samyj-trudnyj

«MH£ IIPOrPECC, nPABA HEJIOBEK A»

riy6jiHKauHH My3eH h o6mecTBeHHOro iieHi:pa
HMeHM AHflpea CaxapoBa

BbinyCK 3

OBWECTBfl H rOCVflflPCTBH

Pe^aKTop-cocTaBHTejib /LE.OypMaH

MocKsa
1999

AMMTpMM CDYPMAH

CAMbltf TPYAHblPi HAPOA AAA POCCHH

BBeAeHMe

CSopHMKCTaTefl o HeiHe h ee OTHOiueHHflxc PoccHefi bo MHoroM OTJiHiaer-
ca ot flByx npeniuecTByioiuHx cSophhkob, HsnaHHbix My3eeM h 06mecTBeHHbiM
ueHTpOM A.fl.CaxapOBa h nocBjiiueHHbix YicpaHHe h BejiopyccHH. Oh OTJiH^aerca
TaK xe, KaK caMa Hevma c ee HapoaoM, KOTopbift cyMeji onojieTb poccHMCKyio ap-
mkk), ho He cinor (bo bcjikom cuiyiae, noica He ciaor) hh nocTpotnb ynopanoneH-
Hoe rocyaapCTBO, hh nonyHHTb npn3HaHHe CBoeH <paKro<iecKOH He3aBHCHM0CTH;
OT^HiaeTCH ot yicpaHHhi h EenopyccHH, oraocHTejibHo jierKo, 6e3 rofi kpobh, ko-
xopyK) npaiimiH MeieHUbi, h Tex cTaaaHHH, KOTOpwe km npHUiJiocb nepCHecTH,
craBiuHx HC3aBnCMMbiMn h npH3HaHHbiMH rocynapcTBaMH.

Ecjih no HCTOpHH flpyriix HapoAOB Mbi HMeeM 6ojiee hjih MeHse ceptesHbie h
floSpOTHbte KHHra, to HcropHH HeiHH no MHorHM npHiHHaM — h n3-3a KpaiiHeii
cKyaocTH nHCbMeHHbix hctomhhkob; m H3-3a CTpauiHbix nocjiencrBHH, HaHeceH-
Hbix KyjibType HeiHH flenopTauneft, a Tenepb eme h bohhoh; h H3-3a (paKTHHec-
Koro 3anpeTa Ha 3aHHTHs HeHeHCKOH HCTopHeii b coBCTCKOe Bpeiua (nocKOJibKy bcb
qeneHCKan hctophh HOBoroapeMeHH h npaKTH^ecioi bch hctophs:, H3BecTHas H3

nHCbMeHHblX HCTOHHHKOB, B KOTOpOH Mbl MOXeM pa3JIHHHTb HHmiBHflyMbHbie

jiHua HCTOpHiecKHXfleaTejieii — sto hctophh 6opb6bi c PoccHefl) — H3yvieHa Kpafi-
He cna6o. IIoHaTb ace coBpeMeHHoe cocrosHMe HeiHH — euBa jih He eme 6ojiee
cjiojKHO. Eoih npH H3yHeHMM YKpaHHti h BejiopyccHH mm Moscen nojib30BaTbca
oTHOCHTe^bHO floSpoTHofi CTaTHCTHKOK, jiaHHbiMH MHoacecTBa onpocos o6iuecr-
BeHHoro mhchhs h T.fl. h T.n., to o TenepeiuHefi MeMHe mu nance He MoaceM CKa-
3aTb, CKOJibKO (aaace npH6;iH3HTe;ibHO ckojimco) .nioaeH b new npoxHBaEOT nocjie
npouiefliiiefi bohhw — pasHbie uH<ppbi KOJie6j]K>Tcs. b npe.ae.nax coTeH Tbica^. K
3T0My Haaoflo6aBHTb HeKoropyio «3aKpbiTOCTb» neseHCKoro o6ineoTBa, ero 6ojie3-
HeHHOe coBpeMeHHoe ncHxojiorMHecKoe cocTOAHwe, ero (bo mhotom onpaBnaH-

HOe) HeflOBepHe K «4y»CHM», KpaHHIOK) nOJIHTH3HpOBaHHOCTb H CKJIOHHOCTb K co-

anaHHio pa3Horo pqaa MH(pojiorHiecioix KOHCTpyKUHft . HTo6bi pa3(>6paTbCS b Hen-
He, Tyaa Haao exarb, Haao yiHTt HeMeHCKHfl H3biK h oTHocHTejibHo aojiro h
cnOKOHHO acHTb cpeflH neneHueB, HaSjiioaaa h H3yiafl hx KyjibTypy, ncHxonorHio,
couHajibHbie h naiiHTHHecKHe OTHomeHHa. Ho 06 3tom b Hauie BpeMH aaace roBO-

pHTb CMeiJUHO.

TaKMM o6pa3oin, mm oKa3ajincb nepea TpyflHMM Bbi6opoM. C oaHofi cropo-
hh, n3flaBaa khhi-h, nocBameHHbie rocyaapcTBaM, bo3hhkiiimm Ha TeppHTOpHH
CCCP h hx B3anMOOTHOUieHHHM c Poccneft (4>opMajibHHH CTar^c rocyflapcTBa,
BxOflHTJiw oho ropHUHHecKH b cocTaB Pocchhckoh OeflepauHH mm HeT, HaM BaaH-
hom KOHTeKCTe He BaaceH), mm CHHTa^M Heo6xoflHMbiM noaroTOBHTb c6opHHK

Amhtphm tpyPMAH

MeiHe, 3HaTb KOTopyio h noHHMaTb ee npo6;ieMbi juia Pocchh BaxHee, ieM, mo-
xxt 6biTb, 3HaTb h noHHMaTb npo6jieMbi jiioSofi apyrofi CTpaHbi.

C apyroft cropoHbi, Mbr nOHHManH, hto cnejiaTb,no6pOTHy]o h BcecTopoHHioio
KHMry Mw He b coctohhhh. llepBoe coo6paaceHHe nepeBecuno Bropoe. Mh peuiH-
m cflejiatb to, ito b Haiunx cwjiax.

1

Ilo3flHecoBeTCKoe h paHHee nocTCOBeTCKoe (aoBoeHHoe) nojiHTHiecKOe pa3-
BHTue HeHHH (b aaHHOM c6opHHKe ero onucaHHe coaepacHTca b craTbeJl.raKaeBa)
HineeT MHOJKecTBO napaujiejieft c pa3BHTHeM Bcex 6mbuihx cobctckhx pecnySjiMK,
Bmnoiaa h Pocchio. Tak ace, kbk h Be3fle, aHracoBercKoe h aHTHKOMMyHHCTHiec-
KoeflBHJKeHHe HaHMHaeTCH po6ko h c BHeiiiHe «HeBHHHbix» <J)opM — 3KOJiorHnec-
KoroaBnaceHHfl, 6opb6bi 3a BOCCTaHOBJieHHe HCTopHiecKoK npaBAbi (npeame Bce-
ro — 6opb6bi c «BHHorpaAOBiUHHofi», no hmchh pyccKoro rpo3HeHCKoro
npo<peccopa, y^HBuiero CTyaeHTOB, hto He^Ha ao6poBOJibHo Boiu.ua b cocraB Poc-
chh h renepb HaBeKH Bomefliiiero b HeneHCKyio hctophio) h t.a. 3aTeM, onHTb-xatCM,
KaK Be3fle, npoHCXOflHT nocTeneHHaa nojiHTH3aunfl,HBH>KeHHfl. Bo3HHKaerno,HB03-
aeficTBHeM npHMepa npH6anTOB «HapoaHbiEi <J>poht», 3aTeM — 6&nee pawKajib-
Haa BaiiHaxcKas jieMOKpaTHHecKas napTHa h apyrwe HeKOMMyHMCraHecKHe h aH-
THKOMMyHHCTHMecKHeopraHH3auHH, aKTHB Koropbix — MOJioaaa HHTejuiMreHUHfl
h «nojiyHHTe^jiHreHUHa», nonyBCTBOBaBiuaa, hto OTKpbuiHCb HOBbie «Jin<pTbi»

QblCTpOH COUHaJlbHOfi MOOHJIbHOCTH. OTHaCTH KHHM npHMblKatOT, OTHaCTH — flHC-

xaHUHpyroTCH ot hhx 6ojiee yMepeHHue (ecrb, hto tepHTb) npejicTaBHTejin «cTa-
rycHoft* HHTe^jiHreHUHH h c hhmh 3aHipbrBaeT, «nojMHnnBaeT» mm KOBaa napTHH-
Haa BJiacTbB jiwue nepBoro HeieHua, BcraBuiero bo riraBe KOMnapTHH pecnyoJtHKH,
JlOKy SaBraeBa, Hcnojib3yiomero Hxana 6opb6bi c Mockboh 3a nepepacnpeae/re-
HHe BJiacra h ayMaiouiero, hto Bceraa cinoaceT c hhmh cnpasHTbca. Oahhm cjio-
bom — Bee KaK Be3fle.

flaxe npHxoji k B^acTH reHepajia flxoxapa flynaeBa, BCTaBiuero bo raaBe Ha-
UHOHajibHO-ocBo6oflHTenhHoro HeneHCKoroflBHiKeHMH, xota h oTJiHHaercacBOHM
peBO^iouHOHHbiM xapaicrepoM (BepxoBHbifi ccmeT b pe3yjitTaTe aBrycTOBCKo-ceH-
Ts6pbCKoft peBOJirouHH 1991 roaa 6mji pa3orHaH «4>n3niecKH», B^acTb nepeujjia k
HeKOHCTHTyuHOHHbiM opraHaM, opraKH30BaBmHM npe3nn;eHTCKMe h napjiaMeHT-
CKHe Bb>6opbi) b uejiOM yKJianbiBaeTca b o6myio Moaejib nepexoaa ot no3,HHeco-
BeTCKofi k nocTCOBeTCKofi anoxe. EnbUHH — ToxejiRnep aHTHKOMMyHHCTHHecKoro
BBHaceHHa, BbiwefliuHH, KaK h flyaaeB, He h3 MaccoBOH, «HH3cTBofl» HHTwijiHreH-
uhh, nocTaBJiasiiieK ero ocHOBHbie Kaapw, a H3 cobctckoh 3^HTbi (3aecb — reHe-
pan, TaM — cexpeTapb o6KOMa) h npHiueaniHii k BJiacTH Toace aocTaTOiHo «peBo-
^K>uHOHHbiM» h we OHeHb-TO KOHCTHTyuHOHHbiM nyreM.

