: We will worship our God, Jhvh ; Him will we obey.
Then Joshua made a covenant on behalf of the people that 25
day, establishing statutes and ordinances for them at Shechem.
\o Joshua iL'rotc titisc loords in the Book of tlic Lcnu of Got/,'* took a 26
great stone, and set it up there under the Oak that was in the
sanctuary of Jhvh. Joshua said to all the people: This stone 27
shall bear witness against us, it has heard all the words of Jhvh
which He spoke with us, and it shall bear witness against you,
15 lest ye deny your God. Then '^ Joshua dismissed the people to 28
their several possessions.
©eafg of 3o80ua.
AFTER these things Joshua ben-Nun, fhc- Scri'ant of jHi'H, died 29
I- at the age of a hundred and ten years ; and they buried him 30
20 within the bounds of his estate, at Timnath-serali '* in the Highlands
of Ephraim, north of Mount Gaash.
®aj0 of (6e ^urptmng (EfJere.
ISRAEL worshiped Jhvh all the days of Joshua and all the days 31
of the Elders who outlived Joshua, and who knew all the works
25 of Jhvh that He had done for Israel.
Q0onC0 of ^oecpB.
THE bones of Joseph'" which the Israelites had brought up 32
from Egypt they buried in Shechem in the portion of the
field which Jacob had bought'^ for a hundred pieces of silver, '^ from
30 the Sons of Hamor, the father of Shechem, and which *Jacob had
given* to <> Joseph as his portion.'"
©cafB of Sfcajar.^'
ELEAZAR ben-Aaron died, and they buried" him in Gibeah, 33
♦the city- of his son Phinehas, which had been given to him
35 in the Hill-country of Ephraim.
24,22 "they said: 'we are* witnesses
(jflokB on ^oB^na
'• .AX- ■ ;
-'■/'In :.-^*^''^SMUCH as the Book of Joshua is an integral part of the
^"' /f\ "^^ Hexateuch (/. c. Pentateuch + Joshua), the reader is referred for
V A ^^' information as to date, authorship, and composition to the Intro-
i; "- '^'i.^f^* ductions to the previous books.
' .^V-V;' 't-^ By way of brief recapitulation, the process of composition of
M <«>. 'E ^^^ Hexateuch may be described as follows. Two parallel works,
J A i '''-• the Judaic document (J) and the Ephraimi/ic document (E),
°" ■ were compiled between 850 and 650 b. C; these were afterward
10 combined into a single work (JE) by redactors or editors (RJ^). The first
edition of Deuteronomy (D) was promulgated under Josiah in 621 B.C., having
been composed shortly before. This work was afterward supplemented and
combined with JE, by editors writing, at various times, in the style and sjiirit
of Deuteronomy and denoted by the symbol HP (cf. below, note i on c. i).
15 The result of this second combination was a still more composite work desig-
nated as JED.
A fourth work, parallel to J and E, but mainly devoted to Ritual Legisla-
tion, was compiled, by Priestly Writers, in successive stages in Babylonia during
and after the Exile, and is known as the Priestly Code (P), including P* as a
20 later stratum. Tliis was combined with JED by priestly redactors (R'") about
440-400 B.C. The result of this last combination was the complete Hexateuch,
from which the portion now known as the Book of Joshua was separated,
either at that time or somewhat later, in order to emphasize the Mosaic author-
ship of the Law ; or, perhaps, the Joshua sections of JED and P were
25 separated from the preceding sections before the latter were combined to form
the Pentateuch.
Three points should be noticed as peculiar to the Book of Joshua : —
{a) Whereas the Pentateuch under the title of the Torah became the first
Canon of the Hebrew Scriptures, the Book of Joshua was relegated to the
30 second ( Prophetical ) stratum of the Hebrew Canon. Hence the history- of its
text is different from that of the Pentateuch. Not being part of the authorita-
tive Code of Judaism, it was not subject to the emendations and modifications
necessarily made in such a code ; but, on the other hand, it was more liable
to unauthoritative alterations, and would be likely to suffer more from careless
35 copying. Further, the Septuagint translation of Joshua is by other hands than
that of the Pentateuch.
— ^^^tsje- Qtofce on ^oe^ua -sssi^BW^— 45
{6) In combining JE and D, R° made comparatively few alterations in the
JE narratives of the period before the death of Moses, but dealt ver>- freely
with the JE sections relating to the Conquest.
(f) In the Pentateuch, P is used as a framework; in Joshua, JED (see
above, p. 44, 1. 16). 5
^outcce of f6e (^ooft.
The JE sections relating to the Conquest constitute a special difficulty in
the literary analysis of Joshua. P and the original matter of R^ and Rp can be
distinguished with comparative certainty. But J and E are similar in character
and subject, and were somewhat carefully combined by RJ^; hence the separa- 10
tion of J and E is always difficult. In Joshua, however, the difficulty has been
increased by R°, who have further harmonized their materials. The problem
with regard to the analysis of J and E in Joshua may be stated as follows : —
(i) The whole book has passed through the hands of R^, and the JE
sections through the hands of RJ^ and R''. These Redactors use phrases &c. 15
of J and E in their redactional work, and in the small fragments the style of
different hands carujot be always distinguished. Hence the reference of a
passage to J, E, or JE does not exclude the presence of neutral material
introduced by RJ^, R", or even R"". Such passages, however, remain substan-
tially in their earlier form. 20
(ii) On the other hand, as the Redactors had these earlier sources before
them, the reference of a passage to RJ^, R° or R^ does not exclude the
possibility of its being based on earlier material, or the use in it of JE phrases.
Such passages, however, have been so completely recast by the Redactors that
they rest simply on their authority; c/. 22,9-34. 25
(iii) In JE n<}rratives (as distinguished from the E speech in c. 24) two
parallel accounts can be clearly detected, especially in cc. 3-9. The leading
characteristics also of each story can be pointed out. The reference in the
several cases of the one story to J, and the other to E, is also fairly estab-
lished, though not yet universally accepted. But in cc. 3-9 there is much 30
neutral material which might be equally well referred to either of the two
stories, or two sources, and the distribution of this material cannot be always
made with entire confidence. These remarks apply with special force to the
separation of the older and later strata of J and E, /. e. of J' from y, and E'
from E'. 35
(iv) In the Account of the Division of the land in cc. 13-19. fragments
of earlier sources, probably of JE, are entangled in the P sections. Some have
been pointed out, but it is not certain whether in these sections we have a
use of earlier sources by P itself, or a combination of P with these sources by Ri*.
6rpfanatton of Cofore.
In the foregoing translation these sources of the Book of Joshua are repre-
sented by colors as follows : —
Dark red {e.g. 10,13) is used for Older Strata (about 850 b. c. ) of the
Judaic Document, J (see above, p. 44, 1. S and cf. Notes on Judges, p. 48, 1. 24).
Light red {e.g. 2,12-14) is employed for Later Strata (about 750-650 45
B.C.) of J{Y).
D.\rk blue {e. g. 6,5) represents Older Strata (about 750 B.C.) of the
Ephraimitic Document, E (see above, p. 44, 1. 8).
Light blue {e. g. 1,1.2) indicates Later Strata (about 650 b. c. ) of E (E°).
Purple, the combination of red and blue, {e. g. 2,1-9) represents the 50
composite document JE (about 630 n. c. ), that is, those parts of the Prophetical
46 ^-**e§®Sf (Jlotee on ^oe^ua -jassiia**—
Narrative of the Hexateuch, in which the Judaic Document (J ) and the Eph-
rainiitic Document (E) are so intimately fused that they cannot be separated
by literary analysis. Cf. Notes on Judges, p. 46, 11. 26 . 41 ; p. 53, 1. 35.
Green (e. ff. 1,3-9) indicates R'' (see above, p. 44, 1. 14), that is, Dculer-
5 onomistic Expansions (additions written in the spirit of Deuteronomy about
570-540 B.C.).
Brown [e. g. 22,9-34) is used for P* (see above, p. 44, 1. 19), that is.
Later Strata (440-400 B.C.) of the Priestly Code (P), the main body of which
(compiled in Babylonia about 500 B.C.) is printed on a white background with-
10 out any additional coloring {e. g. 5, 10-12).
Orange is employed for the fragment 5,13-15, the source of which is
unknown ; see p. 62, I. 24. The purple border around this section indicates
that it has been introduced by the compiler of JE.
Italics indicate the latest strata of the respective documents, especially
15 Redactional Changes or Additions, made in the process of uniting and har-
monizing different sources, or in adjusting the narrative to the point of view
of the editors, or under the influence of a parallel passage ; see Judges, p. 46,
11. 48 ; Leviticus, p. 93, !. 31 ; p. 94, 11. I -7 ; p. 95, 1. 53 ; p. 96, 1. 3.
Italics on uncolored background (e. g. 5 , 6. 7) = R"" (about b. c. 440-400;
20 see above, p. 44, 1. 20).
Italics on purple background (e. g. 2,i7) = RJ^ (about 630 B.C.; see
above, p. 44, 1. 10).
Italics on green background (e.g. ii , 21 . 22) =redactional adjustments &c.
of R"^ (about 570-540 B.C.; see above, 1. 4).
25 Italics on brown background (e.g. 22.io| = R''* (about 440-400 B.C.;
see above, 1. 7).
The symbols - •■ [e.g. 7, 15.21.25) indicate Doublets of adjacent words (or
clauses) which are presumably from a different source, although we have no
clue as to which document either should be referred to (cf. note 21 on c. 7,
30 p. 66, 1. 22 ; also p. 64, 1. iS).
For the e.xplanation of the other critical marks, --, ■>, &c., see above, pp.
v and vi.
(pfacc of ^oo^wa t" f6c '^i6tov2 of ^evad.
The Book of Joshua is parallel to Jud. i. The picture drawn of the Con-
35 quest by these two authorities is, however, quite different. In Joshua the
conquest is effected by United Israel under the single leadership of Joshua in
a series of systematic and continuous campaigns ; the conquest is immediate
and complete. In Judges the conquest is a gradual process ; separate portions
of the country are conquered by independent operations of individual tribes.
40 The conquest is far from complete. An examination of Joshua shows that the
picture of an inmiediate and thorough subjection of the whole country is due
to the interpretation put upon the history by R'', and that the earlier sources
of Joshua agree with Jud. i and are in part identical with it. The view taken
by these earlier sources is historical ; that introduced into Joshua by R°, and
45 possibly also by RJ^, is due to a mistaken theory of history, as are also the
statements of R"^ and P about the observance of the Law of Moses. There
are no trustworthy data in OT by which the chronology of the Conquest can
— »*^6€a!- (Jlotce on ^oB^ua ■«tm^c3*<- —
47
be determined ; nor have they been yet furnished by Egyptian or Assyrian
inscriptions. The Exodus has been often referred to the reign of Merneptah
(about 1300-1266 B.C.), and the absence of any reference to Egypt in the
Books of Joshua and Judges would suit the period of weakness through which
Egypt passed in tlie closing years of the Nineteenth Dynasty (1266 -1200 n. c. ).
But an inscription of Merneptah has been recently discovered which mentions
Israel amongst other Palestinian peoples conquered by Merneptah (c/. note 11
on Ezek. 37), so that, apparently, the Exodus must be placed earlier. Some
archeologists have identified the Khabiri, who appear as an aggressive power
in Palestine in the time of Amenophis IV. { Ikh-en-atn ; see below, p. 49, 1. 6),
with the Hebrews ; but this view is precarious ; see I. 27 and p. 53, 1. 2S».
.\\ any rate, our early information agrees with the Book of Joshua in
representing Palestine as divided up among a number of small city-states, each
with its own king. It was also mostly tributarj' to Egypt. Compare the remarks
on the Chronology of the Book of Judges, p. 45 of the Notes on Judges ; and,
for the account of the Conquest, ibid. p. 47, 1. 32.
til ef-ilmarna tcAiHs..
The famous discovery- of cuneiform tablets, which has made Tel el-Amarna
a household word among Bible students, was made in 18S7. Many of the dis-
15
AMENurms III.
.\.MENOI-HIS IV.
coveries in Egypt and Assyria have been barren of any results immediately 20
bearing on the Sacred Scriptures, and e.xperts have been often tempted to
soothe popular impatience by ingenious but erroneous conjectures. E\en now,
indeed, we are probably not brought face to face with the actual characters
and events of Hebrew history-. Lt.-Col. Conder's proposed identification of
Ebed-tob, king of Jerusalem, with Joshua's Adoni-zedec is not accepted by 25
other scholars, nor has the theory that the Hebrews are mentioned under
the name Khabiri met with general approval. But these tablets throw a
flood of light on Eg>'pt and Western Asia, and especially on Palestine, about
1400 B. c.;" probably some time before the Exodus and Conquest. The informa-
tion obtained from this wonderful discovery is a joint contribution of Assyriology 30
and Egyptology.
" Cf. Professor J.\strow's papers on Egypt and Palestine. 1400 B.C. and "The
Men of Judah" in the El-.\marna Tablets {Journal of Biblical Literature, vols.
II. 12, Boston, 1892-93).
48
-'•itjjcoai- (Hotce on ^oe^ua ■
Tel el-Amarna, about iSo miles south of Cairo by river, was the site of the
palace of Amenophis IV., the son and successor of Amenophis III. The latter
seems to have reigned about b. c. 1414- 1379. Amenophis is the Greek form
of the Egyptian name Amen-hotep. The throne name of this king was Neb-nia't-
5 Re' (that is, Re or Ra, the Sungod, is the Lord of Truth), which appears in
the Amarna Tablets in the form yibmuaria, Niimm'iria, &c. (see below, p. 51,
1. 6).° He seems to have ascended the throne in his sixteenth year, and is
said to have been a mighty himter who slew more than a hundred lions with
his own hand during the first ten years of his reign. Then he married and
10 apparently relinquished this dangerous sport. His only campaign was against
the Ethiopians in his fifth regnal year. He married Gilukh^pa, a sister of
King Dushratta of Milan (see below, p. 49, 1. 34), and also an Egyptian lady,
Teie, the mother of Amenophis IV. (see p. 50, 1. 9). Numerous temples
were erected by Amenophis III., especially at Luxor and Karnak, on the site
15 of Thebes, the ancient
capital of Upper Egypt.
The annexed engraving
represents one " of the two
famous colossal statues of
20 Amenophis III. on the
western bank of the Nile
near Thebes (see Ezckiel,
p. 159). It is the more
southern of the two stat-
25 ues, commonly known as
the Colossi of Meninon.
The other, which is still
more mutilated, is thu
celebrated Vocal Statue
30 of Memnon, so-called
because for about two
centuries, at the begin-
ning of the Christian era,
it emitted a harplike
35 sound at sunrise.' At
that period these colossi
were looked upon as
statues of Memnon who
commanded the Ethio-
40 plan allies of the Trojans, name was
Nefr-khepru-Re (i. e. Noble in his Manifestations is Re), whicli appears in the
Amarna Tablets as Napkhtiraria, Nipkhiiriria, &c. (see below, p. 51, 1. 41).
He was co-regent during the last years of his father's reign, and married
the Mitanian princess Tddukhepa, a niece of his father's wife Giliikhepa (see
45 above, 1. 11). In the picture on p. 47, which is part of one taken from the
Egyptian monuments, he is represented as adoring the Sun, whose rays,
ending in hands, stretch out to him, to .support him and bestow life and
strength. Amenophis IV. was a fanatical ' reformer who endeavored to supersede
and the musical wonder was ex-
plained as Memnon's greeting to
his mother, Eos, the goddess of
morn. The sound (which was
heard no more after the colossus
was repaired about a. d. 200) may
have been produced by the influ-
ence of the heat of the sun sud-
denly following upon the cold nights
in Egypt. Similar phe-
nomena have been ob-
served elsewhere : at
Karnak and Syene ; east
of Damascus ; in tlie
Pyrenees ; on the banks
of the Orinoco, &c.
The son and suc-
cessor of Amenophis III.,
the heretical king Amen-
ophis IV. (later Ikh-en-
atn ; see be-
low, p. 49, 1. 6)
reigned about
8.0.1383-1365.
His throne
COLOSSrS OF MEMNON.
" Cf. Notes on Isaiah, p. 139, 1. 24.
*The original height of this statue seems to have been nearly 70 feet.
'Tacitus, Ann. 2,61: Memnonis saxea effigies, ubi radiis soils icia est, vocalem
sonnm reddens.
'His fanatic character is apparent in his portrait (see above. !. 45).
Qtofco on ^oe^ua -ssjss^em-* — 49
the old polytheistic religion of Egypt by the exclusive worship of the Sun.
He prohibited the cult of Amon and of all other gods, especially those of
Thebes ; their images were destroyed and their names erased from the walls
of the temples and other public buildings. He changed his own name Amen-
ophis ( Amen-hotep, which contains the name of the god Amon) into Jkh-en- 5
atn (K/iu-cn-aten, Akh-en-aten), that is, Spirit of the Sun (or Splctidor of the
Solar Disk; see Isaiah, p. 143). He left the residence of his father, Thebes,
and built, half-way between Thebes and Memphis, in Middle Egypt, a new
magnificent capital, Khut-atn (that is. Horizon of the Sun), the site of which
is now known as Tel el-Amarna. After his death, however, a reaction set in : 10
his innovations were abolished, his name erased from monuments, and the new
city he had founded was destroyed.
LEFT-H.\ND EDGE OF CUNEIFORM DISPATCH OF KING DUSHR.\TTA.
The majority of the cuneiform dispatches found in the record-chamber of
the royal palace at Tel el-Amarna are addressed to Amenophis IV. or to his
ministers. The tablets, numbering over 300" are part of the official correspon- 15
dence of this king, and of his father, with the kings of Babylonia and Assyria
and of the other states of Western Asia, and especially with the Egyptian
officials and subject-allies in Palestine. A remarkable feature of this corres-
pondence is that the letters are in the cuneiform character, and in the Babylonian
language." It thus appears that Babylonian was the language of diplomacy in 20
Western Asia and Syria, and these tablets show that Egyptians had some
acquaintance even with Babylonian mythology. [One of the tablets (No. 240
in the edition of the Berlin Museum) contains a Babylonian mythological text,
known as the Adapa Legend ( cf. Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria.
Boston, 189S, p. 544). The cuneiform te.xt of this legend has been marked by 25
an Egy-ptian scribe with a number of dots in black ink. Another mythological
text (No. 82 in the edition of the British Museum ; cf. ibid. pi. 17) refers to the
goddess of the nether world, the consort of Nergal (2 Kings 17,30), and to her
messenger Namtar (see Jastrow, op. cit., pp. 570. 584).* This text is marked
with dots in red ink. The practice of marking short clauses or sentences with 30
red dots was common in Egypt.
Several of the cuneiform dispatches have dockets in Egy'ptian hieratic
characters, recording the date of their arrival in Egypt, the name of the sender,
&c. For instance, in one of the letters' of King Dushratta of Mitan (in
northern Mesopotamia, on the eastern bank of the Euphrates, north of the 35
mouth of the river Bellas, Arab. el-Balikk) to Amenophis IV., we find, on the
"One of the letters (No. 27 in the edition of the Berlin Museum) Is in the language
of Milan (see above, 1. 34) ; another (No. 10) in the language of Ar(api or rather Ar:aya.
that is, perhaps, the non-Semitic name oi Alashia {if. below, p. 50, I. 15) = Cyprus (ZA
10,263); No. 238 also is in this language.
^The texts of two other fragmentary mythological tablets have been partially
restored in the Johns Hopkins Contributions to Assyriology, vol. 4, pp. 131-134.
'No. 23 in Hugo Winckler, The Tel-el- Ainarna Letters (Berlin, 1896); p. 19 in
the edition of the Berlin Museum (Berlin X .\. Th. 233) ; cf. W. M. Flinders Petrie,
Syria and E.^ypl, from the Tel-el-Amarna Letters (London, 1898), p. 36, No. 12.
50 — »*«#eai<- (llotca on 3°"^"'^ -ss^'es** —
left-hand edge of the tablet," a hieratic note, in black ink, stating that this
dispatcli was received when the Egyptian Court resided in the Southern capital
(Thebes) and that it was the copy of a Naharinian** letter which the ines-
HIERATIC NOTE ON CUNEIFORM DISPATCH OF DUSHRATTA.
sengers had brought. In the same way a letter' of Dushratta to Amenophis
5 III., tlie father of Amenophis IV., contains, at the end of the reverse, three
lines of hieratic writing, much defaced, which give the arrival of this dispatch
in Egypt, apparently in the 36''' year of Amenophis III., in the month of
Pharmuthi (March- April). Another letter' of Dushratta is addressed to the
widow of Amenophis III., Queen Teie, and on the lower part of the reverse
10 are two lines of hieratic writing, much defaced ; on the left-hand edge also a
few hieratic characters are
visible, apparently stating that
this letter was For the Queen.
One of the letters" from
• ^ i H IfiS ^^^ \0*^ t ?^ ^ ; -^I'-ishia ( Cyprus ) bears on
the reverse a hieratic docket
in black ink : Letter of the
Prince of Atashia.'
