. I. Crow ley
University of Maine
Orono, Maine
SANSKRIT READER:
WITH VOCABULARY AND NOTES
BY
CHARLES ROCKWELL LANMAN
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE (ACADEMIE DES INSCRIPTIONS
ET BELLES-LETTRES), ETC., PROFESSOR OF SANSKRIT AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY
FIRST EDITION, SIXTH ISSUE
BOSTON
GINN AND COMPANY
1912
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1888, by
C. R. LANMAN,
in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
TYPOGRAPHY OF THE TEXT BY TYPOGRAPHY OF THE
GEBRUDER UNGER, VOCABULARY AND NOTES BY
SCHONEBERGER STRASSE, 17A, J. 8. GUSHING & CO.,
BERLIN, SW. BOSTON, MASS.
Annsx
PK
TO MY TEACHERS,
WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY
OF YALE COLLEGE,
ALBRECHT WEBER
OF THE UNIVERSITY OF BERLIN,
AND
RUDOLF ROTH
OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TUBINGEN,
IN TOKEN OF THANKS AND AFFECTION.
2047520
PKEFACE.
THE results of comparative philology are now so generally incorporated
into our modern classical grammars, lexicons, and text-books, that even a
slight knowledge of Sanskrit, if it be accurate so far as it goes, is of great
service to the classical teacher in making his instruction interesting and
effective. As independent disciplines, moreover, Sanskrit and comparative
philology, and the literatures and religions of India, are constantly gaining
in importance, so that, for example, Sanskrit is now taught at all but one of
the twenty universities of the German Empire.
The design of this work, then, is twofold. In the first place, it is to
serve as an introduction to these subjects for the students of our colleges
and universities. The excellent Chrestomathy of BOEHTLINGK has no
vocabulary ; and few persons can be expected to buy the costly dictionaiy
of WILLIAMS or that of BOEHTLINGK AND ROTH, at the outset, when the} 7
are uncertain whether Sanskrit will be of sufficient interest or use to them
to warrant their continuing its study. What the beginner needs is an
elementary work comprehending both text and vocabulary in a single
volume. And accordingly, this Reader is meant to furnish ample material
for about fifty weeks' reading, in a course of three hours a week, and,
with the text, the appropriate lexical apparatus. The Reader is made as
a companion- volume to WHITNEY'S Sanskrit Grammar, and these two books
supply all that is needed for the first year's study.
This Reader is designed, in the second place, to render a knowledge of
Sanskrit accessible to the classical teachers of high-schools, academies, and
colleges. These teachers, if they pursue this study at all, usually do so
without the aid of an instructor. And it is especially the requirements of
unaided private study that I have taken constant pains to meet. I state this
fact thus explicitly, because, both here at Cambridge, and during my con-
nection with the Johns Hopkins University (where the plan for this work
was formed) , numerous inquiries for such a book have been addressed to me
by persons very remote from any of the higher institutions of learning.
If, incidentally, this work should help to correct some of the false
notions which are prevalent respecting the relations of Sanskrit to other
languages of the Indo-European family, and to save the literature from
undue depreciation and from exaggerated praise, it will have served a
worthy object.
So cumbrous or so meagre have been hitherto the appliances for acquiring
even a moderate knowledge of Sanskrit, that classical students, when seeking
such knowledge as an auxiliary to their special work, have found the labor
discouragingl}' great. These students unquestionably have a legitimate and
sufficient reason for undertaking Sanskrit, and I venture to hope that the
difficulties of the beginning (see p. xv) have been so materially lessened
that they will now find even a modicum of Sanskrit well worth the trouble of
attainment.
In making my selections 1 from the various Sanskrit writings, I have had
two practical aims in view : first, to provide abundant material for thorough
drill in the language of the classical period ; and, secondly, to furnish a
brief introduction to the works of the Vedic period, Mantra, Brahmana,
and Sutra. Accordingly I have not sought to give any thing new, but
rather that which is best suited for beginners. The easy Nala is the
Xenophon's Anabasis of Sanskrit students, and quotations from it appear
very often in the grammars. And the first five chapters here given form a
complete story. For an elementary reader, the Hitopadea is unrivalled,
and to leave it out would have been an inexcusable omission, unless, indeed,
its place were taken by the Panchatantra. From this latter work I attempted
to prepare some selections ; but the text is in so unsatisfactory a condition,
that I relinquished the plan. And so, although the Hitopadega has been
printed very often, I have given a considerable part 2 of it here, choosing the
fables on the ground of their intrinsic excellence and their interest as
originals of well-known occidental stories. 3 For similar reasons the six
tales from the Katha-sarit-sagara were selected. On account of their easy
style and simple narrative, they furnish admirable matter for exercise in rapid
reading. The selections from " Manu" are so made as to illustrate some of
the most important and interesting matters of Hindu custom and belief. 4
Among the Vedic hymns (or Mantra-material) are, first, some of the
easiest 5 ; then some taken on account of their poetic 6 or dramatic 7 merit, or
1 These include 68 pages of classical San- which was appealed to as scriptural author-
skrit and 37 pages of Vedic Sanskrit. ity for the practice of widow-burning. Com-
2 Nineteen fables : there are forty-three pare also the notes on 28 28 , 57 3 , and 65 9 ff.,
in all. with those on 65 6 , 91 16 , and 97 2 respec-
8 See the introductions to the fables in tively.
the Notes. 5 Such are selections xxxi. (Rigveda i.l),
4 Compare the table of contents. The xxxiii., xxxviii., xxxix., xli., xlv.,xlvi., andlix.
text-selections are intended to be mutually 6 Selection xxxii. is the best,
illustrative as far as may be. Thus the 7 Selections xxxv., xxxvii., and Ivi. are in
passage 64 8 ff. is given for its interesting dramatic form (see WHITNEY, page xviii).
bearing on Rigveda x.18.7 (86 n ), the verse and are among the most difficult.
[v]
their ethical interest l ; and finally some taken because of their historical im-
portance. 2 For the most part, a repetition of the hymns given by DELBRUECK
and by BOEHTLINGK in their Chrestomathies has been avoided. The
Brahmana pieces are chosen in such a way as to show the relation of this
kind of literature to the hymns or Mantras. 3 The selections from the
Grihya-sutras are the two most interesting chapters of Indian private
antiquities, the wedding and the burial service. These texts are, to a
certain extent, rubrics, and prescribe that numerous specified stanzas of
the Rigveda be repeated at these ceremonials. Care has therefore been
taken that all the stanzas here cited by their first words should be given
in full among the selections from the hymns. 4
Concerning the text, little need be said. It would have been either
folly or idle pretense to make elaborate text-studies for the short extracts
of which the Reader is composed. 5 I have accordingly contented myself,
in the main, with reprinting the text of the best editions. Misprints have
of course been corrected, and I have endeavored to make the orthography
conformable to the best standard 6 and consistent throughout. 7 Of some
slight emendations, due mention will be made in the Notes. For the Nala,
I followed the edition of BUEHLER in his Third Book of Sanskrit 8 ; for
the Hitopadega, the text of BOEHTLINGK in the second edition of his
Chrestomathy, 8 and MUELLER ; for the Katha-sarit-sagara, BROCKIIAUS ;
and for " Manu," LOISELEUR DESLONGCHAMPS. I regret that the results
of the studies of BUEHLER, BURNELL, HOPKINS, and JOLLY on the text of
" Manu" are not yet available.
1 Such are the Varuna-hymns, selections from Rigveda x. 9, 14, 16, 17, 18, 53, 154,
xliii.-xlv. and 155 (selections xlix.ff.), and i. 97 (selec-
2 Such are the hymns for the dead and tion xxxiv.). This last hymn is mere trash,
the wedding-hymn ; likewise selection xxxvii., and would not have been included among
and selection xxxvi. (which contains the the texts, had not A9walayana (at iv.6.18)
Savitri). Selection Ixii. is the Maitrayani prescribed that it be used as a burial-hymn ;
version of the Hiranya-garbha hymn, Eig- but I could not allow room for the " Sun-
veda x. 121, and is given partly in order that hymns" (sauryani) and the "Blessings"
those who possess copies of the Rigveda (svasty-ayanani), which are also mentioned
may study the two versions comparatively, at iv.6.18.
3 Thus the Brahmana selections Ixvi., 5 See A. WEBER, Indische Studien, ii. 151.
Ixvii., Ixviii., and Ixxii. stand in connection G Especially in the use of anusvara and of
with the Mantra selections Ivi., xlvii., Ixii., the nasal mutes, of b and of 5. I have
and xlvi. respectively. written ccb. where WHITNEY (see 227)
4 The stanzas required for the wedding writes ch.
ceremonial are given in selections Iviii., Ivii., 7 But some of the interesting orthograph-
and lv. From this the student will see why ical peculiarities of the Maitrayani Sanhita
there are some selections consisting of only I have allowed to stand,
one or two stanzas. The burial-stanzas are 8 See the " Brief List," page xvii.
[vi]
It is a pleasant duty to acknowledge my thanks to BOEHTLINGK, who, in
a way no less generous than unexpected, volunteered to look over all the
proofs of the classical part of the text. For the well-established and well-
edited Vedic texts, such help was of course not needed.
For the Rigveda, AUFRECHT'S second edition was made the standard.
For the selections from the Maitrayanl Sanhita, I am indebted to the kind-
ness of its editor, 1 Dr. LEOPOLD VON SCHBOEDER, of Dorpat. The extracts
from the Brahmanas naturally follow the editions of WEBER and AUFRECHT.
The chapters from Acwalayana are a reprint from STENZLER'S edition, witt
some unimportant t} T pographical licenses.
The vocabulary, it is almost needless to say, is based on the great Lex-
icon of BOEHTLINGK AND ROTH. I should of course deviate from it only
with the utmost circumspection ; but I trust that I have not followed it
slavishly.
As for the extent of the vocabulary, it is designed to be complete for
the text given in the Reader, and also, it may be added, for the text in the
Appendix to the Grammar.
It is proper to mention here several matters touching the general plan of
the vocabulary. It is not a mere list of the actually occurring Sanskrit
words with their English equivalents. So far as possible, it aims to do with
thoroughness two things :
First, as regards the forms, To enable the student to trace every word
back to its root, by giving references to WHITNEY'S chapters (xvi. and
xvii.) on word- formation, and by giving the root itself, and, in the case of
secondary and tertiary derivatives, the intermediate forms, even when these
do not occur in the text at all. Thus, for the complete explanation of
mithyopacara (p. 217), are given, first, mithya, then the older form thereof,
mithuya, 2 then the adjective mlthu from which the adverb is derived, and
finally the root mith, although neither the adverbs nor the adjective nor
an}- verbal form of the root occurs in the text. In like manner, car + upa
is given solely on account of upacara.
Secondly, as regards the meanings, To enable the student to trace every
signification back to the radical idea, b}* giving not only the meaning
required for translating a particular passage, but also, if this is a secondary
or tertiary or later meaning, the intermediate meanings, and in their logical
order of development. Thus the only meanings of the word pada, as it
1 He gave them to me in manuscript, attention drawn to the peculiar form and
before he himself began printing. accent of the adverb and will find the ex-
2 By looking out the reference to 1112e planation thereof,
(under mithu), the student will have his
[vii]
occurs in the text of this Reader, are ' foot' or ' leg,' in ten passages, and
'verse of a three- versed stanza,' in one passage (60 12 ). The history and
uses of the word may be clearly understood from BOEHTLINGK AND ROTH.
The original meaning ' foot ' was extended to that of ' leg ' ; then specialized
to the meaning ' limb of a quadruped ' ; then generalized to the meaning
'quarter' (as, conversely, the English word quarter is specialized to the
meaning 'fourth part of a quadruped, including a leg,' e.g., in quarter of
beef} ; once more it is specialized to the meaning ' quarter of a four- versed
stanza,' i.e. ' verse ' ; and then, at last, the use of the word is illogically
extended, and it is made to denote a verse of even a three- versed stanza.
To have given the meanings ' foot, leg, verse,' in three words, and perhaps
in the order ' verse, leg, foot,' would have sufficed, it is true, for the purpose
of making a translation ; but such translation demands of the student onl}'
the most thoughtless and mechanical labor. On the other hand, by in-
dicating briefly the development and connection of meanings, the attention
of the student is directed to the processes which are constantly going on
in the life and growth of language ; and thus, although Sanskrit is a dead
language, the study of Sanskrit may be made a study of life and growth.
The illustration of the transitions of meaning by analogies from the
English and other familiar tongues would, it seemed to me, greatly increase
the interest and usefulness of the vocabulary. And so, considerable space
has been devoted to this matter. Thus under vyama (p. 254, top) , ' a
stretch-out,' i.e. ' a fathom,' are adduced the closely parallel English fathom,
from Anglo-Saxon /ceSm, ' the extended arms,' and also opyvid and French
toise, both meaning ' fathom,' and of common origin respectively with 6/>eyw
and Latin tender e, ' stretch.' 1
In a book intended partly for persons whose chief interest in Sanskrit
is from the side of its relations to the classical languages and to our mother-
tongue, etymological comparisons are plainly called for. Accordingly, the
kindred words from the Greek, Latin, Anglo-Saxon, and English have been
given, 2 and alwa}*s along with their meanings. It is hoped that these com-
parisons, presenting, as they do, many familiar words with which the learner
can associate what is new and strange, will prove a useful aid to the mem-
ory. Et} T mology is a subject in which there is large room for reasonable
1 For other parallels, compare, for exam- to find how these words are parallel in
pie, abharana, barhis, bhavana, vanga, specialization and metaphor. On this sub-
varna. Sometimes the understanding of ject in general, compare CURTIUS, Grund-
the parallelism depends on a knowledge ziige b , pp. 111-116, and BRINKMANN, Die
of the etymology of an English word ; thus Metaphern, Bonn, 1878.
under root nud + vi, are adduced the Eng- 2 To give them without their meanings
lish di-vert, dis-port, and s-port, and a refer- and without showing the connection of
ence to SKEAT'S dictionary or to WEBSTER'S ideas is, for an elementary book, a useless
may be necessary for the student, in order task.
[viii]
difference of opinion on matters of detail, and on such matters well-recognized
authorities often disagree. I have tried to use the standard works of refer-
ence in the light of the best and latest etymological criticism at my command,
and to distinguish with care between what is certain and what is mere conjec-
ture. In the revision of the greater part of my manuscript for the press, I
had the benefit of KLUGE'S valuable dictionary. 1 His acceptance of the cur-
rent comparisons has often given me assurance, and his sober judgment has
often confirmed me in scepticism or silence on doubtful points. In the
numerous cases where the undoubtedly allied words are too many to be
given in full, I have usually selected those forms which were the simplest
or the most interesting, or those whose kinship was clearest. 2
These comparisons include only genuinely cognate words, as distinguished
from borrowed words ; the latter have as a rule been excluded, or, if given,
have been characterized as borrowings. 3 Thus eras, Latin sen-ex, and
English sen-green are given on page 266, all as genuine cognates of sana;
the words senate, senator, senatorial, senescent, senile, senility, senior, sire,
sir, seigniorage, etc., are not mentioned, because they are not genuine
English cognates, but only more or less ancient borrowings or more or less
direct derivatives from the Latin. 4 So under the root srp (p. 276) are given
Latin serpens and reptilis, and it would be superfluous to add the borrowed
English serpent and reptile.
The accents of all words have been regularly marked in the headings of
the articles, so far as the accents are known from the occurrence of the
words in any accentuated texts of the literature. 5 But in addition to these
words, the verb-forms immediately following the root have been uniformly
accented, according to the rules, except in a few doubtful cases ; and a
number of compounds occurring on the pages of Nala have been accented,
1 Entitled Etymologisches Worterbuch der 6 For these accents I have relied on
deutschen Sprache. Strassburg, Karl J. BOEHTLINGK'S Sanskrit-Wdrterbuch in Kiirz-
Triibner. 1883. Royal 8. Price 10 Mark erer Fassung as far as it has appeared, i.e.
50 Pfennige. to the end of bh, and for the rest of the
2 Thus under sana (p. 266) might have alphabet, on the great thesaurus of BOEHT-
been given, in addition to Latin senex, the LINGK AND ROTH. There are many words
words senior, senectus, senilis, senesco, senator, accented in more than one way (e.g., rajya,
senatus, etc. ; but these are readily suggested rajyk, rajya, asana, asana, daridra, dar-
by senex. idra, daiva, daiva, bhuti, bhuti, vrsti,
8 Thus the interesting compound sene-schal vfsti, vend, v6nu) ; such have generally
is added under sana, not as a genuine Eng- been left unmarked ; but of a few common
lish cognate, but as a borrowing through words like manu, dvipad, pati, papa, and
the French from Continental Germanic, mati, the prevailing accent is given, espe-
where its first member is indeed a genuine cially, if (as in the case of bhrti or patrl)
cognate. the other accent is rare, or (as in the case
4 Compare note 2 , above. of gtiska) not authenticated.
[ix]
according to the rules, in order to make more tangible the difference between
homonymous determinatives and possessives. 1
What form should be given to the headings of articles is often a question.
For denominative verbs, I have chosen the stem-form (e.g., mantraya rather
than mantray) ; to this is prefixed the root-sign (V), merely in order to
catch the eye ; the sign must not be understood as meaning that such stems
are in any wise co-ordinate with roots. The stems of the perfect active
participle and of the primar}' comparatives are given as ending in vans and
yans, but without any implication that these are theoretically better than the
weaker forms. Roots with medial or final ar or r are given in the latter
form, and so are the stems in ar or r. 2
The synopses of conjugational forms which follow each verbal root are
based on the collections, still in manuscript, made by Professor WHITNEY. 3
These were placed at my disposal by him with the greatest kindness. They
include all the verb-forms cited by the St. Petersburg Lexicon and BOEHT-
LINGK'S Abridgment, as occurring in the actual literature, besides very
extensive gleanings made independently by Professor WHITNEY from texts
represented in the Lexicon, 4 and from others published since its completion, 5
or even not yet published. 6 In the description and classification of the forms,
I have followed WHITNEY. It often happens that there are several forms in
actual use for the same tense ; in such cases, the commonest one has been
given, or else the one prescribed by the Hindu Root-book (dhatu-patha) , or
sometimes more than one form. Although in the case of many roots the
uorist is confined almost exclusively to the Vedic language, I have neverthe-
less given the aorist in such cases in order to fill out the conjugational
scheme, since this seemed desirable from a pedagogical point of view. For
pedagogical reasons, also, the secondary conjugations have been for the
most part omitted. Many roots which are conjugated regularly in only one
voice show forms of the other voice in the Epos, especially where the metre
demands them. It is very difficult to say just how far such forms should
be included, and my course in accepting or rejecting them has been, I fear,
not wholly consistent.
The Notes, which form the third part of this work, will be issued as soon
as is practicable. It is designed that they shall be as brief as possible, but
shall render ample assistance in the interpretation of difficult passages and
1 Compare bhimaparakrama and bhima- * For example, the C/atapatha and Aita-
parakrama, p. 206. reya Brahmanas.
2 See WHITNEY, 107 and 108, and com- 5 Especially GARBE'S edition of Apastam-
pare 370. ba's Qrauta Sutra, and VON SCHROEDEK'S
8 See Proceedings of the American Oriental Maitrayani.
Society for May, 1882, p. xiii. 6 The Jaiminiya Brahmana.
M
the explanation of allusions to the antiquities of India. The plan includes
also concise literary introductions to the various selections.
An open acknowledgment of my thanks is due to the printers of the
vocabulary, Messrs. J. S. GUSHING & Co. They have performed their part
with such intelligence, accuracy, and skill as to merit most cordial
recognition.
In conclusion, I desire to make public expression of my gratitude to my
honored teacher, Professor WILLIAM D WIGHT WHITNEY, for his constant
interest in this undertaking and for his generous aid. I can only hope
that the book may do something to further the cause in which he has labored
long and devotedly, and that it ma} 7 help to enlarge the scope of classical
teaching, to quicken the interest in the history of our mother-tongue, and to
make Sanskrit study among us increasingly fruitful.
C. R. L.
HOLLIS HALL, HARVARD COLLEGE,
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS,
December, 1883.
NOTE TO THE FOURTH ISSUE (1903).
THE references to Whitney's Sanskrit Grammar which are given in Parts II. and
III. of this book are, I believe, absolutely correct throughout for the first edition
of the Grammar. The second edition of the Grammar did not appear until after the
plates for Parts II. and III. of the Reader were made. The section-numbers of
the second edition of the Grammar (see Whitney's Preface thereto) are substantially
unchanged from those of the first; but there are some slight alterations, notably
in the sequence from 98 to 108, and again in the sequence from 708 to 713
(whereby the references to the section on the important verb cru are thrown out
of gear). Occasionally, too, a statement has been taken from one section and put
into another and more appropriate section: thus the euphonic treatment of bhos
has been shifted from 176a to 174b. Moreover, the subsections are much
more thoroughly marked (with a, b, c, etc.) in the second edition. Users of the
second or third edition of the Grammar will often have to make a slight allowance
for these changes, seeking, for example, 844 8 under 844a, 371 12 under 371k, and
the like. It seemed hardly worth while to alter the plates to suit these changes ;
a little practical common sense will usually offset the apparent inaccuracy. Men-
tion of these matters has already been made by me below, in the Postscript, p. 405;
but as it seems usually to be overlooked there, I have thought it well to repeat the
mention in this more conspicuous place. C R L
JUNE, 1903.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Introductory suggestions xv
Brief list of books for students of Sanskrit ..... xvii
PART I.