AHa^oraw na 3tom He KOHHaioTca. npo6^eMbi, c kotopmmh cxo^KHynca Zly-
jiaeB b Ma^eHbKOM leweHCKOM MacunaSe noBTOpa^H npoQ^eMbi, c kotopwmh b
6o^biiieM poccwficKOM MacuiTa6e CTOJiKHyjica EnbUHH (aao Hero b eme 60/ibuieM,
cok)3hom MacuiTaQe — Ibp6aiieB). 3to — npo6jieMbi pyKOBoacTBa oSmecTBOM,
noTepHBiiiHM cbom TOTajiHTapHbift MexaHH3M ynpaBJieHHa, ho He co3aaBUJHM ho-

CavibiM TpyAHbiH HapcA aa5) Pocchh

Boro, aeMOKpaTH^ecKoro; He yMeioiUHM acHTb b ycnoBHSXfleMOicpaTHH h nosTOMy
cKaTbiBaioiuHMca b KpHMMHajibHyio aHapxwo. H peuiaroTOHH hx bo mhotom cxo-
»chm nyreM — iepe3 ycwieHHe npe3H,neHTCKOH Bjiac™, npno6peTaiomeH aBTOpw-
TapHbifi xapaKTep (ho He cTaHOBamefica ot sraro 3<i><i>eKTHBHOH), pa3roHbi nap-
jiaMeHTOB k ncno^b30BaHHeana yKpen;ieHHH CBoeti BJiac™ npHBaTH3auHH wnpyrnx
rocyaapcTBeHHbix skohomhhcckhx pbinaroB, npw noMOmH kotopmx moxho 060-
ramarb a noaicynaTb Koro HyxHO. flaxe nneojiornMecKaa 3B0Jnou.ua bo MHorort
napajuie;ibHa — ot 3anaflHHMeCTBa w. «jieMOKpaTHHecKHx Hne£ui0B» paHHero nepH-
oaa ko see 6o;ibLueMy oSpameHMio k HauHOHajibHOMy npomnoMy. Ejimihh b 1 993-
94 rr. aKTHBHO ribiTaeTca HcnoJib30Batb uapHCTCKwe chmbojim h Boo6me bxoaht b
«uapcKyro» pojib h noctosHHO roBopHT BejiHMHH h e/jHHCTBe Pocchh (ero nepe-

XOfl K HeCKOJIbKO HHOB CTp3TerHH, B KOTOpOft HiaBHblM CTaHOBHTCfl npOTHBOCTOfl-

hhe KOMMyHHCTHiecKOMy peBaHiuy npoMCxoflHT yace no3xe, b 1996 ro/jy). flyaaeB
b 3to xce BpeMfl annejiHpyeT k TeftnOBbiM TpajiHUHaM, k o6pa3y IUaMHJia h HCJiaMy
(Koroporo oh, KaKHopMMbHbifi coBeTCKHfl reHepan, aScoJiioTHo He 3HaeT). Hmch-
ho 3tot napajme^H3M b KaKOH-To Mepe h BeaeT hx k ctojikhobchhki. EnbUHHy Bee
QojibUie xoieTca Ha KaicoM-To cjiafiOM conepHHKe noKa3aTb bck) mou»> «B03po*t-
aeHHofi Pocchh». flynaeB, Hao6opoT, bxoah b poJib IHaMKiia hjih meftxa MaHcy-
pa, npoHHKaeTca co3HaHHeM Hen36eacH0CTH boKhw — ecTecTseHHoro npoaojuKe-
HH9U 3aBepujeHMfl 3ToR repoHHecKoii po;iH.

OflHaKO caina BofiHa, HaBeBaiomaa He noCTCOBeTCKHe aHanornn, a CKopee
o6pa3bi 6opb6ti KpoxoTHbixflpeBHerpenecKHX hojihcob c KO/ioccajibHOfi nepcpia-
ckoK HMnepweft; no6e,aa4e4eHueBHaAOKa3aBuieHcaa6co.niOTHOjieMopajiH30BaH-
hoh h 6eccHJibH0H poccHHCKOH apMHefi; nocjieayiomee norpyaceHHe MenHH b aHap-
xhk) h nonbiTKH cnpaBHTbca c Heft npH noMOinH LuapnaTa h, oscbhaho,
nepeKeceHKH qeneHCKHx npoTHBopeMvm BOBHe <«ra3aBaT» b /JarecTaHe) — noKa-
3biBaK)T HaM, htoxoth aHajiorwH HeneHCKoro h poccHHCKoro pa3BH'rna coBepuien-
ho SeccnopHbi, ohm eiue h SeccnopHO noBepxHOCTHbi.

AHaJiorwH poccHHCKoro h le^eHCKoro pa3BHras npoHCTeKatOT H3 oSiuhx 3a-
KOHOMepHocxeft pacnaaa coseTCKOH CHCTeMbi. Ho caMa 3Ta cHCTeua Sbuia «Hajio-
xceHa* Ha OHeHb pa3Hbie Hapoflbi, npnieM b cjiynae HeiHH — HajiOJteHa oneHb He-
npoiHO, He «npnrHaHa». H ee pacnaa — 3TO BHCBo6oameHHe paHee noflaB^eHHbix,
noflBepruiHxca npHHyiWTejibHOH yHH4)HKauHH Ky^bTyp, o6jiaaaK>UJHX Kaamaa cbo-
eft jiorHKOft h cbohmh 3aKOHOMepHOCTHMH.

Ee3ycjioBHO, pyccKO-Me^eHCKyio sofiHy h ee HCX0flHenb3a cMHTaTb npeflonpe-
aejieHHbiMH HCTopHefi. Mhoto pa3 Ha npoTaaceHHH 1991 -96 roaoii 6wjih bo3mox-
hocth HanpaBHTbXoaco6biTHM HHane. rpoMaflHyiopo^b3flecb cbirpWMHHCTO cy6i»-
eKTHBHbie h cjiy^aKHbie (paKTopu, HanpHMep, HajiHine b BbiciuesM pocchmckom
pyKOBOflCTBe <ieneHua Xa36yjiaroBa, jmn KOTOporo Bbixoa Me^HH H3 cocTaBa Poc-
chh 03HaHaji 6w KOHeu nojiHTHHecKOvl Kapbepu, a yKpenaeHHe b hch KaKofi-JiH6o
He ero — hjih 3aBraeBCKOH hjih ayaaeBCKOti BJiacxw o3HaHajio 6m noTepio uiaHcoB
cnejiaTb He»iHio cBoeii; 6a3O0; oco6eHHocTH xapaKTepOB EjibUHHa h AyaaeBa; pa3-

AjWHTpHti CDVPMAH

jiHHHtie «KpeM^eBCKHe HHTpwrw* h MHoroe apyroe. TeM He MeHee, cymedBOBajio
HecKo^bKo rjiyfiOKMx 4>aKTOpoB, KOTopue nsnann TaKoe pa3BHTHe co6biTHH He He-
H36e}KHi>iM, ho BeposTHbiM. CaMWH rjiy6oKnii cpaKTOp — 3T0 ocoSchhocth ipa-
jihuhohhoh counajitHofi opraHH3au.HH h CHCTeMM ueHHOdeK HeneHueB.

B oTHHHHe ot jipyrHx ceBCpoKaBKa3CKnx HapoaOB (HanpHMep, Ka6apflHHueB),
HMeBuiMX HHonia cjioacHefiuiyio cocjiOBHyio nepapxHK>, HeneHUbi 6hjih o6mecT-
bom b 3HaHHTejibHofl Mepe arMHTapHHM. Korna-TO leiemibi CBeprjw BJiacrb khji-
aefl — cbohx, Ka6apmiHCKiix h KyMhiKCKiix, ho o6cTOHTejibCTBa h xpOHOJiormi 3THX,
BaaaieHUiMX ana hctophh HeiHH co6biTHH, h3bccthwx npe^ae Bcero H3 (poJitK-
jiopHUX hctohhhkob h cKyflHwx ynoMHHaHHax b pyccKHX HcroiHHKax, npaion-
HecKHHeH3BecTHH. Bo BCHKOMcjiyiae, KKOHuy 18BeKaieHeHCKoeo6mecTBo(cM.
craTWO C.-A.HcaeBa) 6hjio o6mecTBOM, r^e aoMHHHpoBMH BOJitHbie o6iiuihhh-
kh — KpecTbaHe h BOHKbi, oeMflHHeHHwe b Tefinw h rpynnnpoBKH TeftnOB — TyK-
xyMbi. (HeieHUbi He jhoSht, Koraa reflnti Ha3HaaiOT poaaMH, h6o 3to, Bpoae 6bi,
roBopwr 06 apxaHHHocTH leneHCKoro oSmecrea; TeM He MeHee, KatcoB 6u hh 6blfi
peajibHwii reHe3HCTeiin0B, ohh MbicjiHTcs o6i>eflHHeHHeM jiKwefi, npoHCxoaamux
ot oflHoro npeaKa). C pacnpocTpaHeHHeM HCJiaMa, Ha TeftnoBoenejieHHe HarioxH-
jiocb aejieHHe no BHpAaM — OTBeTB^eHHHM flByx cy<pHHCKHX «opaeHOB» — Tapw-
KaTOB, HaKm6aHflHfta h KaanpHfta, k kotopmm npHHaaJiexcaT npaKTHiecKH Bee
HeneHUM. Teflnbi b KaKofl-ro Mepe Shjih o6i.eanHeHbi coSHpaBiiiHMca BpeMa ot
BpeMewH Meicx KxenoM, Cobctom CipaHw — co6paHneM CTapeKiuHH h npeacTa-
BHTejiefi TetinoB, ho, ecTecTBeHHO, hoctoahho conepHHiajiH m BpasyioBEUiH apyr
c ftpyrOM. OrHouieHHfl b stom o6mecTBe peryjinpoBajiHCb HenHcaHHWM, ho otho-
CHTe^bHO pa3pa6oTaHHbiMTpaanuwoHHbiM npasoM, b kotopom Sojibiuyio poiib ar-
pano npaBO (h o6a3aHHOCTb, h hhcthtit) kpobhoh Mecra;jieJiaBuieH y6HftcTBO Me-
neHueM le^eHua, h He mnbico y6HiicTBO, ho m Jiio6oe npecrynjieHHe npoTMB
jihihocth, aenoM npeaejibHO onacHbiM h cepbesHbiM.