HiERAiiL .Nijii^ ...x m^iATCH FROM ALASHiA. The plate facing p. I
20 represents the obverse of
one of the largest tablets found at el-Amarna. This tablet contains a letter'
of King Dushratta to Amenophis IV. On the reverse is an illegible hieratic
character in black ink. The size of this tablet, which is preserved in the Royal
Museum, Berlin, is 45x26 cm (lyfxioj in.). — P. H.]
\\\ b i^±t^M
25 The tablets fall into three classes : —
(i) Correspondence between Amenophis III. and Amenophis IV. of Egypt,
on the one hand, and Dushratta. king of .Milan ; Kadashman-Bel,* king of Baby-
■SSsigSssC-—
"See the cut on p. 49. The size of this tablet is 26 .x 15 cm (ioJx6 in.).
* Naharina = Syria on the Eufihrates (see Judges, p. 57, 1. 14), i. e. the Lowland of
Northern Syria on both sides of the Euphrates, west of the river Habor (2 Kings 17,6;
18 , II ; I Clir. 5 , 26; Arab. el-Kltabfir). It is not Mesopotamia but Parapotamia (Strabo
16.7.53)-
'No. 20 in WiNCKLER's translation: No. 10 (pi. 23) in the edition of the British
Museum; Petrie, No. 8. Size of tablet : 3i'5X2l| in.
'No. 22 in Winckler's translation; No. 11 (pi. 9) in the edition of the British
Museum; Petrie, No. 9. Size of tablet: 5JX3} in.
•No. 29 in Winckler's translation; No. 12 in the edition of the Berlin Museum;
Petrie, No. 29. The original is preserved in the Egyptian Museum of Gizeh. Tlie
size of this tablet is i2xS cm (45x3^"^ in.). For Atashia cf Elishali, Ezek. 27,7.
'See also Nos. 5. 9. 131 . 158 . 163. 187 . 213 . 220. 254 . 255 in Winckler's transla-
tion, =Nos. 17.6 (Hieratic docket, in red ink, on the upper edge) . 160. 94 . 112 . 167.
122. 131 . 136. 139 in the edition of the Berlin Museum.
"No. 21 in Winckler's translation; No. 24 in the edition of the Berlin Museum
(see ibid. pi. ii); Petrie, No. 11.
*It has been recently shown that we must read Kadashman-Bet instead oi Kulliiiia-
Sin. See Johns Hopkins Contributions to Assyriology, vol. 4. P- n^, 1. 27.
—'^■^m!^ (JlloUe on ^oe^ua -ss^ — 51
Ionia ; and the kings of the Hittites, and of Alasliia, on the other. The
letters of Dushratta and Kadashman-Bel show that the Egyptian Icings of the 18*
dynasty frequently intermarried with the royal house of Milan, and less often
with that of iJ^itiylon. One letter, from which we give extracts." strikingly
illustrates the relations of these great powers of 1400 B. c. This letter is from 5
IVidinuaria ( Anienophis III.) to Kadashman-Bel. In a previous letter Nih»iiiiiria
had asked for Kadashman-Bel's daughter in marriage ; and Kadashman-Bel, in
his reply, had demurred, because he was doubtful about the treatment of his
sister, who had been previously sent to Egypt. The letter opens : —
To Kadashman-Bel, King of Karduniash, my brother, from Nibmuaria, the great 10
King, the King of Egypt, your brother. I am well, may you be well ; with your
house, your wives, your sons, your chief men, your horses, your chariots, and your
lands, may it be very well. I am well ; with my house, my wives, my sons, my
chief men, my horses, my chariots, my people, it is very well ; and with my lands it
is very well. 15
Verily, I have heard the communication, which you have written me, namely :
"You wish, indeed, my daughter to wife, although my sister, whom my father
gave you, is there with you, and no one has seen her as yet, whether she is alive,
or whether she is dead."
These are your words, which you, in your letter, have written me. But you have 20
never sent a kamirii, ^ who knows: our sister, who could have conversed with, and
could have recognized her, and could have spoken with her. The people, whom
you sent . . . there is not one among them, who stood near (?) your father.
And when you write :
"Even if you connnand my messengers and your wives, that they should all 25
come together in open session, in your presence, and even if you (Pliaraoh) sa\' (to
the messengers) : ' Behold your mistress, wiio stands before you/ nevertlieless my
messengers do not know whether she (really) is my sister, who is with you. . . .
Who knows but what she may be the daughter of a beggar, or of a Gagean,' or a
maiden of Khanigalbat,'' or who knows, whether she is from Ugarit,« she whom my 30
messengers see . . . When my messengers come there and speak with her, they ought
to bring me a present from her, as proof of the fact that she is with you." — (E.xtract
from No. i, in Winckler's translation; Petrie, No. 13.)
Later letters show that Kadashman-Bel was induced to send his daughter
to Amenophis ; so that we may hope that Kadashman-Bel's sister, about whom 35
he was an.xious, was living in all due state and honor at the Egyptian court.
Other letters also, of this class, refer to intermarriages between the various
royal houses. Romance, however, is much mi.xed up with business ; and the
kings are very keen to obtain satisfactory presents from each other. They
seem to have bartered princesses, gold, and other valuable products. For 40
instance, in a letter from Kadashman-Bel's successor, Burraburiash, to Napkhuraria
(Amenophis IV. of Egypt), the Babylonian king makes the following complaint:
Your messengers have come three times, but you have sent no beautiful present;
and I, too, no beautiful present at all have I sent you. If nothing is refused me, I
will refuse you nothing. Your messenger, whom you sent, the 20 minas of gold, which 45
he brought, were not complete, and when it was put in the furnace, it did not amount
to 5 minas . . . .-Vnimals, be they of the country, be they of tlie city (?), as if they
were alive shall they be made ; the skin, as if it were alive, I will prepare, your
messenger shall bring (them) ... As your present I send you 2 minas of azure
stone . . . your daughter, my son's wife ... a necklace of gems and azure stones, 50
1048 in number, I have sent you for her present. — (Winckler, No. 8; Petrie, No. 19.)
s»^?C^€^—
"Our extracts are taken from Winckler's translation (see above, p. 49, note >)
with a few slight corrections and adaptations to English pronunciation and idiom.
* Probably a court official. — 'That is, a Northern barbarian; cf. Gog, Ezek. 38,2.
' Apparently = Mitan (p. 49, 1. 34). 'Not identified; perhaps near Antioch.
'Apparently only betrothed and still at home.
52 — **e#{®ii- (Jlofce on ^ee^ua ->S99f»«-» —
Probably these state embassies parlixik of the character of tradiivj; caravans,
and furnislied an opportunity for other commerce besides the interchantje of
presents and princesses between the sovereigns of Egypt, Babylon, Milan, and the
Hittites. Doubtless, too, other caravans passed to and fro betvveeif these different
5 countries. The caravan routes passed either through Palestine or along its
borders ; so that the Amarna Tablets imply considerable intercourse between
Palestine and these neighboring empires.
(ii) The Second Group of Letters refers to Northern Syria and Phoenicia.
At the beginning of the period covered by this correspondence, these regions,
ID as well as the rest of Palestine, were sulyect to Egypt ; and the cities were
governed by princes dependent upon Egypt. We gather that the weakness of
Egypt and the withdrawal of its troops led to dissensions and revolts of the
subject princes ; and that the Hittites took the opportunity to encroach upon
the Syrian dominions of Egypt. Many of the letters are appeals from the sub-
15 ject kings for aid against one another. In more than one instance, each of two
mutual enemies claims that Ae is a loyal subject of Egypt and fighting in its
interests, and that the other is a rebel against their common suzerain.
For instance, the Amorite Prince, Aziru, writes to the king of Egypt as
follows : —
20 To my Ii:)rd, the King, my god, my suii : .Azini, your servant. Ai the feet of my
lord, the King, seven times and seven times I fall ... In all respects I and my
sons are servants of my lord, the King, to all eternity. — (Winckler, No. 47; Petrie,
No. 150.)
This is only one of many protestations of Aziru's loyalty ; he often appeals
25 to the king of Egypt not to listen to those who accuse him (Aziru) of enmity
to Egypt. On the other hand Rib-Addi, Prince of Gebal (Byblos), constantly
protests /lis loyalty to Egypt, and seems to have defended its interests to the
utmost of his ability. In Rib-Addi's letters, Aziru appears as the consistent
enemy of Egypt and her adherents. Evidently the Intelligence Department of
30 the Egyptian Foreign Office was very imperfectly served, and Pharaoh's minis-
ters had great difficulty in distinguishing friends and foes. The Egyptian vassals
received scant aid from Egypt, and town after town fell into the hands of the
enemy, amongst whom the Khabiri are conspicuous. We read of the loss of
Zidon, Beyroot, and Arvad. Damascus is spoken of as appealing for help,
35 and when last we hear of Tyre, its king, Abimelech, is still holding out for
E.gypt, but is reduced to great e.xtremities.
Naturally the decay of E.gyptian authority and the consequent wars inter-
fered with communication between Egypt and the countries beyond Palestine.
In the following extracts Burnaburiasli complains to Amenophis IV. of the
40 injuries done in Palestine to Babylonian subjects and envoys.
Inasmuch as they told me, that the road is dangerous, the water supply cut off,
and the weather hot, I have not sent you many beautiful presents . . . With regard
to 5;almu, my messenger, whom I sent to you, his caravan has been twice plundered
. . . Since they have plundered him in your land, which is a land of vassala.ge, let
45 therefore my brother adjust this strife. When my messenger comes into my brother's
presence, let ^almu also come before my brother, that they may refund him his
ransom, and make good his loss.— (Winckler, No. 10; Petrie, No. 22.)
Now my merchants, who journeyed with Akhitab (.\hitub), and tarried in Kinakhi
(Canaan) on business . . . they have killed and appropriated their money . . .
50 Kinakhi is your land, and you are the King. I have been violently dealt with in
your land ; subdue them. Make good tlie money they have stolen ; and the people,
who killed my servants, kill them and avenge their blood.— (Winckler, No. ii;
Petrie, No. 124.)
—^^e^ms^ (Uofea on ^oefixiCi •^sm^*^
53
(iii) Letters from the south of Palestine (the Phihstine cities, and the
district which was afterwards Judea). The distinction between (ii) and (iii) is
geographical, the letters of the two groups are ver>- similar. Those in (iii) are
from Eg>-ptian governors and dependent princes to Pharaoh and his officials.
We find the same break-up of the Egyptian power in the South as in the 5
North ; and in the South also the dependent princes strive to profit by the
weakness of Egypt to aggrandize themselves at each other's expense. Here
again mutual enemies all profess to be loyal to Egypt ; each correspondent,
according to his own account, is a faithful subject and is attacking some one
else, only because the other is betraying the interests of Egypt. Such pro- 10
fessions are made even by princes who have allied themselves to the enemies
of Egypt. The letters are full of mutual recriminations. But there were clearly
two chief parties, one loyal to Eg>pt ; the other professing loyalty, but in reality
allied with the enemies of Egypt. The latter party, as in the North, is every-
where successful. 15
A few names connect the history of the South w-ith that of the North.
Zimrida, prince of Lachish, can scarcely be the same as the Zimrida, prince of
Zidon, of group (ii) ; but a certain Lapaya is active against Egypt, not only in
the South, but as far north as Megiddo. The chief common element in the
situation. North and South, is the Khabiri. They seem ubiquitous, and appear 20
as far north as Gebal, Beyroot, and Zidon (Winckler, Nos. 55.60.147);'" but
they are perhaps
most conspicuous
and successful in the
South. The wide
Tange of their opera-
tions makes it diffi-
cult to identify them
with the Hebrews.
Any such identifica-
tion would seriously
add to the objections
to the historic char-
acter of any portion
of Joshua.
An interesting
point as regards this
group is that Zim-
rida of Lachish, who
is the writer of one
of the letters and
'**/
OBVERSE OF TEL-HESY TABLET.
is mentioned in
another, is also men-
tioned in a letter
found at Lachish 25
(Tel-Hesy; c/. be-
low, note 6 on c. 10 )
by Mr. Bliss, on May
14* 1892.* This let-
ter is a tablet in 30
Babylonian cunei-
form, in a script
similar to that of
the Amarna tablets
of this third group. 35
It belongs to the
jieriod of these tab-
lets, and is a report
from one Egyptian
official to another. 40
It mentions a mes-
sage sent to Zimrida by a certain Shipti-Addi (or Dan-Hadad). The original
tablet (size: 2|.x2jxjJ in.), which is of dark brown, baked clay, nearly flat on
both sides (contrast Ezekiel, p. 98, 1. 48), is now in the Imperial Ottoman
Museum, Constantinople. The cuneiform text is published in the Transactions 45
of the American Philosophical Society, New Series, vol. xviii, part 3 (Philadelphia,
" See above, p. 52, 1. 34. The presence, however, of the Khabiri in the North
depends on Winckler's interpretation of sx-gaz^ Kliah in' , which is doubtful; [SA-
GAZ seems to be merely an ideogram for kliabbalic 'spoiler' {cf. Jud. 2,14), that is,
raiding- nomads. According to Dr. Reisxer the Khabiri were Cassites; see Joiirn.
Bibl. Lit., vol. 16 (Boston, 1S96), p. 143 and cf. note on Gen. 10 , 8, also The Language
of Nimrod, the Cassite in the Andover Review (July, 1S84) p. 88. — P. H.]
*\VlN"CKLER, No. 219; PeTRIE, No. 235.
54 — »*^6%3Si- QloUe on ^oe^ua -sj*3«5«-» —
1896), 1)1.64, No. 147; rf. ibid. pi. xxiv, Nos. 66.67 ^"d P. 65 (contrast OLZ
2,5 and Johns Hopkins Contributions to Assyriology, vol. 4, p. 153). See also
F. J. Bliss, A Mound of Many Ci/ies (London, 1894), pp. 52 -60 and pp. 184-187.
The half-tone reproduction of this tablet, on p. 53, is from a plaster cast in the
5 possession of Professor Jastrovv, Philadelphia.
We add two or three extracts from letters of this group. The first shows
how the Egyptians arranged for a supply of loyal native officials. The writer,
Yabitiri, is a native prince or noble, commanding for Egypt at Gaza and Jojjpa.
He writes thus : —
10 I am a faithful servant of my lord, the King. I look here and I look there, and
there is no light, but I look to my lord, the King, and there is light. And (though)
a brick move away from under its coping, I will not remove from under the feet
of my lord, the King. Let my lord, the King, ask Yankhamu, his officer. When I
was (still) young, he carried me to Egypt, and I served my lord, the King, and
15 stood at my lord, the King's gate. Let my lord, the King, ask his officer, if I do
not guard the gatfc of Gaza and the gate of Joppa. — (W'inckler, No. 214; Petrie,
No. 101.)
Special interest attaches to a series of letters from Abdi-khiba," prince of
Jerusalem. The mention of Unisa/im decides the long controversy as to the
20 e.xistence of the name in pre-Davidic times, and affords new data for its
etymology (see below, note 2 on c. 10). But, according to Winckler, No. 183
(Petrie, No. 256), the supposed discovery of a description of Jerusalem as Ihe
city of the temple of Urash, whose name is Salim^ is due to a mistranslation.
[Nevertheless, this letter of Abdi-khiba to the King is most interesting as to the
25 early history and importance of the city of Jerusalem. Line 10 of this text
can hardly be interpreted as meaning anything else but : they have taken the
district of the holy city ; and 11. 14.15: the capital of the land, whose name is
Jerusalem, the city of the temple of Adar, the royal city'' (so Professor Delitzsch ).
The reading of the name Adar ( Urash, Nin-ib) is uncertain, but we know that
30 this god was the Assyro-Babylonian god of war and the god of the destruc-
tive storm-cloud (see Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, Boston,
1898, pp. 214.217), just as Jhvh was, according to early Israelitish conception,
a god of war who revealed himself in thunderstorms {cf Jud. 5,5; 1 Kings
19,11; Ps. 18.7, and Professor Budde's Lectures on The Religion of Israel
2,^ from the Earliest Times to the Exile, New York, 1899, Lecture I). Adar may,
therefore, refer to Jhvh, just as, for instance, the Babylonian god Ea is called
Kronos in Berossus' version of the Chaldean account of the Deluge. Ancient
writers often apply names of their own gods to deities of other nations. — P. H.]
Again, clauses in Abdi-khiba's letters have been translated as describing him
40 as owing his authority neither to father nor mother, but to the Most High
God ; and this description has been compared to that of Melchizedek, who was
priest-king of Jerusalem. But according to Winckler, No. i8r ( Petrie, No.
234; cf. ZA 6,247), the passage reads: —
Neither my father nor my mother, but the strong arm of the King (scil. of Egypt)
45 established me over my father's territory.
Abdi-khiba seems to have been the most zealous supporter of Egypt in
Southern Palestine, and his letters enable us to understand how rapidly the
"Some archeologists regard this name as equivalent to Ebed-tnb.
*So Savce in Records of the Past-, vol. 5 (London, 1S91), p. 72 ; contrast ZA 6, 263.
>■ C/. Josh. 10,2. Winckler translates line 10: and have taken the territory of
Rubnti; and 11. 14.15 a city of the territory of Jerusalem, called Bil-Xinib, one of
the cities of the king; see below, p. 55, I. 22.
1,1 ^»*^esss- (Jlofce on 3o65«4 •**»§«**— 55
cities fell away. The following extracts illustrate these events, and show us
that the Khabiri played a most important part in them.
Let the King care for his land, and (pay some heed) to his land; the cities of
mv lord, the King, belonging to Ili-milki (Elimelech), have fallen away, and the
whole territory of the King will be lost ... If you do not listen to me, all the 5
dependent princes will be lost, and my lord, the King, will have no more dependent
princes {cf. Ezra 4, 16). Let the King therefore turn his attention to the princes, and
let my loi'd, the King, send troops. The King has no longer any territory. If troops
come in this year, the territory will remain my lord, the King's; but if no troops
come, the territory of my lord, the King, is lost. 1°
Abdi-khiba, — knowing that his letter will pass through the hands of the
royal scribe or secretary, and apparently not certain that Pharaoh will ever see
it, — adds, in a kind of postscript, a special appeal to the scribe: —
To the scribe of my lord, the King: — Abdi-khiba, your servant. Bring plainly
(aloud) before my lord, the King, (these) words: "The whole territory of my lord, 15
the King, is going to ruin." — (Winckler, No. 179; Petrie, No. 227; cf. ZA 6,251.)
In another letter of Aljdi-khiba's {cf. above, p. 54, 1. 42) we read: —
The Khabiri are occupying the King's cities. There remains not one prince to
imy lord, the King; every one is ruined.— (Winckler, No. 181 ; Petrie, No. 234.)
And again in another letter : — 20
The territory of the King has fallen into the hands of the Khabiri. And now
indeed a city of the territory of Jerusalem, called Bit-Ninib," one of the cities of the
King, has fallen into tlie hands of the people of Kiltu (perhaps = AV;7<7A, Josh. 15,44).
.... Send troops that I may bring back the King's land to the King. For if there
are no troops, the land of the King will fall into the hands of the Kliabiri. — (Winck- 25
LER, No. 183; Petrie, No. 256; cf. ZA 6,263.)
Letters like these naturally contain much repetition, a large proportion of
their contents consists of the complimentary formulas addressed to the kings of
Egypt and Babylon. Yet the letters throw much incidental light on religion
and commerce, and above all else give us a clear idea of the political situation. 30
We see that the commercial and political system of the lands between the
Euphrates and the Nile was ancient in the days of Abraham, and scarcely
altered its essential features till the surrender of Babylon to Cyrus (538 B.C.).
Indeed the Ptolemies of Egypt (323-30 B.C.) and the Seleucid kings of Syria
(312-64 B.C.) reproduced in a measure the conditions of Egypt and Babylon. 35
Throughout there are the city-states of Palestine and Phoenicia, and the great
empires SE, NVV, and W along the Nile, the Euphrates, and the Tigris. The
chief change was the formation of the larger states of Israel and Damascus.
Otherwise the Palestine of the Amarna Tablets is, in its political aspects, sub-
stantially the Palestine of almost all pre-Roman periods. 40
(IXofce on Chapter t.
(i) Servant of JriVH, Deut. 34 , 5 ; Minister, Ex. 24, 13. I, I
It will be seen that here, as elsewhere, the Deuteronomic passages in
Joshua are largely a mosaic of sentences and phrases taken from Deuteronomy
■Or Adar: contrast above, p. 54, 1. 28.
1,4-11
— »*e*e@!!- (Hotes on ^oe^ua ^SJ*iE»*<—
56
or characteristic of it ; (/. vv. 3 - 5a = Deut. 11,24.25; vv. 5b. 6 = Deut. 31 , 6-S ; i
vv. 13- 15 = Deut. 3, 18-20. Note also: obserz'e to do (Deut. 11,32 &c. ) ; that
thou mayst deal prudently 7vhithersoever thou goest (Deut. 29,9) ; this hook of
the Law (Deut. 29, 21 &c.) ; yotir God or thy God in connection witli Jhvh.