A. From the Maha-bharata.
SELECTION
I. The story of Nala and Damayanti ....... 1
B. From the Hitopadec,a.
II. Preface and introduction 16
III. The old tiger and the traveller 20
IV. The deer and the crow, and the jackal ...... 23
V. The blind vulture, the birdlings, and the cat 27
VI. The ass, the dog, and the thief 30
VII. The lion, the mouse, and the cat 31
VIII. The crows and the serpent 31
IX. The lion, the old hare, and the well 32
X. The birds and the apes 33
XI. The ass in the tiger-skin 34
XII. The elephant, the hares, and the moon 35
XIII. The blue jackal 36
XIV. The two geese and the tortoise 37
XV. The three fishes 38
XVI. The herons, the serpent, and the ichneumons . . .39
XVII. The hermit, and the mouse that was changed to a tiger . . .40
XVIII. The heron, the fishes, and the crab 41
XIX. The Brahman and his jar 42
XX. The Brahman with the goat, and the three rogues . . . .43
XXI. The Brahman and his faithful ichneumon 44
C. From the Katha-sarit-sagara.
XXII. King Putraka and the seven-league boots 45
XXIII. Story of Mousey, the thrifty merchant 46
XXIV. King Qibi, the falcon, and the dove ....... 48
XXV. Story of Ahalya 48
[xii]
SELECTION
XXVI. The king who didn't know his Sanskrit grammar .
XXVII. The pathetic history of the stories
XXVIII. D. From the Manava-dharmac.astra.*
PAGE
. 49
. 53
56
6.
The four ages of the world
. 58
59
d.
65
XXIX.
68
Riddle
XXX.
Riddle
68
KV.
E. From the Rigveda.
XXXI.
i. 1
69
XXXJJ.
L32
Indra slays the dragon
. 70
XXXIII.
i. 50
To Surya, the Sun-god
. 71
XXXIV.
i. 97
To Agni .........
. 72
XXXV.
i. 165
Indra and the Maruts
. 73
XXXVI.
iii. 62
To Savitar ........
. 74
XXXVII.
iv. 42
Indra contests the supremacy of Varuna
. 75
XXXVIII.
iv. 52
To Ushas, the Dawn-goddess
. 75
XXXIX.
v. 24
To Agni
. 76
XL.
v. 40
Indra and Atri, and the Sun eclipsed by the demon
. 76
XLI.
vii. 55
Magic spells to produce sleep
. 77
XLIL
vii. 56
To the Maruts or gods of the storm-winds .
. 77
XLIII.
vii. 86
To Varuna
. 78
XLIV.
vii. 88
To Varuna
. 79
XLV.
vii. 89
To Varuna
. 80
XLVI.
viii. 14
To Indra. Indra and Namuchi ....
. 80
XL VII.
viii. 85
Indra and the Maruts, and Vritra ....
. 82
XLVIH.
viii. 91
To Agni
. 82
XLIX.
x. 9
To the Waters
. 83
L.
x. 14
Funeral-hymn .......
. 83
LI.
x. 16
Funeral-hymn
. 84
LII.
x. 17
Funeral-hymn ......
. 85
LIII.
x. 18
Funeral-hymn
. 86
LIV.
x. 33
The aged priest to the young prince . . .
. 87
LV.
x. 40
Wedding-stanza
. 88
LVI.
x. 52
The gods install Agni as oblation-bearer . .
. 88
LVH.
x. 53
Burial and wedding-stanzas
. SD
Lvm.
x. 85
89
LIX.
x. 137
90
LX.
x. 154
91
LXL
x. 155
, 91
* For detailed synopsis, see Notea.
[xiii]
F. From the Maitrayanl.
SELECTION PAGE
LXIL Hiranya-garbha. The god Ka or Who 91
LXIII. Legend of Yama and Yami. The creation of night . . .92
LXIV. Legend of the winged mountains ....... 92
LXV. The potency of the sacrifice ........ 93
G. Other Brahmana-pieces.
LXVI. Legend of Agni the oblation-bearer, and of the fish 93
LXVII. Legend of Indra and the Maruts, and Vritra ..... 94
LXVIII. Legend of Indra and the god Ka or Who 94
LXIX. The two kinds of deities, the gods and the Brahmans ... 94
LXX. Truth, untruth, and silence 95
LXXI. How the gods got immortality and how Death got his share . . 95
LXXII. Legend of Indra and Namuchi 97
LXXIIL Nirukta on KV. i.32.10, selection xxxii 97
H. From the Grihya-sutras.
LXXTV. Wedding-customs and the wedding-service 98
LXXV. The customs and ritual of cremation and burial . . 101
PART II.
Vocabulary Ill
Explanations and abbreviations ....... 289
List of abbreviations .... . , 293
PART III.
Notes .... c ..... . 297
raTKODUCTOKY SUGGESTIONS.
IT is chiefly at the beginning that the difficulties of Sanskrit present them-
selves. The variety of forms, the strange alphabet, the peculiarities of word and
sentence combination, all these simultaneously confront the student at the very
outset. Accordingly, the plan followed with my classes, and for which provision
is here made, is to distribute these difficulties over the first few weeks of the
course. The common paradigms of nouns and verbs should first be learned. These
are given by the Grammar in transliteration. The reading of the first four pages
of the N"ala in Roman letters should then be taken up. The Reader gives these in
transliteration on an inset conveniently facing the same text in nagarl letters. The
student may thus become familiar with the form and sound of the vocables, without
being embarrassed by the alphabet and the running together of the words. Next,
the same familiar text should be read aloud over and over again in nagarl letters.
I am convinced that the easiest way to master the alphabet is to read frequently
in it words which one already knows. The next step will be the reading of
pages five to nine without the help of a transliteration, but with the aid given
by the typographical separation of the words, which has been carried out so far as
is practicable, though in violation of Indian usage. Finally, from this point on,
the reading may be continued without other help for the difficulties of euphonic
and graphic combination than is offered by the notes.
After finishing the Nala, the student should take up the Hitopade9a. Selec-
tions xvii., xx., and xi. are very easy and are good to begin with. The remaining
short ones from vi. to xxi. may then follow in order ; and finally the long selections
ii. to v.
It is recommended that the student use the stories from the Katha-sarit-sagara
for exercise in rapid reading, as soon as he has acquired a f ah vocabulary from what
precedes. The passages from " Manu " may be read as they stand.
Of the Vedic selections, the easiest are numbers xxxi. (Rigveda i. 1), xxxiii.,
xxxviii., xxxix., xli., xlv., xlvi., and lix. ; and it is advisable to read these first
and in the order here mentioned. Selection xxxii., as being one of poetic merit and
not over-hard, may next be taken up, and after it, the Varuna-hymns, selections
xliii.-xliv. ; then the hymns in dramatic form, selections xxxv., xxxvii.,, and Ivi
[xvi]
After these, selections xxxvi., xl., xlii., xlvii., xlviii., liv., and Ixii. may be rapidly
read. There will then remain the selections for the burial-service, xlix.-liii., ML,
lx., Ixi., and xxxiv., and those for the wedding, Iviii., Ivii., and Iv. These may
properly be read last, in order that they may be fresh in the mind when reading the
Sutras, where constant reference is made to them.
The Brahmana pieces may be read in the order in which they are printed ; but
selections Ixvi., Ixvii., Ixviii., and Ixxii. ought not to be taken up, unless selections
Ivi., xlvii., Ixii., and xlvi. have previously been studied.
It is very undesirable to attempt to read the Sutra chapters until one is familiar
with the burial and wedding stanzas just mentioned. It is advisable to write out a
translation of these chapters, and to insert therein each mantra in its proper place,
writing out the original of the mantra in full, and its translation, the latter also in
metre, if possible.
Since the synopses following each verbal root in the vocabulary represent the
great mass of all the forms in actual use (rather than those simply prescribed by the
grammarians), and so correspond to the "principal parts" of the Latin and Greek
verbs, the student should make it his duty to learn the synopsis for each root when
he first meets verbal forms of that root in the text.
Attention is called to the explanations and abbreviations (pages 289-294)}
these should be looked over carefully before using the vocabulary.
A BRIEF LIST OF BOOKS FOR STUDENTS OF SANSKRIT,
THIS list has a purely practical aim, 1 and is restricted to a few of the
more important and useful books and 2 to such as are neither rare nor
out of print. It includes (a) a grammar, (6) readers, (c) dictionaries,
(d) classical works, books for the study (e) of the Rigveda and its litera-
ture, and (/) of the Atharvaveda, and last (g) some books on antiquities
and the history of the literature and the religions of India.
1. Whitney, William Dwight. A Sanskrit Grammar, including both the classical
language, and the older dialects, of Veda and Brahmana. Leipzig, Breitkopf
and Hartel. London, Trubner & Co. 1879. 8. Price (bound in cloth)
12 shillings.
This may be had in Boston of Ginn and Company. The work exists also in a German
translation, which may be had of the Leipzig publishers.
2. Biihler, Georg. Third Book of Sanskrit. With a glossary by Vishnu P.
Shastri Pandit. Second edition. Bombay. 1877. 12. 128 pages of text
and 97 of glossary. Price 9 annas.
This book can be procured from Trubner & Co. in London (price 3 shillings). It contains
the entire Story of Nala (26 chapters), Da^aratha's Death (Ramayana, ii. <>3-64), and four
stories from the Panchatantra. For beginners, the typography proves troublesome and the
glossary too meagre ; but the little volume is inexpensive and contains excellent material for
easy and rapid reading, and so is highly to be recommended to those who have finished the
classical part of this Reader and wish to continue their Sanskrit. For such students the glos-
sary would be quite sufficient.
3. Bohtlingk, Otto. Sanskrit-Chrestomathie. Zweite, ganzlich umgearbeitete
Auflage. St. Petersburg. 1877. Large 8. 372 pages. Price 4 Mark
80 Pfennigs.
This work and the two following are publications of the Russian Imperial Academy, and
should be ordered through the Academy's agent, Leopold Voss, of Leipzig. The volume contains
selections from the Veda (Mantra, Brahmana, and Sutra), from the Maha-bharata, Ramayana,
Vishnu-purana, Katha-sarit-sagara, Hitopade(;a, "Manu's Laws," and Panini's Grammar, and
from various other books ; a rich collection of proverbs ; the Vedanta-sara, a philosophical
treatise, in text and translation : and the entire drama, Ratnavali. The Vedic hymns are all
translated in the volume mentioned below, no. 15 ; and the notes show where many of the
other selections may be found translated. Like all publications of the Academy, this is sold
at an extremely low price. Since the book has no vocabulary, the student will at this point
need to get a dictionary.
1 Hence the prices are included. Both the Mark cent. The books will cost the American purchaser
and the shilling may be reckoned as a quarter of a somewhat more or less according to his facilities for
dollar. The prices given with the titles are pub- obtaining foreign books.
lishers' prices. To these prices, except when given - With perhaps one exception, no. 18, which can,
in dollars, should be added the duty, which is 25 per however, be had of second-hand dealers.
[xviii]
4. Bohtlingk, Otto. Sanskrit- Wb'rterbuch in kurzerer Fassung. St. Petersburg.
1879-. 4.
To be ordered through Voss (see above). Parts I. to IV. have appeared, and reach to the
end of bh ; they cover 1167 pages, i.e. nigh two-thirds of the whole, and cost 34 Mark 80
Pfennige. The rest may be expected in the course of 1885. The manuscript is ready as
far as varna. The work is an abridgment of the following.
5. Bohtlingk, Otto, and Rudolph Roth. Sanskrit- Worterbuch. St. Petersburg.
1855-1875. Seven volumes. 4. Price 177 Mark 90 Pfennige.
To be ordered through Voss (see above). This work, which is often called the "St. Peters-
burg Lexicon," is by far the most important production of Sanskrit scholarship. To such as
wish to make any special study of the language and literature, it is absolutely indispensable.
6. Williams, Monier. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, etymologically and philo-
logically arranged, with special reference to Greek, Latin, Gothic, German,
Anglo-Saxon, and other cognate Indo-European languages. London and
New York, Macmillan and Co. 1872. 4. 1186 pages. Price 94 shillings
6d. in England, or $24 in the United States.
This is the only dictionary of Sanskrit into English which approaches completeness. It is
in one compact and handy volume and is very convenient for reading works of the classical
period. Unfortunately, the common meanings of a word are not distinguished from those
which are seldom or never found. All Sanskrit words are given in transliteration, and the
roots and more important words in ndgarl letters also.
7. Williams, Monier. S'akuntala, a Sanskrit drama in seven acts, by Kalidasa.
Second edition. London and New York, Macmillan and Co. 1876. 8.
339 pages. Price 21 shillings in England, or $5.25 in the U.S.
This gives literal English translations of all the metrical passages, explanatory notes, and
the Sanskritization of the Prakrit passages, and all on the same page with the text of this,
the most famous of the plays.
8. Kielhorn, Franz, and Georg Buhler. Panchatantra. Edited with notes.
Bombay. 1868. 8.
The work constitutes numbers IV., III., and I. of the "Bombay Sanskrit Series." Number
IV. (comprehending book I.) appeared in a second edition in 1873. The book may be had of
Triibner & Co., London. The price of the entire work is 8 shillings ; but the first book may
be had separately for 3 shillings. The Panchatantra is easy and entertaining reading. It has
been admirably translated into German by Benfey : Pantschatantra. Leipzig, F. A. Brockhaus.
1859. 2 vpls. 8 '. Price 24 Mark. The translation is accompanied by a very valuable history
of fable-literature.
9. Delbriick, Berthold. Vedische Chrestomathie. Mit Anmerkungen und Glos-
sar. Halle, Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses. 1874. 8. Price 3 Mark.
This contains 47 hymns from the Rigveda. Of these, only five are repeated in this Reader.
Both text and glossary are in transliteration. On account of the small price of the book, its
mention may prove useful to such as do not wish to buy the two complete editions following
(numbers 11 and 12).
10. Windisch, Ernst. Zwolf Hymnen des Rigveda. Mit Sayana's Commentar.
Text. Worterbuch zu Sayana. Appendices. Leipzig, S. Hirzel. 1883. 8.
Price 5 Mark.
This gives the text, and the comment of the great scholiast, both in ndgarl letters. The
text is printed with the genuine accentuation (as in this Reader). The book serves a useful
purpose as introduction to the native Hindu or traditional exegesis of the Veda. The vocabu-
lary does not cover the hymns themselves ; but
the little book mentioned below, no. 15.
[xix]
11. Aufrecht, Theodor. Die Hymnen des Rigveda. Herausgegeben. Zweite
Auflage. Bonn, Adolph Marcus. 1877. 2 volumes. 8. Price 20 Mark.
The entire sanhita text is given in transliteration, and extracts from the pada text at the
foot of each page. The exceedingly valuable appendix contains lists of the poets, divinities,
and metres, and a complete table of first lines of every stanza, with references to the concord-
ant texts of other Vedas.
12. Miiller, F. Max. The Hymns of the Rigveda, in the Samhita and Pada texts,
reprinted from the editio princeps. Second edition. London, Triibner &
Co. 1877. 2 volumes. 8. Price 32 shillings.
This edition gives the two texts complete on parallel pages and in nayarl letters. The
names of the poets, divinities, and metres are given at the beginning of each hymn.
13. Grassmann, Hermann. Wdrterbuch zum Rig-veda. Leipzig, F. A. Brockhaus.
1873 [-1875]. 8. Price 30 Mark.
This is not only a dictionary, but also a complete concordance to the Rigveda. It is a work
of wonderful industry, method, clearness, and accuracy. Aside from the St. Petersburg Lexi-
con, this dictionary stands next in importance, for Vedic students, after the Vedic text itself.
14. Grassmann, Hermann. Rig-veda. Uebersetzt und mit kritischen und erlau-
ternden Anmerkungen versehen. Leipzig, F. A. Brockhaus. 1876. 1877.
2 volumes. 8. Price 24 Mark.
This translation is entirely in metre, except for a few corrupt or difficult hymns. The
student can almost invariably see just what word Grassmann intended as the rendering of any
given word of the text. This work is especially useful as giving a convenient general view
of the contents of the Rigveda, and as enabling the student to grasp easily many matters
touching the metres, the arrangement, and the textual condition of the original.
15. Geldner, Karl, und Adolf Kagi. Siebenzig Lieder des Rigveda. Uebersetzt.
Mit Beitragen von R. Roth. Tubingen. H. Laupp'sche Buchhandlung.
1875. 12. Price 3 Mark.
Thirty-six of the seventy hymns of which this book gives metrical translations were
later incorporated by Bohtlingk into his Chrestomathy (no. 3, above).
16. Aufrecht, Theodor. Das Aitareya Brahmana. Mit Ausziigen aus dem Com-
mentare von Sayanacarya und anderen Beilagen herausgegeben. Bonn,
Adolph Marcus. 1879. 8. Price 11 Mark.
This Brahmana belongs to the Rigveda. The text is in transliteration. The translation of
Haug (London, Triibner & Co. 1863) would be of help ; but it is inaccurate and hard to get.
A good many passages are translated in volumes I., II., and V. of Muir (below, no. 26). Using
these as an introduction, and the St. Petersburg Lexicon for help in hard places, an advanced
student can make good progress with this text.
17. Stenzler, Adolf Friedrich. Indische Hausregeln. Sanskrit und deutsch heraus-
gegeben. I. A9valayana. Erstes Heft. Text. Leipzig. 1864. 8. Price
2 Mark. Zweites Heft. Uebersetzung. 1865. Price 3 Mark.
Published by the German Oriental Society, in volumes III. and IV. of the Abhandlungen
fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes. To be ordered through the Society's agent, F. A. Brockhaus,
In Leipzig. These are the Grihya-sutras belonging to the Rigveda.
18. Roth, R., und Whitney, "W. D. Atharva Veda Sanhita. Herausgegeben.
Erster Band. Text. Berlin, Ferd. Diimmler. 1856. Royal 8. Price 28 Mark
50 Pfennige.
This is the most important and interesting of the Vedas, after the Rik. It is full of magic
incantations and other products of curious superstitions.
[xxj
19. Oarbe, Richard. Vaitana Sutra. The Ritual of the Atharvaveda. Edited with
critical notes and indices. London, Triibner & Co. 1878. 8. Price 5 shillings.
20. Garbe, Richard. Vaitana Sutra. Das Ritual des Atharvaveda. Aus dem San-
skrit iibersetzt und mit Auinerkungen versehen. London, Triibner & Co.
1878. 8. Price 5 shillings.
Since this is the only Qrauta-sutra published with translation, and since it is to be had
easily and cheaply, it is recommended as an introduction to the works of this class.
21. Weber, Albrecht. The history of Indian Literature. Translated from the
second German edition by John Mann and Theodor Zachariae. Second
edition. London, Triibner & Co. 1878. 8. Price 10 shillings 6 pence.
This is a systematic treatise covering both the Vedic and the classical Sanskrit literature.
It gives abundant and practical bibliographical information. As a guide and as a work of
reference it is of the utmost value.
22. Zimmer, Heinrich. Altindisches Leben. Die Cultur der vedischen Arier.
Nach den Samhita dargestellt. Berlin, Weidmannsche Buchhandlung. 1879.
8. Price 10 Mark.
Under the different categories geography, climate, minerals, plants, animals, agricul-
ture, commerce, dress, food, amusements, family relations, art, etc. the Vedic texts touching
these subjects are discussed, and the results deducible from them are put together in a very
readable and pleasant way.
23. Kagi, Adolf. Der Rigveda. Die alteste Literatur der Inder. Zweite, umgear-
beitete und erweiterte, mit vollstandigem Sach- und Wortregister versehene
Auflage. Leipzig, Otto Schulze. 1881. 12. Price 4 Mark.
This contains an account of the Vedic writings in general, descriptions of the gods in
language agreeing closely with the actual words of the original as cited in the notes, and
sketches of some of the more important phases of Vedic life and thought. The numerous notes
are highly useful as a guide to the already extensive literature of these subjects, and point out
many interesting parallels of custom, belief, and expression to be found in biblical and classi-
cal antiquity.
24. Earth, Auguste. The religions of India. Authorized translation by Rev. J.
Wood. London, Triibner & Co. 1882. 8. Price 16 shillings.
The subject is treated in five chapters corresponding to the five grand phases of religious
development in India : the Vedic religion ; Brahmanism (ritual, philosophic speculation, de-
cline) ; Buddhism ; Jainism ; and Hinduism (the sects and their great deities, Vishnuism
and 9ivaism, reforming sects, cultus). The copious references to the literature of the sub-
jects in hand add greatly to the value of the work.
25. Oldenberg, Hermann. Buddha; his life, his doctrine, his order. Translated
from the German by William Hoey. London, Williams and Norgate. 1882.
8. Price 18 shillings.
Oldenberg has recently finished editing (in five volumes) the Yinaya Pitakam, one of the
most important among the Buddhist sacred books. He has a wide and deep knowledge of the
original Pali sources, and in his use of them he is guided by rare critical acumen and good
common-sense. His account of Buddha's life, doctrine, and order contains the best results of
his studies and they are presented in an extremely attractive form.
26. Muir, John. Original Sanskrit texts on the origin and history of the people
of India, their religions and institutions. Collected, translated, and illus-
trated. London, Triibner & Co. 1872-1874. 5 volumes. 8.
The first four volumes have appeared in a second edition, and the second volume in a
third edition. The third volume costs 1(5 shillings. The price of each of the others is 21 shil-
lings. The first volume discusses the origin of caste. The fifth is devoted to the cosmogony,
mythology, religious ideas, life, and manners of the Indians in the Vedic age.
PART I.
THE SANSKRIT TEXT.
Transliterated Text of Sanskrit Reader.
[Page 1.]
atha nalopakhyanam.
brhadagva uvaca.
asid raja, nalo nama, virasenasuto ball,
upapanno gunair istai, rupavan, agvakovidah.
6 atisthan manujendranam murdhni devapatir yatlia,
upary upari sarvesam aditya iva tejasa ;
brahmanyo, vedavic, churo, niaadhesu mahipatih,
aksapriyah, satyavadi, mahan aksauhinipatih ;
ipsito naranarinam, udarah, samyatendriyah,
10 raksita, dhanvinam gresthah, saksad iva manuh svayam.
tathaivasid vidarbhesu bhimo, bhlmaparakramah,
^urah, sarvagunair yuktah, prajakamah, sa caprajah.
sa prajarthe param yatnam akarot, susamahitah.
tarn abhyagacchad brahmarsir, damano nama, bharata.