TaKoe oSmecTBO, KaK 06 3tom rwiuyT b cbohx cTaTbax rjJepjiyrbHH h A.JIh-
BeH, Ky^tTHBHpyeT (h npenncnaraeT) c oahoh ctopohh — cH-iibHeHiiiHe ueHHoc-
th CBo6oflM h paseHCTBa, HexejiaHHe h, mojkho cKa3aTb, Hecnoco6HOCTb nojn<iM-

HHTbCfl KaK0H-JJH60 BHeilJHeH H IipHHyHHTeJIbHOH BJiaCTH, c flpyroft — pa3BHTOe

CTpeM^eHHe k conepHHiecTBy (b paMsax CBoero MHpa, csoeH counajibHoft cpejnrf)
k nyBCTBO necTH. Hmchho noTOMy, qto o6mecTBO npatcrHMecKH He 3HaeT <J)hkch-
poBaHHbix cxatycoB, oSocrpjieTca 6opi6a 3a He^iHKCHpoBaHHue MecTa b toh He-
4>opMajibHOH CTaTycHofl HepapxHH, KOTopyro co3flaeT o6mecTBeHHOe yBaxeHHe.
KaxuHft CTapaeTca «He yaapHTb b rpM3b jimuom*, npeB30HTH apynx MyxecTBOM h
ch^oh (■sfl3tHrnTCTBOM»), «yMeHHeM BecTH ce6a» (no chx nop «3THKeT», KaK noica-
3aHO B CTaTbe 3.BepcaHOBoft, CHHTaeTca y HCTeHuee oaHOfi H3 BaacHeMUiHXfloSpo-
aeTejiefl), MyapocTbio, rocTenpMHMCTBOM h, ecrecTBeHHO, cnoco6ocTbio OTOMcrmrb
3a oQHiibi, HaHeceHHbie eMy huh ero poay. Kaxawfl TeKn conepHHqaeT capyrHM h
naeTapyraM pa3Hbie He^ecTHbie m HacMeuiJiHBbie xapaKTepHCTMKH. TaKoe o6me-
ctbo b 3Ha^HTejibH0H Mepe «HHTpoBeprapoBaHO» h «3aKpuTO». MneHHe cbohx
3Ha4HT OHeHb mhoto. MHeHHe ace nyauix, HanpHMep, pyccKHX — Mano. He oto-
MCTHTb, HanpHMep, no 3aKOwaM kpobhoh MecTH h noKa3aTb ce6« «He MyacHH-
hoh» — xyxe h, MoxeT 6biTb, naace CTpauiHee, ieM OKa3aTbca b na3ax ocpHiuiajib-
hqh pyccKofl B^aCTH y6HHuew h nonacTb Ha pyccKyio KaTopry. TaKoe o6mecTBo

CaMbivi TpyAHbiH HapoA aah Pocckh

■raoce KECKeTCfl (h aaace He Kaacerca, a b 3HaHHTejibHoft Mepe h SBjraercs) npeaeJibHo
pa3o6meHHHM, pa3«HpaeMbiM BHyrpeHHeft 6opb6oft. Ho Koraa BO^HHKaeT BHem-
H«a yrpo3a, sto BHyrpeHHflfl 6opi>6a jierKO MOXceT nepettTH b apyryio cbokj hhoc-
Tacb — b conepHHMecTBO BfloSjieciH, nposBnaeMOfi b 6opb6e c 3aBoeBaTejiHMM, h
TOJibKO hto Ka3aBiueeca pbix^biM h pa3o6meHHWM o6mecrrBO fleMOHCTpnpyeT He-
BHflaHHyK) cn^oieHHOCTb h CHJiy. (OCB h bcakhc «aH3JiHTH4ecKHe ueHTpw*, oie-
BHflHO, npaBHJibHOflOKJiaflbiBa^H EjibiiHHy, mto BneneHCKOM o6tuecTBe He npeKpa-
maioTCJi pa3jjopbi, ito flyaaesa He oseHb-To cjiyiuaroT, m oh hhhi;to noaejia-rb c
onno3HUHeK He rnoaceT h aaxe He cnoco6eH HHKoro apecroBaTb. Ho hmchho 3tm
npaBHJibHbieaoKJiaflbi h 3aMaHHjm EjibUWHa b JiosyiuKy ^eMeHCKO.a bohhw.)

TaKoe oSmecTBo, oibbhaho, b SHaMHTtnbHofi Mepe «caM0jiocTj.T04H0». B cno-
kohhom oScraHOBKe ^eneHubi, oneBHUHO, eme AOJiro jkmjih 6w cbohmh TeftnaMH.
rocyaapcTBoo6pa30BaHHe b hcm npoHcxojniT b cbsi3h c Heo6xoflHMOCTbK> 6opb6u
co CTpauiHOH BHeuiweft yrpo30ft — pyccKHM 3aBoeBaHHeM, oflHOBpeMeHHo c yxo-
peHeHweM HfleoJiorHH BOHHCTByiomero iraiaMa, nponoBeayiomero ra3aBaTnpoTHB
HesepHbix, cy^HHCKoroopaeHa HaKiuoaHUHfia, h b BHfle nonHHHeHHsi BJiacTH HMa-
mob (o npouecce HC.naMH3au.HH HenHH cm. CTaTbio A.3enbKHHof[). Ilpn 3tom h
VluMKJito npHxoflHTCfl Tpyimo c ie<«HuaMH, cBo6oaoBK)6ne KOTopwx nporecTyer
npoTOB pejinrao3HO-rocy,napcTBeHHOii aHCUHiuiHHbi, Koropyio oh nbrraerca BHe-

CTH.

3Ta cHCTeMa ueHHOCTefi, b 3HaHHTejibHoK Mepe coxpaHHBiiiaaca ao chx nop,
neieHCKOe CBo6oflanio6He h cBoeo6pa3Has AHHaMHKa «aHapxH4ecKOH» pa3o6meH-

HOCTH H CIUIOHeHHOCTH — BaXHeftUIHH HCTOHHHKTOrO, TTO nOJI HTHieCKOe pa3BH-

rue 'leHHH noiu.no no coBepuieHHo HHOMy nyra, ieM y ztpyrtix HapoaoB h oSmaa
no3flHecoBeTCKaa-nocTCOBeTCKan Moaejib 6buia 3«ecb MOjwicpHLiHpoBaHa «ao He-
y3HaBaeM0CTH». Ho sto — He enHHCTBeHHJm npHMHHa, oSycnoBHiiiuaa CBoeo6pa-
3ne 4eneHCKoro nocTCOBetcKoro pa3Biroia.

tDaKTopw, TOJiKaBiune HeviHio Ha tot nyn>, no KoxopoMy ona nouuia, B3aw-
M0CBH3aHbi flpyr c apyroM h aeftcTByioT «KyMyji*rrHBHo» b oahom HanpaBJie-
HHH.TpaflHUHOHHbie CHCTeMa ueHHOcreft h couwaabHaa cTpyicrypa — caMbift rjiy-
Sokhh (paicrop, nopoflHJi cjieayiomHH no 3HaHeHHK> — cneun<pHKy HCTopHnecKHx

B3aHM0OTHOUieHHH OTHOIUeHHH C POCCHeft.

HMeHHO b CHJiy TaKoti couMajibHoii npnpoflbi h tekhx ueHHOCTew TpaflHuw-
OHHoro neieHCKoro oSmecTBa 3aBoeBaHHe h noflMHHeHHe ero ami Pocchh 0Ka3a-
Jiocb saaa^eH npeaeabHO TpyaHoft, noTpe6oBaBmeft KO^occajibHC>ro HanpaaceHKa
chji Bcefl Be^HKOfl Pocchhckoh HMnepHH. B orange OTflpyrax KaBKa3CKHx 06-
uiecTB, 3aecb npaKTHnecKH He 6biJio tow counajibHOM BepxyiuKH, toTopyro mojkho
6mjio nepeTSHyn, Ha cbokj CTopony npHMaHKOH 3aKpenjieHmi h ynponeHH^ ee BJia-
cth, npeaocTaBJieHHa eft KaKHx-To Mecx b o6mepoccHftcKOfi wepapxHH h 6ojiee

BblCOKOH H pa3BHTOfi KyjIbTypbl, H C KOTOpOH XOTS 6bl MOJKHO 6bUi O npOCTO MCM-

to floroBopHTbcs. (OaHH H3 napanoKcoB leieHCKott hctophh 3aKnio4aeTCfl b tom,
sto HMeHHO CTaHOBJieHHe npw IIIaMH^e, T.e. b xoae 6opb6bi c pycckhmh, hoboS

A/MHTpHH <DYPMAH

couHajibHofl BepxyiuKH co3#ajio tot, BnpoieM, oieHt cjiaSbift cjioK, Ha KOTOpbiii
noTOM nbirajiMCb onepeTbca pyccKHe K0JiOHH3aTopw).

Il03T0My pyCCKHX KOJ10HH3aTOpOB, HblTaiOlUHXCH «3aMHpHTb» ie<«HueB, ox-

BaTbtBaer qyBCTBO 6eccnjiHa m 3Jio6bi, h nosTOMy ace hx 6opb6a c <iweHuaMH ot-
jiHMaeTCH ocoQeHHoft acecTotcocTbio. 3aBbeBaHHe kpoxotho# Hehhh 3aHa;io, ecjiH
3a tohkh OTCie'Ta B3flTb Ha^ano flBHxeHHa meftxa Mancypa b 1785 roay h many
LUaMHJis b 1859 rcmy, 75 JieT h ctohjio ^eMeHuaM h pyccKHM cothh thchh y6nrax.
Ho h nocjie nopaxemui uiaMHJieBCKoro HMaMaTa npoaojiacaioTca BoccTaHHa h,
cooTBetCTBeMHO, ycMnpeHHs. EtopoicpaTH^ecKHe nopaflKH poccMficKoro caMoaep-
jKaBHH oTTopraroTca neieHuaMH.

Bo speMa rpaacaaHCKOfi BofiHbi b Poccmh MeneHuw nbiTaioTca BMecTe c apy-
thmm HapoaaMH CeBepHoro KaB«a3a C03,n,aTb He3aBMCHM0e cesepoKaBKa3CKoe ro-
cynapcTBO h ycneuino boiokit c fleHHKHHbiM, cnocoScTBya no6e,ne 6ojibiueBHKOB.
Bo^buieBHKH bto BpeMH roTOBbi oSeiuaTb bccm Bee hto yro,a,HO, aieieHiiaM — TaK
aaace ynpaBJieHHe no 3aKOHaM uiapnaTa (icaic no3xe EjibuwH npn3bmaji aBTOHo-
mhh 6paTb cmibKO cyBepeHKTera, CKOJibKO ohh xotbt). H Kax h BonbuiWHCTBO
HapoaoB PoccuHCKof! HMnepHH, He^eHUbi nonaaaiOT b ;iOByuiKy. CoBercKaa B^acxb
npwHHMaeT ot uapCKofl scracpeTy 6opb6bi 3a noOTMHeHHe HeiHM nopaflicaM poc-

CMHCKOH 6K)pOKpaTHH.