5 This chapter strilces the two key-notes of the Deuteronomic etlitor, or
editors, of Josliua: (a) v. 5, Joshua the equal successor of Moses: as I ivas zvith
Moses, so I -vill be with thee; (b) v. 7, Observe the Law; Joshua's mission, the
condition of his suc-
cess and of Israel's
10 prosperity, is the ob-
servance of the Law
of Moses, i. e. (as
always in Deut. pas-
sages ) the legisla-
15 tioninDeut. 12-26.
( 2 ) Great Sea =
Mediterranean ; ef.
Ezek. 47, 10 &c.
(3) Hittites,\Mc
20 and rare use of this
word for inhabitants
of Palestine gener-
HITTITE W.\RRI0RS.
ally. For the Hit-
tites see Ezekiel, p.
122, 1. 25. The an-
nexed illustration
represents some Hit-
tite warriors who
took part in the
l)attle of Kadesh on
the Orontes, the 4
climax of Rameses
II. 's (see p. 91,
1. 11) great cam-
paign against the
Kheta or Hittites,
then the dominant
power to the N and NE of Syria. Its incidents are narrated in the Egj-ptian
'Poem of Pentaur.' Rameses was cut off from the main body of his army, and
25 defended himself with miraculous valor and success till reinforced. The Hittites
I HI-. |oKl).\N NE.\K lERICHO.
in Palestine, however, can only have been outlying settlements of this great nation.
(4) Quoted Heb. 13,5 as reason for being content -with such things as ye 5
have.
(5) 3Leditate thereon day and night, quoted Psalm 1,3. 8
30 (6) Compare Exodus, chapter 5, verse 6. 10
(7) Cf. interval of preparation before giving of Law from Sinai, Ex. 11
19, II (E).
57
(JlotcB on ^oe^ua •
1 , 14-2 , I
(S) That is, east of the Jordan; the writer's point of view is Western 1,14
Palestine. The illustration on p. 56 shows a bend of the Jordan and its valley,
not far from Jericho. Note the deep trench, in which the stream flows, and
the rich, tropical vegetation. The distant hills appear in the background.
(VLotiB on CRajptiv 2.
There are indications of the combination of two sources in the doublets in
vv. 3.4a and 6». 15 . 21b and 22a. Again, invv. 6.8 the men are on the roof, and
in V. 15 they are let down through the window. The conversation in vv. 17-21 is
out of place, if the men have already been let down. The //ii-ee days in vv. 16. 22
10 is to be identified with the //ircc days in i, 11 ; 3,2. Mathematical accuracy is
not to be looked for in these narratives, the various references simply indicate
PI/ U J I Ai-p
JERICHO.
that the same interval is intended ; cf. the phrase three days and three niglits
for the interval between the burial of our Lord and the Resurrection.
(i) Mentioned in Num. 25,1 (JE) and 33,49 ( P, Abel-Shittim ) as the last 2,
15 halting place of the Israelites.
( 2 ) Previously referred to only as a landmark ( Deut. 32 , 49 &c. ) ; Jericho
and Gilgal lay in the Plain of the Jordan, opposite .Shittim, west of the river.
The plain at this point is about 16 miles wide, and the river flows through it
at about equal distances from the mountains of Moab and the Hill-country of
20 Judah and Benjamin, which rise somewhat abruptly from the plain as its eastern
and western boundaries. Jericho lay close under the western hills, in a large
sre$msf QTotoo on ^'^^ua -5»s*fsw-« —
58
and fi.'rtile oasis watered by the stream of the Wady el-Qelt" and two iniportaiU 2
springs. As Jericho is called in 2 Chr. 28, 15 the Ci(y of Palui-lrccs, tlie oasis
was probably at this time, as in later days, rich in palm-trees, which, however,
have now disappeared {cf. Notes on Judges, p. 49, 1, 47). Pliny, Nat. Hist.,
5, 14 (70), calls the city: Hicricus palmetis consita, fontibus rigiia \ cf. Tac,
Hist., 5,6. (For palm-trees, cf. the full-page illustration facing p. gS of P.'ialms
and note 21 on Ezek. 40. ) The position was of military importance — 'the
Chiavenna of Palesdne to any invader from this quarter' (Stanley) — opposite
Jericho the Jordan could be crossed by fords, and through the hills south-
west and north-west ran the passes
leading up to the Hill -country of
Judah and Benjamin.
The name has been interpreted
(a) Place of Fragrance ; from the
balsam and other odoriferous pro-
ducts of the oasis (Heb. ri'iakh 'to
smell'); (b) City of the Moon
{WiHt). yerafih), the etymology sug-
gesting that it was in ancient times
a centre of Moon-worship. In the
illustration on p. 57 we are west
of the Jordan, with our backs to
the river, looking across the plain
of Jericho to the Hill-country of
yudah, seen in the backgrovmd.
The squalid group of huts in the
foreground ('a few hovels and a
tower on the edge of a swamp,'
G. A. Smith, Hist. Geog. of Pales-
tine, p. 266), is Er'ilia or Rthd,^ the
residuum of the Jericho of the
Crusaders, and the modern repre-
sentative of the wealth and splendor
of the City of Palm-trees. The
ancient city lay to the v\'est of
Rilid, the OT Jericho about Ain
es-.Sii/fdit,^ Herod's city on the
Wady el-Oelt (p. 66, 1. 33) a little
til the south of the latter. In the
[ilate facing p. 2, we are on the
northern mountains of Moab, shown
in the foreground, and look east-
ward. The plain of the Jordan fills
the middle distance, and through it
45 winds the river in its deep trench. Underneath the eastern hills lay the camp
of Israel before they crossed the Jordan. The hills in the distance are the
highlands of Judah, and between them and the river lay Jericho. The Dead
Sea is not shown ; it would be to the left of the picture.
'i'jlit Oy D. Aiiftclun ■k C'c in lite U. S. vj America.
HOUSE ON THE CITY WALL.
"See below, note 23 on c. 7 a"d ""'^ 4 on c. 15
« These two forms are, of course, corruptions of the name fericho.
'That is, the 'Fountain of the Sultan,' which may be identical with the Waters
of Jericlio in Josh. 16 , i and with the Fountain of Elisha in 2 Kings 2,21
59 — »4«^^s- (Uo(£0 on ^os^"* -«®'§»«'*^ — 2,9-3,10
(3) By the fords (v. 7) or swimming, if (as in 3, 15) tlie river was already 2
in flood, as in i Chr. 12, 15 the Gadites swam to David.
(4) Prostitution was not regarded as a sin by heathen nations, and was
practiced as a religious observance in connection with their temple-worship ;
5 (compare Leviticus, p. 86, 1. 50; Ezekie/, p. 135, 1. 31). In Matth. 1,5 Rahab
is an ancestress of David and Jesus ; she is adduced as an example of faith
Heb. II ,31, and of works Jas. 2,25.
(5) Compare Exodus 15,14-16 (lEi) and Deuteronomy 2,25; 11,25. 9
(6) Compare Exodus 22,20; Leviticus 26; Deuteronomy 7. 10
10 (7) ARV a true token (Vulg. verum siguuin), some clear means of indi- 12
eating to the conquerors Rahab and her friends, and of securing their safety.
The clause interrupts the connection, and is either from a second source (and
should possibly connect with the scarlet thread below) ; or, as it is omitted in
the Greek Bible, it may be a late redactional addition.
15 (8) They will die if Rahab is not saved ; a form of oath. 14
(9) Compare St. Paul's experience at Damascus, Acts 9,25. The custom 15
of building houses on the walls of cities still prevails in the East. The cut on
p. 58 gives a modern example of a house on the present city wall of Damascus.
(llotee on lti)a.)ftiv 3.
20 Note as doublets: (a) The crossing is mentioned at least twice, first
3,i6''-4,ia, and secondly -4, 10 ; — (b) The priests pass over twice, 4,11 and
18. — (c) Two sets of twelve stones, first in the midst of the Jordan, 4,9;
secondly at Gilgal, 4,1.8.
3, 12 is quite out of place in its present connection, as are also 4 , i''-3.
25 4,il'-3 (Jhvh's instructions to Joshua) must precede 3,12 (Joshua's orders
to the people).
Note also the following connections in E : 3,3 and 14 the people remove
from their place; in 3,15 the waters are staid as soon as the feet of the
priests dip in them, in 4,18 they return as soon as their feet are lifted out
30 of the water to the dry ground ; also the references to the twelve stones at
the lodging place.
Neither account is complete, but the E narrative serves as a framework.
(i) Shittim {cf. 2,1) to the Jordan, six or seven miles. 3,
(2) Probably J's account originally used Ark of jHl'H, and E's : Ark of the 3
35 Coi'Ciiant, but editors and scribes have combined and confused the designa-
tions. The Greek Bible has carried the combination still further, and has
almost everywhere Ark of the Covenant of jHl'H.
In the detailed accounts of the movements of the Ark, here and in c. 6,
notice the entire absence of any reference to the Tabernacle (Lerit., p. 86, I. 26)
40 and its elaborate furniture.
(3) That is, about a thousand yards (cf. note on Ezek. 40,5). In Num. 4
35. 5 (P) this was to be the extent of the pasture-lands to be attached to the
Levitical cities, measured outward from the city-walls. The Sabbath-day's
journey of the NT (Acts i , 12) and of later Judaism was also two thousand cubits.
45 (4) A similar command is given in Ex. 19,14.15 ('Ei), the only details 5
given being that they should wash their clothes, and observe a special chastity.
Special care would be taken to ensure the ceremonial cleanness of the people,
and it would be accompanied by sacrifices. Q^ 7, 13 and i Sam. 16,5.
(5) Compare Deuteronomy, chapter 2, verse 25. 7
50 (6) Heb. St khay, only here in the He.xateuch ; living God in Dent. 5,26 10
( Heb. 23) is a different phrase (elohun khayyiin) ; cf. Hos. i , 10 ; Pss. 42 , 2 ; 84 , 2.
3. 15-4. lo
-=-*s^«SS5- (Jlotco on Joofiua -«ij*§eM-=^ —
60
(7) In the Greek Bible: wheat-harvest; but as the flood-time is April, it 3.i5
must have been the barley-harvest, which is important in Palestine. In i Chr.
12,15 the river is flooded in the first month (Nisan = March- April). C/^. Sir.
24 , 26 : The La-iC makes uiidersfaiiding ahoutid tike the Jordan in the time of the
5 harvest.
(8) Readings vary between at Adam imA from Adam. Adam {=red'>) men- i5
tioned only here, has been identified with ed-Diiniiye, south of the mouth of
the Jabbok (see p. 75, 1. 7), opposite Qarn (;artabeh, the western point where
the valley of the Jordan contracts to a narrow gorge, about 17 miles north of
10 Jericho. The river might have been dammed up in this vicinity by an exten-
sive slide of its high banks (Conder).
(9) Zaretan is the same as Zereda (see note on Jud. 7,22), the native
place of Jeroboam. It cannot have been in the neighborhood of Beth-shean
(cf. p. 84, I. 6), which is more than 40 miles north of Jericho, about 12 miles
15 south of the Sea of Galilee ; it must have been near Qarn (^artabeh, although
the two names, Zaretan and fartabeh, are not identical.
(10) Arabah = Desert, the Valley of the Jordan, and its continuation south
of the Dead Sea. Between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea, it is called
by the Arabs et-Ghor, while its southern part, between the Dead Sea and the
20 eastern gulf of the Red Sea, still retains its ancient name et- Arabah (cf Ezekiet,
p. 2or, 1. 53). Arabah is used elsewhere as a common noun for desert, or with
qualifying words to form names for districts similar to the Arabah. The name
of the Arabs is connected with this word, and means Inhabitants of the Desert.
(11) Salt Sea = Dead Sea; (/-notes on Ezek. 16,49; 47.S-I2.
{(JLdtia on £6apfcr 4.
( I ) No instructions of Moses are extant with regard to the crossing of the 4 , 10
lordan. The scribe, or editor, who added this note merely e.xpresses the
CROMLECH IN THK Nlili . Hill IKHOCJD OP" HESHBON.
general idea that Joshua was in all lhin;<s carrying out the Law and the orders
of Moses; ef. note i on c. i (p. 56, 1. ii-M.
6i — ^-s^ieSSs- (Pofce on 3*86m<i ^S?S€a** — 4,11-5,2
( 2 ) The Greek Bible has stones for priests. 4 , 1 1
(3) Compare chapter i, verse 14. 12
(4) Only a part of the adult males, of whom there were (Num. 26 , 7 . iS . 34 ; 13
also P) 136,930.
5 (5) Fulfilment of promise in 3,7, expressed in almost identical terms. 14
(6) The Received Text has Testimony = the tables of the Law (see Levit., 16
p. 82, 1. 2), a characteristic expression of P, due here to some scribe familiar
with P's language.
(7) Abib or Nisan = March - April ; see Levit., p. 94, 1. 21 ; p. 95, 1. 17. 19
10 (8) According to Josephus and St. Jerome, about !>< or 2 miles from Jericho ;
but probably to be identified with Tel JeljAl, about half-way between Jericho
and the Jordan. Tel Jeljul is one of twelve small mounds of earth and debris.
The name is usually interpreted circuit ; it may, however, be a reduplicated form
oi gat 'stone-heap ;' in either case it will refer to a stone circle or cromlech
15 [cf. notes on Jud. 2,1) similar to those still standing in large numbers in
Palestine, especially in the region east of the Jordan. The cut on p. 60 repre-
sents a cromlech in the neighborhood of Heshbon, in the land of Moab (see
Isaia/i, p. 169, 1. 14). Gilgal appears in later history as an important sanctuary
or high-place (Jud. 3,19; Hos. 4, 15 ; 9, 15 ; Amos 4 , 4 ; 5,5). There seem to
20 have been other places of the same name (see 2 Kings 2,1), but throughout
Joshua the Camp of Gitgal must refer to this Gilgal. Cf. p. 69, 1. 19.
(9) So RV ; AV, following the vowels of the Received Text, that ye might 24
fear.
(llofce on £6a}5(er 5.
25 (i) So Qfre (</; p. vi, 1. 3), Ancient Versions and some Heb. MSS ; ARV 5,1
with most Heb. MSS, we passed over ; ef w. 6. If we be original, it may be
due to an unconscious lapse of R° into the language of personal discourse,
much of his matter consisting of speeches. If intentional, it marks the writer's
identification of himself with the nation in its continuous history, and is not
30 due to his being an eye-witness.
(2) An account of the institution of circumcision by Joshua at Gilgal 2-9
(ascribed to J' on account of its apparently ancient character). In Deuter-
onomy the use of the figure circumcise your hearts, in speeches ascribed to
Moses ( Deut. lO, 16; 30,6), implies the pre-Mosaic institution of the rite, and in
35 P the institution is ascribed to Abraham. The presence and importance of this
discrepancy were a continual source of trouble to the editors; vv. 4-7 and the
other redactional additions are due to successive attempts to harmonize this
account with D and P.
According to some critics this narrative is not history, in tlie strict sense,
40 because no commander would thus disable his army when on a campaign.
It is a Temple story,
explaining the origin
of a custom (Lev.,
p. 56, 1. 6) observed
45 by the tribe of Ben-
jamin or some of
its clans. Among
them circumcision
was performed at the sanctuary of Gilgal, and the circumcised remained at
50 the sanctuary till they were healed. The Hitt of the Foreskins was so called,
because the foreskins were buried there. Many similar customs are reported
from the South Seas and Africa. Among tribes that circumcise, the operation
EGYPTIAN STONE KNIVES.
5 , 2-6,4 ^**e*es»:- dlotco on ^o^Bua -sSBSfa** — 62
is usually performed in a special locality, and the circumcised remain apart from 5
the rest of the tribe before and after.
(3) A stone is the instrument of circumcision in Ex. 4,25 (J). The ancient 2
Egyptians also performed the operation with stone knives. The employment
5 of a stone knife for the purpose of circumcision represents the survival of a
primitive usage (<-/"• below, p. 63, 1. 43) like the primitive ram's horn (Heb. sliojdr;
see below, 1. 47) in the service of the modern synagogue (Lagarde, Mitthcil.,
4, 192). See also Ezek. p. 192, 1. 30.
(4) Verses 6.7 repeat the explanation in 4.5 in a slightly different form. 4-7
10 The Greek Bible re-arranges and supplements tliese verses, stating that most of
the armed men who came out from Egypt were uncircumcised.
(5) Compare the note on verse i. 6
(6) Circumcision was regarded in Egypt as a mark of civilization. By this 9
institution at Gilgal the reproach of Egypt, that Israel was barbarous because
15 uncircumcised, was rolled azvay.
This quasi-etymology is a play upon tlie resemblance between have I rolled
a-way {W^h. gallothi) and Gilgal.
(7) Nisan, t/. 4,19. In Ex. 12 (P) the preparations for the Passover begin 10
on the 10"' ; P accordingly fixed the encampment at Gilgal on the lo"" ; hence
20 the date in 4 , 19.
(8) Compare Notes on Ezekiel, p. 199, 1. 40. 11
(9) This section does not connect with what precedes, and ends abrupdy 13-15
(6,2 is not the original continuation of S, 15). It is apparently a fragment of
ancient story, used by the compiler of JE (or of the Hexateuch?) to introduce
25 the narrative of the Fall of Jericho ; cf. the appearance of angels to Jacob in
Gen. 32 , I . 2, which is equally foreign to its context and without sequel.
As the story now stands, no march to Jericho is noticed, ana nothing is
said about the war with the men of Jericho, 24,11.
(10) Compare Numbers 22,31 (J); \ Chronicles 21,16. 13
30 (11) Compare Exodus, chapter 3, verse 5. iS*"
(TXofce on CRapfcr 6.
Note doublets: v. 5 (blowing of horns); command to shout (vv. 5.10);
shouting (v. 20) ; destruction of city and contents (vv. 21.24); deliverance of
Rahab (vv. 21 . 22 and 24. 25). Note how vv. 17. 18 interrupt the connection.
35 In J they compass the city once a day for 7 days (vv. 3. 10. 11) ; they shout
at the command of Joshua. In E they compass the city 7 times on one day
(vv. 4. 12. 13), rising early (v. 12) in order to have plenty of time; the Ark
and the priests are prominent, and the signal for shouting is given by the horn
(v. 5). There are also traces of a third story, used by E, according to which
40 the signal, as in Ex. 19, 16, was given by a long (supernatural?) blast of a single
horn. Accordingly v. 5 and parts of vv. 7 and 20 are ascribed to E'.
RJE and R'' have done their best to combine the two accounts into a con-
tinuous narrative ; and some one with musical enthusiasm, after the manner of
Chronicles, has thrown in a perpetual blowing of horns, which would have ren-
45 dered the horns useless as a signal, and is excluded by vv. 6 and 16.
(i) As a precaution against surprise l>y the Israelites. 6, i
(2) Cf. Ex. 19,13. [These horns (Heb. shofarfilh) were made of rams' 4
horns and, as a rule, straightened and flattened by heat. The horns of any
animal may be shaped either by heat or by boiling in oil. The bore of this
63 ^fl-*sa8«e:- Qlofce on ^^''^"O -iSsats*^- 6,5-26
instrument is a cylindrical tube of small caliber, which opens into a kind of 6
bell of parabolic form. The sound is produced by the blast of a volume of
air, the lips, pressed against the orifice of the horn, acting as a reed. The
shaping of the lips is difficult, and only three proper tones are usually obtained,
5 although in some instances higher notes can be sounded. See Cyrus Adler,
The Shofar (Report of the U. S. National Museum for 1892, pp. 437-450),
Washington, 1894, and cf. Notes on the Psalms, p. 222. — P. H.]
(3) Literally, will fall under it, that is, in its place or where it stood; cf. 5
I Sam. 14 , 9 ; 2 Sam. 2, 23 ; Jud. 7 , 21 ; Is. 25 , 10 ; Hab. 3, 16 ; so, too, in v. 20.
10 (4) So Q§re, Peshita, Targum, Vulgate (cf. p. v, 1. 26) ; Received Te.xt : a)id 7
/ h e y said, that is, the priests.
(5) RV following the Received Text: And it ivas so, that luhen Joshua had 8. c
spoken unto the people, the seven priests bearing the seven trumpets of rains'
horns before the Lord passed on, and blew &c. What was part of the directions
15 has been transformed into a narrative. The present version virtually follows
the Greek Bible.
(6) That is, before the Ark [cf note 2 on c. 24). 8
(7) The word devoted is here analogous to the Polynesian taboo and 17
the Greek anathema, and signifies anything withdrawn from common use, and
20 consecrated to Jhvh (cf. Notes on Ezekiel, p. 104, 11. 21.32; p. 131, 1. 8 ; p. 134,
1. 44; p. 195, 11. 2.10). Devoted men and animals were killed, and devoted
things either destroyed or given to the sanctuary; cf. Lev. 27 , 28 ; Num. 18, 14,
and Notes on Ezekiel, p. 135, 1. 17 ; p. 196, 1. 15 ; see also Levit., p. 68, 1. 42
and p. 69, 1. 10, and cf. below, p. 65, 1. 32.