15 tarn ssrbhimah, prajakamas, toaayam asa, dharmavit,
mahisya saha, rajendra, satkarena, suvarcasam.
tasmai prasanno damanah sabharyaya varam dadau,
[Page 3.]
tato 'ntariksago vacam vyajahara nalam tada:
hantavyo 'ami na te, raj an; karisyami tava priyam;
damayantisakage tvam kathayisyami, naiaadha,
yatha tvad anyam puruaam na sa mansyati KarM cit.
5 evam uktas tato hansam utaasarja mahipatih.
te tu hansah samutpatya vidarbhan agamans tatah.
vidarbhanagaiim gatva, damayantyas tadantike
nipetua te garutmantah, sa dadarca ca tan ganan.
sa, tan adbhutarupan vai drstva, sakhiganavrta,
10 hrata grabitum khagamans tvaramanopacakrame.
atha hansa visasrpuh aarvatah pramadavane.
ekaika^as tada kanyas tan hansan samupadravan.
damayanti tu yam hansam samupadhavad antike,
sa, manuslih giraih krtva, damayantim athabravit:
15 damayanti, nalo nama, nisadhesu mahipatih,
agvinoh sadrgo rape ; na samas tasya manuaah.
"" tasya vai yadi bharya tvam bhavetha, varavarnini,
saphalam te bhavej janma, rupam cedam, suinadhyame,
vayaih hi devagandharvamanasoragaraksasan
20 drstavanto; na casmabhir dratapurvas tathavidhah.
tvam capi ratnam narinam, naresu ca nalo varah ;
vigistaya vigistena samgamo gunavan bhavet.
evam ukta tu hansena damayanti, vigam pate.
[Page 2.]
kanyaratnam, kumarang ca trin udaran, mahayagah,
damayantim, damam, dantam, damanam ca suvarcasam,
upapannan gunaih sarvair, bhiman, bhimaparakraman.
damayanti tu rupena, tejasa, yagasa, griya,
5 saubhagyena ca, lok|u yagah prapa, sumadhyama.
atha tarn, vayasi prapte, dasinarii samalamkrtam
gatam, gatari? sakhinam ca, paryupasac, chaclm iva.
tatra sma raj ate bhaimi, sarvabharanabhusita,
-^akhimadhye, 'navadyangi, vidyut saudamani yatha,
10 ativa rupasampanna, grir ivayatalocana.
na devesu, na yaksesu, tadrg rupavati kva cit,
manusesv api canyesu, drstapdrvatha va grata,
cittapramatbini bala devanam api sundari.
nalag ca naragardulo, lokesv apratimo bhuvi,
15 kandarpa iva rupena murtimau. abhavat svayam.
af**
tasyah samipe tu nalam pracagansuh kutuhalat,
naisadhasya samipe tu damayantim punah punah.
tayor adrstakamo 'bhiic chrnvatoh satatam gunan ;
anyonyam prati, kaunteya, sa vyavardhata hrcchayah.
20 agaknuvan nalah kamam tada dharayitum hrda,
antahpurasamipasthe vana aste raho gatah.
sa dadarga tato hansan jatarupapariskrtan ;
vane vicar atam tesam ekam jagraka paksinam.
[Page 4.]
abravit tatra tarn hansam : tvam apy evam nale vada.
tathety uktvandajah kanyam vidarbhasya, vigam pate,
punar agamya nisadhan, nale sarvam nyavedayat.
iti nalopakhyane prathamah sargah.
6 brhadagva uvaca.
damayanti tu, tac chrutva vaco hansasya, bharata,
tatah prabhrti na svastha nalam prati babhuva sa.
tatag cintapara, dma, vivarnavadana, krga,
_ babhuva damayanti tu, nihgvasaparama tada.
10 urdhvadrstir, dhyanapara, babhuvonmattadargana,
panduvarna ksanenatha, hrcchayavistacetana.
na gayyasanabhogesu ratim vindati karhi cit.
na naktam, na diva gete, ha heti rudati punah.
tato vidarbhapataye damayantyah sakhijanah
16 nyavedayat tam asvastham damayantim naregvare.
tac chrutva nrpatir bhimo damayantisakhiganat,
cintayam asa tat karyam sumahat svam siitam prati.
sa samiksya mahipalah svam sutam praptayauvanam,
apagyad atmana karyam damayantyah svayamvaram.
20 sa samnimantrayam asa mahipalan vigam patih:
anubhuyatam ! ayam, virah, svayamvara iti, prabho.
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LXVHI. AITAREYA BRAHMANA III. 21.
S^fflfrf I K^n^%xr ^m^trt I rTWt
LXIX. QATAPATHA BRAHMANA II. 2. 2.
BRAHMANA. 95
t ivr
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LXX. QATAPATHA BRAHMANA II. 2. 2.
IT
Cs C\
nen
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LXXI. QATAPATHA BRAHMANA X. 4. 3
15
3:
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BRAHMANA.
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moil
LXXII. QATAPATHA BRAHMANA XII. 7. 3.
*)
fen
10 ^i ftrt^fJr i
i
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fw ftR
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LXXIII. NIRUKTA II. 16.
15 ^ Id T1M 1*1 M N^J^lV^THl Mirqt?q I KHU*I
: i
7
98 SUTRA.
*' I
i H <f
LXXIV. AgVALAYANA'S GRIHYASUTRA I. 5, 7, 8.
Trffffis'rii i
10
Hll(rfl(d
g*lrft
II Mil
rrNt ^rT IT-
n i **
: i i
15
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20
T?
SUTRA. 99
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10
ifirt R^rrrf RTTTW: ^=11^1 n
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7*
100 SUTRA.
: 11
irfT IT
sip
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THTRT
lH ^
131 ifN
rf* U^Tt IR^TT
20
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FTTrTT
SUTRA. 101
4HJftiT Hl lib II
LXXY. AgVALAYANA'S GRIHYASUTRA IV. 16.
Tftt ^Mrt^rH i^l l^iHH<iRin 1*11
HI ^t*f n *TOT
l*m*rTl
c
10 ?T Hl
HI
f f^ftj ^f^^FT^TFTT "^T
rr
i ^ i
w \**\
HI
1 T TTK Hi
^l^chl^^PTi 1^1 ^H^Jl S*iirqi
20
102 SUTRA.
^fa ft ^
l fn^nfn I ^ I
is
20
10 rr rnr^T ^iwit 1^1 IR n
SUTRA. 103
*TT f^f
5 fij *HJ|fU*uft ^f^T^ cJl^l^ M l^fri 1^1 II 9 II
10 131
: 1^1 4'iHi>n
I M I rf ^TRT^TT^R^ Wf Sf?
coln^nVf?T f f^^R^ I ^ I
15 ^llH+ll^ HH ^l^|cfc||*| ^ft M I ^ 1
fliHI 1 *!'
20
104 SUTRA.
10
15
: I M
n M a
20 ^TT : shMl^r IT Wf c^H 1^1 r *^-
rr f^:
1 H
15
20
SUTRA. 105
t^rf
v3
V ^
10
^ff ^VrTT
106 SUTRA.
GEBRUDER UNGER, BERLIN, SW-
PART E.
SANSKRIT-ENGLISH VOOABULAET.
[.For Explanations and Abbreviations, see pages 289-294.]
[111]
[agni
1 a, pron. root, see idam and 502.
2 a , negative prefix, see an.
anga, m. (that which one gets, i.e.) one's
portion ; and so, generalized, portion, part.
[Vlag, 'get.']
angii, m. juicy internodium or shoot of the
Soma-plant ; and so, shooting ray (of
light).
ahQumant, a. rich in beams, radiant ; as
m. the sun, 16*. [angii, 1235b.]
a n s a , m. shoulder, [perhaps, ' the strong '
(part), Vam, 1197a: cf. 3>/j.-os, Lat. um-erus,
Goth, amsa, 'shoulder.']
a-kasmat, adv. without any "wherefore ";
without apparent cause ; unexpectedly ;
accidentally.
akasmad-agantu, m. an accidental ar-
rival, a chance comer.
a-kara, m. the sound or letter a. [Whit-
ney, 18.]
a-karana, n. lack of cause; -am, adv.
causelessly.
a-kirti,/. non-fame, disgrace.
akirti-kara, a. causing disgrace, dis-
graceful.
a-krta, a. not done; uncooked.
aktii, m. I. ointment; 2. light, beam
of light; -3. night, [for 2, cf. cutris,
' beam.']
a - k r i y a m a n a , a. not being accomplished.
[Vlkr, 'do,' 770c.]
a-krura, a. not harsh.
1 aksa, n. for aksan at end ofcpds [1315a].
2 aksa, m. a die for playing, [named,
perhaps, from its 'eyes' (1 aksa) or
' spots.']
aksa, m. axle. [cf. &tav, Lat. axis, AS.
eax, Eng. axe (i.e. 'axle'), and axle.']
a-ksata, a. unhurt, uninjured; unbroken-,
as m. pi. unbroken or unhusked grains,
esp. of barley,
aksata-kesara, a. having an uninjured
mane,
aksata-deha, a. having an unhurt or
perfect body,
aksan [431], n. eye. [cf. uir-unr-a, 'have
seen,' dty, ' eye ' ; otrcre, *bic-je, ' eyes ' ; Lat.
oc-ulus, 'eye'; the kinship of AS. edge,
Eng. eye, remains to be proved : cf. Viks.]
aksa-priya, a. beloved of the dice, i.e.
lucky at gaming.
a-ksama, a. not equal to a thing ; unable,
w. inf.
a-ksaya, a. imperishable.
aksayatva,n. imperishability, [aksaya.]
a-ksara, a. imperishable; as n. word;
syllable; the sacred syllable, om, GO 14 ;
sound, letter, 61 4 .
aksara-nyasa, m. the commitment to
letters, the writing.
a-ksara, a. not pungent.
aksaralavana, n. that which is not pun-
gent and not salt, [alavana : 1253b.]
aksaralavanagin, a. eating that which
is not pungent and not salt, abstaining
from seasoned and salted food, [agin.]
aksi [431], n. eye; see aksan.
aksauhini,/ a complete army.
aksauhinl-pati, m. master of an army;
general.
a-khila, a. without a gap, entire ; all.
a - g a d a , a. not having disease, well, healthy,
whole ; wholesome ; as m. medicine.
a gar a, m. n. house,
agni, m. fire; esp. a sacred fire; the god
of fire, Agni, mediator between men and
agnikunda]
[112]
gods, messenger who carries the sacrifice
to them, protector from the terrors and
spirits of darkness, and keeper of house
and hearth, [perhaps, ' the quickly mov-
ing or agile one,' V aj, 1158 : cf . Lat. ignis,
' fire/ agilis, ' agile '; akin, poss., is aty\ri,
' flashing light.']
agni-kunda, n. round hole hi the ground
for the sacred fire.
agni-vela,^ fire-hour, time for kindling
the sacred fire ; afternoon.
agni-hotra, n. fire-sacrifice (a burnt-
offering of fresh milk).
agnihotra-havani, /. fire-sacrifice
ladle.
agny-adh6ya, n. placing or setting up
of the sacred fire, [acct, 1272.]
agr a, n. 1. front ; agre, in front, before,
in presence of, w. gen.; 2. beginning;
agre, in the beginning, in the first place,
first; 3. tip, end. [perhaps, 'that
which goes before, leader,' V aj : cf . &yu,
'lead,' ffTpar-rryos, 'army-leader.']
agratas, adv. in front [1098c 3 ]; before
(one's self) ; w. kr, place in front, cause
to lead, [agra, 1098b.]
agrya, a. foremost, best, [agra, 1212c.]
agha, a. distressful, harmful ; as n. harm,
trouble, evil; sin; sorrow, [like anhii,
' narrow,' and anhas, ' distress,' from
v- angh or anh, ' straiten ' : cf . KX OS > ' dis-
tress ' ; &yx.a>, Lat. ango, ' strangle ' ; AS.
ange, ' anxious,' Ger. enge, ' narrow,' Angst,
' distress ' : for connection of mgs, cf . Eng.
straiten, ' to narrow ' and ' to distress.']
V agha y a (aghayati). harm; plan mis-
chief, [agha, 1059b.]
a-ghoracaksus, a. not evil-eyed.
d-ghnya, m. bull (the animal that is
' hard to overcome,' or more exactly, ' not
to be slain').
& g h n y a , f. cow. [formed as a pendant
to aghnya.]
anka, m. 1. the bend at the groin made
by taking a sitting position, lap; 2. the
bend just above the hip (where babes, sit-
ting astride, are carried by Hindu women
see aroha) ; 3. hook; 4. (like Eng.
pot-hook) mark, sign. [Vane: for 1, cf.
v, 'bend in arm or wall or shore'; for
3, cf . oyxos, Lat. uncus, AS. ongel, ' hook ' ;
cf. Eng. angle, not a borrowed word.]
V ankhaya (ankhayati [1056, 1067]).
hook on, grapple, [from anka, ' hook,'
despite the aspiration.]
+ pari, clasp, embrace.
V ang. move, in derivs.
a n g a , asseverative particle, yad anga, just
when ; te anga, they only.
anga, n. limb, member; by synecdoche,
body, person, form. [Vang: for mg, cf.
angiili, angiistha.]
a n g a n a , n. court, [orig., perhaps, ' gang-
way,' ^ang.]
ang ana, f. a (fair) form, i.e. a woman,
[anga.]
angara, m. coal.
angiras,7n. 1. orig., probably, messenger ;
esp. messenger between gods and men ; 6^
eminence, Agni; 2. as pi. Angirases, a
name applied by the Hindus to a certain race
among their forefathers (perhaps because
their intercourse with the gods was con-
ceived as very intimate), these forefathers
being regarded as half divine ; 3. as s.
the (mythical) ancestor of the Angirases.
angiili, f. finger. [Vang, 1191: for mg,
cf. anga.]
angustha, m. thumb, [for mg, cf. anga.]
V ac or a no (acati, aiicati ; akna, ancita ;
-acya). bend. [cf. anka and vbl anc.]
+ a. bend.
a -car a, a. not moving; as subst. plant (as
distinguished from animals).
a-cala, a. immovable; as m. mountain.
a-cit, a. not knowing; unwise; foolish.
a-citti, f. unwisdom; folly.
a-citva, grd. without piling. [Vlci.]
a-cintya, a. incomprehensible.
accha, vbl prefix, to, unto; hither; w. VV
2 nag, ya, vah, vrt ; often accha, 248a.
V aj fajati, -te). drive. [orig. 'put in
motion ' : cf . Lat. ago, ' lead, drive ' ; &y<a,
'lead': cf. also agra, ajira, aji.]
+ ud, drive out.
a j a , m. he-goat, [prob. ' the agile one,'
V aj : cf . af, ' goat.']
a-jara, a. not aging; ageless.
aj aramaravat, adv. as if ageless and
immortal, [ajara-amara, 1107, 1257.]
[113]
[atra
a-jasra, a. not dying out; perpetual
(of fire).
aja,/. she-goat, [see aja.]
a-jata, a. unborn.
ajina, m. goat-skin; pelt, [aja: cf . alyls,
' goat-skin, Aegis,' w. aff , ' goat.']
ajira, a. agile, swift. [Vaj, 1188e: cf.
Lat. agilis, ' agile.']
V ajiraya (ajirayate). be swift; press
swiftly onward, [ajira, 1059b.]
a-jna, a. not knowing, ignorant; foolish;
as m. fool.
a - j L at a , a. unknown. [Vjna : cf . &-yv<aros,
Lat. i-gnotus, Eng. un-couth, ' unknown.']
ajnata-kulagila, a. whose family and
character are unknown.
a-jnatva, grd. without knowing.
a-jnana, n. ignorance; -at and -atas,
out of ignorance.
V anc, see Vac.
anc, as vbl at end of cpds [see 407-9],
turning, directed ; e.g. ud-anc, directed
upward. [for ing, cf. Eng. -ward (in
to-ward, etc.), which is akin w. Vvrt,
' turn.']
V arij or aj (anakti, ankte; anaiija, anaje
[788]; anjit; akta; aktva; -anjya, -ajya).
1. smear; anoint; 2. adorn, [cf. aktu:
cf . Lat. ungo, ' anoint.']
+ a , anoint.
+ v i , 1. anoint ; 2. adorn ; and so, bring
to notice ; vyakta : adorned, fair ; mani-
fest ; caws, make clear or manifest.
+ s a m , 1. anoint; 2. adorn; 3. unite
by anointing, 89 19 ; 4. generalized, unite
with, take to one's self (e.g. food), 88 10 .
an j all, m. the two hollowed and open
hands placed side by side ; the hands so
placed and raised to the forehead, i.e. a
gesture of reverent salutation; a double
handful (as measure).
aiijas, adv. quickly, suddenly, [prob. adv.
ace. or instr. of an obsolete subst. anjas,
' a slippery way or a gliding motion,' V anj .]
V at (atati, -te ; atisyati; atita ; atitva).
wander about, [cf. Vat.]
at an I, f. the notched end of a bow.
a t a v I , / forest, [perhaps, ' roaming-place,'
Vat.]
anda, n. egg.
anda-ja, a. egg-born; as m. bird.
V at (atati, -te; atita). wander about, [cf.
Vat.]
a-tandrita, a. unwearied.
atas, adv. 1. (as abl. ofpron. root a [1098],
and synonymous w. asmat) from it; .so 22 9 ,
sc. pankat ; ato ' nya, other than it, 68 12 ;
-2. from this (place), 83 15 ; -3. from this
(time), 96 21 ; cf. iirdhvam; then, 40 16 ; -4.
from this (cause), 35 10 ; therefore, 27 3 , etc.;
w. correl. yatas, 36 8 ; hence ; and so, 39 4 ,
42 21 ; so then, 73 12 . [pron. root a, 502.]
dti, adv. across, beyond, past, over, as vbl
prefix; in cpds, to excess, excessive, see
1289b ; as prep, beyond, over. [cf . K-n,
' further, besides ' ; Lat. et, ' besides, and.']
atikrama, m. act of overstepping or over-
coming. [Vkram + ati.]
atithi, m. guest, ['wanderer,' Vat.]
ati-durvrtta, a. excessively wicked.
ati-dura, a. very far or distant; as n.
great distance.
ati-bhara, m. excessive burden.
ati-laulya, n. excessive greediness.
ati-vrsti,yi excessive rain.
a-tisthant, a. not standing; restless.
[Vstha.]
ati-samcaya,m. excessive accumulation.
ati-samnidhana, n. excessive nearness.
atlndriya, a. transcending the senses ; as
n. soul, spirit, [ati + indriya, 1310a.]
ativa, adv. exceedingly; very, [ati + iva.]
a-tyajya, a. not to be abandoned.
aty-ugra, a. extraordinary. ['exces-
sively strong.']
atyugra-punyapapa, a. extraordinar-
ily good and bad ; as n. pi. extraordinarily
good and bad deeds.
atra (atra, 248a), adv. 1. (asloc.ofpron.
root a [1099 4 ], and synonymous w. asmin)
substantively : in it, 97 10 ; in this case, 31 5 ;
in that case, 18 n ; on this point, 29 2 ;
adjectiv ely : w. antare: in this interim,
meantime, 24 19 , 45 2 , 50 22 , 55 4 ; on this
occasion, at this juncture, 19 n ; atra
sarasi, in this pool ; 2. in this or that
(place); here, 25 16 ; there, 33 5 , 89*; in
that world (opp. to 'in this world'),
87 !' 7 ' 9 ; -3. in that (time), then, 56.
[pron. root a, 502.]
atri]
[114]
Atri, m. Atri, name of a famous Rishi.
atha (atha, 248a), adv. expresses a sequence,
temporal or resultant : then ; so ; so then ;
accordingly; thereupon; 1. temporal:
e.g. ati drava, atha upehi, run past, and
then go unto , 83 18 ; in apodosis after
yada, 84 5 ' 6 - 7 , 96 22 ; 2. resultant: e.g. ma-
rudbhih sakhyam te astu, atha jayasi,
make friends with the Maruts, and then
(if thou dost) thou shalt conquer, 82 2 N. ;
3. very frequent as a simple continuative :
now; so; then; usually at beginning of sen-
tence (e.g. 20 1 ) or cloka (e.g. 2 6 ); sometimes
within the cloka (e.g. 3 14 ); exceptionally at
the end, 13 9 ; at beginning of section or book,
now, 98 16 ; here beginneth (cf. Hi), I 1 ;
sometimes much attenuated in meaning ; often
almost equivalent to a capital letter, to mark
the beginning of a new clause, e.g. 94 18 ; con-
necting parts of sentence, 4 n ; 4. pleonas-
tically w. tatas, 13 9 ; mere verse-filler, 10 19 ;
5. atho, i.e. atha u, and also, 90 16 ; 6.
serving as a point d'appui for an enclitic,
which may thus precede its word : e.g. devo,
' tha va yaksas, a god or a Yaksha, instead
of devo, yakso va, 8 18 ; so 2 12 ; in this use,
va : atha va : : que : atque ; cf. 27 21 ; cf.
va; 7. atha va, or rather, 26 7 N. [pron.
root a, 1101, 502; later form of adha
(which is more common in the Veda) : cf.
Lat. at, ' then, further, but.']
V ad (atti; atsyati; attum). eat; consume,
[cf . 8eo, Lat. edo, AS. etan, Eng. eat : cf .
anna.]
ad, vbl. eating, consuming, in cpds.
a d a , a. eating, in cpds. [vf ad.]
a-danstrin, a. without tusks or large
teeth.
a-datta, a. not given.
a-dantajata, a. not having teethed,
['not having grown teeth,' for a-jata-
danta.]
adds [501], pron. yon, yonder, that, that
there, in opposition to the one here or just
mentioned.- e.g. asau, 22 7 , that one (the
traveller last mentioned at 20 19 ) ; so 31 10 ;
asav amutra, ayam asmin, that one in
that world, this one in this, 103 7 ; that one
(correl. ya), 7 6 , 37 n ; as designation of per-
sons not to be named, so-and-so, N. or M. ;
asav aliam. I am so-and-so, 61 14 ; 60 21 ;
103 5 ; follows at a distance the word to
which it refers, thus emphasizing it, 23 1 .