CHOBa cepwa BoceraHHfi h KapaTWibHbix aicuKti, KyjibMimauHeii KOTopbix
ABJiaeTca aenopTauna HeneHueB b Ka3axcTaH (Hnea aenoprauHH — He CTajiHHCKaa,
3T0 — oneKb crapaa poccHficicafl KOJiomiajibHaa unea, ho peann30BaTb ee CMonia
^MUibTOTajiHTapHaa CTajiHHCKaa BJiacTb). XHTejieft ropHoro cejieHHH XaftSax, ne-

peB03HTb KOTOpblX B Ka3aXCTaH 6bIJ10 CJ1HI11KOM XJIOnOTHO, CTOHaiOT Bcex B OAHH

aw6ap H cacHraiOT 3aauiBO. B xoae aenopTauHw h b Ka3axctaHe norn6jio okojio
TpeTH qe^eHueB. TojibKO H.XpymeB b 1957 rosy no3BOJiaeT qe^eHuain h HHrymaM
BepHyrbca Ha poflHHy h BOCCTaHaBJiKBaeT HeMeHO-HHryuicKyio pecnySjiHKy.

OflHaKOflO KOHua cobctckoh shoxh neHeHUbi ocTaBajiHCbfljia cobctckoH BJia-
cth HapoflOM «He6jiarOHajieacHbiM» h «no,no3pHTejibHbiM (sto ecTecrrBeHHo — no-
cjieToro, KaKTbi npHHHHHJi KOMy-TO MHoro3^a,noBepaTbeMyTbiyjKeHeMOJKeuib).

H He TOJlbKO B TJia3aX BJiaCTH. TTaMJJTb O 6eCKOHeiHOM COnpOTHBJieHHH pOCCHfi-

CKOMy KOJiOHHajiM3My, Ha KOTopyio HajioacH^HCb BbiaBHHyTbie CTa/iHHCKOH npo-
naraHAofi ansi onpaBaaHHa aenopTauHH o6BHHeHMH b tom, hto «HeieHUbi nqMa-
rajin rnxjiepy», atJismn o6pa3 4eneHua k b rjia3ax paaoBoro pyccKoro HecKOJibKo

CTpaiUHOBaTblM H 3J10BeiUMM. B KOHlie KOHUOB, CTpOKy JlepMOHTOBa O «3JIOM 4e-

Hene, no^3ymeM Ha 6eper» 3Ha^ npaKTHHecKH aaxabifi pyccKHfi LUKo^bHHK. (He-
aaBHaa bohhr h nocjieayiomMti pa3ryji HeHeHCKoro KpHMHHa^HTeTa, ecTecTBeH-
ho, JiHiiib o>khbh^h h ycnj!njin 3th CTapbie pyccKHe npeflCTaB^eHHA o MeneHuax,
KOTopbie cetiiac no aaHHbiM pa3nux onpocoB pery^apHO 3aHHM3K)T nocjieflnee
Mecrro b HepapxHH CHMnaTHii, KOTopwe BbipajKaroT pyccKwe no OTHOineHHK) k pa3-
hhm HapoaaM). A Kas <ieieHUbi Moryr oTHOCHTbca k pyccKHM?

fljia TOro, mto6m noHaTb 3to h noHaTb, noseMy, noneMy neseHUbi KaTeropH-
necKH OTKa3HBajiHCb b 1991 rxxay bohth b PoccHftcKyio (peaepauHfo h npeano^jiH
nepeacHTb Bee yxacw poccHftcKO-MeneHCKOH bohhm, pyccKOMy nejioBCKy Haao
cae^aTb He6ojibiuoe ncHxo^orHHecKoe h HHTejuieicryajibHoe ycw^ne h npoaenaTb
xaKofi yMCTBeHHbifi 3KcnepwMeHT.

10

Ca/WblH TpyAHblM HapOA AAA Poccmh

FIpeflCTaBHM ce6e, ito pyccKHX nocjie cepwn KpoBonpojiHTHbix bomh, /mhb-
ujHxca nyrb jih He cto JieT, 3aBoeBa/iH, CKaxceM, KHTaftuu. B pe3yji.bTaTe oacecro-
leHHOCTH pyccKoro conpOTHBJienHa, oTHomeHHe KHTafiueB k p>cckhm cKopee
mioxoe h bcjimkhh KHTaflcKHft no3T HanHcam aaace: «3jioh pyccKHfi noji3er Ha 6e-
per» (HineeTCH b BHay 6eper, nocTeneHHO 3acejiaeMbiH KUTaficKHMH KOJiOHHcra-
mh, peKH Bojira). B pe3yjiKraTe sthx bohh HHCjieHHOCTb pyccKHX yMeHbiuHJiacb
BflBoe, MHorwe 6exanH b apyrae npaBocjiaBHbie CTpaHM, a y KHTafiueB, b KOHue
kohuob 6ojiee hjih MeHee ncniHHHBUiHX pyccKHX, nocTOHHHO 6pojiHJia nae« — a
He nepecejiHTb jih stot nocTOHHHO 6yHTyiomnft h oneHb nnoxo ycsaHBaiouuHfi kh-
TaflcKyio unBnjiH3aujiK> Hapoa Kyjja HH6yab, cuaaceM, BpaitoH nycri>iHH To6h, hto-
6w caMMM cnoKoftHO JKHTb b Pocchh h SKCiuiyarapoBaTb ee npwpcflHbie 6oraTCT-
Ba. Koraa b KwTae npoH30iiina KOMMyHHCTHHecKaapeBojiiouna, npoB03rjiacHBLuaa
paBHbie npaBa Bcex Hace/iaiomHX KHTafi Hauwfi, pyccKHe ee npHBercTBOBajiH h
naace noniorajiH KHTaficKMM KOMMyHHcraM 6opOTbCa c KHTaiicKHiwH 6e;ibiMH. Ho

KOHHHJIOCb BCe TeM, HTO HMeHHO KOMMyHHCTbl COBeplJJHJIH TO, O m6m TOJlbKO ny-

Majiw hmhobhhkh HinnepaTopa— Bce-TaKH BbicejiwiH pyccKHX b IoQh. FIpH stom
HeKOTopbix pyccKHX, Korapbix TpaHCnopTHpOBaTb 6wjio TpyflHO, cyKunuiH 3aacn-
bo. Mepe3 KaKoe-TO Bpenia yMeHbiuHBLUHMca mhcjichho pyccKHM no3BOJiHjiH Bep-
Hyrbca Ha poflHHy h aaxe BoccraHOBUJiH hx PyccKO-YKpaHHCKyio aBTOHOMHro. Ho
flOBepflTb hm KHTaiiubi, ecTecTBeHHO, He aoBepajiH. Bo maBe aBTOHOMHH ctohjih
KHTaflubi, b ocpHUHajibHbix cHiyauHax pycCKHM pa3peuiajiocb roBopHTb TOJlbKO no

KHTaHCKH (HT06bI KHTaftUbl MOMH IlOHHMaTb, HTO OHH TOBOpflT), HU TJiaBHOH HJ10-

iuaan b MocKBe croaji naMHTHHK BejiHKOMy KHTaitCKOMy 3aBoeBa::ejno Pocchh h
caejiaxb Kapbepy Mor tojiwco pyccKHH, xeHaTHH Ha KHTaaHKe, npo KOToporo kh-
Tafiubi MorJin CKa3aTb — «Oh yace cobcbm kbk KHTaeu».

JIcho, vto b xaKofi cHryauHH MeMTa ocBo6oflHTbca ot KHTafiueB 6buia 6w ca-
MOfi niySoKoK Me^Tofi Bcex pyccKHX. 3to He 03Hanajio 6w HenaBHCTH ko Bceiu kh-
TaftuaM — 3a aonmt roaw coBMectHofi xch3hh y pyccKHX noaBH^ocb mhopo apy-
3eti KHTafiueB h BooSme ohh Hay^HJiwcb BH^eTb b KHTafluax jnofleti, a He TOJibKo
xo3«eB h 3aBoeBaTeneH, sto He 03Hanajio 6bi hojuoGbm k KHTaHCKoft Kyjiwrype, k
BejiHKHM KHTaficKHM no3T3M Jin Bo h fly <t>y, sto aajKe He osHanajio 6bi CTpeMJie-

HH3 OTKa3aTbCfl OT KHTaHCKOrO fl3bIKa, KOTOpblH 3a 3TH TOflbl CTajI X3.K 6bt BTOpbIM

pojiHbiM. Ho 3to o3Haia^o 6w CTpacTHoe CTpernjieHHe Bocno^b30Barbca jho6oh
B03MOXHocTbK>, HTo6bi BbifiTH n3 cocTasa KwTas — jiK>6oro Khtelh, HMnepaTop-
CKoro, KOMMyHHCTHHeCKOro hjih jiHSepajihHO-fleMOKpaTHHecKoro c KHTaftcKofi
cneuH^HKofi h flo6HTbca He3aBHCHMocTH npeayie Bcero — ot B03MoxHbix b 6yay-
meM HenpeflBHflHMbix noBopoTOB KHTaHCKoti hctophh. H ayiviaio, 4to npoaejiaB
TaKofi yMCTBeHHbifi SKcnepHMeHT, pyccKHH ^ejioBes ne 6yneT 6o^bUie ygHBJiaTb-
ca, no^eMy neneHuaM He 3axoTe^ocb MHpwo JKHTb b Pocchhckoh <I>eAepaunH.