25 (8) Hebrew consonants t-kh-m-d-w, d=-\, with LXX ; RV ivhen ye have 18
devoted it (Heb. consonants t-kh-m-r-w, r = -|, with Received Text. Cf. notes on
9,4; IS , 22 ; 19 , 10 ; 21 , 35 ; Judges, p. 70, 1. 49 ; p. 90, 1. 22 ; Ezck., p. loS, 1. 17.
(9) Compare Notes on Ezekiel, p. 151, 1. 36. [Some bronze tools, which 19
were found by Professor Petrie at Gurob, Egypt, and which appear to belong
30 to the Eighteenth Dynasty (about 1450 B.C.), contain about 7 per cent, of tin.
In some of the earlier Egyptian alloys the quantity of tin is so small that
they must be regarded rather as imperfectly purified copper than as bronze.
The Assyrian bronze ornaments of the palace-gates at Balawat (see Psalms,
p. 206, I. 10) contain about 11 per cent, of tin; and one of the bolts, which
35 fastened the bronze bands to the wooden frainework of the doors, contained
a little more than 9 per cent., a proportion approaching that usually found in
ancient bronze, as well as that of modern gun-metal. The bronze votive-
tablet from the palace of Sargoh (see Isaiah, p. 152) at Khorsabad contains
about 10 per cent, of tin. As in Assyria and elsewhere, bronze seems to have
40 been used by the Israelites for some time to the total exclusion of iron [cf.
I Sam. 17 , 5 . 6 . 38 ; I Kings 4,13; Ps. 18 , 34 &c. ; contrast Deut. 19,5; 27 , 5 ;
Josh. 8,31 and the iron chariots of the Canaanites, Josh. 17,16); and between
the stone age (cf. above, p. 62, 1. 5) and the bronze age there must have been
a copper age in which copper ores were smelted and used for implements &c.
45 A small votive figure found at Telloh (Ezek., p. 179, 1. 43) is nearly pure copper,
without any tin whatever. Most of the earliest copper objects, however, contain
certain impurities which make the metal somewhat harder than refined copper.
Cf]. H. Gladstone, On Copper and Bronze of Ancient Egypt and Assyria in
the Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archceology, Mar. 4, 1890. — P. H.]
50 (10) As heathen and therefore unclean; cf. Num. 5,3; 31 , 19 (both P). 23
(11) If any man rebuilt Jericho, his firstborn son should die when the 26
foundation was laid, and his youngest son when the fortifications were com-
pleted by setting up the gates. As Jericho is mentioned in Jud. 3,13 (cf.
above, p. 58, 1. 4) and in the time of David (about 1000 B.C.), 2 Sam. 10,5,
7,1.2
—>4fmi»- (tXotce on JooBua ^fisSa+< —
64
the curse apparently applied to fortifying the city. This was done by Hiel in 6
the time of Ahab (876-854 n.c), and the fulfilment of the curse is recorded
in I Kings 16 , 34 ; the Greek Bible inserts the fulfilment here also. In Neh.
7,36, among the Jews who returned from the captivity, are mentioned 345 of
5 the Men of Jericho. The rebuilding of a city cut off by divine judgment is
generally held to be sacrilege {rf. the curses pronounced on Troy and Carthage).
About 596-586 n. c. the town and territory of Kirrha, in Phocis, SW of Delphi,
were put under a curse for sacrilege against the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi.
Two centuries and a half afterward the rebuilding of Kirrha was the prete.xt for
10 the Amphictyonic War (355-346 11. c. ) in which Philip of Macedon overtlirew
the liberties of Greece.
In Jol) 15,28 Eliphaz gives as a proof of the reckless audacity of the
wicked man, that /if dwelt in cities that had been cut off. So Dent. 13,16
says of an idolatrous city : It shatt be a heap for ever, it shatt not be built a,t;aiu.
(llotce on £0ap(cr 7.
There are indications that two narratives are combined in this chapter, but
the amalgamation is too well done to admit of complete analysis. Observe
doublets in vv. 3 . 7 = vv. 8.9. 12. 15.25, and see notes on these verses.
(1)1 Chr. 2,7; Greek Bible and Josephus : Achar, an adaptation to the 7 , i
20 name of the valley Achor ; cf. v. 25, and i Kings 18 , 17. 18.
nKTIl-KI,.
(2) ^/='Heap.' The name occurs as a landmark in connection with 2
Beth-el, Gen. 12,8; 13,3. Variously identified with a certain knoll, ct-Tcl, and
other sites near Beth-el, most probably with Haiydn, two miles east of Beth-el,
separated from it by a deep ravine. For Beth-el, see Gen. 12 , 8 ; Judges i , 22.
65 ^^*ts^^B<- (Jlofce on ^oafivia -tii^^im*^ — 7.3-21
Our picture shows the modern village of Bi-itn (about four hours north of 7
Jerusalem, on the road to Shechem ; see Jud. 21 , 19), which occupies the site of
the ancient Beth-el (that is, House of God), a sanctuary before the dawn of
history, and the most important centre of worship in the Northern Kingdom.
5 The hill on which Bet'ui stands rises in a series of terraces, or steps, which
may have suggested the ladder reaching to heaven in Jacob's Dream. The
ruined tower on the summit is built on ancient foundations. The modern
Bet'in consists of a few poor huts, amidst three or four acres of ruins. An
enormous cistern (300x200 feet) is the chief relic of antiquity. The country is
10 stony, and there are traces of cromlechs (see above, p. 61, 1. 14). The hill rises
to over 2S00 feet ; and one of the main roads from Jerusalem to the north
has always run, and still runs, along its western slope (f/i above, I. 2). The
earlier name of Beth-el was Luz \ see 16,2; 18,13; Jud. 1,23.
(3) i^t/Zz-rtiV;/ =' House of Vanity;' omitted in the Greek Bible. In Hosea
^5 4 I 15 ; 5.8; 10 , 5 it occurs as a name of contempt for Beth-el ( House of God) ;
but in Josh. 18,12; i Sam. 13,5; 14 , 23 it is mentioned in a way that seems
to establish its separate e.xistence. Its site is not identified.
(4) The suggestion that only a part of the people should go up, and the 3-5
account of the flight and smiting, are both given twice over, probably through
20 combination of sources.
(5) Shebariiu= 'breakings' or 'broken places,' either natural, broken ground 5
with ravines and precipices, or (as RV''') artificial, /. e. quarries. Both quarries
and ravines are numerous in the neighborhood. As a proper name the word
occurs only here, and the site is not identified.
25 The LXX, Pesh., Targ. by a slight alteration of the vowels translate: until
they (the Israelites) were broken in pieces.
(6) Descent (Heb. Mordd). From Shebarini, which was probably on the
edge of the plateau on which Ai stood, down the passage from v\hich the
Israelites had come.
30 (7) J's equivalent for v. 7 (E) ; note the new beginning in v. 8; Aniorite 8.9
in V. 7, Canaanite in v. 9 ; and cf. Jacob's fears in Gen. 34,30 (J).
(8) Note the contagious character of the taboo ; cf Ezekiel, p. 195, 1. 2. 12
(9) Compare chapter 3, verse 5. 13
(10) Before the Ark; r/ 6 , 8. 14
35 ( 1 1 ) By lot ; cf. the election of Saul to the kingdom, i Sam. 10, and the
scene in i Sam. 14. The tribes &c. are to be represented by their chiefs.
(12) RV, with the Received Text, And he brought near the family of 17.18
Judah, and he took the family of the Zarhitcs, and he brought near the family
of the Zarhitcs, man by man, and Zabdi was taken, and he brought ?iear his
40 household, man by man &c. &c.
The present version follows the Greek Bible, whose text is supported in
some points by the Vulgate, Peshita, and some Heb. MSS.
(13) LXX and Peshita omit my son. 19
(14) Achan's confession showed that Jhvh had discovered the offender,
45 and that the defeat of Israel was not due to any failure of Jhvh's power or
faithfulness, but to the sin of Israel.
(15) RW^ give praise.
(i5) Indicating that Achan's words are not given in full; cf. 2 Sam. 17, 15. 20
(17) .S/»'«rt;- = Babylonia, cf. Gen. 10 , lo. LXX many-colored, tliat is, 21
50 embroidered robe ; Vulg. scarlet robe ; suggesting the costly materials and
elaborate workmanship of Babylonian wares. Cf. Notes on Ezekiel, p. 139, 1. 51.
(iS) The shekel is here a weight of metal (200 shekels = 8| lbs., 50 shekels
= about 2\ lbs. ) ; but the data as to the amount of this weight are obscure
and inconsistent. The Phcenician shekel was about 224 grains ; the Maccabean
5
7 , 22- 26
— »4«#^a*- (JtoUa on ^iedua -sasifs^t-t —
66
shekels, as coins, weigh 21S grains, and are about the size of an English half- 7
crown. The accompanying illustration represents a Jewish silver shekel, gen-
erally supposed to have been coined under Simon Maccabaeus (B.C. 142-135),
but it must probably
5 be assigned to the
time of the great
rebellion of the
Jews, A. D. 66 - 70
(see Notes on the
10 Psalms, p. 219, 1. 17 ;
r/. ibid. p. 221, fig.
£■ ; p. 223, figs. Ill, I! ;
p. 224, figs. />. (7)
JEWISH SHEKEL.
The AR between
the obverse and re-
verse means argen-
/iiiii, silver. On the
obverse, with the
goblet, we read, in
Old Hebrew char-
acters, 'PNX'" "jiX'
Shekel of Israel ;
the X above the
goblet signifies First Year. On the reverse, with the lily (?),- we find:
15 ncnp D''?"J'1T Jerusalem, the holy one. Cf. notes on Lev. 27,3; Jud. 17,4;
Ezek. 45 , 10-12.
(19) Under it and the absence of any reference to the gold in v. 22 suggest 22
the introduction of the bar of gold from a second source.
(20) So RV following the Received Te.xt. LXX, Elders of Israel. 23
20 (21) The Greek Bible omits the list of stolen things. The present position 24
of all Israel with him suggests that the intervening words after Achan are an
addition. There seem to be traces of two stories : in one, Achan alone was
stoned (compare the provision of Deut. 24,16 that the children should not be
punished with the parents), thus in v. 25 they stoned him; v. 26 the heap is
25 erected over hitn; — in the other story he was treated according to the law
of 'devotion' (see the note on 6,17), Deut. 13,15-17, and his family and
possessions were burnt with him, thus v. 25 they burnt them. The two words
for stoning in v. 26 are different, and the former is probably due to a redactor.
(22) Should be him. 24.25
30 (23) Northern boundary of Judah 15,7; its desolation is implied in Hos. 24.26
2, 15 / -ivill give her the I 'alley of Achor as a door of hope, and Is. 65, 10
the Valley of Achor shall become a resting-place for herds. Probably the Wady
el-Qelt [cf. above, p. 58, 1. i) which leads from Jericho into the Hill-country.
The plate facing p. 10 represents a wild gorge of this Wady. The ruins in the
35 foreground are those of an ancient aqueduct, either one built by Herod to
supply Jericho, or a later one which supplied some monaster)'. The scene of
the stoning of Achan would not be this narrow gorge, but the more open part
of the valley, where it debouches into the Plain of Jericho (cf. above, p. 58, 1. 43).
The meaning of the name Achor (AV' Trouble, RV^' Troubling) is uncertain ;
40 it may have been Desolation. The narrator evidently derived the name from
the verb 'achar, translated in the preceding verse and in 6,18: bring calamity
upon.
(24) 77/dV/ ////'// >r/('«fe</= Deuteronomy 13, 17. 26
(llofco on €6apfcr 8.
45 Note doublets: arising to go up (vv. 3 and 10 ; 9 and 13.14); the emptying
of the city (vv. 16. 17.24).
In J the ambush is 30,000 (v. 3), in E, 5,000 (v. 12).— In J flight is feigned
(vv. 5-7); in E it is real (v. 15). — In J the ambush set fire to the city (vv. 8.
20.21); in E Joshua burns it.— In E they flee to the Wilderness (vv. 15.20),
" According to some this 'lily' represents the budding rod of .\aron (Num. 17,8).
67 — »*«#ei8Ss- (Tlotcs on Joe^ua ^@Jis*« — 8,2-32
and rally when Joshua stretches out the javelin (vv. 1S.19); in J they turn
when they see the smoke of the city (v. 21).
( 1 ) The fate of the king of Jericho has not been mentioned. 8 ,
(2) Agrees almost word for word with 11 , 14 and Deut. 2, 35 ; 3,7; 20, 14.
5 (3) From Gilgal to Ai (</. the map on p. 71 J was about 16 or 17 miles. 3
(4) In the ravine between Ai and Beth-el. 4
(5) Q^- ^- 13. which was probably composed by the Redactor to harmonize 9
with this verse. ARV, with Received Te.xt, have people (one Heb. consonant
less).
10 (6) Joshua and the Elders (that is, chiefs), v. 10. 13
(7) The main body, see verse 11.
(8) So Vulg. and Pesh., lit. its heel; ARV (with Targ. ) their Hers in wait,
the word is apparently used in this sense in Ps. 49 , 5, the malice of mine oppos-
ers surrounds me (RV"'' them that cvould supplant me). It has been suggested
15 that an ambiguous word is used intentionally to indicate that the rear included
one or both of the ambushes.
(9) As in V. 9 and some MSS here; ARV (with Received Text) went.
(10) This verse is omitted in the Greek Bible. It is obscure and confused,
apparently an attempt by the Redactor to render it possible to interpret the
20 two combined accounts as a single coherent narrative.
(11) Heb. mordd for moed, of the Received Text, translated in ARV time 14
appointed, RV^ place appointed; neither makes sense as the narrative stands.
If moed be the correct reading it must refer to something omitted by the
Redactor. For mordd see above, p. 65, 1. 27.
25 (12) Usually the name of the Jordan valley {cf. above, p. 60, 1. 17); here
commonly understood of some desert tract opposite Ai and identical with the
Wilderness in vv. 15 . 20 . 24, and possibly with the Wilderness of Beth-aven in
18,12; but this view is improbable. Here, again, if the reading be correct,
we have an obscurity due to the redaction. The Greek Bible omits the clause
30 to the 'moSd< opposite the Arabah.
(13) ARV tnade as if they were beaten, but there is no suggestion in E 15
that they only pretended to flee.
(14) Desolate country east of Ai.
(15) Cf. Ex. 17, II, where similarly Moses' hand is uplifted till the battle 26
35 is over.
(16) It was apparently rebuilt, possibly on a neighboring site; in Ezra 2,28 28
we read of the men of Beth-el and Ai.
(17) Complies with the laws in Deut. 13,16; 21,22.23. It need not, how- 29
ever, be referred to R^^; these passages probably give ancient customs which
40 were incorporated in the Deuteronomic Code.
(iS) For the gate, see Notes on Ezekiel, p. 178, 1. 20.
(19) For the altar, see Notes on Ezekiel, p. 106, 1. 51.
(20) The peace-offerings were sacrificial meals; see Levit., p. 65, 1. 9. 31
(21) Not the stones of the altar, but the stones described in Deut. 27, 1-4, 32
45 to which the writer is referring. "The letters were not to be carved in the
stone (as is usually the case in ancient inscriptions), but to be inscribed, with
some suitable pigment, upon a prepared surface coated with lime or gypsum.
This practice was Egyptian. In Egypt it was the custom to put a layer of
stucco, or paint, over the stone used in architecture, of whatever quality, even
50 granite ; and in the case of sandstone, which was porous, a coat of calcareous
composition was laid on before the paint was applied. The black pigment,
used in Egypt, consisted of bone-black of ivory ; and figures, or characters,
8.33-9.3
(Uofco on ^aedua -«®»
68
^S^^M'^^W'^
15
\
\^^ \
.-■■■*
h\<y u
,.^,vyo,..^
h^B/f:.W"V'"/ ;VW
■ >
25
30
35
W'
\
inscribed by this method were very permanent (cf. above, p. 49, 1. 26). It was a 8
common custom in antiquity to engrave laws upon slabs of stone or metal, and
to set them up in some public place. At Carthage the regulations respecting
sacrifices were thus
engraved. In Greece
such slabs were called
stelar ; many laws and
decrees of Athens, and
other Greek states, so
inscribed, have been
discovered during re-
cent years" (Driver
on Deut. 27 , 2).
(22) In Deut. this
law, with no clear in-
dication of its contents,
but probably the Deu-
teronomic Code, Deut.
12-26. The later Jews
called Deuteronomy
itself ///(• diip/i<a/e of
the Law.
( 23 ) In Deut. 27, 33
the curses come first
and the main emphasis
is laid on them.
( 24 i Shechem be- 35
tween Ebal and Geri-
zim (see full-page
illustrations facing pp.
iS . 20 of Judges) is
about 20 miles N of
Ai ; in c. 9 the army is
again at Gilgal. Noth-
ing is said about either
of these long marches through an unconquered country. The incident is not
only a late insertion but without any historical probability.
■^v
\^v% y^'ih
ym
■;).-]
\',
FRAGMENT OF CARTHAG!NI.\N SACRIFICIAL TABLET.
(llotce on €6apfcr 9.
Note triplet, v. 15; and doublets, vv. 6^ and 8^; 16'' and 17^; 18 and 26. —
40 Also (i) J lias Me/i of Israel (vv. 6. 14a); E, Joshua (vv. 3 . 6 . 8. 15); P, Princes
of the Congregation (v. 15 &c. 1. — (ii) J, treaty (vv. 6. 16) ; E, peace (v. 15). —
(iii) I, Hix-itcs (v. 7); E, Inhabitants of Gibcon (v. 3). — (iv) E, thy servants
(vv. S. II).
In vv. 15. 17-21 the ignoring of Joshua shows that this section does not
45 belong to the main body of P in Joshua, in which Joshua is always introduced,
as subordinate, however, to Eleazar (14,1; 19,51; 21,1); cf. 22,13, where
Joshua is similarly ignored.
According to the Priestly Code the servants of the altar were the Levites
{cf. notes on Ezek. 44, 11. 14); accordingly P* (cf above, p. 46, 1. 7) changes
50 tlie Gibeonites into zcood-cuttcrs and water-carriers.
{i) The present el fib on a little isolated hill about iS miles W of Gilgal, 9,3
about 7 miles S\V of Ai, and about 5 miles SE of Upper Beth-horon {cf notes
69 — »*e«ea*- (Pofcs on ^o^^ua -sBs#s*** — 9,4-10,1
10 and 12 on c. 10). The remains of an old fortress and a few scattered hovels 9
stand on the top of the liill whose sides are terraced for vineyards and covered
with oHves, figs, and pomegranates (see the plate facing p. 14).
(2) So following the Ancient Versions; ARV, following the Received Text, 4
5 made as if they had been ambassadors. The reading of the Versions has d ='\
where the Received Text has ;■= 1 (cf. note on 6,iS); there is no other
difference. The word in the Received Text is found only here, and if read,
its meaning would be very doubtful.
(3) Literally bound up (so ARV), that is, the edges of a rent were tied
10 around with string. Wine-skins (cf. the illustration on p. 92) are mended in the
East by being hound up in this way, or patched, or even by covering the holes
with round, flat pieces of wood.
(4) Heb. niqqudim; Vulg., Targ., Aquila crutnhlcd ; ARV, with LXX, 5
mouldy. NiqqudUn were part of the present Jeroboam's wife took to the prophet
15 Abijah, with barley loaves and honey (i Kings 14,3); the word is there trans-
lated cracknels in ARV. Things dry and broken might apply to stale bread
and equally to hard biscuits or crackers. [Contrast the fresh fig produced by
Cato in the Senate to illustrate the proximity of Carthage (Pliny 15,20). — P. H.]
(5) The Gilgal of the first encampment; suggestions that this is a second 6
20 Gilgal are quite unnecessary, and arise simply from a desire to interpret the
narrative, so as to connect R^'s addition 8,30-35 with the earlier narratives
between which it has been placed. Cf. above, p. 6r, I. 21.
(5) No king is mentioned; apparently Gibeon was under family or patri- 11
archal government.
25 (7) Third day (omitted in the Greek Bible), a distance of about iS miles 17
as the crow flies {cf. v. 3), but longer by rough, hilly roads. In 10,9 Joshua
went up from Gilgal to Gibeon in a single night.
(8) Cf. 18,25-28; Chephirah (that is. Village) = Kcfirc about five miles
SW of Gibeon; Beeroth (that is, Cisterns; cf. the name Bey root, see above,
30 P- 53. 1- 21) perhaps = c/-i?/')r, about four miles NE of Gibeon; Kirjath-jearim
(that is. City of Woods), probably Qaryet el- Ineb, about two miles south of
Chephirah, cf 15,9 and Notes on Judges, p. 91, note 22.
(9) RV : And the princes said unto them. Let them live: so they became 21
heivers of wood and drawers of water unto all the congregation ; as the princes
35 had spoken unto them.