[see 501 and 503.]
aditi, a. without bond or limit; infinite; as
f. infinity, the endless heaven, 79 19 ; infin-
ity, personified as a goddess, Aditi, 75 8 .
[apparently a -f *diti, acct, 1304a 2 : diti,
'bond,' would be a reg. deriv. of \/3da,
'bind,' but does not occur as such,
although there is a word diti, q.v., of
quite different rug and origin.]
a -din a, a. not depressed.
adinatman, a. with cheerful spirit, un-
daunted, [atman.]
a-durmangala,/. -I, a. bringing no bad
luck. [for declension, cf. sumangala,
-gali, and 355b.]
a-dfsta, a. unseen, unnoticed. [Vdrg.]
adrsta-kama, m. love for one not yet
seen.
a-deva, m. non-god, who is no god. [1288a 4 .]
adbhis, see 393.
adbhuta, a. wonderful; as n. wonder,
[despite anatidbhuta, prob. from at(i)-
bhuta, ' transcending what has existed/
1310a : cf. ambara.]
adbhuta-rupa, a. having wonderful
beauty.
adya, adv. to-day; adya nii, in this night
(just past), 61 8 ; now; adya yavat, until
now ; adya^arabhya, from now on. [per-
haps from *a-dyavi, ' on this day,' 1122f,
see dyu : cf . Lat. ho-die, ' to-day.']
a-dravya, n. non-thing, unworthy object.
adri, m. rock; stone; esp. Soma-stone (for
bruising the Soma) ; missile stone.
adrivant, a. having or armed with the
hurling-stone.
adha (adha, 248a), Vedic adv. expressing a
sequence : then, so, 79 8 ; so then, 89 18 ;
adha yad, just then when, 76 14 ; (then,
i.e. besides, i.e.) and, 77 18 , 78 6 . [1104 8 :
cf. atha.]
a-dhanya, a. not rich; poor.
adhama [525], a. lowest; worst, [cf. adhas
and 474 : cf . Lat. infimus, ' lowest.']
adhara [525], a. lower, [cf. adhas and
474: cf. Lat. inferus, 'lower'; Eng. under.']
a-dharma, m. unrighteousness.
[115]
[anamayitnu
adhah-gayin, a. lying low, i.e. sleeping
on the ground.
ad has, adv. below; down.
adhastat, adv. below; as prep., iv. gen.
[1130], under, [adhas, HOOb.j
ad hi, adv. over, besides, in addition, 96 16 ;
as prep, above, over, on; w. instr. (of snii
only), away over, 79 u ; w. abl. from, out
of, 103*; w. loc.: over, 90 7 ; on, 70 13 ,92 n .
adhika, a. (like Eng. over in adj. uses) ad-
ditional ; surpassing the usual measure,
superior, extraordinary; as n. surplus,
[adhi, 1222a.]
adhika-rupavant, a. surpassingly or
most beautiful.
adhikanuraga, m. superior affection or
most affection, [anuraga.]
adhikara, m. authority; office; duties of
office. [\f 1 kr + adhi, ' put over or in
office.']
adhij ya, a. having the bow-string up or on,
i.e. strung. [2jya, 1305.]
adhi -pa, m. lord; ruler, ['over-keeper,'
1289a : cf. 354.]
adhi-pati, m. over-lord; sovereign.
[1289a.]
adhi-pa [352], m. lord, ['over-keeper,'
1289a.]
adhisthana, n. standing-place; (of the
soul) a dwelling-place or manifestation.
[\lstha + adhi.]
adhuna, adv. now.
adho-nivita, a. having the sacred cord
(worn) low. [adhas.]
adhyayana, n. reading; study, esp. of the
Veda. [Vi + adhi, 1150. la.]
adhyaya, m. reading; study, esp. of the
Veda; (like Eng. lesson), lectio, chapter,
66 16 , 58 15 , etc. [\| i + adhi, 1 148. 2.]
adhvara, m. religious or liturgical ser-
vice ; sacrifice, esp. Soma-sacrifice.
V adhvarya (adhvaryati). perform sac-
rifice, [adhvara, 1059d.]
adhvaryii, m. priest, who did the actual
work of the sacrifice, and appears in the
oldest period as companion of the hotr
see rtvij. [V adhvarya, 1178h.]
an, before consonants a, negative prefix.
[1121a; acct, 1288a, 1304a: cf. w-, a-,
Lat. in-, Eng. un-.]
V an (aniti [631]; ana; anisus ; anisyati ;
anita; anitum; -anya). breathe, blow;
live, [cf . anila, &ve/*os, Lat. anima, ' cur-
rent of air ' ; Goth, an-an, ' breathe.']
+ p r a , breathe.
ana, pron. stem, see iclam.
an-agha, a. faultless.
an a (I v ah [404], m. bull, ['cart-drawing/
anas + vah.]
an-adhigata, a. un-studied.
an-anusthana, n. non-observance, neg-
lect.
an-antara, 1. a. having no interval;
immediately adjoining; -am, ado. imme-
diately afterwards, afterwards ; thereupon ;
2. as n. non-interval, in sam-.
an-amiva, a. without sickness or trouble,
well ; as n. weal, [amiva, 1304a.]
an-arghya, a. not to be priced, priceless.
anarghyatva, n. pricelessness. [1239.]
an-artha, m. non-advantage; disadvan-
tage.
anala, m. fire.
an-avadya, a. not un-praiseworthy ;
blameless, faultless.
anavadyanga,_/. -I, a. having a faultless
body, [anga.]
an-aveksa, a. without any looking
around ; -am, adv. without looking around,
[aveksa.]
an-aveksamana, a. not looking around.
[V Iks + ava.]
an-agru,a. without tears, [agru, 1304a.]
a-nasta, a. not lost. [\/lnag.]
anasta-pagu, a. who loses nothing from
his herd. [prop. ' having a not lost herd.']
anas, n. cart for heavy burden, [cf. Lat.
onus, 'burden.']
an-agata, a. not arrived; not (yet) come,
impending, future, [\lgarn. + a.]
anagatavant, a. having to do with the
future. [1233.]
anagata-vidhatr, m. arranger for the
future ; Forethought, name of a fish.
aii-agas, a. without sin. [acct, 1304a 2 ].
an-adhrsyd, a. un-approachable. [acct,
1285.]
an-amayA, a. without disease, healthy;
as n. health.
an-amayitnii, a. not sickening; healing.
anayudha]
[116]
an-ayudha, a. weaponless; defenceless.
[ayudha, 1304a.]
an-aruhya, yrd. without going into
( danger) . [V ruh + a.]
anil a, m. wind. [Van, 1189.]
a-nivigamana, a. not going to rest.
[acct, 1283.]
a-nivegana, a. having no resting-place,
unsettled, [nivegana, 1304a.]
an-ista, a. undesired; disagreeable; un-
approved, unlawful. [V 1 is.]
anista-cintana, n. the thinking about
something unlawful.
an-istva,<7rJ. without sacrificing. [Vyaj.]
anika, n. 1. face; 2. Jig. appearance;
3. of a hatchet (face, i.e.), sharp edge;
4. front, and so, by synecdoche, troop.
[so Lat. acies has mgs 3 and 4.]
a-nitijna, a. not knowing discreet con-
duct,
anu, prep, after, along, toward; w. ace.
along or over ; after, i.e. according to.
anugati,/. a going after. [V gam + anu.]
an u car a, a. going after; as m. attendant;
companion. [\l car + anu.]
anu- jivin, a. living upon, dependent; as
m. a dependent. [V jiv + anu.]
anu-tta, ppl. see VI da + anu.
a-nutta, a. un-moved, i.e. invincible.
[Vnud.]
anuttama, a. most highest; best, most
excellent; supreme. [lit. 'most best,'
formal superl. to anuttara, which is itself
logically a superl.]
an-uttara, a. not having a superior, i.e.
best, [for mg, cf. nihgreyasa.]
an-udita, a. not arisen. [Vi + ud.]
an-udyoga, m. non-exertion,
anunaya, m. conciliation. [Vni + anu.]
an-upakarin, a. not doing or unable to
do a friendly service.
anu-purva, a. following the one preced-
ing, one after another ; -am, adv. in regular
order. [1310a.]
anumati,/. approbation; favor (of gods
to the pious) ; personified, Grace. [Vman
+ anu.]
anumana, n. the forming of a conception.
[V 1 ma + anu, ' conceive.']
anur a ga, m. affection. [Vraj+anu.]
anurodha, m. regard. [V 1 rudh + anu.]
anurodhin, a. having (some) regard for.
[V 1 rudh + anu.]
an-ulbana, a. not lumpy; smooth or per-
fect (of a weft). [1288a 4 .]
anuvrtti, f. sequence, and so, continu-
ance. [V vrt + anu.]
anu-vrata, a. acting according to the
will or command (of another), obedient;
devoted to, w. ace. [272], 6 16 , 100 4 . [1310a :
cf. apavrata.]
anugaya, m. repentance, [perhaps 'that
which lies down after one or follows one
to his bed': Vgi +anu.]
anusthana, n. devotion to, observance.
[V stha + anu.]
anustheya, yrdv. to be accomplished,
[see Vstha + anu, and 963a.]
anusarana, n. a going after, a searching.
[V sr + anu.]
anustarana, a. strewing over, covering
over; f. anustaranl (sc. go), a cow,
slaughtered at the funeral ceremony, and
the pieces of which are used for covering
over the corpse, limb by limb. [V str +
anu.]
a n u can a, see 807 and 784.
an-rta, a. untrue; anrta, n. untruth;
wrong, [rta, 1288a.]
an-eka, a. not one, i.e. more than one;
many.
anekadha, adv. many times. [1104.]
anekagas, adv. in large numbers. [1106.]
a-nedya, a. not to be blamed; blame-
less, [acct, 1285a.]
an-enas, a. free from guilt. [enas,
1304a.]
an-omkrta, a. not having om uttered, i.e.
unaccompanied by om. [see omkrta.]
ant a, m. 1. vicinity, proximity; 2.
border; limit; end. [see anti: cf. Eng.
end.~\
antah-pura, n. inner stronghold or
citadel; inner apartment of the royal
citadel, gynaeceum, harem, 2 21 . [antar,
1289a.]
dntaka, m. ender (death). [anta,
1222a.]
anta-kara, a. end-making; as m. de-
stroyer.
[117]
[anvita
.4 u tarn a, a. nearest, very near; as m. in-
timate, companion, [see anta, mg 1, and
474 : cf . Lat. intumus, ' inmost.']
antar, adv. inward, inwardly, within;
prep., w. loc. : between, among, within ;
along with, 78 12 ; cf. Mi, gam, dha. [cf.
Lat. inter, 'between.']
1 antara, a. very near, only in V. and B.
[see anta, mg 1, and 474.]
2 antara, a. inner; as n. 1. the interior,
middle ; jala^antare, in the middle of the
water = in the water, 50 7 ; vana^antara-
samcarin, wandering in the forest, 49 13 ;
2. interval see atra; 3. distance be-
tween two things; the difference, 29 7 ;
4. difference, at end of cpds [1302c5]:
-antara, that which has a difference
of -, i.e. another -, 33 l , 38 12 - 23 , 43 6 ; -5.
occasion, juncture, 19 u . [antar: cf.
fVTfpa, ' inwards, guts.']
antar-atman, m. the in(-dwelling) soul;
heart. [1289.]
antari-ksa, n. the atmosphere, see 92 9 N.
[' lying or situate in the middle ' between
heaven and earth : antar + ksa : for mg,
cf. rb fj.effrjyv, as used of the aerial space
traversed by Iris.]
antariksa-ga, a. moving in the air ; as
m. bird, [for mg, cf. khaga.]
antariksa-loka, m. atmosphere-world
[1280b] ; the atmosphere, regarded as a
separate world.
antar-gata, a. gone within, i.e. being
within ; hidden.
antardhana, n. abiding; disappearance;
w. i, disappear. [V 1 dha + antar, q.v.]
a n t a r - 1 a j j a , /. inward shame. [1289. ]
antar-vedi, a. situate within the sacri-
ficial bed ; -di, adv. within the sacrificial
spot. [1310a.]
anti, adv. opposite, in front, before; near.
[see anta : cf . avrl, ' opposite,' &vra, ' face
to face'; Lat. ante, 'before'; antlcus,
'former, ancient'; AS. and-swaru, Eng.
an-swer.]
1 antika, n. neighborhood or presence;
used like samipa, q.v. [anti.]
2 antika, for anta at end of cpds, 1222,
1307 ; grahana^antika, having acquisition
as its conclusion.
antima, a. last. [anti, 474: for mg
(' endmost "? ), cf. anta 2, and antya.]
ante-vasfn, m. pupil, [lit. 'abiding in
the vicinity,' 1250c.]
antya, a. being at the end, last; lowest;
of lowest caste, [anta.]
antya-jati, a. having lowest birth.
antyajatita,yi condition of having low-
est birth. [1237.]
antya-stri, f. woman of lowest caste.
a iid. ha, a. blind; blinding (of darkness).
and has, n. darkness, [cf. andha.]
anna, n. food ; esp. rice, usually boiled, the
chief food of the Hindus; grain. [Vad,
1177a: cf. eJSap, Lat. esca, *ed-ca, 'food';
ador, ' spelt ' ; AS. dta, Eng. oat.~\
anna-pragana, n. rice-feeding, the first
feeding of an infant with rice.
anna-rasa, n. food and drink. [1253b.]
annavant, a. provided with food,
[anna.]
any a [523], pron. a. another, other, else;
anyac ca, and another thing, i.e. again,
see ca 3 ; other than, different from, w. abl.,
3 4 , 24 19 , 68 12 , 104 u ; otiose, 2 12 ; yad an-
yat kim cana, whatever else, 9 16 ; anya
or eka anya, the one the other, 90 13 ,
29 8 . [cf. evioi, 'some'; Goth. an-\>ar,
'other,' Eng. other, .]
anyatama, a. one of several, some one.
[anya, 525 3 .]
any at as, adv. from another direction
[1098b], otherwise; elsewhere [1098c 3 ],
to another place, [anya.]
any at ha, adv. otherwise, 18 9 ; w. bhu,
become otherwise, suffer change, 17 5 ;
otherwise than ,it really is, falsely, 35 20 ;
otherwise (i.e. if not), 48 8 . [anya.]
anya-hrada, m. another pool.
anye-dyus, adv. on the next day.
['altero die': 1250c.]
anyonya, pron. a. one the other, for
any 6 'nya [175a], the first part being a
crystallized nom. s. m. [1314c] ; w. value of
gen., anyonyam prati hrcchaya = anyas-
ya^anyam prati h., love of one towards
the other, 2 19 . [see paraspara.]
an vane [409c], a. directed after, following
after, being behind, [ami + anc.]
anvita, see Vi + anu.
ap]
[118]
ap [393], f. plurale tantum. water; waters.
[unrelated to Lat. aqua, 'water/ Goth.
ahva, ' stream.']
a p a , prep, away, forth, off ; opp. of lipa,
see VV i, kr. [cf . air6, Lat. a&, ' from ' ;
Eng. off", of.]
apakara, m. injury. [Vlkr + apa.]
apakarin, a. injuring, [do.]
apacara, m. going off; absence. [Vcar
+ apa.]
d-patighni, a. f. not husband-slaying.
[402 : acct, 1288a.]
apatya, n. offspring; child; young (of
animals), [apa, 'off,' 1245b.]
a -pad [391], a. footless. [cf. &iro5-es,
'halt': 1304a.]
a p a b h r a s t a , . fallen off ; deviating ( from
good grammar) ; provincial. [Vbhrang +
apa.]
ap a ra [525], pron. a. hinder, opp. o/purva ;
following a former one (purva), 86 13 ;
later ; westerly, opp. to purva cf. pranc ;
a following one, i.e. an other ; aparaih ca,
and another thing, and further, see ca 3 ;
apari [cf. 355b], f. pi. the future
(days), the future, [lit. 'remoter,' fr. apa,
474.]
a-paranmukha, a. not having an averted
face, i.e. not turning the back, 5 19 .
a-parajita, a. unconquered; w. dig, the
northeast quarter, 99 23 N. [Vji.]
aparadha, m. sin. [s radh apa.]
a-parijata, a. not completely grown (of
an embryo), i.e. prematurely born, still-
born, [see pari-jata and ref.]
a-pariniya, grd. without any leading
around. [VnL]
a-parimita, a. unmeasured, unlimited.
[v/lma.]
apa-vrata, a. disobedient; stubborn.
['away from command,' 1310a: cf. dnu-
vrata.]
apas, see ap.
a p a s , n. work, [perhaps from V *ap, ' reach,
take hold of see Vap: cf. Lat. opus,
' work.']
a pay a, m. a going away; what takes one
from the mark (cf. upaya) ; danger ;
disadvantage ; diminution. [Vi + apa,
1148. la : for mg, cf. Eng. untoward.]
a -par a, a. boundless, [para: acct, 1304a.]
dpi, indecl. unto, close upon or on; 1.
prep, to, w. Vgam; 2. adv. (thereto, be-
sides, i.e.) further, also; connecting clauses
(63 23 ) or words (65 11 ) ; connecting sentences,
api ca, and besides, 29 9 , see ca 3 ; api
api, both and, 54 23 ; % ca api,
and, 5 12 , 26 5 ; ca, capi, both and
also, 12 1 ;,' caiva, capi, 65 15 ; capi,
ca, 3 21 , 16"; capi, ca, ca, 16 6 ,
60 10 ; na , na_api % neither , nor ,
9 9 ; na , na capi, 22 v - ; na , na , api
ca, neither , nor , nor also , 2 12 ; ,
va, va^api, either , or , or even ,
62 2 ; 3. also, too, immediately following
the emphasized word, 6 12 , II 3 , 21 18 , 24 21 ;
mam api, me too, 41 20 ; 4. even, imme-
diately following the emphasized word, and
often marking a circumstance under which a
thing is true where this is not to be expected :
e.g. 2 13 , 28 7 - 18 , 33 19 ; tatha^api, so even, i.e.
nevertheless, 21 u ; concessively, although,
29 \ 21", 61 1 ' 6 ; w. na, not even, 19 15 ; w.
indefinites, kada cid api na, not ever at
all, 31 w , 32 s ; -5. but, immediately follow-
ing a new subject, after change of subject,
6 15 , 28 21 , 32 22 , 41 .; -6. at least,
28 9 ' U ; 7. converts an interr. into an indef.
[507]; so ka, 17 n , etc.; katham, 51 *.
[cf . M, ' on, upon ' ; perhaps Lat. op-, ob-,
'unto, on.']
a-pidayant, a. non-oppressing. [Vpid.]
a-purv4, a. having no predecessor; un-
precedented ; incomparable. [purva :
acct, 1304a.]
apeksa,/ regard; expectation. [Viks +
apa.]
a-praja, a. having no offspring, childless,
[praja, 367b.]
a-prajnata, a. undistinguished or not
clearly to be known. [Vjna.]
a-pratarkya, a. un-imaginable.
a-pratima, a. without match or equal;
unequalled, [pratima, 367b.]
a -prat it a, a. not gone against; not with-
stood; invincible. [Vi + prati.]
a-pratta, a. not given (in marriage).
[Vlda + pra, 1087e.]
a-prayucchant, a. not heedless; watch-
ful. [V2 yu + pra, q.v.]
[119]
[amimarisya
a-priya, a. not dear; disliked; disagree-
able.
apsaras,yi one of a class of semi-divine
beings, wires of the Gandharvas ; an Ap-
saras, 67 12 N. [1151. 2d.]
a-buddhimant, a. unwise; foolish.
abda, m. lit. water-giving; (then, perhaps,
rainy season, and so) year, [ap + da, but
w. irreg. acct, 1269 : for rag, see varsa.]
a-bhaksya, a. not to be eaten; as n.
that which ought not to be eaten.
a-bhaya, a. dangerless ; as n. safety;
feeling of safety; superl. greatest safety.
[bhaya: acct, 1304a 2 .]
a-bhava, m. non-existence; absence; lack.
a-bhavin, a. not about to be, not destined
to be.
abhi, adv. to, unto; against; frequent as
vbl prefix ; as prep, unto, w. ace. [cf . a/*4>/,
' around ' ; Lat. ambi-, amb-, ' on both sides,
around ' ; AS. ymbe, Ger. um, ' around ' ;
for mg, cf. abhitas.]
abhijna, a. knowing, acquainted with.
[Vjfia + abhi, 333.]
abhitas, adv. on both sides; on all sides,
101 10 ; around ; near, [abhi.]
abhidroha, m. offense. [Vdruh + abhi.]
abhidha,/. name ; cf. akhya. [V 1 dha +
abhi, q.v.]
abhidhana, n. name; designation, [do.]
abhidhyana, n. the thinking upon.
[Vdhya + abhi.]
abhinivega, m. inclination towards.
[Vvig + abhi-ni.]
abhibhasin, a. addressing. [\fbhas +
abhi, 1183 3 .]
abhibhuti,/. superiority; as a. [1157.2],
superior. [V bhu + abhi.]
abhibhuty-ojas, a. having superior
might.
abhimati,/! hostile plot; concrete, plot-
ter, foe. [Vman + abhi, 1157. Id : a
irreg.']
abhi-mukha, a. having the face towards ;
facing ; turned towards. [1305.]
abhivada, m. salutation; at 60 22 , signifi-
cation. [Vvad + abhi.]
abhivadana, n. salutation, [do.]
abhivadin, a. signifying, [do.]
abhivadya, grdv. to be saluted, [do.]
abhi-giras, a. having the head towards,
w. ace. [1305.]
a-bhita, a. fearless; -vat [1107], fear-
lessly,
abhipsu, a. desirous of obtaining, w. ace.