TaKoe CTpeM^eHHe He^eHueB b ocHOBe CBoeti — coBepuieHHO ecTecTBeHHO,
pauHOHanbHO h HopinajibHo. Ho npn 3tom naao noHHMarb, hto oho He Morao npH-
HflTb (popMy Tpe3Boro pacieTa. flenopTauHH HeneHueB b 1944 roay zuia HeneHCKO-
ro co3HaHna 3HaiHT npH6jiH3HTejibHo to >tce, mtozuih eBpeftcKoro — rHT-iepOBCKtiw
reHOUHa hjih ana apMaHCKoro — pe3Ha 1915 roaa. 3to — CTpauiHaa TpaBMa, boc-
noMHHaHHe 06 stom h yxac nepea bosmoxchoctmo noBTOpeHHn sioro npecjieayer
Kajiyioro HeneHua. H coSbiTHa 1991—94 fojiob ojkhbhjih 3tot y»«ic. % hm Ha mh-

11

AmmtpmB tPVPMAH

Hyry He Bepio, 4T0 ejitUHHCKoe npaBHT&nbCTBO Morno ayinaTb o hoboh aenopTa-
uhh h vyrb jih He roTOBHTt jx/is 3Toro rpy30BHKn. Ho neneHUbi sepujiH — TaK ace,
KaK MMorMe eBpeH b 1990—91 roaax BepHjiH, <ito araTauwa o6wecTBa «naMaxb» —
3to TOJibKO Hanajio, 3a kotopmm c HeH36e>KHOCTbio riocjieayioT norpoMw, a apMfl-
He yBHaejm b cyMrawTCKOM norpOMe nparnoe npoaojiaceHHe TypeuKoft pe3HH h Ha-
saJio HOBOro 3Tana b peajiH3auHH o6meTK>pKCKoro iinaHa yHHiTosceHHH Bcex ap-
mhh. riosTOMy HeneHUBi He npocTO 6opo;iHCb 3a CBoeoay^eHHH, ohh 6opoj3HCb
3a >KH3Hb, 3a cymecTBOBaHHe CBoero Hapoaa, He ToabKO npOTHB peajibHbix yrpo3 h
onaCHOCTefl, ho h npoTHB MH<pOJionmecKOH yrpo3H. npH stom caeayeT HMeTb b
BHay, iTO c 1991 roaa b HeneHCKOM o6mecTBe aoMMHHpoBaaH npeacraBKTejiH aa-
jteKO He caMtix pauHOHanbHO h Tpe3BO mmc/iawhx caoeB. 3aect mh ecTecTBeHHo
nepexoAHM k TpeTbeMy (paicropy, cnoco6ctBOBaBuieMy bo3hhkhobchhio pocaiii-
CKO-MeneHCKOH boKhh — oco6eHHOCTHM couHajibHOft cTpyicrypbi neMeHCKoro co-
BeTCKoro o6mecxBa.

Mbi BHflHM, hto a,Ba fpaicropa — cneuHipHKa TpaaHUHOHHoii 4eseHCKofi chc-
TeMbi ueHHOdefi h cneuwpHica pyccKo-HeneHcicHx B3aHMO0THOineHHH — B3aHM0-
CB33aHbi. Eynb neneHUbi hhum HapoaoM, npHyfeHHMM k noBHHOBeHmo b xaicoM-
to cboSm rocyaapcTBe, coCBoefi pa3Bnroft couHaabHoii BepxyuiKOfi, KOTopoe jihuib
noTOM 6buio 3aB0feBaH0 PoccHeK, hx ncne 6wjio 6u BiiHcaTb b cHcreMy pocchm-
cKoro rocynapcTBa, He npHiiuiocb 6h hm nepeacHTt ctojii>ko cTpaaaHHft h He 6mjio
6w y hhx TaKoro CTpemneHHa ocBo6oaHTbCH. OxnejibHbie (paicropbi, aeKcTBOBaB-
uiwe b Hanpas^eHHH, npMBeauieM k poccHficKO-ieHeHCKOH BoftHe 1994—96 roaoB,
nopoacaaioT h ycHJiHBaroT apyr apyra, co3flaioT CBoero poaa Bee BpeMH pacTymHfi

«CH«KHblfl KOM».

TpeTHfl (paKTop, o6yc^OBHBiuHfi co6hthh 1991—1996 roaa, Taoce CBH3aH c
nepBbiMH AByMH. 3to — cneuwcpHKa counajibHOM CTpyicrypbi noMHecoBeTCKoro
HeneHCKoro o6meCTBa. Hmchho noTOMy, hto b 20-e — 40-e roaw b hcmchckom 06-
mecTBe coxpaHHJiHCb CHJibHbie TpaaHUHOHHwe ueHHocra, He aaBaBiiiHe eMy op-
raHHvecKH «BnncaTbca» b TOTaaHTap'Hyro 6iopOKpaTHHecKyio CHcreMy, Ha MeneH-
ues o6pyiumincb ocoSchho cTpauiHbie penpeccMH, KyjibMHHauHH kotophx —
aenopTauna. Ho hmchho sto cnoco6cTBOBano coxpaHeHHio TpaflHuwoHHbix ueH-
HOCTeii h TpaflHUHOHHOii couHJLfibHofi cnpyKTypbi, nocKOJibKy b penpeccHflx rn6-
jiu npeame scero npeflCTaBHTejiH HaH6onee «MoaepHH3HpoBaHHbix» couH&nbHbix
ooe'B — HHTeji^wreHUHH h napTufiHofl SiopOKpaTHH. KpoMe Toro, b CTpauiHbix
ycjioBHflx aenoprauHH TpaaHUHOHHbie uchhocth «KOHcepBHpoBajincb» — htoSm
KaK-ro BbiacwTb h BbicTOHTb, jiioxh npn6erajiH KflpeBHHM MexaHH3MaMTeflnoBoK

H BHPAOBOft COJIMflapHOCTH, KpejIHTHH; nCHXO^OrHHeCKH CnjiaHHBMHCbM «3aKpbI-

Bajincb»,aejiafl cboh mhp HenpoHHuaeMbiM ana pyccKo-coBeTCKoro «HaHajibCTBa».
Ta ace .nor-mca, Koraa penpecCHH, B03HHKaiomHe HMeHHO H3-3a npoiHocra
TpaflHUHOHHbix ueHHocTeti, hx h yKpenjiaiOT, coxpaHaeTca h nocae B03BpameHns
H3 aenopTauHH. HanpMMep, b HeiHe, b otjimmhc ot flpyrwx ceBepo-isaBKa3CKHx
pecnyfijiHK, He pa3pemajiH oTKpwrb hh oahoh MeneTH. Ho hmchho sto He hubbjio

12

CaMbIM TpyAHbIM HapOA AAS POCCMM

cjioxcHTbcsi cjioio jiosuibHoro h nojiHOCTbio KOHTpojmpyeMoro KTB MycyjibMaHCKO-
ro ayxoBeHCTBa h yKpeiuiajio ocpHUHajibHO He cymecrByiomHe, k noaxoMy, — He-
noflKOHTpojibHue cy$HHCKne bhpjh. 3jiHTa 6oJibiue He yHHMToacajiacb cHcreMa-
TMHecKM, KaK3To Sbijio b crannHCKyK) 3noxy, ho hmchho H3-3a «noff03pHTejibHoro»
oTHOiueHHfl k He^eHuain b MeiHe He Mor HapacTH aocTaTOMHO Sojibuuofi h npo4-

HblH HAOCTaTOMHO yKOpeHeHHblH HHTCUJIHreHTCKHH H 6K»pOKpaTHV;eCKHH cnofi —

Kapbepa jyifl leqeHueB 6buia 3aTpyflHeHa, e napTHHHoii BepxyiuKe rocnoacTBOBa-
jim pyccKHe, aaxe c nponwcKofi b CTOJiwue He4HM — Ijx>3hom ana -jeMeHueB 6wjih
CHJiibHbie orpaHMHeHHa. Yp6aHH3auHfl 4e4eHCKoro o6mecTBa uiJia weaneHHo; npe-
o6-fianaioinaa iacTb cejibCKOfl mojioukkh (apoamaeMOCTbyMeMeHueiinocoseTCKHM
MepKaM 6hma rpoMaaHOft) He Morjia ycTpoHTbca hh b cejie, hhb ropoae m aKTHBHo
norpyacajiacb b MapraHajibHyio, wia coBexcKoro o6meCTBa, 3KOHOMH4ecKyio aea-
TejibHOCTb — npeacae Bcero «ma6aiiiHJia» b MeneHCKMX CTpoHTejibHHX apTe;iax, pa-
6oTaBii]HX no BceMy CoBeicKOMy CoK>3y.

IIosTOMy HeT Himero yflHBHTejibHoro, hto y3KHfi HHTejuiHreHTCKH-6K>pOKpa-
■nwecKHH MeneHCKHH cnou h He cinor B3»Tb b cboh pyKH, KaK oh sto caejiaji b toh
hjth hhoh CTeneHH bo bccx pecnySjiHicax, pyKOBOflCTBO HaiiHOHanbHbiM flBHaxHH-
eM,HanpaBHBeroB«UHBHJiH30BaHHoe»pycyio, H6buiCMeTeHpeBOJiiouHeH 1991 roaa
k 3aieM bohhoS, BWHecuiHMM Ha nosepxHocrb h cflenasuiHMH sjihtoh 4e4eHCKoro
o6mecrBa npeflCTaBHTejieH hh30bwx h MaprwHanbHbix couHanbHux cjioe'B. H hmch-
ho 3th .moan, c hx 3HaHHTejibHO Sonee TpaRHUHOHajiHCTCKOH ncHxojioraeH, C HX
6oJiee cnoKoftHbiM OTHOiueHHeM k CMepTH — h 4yxo£i h csoefi — CMorjiH B03rjia-
BHTb conpoTHB^eHHe h pa36«Tb poccHficKyio apMHio, to, ecTecTBeHHO, HHKoraa
6bi He cMorjiH caejiaTb 4e4eHCKHe npo$eccopa h napTpafioTHHKH.

PoccHHCKafl «ejibUHHCKaa» nojiHTHKa no OTHomeHHio k Heine, KaK h no ot-

HOLUeHHK) K KOMy 6bl TO HH 6bIJ10 H K 4eMy 6bl TO HH 6bU10, OTJIHMaJiaCb KpatiHeH

npOTHBopeiMBocTbio H pa3flBoeHHOCTbK> Meamy JiH6epanbHo-a,eMOKpaTHHecKHMH
HMnyjibcaiwH — flHKTOBaBUUHMH npeaocTaBneHHe HeHHe He3aBHcnMoc™, h hm-
nyjibcaMH BeJiHKoaepjKaBHbiMH — flHKTOBaBiiiHMHHOBoenoKopeHHeHeHHH;npn-
46m, h Te, h .npyrne HfleSiHbie HMnyjibcw nepHOflHiecKM 3arjryiii;jioTCfl caMbiMH
CHJibHbiMH b coBpeMeHHoft poccHHCKoft ajiirre MMny^bcaMH jihmhoi'o o6orameHHa.
B 1994 roay BpeiueHHO no6eaHJtn HMnyjibcw BejiHKoaepjKaBHbie.