(10) Saul made an unsuccessful attempt to extirpate the Gibeonites (2 Sam. 26
21,1); later on, they seem to have been merged in Israel : in Neh. 7 , 25 the
Gibeonites are included in the list of those who returned from the Captivity
without being in any way distinguished from the rest of the Jews.
40 (11) Compare Deuteronomy 12,5 and passim. 27
(VLottB on €^ajpUv 10.
In the E portions, note Amorites, and, as in E of c. 9, inhabitants of Gibeon
(v. i); made peace (vv. 1.4). — As v. 15 is out of place before v. 21, vv. 12-15
were apparently a general note appended to the conclusion of the narrative at
45 V. 27; parts of vv. 12-14 'i''e from an ancient source containing material similar
in character to J' (orvv. 16-27 is mainly J). V. 15 (as D in v. 43) brings Israel
back to Gilgal after each campaign. — The section vv. 28-39 (D) rests on a basis
of JE, and bears the traces of more than one redaction. Note the frequent
redundancies of expression and the broken constructions (vv. 2S.35.37 &c. ).
50 ( I ) LXX throughout Adoni-bezek, as in Jud. 1,5-7; the author of Judges 10 , i
seems to have understood that Adoni-zedec was king of Bezek, Jud. i , 5.
10,2-11 — **^aBf (UofcB on ^oedua -iSm^^-^— 7°
Adoni-zedec, according to traditional pronunciation, = Lord of Righleousness, lO
originally: Zydyc (a Canaanite deity) is my Lord. Cf. Melchizedek, Gen. 14, 18.
The proposal to substitute Adoni-zedec for an obscure name in the Amarna
Tablets (see above, p. 47, 1. 25 ; p. 54, note •■) is a mere conjecture.
5 (2) Jerusalem = 6"a/«« of Melchizedek; mosUy in early books Jcbiis, City of
the Jebusites, Jebiisi. [Jerusalem = /r«.srt//7«, a byform of the oldest form,
Uriisa/im, found in the Amarna Tablets (cf. above, p. 54, 1. 19). The meaning
of the name seems to be City of Safety. Uru = city in Sumerian (that is, the
idiom of the non-Semitic aborigines of Babylonia) ; cf. Ur of the Chaldees,
10 Gen. 11,28.31; 15,7; Neh. 9,7. The later form of the old Sumerian wu,
ur ' city ' is cri, cr, ir, which has passed into Hebrew as 'ir, tlie common
Hebrew word for city. The traditional rendering of Jerusalem, City of Peace, is
inaccurate. Cf. Critical Notes on the Heb. text of Isaiah, p. 100.— P. H.]
(3) Probably cities with smaller towns dependent on them ; cf. above, p. 54, 2
T5 1. 28.
(4) These five cities are spread over a large area of Southern Palestine. 3
Hebron is about 19 miles south of Jerusalem. The plate facing p. 16 shows the
modern town el-K/ialil, which is east of the site of the ancient Israelite city
of Hebron. The modern Arabic name is an abbreviation of Khali! Allah, 'The
20 Friend of God,' that is, Abraham (Is. 41,8; 2 Chr. 20,7; Jas. 2,23). The
large building to the right, marked by the tall minarets at each end, is the
Great Mosque, Arab. Hardm, which encloses the traditional Cave of Machpelah
and the graves of Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebekah, and Jacob and
Leah. The minarets and the outer wall (which is about 200 feet long by 115
25 feet square, and upward of 50 feet high, without a single window or opening
of any kind e.xcept the doorways to the north ) are Saracenic, but the lofty inner
wall is at any rate older than the Christian era, and has been ascribed even
to Solomon. Hebron is no doubt one of the oldest exisdng cities in the world
(cf. Num. 13, 22 and note on Ps. 78, 12). See Gen. 23, 20 and the picture (facing
30 p. 16 of Isaiah) of the 'Oak of Abraham,' the famous holm-oak (about a mile
and a half west of Hebron) which is 22 feet in circumference.
(5) ]amm\.\\ = yar»ifik, about 18 miles SE of Jerusalem, NVV of B^t-Nettif
(6) The site and important remains of Lachish have been recently recovered
at Tcl-el-Hesy (cf. note on Is. 37 , 8 and see above, p. 53, 1. 26''), about two miles
35 south of Eglon, while the name is preserved at Umm-laqis, two miles west of
Eglon. The proposed idenUfication ■ of this Japhia, King of Lachish, with a
king of Gezer (cf. v. 33) of similar name [ lapakhi) mendoned in the Amarna
Tablets is precarious.
(7) Eglon (the modern 'Ajidn) is about 20 miles west of Hebron.
40 (8) Not certainly identified, coupled with Socoh in 15,35; i Sam. 17, i, and 10
with Lachish in 2 Chr. 11,9; Neh. 11,30; Jer. 34,7. Possil>Iy Zakarya close
to Jarmuth, or Bir-ez-za,s;h north of Socoh (?).
(9) Possibly el-Mughar (that is, 'The Cave'), about 17 miles S\V of Beth-
horon, close to Ekron. There are caves at el-Mughar.
45 (10) Attacking from the SE, Israel drove the Canaanites NW, along the 11
road past the two Beth-horons to the coast ; then apparently the fugitives
turned southward, in order later on to make for the Hill-country on the east and
regain their own cities. Upper Beth-horon (Bet 'Ur), 2000 feet above sea level,
is five miles NW of Gibeon ; Lower Beth-horon (500 feet lower) is about two
50 miles further on ; from the latter there is a steep and rough descent to the
Mediterranean Plain. Beth-horon was the scene of a great victory of Judas
Maccaba5us over the Syrians (b. c. 166) and of another of the insurgent Jews
over Cestius Gallus in a. d. 66. Our picture shows the decayed modern village
of Bet 'Ur el-F6qa, which stands on the site of the ancient Upper Beth-horon.
71
(Jlofce on ^oa^ua -r«H#3*<i —
lO, 12
It is perched on the crest and steep side of the hill, on hard grey limestone, lO
and beyond it we see something of a straggling olive grove. In the distance,
on the left, are the coast line and the waters of the Mediterranean ; and
between Beth-horon and the Sea, the Shephelah (see /iids^rs, p. 49, I. 12) and
UPPER BETH-HOKON.
5 the Maritime plain. Loiver Beth-horon is hidden by the hill on which Upper
Beth-horon stands.
(11) So the Battle of the Frigidus (that is, the river Wippach, S of Goritz
and N of the Gulf of Trieste) by which Theodosiiis regained Italy for Christen-
REC;lON BETWEEN GILG.^L AND BETH-HORON.
dom (394 A. D.) is said to have been decided by the Bora or north-east wind,
10 which blew in the faces of the enemy.
(12) Joshua was on the Beth-horon ridge, with Gibeon on the SE and the 12
\'alley of Ajalon to the SW. running from Beth-horon toward the sea. It was
lo, 13-21
»- (Jlotco on ^oedua -iffss^sM^ —
72
something before noon (<■/. v. 13), the sun was still in the East, the setting 10
moon in the West. The subjoined picture shows part of the valley of Aja/oii,
with the modern village which preserves the ancient name in the form Vd/o.
It stands on a hill at the southern end of the valley, the end furthest from
5 Beth-horon. The valley is a broad stretch of corn-land. The name Ajalon occurs
in the Amarna Tablets in the forms Aia/i'ina and lalAna.
(13) The quotation is poetic and figurative, as in the Song of Deborah, Jud. 13
5 , 20, ///(' stars fought against Sisera ; it seems, however, to have been mis-
understood and taken literally by subsequent editors. It means simply : A[ay
10 God grant us victory before the sun sets. Similarly Agamemnon prays to Zeus
that the sun may not set before Priam's dwelling is overthrown ( //. 2,413 ff.).
At the bidding of Athene, the sunset was delayed for the sake of Ulysses
( Od. 23 , 241 ff. ) and, on another occasion, hastened at the command of Hera,
in order to save the Greeks (//. 18, 239 ff. ). Of course, if there were an adequate
AJALON.
15 motive for a miracle here, or any appreciable evidence that a miracle took
place, scientific objections would be irrelevant because, from the ver>' idea of a
miracle, its physical antecedents and mechanism are unintelligible and cannot
be discussed. But there is no reason to suppose that the narrative originally
stated that a miracle happened.
20 (14) Mentioned 2 Sam. 1 , 18 as containing David's Lament over Saul and
Jonatlian ; and, according to a probable interpretation of a reading in the Greek
Bible, in i Kings 8 , 53, as containing a poetic utterance of Solomon. Hence a
collection of poems, and possibly also narratives, made soon after the time of
Solomon (about 930 n. c. ). Jashar (upright I, either (as feshurun) a poetic title
25 of Israel [cf. note on Is. 44,2), or a collective term = heroes, cf. the Nine
Worthies (Hercules, Hector, &c. ).
(15) RV the remnant which remained of them. 20
(16) Cf. Ex. 11,7; Is. 10,14. The Received Text would mean: 'None' 21
moved his tongue against the Israelites, against 'any- man 'of them'.
73
— »*«^«S!s- Qte<e0 on ^oe^aa -m^^^^
lO , 24 - II , I
(17) Cy. Ps. 110,1. In Assyrian wall-sculptures we often see kings putting 10,24
their feet on the necks of prostrate enemies. In the famous monument of
Darius Hystaspes (b. c. 521-486), on the rock of Behistun (between Baghdad
and Hamadan), the king places his foot on the stomach of a prostrate rebel.
(18) C/'. the treatment of the King of Ai in 8 , 29. 26
( 19) Not identified ; somewhere in the Lowland of Judah ; it cannot have 29
been very far from Lachish (see above, p. 70, 1. 33); </. Is. 37,8 (see Isaiah,
p. 49, 1. 30 ; p. 165, 1. 50).
(20) The modern Tcl-Jezer, between Beth-horon and Ekron. According 33
.\SSVRHN KING PUTTING HIS FOOT ON THE NECK OF A PROSTRATE ENEMY.
10 to 16, 10 and Jud. i , 29 Israel did not conquer Gezer, and in i Kings 9, 15-17
Gezer is taken by the King of Egypt, and given to Solomon.
(21) Killed already in vv. 23.26. Hebron and Debir are again taken by 37
Joshua, 11,21; and by Caleb and Othniel, 15,13-17 {cf. 14,12-14); Jud.
I, 10-13. The king of Debir is included in the list of conquered kings in 12,
15 but not the king of Hebron.
(22) Also Kirjath-sepher, 15,15; and Kirjath-sannah. 15,49; not certainly 38
identified, possibly ed-Ddhariye about 12 miles SW of Hebron, on the southern
edge of the Hill-countrv- (cf. notes on Jud. i,ii).
(23) The desert plain of the south ; see Judges, p. 49, 1. 8. 40
20 (24) Cf. Gen. 14,7 and Notes on Psalms, p. 177, 1. 2. 41
(25) Cf. Gen. 10, 19 and the full-page illustration facing p. 30 oi Judges.
(26) Mentioned only here; some district in Southern Palestine, not at present
identified. No connection with the Egyptian Goshen or the town in 15, 51.
(Uofee on C^ajjter 11.
25 Verses 1-15, R'' on a basis of E
E besides those indicated; vv. 21
of Joshua.
there being probably other fragments of
22 a Deuteronomic addition to R'^'s edition
(i) This narrative is probably a variant of the history in Jud. 4.5; cf. 11, i
Notes on Judges, p. 60, 11. 38.43; p. 61, II. 6. 16.31 ff.
30 (2) The identification of this Jahin with the king of Hazor (Abdi-tirshi'>)
in the .•Vmarna Tablets is more than doubtful.
( 3 I These sites have not been identified with any certainty. Hazor is given
to Naphtali (19, 36) and is said by Josephus to be near Lake Hflle {cf. note 7),
11,2-22 ^<*^s^ESs- Qtotce on ^oe^ua ■iim^-t-^— 74
in the western neighborhood of which it may be placed (see Judges, p. 61, 1. 43). 11
3fadoi! I LXX Max on \ cf. p. 63, 1. 27) may be Madin close to the Horns of
Hattin, a little \V of the Sea of Galilee (see p. 75, 1. 11). — Shimron, given to
Zebulun in 19, 15, has been identified with Scmiriye on the sea-coast, near Accho,
5 and with Sfinuniye near Nazareth. — Achshaph, given to Asher 19 , 25, has been
identified with Iksdf, a little south of the Leontes (e/-Litdiiy, see below,
note 6). — As the five cities of cc. 9. 10 were spread over a wide area in the
South, so these four represent a wide area in the North, including the territory-
afterward occupied by Asher, Naphtali, and Zebulun.
10 (4) That is, the Carmel range E and N of Dor, a Phcenician port about 2
fifteen miles south of Carmel.
(5) Elsewhere (Gen. 34,2; Josh. 9,7) only in Central Palestine. 3
(6) Not identified ; the land or valley (v. 8) is apparently the valley of the
Litany (el-IJIdnU the upper course of the Nahr cZ-Qasiiniye, N of Tyre)
15 between the Lebanon and the Hermon (see the illustration facing p. 146 of
Psn/iiis ) .
(7) Only here and v. 7; commonly assumed and marked in maps as Lake 5
Hfile, which makes a third in the chain of lakes with the Dead Sea and the
Sea of Galilee ; but this assumption is not supported by any conclusive evi-
20 dence. 3fero/i, about four miles W of ^afed {c/. p. 75, 1. 15), has no waters
to speak of and no level ground for chariots. Josephus locates the battle near
Kadesh not far from Lake Hule (cf. p. 75, 1. 41), but substitutes a city Bcroiha
for the Waters of Merom. Lake Hiile is about four miles long and four broad ;
a reedy marsh stretches for more than si.x miles further north. The lake and
25 marsh lie in a valley about sixteen miles long by six broad. The snow-capped
summits, in the background of our picture facing p. 18, belong to the Lebanon.
(8) Cf. Gen. 49,13; probably the main town as distinguished from some 8
secondary or dependent Lesser Zidon. Sennacherib (b. c. 705-681), in the
cuneiform account of his campaign against Hezekiah of Judah (70: B.C.), men-
30 tions both fiddmi rabiX and ^iduim <;ikhru (Great and Lesser Zidon). Cf. the
full-page illustration facing p. 48 of Ezekiel.
(9) That is, Burnings of the Waters, hot springs or glass manufactories,
which were common among the Phcenicians ; either Sarepta between Tyre and
Sidon, or 'Ain-Mcsherfe at the southern end of the rocks of the so-called
35 Ladder of Tyre (Scala Tyriorum, Joseph., War, ii, 10,2; Arab. Rds en-A'dgura).
(10) Cf. Jer. 30,18 the city s/ia/l be built upon its own mound- the most 13
important cities were built on natural or artificial elevations. Assyrian buildings
were regularly placed upon artificial mounds ; r/. note on Ezek. 41,5. In
modern Palestine te/ is the name for the mounds that mark the site, and often
40 contain the ruins, of ancient cities.
(11) RV*' bare mountain, some hitherto unidentified mountain in tlie 17
extreme South of Palestine; also 12,7.
(12) Cf. 12.7; 13,5, often identified with Bdiiids ( Paueas or drsarea
PliiUppi. the northernmost point Jesus visited, Matth. 16,13; Mark 8,27; cf.
45 Notes on Ezekiel, p. 201, 1. 39) ; but some site nearer Lebanon would seem
more suitable.
(13) Compare chapter 10, verse 37. 20
(14) ARV 5b«.r of Anak, giving the erroneous impression that Anak was 21
the name of the father of these giants. The phrase signifies men of great
50 stature flit, of long neck); cf. Num. 13,22 and Notes on Judges, p. 49, 1. 19;
p. 50, 1. 9.
I 15) Cf. 15,50; there are ruins so named ('Andb) about 9 miles S\V of
Hebron.
(16) For Gasa see above, note 25 on chapter 10. 22
75 — •*e*^5c Qtof«0 on ^oeiua -^lam^ai- — 12,1-24
(17) t7" I3'3l site not certainly l^nown, often identified uilli Tel-C(-(^afiye 11
about 10 miles SE of Ashdod. Tins site would fairly agree with the various
notices of Gath.
(18) Cf. 13,3 &:c..= Esifiuf near the coast, between Ekron and Gaza.
(llofce on ^txiTptiv 12.
(i) See Deuteronomy, chapter 3, verses 8-13. 12 , i -
(2) For the Az-noii and the Jabbok, see notes on Jud. 11, 13 and the illus-
trations ibid., p. 78.
(3) For the Arabah see above, p. 60, 1. 17. The Sea of the Arabah is the
10 Dead Sea; cf. Notes on Ezekiel, pp. 12S and 202.
(4) That is, the Sea of Galilee (the Lake of Gennesareth), the chief scene 3
of our Lord's ministry. This lake is 655 feet below the level of the Mediter-
ranean, and owing to this great depth the climate is almost tropical. It is
about i2'/< miles long and i>}i wide. In our picture, facing p. 20, we look
15 across from the heights of ^afed {cf. p. 74, 1. 20) to the eastern cliffs, nearly
2000 feet high, which are the outworks, so to speak, of the great table-land
of Bashan. The name Chinncreth (plur. Chinnerdth) means harp (see Psalms,
p. 222, 1. 25). For the use of the plural form see Ezekiel, p. 157, 1. 21.
(5) See chapter 11, verses 16-18. 7.8
20 (6) In c. 10, where the captures of Lachish, Eglon, Jarmuth, and Hebron are 10
expressly mentioned, that of Jerusalem is not. In Jud. 1,8 it is taken by the
Judahites, and in Josh. 18,28 it is counted among the cities of Benjamin; but
in Josh. 15,63 and Jud. 1,21 we are told that it was not taken. It was finally
taken by David, 2 Sam. 5,6-8.
25 (7) Mentioned only here; some hitherto unidentified site in Southern 13
Palestine.
(S) Num. 14,45. (9) Num. 21 , I. ' (10) Gen. 38,1. 14.15
(it) Tappuak (i6 , 8 = En-tappuah 17,7) and Hepher (i Kings 4, 10) are 17
unknown sites in Central Palestine.
30 (12) Not identified, apparently toward the north, possibly = Aphek of Asher iS
(19,30; Jud. 1,31), which was not taken.
(13) RV one ; the king of Lasharon. No such city is known. Some read
the king of Sharon, either the district of Sharon or a city of that name, e. g.
(Conder) the present ruin Sdrond, a little SW of the Sea of Galilee.
35 (14) Shiniron-meron = Shimron ; cf.ll,i. 20
(15) Cf. 17,11; 21 ,2$; = Ta'a?!nak, on the southern edge of the Plain of 21
Esdraelon (or Jezreel) ; cf. Notes on Judges, p. 50, 1. 20 ; p. 69, 1. 36.
(16) Cf. 1"] , 11 = Lejjitn to the NVV of Taanach (see Notes on Judges,
p. 50, 1. 22) ; MujcddcC near Beth-shean (p. 84, 1. 6) has been proposed, but this
40 identification is not probable {cf. G. A. Smith, Hist. Geography, p. 387).
(17) Cf. 19,37, Kedesh-Naphtali = a-i/« (Kadesh), NW of Lake Hule {cf. 22
p. 74, 1. 22).
(18) Cf. 19, II ; 2\ ,ii,; — Tcl-Qaiinun at NW end of Esdraelon (see I. 37).
(19) Nations (RV Goiim), that is, the Gentiles. 23
45 (20) So with LXX, RV {cf. Is. 9,1); Received Text: Gilgal.
(21) Variously identified with Talliiza, 6 miles E of Samaria, and with 24
Taydfir, NE of Thebez (Jud. 9, 50) ; contrast p. 76, No. 30.
(22) The Received Text has thirty-one ; the alteration of the words the king
of Lasharon in v. 18, however, reduces the total to 30. The Greek Bible further
50 omits Makkedah {cf note on lO, 10) and reads the total as 29.
76
^-.*^^5e- (n.aUB on 3»BBua -hb^sh^ —
(Bencraf (BcojrapBtcaf (\\ott
TO CllAl'TEKS 13-24.
For convenience of reference the names of cities in tlie second part of tlie
Boolv of Joshua are given in an alphabetical list. Where a site has been identi-
5 fied, with at least strong probability, the modern name of the site is given (in
I/a/ics), with some indication of its position ; otherwise the name is given with-
out comment. The distances and directions are intended to help the reader
to find the jjlaces upon a map, and are often only roughly appro.\imate.
The majority of these names are not mentioned as the ^cenes of any
10 events, but given only in the various gazetteer portions of the OT ; many of
them occur only in Joshua and at times in only a single passage.
Identification depends on; (i) Similarity of ancient and modern names. —
(ii) Suitability of position, as regards the tribe or district; or as being in the
neighliorliood of cities mentioned in connection. — (iii) Statements of josephus,
15 T.ihnud, St. Jerome, and other ancient authorities.
Nearly all of these sites have been the suliject of many plausible conject-
ures, and yet there are comparatively few identifications that are absolutely
certain. It is only with hesitation that identifications based on e.xisting names
can be carried back beyond the Captivity (597-537 B.C.). There may be con-
20 tinuity of name between an ancient and a modern city, and yet no continuity
of site : families returning from Babylon might give to a new settlement the
name of their old home.