[s/ap + abhi, 1178f, 1038.]
abhy-adhika, a. additional; more,
abhy-antara, a. situated in the inside
[1310a]; as n. interior ; interval,
abhy-atma, a. directed towards one's
self [1310a] ; -am, adv. towards one's
self [ISlOd].
abhyasa, m. study. [V 2 as + abhi, q.v.]
abhra, n. rain-cloud, [cf. o/j.Bpos, 'rain';
Lat. imber, ' rain ' : cf . ambhas and ambu,
' water.']
abhravakagika, a. (having, i.e.) afford-
ing an opportunity for the rain, exposing
one's self to the rain, [abhra + avakaga,
1307.]
V am (amiti [634] ; ame; amayati). press
on violently; harm; cans. [1041 2 ], harm;
be sick. [cf. ansa.]
a ma, pron. this; he. [503*: cf. ama.l
a-mantii, a. without intention, [mantu:
1304a.]
a-mara, a. deathless; immortal; as m. an
immortal, a god; -vat [1107], adv. like a
god. [mara: 1304a !! end.]
amarottama, a. chief of gods. [uttama.J
amaropama, a. like a god. [upama,
367b.]
a-martya, a. immortal,
a-marsa, m. non-endurance; impatience;
anger.
a-mahatman, a. not high-minded,
a ma, adv. at home, chez soi; ama kr, keep
by one. [ama, 1112a and e.]
amatya, m. inmate of the same house,
relative, [ama, 1245b.]
a-maya,,/! no guile; sincerity,
ama-vasa, m. a dwelling (of the moon)
at home (i.e. with the sun).
amavasya, a. of amavasa ; f. -a, w. or
without ratri, the night of amavasa, i.e.
night of new moon. [1212d4.]
a-mithuna, a. not forming pairs (of both
sexes).
a-mimansya, a. not to be called in
question.
amiva]
[120]
am iv, a, n., but generally -a, f. plague, dis-
tress ; as m. tormenting spirit. [V am.]
amlva-catana, /. -I, a. driving away
disease. [1271.]
amiva-han [402], a. slaying the torment-
ing spirits.
a mil, pron. root, see adas. [503 2 .]
a m u t a s , adv. from there, opp. of itas ;
there, [amu.]
amiitra, adv. there; in the other world,
opp. of iha or asnxin (loke). [amii.]
amuya, adv. so. [amii, 1112a, e end.]
a-mfta, a. immortal; as subst. an immor-
tal; as n. immortality; the drink of im-
mortality, apfrpoffia. ['not dead,' mrta,
1284a : cf . &-fj.&poTos, ' immortal.']
amrtatva, n. immortality, [amrta.]
ambara, n. garment; sky. [prob. 'cover-
ing, envelope,' Vlvr + anu, for an(u)-
vara: cf. adbhuta.]
ambu, n. water, [see abhra.]
ambu-ja, a. water-born; as n. lotus.
ambhas, n. water, [see abhra.]
ay a, a. subst. going, a going. [Vi, 1148. lab.]
ay ana, n. a going; place of going, way;
course; esp. course (of the sun from one
solstice to the other), i.e. half-year. [Vi,
1150. la.]
ay as, n. metal; iron. [cf. Old Lat. ais,
gen. ais-is, Lat. aes, ' metal, bronze ' ; AS.
dr, 'bronze/ Eng. ore; perhaps AS. tsern,
iren, Eng. iron, ' f errum, f erreus.']
ayasmaya, a. iron, [see maya.]
a-yiij, a. not paired; in uneven numbers,
[cf. S-fv|, 'unyoked.']
a-yuj a, a. not paired, uneven, [cf. &-vyos,
'unpaired'; also vya t> &Cvya, the game
' even or odd.']
a-yuddha, n. no fight. [1288a.]
a-yoddhf.m. non-fighter, coward. [1288a 4 .]
ara, m. spoke, [vfr, caus. 'fit in.']
arana, a. distant, strange.
a r a n i , f. piece of wood for kindling fire
by attrition.
aranya, n. wilderness, forest, ['strange
land,' fr. arana.]
aranya-rajya, n. forest-sovereignty.
aranya-vasin, a. dwelling in the forest.
aranyani, / wilderness, [aranya, cf.
1223b.]
a -rap as, a. without infirmity; whole,
[rapaa, 1304a.]
aram, adv. so as to fit or suit, ready, at
hand, enough; w. kr, make ready, serve,
79 2 ; w. gam, attend upon. [adv. ace. of
ara, Vr, lllld: cf. alam.j
a-rati, f. non-favor; malignity; personi-
fied, pi., malign hags, [acct, 1288a.]
arf [343d], a. 1. eager, esp. in one's re-
lations to the gods, and so, pious; 2.
greedy; 3. hostile; as m. enemy. [\/r,
' go for ' : cf . arya.]
a-riata, a. unharmed. [Vris: acct, 1284.]
aristatati, f. unharmedness, health,
[ariata, 1238.]
aruna, a. ruddy; as m. Aruna, name of a
teacher, 95 u . [cf. aruaa.]
a-rundhatf,/ Arundhati, name of the
faint star Alkor in Ursa Major, conceived
as consort of the Seven Rishis. [ V rudh,
691 : acct, 1283a.]
aruaa,/. arual, a. ruddy, [see 362b 2 : cf.
aruna.]
are, word of address. Ah! [voc. of ari,
1135c : cf. re.]
a-roga, a. not having disease, diseaseless.
arka, m. the sun. [<Jrc, 21(3.1.]
argha, m. worth, price. [\/arh.]
arghya, a. of price or that may be priced,
[argha, 1212.]
\1 arc, see Vrc.
arcis, n. flame. [Vrc, 1153.]
V arj , see V2rj.
arjana, n. acquisition. [V2rj, 'get.']
arjuna, a. silver-white. [V3rj, q.v.]
art ha, m. 1. aim, object, purpose, er-
rand, sake; artham and arthe [1302c4],
for the sake of, on account of, for, esp.
frequent at end of cpds ; 2. (object, i.e.)
thing, matter, affair, cause, business ; 3.
(object, i.e.) advantage, profit (w. instr.),
wealth, property; 4. aim, intent, mean-
ing, 59 15 . ['that which one goes for,' Vr,
1163.]
artha-tattva, n. true state of the mat-
ter or case.
\f art hay a (arthayate, -ti). seek for an
object, [artha, 1067.]
a bhi, ask, entreat.
+ p r a , desire, sue for.
[121]
[avasana
artha rj ana, n. acquisition of an object,
[arjana.]
art hin, a. having an object, desiring,
seeking; (begging, i.e.) needy, [artha.]
arthya, a. wealthy, [artha.]
ardha, a. half; as m. the half.
ardharca, m. half -stanza, [ardha + rca.]
ardhika, a. amounting to half, [ardha.]
arpana, n. the sending, consignment, en-
trusting, [caus. of Vr.]
arbuda, n. a hundred millions.
arbuda-gikhara, m. Million-peaks,
name of a mountain.
arya, a. faithful; attached, kindly, 79 3 .
[' going eagerly to,' Vr : cf. arya.]
arya man [426a], m. bosom-friend, esp. a
bridegroom's friend, irapavvfj.<t>ios ; Arya-
man, name of an Aditya (invoked at the
wedding, and often with play upon the
appellative mg of the word), [arya.]
arvak-kalika, a. belonging to hither
or nearer time, posterior ; -ta, f. posteri-
ority, [arvanc (1249a) + kala, 1222c2.]
arvanc [409a], a. directed hitherwards;
w. kr, bring hither ; w. nud, thrust hither,
i.e. downwards.
V arh (arhati, -te; arhayati). deserve;
have a right to ; w. inf., be able ; w. inf.,
as a weak imperative, 7 17 ; caus. give a
right to, present with.
arha, a. deserving; worthy; fit. [Varh.]
a-laksana, a. without any characteristic
mark ; without special mark, i.e. plain,
unornamented. [laksana.]
a-laksita, a. unnoticed. [Vlaksaya.]
a-labhamana, a. not catching.
a 1 a m , adv. enough ; sometimes equiv, to an
adj., adequate, fitting, ready; w. instr.
enough with, have done with ; w. Rr,
make ready, adorn ; sv-alamkrta, well
adorned; sam-alamkrta, well (samz'ntens.,
1077b) adorned, [later form of aram.]
a-lavana, a. not salt.
a-lasa, a. not lively; without energy;
slothful; tired.
a-lobha, m. non-greed; absence of cu-
pidity.
alpa, a. small.
alpa-dhi, a. small-minded, of small in-
telligence.
alpagas, adv. to a small degree, [alpa.]
V av (avati ; ava; avit; avisyati; uta;
-avya). 1. set a-going; 2. further,
favor, wish well ; 3. refresh ; 4. have
pleasure in (ace.), [cf. Lat. avere, 'have
pleasure in,' ave, ' hail.']
+ p r a , show forth favor ; then, be atten-
tive or heedful (as, conversely, in Eng. at-
tention Aas come to mean ' act of kindness
or courtesy').
ava, vU prefix, down; off.
avaka, f. grassy swamp-plant, Blyxa
octandra Richard.
avakaga, m. 1. open place; 2. (place,
and so) opportunity. [Vka t- ava.]
avajna, f. contempt. [Vjfia I- ava : for
mg, cf . avamana.]
avatar a, m. descent, esp. of supernatural
beings to the earth ; an epiphany ; in-
carnation, Anglo-Indian avatar. [Vtr +
ava.]
avatta, see 1087e.
avadana, n. cutting off. [V2da + ava.]
a-vadya, a. un-praiseworthy ; as n. imper-
fection. [1285.]
V avadhiraya (avadhlrayati). despise;
reject.
a-vadhya, a. not to be harmed, inviola-
ble, [vadhya, 1285.]
avadhya-bhava, m. inviolability, 35 21 .
avanata-kaya, a. with bent down body,
34 17 . [Vnam.]
avamana, m. contempt; self-contempt,
50 u . [Vman + ava : for mg, cf. avajna.]
avalambitavya, grdv. to be held on to.
[V lamb + ava.]
a-vaga, a. not willing or submissive; un-
controlled, [vaga: acct, 1288a 4 .]
avagyam, adv. necessarily, surely, [fr.
an unused adj. a-vaya, 'unyielding.']
avas, n. furtherance ; grace. [\/av.]
avas, adv. downwards; w. abl. [1128], down
from. [cf. ava.]
a v a s a , n. refreshment, nourishment. [V av,
mg3.]
avasara, m. occasion. [Vsr + ava: for
mg, cf. Lat. casus, ' occasion,' w. cadcre,
' fall,' and Ger. Fall, ' case, instance,' w.
fallen, 'fall.']
avasana, n. place of rest. [^Jsa + ava.]
avastha]
[122]
avastha, f. state, condition. [V stha -
ava t for mg, cf. Lat. status w. stare.']
a-vahant, a. not flowing, standing.
[V vah, mg 4.]
a-vacya, a. not to be spoken to.
4 vane [409a], a. directed downwards; ace.
s. n. avak, adv. downwards, in depth.
avi, m. sheep; as f. ewe. [cf. 6is, *uFis,
Lat. ovis, ' sheep ' ; Eng. ewe.'}
a-vicchindant, a. not severing. [Vchid.]
a-vicchinna, a. not severed, continuous,
[do.]
a-vijnaya,gfrc?. without discerning. [Vjna.]
a-vijneya, a. unknowable, [do.]
a-vidasin, a. not drying up, perennial.
[Vdas.]
a-vidvans, a. unwise; as TO. fool, [acct,
1288a.]
a-vidhava, f. not widow, [vidhava:
acct, 1288a 4 .]
a-vidhanatas, adv. not according to
regulation.
a-vipluta, a. not dishonored; unsullied.
[Vplu + vi, q.v.]
a-viveka, a. without discrimination.
avivekata,/ lack of judgment. [1237.]
a-viganka, a. without hesitation, unhesi-
tating, [viganka, 334 2 , 1304a.]
a-visaya, m. a non-province; something
out of one's line or that one has no busi-
ness to do ; unlawful thing.
a-vrka, a. not harmful; -am, adv. harm-
lessly, lovingly, [vf ka : acct, 1288a *.]
aveksa, /. a looking around. [Viks +
ava, 1149 3 .]
a-vyakta, a. not manifest; as TO. The
All-soul, 67". [Vanj.]
a-vyaya, a. imperishable; not subject to
change; unbroken. [1288a.]
V lag, orig. ang (agn6ti, agnute ; ananca,
anag [788 4 ] ; asta ; asti ; agitum).
reach ; attain ; obtain, get. [cf . iroS-Tji/e/c-
fis, ' reaching to the feet ' ; tfy-ryK-a, ' car-
ried': see also the closely related V2nag.]
+ upa, attain to.
\f 2ag (agnati; aga; agit; agisyati; agi-
ta; agitum ; agitva ; -agya). partake of ;
taste ; eat. [a specialization of V 1 ag :
cf. &K-O\OS, 'bit': for mg, cf. bhaks.]
+ pra, partake of; cas. feed.
1 a-gaknuvant, a. not being able. [Vgak.]
a-gakya, a. impossible.
a-ganka, a. without hesitation, [ganka:
cf. aviganka.]
agana, n. food. [V2ag.]
a-guci, a. impure.
a-gabha, a. disagreeable.
a-geva, a. not dear; hostile. [geva:
acct, 1288a,]
a-gesa, a. without remainder, entire; -tas,
adv. entirely, without exception.
a g man, TO. 1. stone; 2. thunderbolt;
3. vault of heaven, 79 9 . [cf. aK^iav,
' anvil, thunderbolt ' ; kinship w. Eng.
hammer uncertain.]
agmanvant, a. stony, [agman.]
agru, n. tear.
a g v a , TO. horse ; agva, f. mare, steed, [cf .
TTTTTOS-, dialectic IKKOS, Lat. equus, Old Saxon
ehu, AS. eh, eoh, ' horse.']
agva-kovida, a. well skilled in horses.
agva-medha, TO. horse-sacrifice.
agvin, a. horsed; as dual m. the A9vins,
gods of the morning light, 85 15 N. [agva.]
agvya, a. consisting of horses ; of a horse,
[agva : cf. 'hnrios, ' of a horse.']
ast [483 3 ], num. eight, [cf. OKT<!>, Lat.
octo, AS. eahta, Eng. eight.]
a s t a md, a. eighth, [asta, 487 8 .]
asta-vidha, a. of eight sorts; eight-fold,
[vidha, 1302c 5.]
astanga, n. eight members. [anga,
1312.]
astanga-pata, TO. a fall on eight mem-
bers/ i.e. on hands, knees, feet, breast,
and face, i.e. a most profound obeisance.
asti,/^ attainment. [Vlag.]
V las (asti [636]; asa). -1. be, exist; be
present or on hand; take place, happen;
asti, asit, there is, there was, very frequent
at beg. of stories ; 2. be, w. predicate pos-
sessive gen., i.e. belong to; asti mama,
I have ; observe that Skt. has no verb for
' have ' ; 3. most frequent as simple copula ;
further, w. ppls: e.g. prapto 'si, art thou
come, didst thou come, 9 1 ; hantavyo ' smi,
occidendus sum, 3 2 ; gepano 'smi, I have
sworn, 97 7 ; redundantly [303b 4 end] : e.g.
tatha^anusthite sati, it being thus per-
formed, 35"; so 37 13 , 39 16 - M ; prahrstah
[123]
[ahata
san, being pleased, 48 12 ; 4. w. advs :
tusnim asit, kept silent; evam astu, so
be it ; w. pradus, see s.v. ; 5. become,
96 19 . [w. as-ti, s-anti, ' is, are,' cf . ftr-n,
' is, exists,' fieri, Doric tv-ri, *'ivTi, ' are,'
Lat. es-t, s-unt, AS. is, #is-t, s-ind, ' is, are,'
Eng. is ; cognate are a-m, ar-t, are.]
\1 2 as (asyati, -te ; asa ; asisyati ; asta;
asitum ; asitva ; -asya). throw, cast,
shoot ; throw aside, [cf . asf, ' the bran-
dished ' sword j Lat. ensis, ' sword ' ; dlea,
*aslea, 'die,' like Ger. Wiirfel, 'die,' fr.
werfen, ' throw.']
+ vy-ati, throw over, cross.
+ abhi, throw (one's self) upon, direct
(one's attention) to, study, [for rag, cf.
irpoaf^eiv without rbv vovv.~\
+ ni, throw down; deposit; commit.
+ pari-ni, throw down over, stretch
over.
+ nis, throw out; root out; destroy.
+ vi, 1. cast asunder; cast or throw
away ; 2. break in pieces, 70 14 .
+ s a m , cast or put together.
a-samhradayant, a. not causing to
rattle, [Vhrad.]
a-satyasamdha, a. unfaithful, treach-
erous.
a-sant, a. non-existing; as n. non-exist-
ence.
a-sapinda, a. related more distantly than
in the sixth generation, see sapinda.
a-samartha, a. unable.
a-sampatti,/. non-success.
a-sambaddha, a. un-connected, in-coher-
ent, w. same fig. mg as in Eng. [s/bandh.]
a-sambandha, a. not having relation-
ship.
a-sambhavya, a. unsupposable, impos-
sible.
a -sail a, a. impatient.
asu, m. vital spirit; vigorous life. [VI as.]
a-sutfp, a. insatiable. [1288a 4 .]
asu-tfp, a. life-robbing, [vbl of V2trp.]
asu-nlti, f. the leading or continuing of
life (in the other world); spirit-life; spirit-
world, [acct, 1274.]
a-sunva, a. not pressing (Soma), i.e.
indifferent to the gods, godless. [see
1148. 3b and 716.]
a sura, 1. a. spiritual (used of the gods,
and designating esp. the difference be-
tween celestial and mundane existence) ;
2. as m. a spirit of life, a god; asura
adeva, spirit that is no god, demon, 82 6 ;
3. later, demon (45 6 ), enemy of the
gods, an Asura, a not-god (as if the word
were a-sura whence, by popular ety-
mology, the pendant sura, 'god'), [asu-
ra, 1226 (cf. 1188f), and as-u fr. VI as,
1178b.]
asurya, a. godlike; as n. pi. godhead.
[asura, 1212d4.]
V asuya (asuyati). be impatient,
asuya,/. impatience. [Vasuya, 1149 6 .]
asrj [432], n. blood, 24 22 . [cf. Cyprian tap,
' blood.']
a sail, see 501 and adas.
asta, n. home; astam, w. i, gam, ya, go
home ; esp. of the sun [see 1092b], set.
[prob. V 1 as : for mg, cf . bhavana.]
asta-mauna, a. having thrown aside or
abandoned silence. [V2as.]
a,sii,f. being. [Vlas.]
asthan [431], n. bone. [cf. oareov, Lat
stem ossi-, *osti-, nom. os, ' bone.']
a-sthavara, a. not standing,
asthi, see asthan.
a-sprgant, a. not touching. [Vsprg.]
as ma [494], prow. stem, we, us. [cf. rjfj.f'is,
Lesbian &fj.fj.es, 'we.']
as mad, as stem in cpds [494], our; as pi.
majestaticus, my.
asmaka, a. of us; our. [asma, 516 4 .]
a-svapant, a. not sleeping. [Vsvap.]
a-svastha, a. not well, ill; not self-con-
tained, not master of one's self.
a-sveda, a. free from sweat.
V ah (attha, aha, ahathus, -tus, ahus
[801a]). say; call; ahus, they say. [cf.
Lat. aio, ' say,' ad-ag-ium, ' saw, proverb,'
nego, ' say no.']
+ pra, declare to be.
1 aha, assev. particle, certainly, of course;
namely, [pron. root a: cf. 1104 3 end.]
2 aha, for ahan in cpds. [1209a, 1315a.]
a-hata, a. 1. not beaten; 2. (since
Hindu washermen wet the clothes and
pound them with stones) unwashed, of a
garment, i.e. new. [Vhan.]
ahan]
[124]
ahan, ahar, ahas [430a], n. day (as opp.
to night), e.g. 92 16 ; day.
a ham [491], pron. I. [cf. ly&, Lat. ego,
AS. ic, Eng. /: see 491 and ma etc.]
ahar, see ahan.
ahar-niga, n. day and night, wx^rifj-fpov ;
-am, adv. constantly, [niqa : 1253b.]
ahaly a, / Ahalya, Gautama's wife.
ahas, see ahan.
a-hasta, a. handless. [hasta, 1304a.]
ahaha, excl. of joy or sorrow. [1135a.]
a-harya, a. not liable to be stolen.
aharyatva, n. non-liability to be stolen.
[1239.]
a hi, m. serpent; esp. the dragon of the sky,
often identified w. the demon Vritra. [see
under agha : cf . ex is > I>at. anguis, ' ser-
pent ' ; fjx f ^ vs > ^ a *' anguilla, ' eel.']
a-hinsa,/. non-injuring (any creature).
ahi-gopa [352], a. having the dragon as
their keeper. [1302 *.]
ahivat, adv. as a dragon. [1107.]
ahi-hatya, n. the slaying of the dragon;
the (victorious) fight with the dragon,
[acct, 1272a, 1213c.]
a-hrnana, a. not being angry. [V2hr.]
aho, excl. of astonishment, pleasant or un-
pleasant. [1135a : euphony, 138f.]
aho-ratra, n. day and night, vu
[ahas + ratri, 1253b : see ratra.]
a, adv. 1. hither, unto, as prefix w. verbs
of motion ; 2. conjunctively, thereto, be-
sides ; ca a, both and, 85 5 ; 3. as-
severatively, (up to, i.e.) quite, entirely,
73 *; 4. as prep., w. abl.: hither from,
all the way from ; ana* then [293c], all the
way to, until, 49 13 , 64", 103 M , 105 6 , 106 2 ;
as far as, 105 10 . [cf . Lat. a, ' from,' which
is not akin w. ab, 'from.']
akara, m. 1. accumulation, abundance ;
2. mine. [V3kr + a, q.v.]
V akarnaya (akarnayati ; akarnita ;
akarnya). listen; give ear to; hear,
[denom. fr. the possessive adj. *akarna,
' having the ear to, i.e. listening.']
akarsaka, a. attractive; f. -ika
[1222d], Pleasanton, as name of a town.
[Vkrs + a.]
akarsikakhya, a. having the name
akarsika. [akhya.]
akara, m. make ; shape ; appearance.