Ho 3Ta no6eji,a BejiHKOflepjKaBHbix HMny^bCOB o6epHy^acb BoeHHofl KaTacT-
po<J)OH, MacuiTaQw KOTopoii HaCTOJibKO BejiHKH, hto Mbi cTapaeMca BbiKHHyTb ee"
H3 Haiuero co3HaHH«, kjih BooSme 3a6biB o Heft, MJiHcnwcaB ee Ha noMomb 4e-
HenuaM H3BHe (BecbMa coMHHTejibHyio h bo bchkom cjiy4ae — a6coniOTHO He co-
nocrraBHMyio c noMOiUbio, KOTopyio b 3to ace BpeMH nojiyna^a ot 3anaaa Poccha);
Ha «npe^aTejibCTBO» (KOTopoe cpaKTOp OTHiojib He cjiyiaHHbiH h He BHeuiHHH, a
HMMaHeHTHbifi Haujefl CHCTerne, ho npH nonuTKax o6i>flCHHTb HEiuie nopaaceHHe
npenCTaiomHH KaK He4To cjiy4afiHoe), Boo6me na KaKHe-To BHeuunHe, cjiy4afiHbie
h speMeHHbie qSaKTopbi. OieHb xapaKTepHO, 4to HecMOTpa Ha <onoxajibHoe» 3Ha-
' 4eHwe STofi bohhu, y Hac He noaBH^ocb erne hh oahofo ee cepwbHoro aH£uin3a.

13

AaahtphB OyPMAH

MeamyreM, oueHHTb pa3Mepbi Hamero nopaaceHHa OTHOCHtejibHO JierKO, BCnoM-
hub caMbie 3JieMeHTapHue h o6meH3BecTHbie (paicra: to, hto Poccha npeBbimaeT
MeiHK) no 4HCJieHH0CTH Hace^eHHa b 140— 150pa3, anOTeppMTOpHM h HMeiomHM-
ca pecypcaM — bo mhoto 6o;ibuue; ito Pocchh — CTpana, Ha npoTaaceHHH MHorax
necflTKOB jieT 3aHHMaBUiaacfl npeacne Bcero noaroTOBKofl k BoiiHe, TpaTHBUiaa Ha
BoopyaceHHe HeMbicjiHMbie cpeacTBa h WMeBLuaa npesocxoacTBO, Hanpwuep, b
KOJimiecTBe TaHKOB Haa CI1IA h EBponoft BMecre B3axbiMH; hto HeneHueB, aoe-
BaBniHx Ha nocTOHHHofl ocHOBe, 6m^o npH6jiH3HTejibHo croJibKo ace, CKOJibKO b
Pocchh reHepanoB; m mto npw 3tom neHeHUbi Btjm He npocxo H3HypaiomyK) npo-
THBHHKa napTH3aHCKyio Boflny b ropax — ohm ofiopOHajiH cejieHHS Ha paBHHHe h,

B KOHEHHOM CHeTe, CM0TJ1H B3flTb HaXOflHBUIHHCa B pOCCHftCKMX pyKaX rp03Hblfi.

HaKoweu, ok h b jiioQofi cipaHe, nepeacwBuiefi pesoJiiouMio, OTCTpaHHBUiyio era-
pyio 3JiHTy b MeMHe h qeMeHCKofl pocchhckoh jmacnope, Smjio nocTaTOHHO jik>-
aefl, roTOBbix -HH3 uiKypHbix, h H3 HueftHbix coo6pa»ceHH£i — HjO(TH Ha C0K>3 c
«HHTepBeHTaMH»AnflTOro, mto6m onpOKHHyrb HeHaBHCTHbifi peBOJiiouHOHHbiH pe-

JKHM.

ConpoTHBJieHHe h no6e.ua HeneHueB b HeKOTopoM pane — nyno, h npoH3oiu-
jio oho B cmiy Tex xe npHMHH, KOTopbie h npHBejiH k bomhc h o kotophx Mbi ysce
TOBopHjiH. Byflb HeneHUbi HapoaoM cupyroB CHcreMOii ueHHOCTefi h flpyrofi hc-
TopHHecKofi naMATbio, B03rjiaBJiaft hx He MajiorpaMOTHbie noneBwe KOMaHAwpw,
3aMacTyio c KpHMHHajibHbiM h nojryKpuMHHajibHbiM npouuibiM, a HopMajibHwefljia
nocTCOBeTCKoro npocTpaHCTBacraBiiiHe HauHOHajiHCTaMH napTpa60THHKM, oshhm
cjiobom, 6y^b ohh MyrbSojiee pauHOHajiMCTMiKbiMH h «coBpeMeHHUMH» jnoflbMH,
ohh HHKoraa 6bi He itoujjih HaraKoe conpoTHB.neHHe h bo bcakom cjiynae— He
no6eflMJiw 6bi. fl^a TaKofi BofiHbi h no6eflbi HyacHO 6bi.no noJiHoe HeacejiaHne h
HecnocoQHocTb «csnTaTbca c peajibHocTbio* — TO^bKO Tor.ua B03HnicaeT bo3mo:>k-
hoctb 3Ty peajibnocTb cjioMaTb h npeoaojieTb. B 4eMeHCK0M conpOTHBneHKH co-
eanHn;iHCb flaa MOineHTa — conporaBJieHHe Hapoaa, nepexiiBuiero reHouHfl a
peuiHBiuero juisi ce6a, ^to 6o.nbuie oh He aacT coBepiuHTb Han coSofi noao6Horo
(to MyBCTBO, KOTopoe flBHacH^o eBpeflMH h no3Bonmio KpoxOTHOMy espeftcKOMy
rocyaapcTBy no6eaHTb rpoMaaHwe apa6cKne apMMH) h — BofiHa peao^iounoHHOH,
HapoflHoK apMHH, nofloSnaa BoiiHaM apMHH (ppaHuy3CKofi peBOJiKtuHH, 6nBUJieft
BoBcKa Bcefl EBponbi, h apMHH 60JibuieBHK0B, cpaxaBiueftca nporaB UBeia pyc-
CKoro o<pnuepCTBa, B03rjiaB^aeMoro JiynuiHMH pocchhckhmh reHepajiaMH, koto-
pbix aKTMBHO noanep>KHBaji ^yTb m He Becb MHp.

OflHaKO b HeieHCKOft no6eae, KaK h b Jiio6oti no6eae b ^ioSoh BOHHe, ecTb
,HBa acneKTa h OHa HyxnaeTca babohkom o6i>flCHeHHH — oSLacHeHMH chjih no-
6eflHBUieK CTopoHbi h cjia6ocTH npoHrpaBUiefl. rtoieMy HeMeHUbiTaKxopouio cpa-
acajiHCb, mh y>Ke CKa3ajiH. Ho noneMy TaK njioxo cpaacajiacb poccMftcKaa apMHa?
Ilpe»me Bcero, MOiUb cobctckoh apMHH, a poccuftcKaa — ee npaMaa Hacjiea-
HMua, MMeeroMeHb KocBeHHoe OTHomeHHe k BOflHaM THna poccHHCKO-HeneHCKOH,
aa h Boo6we K^io6biM peajibHbiM BoRHaM. BofiHa, ana KOTOpoii OHa co3flaBanacb —
3to «3cxaTOJionmecKaa» BofiHa co BceM mhpom, KOTOpaa TaK HHKoraa h He HacTy-
nHJia. B HeKOTopoM poae axa apMHa 6w^a ieM to Bpoae erHneTCKoii nnpaMMflbi —
^yaOM, C03flaHHbtM ueHoR HeBepoaTHbix ycwjiHti Hapoaa h rocynapcTBa, ho He
HMeioiUHM HHKaKoro «npaKTHiecKoro» 3HaqeHHa. npH3BaHHaa caejiaTb CCCP He-

14

CaMbiK TpyAHbiH HaptA aa« Pocchh

ya3BHMUM, 3Ta apMHH Haaeae CTana BaxHeftiuefi npHHMMOH ero ra6ean, nocKoawcy
coaaaHne ee' noaopBajio Bee chjim crpaHH (raK ace KaK b cbo£ BpeMs coaaaHwe nw-
paMHfl ncyiopBajio chjih ErHnTa /IpeBHero uapcTBa). Koraa xe aeao aoiujio no pe-
anbHovi bohhm, BbiacHHaocb, 4TO npeaHa3HaieHHaa arca MHtpoaonmecKOH acxa-
TOJiorHiecKofi bohhm apMHfl b Heft aeftcTBOBaTb He yMeeT, a ca\io<: ocHOBHoe ee
opyacwe — BCfljcne BoaopoaHbie h aTOMHue 6om6h h 6ajuiHCTH4ecK^e paice™ arcs
me npocro He HyacHbi.

BTOpaa BaiKHeKiuaa npMHHHa, KOTOpaa aHajin3HpyeTCH b cTarbe A. JlnBeHa, —
3to counajibHbie h KyjibTypHbie npoueccbi, npoHCXoasiUHe b Pocchh , KaK H bo bcSm
pa3BHTOM hjih xotb 6w «OTH0cme^bHO pa3BHTOM» Mwpe h aejiaiomHe Pocchkj He
cnocoSHOH Bee™ bohhu, Tpe6y>oiune nanpaaceHHa Bcexcwi h npeanoaaraiomHe
SojibiiiHe jnoacKwe ncnrepH (bo bcakom onynae, ecaH sto — He o6cipOHHTejibHbie
bohhm). MajieHbKaa poifmaeviocTb yBejiHVHBaeT ueHHOdb Hejioee'iecKOii jkh3hh
h MBTepn eflHHCTBeHHoro pe6eHKa totobu Ha Bee, HToSbi He noaBepi-atb ero XH3Hb
onacHOCTH.KpoMeToro, ropoacKoft napeHb, npHBbiKiiiHH KOTHOCMTejibHOMyKOM-
4>opTy, He cnoco6eH ciiokohho BbiaepsoiBaTbTaroTbi h jiHmeHHH «Tpaanu,HOHHOH»
boKhh. CIIIA HayiMJiMCb bbcth bohhm hobofo rana, KaK b Kocobo, rae npeBOC-
xoflCTBO B BOopyaceHHH npHBeao KTOMy, mto ohm BbiwrpajiH BofiHy, >ie noTepaB hh
oflHoro coaaaTa. Ho Pocchh — He CDJA, a Hews — He Kocobo, rue CIIIA npo-
THBOcTOaJi (eaiiH Tatcoe cjiobo 3aecb npHMeHHMo) He BoopyaceHHuft Hapoa, a pe-
ryjiapHaa cepScKaa apMHa.