Note that the information given is full and detailed with regard to Judah
and Beniamin, the main settlement of the restored community. Galilee, the
25 other settlement of the Jews of the Restoration, is described with less complete-
ness and clearness, under Zebulun, Issachar, Asher, and Naphtali. The account
of Ephraim and Western Manasseh, i. e. the Samaritan territory, is extremely
meagre and confused.
=Elfp6a6cftcaf fitof of dCtttce
mentioned in cc. 13-24.
Ardon =' Ahde, 10 miles NE of Accho.
AllEZ.
Accho (\<) , -^o) =' Akkd, N oi Haifa.
ACHSHAPH (ii , i).
5 AcH7,in i (in \&\\er) = e~-Zib, on the
coast, 8 miles N of Accho.
AcHZiB ii (in Judah). [Tiberias.
Adamah = Ddmiye (?), 5 miles SW of
Adami-neker = ^(/wirt (?), 5 miles SW
Adar ( 15 , 3). [of Sea of Galilee.
10 Adithaim.
ADt'i.LAM (Gen. 38, i).
ADf.MMiM = Tel'at-ed-Daui ; between
AijALON or [Jerusalem and Jericho.
A.iALON = }(?/(5, 4 miles SW of Beth-
15 Al.AMMELECH. [horoU.
AuMON ='A/mU, 4 miles NE of Jeru-
Amad. [salem.
Amam.
Anab (11,21). [Jezreel.
Anaharath = A'a'i'/ra, 6 miles NE of 20
Anathoth ='A>!d/d, 3 miles NE of
Jerusalem.
Anim =Gliuwen, 10 miles S of Hebron.
Aphek (12,18; 13,4; 19,30), num-
ber and situations of towns of this
name uncertain.
Aphekah = Aphek of i2,iS (?).
Arab. [sheba. 25
Ararah ='Ar'dra. 8 miles SE of Beer-
Aroer (Deut. 2,36).
Ashan.
ashdod (ii , 22).
Asher {ly ,t) = Tayd(h; northeast of 30
Thebez (?) ; contrast p. 75, I. 47.
AsHNAH (two cities).
(Itotce on ^o^Bua -sjsjfta** —
77
ASHTAROTH (Deut. 1,4).
Ataroth i (i6, 7).
Ataroth ii ( i6 , 2 ) or Ataroth-addar
(l6, 5 ; i8, 13) ='A/dra, N of Jeru-
salem, between er-Rdin and Rmn-
35 AviM = Ai (?). \alldh.
Azekah (10, 10).
AZEM.
AZMON.
Aznoth-Tabor.
40 BaALAH i ( 15 , 9) = KiRJATH-JEARIM.
Baalah ii (15, 29) = Balah (19,3).
Baalath = Bel- Ain in the Plain of
Baalath-beer. [Sharon (?).
Baal-gad ( ii , 17).
45 Balah = Baalah ii.
Bamoth-b.\al (Num. 21,19).
Bazaanim (19, 33).
Bealoth.
Beeroth (9 , 17).
50 Beer-sheb.\ (Gen. 21 , 14).
Beesh-terah = Ashtaroth. [Joppa.
Bene-ber.\k = Ibii-Ibrdg, 5 miles E of
Beten = ./5'(7«c', 12 miles E of Accho.
Beth-anath =' Aimtlia, 6 miles NW of
Kedesh-Naphtali (?). [bron.
55 Beth-anoth = Bel-'Aiiiun, NE of He-
Beth-arabah. [32 , 36.
Beth-aram = Beth-haran (?), Num.
Beth-aven (7,2).
Beth-b.\al-meon or Baal-meon (Num.
32 , 38 ; Ezek. 25 , 9) = Main, E of
Dead Sea.
60 Beth-dagon i (15,41) = Bet-Dcjati
between Lydda and Joppa (?).
Beth-dagon ii (19,27).
Beth-el (Gen. 12,8).
Beth-emek.
Bether ( 15 , 59) = Biffir, SW of Jeru-
salem, 2 hours W of Beth-lehem.
65 Beth-hoglah = Oa(r-Hajle, SE of
Beth-horon (10,10). [Jericho.
Beth-jeshimoth (Num. 33,49).
Beth-lebaoth = Lebaoth.
Beth-lehem i, Judah (Gen. 35,19).
70 Beth-lehem ii, Z&h\i\\in,= Bet-Lah7n,
7 miles NW of Nazareth.
Beth-marcaboth.
Beth-nimrah (Num. 32,36).
Beth-palet.
Beth-pazzez.
75 Beth-peor (Deut. 3,29). [thopolis.
Beth-shean = Bt'sdn, afterwards Scy-
Beth-shemesh i ( 15 , 10 ; 21 , 16 ) = 1r-
shemesh ( 19 , 41 ), =' Ain-Shams,
15 miles VV of Jerusalem.
Beth-shemesh ii (19,22).
Beth-shemesh iii (19,38).
Beth-tappuah = Taffi'i/!, 4 miles NW 80
Bethul. [of Hebron.
Beth-zur = i?iV-p;)-, 4 miles N of
Betonim. [Hebron.
Bezer.
Bohan (Stone of). 85
Bozkath.
[chish (?).
Cabbon = OubHw, 8 miles E of La-
Cabul = KdhiU, 9 miles SE of Accho.
CAlN = )(7y/«, SE of Hebron.
Carmel ( 15 , 55) = A«;-«/«/, 7 miles S 90
Chephar-haammonal [of Hebron.
Chephirah (9, 17). [salem.
Chesalon = Kesld, 10 miles W of Jeru-
Chesulloth = Chisloth-tabor = Ik-
.?«/, W of Mt. Tabor. [3,17).
Chinnereth or Chinneroth (Deut. 95
Chisloth-tabor = Chesulloth.
Dabbasheth.
D.\berath or D.\b.\reh = Debiiriye,
Dan.nah. [W of Mt. Tabor.
Debir i = Kirjath-sepher (10,38). 100
iDebir iii (see 15 , 7).
DiBON (Num. 21,30).
Dilean.
V>u\ONA.H = ed-D/u-ib {EMeb?), E of
Dor (n,2). [Ti'/-'Ardd (?). 105
DuMAH = ed-D6t)ie, 10 miles SW of
[Hebron.
Eder.
Edrei i (Num. 21 , 33).
Edrei ii (19,37).
Eglon (10,3). [5 Philistine cities. 110
Ekron = ' Aqir, northernmost of the
Eleph = Lijld, NW of Jerusalem (?).
Elon. [the neighborhood of Ekron.
Eltekeh = Assyr. Allaqii, probably in
Eltekon. 115
Eltolad.
Emek-keziz.
Enam.
Endor (17,11). lo{ 'Ai/i-S/iaiHS (}).
En-gannim i (15, 34) = Umni-Jina, W 120
En-gannim ii =Jetiin. on the S edge
of the Plain of Esdraelon.
En-gedi ='Ain-Jidi, on the \^ shore
of the Dead Sea.
78
(HotcB on ^oe^xia ■
En-haddah = Ad/idn, to the W of En-
gannim ii (?). [of Hukkok (?).
En-hazor ='Ain-Hasziir, 5 miles NW
125 E.N-RIMMON (see 15.32).
En-rogel, either Job's Well or the
Virgin's Fountain, both close to
Jerusalem (?).
En-shemesh =' Ain-cl-Hod, NE of
En-tappcah. [Bethany.
Ephrath ( 15. 59) = Beth-lehem i.
130 Eshean.
EsHKALON = Asqalau, N of Gaza.
Eshtaol = ^4i/»r(7, 12 miles W of
Jerusalem.
EsHTEMOA = Scniiia, 9 miles SW of
EsHTE.MOH = EsHTEMOA. [Hebron.
135 Etam ='.li>i-'Atdii, SW of Bethlehem.
Ether.
Eth-kazin.
Gaba = Geha.
Gallim ( 15,59)-
140 Gath (11,22). [of Nazaretli.
Gath-hepher = Mcshhed, 3 miles NE
Gath-rimmon ( 19 , 45 ; 21 , 24).
Gaza (Gen. 10, 19).
Geba =Jebd, 5 miles N of Jerusalem.
145 Gebal =Jcbeil (Byblos), N of Beyroot.
Gederah =Jedire, 9 miles S of
Gederoth. [Lydda (?).
Gederothaim.
Gedor =y6'a'rfr, 7 miles N of Hebron.
150 Gezer (10,33). [Joppa (?).
GiBBETHON = Qibbiye, 18 miles SE of
GiBEAH (15,57).
GiBEATH ( 18 , 28) = rel-cl-FtU, N of
Jerusalem (?).
GiBEON (9,3).
155 GiLGAL (4, 19).
GiLOH.
Golan (Deut. 4 , 43).
Goshen.
gullath-ii.lith (15,19).
160 GuLLATH-MAni (Jud. I.IS).
gullath-tahtith.
Hadashah.
Halhul = Halhiil, N of Hebron.
Hali.
165 Hamath = HaviA, N of Damascus.
Hammath = Hamjuam, S of Tiberias.
Hammon ='Ain-Hdmul, NE of the
Ladder of Tyre (?).
Hammoth-dor = Hammath.
Hannathon.
H^PHK\lM = Farr'iye, NE of Plain of 170
Hazar-gaddah. [Esdraelon (?).
Hazar-shual.
Hazar-susah.
Hazor i, Naphtali (11 , i ; 19, 36).
Hazor ii, Judah (15.23). 175
Hazor iii ( 15 , 25 ) = Kerioth-hezron.
iHazor-hadattahi (see 15,25).
Hebron (10, 3).
Heleph.
Helkath. 180
Heshbon (Num. 21 , 25).
Heshmon.
Hezron = Hadire, between Kadesh-
barnea and the Dead Sea (?).
HOLON.
Horem. 185
Hormah (Num. 14.45).
HOSAH.
Hukkok = Ydqiiq, 6 miles W of Caper-
Humtah. [naum (?).
Ibleam. 190
Idalah.
IlM.
\ro-s = )aru>i, 18 miles E of the Lad-
Irpeei,. [der of Tyre.
Ir-shemesh = Beth-shemesh. 195
Ithnan.
[ron.
Jabneel i (15, ii) = }W«/a, W' of Ek-
Jabneel ii, in Naphtali (19,33).
Jagir.
Jahaza (13, 18) = Jahazah (21,36). 200
Janohah = ydiithe, 7 miles SE of
Janum. [Shechem.
Japhia (see 19, 12).
]apho =/affa (Arab. }'d/d) or Jopp.\
(2Chron. 2, 16; Ezra3, 7; Jon. 1,3).
Jarmi'TH i, in Judah (10,3). 205
Jarmuth ii, in Issachar (21,29).
Jattir ='Alt'n; 12 miles SW of Hebron.
Jazer (Num 32, i).
Jehud = IV/r/Ji/m', 8 miles E of Joppa.
Jericho (2 , i). 210
Jerusalem (10, i; 18,28).
Jethlah. [Gilboa.
Iezkeel i ( 19 , 18) = Zer'in, NW of Mt.
Jezreel ii (15, 56).
JlPHTAH. 215
Jiphtah-el (\'allev ok).
JOKDEAM.
JoKNEAM ( 12, 22).
(Jlofc0 on ^'B^ua
79
JOKTHEEL.
220 JuTTAH = YuUd, S of Hebron.
Kabzeel.
Kadesh-barnea (Num. 32, 8).
Kanah = Odna, 7 miles SE of Tyre.
Karkaa.
225 Kartah.
Kartan.
Kattath.
Kedemoth. [desh-barnea.
Kedesh (15,23), probably not Ka-
230 Kedesh, Naphtali (12,22).
Keilah = Ki/d, 8 miles NVV of Hebron.
Kerem {15, 5^) ='Aii!-A'dr!iH, 4 miles
W of Jerusalem.
Kerioth-hezron = Qaryateii, 12 miles
Kibzaim. [S of Hebron.
235 Kinah.
Kirjathaim (Num. 32,37).
Kirjath-arba = Hebron.
Kirjath-baal = Kirjath-jearim.
Kirjath-jearim (9,17).
240 Kirjath-sannah =Debir i.
Kirjath-Sepher ( 15, 15) = Debir i.
KiSHION or KiSHON.
KiTHLisH. [N\V of Jerusalem (?).
KoLON {1^.^')) = Oaloniye, 5 miles
245 Lachish ( 10 , 3).
Lahmam = La/im, 9 miles E of La-
Lakum. [chish, S of BH-Jibrm (?).
Lebaoth.
Lesham = Tel-el-Qddi, W of Caesarea
250 LiBNAH (10,29). [Philippi.
■ LiDEBiRi ( 13, 26).
Luz = Beth-el.
Maaleh-Acrabbim.
Maarath.
255 Madmannah.
Mahanaim (Gen. 32,2).
Makkedah (10,10).
Manahath (15,59).
Maon = jMa'iii, 8 miles S of Hebron.
260 Maralah = Maiul, W of Nazareth (?).
Maresh.\h = I\/frds/i, 10 miles W of
Mearah. [Lachish, S of Bet-Jibrin.
Medeba (Num. 21,30).
Megiddo (12, 21).
265 Mehalleb (19.29).
Me-jarkon (see 19,46).
Mephaath.
Michmethah.
MiDDIN.
MiGDAL-EL (see 19,38). 270
Migdal-gad.
Mishal (21 , 30) = Misheal (19,26).
Misrephoth-maim (11,8).
MizPEH i ( 15, 38) = TVAi^f-pJ/fj/^, ten
miles E of Ashdod (?), cf. how-
ever II , 22.
MizpEH ii (18, 26). 275
Moladah.
MOZAH.
Naamah.
Naarath.
Nahalal (21 , 35) = Nahallal (19, 280
Neah. [15).
Neiel.
Nephtoah (Waters of); see 15,9.
Nezib = jVi'f/(J, 8 miles N\V of He-
Nibshan. [bron (?). 285
Ophni =Jifnd, 3 miles NW of Beth-
Ophrah. [el (?).
[lem.
Parah = Fdra, 6 miles NE of Jerusa-
Peor (i$,5<)) =z Fair/iur, 4 miles SW
[of Bethlehem.
Rabbah i (15,60). 290
Rabbah ii (13, 25) =^-i;«;«a« = Rab-
bath Amnion or Philadelphia.
Rabbith = Rdbf, S of Mt. Gilboa.
Rakkath = Tiberias (?).
Ram.\h i (iZ ,2$) = er-Jidin, 5 miles
N of Jerusalem.
Ramah ii ( 19, 36) =dV--j'?a;«£', 17 miles 295
E of Accho.
Ramah iii (ig , 2g) = Jfdmiya, 11 miles
E of the Ladder of Tyre (?).
Ramah of the South (19,8).
Ramath-mizpeh.
Ramoth, in Gilead (Deut. 4,43).
Rehob i (19,28). 300
Rehob ii (19, 30).
Rekem.
Remeth = Jarmuth. [Nazareth.
Rimmon = RuiiiiHdne, 5 miles N of
RiMMONAH ( 21 , 35 ) = Rimmon. 305
SaiDiid ; see Sarid.
Salt (City of); Tel-el-MUh (?), E
Salcah ( Deut. 3 , 10). [of Beer-sheba.
S.\nsan.v.\h.
Sairiid (see 19,10). 310
Secacah.
Shaal.^brin.
Shahazimah.
13.2-4
■ (Tlot«6 on ^['e^uo-***
80
Shamir.
315 Sharaim.
Sharumen (see 19,6).
iShebai (see 19, 2).
Shechem (Gen. 12,6).
Shema.
320 Shicron.
Shihon = 6"//(;'/«, N\V of Tabor (?).
Shilhim.
Shiloh = Seliin.
Shimron (ii , i).
325 Shunem = Soleni, N of Jezreel.
SiBMAH. [Nettif.
> SocoH i ( 15 , 35) = S/urwckc, S of Bct-
SocoH ii (i^,ix?,) = S/iuzcekc, S\V of
Hebron.
Sores (15 , 59) =.5"rtr/.f, 9 miles W of
330 SuccoTH (Gen. 33, 17). [Jerusalem.
Tekoa (15,59) = 7'<'^/?'(7, 5 miles S of
Telem. [Beth-lehem. 340
Thimnathah =TiMNAH i. [shemesh i.
Tl.MNAH i ( 15 , 10) = Tibiic, S of Beth-
TiMNAH ii (I5,57) = r/A«a (?), SE of
BH-Ncttif (cf. Gen. 38, 12).
Timnath-serah (see 19,50).
TocHEN (19,7)- 345
Tyre = Qh:
Zanoah i (15, 34) = Zfl«/J', 15 miles
SW of Jerusalem, N of Bet-Nettif.
Zanoah ii ( 15 , 56).
Zaphon.
Zareth-shahar. 350
Zelah.
Zemaraim.
Zenan.
iZeri (see 19, 35).
ZiDDiM (see 19,35)- 355
ZiDON (Gen. 49, 13).
Ziklag = Z«//tV/yc, E.SE of Gaza (?).
ZlOR.
ZiPH i (15, 24).
ZiPH ii (15,55), S of Hebron. [lem. 360
ZORAH =f"rtr'(;//, 14 miles W of Jerusa-
Zoreah = ZORAH.
It is impossible to draw a map of the territories of the tribes which will
include the whole OT; their borders were no more permanently fixed than
30 tliose of the Saxon Heptarchy. Nor can any one map be drawn to represent
the tribal divisions as given in Joshua ; the geographical sections of the Book
combine independent sources, which often contradict each other.
There is, however, complete agreement as to the general relative positions
of the tribal territories. See map of the Seats of the Twelve Tribes prefixed
35 to Judges.
Taanach
(12,21).
Taanath-
■SHILOH =
Ta'nd,
SE
of Na-
Tabor.
[bulus.
Tanach =
= Taanach
1.
335
Tappuah
i (15.34)-
Tappuah
ii (16,8;
17. s
) =
En-tap-
Taralah.
[puah.
Tatam ( I
5.59)-
(Uofee on tiiaiptiv 13.
13.29-31 is a composition or medley of phrases from various sources; since
vv. 25 and 31 are inconsistent, this section was either composed or expanded
by one of the later Priestly writers; cf. notes on vv. 21.22.29-31. The pas-
40 sages colored dark red in cc. 13-24 are assigned to J", because they are closely
parallel to Jud. 1.
For the contents of c. 13, compare i Chron. 5.
( I ) Deut. 3 , 14, usually in the NE of Bashan ; possibly the close connection 13 , 2
here with the Philistines may point to another Southern tribe.
45 (2) That is, the Brook of Egypt ; cf. 15 ,4; Num. 34 , 5. — (3) Cf Deut. 2, 23. 3
(4) RV and Mcarah. (5) That is, Men of Gebal. 4
8i — »*^6@3s- (Jlotca on 3*''9'*<* •*®*s'^**"'' — I3.7-I5>4
(6) The present connection of Reuben and Gad with IFestcni Manasseh is 13,7.8
due to some mistake or corruption of the text. The Greelc Bible inserts after
V. 7 : From the Jordan as far as the Great Sea, toward the sun-setting shall
thou give it; the Great Sea shall be the border, and i^roceeds : to the (some MSS
5 insert two) tribes and to the half-tribe of Manasseh, to Reuben and Gad, gave
Moses &c.
(7) Verses 9-12, like 12, 1-5, follow Deut. 3,8-13. 12
(8) See Deut. 18,2; ef Josh. 13 , 33 ; 18,7; Ezek. 44 , 28. 14 •
(9) C/'. Num. 31 , S ; the connection between Sihon and Midian has no basis 21
10 in the earlier narratives.
(10) Compare 24,9; Num. 22,5; 31,8. 22
(ii) RV Debir, possibly = Lo-debar, 2 Sam. 9,4, not identified. 26
{12) The recognition of Eastern Manasseh as a formal half-tribe was very 29
late; see note on 17, 14-18. Q'. Deut. 3 , 13 . 14.
15 (13) ^^^ the cities of Gilead are given to Gad in v. 25 ; cf Deut. 3. 15. 31
(14) Explanatory correction of preceding clause, according to i Chr. 7, 14
(RV"). Machir was the only son of Manasseh, and half of his descendants
were wanted on the West of the Jordan.
(Itofce on chapter 14.
20 18,1 stood in P before 14,1, being the heading of P's account of the
division. Verses 6-15: R° on a basis of JE.
(i) Verses 1-5 contain the fulfilment of Num. 34, 16-29 (P)- I4> '
(2) For vv. 6-15 ef. Deut. i and Num. 13 and 14. 6
(3) An Edomite tribe, incorporated in Judah ; in i Chr. 2,9.18 Caleb is
25 connected by genealogy with Judah. (f. Gen. 36, 11.