[V 1 kr + a : cf . akrti.]
akaravant, a. like the Eng. shapely.
[akara.]
akaga, m Veda, m.; later, n. free or open
space; sky. [prop, 'outlook, clearness,'
Vkag + a.]
akula, a. 1. bestrewn, covered, filled;
2. fig. confused ; agitated. [V3kr + a,
q.v.]
V akulaya (akulayati). confuse; aku-
lita, at one's wit's end. [akula.]
ak ut a, n. intention. [Vku + a.]
akrti, f. make ; shape ; appearance.
[V 1 kr + a, 1157. Id : cf. akara.]
akhu, m. mold-warp ; mouse, ['burrower,'
Vkha + a, 1178a end.]
akhya, f. name; at end ofcpds, having
as name. [Vkhya + a.]
akhyana, n. tale. [Vkhya + a, 1150.]
agantavya, grdv. seeVgam T a.
agantu, m. arrival; and so, as in Eng.,
person arriving. [V gam + a, 1161.]
a g a m a n a , n. a coming hither ; w. punar,
a returning. [V gam + a.]
a gas, n. sin. [orig., perhaps, 'a slip,'
V afij : cf . &yos, ' guilt ' : different is ayos,
aghrni, a. glowing, beaming. [V2ghr,
'glow/ -fa, 1158.]
angirasa, a. descended from Angiras.
[angiras, 1208a.]
acamana, n. the rmsing of the mouth.
[V cam -f a.]
acamaniya, m. dish for use in rinsing
the mouth, [acamana, 1215.]
a car a, m. walk and conversation; conduct;
usage ; observance. [V car + a.]
a car y a, m. teacher, esp. of the Veda.
[perhaps, ' the man of observances,' fr.
acara, 1212d 4.]
ajar as am, adv. to old age. [from the
phrase a jaras-am.]
ajarasaya, adv. to old age. [dat. (1113)
formed fr. the preceding, as if that were
ace. of ajarasa.]
aji, m. race; contest; battle. [Vaj, 1155.
cf. ay-wv, 'contest.']
[125]
[Vap
& j n a , /. order ; command. [V jna + a.]
ajya, n. clarified butter (for anointing,
etc.); cf. ghrta. [Vanj fa, see 100 20 :
for mg, cf . Eng. noun smear, ' ointment,'
and verb smear.]
ajya-gesa, m. n. rest of the clarified
butter,
ajyahuti,/. oblation of clarified butter.
[ahuti.]
anjana, n. ointment. [Vanj + a: cf. Lat.
unguen, ' ointment.']
adhya, a. wealthy; rich, [perhaps fr.
arthya.]
at, adv. thereupon; ad Id, then indeed.
[lit. 'from that,' abl. of a, 1114a.]
atithya, n. hospitality, [atithi, 'guest,'
1211.]
a t m a , for atman in cpds, 1249a 2 .
atmaka, for atman in mg 4 at end of cpds
[1222, 1307]; e.g. mara^atmaka, murder-
natured, murderous,
atman, m. 1. breath; 2. spirit; soul
(cf. 84 8 N.), as principle of life and feeling;
3. self ; very often so used as a simple
reflexive pron. [514] ; e.g., myself, 36 16 ;
thyself, 26 15 ; himself, 4 19 ; in genitive:
his, 17 16 ; her, 46 5 ; one's own, 21 18 , 58 22 ;
4. nature, character, peculiarity; esp.
at end of cpds, see atmaka ; 5. the
soul KO.T Qoxfy, the soul of the uni-
verse, 66 8 . [cf. a.vT/j.j)v, 'breath'; ar/j.6s,
' vapor ' ; AS. wj>m, seftm, ' breath ' : for
mg, cf. irvtvfia and Lat. anima, 'breath,
spirit.']
atma-paksa, m. one's own party.
atma-prabha, a. having his or their
own splendor, [prabha, 354.]
atma-bhava, m. the coming into exist-
ence of one's self.
atma-mansa, n. one's own flesh.
atmavat, adv. as one's self, [atma, i.e.
atman : 1107.]
atma-gakti, /. one's own power.
atma-gonita, n. one's own blood.
atma-samdeha, m. danger of one's self,
personal risk.
atma-hita, n. one's own welfare.
atmaupamya, n. likeness to one's self,
i.e. a putting one's self in another's place.
[aupamya.J
adara, m. respect, notice, care. [V2dr +
a, 'regard.']
a cl ah an a, n. burning-place, place of cre-
mation. [V dah + a.]
ad ana, n. receiving. [Vlda + a, 'take,'
1150.]
adi, m. 1. in-ception, beginning, 60 8 ;
adim adatte, he makes a beginning; adav
eva, just before, just now; 2. esp. at end
of adj. cpds [see 1302c 1] : -adi, having
as the beginning, i.e. and so forth ;
or, the qualified noun being omitted, and
the adj. cpd being used as subst., and
so forth. [undoubtedly f r. V 1 da + a,
'take,' 'a taking hold of, i.e. beginning,'
1155. 2e: for mg, cf. Lat. in-cipere, Ger.
an-fangen, ' take hold of, begin.']
adika, equiv. to adi in use 2. [1222, 1307.]
ad it y a, m. 1. son of Aditi, name ap-
plied to the gods of the heavenly light,
Varuna, Mitra, Aryaman, etc. ; 2. Adit-
ya, name of the sun-god, son of Aditi ;
the sun. [aditi, 1211.]
ad in, a. eating, devouring. [Vad, 1183 3 .]
adevana, n. gambling-place, 98 ' 3 . [VI diy ,
' play,' + a.]
adya, a. first; equiv. to adi in use 2. [adi,
1211.]
adhipatya, n. sovereignty, [adhipati,
1211 2 end.]
adhrsya, grdv. to be ventured against;
approachable. [Vdhrs + a, 963d.]
adheya, n. a placing, esp. of the sacred
fire. [V 1 dha + a, ' put,' 1213c.]
adhvaryava, n. service of sacrificing
priest, [adhvaryii, 1208c.]
anaduha, a. of a bull, taurine. [anaduh,
weak form of anadvah, 404 ; 1208a.]
anana, n. mouth; face. [prop, 'the
breather,' Van: cf. fyea-, 'face,' in irpoff-
i)vi)s and air-rivfjs, ' with face turned to-
wards,' ' with face averted ' : for mg, cf .
nay an a.]
V ap (apn6ti; apa ; apat ; apsyati ; apta ;
aptnm ; aptva ; -apya ; apyate ; ipsati
[1030]; apayati). reach; win; get;
bring upon one's self; apta: 1. having
reached ; extending over ; and so, ade-
quate, suitable, fit; 2. having reached,
i.e. being near or intimate, and so, as m.,
apana]
[126]
a friend; Ipsita, whom or what one
desires to obtain, sought for, desired.
[prob. for a-ap, 108g, see apas: cf. tfirtos,
' approachable, friendly ' ; Lat. ap-iscor,
'reach/ ap-ere, 'seize, fasten'; airrta (Va<
for air), 'fasten.']
abhi, reach to a thing, attain; desid.
strive to win ; cans, cause to reach the
mark, i.e. carry out fully, 96 n .
+ a v a , come upon, fall in with ; obtain,
acquire ; take upon one's self ; incur.
+ pra, reach; arrive; come upon; catch;
win, obtain, get ; incur; prapta: reached,
found, caught, obtained ; reached, arrived,
having come ; cans, cause to arrive at,
bring to, 53"; prapamya, to be brought
to, 53 1& .
+ vi, reach through, pervade, 66 9 .
apana, m. market. [Vpan + a.]
a p a d , f. misfortune, [lit. ' a getting into '
(trouble), V pad + a: for specialization of
mg, cf . arti, and Eng. ac-cident, lit. ' a hap-
pening' (of trouble).]
apas, see ap.
api, m. friend, ['one who has reached or
stands near another' (cf. apta), Vap: cf.
tfirtos, s.v. ap.]
apta-daksina,a. having or accompanied
by suitable presents, [daksina, 334 2 .]
abdika, a. annual; -abclika, -ennial,
lasting years, [abda.]
abharana, n. ornament (jewels, etc.).
[' what is worn,' V bhr + a : for mg, cf .
<t>apos, ' garment,' w. <pfpw, and Ger. Tracht,
' dress,' w. tragen, ' wear.']
am a, a. raw. [cf. wfj.6s, 'raw'; Lat. am-
drus, 'bitter.']
amay a, m. injury; disease, [caus. of v'am.]
amayitnu, a. sickening, [caus. of Vain,
1196b.]
amisa, n. flesh, [cf. ama and amis.]
amisagin, a. flesh-eating. [ain.]
amis, n. raw flesh ; flesh, [cf . ama.]
ara6da, a. gladdening; as m. fragrance.
[s mud + a.]
ayatana, n. foot-hold; resting-place; esp.
place of the sacred fire, fire-place. [Vyat
^ +.]
ayata-locana, a. having long eyes.
[Vyam + a.]
ayasa, a. metallic, of iron; as n. metal,
iron, [ayas, 1208a.]
ay am a, m. like Eng. extent, i.e. length.
[Vyam + a, 'extend.']
ayu, a. active, lively. [Vi, 1178a: prob.
akin are ^vs, tty'v-s, tvs, ' active, doughty,
mighty,' -, 'strongly,' e5, generalized,
'well': for mg of ayii, cf. the phrase
" full of go."]
ayudha, n. weapon. [Vyudh + a.]
ayusmant, a. having life or vitality;
long-lived; old. [ayus, 1235a.]
ayus, n. (activity, liveliness, and so) life;
vitality ; personified as a genius, Ayus, 85 18 ;
period or duration of life ; long life ; (like
Eng. life, i.e.) living creatures. [Vi, 1154,
cf . ay-ll : cf . al-wv, Lat. ae-vu-m, AS. sew,
&, ' life-time, time ' ; AS. dwa, d, Eng. aye,
' ever ' ; AS. sef-re, Eng. ev-er.~]
aranyaka, a. pertaining to the wilder-
ness; as n. forest-treatise (to be read in
the solitude of the wilderness Whitney,
p. xvi.). [aranya, 1222e.]
aradhana, n. the gratifying, propitiation,
service. [V radh + a, caus.]
arogya, n. lit. diseaseless-ness, i.e. health,
[aroga.]
aroha, m. the swelling hips or buttocks of
a woman, [prop. ' the seat ' on which a
child is carried astride by its mother,
Vmh + a, 'get upon, take one's seat
upon ' : see anka and cf . the words of an
ogress, MBh., aruha mama Qronim, nes-
yami tvam vihayasa, ' get upon my hip,
I will carry thee through the air.']
arta, a. visited, esp. by trouble ; afflicted;
stricken; distressed. [Vr + a, q.v. : for
mg, cf . American slang phrase gone for.]
arti,^ a visitation (of evil), i.e. trouble,
misfortune, see 93 15 N. [Vr + a: for mg.
cf. arta and apad.]
ardra, a. wet.
ardra-vasas, a. having wet garments.
arya, a. belonging to the faithful, i.e., as
m., man of one's own tribe, an Aryan, as
designation of a man of the Vedic Indian
tribes ; as aay. Aryan ; noble ; reverend
(used in respectful address), [arya, 1208f :
cf . Avestan airya, ' Aryan ' ; New Persian,
Iran, 'Persia'; Hdt. vii. 62, o M^Soi &co-
[127]
[Vi
\eovro W\ai 'Aptoi; Keltic nom. m'w, ace.
en'nn, name of Ireland ; Eng. Ir-ish : cf .
ari, arya.]
alasya, n. sloth, [alasa.]
alasya-vacana, n. sloth-dictum, as
designation for the ignava ratio or fatal-
ist's argument.
alapa, m. talk; conversation. [Vlap + a.]
alokana, n. the beholding. [Vlok + a.]
ava, pron. stem, 491.
avis, adv. forth to sight, in view; w. kr,
make visible. [1078.]
a vft,/. a turning, [\fvrt-fa.]
aga, TO. food. [ V 2 ag, ' eat.']
a gay a, m. lying-place; abode. [Vgi + a.]
a 9 a 8 , f. wish, hope, [gans + a .]
aga,/. hope, [younger form of agas.]
aga,y. region; quarter (of the sky), [spe-
cialized from 'place, objective point, that
which one reaches,' V 1 ag, ' reach.']
agavant, a. hopeful, [aga.]
agin, a. eating, in cpds. [\[2ag, 1183 3 .]
agis [392], f. wish or prayer, esp. for good.
[v/gas + a, 639, 225 2 : cf. pragis.]
aglr-vada, m. expression of a (good)
wish, i.e. a benediction, [agis, cf. 392.]
a g I r v a d a bhidhanavant, a. containing a
designation of a benediction. [agir-
vada + abhidhana, 1233.]
a g u , a. swift. [cf . UKV-S, ' swift ' ; Lat.
oc-ior, ' swifter.']
agcarya, n. wonder; prodigy.
a gram a, m. 1. (place of self-castiga-
tion, i.e.) hermitage; 2. stadium in a
Brahman's religious life (of which there
are four : that of the student or brahma-
carin, that of the householder or grha-
stha, that of the hermit or vanaprastha,
and that of the beggar or bhiksu), see
65 S N. [Vgram + a.]
agraya, m. that on which anything leans
or rests ; support ; refuge ; protection ;
authority. [V ri + a.]
agray a-bhuta, a. having become a pro-
tection, i.e., as m., protector. [1273c.]
a s , excl. of joy or of displeasure, ah !
V as (aste [628], aslna [619 s ]; asam cakre;
asista ; asisy ate ; asita ; asitum ; asitva ;
-asya). 1. sit; seat one's self; settle
down, 93 J ; -2. abide; dwell, 85 19 ; stay;
remain ; continue, 64 u ; 3. w. ppl.
[1075c], continue (doing anything), keep
on, 32 u - 18 . [cf . TJO--TOI, ' sits ' ; Lat. anus,
*ds-nu-s, ' seat, buttocks ' ; Old Lat. asa,
Lat. dra, ' family-seat, hearth, altar.']
+ a d h i , take one's place in, i.e. visit, 49 16 ;
get into (shoes), i.e. put on, 45 1T .
+ upa, sit by (in sign of readiness to
serve), wait upon (a command), 92 4 ; sit
by (expectantly), sit waiting for, 91 4 .
+ pary-upa, sit around, surround, 2 7 .
a sana, n. sitting, 4 12 ; seat. [Vas.]
asara, m. (like Eng. colloq. a pour, i.e.)
pouring rain. [Vsr +a, 'run.']
a sura, a. demonic; as m. demon, [asura,
1208f.]
as6cana, n. cavity (into which one pours).
[Vsic +a.]
asecanavantfCf. having a cavity, hollow,
[asecana.]
ahati,/. blow. [V ban + a, 1157 J and Id.]
a hands, a. swelling, fermenting, foaming.
ahavana, n. oblation. [Vhu + a.]
ahavaniya, a. of or for the oblation; ?r.
agni, oblation-fire ; as m., without agni,
oblation-fire (the one that receives the
oblation), see 102 2 N. [ahavana, 1215.]
ahara, m. the taking to one's self (of
food), eating; what one takes, i.e. food.
[Vhr + a.]
ahara-dana, n. giving of food.
ahara-parityaga, m. relinquishment
of food.
aharadi, n. food and so forth. [adi,
1302cl.]
ahararthin, a. seeking food, [arthin.]
ahitagni, a. having a set or established
fire ; as m. one who is keeping alive a
sacred fire, [ahita, \f 1 dha + a, ' set ' :
1299a.]
ahuti,/. oblation, offering (used both of
the act and of the thing offered) ; cf. the
later word homa. [\f hu + a : w. -huti, cf .
X'u-ffi-s, ' a pouring.']
ahvana, n. call ; invitation. [Vhu or
hva + a.]
i, pron. root, see idam ana" 502 3 .
V i (eti [612]; iyaya, iyiis [783b 2 ]; esyati;
itd; eturn ; itva ; -itya). 1. go; go
Vi]
[128]
to or towards ; come ; enter ; 2. move
on, 88 12 ; pass; 3. go to, i.e. attain (a
thing or condition) ; iyase [1021 2 ], goest
hither and thither, 90 15 ; -Imahe [1021 2 ],
(like Ger. an-gehen) we approach with
prayers, beseech, [w. i-mas, cf . f-/j.tv, Lat.
i-mus, ' we go ' ; Goth, i-ddja, AS. code,
'went'; radically akin, perhaps, is AS.
gdn (stem gd for *ga-i, ga- being the in-
separable prefix), Eng. go, Ger. gehen : see
also ayii, ayus.]
+ ati, go beyond or past or over; over-
whelm; transcend; leave behind, get rid
of, 68 9 ; escape.
+ adhi, come upon, notice; take notice,
87 18 ; middle adhite [612 note], go over
for one's self, repeat, learn, read ; ppl.
adhita : w. act. mg, learn-ed, 18 6 ; w. pass,
mg, learnt, 21 15 ; cans, adhyapayati
[1042e], cause to learn, teach.
+ upa^adh.i, in upadhyaya.
+ a n u , go along or after ; accompany ;
ppl. anvita, accompanied by, endowed or
filled or connected with.
sam-anu, the same.
+ an tar, go within; retire, withdraw.
+ a p a , go off ; slink away.
+ abhi, go unto; become embodied in.
+ ava, approach.
+ a , come near or unto or hither ; w.
the adv. punar, go back.
+ abhy-a, approach, go near.
+ u p a_a , come unto.
- s a m - a , come near to together ; as-
semble.
+ ud, go up, rise (of the sun).
+ ttpa, go unto; fall to the lot of;
ppl. upeta, gone unto, attended by, pro-
vided with.
+ sam-upa, come hither.
+ n i , go into or in ; cf. nyaya.
+ para, go away or forth; depart.
+ anu-para, go forth along (a path).
+ vi-para, go away separately.
+ pari, circumambulate; walk round
(the fire).
+ pra, 1. go forward or onward, 83 n ;
esp. go forth out of this world, and so (like
Eng. depart), die ; pretya, after dying, i.e.
in the other world (opp. of iha) ; preta,
dead; 2. come out, stick out, be prom-
inent.
+ prati, go against, withstand; go back
to; recognize, 98 16 ; pratita, recognized,
approved.
+ vi, go asunder; separate; disperse, 83 15 ;
spread one's self over, i.e. pervade, 72 2 ;
vita, at beg. of cpds, having departed ,
i.e. free from .
+ s am, come together ; assemble.
iccha,y; wish; desire; inclination. [VI is,
'seek': cf. AS. iesce, 'an asking.']
ij, vbl. sacrificing, in rtv-ij. [Vyaj, 252.]
ijy ,,_/! sacrifice. [Vyaj, 252.]
itara [523], pron. a. other; the other;
another ; other than, i.e. different from,
w. abl. [pron. root i, 502 3 : cf. Lat. iterum,
' another time.']
it as, adv. 1. used like the abl. of a pron.
[1098c 2 ], 24 18 ; -2. from this (place),
from here; here; from this (world), 5 8 ;
itas tatas, here and there ; 3. from this
(time), now, 41 8 . [pron. root i, 502 3 .]
iti, adv. see 1102a. 1. in this way, thus;
so; iti deva akurvan, thus the gods did,
96 9 ; 2. used w. all kinds of quotations
made verbis ipsissimis : tatha^ity uktva,
upon saying " Yes," 4 2 ; sa prstavan kau
yuvam iti, he asked, "Who are ye," 45 5 ;
evam astu iti tau dhavitau, with the
words, "So be it," the two ran off, 45 16 ;
so EV., 85 12 ; so MS., 92 15 ; ity akarnya,
on hearing (so, i.e.) the preceding clokas,
17 16 ; cf. 18 10 ; 2a. designating something
as that which was, or under the circumstances
might have been said or thought or intended
or known, sometimes (46 1S ) preceding it, but
usually following it : martavyam iti, at the
thought, "I must die," 29 9 ; gardabho
'yam iti jnatva, recognizing (the fact),
" This is an ass," 34 20 ; 2b. interr. in
place of the exact quotation : In'm iti ; alleg-
ing or intending what, under what pretext,
with what intention, 30 4 , 41 5 ; 2c. used
in giving an authority: iti dharana, so (is)
the rule, 62 "; ity eke, so some folks
(say), 101 9 ; 2d. used in citing a Vedic
verse by its first word (60 13 ) or words (98 20 ,
etc. ) ; 2e. at the end of a section or book
(cf. atha), here endeth, 4 4 ; 2f. w. verbs
[129]
[iras
of naming, considering, etc., the predicate,
marked by iti, is nom., sometimes ace.
both constructions at 61 22 ; damayanti^iti
vigruta, known as or named " D.," 6 3 ;
3. used to include under one head or as
in a list several separate objects, 2 1 7 , 100 8 ,
105 7 ; 4. evam superfluously added, 61 12 ;
iti doubled, 60 "; -5. iti ha = iti, 12 8 ,
61 18 . [pron. root i, 1102a: cf. Lat. iti-
dem, 'just so.']
itihasa, m. story, legend. [agglomera-
tion of iti ha asa, ' thus, indeed, it was ' :
1314b.]
ittha (V. only) and ittham, adv. in this
way ; so ; kim ta ittha, how does this
happen thee ? 73 8 . [adverbs made from
the ace. sing, neut., i-d, of the pron. root
i, see 1101 : cf. Lat. itd and item, 'so.']
ity-adi, at end of possessive adj. cpds used
substantively, that which has " " as its
beginning, i.e. " " and so forth, [see
1302c 1 end.]
id, V. pel. just; exactly; even; emphasizing
the preceding word and to be rendered by
laying emphasis on that word. [ace. of
pron. root i, lllla: cf. Lat. i-d, 'it.']