TpeTba npuHHHa, KaK a BTopaa, Taitsce CBH3aHa c MOTHBamieH h oco6eHHOc-
T3MH «ieaoBeiecKoro MaTepHana», ho ysce He o6iuhmh ana Bcex CTpaH onpeaejieH-
Horo ypOBHH pasBHTHa, a cneuHctiH'iecKH pocchhckhmh. HHKaKofi uenHOCTHofr,
HfleHHOii MOTHBauHM y pocchmckoh apMHH He SbiJio. «3amHra KOHcrHTyuHOHHoro
CTpoa», (i.e. KOHCTHTyiiHH 1993 roaa, caeaaHHoft EnbiiHHbiM ana CEoero yaoBcTBa
h npHHaToft Ha pecpepeHayine, nrorn Koxoporo Bbi3biBaK>T «HeKoropbie cowiHe-

HH3») — JI03yHr, KOTOpblH HHKOrO BflOXHOBHTb He MOT «BejIHHHe 11 UejIOCTHOCTb

Pocchh» — raK ace. M6o noarce toto, KaK poccHMCKaa BJiacTb caMa pacnycTHJia
CCCP, BoenpHHHMaBLUHfica 6ojibiUMHCTBOM pyccKnx KaK«CBoe» rocyaapcTBo, 3a-
BoesaHHe HeMHH — HecoMHeHHO, 3Ha4MTejibHO 6o^ee Myamoti ana Pocchh CTpa-
hw, H6M, HanpHMep, BbiTOJiKHyraa b He3aBHCMMocTb EejiopyccHH — BoenpHHHMa-
jiocb Ua b 3HaHHTejibHOH Mepe h 6biJio) a6cypaoM. K 3TOMy Haao npHQaBHTb
npeaejibHyro KoppyMnnpoBaHHocrb pocchhckoh BepxyuiKH, b tom ^HCJie m apMeii-
ckoH; o KOTopofi cojraaTbi h paaoBbie ocjmuepbi He MOr^H He 3H3Tb h KOTopaa, ec-
TeciBeHHO, He BaoxHOB.na.na hx Ha bohhckhc noaBHra h caMonoacepTBOBaHHe.

OTcioaa — nojtHoe OTcyrcTBHe mothbob, KOTopue mofjih 6bi no6yaHTb ^k>-
aen necTHO h aoSpocoBeCTHo BoeBaTb, Bceo6mee HexejiaHHe pwcKOBaTb >KH3Ha-
mh, (r.e. nonpocxy — TpycocTb, w6o TpycocTb, KaK a xpa6pocrb — siB^eHwa b rpo-
MaflHOfi Mepe, ecxrw He npeacae Bcero — counajibHbie h naeoxiorHHecKHe),
KOMneHCHpyiomHecaiKecTOKOCTbio. HwKaKoe npeBocxoacTBO BTexHHKe h hhcuch-
hocth ne Morao socno^HHTb MopajibHyro caa6ocTb.

15

Amhtphm pyPMAH

B coBpeineHHofi leqeHCKOR h pocchhckoh hctophh mm bcS BpeMa MOaceM
BHaeTb «neHajibHyio awajieKTHKy* (nan aficypflHOCTb) >iejiOBeHecKHX aeHCTBHii.
CoBCTCKO-poccHfiCKHH cxpax rrepea MeieHCKHM BOJibHO^K>6MeM m HenoicopHoc-
n>K> Beaer k neKcTBHAM, KOTopwe Ha cainoM aejie hx KyjibTHBHpyioT. ApMHH, Ha
KOTOpyio rocyaapcTBOM 3aTpaieHbi HeMeaoBeqecKHe ycHana, hmchho noaTOMy
OKa3biBaeTca oahhm H3 cpaKTopoB, npHBeauiMX rocyaapcrso KrH6ean h, Koraaaeao
soxoAHTflo peanbHOH BOfiHbi, OKa3biBaerca He cnoco6H0H ee sec™. Bee «nepexo-
flHT b cbok) npOTHBonojioxHOCTb». To ace caMoe npH30iuno h y neneHueB c hx no-
6eaoa. <DaHTaCTniecKaa rro6eaa b BOHHe ecxecTBeHHO nepeuijia b KonoccajibHoe
«nopaxeHHe» HesHH b MHpe.

B pe3yjitTaTe boAhw ^eveHuw He nonyMn;in HHHero, KpOMe pa3opeHHOH h H3-
MyneHHofl CTpaHW. MeacayHapoaHoro npH3HaHHa ohh HeaoBHjmcb h b 6jinxati-
iiiHfl HCTOpHHecKHft nepnoa He zioSbioTCfl. 3KOHOMHiecKoe no.noac.eHHe m *cH3Hb
npocTbix JHoaevi 3aecb — yacacHW h 6ecnpocBeTHbi (cm. CTaTbio 3. AjibTaMHpOBoft).

Tpyn,Hoe (cjiobo «TpyaHoe» — cjimijjkom cjiaSoe) nanoaceHHe nocjieBOCHHOfi
He^HH b rpoMajHoii Mepe He 3aBHCHT ot HeneHueB. JI1060H Hapoa, nepeacHBuiHii
Tasyio BoftHy, aoaro h My^HTenbHo BOCCTaHaBJiMsaa 6bi csoe X03aftcrB0 h Sopoaca
c pa3ryji0M npeCTynHOCTH (pyccKOMy HHTaTeaio ctoht 3aaaTb ce6e sonpoc — KaKwe
6bi pa3Mepw npHHAJia npecTynHOCTb b Pocchh, ecaw 6h MocKsa aexaaa b TaKHx
xe pa3BajiHHax, KaK Fpo3Hbift h ecjiw 6h pyccKHM noaywHTb paSoTy, 3a KOTopyio njia-
thjih 6h aeHbrH, gbijio 6h Tas xe Tpyn.HO, KaK MeieHuaM). HHKaKofi cenapaTMCT-
ckhh peacHM, aaxe BbiHipaBuiHfl BoflHy, He 6bui 6bi npH3HaH mhpobum cooSmecr-
bom, noKa era He npH3Haer ra CTpaHa, k OTaeaeHHK) ot Koxopoft oh CTpeMHTca (o
MesKflyHapoaHO-npaBOBbix npo6jieMax HeiHH cm. CTaTbio C. HHcreH-Xaapajia). Ho
oneHb MHoroe b nenaabHOM nojioaceHHn nocaeBoeHHOH Hchhh o6i>aCHaeTca aefi-
CTBHeM HMeHHo Tex (JjaicropoB, KOTopwe npMBejiH MeneHueB k BoeHHoft no6eae.

npeaeae Bcero — 3>to to see caMoe HeneHCKoe «BoabHoaio6He» h HeaxaaHHe
noflHHHSTbca BHeuiHett h npHHyaHTeabHoii, rocyaapcTBeHHoft, BJiacrw, KOTopoe
nepeHOCHTCs c lyacoft, pocchhckoh h Ha cboki co6cTBeHHyio BjiacTb. Bo BpeMa
ROHHti HeneHUbi repoHMecKH H3o6pa»cajiH npaBHJibHo opraHM30BaHHwe rocyaap-
ctbo h apMHio — co cbommh npe3HfleHTpM, BHtie-npe3HfleHTOM, reHUJTa6oM h ko-
MaHayioiuHMH <J)poHTaMH. Ho KaK To^bKO BofiHa KOHiHJiacb, MeMeHCKHfi «aHap-
XH3M» BHOBb Bbiuieji Hapyaiy. ripn 3T0M oh Bbiujeji ycyrySjieHHbifl ecTecTBeHHbiMH
noc^eacTBHAMH peBOJiiouHM h boKhh, BbiHecuieK Ha noBepxHocTb h cae^aBiijeR
no^HTHMecKofi 3^htoh couwaJibHbie cjtoh h couwajibKbie THnw, cnoco6Hbie Boe-
Barb h no6eamaTb, ho oienb inajio cooTBeTCTByromHe 3ajiaHe nocTpoenna HOpMajib-
Horo aeecnoco6HOro rocyaapcTBa. H3 lIIaMMJiH Bacaesa caeJiaTb MHHHCTpa m 3a-
CTaBHTb ero nofliHHHTbca 3aHHMaiomHM Bbictune ao^acHOCTH 6biBiriHM
copaTHHKaM no 6opb6e (TaKHM xe, KaK oh, h aaxe MeHee 3HaMeHHTHM, >ieM oh,
nojreBbiM KOMaHawpaM) bo mhoto pa3 TpynHee, npHHMMaa bo BHHMaHHe icieH-
ckjto ncHxonorHK), weM caejiarb napTHHHOro 6iopoKpaTa H3 KaKoro-HH6yab repoa
Hauieti rpajKaaHCKoti bohhu Bpoae ManaeBa. EoabuieBHKH oTHocHTejibHo jierKo
cnpaBiuiHCb co cbohmh «nojieBWMH KoiuaHUHpaMHw — BO-nepBbix, noroMy, 4to ohh
HMejTH ae^o c HapoaoM c coBepmeHHo hhoh, neM Me^eHCKasi, ncMxojiorHeft, cno-

16

CaMbIM TpyAHblH HapOA JAH POCCMM

co6hhm k CTpauiHOMy 6yHTy, ho b uejioM npHBbiKiiiHM noBHHOBaTbcs anacTH, h
BO-BTopbix, noTOMyqToonHpa^HCb Ha MomHyw TOTajiMTapHyio nn.eo.no rwro h uns-
ojiorHMecKyio opraHH3auHio, MacxaaoB HMeeTAejio c wapoaoM, npHBMtuiHM boc-
npHHHMaTb rocyaapcTBO KaK lyxyio h BpaaweoHyio CHjry, h He HiweeT TOTajiHTap-
Hofi Hfleojioran h nap-ran. noMeiuaTb Bacaesy coBepuiaTb «ra3aBaT» MacxaaoBy
npaKTHnecKH HeBO3M0XHo. YBHTh ero? Ho ajih leneHua Boofime Me r raK npocTO
y6nTb leieHiia, a 3aecb peib hhBt He npocTO o leieHue, a o repoe bohhh, xhboh
'jierenne, h KpOMe xoro, CMepTH BacaeB He 6ohtc3. ApecTOBaTb? Ho 3ro — to xe
caMoe, y5HTb Aaace npome. A npHKa3aM oh npocTO He noA^HHaeTca.