(4) Probably forty years wandering and five years in Canaan. 10
(5) Literally for war and for going out and for eoming in ; cf. Deut. 31 , 2. 11
(6) Cy! 10, 37. {i) Cf. notes on 10, 3 ; II , 21 ; Jud. i , 10. 14 . 15
(Itofee on Chapter 15.
30 V. 13 is due to the Redactor who inserted 14-19. Verses 14-19 and 63
{cf. notes) belong to the document in Jud. I, viz. to J. Verses 45-47 use for-
mulas not found elsewhere in P, and indicate an undigested fragment of a source
either used by P or inserted later. They are often referred to JE.
For c. 15 cf. I Chr. 4 , I - 23 ; Neh. 11 , 25 - 30.
35 (i) For the southern bay of the Dead .Sea (/. Notes on Ezekiel, p. 128. — 15,2.4
The Brook of Egypt is generally identified with the Wddy el-'Arish, that is, the
stream which empties into the Mediterranean at el-'Arish (the ancient Rhino-
eolura) between Gaza and Port Said; but it has been recently suggested that
it is probably the stream which empties into the Mediterranean near Raphia
40 (the modern Tel-Rifah), further north, about 6\{ hours S of Gaza, near the
present frontier of Egypt. In several passages of OT the Heb. word for Egypt
is held by some to refer not to the valley of the Nile but to the northernmost
province of Western Arabia (cf Critical Notes on the Heb. te.xt of Isaiah, p. 98,
1. 8). For this Brook of Egypt, or rather Stream of 3fu(r, ef. Num. 34,5;
45 I Kings 8 , 65 ; 2 Kings 24 , 7 ; Is. 27 , 1 2 ; see also Gen. 15 , 18.
15,7-36 -^^^SessSfi- Qlotco on ^oofiua -s-jS^'*.. — 82
(2) There is ;i Pcbir near Adummim ; hut the Greek Bible reads to the 15,7
fourth part of the valley. Some propose to treat Debir not as a proper* name,
but to translate backward, that is, wciliuard.
(3) Not the site of the camp; contrast note on 9,6.
5 (4) Possibly Wddy el-Oclt (ef above, p. 66, I. 33), or the stream immediately
to the south of it.
(5) Lit. went out to. used also when the border came to an end at the
sea &c. Cf. Notes on Ezekiel, p. 204, 1. 49.
(6) It has been 'usual to locate the Waters of Nephtoah and Kirjath-jearim 9
10 at Liftd and Qaryet-el- Ineb (see fudges, p. 91, 1. 3), and to draw the border-
line NW. The Palestine Exploration map places them at ' Ain-'Atdn and ' Erma
(S of Ai-j/ii = Chesalon, v. 10) respectively, and draws the border-line first SW
and then NW.
(7) Not the mountains of Edom between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of 10
13 Akabah {Ezekiel, p. 169, 1. 24), but a mountain in Judah.
(S) In 19,41: Ir-shemesh. and given to Dan. — Timnah (ef. Jud. 14,1) is
about an hour S of Beth-shemesh, NW of BH-Nettf, while the Timnah in v. 57
{cf Gen. 38, 12) is SE of Bet-Ncttf.
(9) Verses 14 -19= Jud. 1,10-15, almo.st word for word; ef. Notes on 14
20 Judges, p. 49, 11. 17-35. The gloss younger to Caleb's brother (Jud. i , 13) has
not been added in Joshua (see fudges, p. 49, 1. 30). For give in give tne a
presetit (v. 19) the parallel passage in Judges reads a different synonym (Heb.
habah instead of tS)tdh), and for the singular forms illith and lahtith in Jud.
1,15 Joshua has the plurals illioth and tahtioth. The Received Te.xt, in both
25 Joshua and Judges, reads the plural, Gulloth (ARV springs), instead of the
singular, Gullath, as adopted in the present translation ; the Greek Bible in
Josh. 15 , 19 read the singular. The meaning of Gullath illith and Gullath
tahtith (ARV upper and nether springs) may have been Upper and Lower
Basin (see fudges, p. 49, 1. 34).
30 (10) This name is commonly explained to mean City of the Book or 15
Archive -Town, and is supposed to have been the seat of a famous library or
the seat of the oldest university; hut this explanation is by no means certain.
(11) That is, Kenezite {cf p. Si, 1. 24). (12) See note on 10,40. 17.21
(13) RV Adadah; see above, p. 63, 1. 25. 22
35 (14) That is. New Hazor, but the word for new is Aramaic; the Greek 25
Bible apparently had a different reading, and the text is probably corrupt.
(15) One name as R\', not two as AV (LXX, cities of Hezron).
(:5) Heb. n'ni33 bnwtvii, lit. her daughters ; cf. v. 45 &c.; Jud. 1,27; 2S
11,26; Num. 21,25.32; 32,42; Jer. 49,2; Ezek. 16,46; Received Text:
40 rrnVT^ BZVWTVH, RV Biziothiah.
(17) (^7". 19,4 and I Chr. 4,30; RV Chesil. 30
(iS) Cf. 19,7 and Neh. 11,29; RV Ain and Riiunwn ; (/.above, note 15. 32
En-rimmon is represented by the ruins of l-nim-er-Ramdm'in, 12 miles NE of
Beer-sheba, SW of 'Andb.
45 (19) At least 36 cities have been enumerated. P, or a later editor, has
added to the list of cities given in his source without correcting the statement
as to the total number. Verses 26-28 seem to be interpolated from Neh.
II , 26. 27 ; if omitted, the number 29 in v. 32 will be correct.
(20) Heb. shepheldh, between the Hill-country and the sea, cf. Dent, i , 7 33
50 and Notes on Judges, p. 49, 1. 11.
(21) Given to Dan in 19,41 ; cf fudges, p. 82, 1. 24. In tin- Aniarna Tali-
lets the name occurs in the form Qarkha ; it is mentioned in connection with
Aialuna = Aijalon ; see above, p. 72, I. 6, and ef 2 Chron. 11 , 10.
(22) Fifteen names are mentioned. Probably one of the three, Adithaiin, 36
83 ' — »4«#SKs. Qtotca on 3'''5ua -ss^^m-s — 15,40-17,9
Gederothaim, Gcderah, is due to an accidental repetition. The Greek Bible 15
omits Adithaim.
(23) Readings vary between Lahmam and La/unas. 40
(24) Both here and in i Sam. 30,30 the readings vary between Ether and 42
5 Ethek.
(25) RV Uie great sea and the border thereof. 47
(26) The names from Tekoa to Manahath are given on the authority of the 59
Greek Bible.
(27) V. 63=Jud. 1,21, except that Benjamites is substituted in Judges for 63
10 Judahitcs in our passage. Judahites is no doubt the original reading. Compare
17,14. For could not dispossess the parallel passage in Judges reads did not
dispossess, but could not was evidently the original reading, which seems to
have been changed into did not by an editor or scribe, on dogmatic grounds ;
cf. Jud. 1,19.
(llofeo on £6apfcr \6.
In vv. 1-3 note the absence of P formulas and treatment of Joseph as a
single tribe. V. 4 possibly from K^ to connect vv. 1-3 with vv. 5 - S. V. 9 is
added from JE to the complete P statement.
(i) Only the southern border is given. — For the Waters of Jericho see 16, i
20 above, p. 58, note '.
(2) Not known; cf. i Chr. 7,32.33. 3
(3) The description is confused and imperfect, through combination of inde- 5
pendent sources, and omission, or loss, of part of the text. Apparently in vv. 6
. and 7 the border is traced first from Michmethah to the SE, and then from
25 the same point to the SW.
(4) Text is apparently corrupt. 6
(5) Probably Wddy Qana, a tributary of tlie Nahr-cl- Aiijd which falls into S
the sea north of Joppa. Or the name may mean Brook of Reeds (Heb. ndkhal
qanih, like the Arabic Nahr el-Od(ab, which may be the Nahr el-Meffir (or
30 IVddy el-Khuderah], S of Ccesarea. Some scholars have thought of the Nahr
el-Falik, N of .-/rj/{/" (Apollonia), between Ca^sarea and Joppa, where the Cru-
saders under Richard Coeur-de-Lion defeated Saladin on Sept. 7* 1191. The
Syrian papyrus grows in the bed of the Nahr el-Falik ; but this stream seems
to be an artificial canal.
35 (6) Cotnpare chapter 17, verse 14. 10
Qtotee on €6ap<cr 17.
In the section 17, 1-13 Rp has not merely inserted a few small fragments
of JE in P, but has drawn largely from older sources, and made harmonizing
additions of his own (printed in Italics), with very limited success. For vv.
40 14-18 see below, notes 10 ff.
(i) V. 2 gives the clans of Manasseh without any attempt at personal 17,2
genealogy; in v. 3 Hepher is' the great-grandson of Manasseh; cf. 13,31 and
Num. 26 , 28 -32.
(2) Verses 3.4 is the carrying out of Num. 27,1-ir (P); cf. Num. 3
45 26,33 ; 36
(3) Apparently a portion for each of five of the families in v. 2, and also 5
for each of the five daughters of Hepher, the eponym of the sixth family.
(4) A misplaced fragment connecting with 16,9. 9
l7,io-i6 ^^^e^fsai. Qlolce on ^oe^ua -nim^*^ — 84
(5) The Manassites. 17, 10
(6) Compare height or heights of Dor, 11,2; 12,23. The words from the 11
three heights to did not conquer have been brought forward from iib.i2a.
After did not conquer the Received Text has those cities, — a subseijueiit inser-
5 tion which became necessary after the preceding words had been misplaced.
(7) See above, p. 60, 1. 14; cf. also v. 18; i Kings 4,12, and i Chr. 7,29.
The long conspicuous hill in the picture facing p. 28 is the site of the citadel
of the ancient Beth-shean, now Bcsdn. The spur of limestone rock on which
the citadel stood is in shape like the crater of an extinct volcano. The
10 ancient city of Beth-shean was not, however, confined to this hill : the ruins,
which surpass any other in Western Palestine, extend over a surface of three
miles. The view from the keep of Beth-shean (which has been called a
miniature Gibraltar) is one of the finest in the Jordan Valley. It is almost the
furthest-seen, furthest-seeing fortress in the land. It lay in the line of the ancient
15 road between Damascus and Egypt, near the southeastern border of the Plain
of Jezreel (see p. 75, 1. 36), NE of Jenin (see Judges, p. 69, 1. 39), about 3 miles
W of the Jordan. According to Josephus it was the largest city of the
Decapolis (Matt. 4,25; Mark 5,20; 7,31), the Decapolitana regio of Pliny
{Nat. Hist., 5, 16). The other nine cities of this Decapolitan League were all
20 situated east of the Jordan. In i Sam. 31 , 10. 12 we find the name in the form
Beth-shdn [cf. 2 Sam. 31,10: Beth-shan and i Mace. 5,52; 12.40: Bcthsan).
In the Atnarna Tablets the city is called Bit-sani (see Johns Hopkins Con-
tributions to Assyriology, vol. 4, p. in, 1. 31). The name means House of
Safety {cf. above, p. 70, I. 8). In later times the city was called Scythopolis
25 (2 Mace. 12,29; Judith 3, 10), perhaps from a colony of Scythians, that is, bar-
barians from the North (see above, p. 51, note '; Ezc/ciet, p. 173, 1. 43, and cf.
Herod, i , 105 ; Pliny 5 , 74).
(8) Near Nazareth about 25 miles E of Dor.
(9) Verses 11 (after | ; see above, p. vi, 1. i5)-i3=Jud. 1,27.28; but the 13
30 order of the names enumerated is different.
(:o) It seems now established that the eastern territory of Manasseh (cf 14
Num. 32) was not occupied by them at the time of the Israelite sojourn east
of the Jordan, but by a later migration from the West. This section comes
after the account of the western territory of Manasseh, and may have been the
35 introduction to the account of the migration of Machir and Jair eastward.
Num. 32,39-42 and Josh. 13,13 would be the sequel to this account which,
together with 15,13-19.63; i6,io; 17,11-13; 19,47, belongs to the same
document as Jud. i.
The repetition of v. 15 in vv. 17 . iS, and other doublets have been explained
40 as resulting from a combination of two sources ; but these and the general
obscurity of the passage are probably due to the efforts of a redactor to adapt
the narrative to the later tradition : that Eastern Manasseh, like Reuben and
Gad, received their inheritance while Israel sojourned east of the Jordan.
As the narrative stands, this conference between Joshua and the Josephites
45 has no sequel.
(11) RV Chitdrcn ; compare verse 17.
(12) The Hill-country east and south of Carmel is full of forests, but this 15
was already included in the lot of Joseph.
(13) The words in the land of the Perizzites and the Rephaim are omitted
50 in the Greek , Bible ; no district is elsewhere so desi.a:nated. In Deut. 3 , 13 the
land of Rephaim = Bashan ; so that whatever authority attaches to this phrase
supports the view that the extra territory granted was east of the Jordan.
(14) CJ. note on 24,6 and Notes on Jud.ges, p. 62. 16
8s
— »*e#(SSs- (Jlof«0 on ^oe&na fiSfi^a^
17,17-18,4
(15) See above, p. 75, 1. 37. 17
(16) Strengthened by the acquisition of Bashan, they would be able to 17
complete the conquest of their western territory.
(17) If this section be rightly understood, as an introduction to an account iS
5 of the settlement of Eastern Manasseh, the Hill-country must be that of Gilead.
Qtotee on £6apfer 18.
V. I is P's heading to the division of the land by lot to all the nine and
a half tribes, and was, as such, originally prefi.xed to 14, i (see above, p. 81, 1. 20),
but transferred here by the redactor to admit of the insertion of vv. 2 - 10.
10 This section does not connect with either P or D, and is too systematic for
J or E, but seems due to the editor who combined J and E (RJ^; see above,
PLAN OF FORTRESS ON ST.VTUE B OF GUDEA.
p. 46, 1. 21). Note that Joshua acts independently and is not (as in 14,1
19, 51 ; 21 , 1 1 subordinated to the priest Eleazar.
(i) For Shiloh see i Sam. 1,3; Jer. 7, 12; Ps. 78,60. The picture facing 18, i
15 p. 30 shows the southern slope of the hill of Shiloh with the ruins of a mosque
and a large, gnarled, old terebinth, — the solitary tree of the district. The ancient
Israelitish sanctuary may have stood on the large terrace behind the ruins of
the deserted village of Seliin, N of the hill. Shiloh is about 8 hours from
Jerusalem. 4 hours from Shechem. E of Joppa, and about 12 miles NE of Beth-el
20 (</. Jud. 21 , 19). The bold knoll, rocky and irregular, is strewn with a mass
of shapeless ruins. Inhabitants there are none.
(2) ARV describe, [that is, to delineate, to draiu g. plan of. It is by no 4
means necessarj- to suppose that the men were to record merely the number
and location of the towns and villages in the various districts. We find
25 geographical delineations and drawings of land surfaces, plans of buildings &c.
at a very early period. VVe have Egyptian plans of mines, tombs," and temples.
' CJ. Maspero, The Struggle of the Nations (London, 1896), p. 376.
i8, 9-19, I
— ->*ss^^55f (ltofc0 on ^ooBua -sSSrgs**-!^ —
86
One of the Babylonian statues found during tlie French e.\xavations at Telloh i8
(1S75-18S0) and now in the Louvre, Paris, tlie so-called Architect of King
EAIIVLONIAN GROUNDPLAN OF A BUILDING.
Gudea (about ,27001
n. c. ), holds on his knees
5 an elaborate plan of a
fortress (see note on Ezek.
40,5). In the Royal
Museum of Berlin there
is a Babylonian plan of a
10 building (7"' cent. B.C.)
with all dimensions, thick-
ness of walls, width of
doors, &c., carefully given.
This Baliylonian plan is
15 far superior to the Egyp-
tian, in fact not essentially
difTerent from our modern
architectural drawings. Another Old Babylonian plan of a house, found at Telloh
and now in the Louvre, is nearly complete ; it seems to belong to the period
20 of Sargon I. and his son, Naram-Sin (about 2750 B. c. ). We have also an Old
Babylonian plan of a large estate, drawn up under the reign of King Ine-Sin,
of Ur (about 2400 B.C.). It was found during the French excavations at Telloh
and is now in the Imperial iNIuseum of Constantinople. The size of this tablet
is 12.7x10.8 centimeters (about 5x4! in.)." See also tlie Babylonian map of the
25 world and the plan of a part of the city of Babylon, figured on p. 100 of Ezekiel.
(3) ARV book. The Heb. sefer (cf. English cypher') includes any kind of 9
writing. The original meaning of the word, which is borrowed from the
Assyrian, is message. — P. H.]
(4) The description in vv. 15-19 is almost identical with part of the 15
30 northern border of Judah. 15,6-9. but drawn in the opposite direction.
(5) RV Kirjath-jcarini ; compare v. 14.
(6) The words at Mount Ephron are supplied from 15,9. The text, as it
stands, is clearly corrupt. RV -westward, and went out.
(7) RV -which is in the I'ale of Rephaim north-ward. 16
35 (8) Assigned to Judah in 15,61, 22
Qtotce on £6apfcr 19.
(i) For vv. 1-9 f/£ I Chr. 4,24-43. These cities, taken from the inher- 19, 1
itance of Judah, have already been enumerated, with slight variations of name
and order, in 15,26-32.42.
' Cf. Thureau-Dangin. Un cadastre chaldeen (Revue d'Assyriologie, vol. 4, No. 1)
Paris, 1S97; Jules Oppert, Un cadastre chaldeen (Comptes-rtndus de I'.Academie
des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres) Paris, 1896; AtiG. Eisenlohr, Ein allhalnlonisclier
Fctderplan, Leipzig, 1896; Ludwig Borchardt. Ein babylonisches Grundrissfra.s;-
menl (Sitzungsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Feb. 2, iSSS).
87
imSf Qlof^e on ^oe^ua ^S3t^*«--
19,6-13
(2) In 15,32 Slii/hiiit, I Chr. 4,31 Shaaraiin, somewhere in the south of 19,6
Judah ; the varieties of spelhng make any identification very uncertain.
(3) Fourteen are enumer-
ated ; S/ieba is wanting in
5 I Chr. 4 , 28 and in some Heb.
MSS, and may be an acci-
dental repetition of the S/ieba
of Beer-sheba [cf. p. 88, 11.
37 and 44). The Greek Bible
10 has Shema as in 15,26.
(4) RV Ain, Riinmon ;
see 15 , 32.
(5) Added from i Chr.
4 , 32 ; cf. LXX.
15 (6) This name is vari-
ously written in the Versions,
and the site not certainly
known. It has been proposed
to read Sadid [cf. note on
20 6. iS), which might be identi-
fied with Te/Shaddud, SW of
Nazareth.
(7) The southern border
from Sarid westward.
25 (8) The southern border
from Sarid eastward.
(9) The eastern border.
l/////>7////// '//,
^/^/-^M^^;/^
^/.
w^Viww^^
1 1> f~rl"^<^
^'^^
'/,
r^
^
BABYLONIAN GROUNDPL.AN OF X HOUSE.
13
RV Gaih-hcpher and Etii-kazin ; AV, Gittah-hepher and Itfah-kixzin, but Giftah
u
^i>'-">>>Ai<>c>v^ :t ^
<( ^ CCl? E^
^ ic< V/ ^"^'W'
1—1 )«»>-*>?
iL
BABYLONIAN SURVEY OF AN EST.\TE.
and Ittah are merely accusative forms of Gath and Eth.
30 (10) RV which stretchcth.
19,14-47 ^-**e»6ajc- Qtotce on ^oe^ua -^^m^^** — 88
(11) The nortliern border-, the western border is given by that of Asher. 19, 14
{12) RV /o Hannatlwu.
(13) Only five named; a fragment of a Ust of cities is added without any 15
connecting phrase to the descri|>tion of the border. The Creels Bible omits \^.
5 (14) The lists of cities in vv. 17-23 are mechanically combined with one or 17
two indications of the border, which we are left to gather from the accounts
of the neighboring tribes.
(15) RV tinto Jezreel, but Jezreel (p. 75, I. 37) was in the middle of the terri- iS
torj'. The modern name Zerin is a corruption of Jezreel ; cf. Be/in for Beth-el.
10 (16) In vv. 24-31 we have a similar awkward combination of lists of cities 24
and descriptions of borders.
{17) So I Chr. 6,74; AV Hebron, RV Ebroii. 28
(iS) Mentioned in the cuneiform account (col. ii, 1. 39) of Sennacherib's cam- 29
paign against Hezekiah (cf. above, p. 74, 1. 29 and /stiiii/i, p. 165, 1. 6), in con-
15 nection with Achzib, Accho, &c. Cf Ahlab, He/bah in Jud. 1 ,31.