1 id am [501-2 forms made from four
stems, a and ana, i and ima, those from a
being often unaccented, see 74 9 N.], pron.
this, this here, rJSe, e.g. 20 9 , 86 10 , 87 8 ;
contrasted w. asau, ' that one,' 103 7 ; asmin
loke, in this world, 66 12 ; without loke and
contrasted w. amutra, 103 8 ; iclam vic,vam
bhuvanam, this whole world, 85 12 ; idam
sarvam, this entire (world), 63 21 ; so 66 19 ;
so idam, rb irav, 56 15> n ; iyam prthivi,
this earth, 10 10 ; iyam alone, this earth,
93 1 > 2 ; refers very often, like rdde, to some-
thing following (just as etad and TO.VTO. to
something preceding), e.g. 13 22 , 26 7 , 45 u ,
51 6 ; occasionally refers to something imme-
diately preceding, e.g. 10", 24 9 , 74 12 , 79*;
joined w. pronouns : ko ' yam ayati, who
comes here ? 27 12 ; yo ' yam drc,yate,
which is seen here, 46 17 ; mam imam, me
here, 76 16 ; nom. to be rendered here is or
are, 56 l , 4 21 ; imau vatas, blow hither,
90 12 . [cf. Lat. i-d, Goth, i-ta, Ger. es, ' it.']
2 idam, adv. now, 86 19 ; here, 80 9 , 96 9 .
[lllla: cf. 502.]
idanim, adv. now. [pron. root i, 1103b.]
V idh or indh (inddhe [694]; idhd [783b] ;
aindhista ; indhisyati ; iddha ; -idhya).
kindle, [cf . atO-ta, ' burn ' ; Lat. aed-e-s,
'fire-place, hearth, dwelling' (cf. stove and
Ger. Stube, ' room ') ; aestus, *aid-tu-s,
' heat ' ; AS. ad, ' funeral pile ' ; dst, Eng.
oast, ' kiln for drying hops or malt.']
+ sam, kindle, trans, and intrans.
idhma, m. fuel, [v/idh, 1166: for mg, cf.
Eng. kindlings.]
idhma-citi, /. fuel-pile.
V in (in-6-ti, prop. i-n6-ti [713]). drive;
force ; in enas. [cf . V inv.]
indra, m. Indra, name of a Vedic god; in
the later language, the best of its kind,
chief, prince, [none of the numerous
proposed derivations is satisfactory.]
indra-purogama, a. having Indra as
leader, preceded by Indra. [1302c2.]
indra-loka, m. Indra's world, heaven.
indra-gatru, a. having Indra as his
conqueror. [1302.]
indra-sena, f. Indra's missile weapon;
personified as his bride, RV. x. 102.2;
hence, name of a woman, see 16 n N. ; m.
-a, name of a man, formed as a mere pen-
dant to the fern, [indra + 1 sena.]
indragni, m. Indra and Agni. [indra +
agni : acct, 1255b.]
indra-brhaspati, m. Indra and Brihas-
pati. [acct, 1255a.]
indrayudha, n. Indra's weapon, the
rainbow, [ayudha. ]
indriya, a. belonging to Indra; as n.
1. the quality pertaining especially to
Indra, i.e. great might, power, 73 18 , 97 6 ;
2. in general, one of a man's powers, i.e.
a sense or organ of sense, [indra, 1214b.]
V indh, see idh.
V inv (invati). drive; send, [secondary
root from i, 749b, 716 : cf. in.]
ima, pron. stem, see idam.
iyacciram, adv. so long, [iyant (1249a)
+ ciram.]
iyant [451], a. so great; so much. [fr.
pron. root i, 502.]
iras, n. ill-will; anger; assumed as basis of
'the following denom. [V r, ' go for ' in hos-
tile sense : cf . Lat. Ira, ' anger.']
9
Virasya]
[130]
V irasya (irasyati). be evil disposed.
[iras, 1058.]
irasya, /. ill-will ; wrath. [Virasya,
1149 6 : cf. irsya.]
frina, n. a run or runlet; gulch; gullied
and so desert land. [Vr, 1177b: for mg,
cf . Provincial Eng. run, ' brook.']
iva, end. pel. 1. as; like; 2. used to
modify a strong expression, in a manner ;
so to speak, 56 16 ; as it were, I 10 ; perhaps;
almost, 34 13 ; 3. sometimes (like eva),
just, quite ; nacirad iva, right soon,
[pron. root i, 1102b.]
V lis (icchati [753]; iy6sa, isiis [783b] ;
aisit ; esisyati ; ista ; estum ; -isya).
seek ; desire ; esp. w. inf. [981 3 ] ; pass, be
desired; be approved or recognized, and
so pass for, 59 18 ; ista, desired, i.e. desir-
able, 1 *. [radical mg, ' go, go for,' V 2 is
being merely a causative of V 1 is : cf .
iptpos, *tfj./j.epos, ' desire ' ; w. iccha, ' desire,'
cf. AS. *dsce, 'petition,' whence dscian,
Ger. (h)eischen, Eng. ask: icchati for *is-
skati, cf. Vvanch.]
+ anu, seek after.
+ abhi, seek for; ppl. abhista, desired,
dear, 21 18 .
V 2 is (isayati [1042a 2 ]; also isyati [761c] ;
iyesa, isus [783b] ; isita ; isayitum ;
-isya). send; set in swift motion; im-
pel, 74 19 . [caus. of V 1 is, q-v.]
+ pra, 1. presayati: send forth; send,
e.g. 9 10 ; 2. pr6syati : drive forth, impel ;
start up (e.g. game) ; praisam [970a]
aicchan, sought to start up, 93 16 ; and so
3. presyati: call upon or summon (tech-
nical term used of the chief priest's calling
upon another to begin a text or action),
103 6 .
is,/, refreshment; strength; vigor; w. urj,
drink and food, like Ger. Kraft und Saft.
is A, 1. m. = is [399]; 2. as a. vigorous,
fruitful.
Isu, m. f. arrow. [V2is, 'send': cf. 16s,
*la6s, ' arrow.']
1 ista, see V 1 is, ' desire.'
2 ista, 1. offered; 2. as n. offering,
sacrifice, holy work. [Vyaj, 252.]
istaka, f. brick used in the sacred fire-
pile. [2 ista.]
ista-labha, m. acquisition of a desirable
object. [1 ista.]
ista-purtd, n. what is offered (to the
gods) and bestowed (upon them), i.e. what
a man offers to the gods for his benefit
after death, and so, by metonymy, such fruit
of these offerings as can come to him,
83 13 N. [2 ista, 247, 1253b.]
isti, f. sacrifice (simple offering of but-
ter, fruit, etc.), 101 6 . [Vyaj, 252,
1157. la.]
iha, adv. here, opp. of atra (87 l ) and
amutra (64 6 ) ; hither, 9 2 ; here on earth,
id has, 27 2 ; opp. o/pretya (Vi), 59 2 , 58 ";
in this book, 17 6 ; w. loc. [cf. 1099*], iha
samaye, in this case, 41 10 , 42 15 . [pron.
root i, llOOa.]
V Iks (iksate ; rksam cakre ; aiksista ;
iksisyate ; iksita ; iksitum ; iksitva ;
-iksya ; Iksyate). look; look at; see;
behold, [desid. of V*a, ' see,' contained in
ak-san, 'eye,' etc., 108g: see aksan.]
+ a p a , look off to (like Ger. es absehen
auf ) ; regard ; expect.
+ ava, look after; look after one's self,
i.e. look behind or around.
+ u p a , w. two mgs, like Eng. overlook :
1. look over, i.e. inspect; and 2. (more
commonly) look beyond, i.e. neglect.
+ nis, look out or after; contemplate.
+ pari, look about one; investigate;
consider.
+ vi, look; look on; viksita, beheld.
+ s am, look upon; behold; perceive,
iksaka, m. beholder; spectator. [Viks,
1181.]
iksana, n. a look; glance. [Viks.]
V inkh (inkhati, -te ; inkhayati, -te
[1041 2 ]). move unsteadily.
+ pr a, rock or pitch onward.
V id (lie, ilise, itte [628, 630] ; perf. ile ;
ilita). supplicate ; call upon ; praise.
[Whitney, 54.]
idya, grdv. to be praised. [Vid, 963 2 and
d : pronounced ilia, Whitney, 54.]
idfa, a. of this sort; such. [502 end,
and 518.]
[131]
[ujjayini
Ip sit a, a. desired to be obtained ; desired,
[desid. of Vap, 1030.]
im, end. 1. as ace. s. of pron. root i, him,
her, it ; him, 79 7 ; 2. indef., ya im,
quicunque, RV. x. 125. 4 ; 3. ka im, who
pray? 77 18 ; 4. to avoid hiatus: between
atha and enam, 84 5 ' 6 . [see lllla and
502 end.]
V ir (irte [628]; irna; irayati, -te; irita).
set one's self in motion; cans, set in
motion ; cause to go forth, i.e. : 1. bring
into existence; 2. utter (a sound), 14 23 .
[near akin w. V r.]
+ ud, rise up; cans, rouse; send out;
utter ; announce, 53 16 .
+ sam-ud, cans, utter, declare.
+ pra, cans, drive or steer onward (ship).
+ s am, cans, bring together, i.e. into shape
or being; create, 75 6 ; samerire", estab-
lished (as an ordinance), instituerunt, 88 5 N.
Irsya, f. ill-will; envy; jealousy, [con-
tracted fr. irasya, q.v. : cf . girs-an and
giras.]
V ig (ige [628]; igisyati). own, be master
of, w. gen. [cf . AS. dg-an, ' possess,' Eng.
owe, ' possess ' (so Shakespere often),
'possess another's property, be in debt';
thence the participial adj. dgen, Eng. adj.
own, ' proprius ' ; thence the denom. dgnian,
Eng. verb own; further, to ah, preterito-
present of dgan, is formed a secondary
past tense, dhte, 'possessed,' Eng. ought,
'possessed' (so Spenser), 'was under obli-
gation.']
iga, 7?i. master; lord, [Vig.]
i g v a r a , m. master ; lord ; prince ; rich
man, 22 2 . [Vig, 1171a.]
Vis (Isate ; ise; isita). hasten from, flee
before, w. abl. [if not desid. of Vi
end), perhaps akin w. VI is, orig. 'go.']
u , Vedic end. copula. 1. and ; also ; fur-
ther; used in one (oftenest the latter) of two
douses or sentences containing things alike
or slightly contrasted (e.g. 78 u , 79 9 ), esp. in
anaphora (e.g. 79 5 , 90 9 ) ; 2. now, straight-
way, w. verbs present and past and w. im-
peratives or imperative subjunctives, 71 10 ,
85 15 , 85 5 , 87 8 ; often followed by sii, right
soon; pragrhya [see 1122a 2 , 138c] when
combined with atha (90 16 ), lipa (78 u ), ma
(87 9 ) ; for 83 9 and 84", see notes ; -3. in
classical Skt. only w. (atha, kim, and) na,
and not, 2 1 14 , 27 n .
u-kara, m. the sound u. [Whitney, 18.]
ukta, see Vvac.
ukti, f. expression; declaration, 53 16 .
[Vvac, 1157. la.]
uktha, n. utterance, esp. of devotion;
praise ; hymn of praise ; invocation.
[Vvac, 1163a.]
uktha-vardhana, a. strengthening,^,
refreshing or delighting one's self with
hymns of praise, [acct, 1271.]
V uks [252] or vaks (uksati, -te ; atiksit;
uksisyati; uksita ; -liksya). sprinkle;
besprinkle ; drop, intrans., 75 7 . [secondary
form (108g end) of V *uj or ug: cf. vy-pos,
'wet'; Lat. uvens (*ugvens) caelum, 'the
dropping sky ' ; w. uksan, ' besprinkler,
impregnator, bull,' cf . Goth, auhsa, ' bull,'
Eng. ox, and for mg, Vvrs.]
+ p r a , sprinkle before one by way of
consecration.
ugra, a. mighty; exceedingly strong; ter-
rible. [Vvaj, 252, 1188; see 6jas.]
ugra-gasana, a. having a terrible way
of ruling ; as m. a, strict ruler. [1298a.]
V uc (licyati [only w. preps] ; uv6ca [783b],
ucivans [803]; ucita). be pleased; be
wonted ; ucitd : 1. with which one is
pleased ; proper ; suitable ; 2. accus-
tomed.
ucca, a. lofty; uccais, adv. [1112c], high;
of sound, loud. [fr. ucca, adv. instr.
(1112e) of lidanc.]
u c c a y a , m. heap, pile, collection. [V 1 ci +
ud, ' heap up.']
u c car a, m. evacuation ; excrement. [Vcar
+ ud.]
uccavaca, a. high and low; various;
diverse, [ud + ca w. ava + ca, 1314b.]
ucchista, ppl. left; as n. leavings, esp.
of a sacrifice or of food. [V gis + ud.]
ucchedin, a. destroying. [Vchid + ud.]
ujjayini, /. Oujein, name of a city,
Ptolemy's 'O^vrj. [fern, of ujjayin, 'vic-
torious,' Vji + ud, 1183 3 : of like mg are
NtKo-TroA.(j and Cairo.']
9*
Vunch]
[132]
V unch (linchati, unchati ; unchitum).
sweep together, glean, [for *unsk, *vansk,
orig. ' wipe, or whisk, i.e. sweep ' : cf . AS.
wascan, 'wash,' Eng. wash and whisk.~\
+ p r a , wash away ; wipe out, 23 2 .
tin gist a, same as ucchista.
uta, conj. and; also; even; connecting
words, clauses, and sentences ; repeated :
uta uta (uta), both and (and) ;
at beg. of verse, 78 12 ; uta va : or even,
87 20 ; or, 84 u (cf. atha, 6) ; apy uta, also.
utkarsa, m. elevation, [v/krs + ud.]
uttama, a. 1. up-most; highest; best,
esp. at end ofcpds; excellent; chief; 2.
(out-most, i.e.) ut-most; extreme; last (see
67 6 x. ) , 99 20 . [lid, ' up, out,' 473.]
uttamagandhadhya, a. rich in ex-
cellent odors, 15 19 . [uttama-gandha +
adhya.]
uttamadhama madhy ama, a . highest
and lowest and midmost ; best and worst
and middling. [uttama + adhama +
madhyama, 1257.]
uttara [525 2 ], a. upper; higher; 1. being
above, (opp. adhara) 70 18 ; having the
upper hand, victorious, 81 2l ; 2. north-
ern (on account of the Himalayas, cf.
udanc) ; a^uttarasmat, as far as the
north (side), 105 10 ; 3. the left (because
in prayer the face is turned eastward:
cf. daksina), 99 22 ; 4. (like Sffrepos) the
latter (opp. purva) ; later ; following,
99 22 ; -am, as adv. finally, last, 104 12 ; -5.
as neuter subst. the final element of a
phrase of salutation, 60 3 ; 6. answer,
retort, [ud, 473: cf. Sarrepos, 'latter';
Eng. comp. ut-ter, 'outer.']
uttaratas, adv. northward; to the north
of; w. gen. [1130], 105 13 . [uttara.]
uttara-dayaka, a. giving answer ; con-
tradicting.
uttara-pagcima, a. north-westerly.
uttara-purastat, adv. north-east of;
w. gen., 1130.
uttara-loman,a. having the hair above,
with the hairy side up.
uttara, adv. northerly, [uttara, 1112e,
330 4 .]
uttara-patha, n. the northerly way;
the north country.
uttar ena, adv. northerly; north of, w.
ace. [1129], 102 5 . [uttara, 1112c.]
uttarottara, 1. a. higher and higher
[1260]; -am, as adv. more and more, 24 3 ;
2. as n. answer to an answer [1264];
wordy talk, 24 9 . [uttara + uttara.]
uttha, see 233a.
utpala, n. a Nymphaea, i.e. water-lily or
lotus. [Vpat + ud.]
utpadana, n. procreation. [caus. of
V pad + ud.]
utphulla, a. wide open. [Vphal + ud,
958.]
utsava, m. 1. an undertaking, begin-
ning; 2. feast-day, festival, 25 4 , 49 16 .
[\/2su + ud, 'set a-going'; but the devel-
opment of 2 from 1 is not clear.]
li d , prefix, never used alone ; up, up forth,
out. [cf. AS. ut, Eng. out: see uttara,
uttama.]
N/ ud or und (unatti; unna, utta; -lidya).
1. spring; boil or bubble up; flow; 2.
wet, bathe, [cf . Lat. und-a, ' wave ' ; w.
ud-an, 'water,' cf. v8-cap, Eng. wat-er ; w.
ud-ra, 'otter,' cf. SS-pa, 'water-snake/
Eng. otter.']
-t-s am, flow together; wet.
uda, n. water. [Vud.]
udaka [432], n. water. [Vud.]
uda-kumbha, m. water-jar; jar with
water,
udag-ayana, n. north-course (of the
sun), or the half-year from the winter to
the summer solstice, [udanc.]
lidagdaga, a. having the seams upward.
[udanc + daa, ' fringe, border, seam.']
udan-mukha, a. having the face to the
north, [udanc, 1249a, 161.]
udanc [409b], a. directed upward; directed
northward (on account of the Himalayas),
cf. uttara), northerly ; in cpds, udak,
1249a. [ud + afic, 407.]
udaya, m. a going up; rising (of the sun).
[Vi (1148.1a)+ud.]
udara, n. belly, [orig., perhaps, 'rising,
swelling,' V r + ud : for mg, cf . the relation
of belly to AS. belgan, ' swell.']
udara, a. (like Eng. exalted, i.e.) noble,
excellent. [\'r + ud, 'rise.']
udara-carita, a. of noble behavior.
[133]
[upastha
u d i t A, , see V vad ; ud-ita, see V i.
lidici, see407 3 , 409b.
udumbala, a. brown.
u d d i 5 y a , at, towards, see V dig.
uddhata, see 163 and \ h.-ui.
lidbahuka, a. having the arms out or
extended, [ud + bahu, 1305, 1307.]
udya, grdv. to be spoken or pronounced.
[Vvad, 1213c end, cf. 963c.]
udyama, m. raising (of the hands to
work) ; exertion. [Vyam + ud.]
udyana, n. 1. a walking out; 2. (place
for walking out, i.e.) garden, park. [Vya
+ ud, 1150.]
udyoga, m. undertaking; exertion. [Vyuj
+ ud, 216. 1.]
udyogin, a. active ; energetic, [udyoga.]
udvigna-manas, a. having a terrified
mind, distressed. [Vvij.]
unmatta-dargana, a. having a frantic
look. [Vmad + ud.]
unmarga, m. by-way, evil way. [ud -f
marga.]
unmarga-gamin, a. going in evil
ways.
lip a, 1. vbl prefix, to, unto, toward; opp.
of apa ; 2. prep., w. ace., unto, 81 15 ;
iv. loc., in, 77 5 ; 3. in noun cpds [1289b],
denoting something near, accessory, or subor-
dinate, [cf . inr6, Lat. s-ub, ' under.']
upakanisthika (sc. anguli), a. f. next
to the little, i.e. the third (finger), [upa
(mg 3) + kanisthaka, 1222d.]
upakartr, m. one who does kindness;
benefactor. [V 1 kr + upa, q.v.]
u p a k a ra , m. friendly service ; kindness.
[V 1 kr + upa, q.v.]
upakaraka, a. doing friendly service.
[upakara.]
upakarin, a. the same ; as m. benefactor.
[Vlkr + upa, q.v.]
up a car a, m. a coming to or waiting up-
on ; pregnantly, (polite) attention ; (cor-
rect) procedure, i.e. duty. [V car + upa.]
upatya, a. lying under, [upa, 1245b : cf .
vir-Tio-s, ' lying under, supine.']
upatyaka,/. land lying at the foot (of a
mountain), [upatya.]
upadega, m. a pointing out to, a direc-
tion; instruction; advice. [V dig + upa.]
upadegin, a. giving (good) instruction.
[Vdig + upa.]
upadestavya, grdv. to be taught, [do.]
upanayaiia, n. investiture. [technical
term, see Vni-+upa.]
upapf c, a. clinging close to, w. gen. [Vprc
+ upa.]
upabhft, f. wooden cup (used in sacri-
fices), see sruc. [' td-bringer,' Vbhr (383b)
+ upa.]
upabhoga, m. enjoyment; eating. [V2
bhuj + upa, q.v.]
up am a, a. highest, [upa, 474.]
upama-gravas,a. having highest glory;
as m. Upama9ravas, a name like MeyuTro-
K\TJS or "T\j/i-K\rjs.
u p a m a , f. comparison, image ; and so like-
ness, resemblance; at end of cpds, having
likeness with , like . [VI ma + upa,
' compare.']
upamartha, m. purpose of an image;
-ena, figuratively, [artha.]
upayoga, m. ap-plication ; use; utility.
[Vyuj +upa.]
upari, adv. above; as prep., w. gen. [1130],
above; at end of cpd [1314f], upon, 39 16 .
[cf. vwfip, #vTTfpi, Lat. s-uper, ' over.']
li p a 1 a , f. upper mill-stone ; cf. drsad.
upavancana, n. a tottering unto, a fal-
tering approach, [vlvanc +upa.]
upavana, n. small forest, i.e. grove, [upa
(mg 3) + vana.]
lipavlta, ppl. wound about, esp. with the
sacred cord; as n. [1176a], the being sur-
rounded with the sacred cord ; the cord
itself. [V vya + upa, 954c.]
upavega, m. a sitting down. [Vvig +
upa.]
dpavegi, m. Upave9i, name of a man.
upagama, m. stopping; cessation. [V2gam
+ upa, ' stop.']
upasamgrahana, n. the clasping and
taking to one's self (the feet of another),
as sign of great respect. [Vgrah + upa-
sam.]
upaseva,/. a serving; a being devoted
to. [Vsev + upa.]
upasevin, a. serving; revering. [Vsev
+ upa.]
upastha, ///. lap, groin.
upakhyana]
[134]
upakhyana, n. subordinate tale ; episode,
I 1 , [upa (mg 3) + akhyana.]
up ad an a, n. the taking to one's self;
appropriation. [V 1 da + upa^a, ' take.']
npadhyaya,m. teacher. [Vi + upa^adhi.]
upanah, f. sandal; shoe, ['under-bond,'
Vnah + upa (247): for mg, cf. uW-Sr^a,
' sandal.']
up ant a, n. proximity to the end; edge;
immediate neighborhood, [upa (mg 3) +
anta.]
up ay a, m. approach; that by which one
reaches an aim ; means ; expedient, 39 * ;
stratagem ; advantage, 39 6 . [Vi + upa,
1148. la: for mg, cf. Eng. to-ward, as an
adj.]
upayana, n. approach. [Vi + upa,
1150. la.]
upara, m. transgression. [Vr + upa.]
upeksa, /. overlooking; neglect, [Vflts
-f upa.]
up o sit a, ppl. having abstained (i.e. from
food), having fasted; as n. [1176a], fast-
ing. [V3vas +upa, q.v.]