MajioKyjibTypHaa (6y#eM Ha3biBaTi> Benin cbohmh HMeHaMH), o^eHb njioxo
noHHMaiomaH, KaKycTpoeH weneHeHCKHfi* mhp, h He3Haiomaa, icaKpeuiaTb rpaH-
aH03Hbiew 3aji,a<iK, cToamwe nepeA Heft, coBpeMeHHaa leieHCKaa noLHTHiecKaa
3JinTa MeiercH. H, lyBCTBya, hto nocTpoenne «HOpManbHoro» npaBOBoro asmo-
KpaTHHecKoro rocyuapcTBa hhkbk He nojiyHaeTca, ona cyaopoxHO HiueT KaKoii-
to cmibHoii, TOTEuiHTapHott nneojiornH.(CM. cTarbio JI.BaxaeBa) IlpoefTM bhabh-
raioTCfl caMbie 3K30TH4ecKwe, Bpoae hhcto «noapocTKOBoro» npoeicra HeneHCKoro
<})auiH3Ma. Ho rjiaBHoe HanpaBJienife ctohckob — hcjism h iuapnai\ Ec;ih npocto
TaK ^eqeHuy oveHb rpyaHO Ka3HHTb hah nocaHMTb b TKipbMy flpyroro veneHua, to
Moacer 6brrb, sto 6yn;eT caeJiaTb jierne, ecjw Bee 3fo 6yaeT cosepwaTica no BOJie
Ajuiaxa. Ecjih coTpyAHHKOB roc6e3onacHOCTH neieHeu MoaceT noonarb Kyaa no-
flajibiue, to MoxeT oh SyaeT HcnMTbiBaTb pejiHrH03Hbifi nneTeT nepea coTpyAHH-
KaMH «uiapnaTCKofi 6e3onacHocTn»?

Ho h 3T0T nyrb — KpaftHe TpyaeH. Mm yare He rosopiiM o HecooTBetCTBHH
apeBHero uiapwaTCKoro 3aK0HOAaTe/ibCTBa h coBpeMeHKHM npasOBMM n pHHuiinaM,
h neieHCKOMy BOJibHOJiiooHio. Ho HcnaM b He^He — juaneico He mohojiht. B MeiHe
MHoro conepHM4aK)mHx cycpHHCKHx bhpaob. HHTepnpeTaiiHH uuapnaTy aaroTca ca-
Mbie pa3Hbie (BiuiOTbflo o6t»BJieHHa HCTopHiecKoro uiapnaTa apa6cKHMH njieMen-
hwmh oSwsaHMH, anjieMeHHbix o6biiaeB neneHueB — mcthhhmm uiapnaTOM), a Ha
ropH30HTe MaaHHT onacHOCTb my6oKoro pacKOJia Mexny ochobhhm cycpHiiCKHM
HanpaBJieHHeM HcaaMa h npoHUKaromuM 4epe3 nocpeflCTBO pa3JiHHHbix SjTHXHe-

BOCTOHHWX ueHTpOB «<i>yHAaMeHTajIH3MOM» H CayflOBCKHM Baxxa6ti3MCM.

HeieHUbi ceftqac cioiOHHbi, mto Bno^He ecrecTBeHHO, BKneTb 3a cbohmh 6e-
AaMH «poccMfiCKHe cneucny>K6bi» > «H3pan^bCKHe cneucjiy>K6bi» (cefinac b HeHHe
o^eHb pacnpocTpaHewbi MH(J)OJiorHHecicHe npeflCTaB^eHHa 06 H3pan^bCKHX cneu-
cjiyxGax m BOo6me bcbkhx chohhctckhx npoHCKax) h t.a. Ho xora, mojkct 6biTb,
KaKMe-TO BHemHHe cmjih HeiHe co3HaT6AbHO BpeaaT (HesOTOpbie neqeHCKne y6Mii-
cTBa h noxHiueHwa BbinnaaaT, AeHCTBHTeabHO, oneHb noao3pHTejibHo), raaBHbift
hcto<jhmk neneHCKHX 6en — caMo leneHCKoe o6mecTBO (k2lk r^aBHbiii hcto4hhk
pyccKHX 6ea — pyccicoe). Bee HeMeHCKne npoGjieMbi ynwpaiOTca b OAHy — Tpyg-
HocTb co3flaHna b HeHHe ynopaao^eHHoro npaBOBoro rocyAapcTBa, TpyaHocTb,
CBa3aHHyio c niy6oKHMH oco6eHHOCTaMH HeHeHCKoii KynbTypw, npnn:M tcmm ynt
caMMMH oco6eHHOCTaMH, KOTopwe cuejiajiH MeieHueB raKHM xpa6pbiM h CTpam-
hwm ana Bpara HapoaoM. HeqeHCKHe Sejbi — 3to Te MeneHCKne «HeaocTaTKM»,
KOTopbie cyrb npoaojDKeHMa leneHCKHX «flocTOHHCTB». IloaTOMy, KaK 6m He cjio-
xHJiacb AanbHeftmaa hctophb HeHHM, ny*n> k npaBOBOMy rocyaapcTBy leneHuaM
npeacTOHTflOjirHii vt MymTejibHwii.

17

AMHTpHH <1>YPMAH

Uejib Hamefl khh™ — nonbrraTbca xoTb HeMHoro nonaTb Heimo, a He aa-
BaTb <jeneHuaM hjih pocchhckhm aeaTejiaM KaKne-jtn6o coBeTbi. H ecjin Mbt pobo-
pHM, hto «MeMeHuaM npeacTOHT» HeKHft nyrb k. npaBOBOMy rocyuapcTBy, sto — He
cobcthjih npH3biBTaKoe rocyjiapcTBo crpoHTb, a KOHCTaTauwa 4>aicra. H6o nocr-
poeHHe TaKOro rocynapcTBa — sto o6T>eicrHBHaa uejib, He crpeMHTbca k KOTopoii
neneHCKoe oSmecTBO He Moacer, KaK oho He MoaceT He crpeMHTbca h KflpyriiM B3a-

HMOCBJI3aHHbIM C 3T0H 3aflaHaM — B03BpaiUeHHK> 3MHipaUHH, B KOTopofi ceHHac

OKa3a^ncb jiioflH, Haw6o^ee ueHHbie juia HenHH b yaioBHax Mupa, yperyrapoBa-
hhk> oTHomeHHH c PoccneH h o6peTeHHK> cxa6HJibHoro MexayHapoaHO npaBOBO-
ro CTaTyca. flaace ecjiH 0Tica3aTbca Ha KaKoe-TO Bpeina ot peiiieHiia sthx 3aaa% ace
paBHO ohh ocTaHyrcH h bcS paBHO k hum BepHyTca.

H 3th o6i.eicrHBHbie leieHCKHe npoSjieMH — ojwoBpeMCHHO h o&beKTHBHbie
npo6JieMM Pocchh h MHpoBOro coo6mecTBa b ucjiom. Cy6i>eKTHBHO — poccHfi-

CKHe nOJIHTHKH MOiyr 6bITb JIBHJKHMbI B OTHOUieHHH HeHHH CaMMMH pa3HbIMH H
npOTHBOpeHHBHMM HMIiyJtbCaMH H pyKOBOflCTBOBaTbCH CaMMMH pa3HHMH coo6-
paxeHHflMH H npeflCTaBJieHHHMH — H 3J10CTbK}, BbI3BaHHOH yHHJKeHHeM, HCnbl-

TaHHMM Poccwefi; h apxawvecKHMH, ho o^eHb xapaicrepHbiMH rub pocchhckoh
BepxyuiKM npeflCTaBneHHaMH, hto aejiMHHe rocysapcTBa Hepa3pbiBH0 CB33aHO c
xeM, cKOJibKO (aaxe hhcto <J>opM£uibHo) y Hero TeppwTopHH m CKOJibKO HapoAOB b
Hero bxoaht; h Bno;iHe pauHOHajibHbiMH CTpaxaMH, hto cpopMajibHO h npH3HaHHo
He3aBHCHMaa, ko He «ycnoKOHBiiiaaca», He HMeiomaa CTa6nnbHoro h ynopaaoieH-
Horo rocyaapcTBeHHoroycTpOHCTBa, 4eHHa SyaeTeme 6ojibLUMM hctohhhkom 6ec-
noKoiicTBa, Hern cefiqac; h Boo6me — ^eM yronHO. Ho, o6-beKTHBHO — Heypery-
jiwpOBaHHbie OTHomeHwa c HeHHefi h HeyperyjinpoBaHHbie oTHOiueHHa b HeHHe
(h BOoSme Ha CeBepHOM KaBKa3e) — oaho H3 BaatHbix npenaTCTBMH Ha nyrw npe-
upameHHH Pocchh b HopMajibHyio h npouBeTaiomyio fleMOKpaTHHecicyto crpaay,
ojihh H3 acneiCTOB pocchhckoh cjia6ocrn. H eoiH 6m flaxe npeacraBHTb ce6e, ito
mh KaKHM-TO nyaOM, co6paBU]ncb c cmiaMH, cinorjiM 6bi He4HK) noflMHHHTb h BBe-
cth ee B <PeflepauHio, 3to TOJibKO ynoaooHJio 6w Pocchhd lejiOBeKy, b Tejie koto-
poro HaxoflHTca 6oM6a c HacoBWM MexaHH3MOM, KOTOpaa 4epe3 KaKoe-To Bpeina
o6a3aTejibHo B30pBexca. DiaBHaa 3aaaHa Pocchh b Me^ne vs Ha KaBKa3e, b uejioM, —
3to oTHKWb He yaepacaHHe hx jho6oh ueHofl h He coxpaHeHHe HeonpeaejieHHoro,
HpeBaTOro B3pbisaMH cTaTyc-KBO, a nocTpoeHHe 3flecb acH3Hecnoco6Horo neMOKpa-
THiecKoro o6mecTBa, mhpho cocymecTByiomero c PoccHevi. 3aflana — 6ecKOHei-
ho TpyflHaa h craTyc MeHHH npn stom — aejio BTOpocreneHHoe h ueHHOCTb «hh-
CTpyMeHTJUibHaa*. Oco3H3HHe 3toh 3aaaHH h btoh wepapxHH npMopHTeTOB npHfleT
eme He ckopo. Ho HeH36e»tHO npHfleT.

Koraa Hama KHHra 6biJiay3Ke roTOBa, pa3pa3HJiacb HOBaa poccHticKO-ieMeH-
csaa BOftHa. Ho Mbi peuiw^H ociaBHTb Becb TescT, BKJHOHaa BBeaeHHe, b era nep-
BOHasajibHOH, «aoBoeHHoR 4>opMe».