(19) So with LXX ; RV Unimah. (20) Only seventeen enumerated. 30
(21) This account is confused and probably incomplete; but the impression 31
it conveys is that the border ran inland from Carmel to Shihor-libnath
{Wady Zavqd, S of Carmel), turned east to the border of Zebulun, and fol-
20 lowed this for some distance ; then a long narrow strip of territory stretched to
the border of Zidon, and the W border came S, inland of Tyre, coming to an
end at the sea near Achzib. Pliny (5, 17) calls the Wddy Zarqa the Crocodile
River. The cliinate of this marshy region is similar to the climate of the
Egyptian Delta (cf Shihor, 13,3 and Is. 23,3; Jer. 2, iS). About twenty years
25 ago German colonists of Haifa killed here a female crocodile.
(22) Little that is definite can be gathered from the description in vv. 32-34 32
beyond the fact that Naphtali lay in the angle between Asher and Zebulun.
(23) Cf. Jud. 4, II ; AV Frojit Alloii to Zaananni)n; RV the oat: in Zaa- 2:i
nannim, RV**' oalc (or terebintli) of Bezaanannim. It is better to read Bazaanim
30 in accordance with the Kith'ib (see above, p. vi, 1. 4) in Jud. 4, ir. For terebinth
see notes on Is. 1 , 29 and ibid. p. 212, No. 3. Cf. also note 22 on c. 24 and
the plate facing p. 30.
(24) The Greek Bible omits Jiidah ; but the passage does not make sense 34
either with or without this word.
35 (25) Only here, v. 29, and 10,20 in Joshua. 35
(26) Fortified cities, Ziddim, Zer =Heh. MBgR, H(;DNr, (;r ; the te.\t has
probably been amplified by accidental repetition {cf p. 87, 1. 7).
(27) Not more than si.vtcen enumerated. 38
{28) Verses 40-46 contain no description of the border, wliich might be 40
40 gathered from those of Judah and Ephraim, but simply a list of cities with-
out statement as to number.
(29) Zorah, Eshtaol, and Ekron are given to Judah, 15,33.45. 41 • 4.S
(30) The addition of the Received Te.xt, and Rakkon (Heb. ipnni whkqwn), 46
not found in the Greek Bible, was due to an accidental repetition of Jarkon
45 (Heb. ppiTl hvrqwn); cf. above, 1. 37.
(31) A condensed version of the story given at length in Juil. 18; cf. 47
Jud. 1,34. The Greek Bible combines this version with Jud. 1,34.3s, and
introduces curious misreadings, to the effect that the Sons of Judah conquered
Lachish, and called it Lasenndak (in the Code.r A/e.vandrinii.'; of the Greek
50 Bible: Lesen Dan). The Greek Bible reads v. 48 immediately after v. 46.
Sg ~^^^m>f QXofea on ^oe^ua -imm^-^— 19 , 50- 22 , 9
(32) AV zveiii out too little for them, RV ivcnt out beyond them, RV^' -cvent 19
out from them.
(33) Lengthened form {Leshdm) of Laish Jud. 18,29; RV Leshem. See
Notes on Judges, p. 92, 1. 2.
5 {34) In Jud. 2,9 more correctly Timnath-heres, that is, Tibneh, 10 miles N\V 50
of Beth-el ; but placed by Conder at Kefr Hdrith or Haris, 9 miles SW of
Nabulus (Shechem). Cf. 24,30. The finest of the remarkable rock-tombs of
Tibneh, figured in the Notes on Judges, p. 55, is said to be Joshua's tomb ; but
it seems to belong to a much later period, and it was apparently the burial
10 place of a large family.
(Itotee on Chapter 20.
(i) Fulfilment of Num. 35,9-24 (P); ef. Deut. 4,41-43. 20,1
(2) The portions omitted (not found in the Greek Bible) were inserted by 4-6
a late redactor to complete the treatment of the subject by adding the pro-
15 visions of Deut. 19; they are largely made up of plirases from D, ef. Deut.
19,5.6; 4,42.
(3) These cities of refuge were ancient sanctuaries, and doubtless, as such, 7
possessed the right of asylum, which, when their standing as sanctuaries was
no longer acknowledged, was here confirmed to them.
(Uotee on COaptcr 21.
(i) Fulfilment of Num. 35,1-8 (P). Quoted, with textual variations, in 21, i
I Chr. 6, 54-81.
(2) As Joshua was a younger contemporary of Aaron, the Sons of Aaron 4
are very disproportionately provided for.
25 (3) RV out of the families of . 5.6
(4) So I Chr. 6,59; RV Aiti. 16
(5) Anathoth and Almon are not mentioned among the cities of Benjamin iS
in c. 18.
(6) I Chr. 6,70: Aner. AV Tanach, RV Taanach, cf. Notes on Judges, 25
30 p. 50, 1. 20.
(7) So with 17,11 and i Chr. 6,70 (Bileam). RV Gath-ri»imon, an acci-
dental repetition of Gath-rimmon in v. 24. LXX : lebatha (many MSS have,
however, Baithsan or Baisan = Beth-shean, which seems to have crept in from
17, II).
35 (S) Rinimonah = Rimmon, with i Chr. 6,77 and Josh. 19,13. ARV Dim- 35
nah ; ef. note on 6,18.
(9) Verses 36 and 37 are unnecessarily omitted from the Received Te.xt ; 36.37
they have been supplied from some Heb. MSS and from the Ancient Versions.
f
(llote0 on €6ap(cr 22.
40 (i) Verses 1-8 are by various Deuteronomic writers; w. 7=1 and 7I' . S repre- 22, i
sent a subsequent addition to vv. 1-6.
(2) RV Return . . . unto your tents . . . divide the spoil of your 8
enemies &c.
{3) Verses 9-34 is a new section ; v. 9 repeats vv. 6'' and 8^. The problem of 9
45 this section is ver>' difficult, being closely connected with the diflicult passages
in Num. 32 ; but a few points are clear. As in Num. 32, the earliest stratum
is a JE narrative, which knew nothing of Half-Manasseh, but only of Reuben
22,11-24.1 — »*s#e%Oi- (llofco on ^^oBua -iS*»^33** — 90
and Gad (vv. 25.32-34)." As it bears no sufficient marks of havinp; passed 22
through the hands of the Deuteronomic editor (R°), we gather that the story
in its original form did not seem to him of an edifying character, and was
therefore omitted from his edition of Joshua. The original story cannot there-
5 fore have liad for its moral the obligation to restrict Israel to a single altar ;
for to establish this restriction is a main object of Deuteronomy. This turn
must have been given to the story by a priestly writer, possibly between the
publication of Deuteronomy (621 n. c.) and the Exile (597 B.C.), while the
e.xclusive rights of the Temple were not fully established.
10 But the story in its present form is much later, and must have been recast
after the Exile (597-537 b. c. ). Repeated and e.xtensive manipulation makes it
impossible to recover the original fori* of the narrative, or to indicate with
any certainty the remaining fragments of JE. Cf. Jud. 20,28, where Phinehas
is also introduced {cf. Notes on Judges, p. 95, 1. 42), and where there is war,
15 21,8-15, between the eastern and western tribes; and which was similarly
excluded from the Deuteronomic edition of the Book of Judges, for obvious
reasons. The absence of Joshua here suggests that the original story referred
to the period after the Conquest {cf.. however, 9, 17-21). The addition of the
Deuteronomic formula Half-tribe of JSTanasseh in vv. 9- 11 . 13 . 15 . 21, is due to
20 a late redactor, who was familiar with the D phrase. In vv. 30.31 an earlier
corrector has added and the Manassites on the analogy of the preceding words.
It was probably the presence of these casual additions in vv. 30.31 which pre-
vented the other corrector from inserting the half-tribe throughout. He sup-
posed the rest had been already corrected.
25 (4) See note i on chapter 18.
(5) According to this translation the altar is west of the Jordan in v. 10 11
and east in v. 11, so that v. 10 may be a fragment of the original account. RV,
however, translates : An altar in the forefront of the land of Canaan, in the
region about Jordan, on the side that pcrtaincth to the Children of Israel ; but
30 the whole tenor of the rest of the narrative seems to imply that the altar was
east of the Jordan. An altar built by the eastern tribes -west of the Jordan
would be a sufficient casus belli on purely political grounds.
(6) (3^. Deut. 12, 13. 14. (7) Num. 25, 3.4; Deut. 4, 3. 16.17
(8) That is, Jhvh is the God of gods, the Most High God (Gen. 14,18). 22
35 (9) Something has fallen out. or been omitted accidentally in some stage 26
of the redaction. RV Let us now prepare to build us an altar.
(10) That is, Nozu have ye averted jHrff's punishment. 31
(11) The name of the altar is wanting in the Received Text and in the 34
Greek Bible. ARV supply Ed= witness, with the Syriac Bible. But probably
40 here as in Gen. 31 , 47 f we have an etymology of Gilcad, omitted by some
editor to avoid a clear contradiction of v. 10. G'(7/'<'(;'= Heap of Witness.
(Jlofc on CBapfcr 23.
(i) RV even unto the great sea to<uard the going down of the sun. 23 , 4
(IXofCB on Chapter 24.
45 ( I ) The Greek Bible has Shiloh here and in v. 25, to harmonize with 24 , 1
18 , I ; 22. For Shechem see Judges, p. 72, 1. 43.
«a=ES^
" Htre. however, the order is Reuheiiites and Gadites ; in Numbers, mostly the
reverse.
..an
wno
91 — »*e#^iSs- (Uofce on ^oe(iuA -^s*^^-^-^— 24,2-14
(2) That is, at the sanctuary at Shechem ; according to P the Art: and 24
Tabernacle were at Shiloh, c/. v. 26 and above, p. 85, 1. 14.
(3) Not directly stated elsewhere, but compare Rachel's stolen Terapliim, 2
Gen. 31 , 19 (E) and the strange gods of Jacob's household, which were buried
5 near Shechem, Gen. 31,1-5 (E). Cf. Notes on Ezekiel, pp. 126, 1. 44 ; 134,
1. 17 ; 137, 1- 38.
(4) The Greek Bible inserts after v. 4: and there they became a great and 4
numerous and mighty nation, and the Egyptians oppressed them.
(5) RV according to that which. ' 5
10 (6) The plate facing p. 42 shows Egyptian, Hittite, and Canaanite chariots 6
of the time of Rameses II. (about 1300 B.C.). It represents the famous battle
of Kadesh (see above, p. 56, 1. is*"). The scale of the figures is in proportion to
the importance of the persons represented (cf. the Elamite bas-relief figured on
p. 164 of Ezekiel). Thus the great central figure is the King; note the lion
15 carved on the side of the chariot and the urseus-serpent in front of the head-
dress of the King {cf. the pictures of Amenophis III. and Anienophis IV.,
p. 47). The urseus-serpent was supposed to emit flames destroying all
should dare to attack its royal bearer. The chariot is fitted with quivers and
cases for javelins. The Egyptian chariots are on the right, and their Hittite and
20 Canaanite adversaries on the left. The Hittites {cf. above, p. 56, 1. S^) have long
hair but clean-shaven faces, while their Canaanite allies are bearded. Note
the large Egyptian shields and the smaller bucklers and targets (see Ezekiel,
p. 175) of the Asiatic warriors. The Asiatic chariots carry a shield-bearer and a
driver besides the warrior ; on the Egyptian chariots we notice but two men,
25 viz. archer and driver ; doubtless the King was similarly accompanied ; but his
charioteer is omitted, in order that he may be the more conspicuous. Cf.
the Assyrian war-chariots figured on pp. 140 and 141 of Ezekiel. In the lower
right-hand corner of our picture we see some European mercenaries of the
Egyptians, viz. heavy-armed Shardin, that is, Sardinians. The hieroglyphics
30 above the heads of the horses of the royal Egyptian chariot mean : The good
god, slayer of the nifie barbarian ttations, who kills millions in a moment,
annihilating princes and nations, so that they tumble down in their blood,
although there is no helper ivith him (the King). The two cartouches follow-
ing contain the throne name and the personal name of Rameses II. The
35 hieroglyphic legend above the backs of the royal horses means : The great leant
of His 3/ajesty, the lustiest from the stable of Rameses II.
Our polychrome frontispiece is from a similar representation of the Battle
of Kadesh, on the northern wall of the great temple of Abu Simbel, on the left
bank of the Nile, north of the second cataract. The comments on these pictures
40 have been kindly furnished by Professor VV. Max MCller, of Philadelphia.
(7) Apparently contradicted by Jud. 11,25. This fighting is not mentioned 9
in Num. 22-24.
(8) Men, lit. lords, that is, holders, possessors, citizens. 11
(9) Omitted in the previous narrative. Cf. the apparent gaps in the nar-
45 rative after 5, 12. 15.
(10) The fulfilment of Ex. 23,28 (E); not mentioned elsewhere in Josluia, 12
possibly figurative.
(11) R V tzt'o, a misreading due to confusion with the two kings, Sihon,
King of the Amorites, and Og, King of Bashan. The number twelve is
50 apparently made up of the kings of Jericho and Ai, the five kings in c. 10, the
four kings in c. 11, and one other, possibly the King of Beth-el.
(12) Verse 13 = Deuteronomy 6 , 10. II. 13
(13) Cf. VV. 2.23, and contrast 23,8 in which their hitherto persistent 14
loyalty to Jhvh is asserted.
24. 25-33
— >*e)#SBs- (TloJca on ^oe^ua •i(Bi^'»^^ —
92
( 14) The Book of the Law is regarded here as capable of receiving additions 24,25
from time to time. This verse betrays a consciousness of the repeated editing
of tile Law.
(15) Verses 28-3i=Judges 2,6.8.9. (16) C7^ note on 19,50. 28.30
5 (17) Gen. 50,25 (E); E.\. 13, 19(E). 32
(18) Cy. Gen. 48,22 (E), where however Jacob conquers this portion, and
Gen. 33, 19 (E).
(19") That is about |6o.oo or /12; cf. above, p. 66, 1. 15.
(20) RV and they became the inheritance of the Children of Josefi/i, — they
10 being apparently the bones ; unless it refer to Shechem and the portion.
(21) V. 33 is generally assigned to E, but it seems preferable to assign it to 33
one of the late priestly editors, on the following grounds : (n) Except Deut.
10 , 6, Eleazar and Phinehas occur elsewhere only in P and allied literature.
Ui) Deut. 10, 5 f. is a redactional addition; a stray fragment of E may have
been inserted by the
redactor, but, even in
this case, the refer-
ence to Eleazar was
probably added by
him. [c) The late
priestly editors took
a special interest in
Eleazar and Phinehas,
whom they introduce
into Joshua 22 and
Jud. 20 , 28 ( at Gibeah
as here).
The point is im-
portant, as, if this verse
and Deut. 10 , 6 are
removed from E, that
document no longer
describes Aaron as
the founder of a
dynasty of high-
priests.
( 22) The alleged
tomb of Eleazar ( also
the traditional tomb
of Phinehas ) is in the
village of 'Awartd,
S of Mount Gerizim
(Judges, p. 18), near
the entrance to the
Plain of Shechem ;
The tomb, which is
Cupyrijlit by f>. Applet.iit it Co. in the U. S. oj A,
ALLEGED TOMB OF ELEAZAR.
45
but this late Jewish-Samaritan tradition is of no value
whited and about five feet high, is in an enclosure, shaded by a noble terebinth
tree (cf. note on 19,33), adjoining a small mosque. The place is an object of
great reverence both to Jews and Samaritans. Cf. Tristram, Bih/e Places
50 (London, 1S97), p. 222. — Gibeah is probaljly Jiltiyd, E of Tibneh, not far from
Shiloh.
^-»*s^MBi- ^oe^ua -jfissieM-s— 93
Biet of Jiimtvatione
1. Egyptian and Hittite Chariots Frontispiece
2. Dispatch of Dushratta to Anienophis IV facing p. i
3. Pla in o f J e r i c h o facing p. 2
4. Val ley of Ach or facing p. 10
5. G i b e o n facing p. 14
6. Hebron facing p. 16
7. LakeHdle facing p. iS
8. SeaofGalilee facing p. 20
9. Beth-shean facing p. 28
10. Shiloh facing p. 30
11. Egyptian, Hittite, and Canaanite Chariots . . . facing p. 42
3ffu6(rattone in t^e (llofee.
12. Amenophis III. {Seep. 4S, I. j) p. 47
13. Anienophis IV. {See p. 48, I. 34) p. 47
14. Colossus of Memnon p. 48
15. Left-hand Edge of Cuneiform Dispatch of King Dushratta P- 49
16. Hieratic Note on Cuneiform Dispatch of Dushratta p. 5°
17. Hieratic Note on Dispatch from Alashia P- 50
iS. Obverse of Tel-Hesy Tablet P- 53
19. Hittite Warriors p. 56
20. Bend of the Jordan near Jericho {See p. $j, i. j) P- 56
21. Jericho {See p. jS, I. zi) P- 57
22. House on the City Wall {See p. ^g, I. iS) P- 58
23. Cromlech in the neighborhood of Heshbon {See p. 61, I. //) . . . p. 60
24. Egyptian Stone Knives (Wilkinson, 3liittiiers and Customs of Ancient
Egypt. By permission of John Murray, London). See p. 62, I. 4 . p. 6i
25. Beth-el {See p. 6^, I. i) p. 64
26. Jewish Shelcel p. 66
27. Carthaginian Sacrificial Tablet p. 68
28. Upper Beth-horon p. 71
29. Region between Gilgal and Beth-horon P- 71
30. Ajalon p. 72
31. Assyrian King putting foot on neck of enemy (From L.ward, Monu-
ments of Nineveh. By permission of John Murray, London ) . . . ji. 73
32. Plan of Fortress on Statue B of Gudea {See p. 86, I. 6) p. 85
33. Babylonian Groundplan of a Building (From L. Borchardt, Ein
babylonisches Grundrissfragment) See p. 86, I. 10 p. S6
34. Babylonian Groundplan of a House ( From Francois Thtreau-
Dangin, Un cadastre c/ia/deen) See p. S6, !. jS p. S7
35. Babylonian Survey of an Estate (From Eisenlohr, Ein attba/)y/o-
nisc/ier Feldeiplan) See p. 86, I. 21 P- 87
36. Alleged Tomb of Eleazar P- 92
Siiet of £^onfrt6ufor0.
Genesis: C. J. Ball (London).
Exodus: Herbert E. Ryle (Cambridge).
Leviticus: S. R. Driver and H. A. White" (Oxford).
Numbers: J. A. Paterson ( Edinburgii ).
5 Deuteronomy: Geo. A. Smith (Glasgow).
Josliua : W. H. Bennett (London).
Judges: George F. Moore (Andover).
Samuel: K. Budde (Strassburg).
Kings: B. Stade (Giessen) and F. Schwally (Strassburg).
ID Isaiah: T. K. Chey'NE (Oxford).
Jeremiah: C. H. Cornill (Breslau).
Ezekiel : C. H. Toy (Cambridge, Mass.).
Hosea : A. SociN (Leipzig).
Joel: Francis Brown (New York).
15 Amos: John Taylor (Winchcombe).
Obadiah : Andrew Harper (Melbourne).
Jonah: Friedrich Delitzsch (Breslau).
Micah : J. F. McCuRDY (Toronto).
Nahum : Alfred JerEiMIAS (Leipzig).
20 Habakkuk: W. H. Ward (New York).
Zephaniah : E. L. Curtis (New Haven).
Haggai: G. A. Cooke (Oxford).
Zechariah : W. R. Harper (Chicago).
lALilachi : C. G. Montefiore and I. Abrahams (London).
25 Psalms: J. Wellhai'sen (Gottingen).
Proverbs: A. Muller'' and E. Kautzsch (Halle).
Job: C. Siegfried (Jena).
Song of Songs: R. Martineai'' and J. P. Peters (New York).
Ruth: C. A. Briggs (New York).
30 Lamentations: Morris Jastrow, Jr.'' (Philadelphia).
Ecclesiastes : Paul Haupt (Baltimore).
Esther: T. K. Abbott (Dublin).
Daniel: A. Kamphausen (Bonn).
Ezra-Nehemiah : H. Guthe (Leipzig).
35 Chronicles: R. Kittel (Leipzig).
■' Divii July 30'i> 189.S. «nied Sept. 12"' iSg2. 'Died Dec. 14"' 1S9S.
'Professor A. KuENEN who had agreed to do tin; Book died DecL-mber 10"' 1891.
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in colors) and 58 illustrations in the Notes. Cloth, . . . $2.50 net.
To be ready in Autumn of 1899.
The Book of Genesis. Translated by The Rev. C. J. Ball, M. A., Chaplain of
Lincoln's Inn, London.
The Book of Deuteronomy. Translated by The Rev. Geo. A. Smith, D. D.,
LL. D., Professor of Hebrew in Free Church College, Glasgow.
Other parts to follow at regular intervals.
Each in a substantial and attractive cloth binding in uniform style (size
loyi'x.TA in.).
The Old Testament will be completed in 20 parts, several of the smaller
books (The Minor Prophets and Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes,
Esther, being combined to make up parts of convenient size (parts 13 and 17,
respectively).
PUBLISHED BY
DODD, MEAD, & COMPANY.
U9-\5\ Fifth Avenue, New York.
BS195.2.H37V.6
The sacred books of the Old and New
Princeton Theological Semmary-Speer Library
1 1012 00005 7945
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