V ubh (ubhnati, umbhati [758]; ubdhd;
-ubhya). unite; couple, [cf. ubha.]
+ a p a , bind, fetter.
ubha, a. both. [cf. /*<&>, Lat. ambo, AS.
nom. fern. neut. bd, Goth. nom. neut. ba,
nom. masc. bai, w. dental extension, bajo\>s,
all meaning ' both,' Eng. bo-th : orig., per-
haps, 'couple,' and akin w. Vubh.]
ubhaya [525 *], a. of both sorts; both,
[ubha.]
ubhaya-kama, a. desirous of both.
ubhayatas, adv. from both sides; in
both cases, [ubhaya, acct !]
ubhayatah-sasya, n. having a crop
at both times, i.e. bearing two crops a
year.
ura-ga, m. serpent, ['breast-going,' ura
for uras : for mg, cf . khaga.]
liras, n. breast, [perhaps, 'a cover/ from
VI vr, 'cover,' 1151. Ib, w. a specialization
like that in Eng. chest, ' thorax.']
urii, f. urvi, a. (prop, encompassing, and
so, like Eng. capacious) extensive, wide,
great; as n. (like Ger. das Weite) the dis-
tance. [Vlvr, 'encompass,' 1178a: cf.
tvpv-!, 'wide.']
uru-vyacas, a. having wide embrace,
wide extending, [acct, 1298b.]
V urusya (urusyati). to distance, i.e.
escape ; put another in the distance, i.e.
save, [urti, 'the distance,' 1061 2 .]
uru-nasa, n. having broad snouts, [uni
(247) + nas, 193, 1315c : acct, 1298b.]
ulukhala, n. a mortar.
ulba ana* lilva, n. enveloping membrane
of an embryo, [for *ur-va, V 1 vr, ' en-
close,' 1190- cf. Lat. vol-va, 'covering,
womb.']
ulbana, a. lumpy, knotty, thick, massy,
[ulba, for *urva, hence n, 189.]
V us (6sati ; uv6sa; auslt ; usta). burn,
[for cognates, see the collateral form
V 1 vas, ' light up,' also usas, usra, etc. :
cf . fva>, ' singe ' ; ouo>, ' kindle ' ; Lat. ur-o,
'burn,' and ustus = usta-s ; AS. ys-le,
'glowing ashes.']
usas [415b], f. morning-red ; dawn ; per-
sonified, Dawn. [V 1 vas, ' light up, dawn,'
252 : cf. i)<as, Aeolic aScas, Lat. aurora,
*ausos-a, 'dawn'; radically cognate also
is Eng. eas-t, ' the point where day breaks':
see us and usra.]
ustra, m. camel.
usna, a. hot. [Vus, 1177a.]
usra, a. bright; of or pertaining to the
dawn ; as /., usra, dawn. [V 1 vas, ' light
up/. 252, 1188, 181a : w. us-ra, cf. Old
Germanic Aus-t-ro, a goddess of the (year-
dawn, i.e.) spring-light, and AS. Eos-t-ra,
the name of whose festival, caster, 'Easter-
day/ occurring in April, was transferred
to the Christian festival that replaced it ;
for t between s and r, see under svasr:
see us and usas.]
utl,y. furtherance, help, blessing; refresh-
ment, food. [Vav, 1157.]
udhan, udhar, udhas [430b], n. udder,
[cf. oJflap, Lat. iiber, AS. uder, Eng.
udder.~\
tin a, a. lacking, [cf. ffivis, 'bereft'; AS.
wan, ' lacking/ wanian, ' decrease/ Eng.
wane.]
urti, m. thigh, [prob. 'the thick' of the
leg, from urii.]
[135]
[rna
u r j , f. sap ; strength ; vigor ; nourishment.
[\[*varj, 'swell with, be full of: cf. opydca,
'swell with, abound'; Lat. virga, 'swelling
twig.']
urn a, n., and wcna,,f. wool, ['cover,' Vlvr,
'cover' (cf. 712): cf. tlpos, tt-Fp-os, Lat.
vellus, Goth, vulla, Eng. woo/.]
urna-mradas, a. having the softness of
wool, soft as wool.
urna-stuka,y! braid or plait of wool.
V urnu, see 712, and Vlvr.
urdhva, a. tending upwards; upright;
elevated ; -am, as adv., upwards ; over ;
beyond; after, w. abl, [1128]; ata urdh-
vam, from now on. [cf. Lat. arduus,
' lofty.']
urdhva-drsti, a. having an upward
gaze. [1298.]
urmi, m. wave. [lit. 'roller, rolling bil-
low,' V*VT, ' roll, turn hither and thither ' :
cf. ZAAco, *FI-F\-O>, Lat. volvo, ' roll ' ; Ger.
Welle, ' wave.']
V luh (uhati; auhlt; udha, uhita ; uhi-
tum ; -uhya). remove.
V 2uh (6hate [745a]; uh6; aiihit, aiihista;
uhitum; -uhya). notice.
+ a p i , grasp ; understand, 88 10 .
V r (iyarti [643c] ; rn6ti ; rcchati [753
end, 608] ; ara [783a 2 ] ; arat; arisyati ;
rta ; rtva ; -ftya ; arpayati [1042d]).
move, as trans, and as intrans. ; 1. rise,
73 10 ; come upon or unto, reach, attain ;
2. raise (e.g. dust); cans, send; put;
fasten ; fit in. [w. r-n6-ti, cf . up-vvcn,
' rouses ' ; cf . Lat. or-ior, ' rise,' or-tus,
' risen ' ; S>p-ro, ' rose,' = ar-ta, 3d sing.
aor. mid. ; w. r-ccha-ti, cf. fy-xe-rcu,
' goes,' also i\-8e?p, ' go ' ; w. caus., cf .
ap-api(TK<a, ' fit,' Lat. ar-tu-s, ' well-fitted,
close, narrow ' ; see also rta.]
+ a, 1. get into (trouble), 93 15 x.; 2.
(like the American go for, 'treat harshly
by word or deed ') visit with trouble ; ppl.
arta, visited by trouble, distressed.
+ ud, rise ; raise.
+ u p a , go against, transgress, [for mg,
cf. rna.]
+ nis, (go forth, i.e.) dissolve connection
with.
+ sam, come together, meet; go along
with, 73 9 ; caus. send; deliver to; con-
sign, entrust.
rkti, /. praise, in su-v-rkti. [Vrc.J
rg-veda, TO. the Rigveda (each stanza of
which is called an re in distinction from
a yajus and a saman).
V re (arcati; anarca, anrce [788]; arcis-
yati ; arcita ; arcitum ; arcitva ; -arcya ;
arcayati). 1. beam; 2. praise; sing
(praise); sing (of the winds); honor;
caus. [1041 2 ], salute, [cf. arka.]
fc, /. 1. hymn of praise; esp. a stanza
that is spoken, as distinguished from one
that is sung (saman) or from a sacrificial
formula (yajus); 2. stanza or text to
which a certain rite or explanation has
reference, 98 5 ; 3. the collection of re's,
the Rigveda, 57 ", 63 3 . [V re.]
rca, for re, at end ofcpds [1209a, 1315c].
v/ Irj or rnj (rnjati, -te ; fjyati, -te).
reach out, esp. in a straight direction
(and so, the opp. of Vvrj, 'bend, turn,' q.v.
and see rju), stretch out, intrans. ; press
on; with this root, compare the root raj,
mg 1. [cf . opey-co, ' reach out ' ; Lat.
reg-ere, ' direct ' ; Eng. right, ' straight, not
wrong.']
V 2rj (arjati; arjayati [1041 2 ]; arjita).
reach, and so, get or obtain, [the same
as Vlrj, but w. another conjugation and
w. trans, mg : for mg, cf . Eng. reach, in-
trans., w. reach, trans., and Ger. langen
and erlangen.]
V3rj, in rj-rd, 'ruddy,' arj-una, 'silver-
white ' ; see also the root raj and root raj,
mg 2. [cf . apy-6s, ' bright ' ; Lat. arguo,
' make clear ' ; w. rajata, ' silver,' cf .
apyvpos, Lat. argentum, ' silver.']
rjisa, a. on-rushing. [Vlrj, 1197b.]
rjisin, a. on-rushing, [rjisa, 1230a.]
rjii, a. straight, right, opp. of vrjina,
' crooked, wrong.' [Vlrj, 1178a.]
sf rnj, see Vlrj.
rna, a. (having gone against or trans-
gressed, and so) guilty; as n. [1176a and
1177], guilt; debt, 25 2 . [Vr: cf. Lat.
reus, 'guilty' : for mg, cf. upara.]
rta]
[136]
rta, a. fit, right; true; as w. [1176a], 1.
established order; esp. eternal or divine
order; 2. order in sacred things, sacred
custom, pious work, 69 15 , 74 9 ; rtasya
yoni or sadana, central place of sacred
work or belief : in this world, the altar,
89 8 ; in the other world, the holy of holies,
75 7 ; -3. truth, 98 8 - 9 ; -rtena, rightly,
[prop, 'fitted, made firm,' Vr: for form
and mg, cf . Lat. ra-tu-s, ' settled.']
rta-sap [387a], a. following after right,
righteous.
rta van, f. -vari, a. true to established
order (of regularly recurring natural phe-
nomena, e.g. dawn), 75 17 ; true to sacred
law, pious (Manes), 91 10 ; holy, sacred
(god), 75 8 . [rta, 247 : for fern., 435,
1171 2 .]
rta-vfdh, a. rejoicing in right, holy
(Manes), [rta, 247.]
r t u , m. 1. a fixed and settled time ; esp.
time for sacrificing; 2. time of year,
i.e. season; 3. the menses. [Vr, 1161a:
cf . aprv-oa, ' fit together, prepare ' ; Lat.
artu-s, 'joint.']
rt6, prep, without ; except. [1128 end, 1129
end.]
rtv-ij, a. offering at the appointed time;
as m. priest ; in the ritual, pi., priests, of
whom there are four, h6tr, adhvaryti,
brahman, and udgatf. [rtii + ij.]
fddhi, f. welfare; blessedness. [Vrdh,
1157.]
V rdh (rdhn6ti; anardha, anrdhe [788];
ardhiayate ; rddha ; rdhyate). thrive;
succeed ; prosper, both as intrans. and as
trans, [cf . M edh, radh : cf . &\6ofj.a.i, ' get
well.']
sani , pass, be prospered, i.e. fulfilled.
V Irs (araati; anarsa [788]). flow; glide,
[cf . &ty-oppos, ' flowing back,' tra.\iv-op<Tos,
' darting back.']
V 2ra (rsati; rata). push; thrust.
fai, m. 1. singer of sacred songs, poet;
priestly singer ; regarded by later genera-
tions as a patriarchal saint or sage of the
olden time and as occupying a position
given in other lands to the heroes and
patriarchs; one of those inspired poets
who "saw" the Vedas, which were "re-
vealed " to them ; 2. sapta^rsayas :
the many Rishis ; later, the seven stars of
the Great Bear; 3. a Rishi, i.e. a person
renowned for piety and wisdom, 100";
see note to 1 u .
r a t i , f. spear. [V 2 rs.]
rsva, a. lofty.
e, pron. root in eka, eta, ena, eva, evam.
eka [482a], num. 1. one; only; alone
(by one's self) ; alone (excluding every
one else); sole; single; solitary; advly
in cpds, solely; 2. one (of two or more) ;
the one, followed by anya, dvitiya, para ;
eke eke, some others ; eke, some
folks, some ; 3. later, a certain, quidam ;
or almost as an indef. article [482a 3 ], a or
an, 20 8 . [pron. root e.]
eka-tatpara, a. solely intent on, 45*.
ekatra, adv. in one place, [eka, 1099.]
eka da, adv. at one time, simultaneously,
at 37 9 ; elsewhere, at a certain time, i.e.
once upon a time, [eka, 1103.]
eka-dega, m. a certain place, and so, a
place or spot or part.
eka-nakaatra, n. lunar mansion con-
sisting of a single star or one whose name
occurs but once, see 104 8 N. [naksatra,
1312.]
eka-patni, f. wife of only one man,
faithful wife, [acct, 1267a.]
eka-pada, f. -I, a. having (i.e, taking)
one step,
eka-bhaksa, m. sole food; at end of
cpds [1298], having as sole food, eating
alone.
eka-mati, a. having one mind, unanimous .
eka-varna, a. having one color, not
brindled.
ekakin, a. solitary, [eka.]
ekanjali, m. one handful, [anjali.]
ekadaga, num. eleven. [eka + daga,
476 2 .]
ekadaga, a. eleventh, [ekadaga, 487 7 .]
ekanta, m. an end; a retired or secret
spot, [anta.]
ekapaya, m. diminution by one. [apaya.]
ekartha, m. one purpose, i.e. one and
the same purpose, [artha.]
ekaha, m. one day. [2 aha.]
[137]
[aikamatya
ekaika, a. one by itself; one singly;
each one singly ; every single one. [eka
+ eka.]
ekaikagas, adv. one by one; severally,
[ekaika, 1106.]
ekona, a. lacking one. [una, 477a.]
eta, see etad and cf. 499b with 497.
6ta, a. rushing; darting; as m. deer. [Vi,
1176c.]
etat-sama, a. equal to this. [1265.]
etat-samlpa, n. presence of this one.
[12(54.]
etad [499b], pron. this here, prop, referring
to something near the speaker (e.g. 18 8 , 19 u ,
51 19 ) ; this ; refers almost always to what
precedes (e.g. 6 9 , 19 3 , 51 18 , 68 5 ), has just
happened (e.g. 20 n , 25 12>13 ), or has just
been mentioned (e.g. 7 5 , 25 18 , 28 n ), as being
nearer the speaker; very seldom 28 6 , 92 19 ,
96 5 to what follows ; joined with other
pronouns: w. yad, 94 15 ; w. tad, 45 9 , 95 6 ;
w. aham to be supplied, 52 9 . [pron. root
e, 499b : in usage, etad : idam : : Tav-
ra : ra5e.]
etad-artham, adv. for this purpose ;
therefore. [499b 2 , 1302c 4 .]
e tar hi, adv. nowadays, [eta, 1103c.]
eta-drg, a. such; etadrk, ace. s. n., such
as I have, 82 ". [518.]
eta-drga, a. such ; et. yat, such
that. [518.]
etavant, a. thus much, 12 9 ; etavan
yena, so great that, 21 10 . [eta, 517.]
V e d h ( 6dhate ; edham cakre ; aidhista ;
edhita ; dhitum). thrive; prosper,
[ident. w. v'rdh, q.v. : cf. geha w.
grha.]
en a [500], end. pron. used only substantive-
ly ; unemphatic him, her, it, them. [pron.
root e.]
en as, n. sin. [perhaps, ' deed of violence,'
Vin.]
enasvant, a. sinful, [enas.]
en a, adv. in this way; here; para ena:
beyond here ; beyond, w. instr., RV. x.
125. 8 ; there ; yatra ena, whither
thither, [pron. root a, see idam, and cf.
502 2 andlll2a.]
eranda, m. Ricinus communis, i.e. castor-
oil plant or Palma Christi.
eva, adv. 1. in this way; so; in this sig-
nification Vedic only, its place being supplied
in post-Vedic l>y evam ; yatha eva, as
so, 86 13 ; eva^id, in very truth, 74 6 ;
2. just, exactly, etc., emphasizing the
preceding word; in this sense Vedic (69 5 ,
85 J , 87 1 , 91 5 ) and post-Vedic; requires the
most various translations sometimes mere
stress of voice : precisely; no more nor less
than ; nothing short of ; no other than ;
merely ; quite ; without exception ; andha
eva, blind outright; vasudha^eva, the
whole earth ; mrtyur eva, sure deatli ;
musika eva krtas, was changed back to a
simple mouse ; cintayann eva, just while
he was thinking; uktam eva maya, just
what I told thee ; lokaih kimcid vak-
tavyam eva, folks will be sure to say
something ; eka eva, entirely alone ; pu-
mansa eva, only males ; in connection w.
pronouns and adverbs: etad eva, this very;
tatha^eva, all so, i.e. also ; na^eva, by no
means ; w. very attenuated mg in ca^eva,
and also, and eva ca, and also, the latter at
end of a cloka, 58 15 . [pron. root e, 1102b :
sometimes eva, 248a.]
evam-vld,a. knowing so or such, i.e. well
instructed, knowing what's what.
evamvidha, a. of such sort, such, [evam
(1306) +vidha, 1302c 5.]
evam, adv. in this way ; so ; post-Vedic, and
supplying the place of eva in my 1 ; used
first w. V vid : ya evam vidiis, who know
thus, have this knowledge, 97 1>3 ; yatha
evam, as so ; very frequent w. uktva
or grutva, upon saying or hearing this ;
evam ukta, thus addressed ; w. impers.
used ppl., 7 8 , 39 22 ; evam astu, so be it ;
ma^evam, not so ! yady evam, if that's
the case, 48 n ; evam, in that case, II 4 ;
evam, likewise, 103 7 ; refers back (e.g. 28 21 ,
52 8 ), or forward (e.g. 31 5 , 37 8 , 50 6 ) ; used
superfluously w. iti, 61 12 ; as eguiv. to evam-
vidha, 15*. [pron. root e, 1102b.]
evam-bhuta, a. such, [see 1273c.]
eso, a Prakrit form for esas, 49 8
aikamatya, n. unanimity. [ekamati,
1211.]
aitihasika]
[138]
aitihasika, m. teller of old legends, [iti-
hasa, 1222e 2.]
aindr abarhaspatya, a. belonging to
Indra and Brihaspati. [indrabfhaspati,
1204c.]
6kas, n. wonted place; home. [Vuc.]
om-krta, a. having an uttered om, accom-
panied by om. [the natural order would
require krtaum: order inverted to avoid
such an undeclinable stem.]
6jas, n. strength; power. [Vvaj oruj, 252,
cf. ug-ram 6j-as, 78 6 : cf. Lat. augus-tus,
' mighty, i.e. august.']
o jo-da [352], a. strength-giving.
o d a n a , m. n. grain boiled with milk ; por-
ridge. [Vud: for mg, cf. Eng. broth and
brew."]
opaga, m. top-knot; plume, [perhaps for
*ava-pac.a, V2pa.]
6m, a word of solemn asseveration and rev-
erent acknowledgment, somewhat like &/j.-fii>;
a sacred mystic syllable, uttered at the beg.
and end of Veda-reading ; cf. pranava.
[origin uncertain.]
6sadhi, later 6sadhi, /. herb; plant; a
simple.
aupamya, n. similitude; likeness, [upa-
ma, 1211.]
aupavegi, m. patronymic of Aruna. [lipa-
vegi (or upavega?) : cf. 1221.]
a u sad ha, a. consisting of herbs; as n.
herbs collectively ; simples ; medicine.
[6sadhi, 1208d.]'
I ka [504], pron. 1. interrogative, who,
what; used as subst. (7 6 - 7 ) or as adj.
(18 17 ); kim w. instr.: e.g. kim yuddhena,
what (is there) with fighting, what's the
use of fighting, 45 14 ; so 17 19 , 24 9 ; so ko
'rthas, 17 18 ; kim w. instr. and gen. : e.g.
nirujah kim ausaclhais, what has a well
man (to do) with medicines, 22 3 ; so 32 21 ,
61 z ~* ; ka w. particles : ko nama, who in-
deed ; ko nu, who pray ; ko va, who pos-
sibly, 18 1;
2. indefinite, both adj. and subst., chiefly
in negative clauses and w. the particles [see
507] ca, cana, cid, api; 2 a. w. ma: ma
kasmai dhatam abhy amitrine nas, de-
liver us not over to any foe ; 2b. ka ca,
some, any, adj. or subst. ; kim ca, any-
thing; w. relative, yag (ca) kag ca, (and)
what soever, 68 10 ; 2c. w. ca na and
cana : ka ca na, also or even not any ;
esp. after a negative : na tarn gaknuvanti
vyahartum api, kim ca na, can not even
speak to him, not even anything, i.e. can
not even speak anything to him, 8 19 ; so
96 21 ; and so (the feeling for the negation in
cana in such collocations becoming lost), ka
cana means any, anything, cf. cana ; w.
relative, soever ; yat kimcana, whatsoever,
9 16 ; 2d. very often ka cid: any body or
thing; certain, 18 u ; often w. negative: e.g.
99. 2411 (twice with, twice without) ; kimcit
kimcid, each a little, 27 9 ; w. relative, ya
ka cid, whosoever, whatsoever, any soever,
21 n ; kani kani cid, any soever, 82 15 ;
2e. ka api, something, somebody, 17 n ;
some, a or an, a certain, 21 2 ; na ka api:
nothing, 39 21 ; no, no one", 20 10 ;
3. derivs of ka, see 505 ; 4. exclam-
atory, at beg. of cpds : cf., e.g., ka-purusa,
kim-prabhu, ku-drsti, ko-vida, and see
506, 1121e ; 5. for kim as adv., see kim.
[for the stem-forms ka, ki, ku, see 505 :
cf. Ionic /co-, Attic TO-, in K6-Qev, KUS, etc.,
'whence, how'; ri-s, rl, Lat. qui-s, qui-d,
AS. hwa, hwas-t, Eng. who, wha-t ; w. ka-
tara, 'which of twain,' cf. it6-Tepo-s, Lat.
uter, AS. hwce-^er, Eng. whe-ther, ' which of
twain ' ; w. ka as indef ., cf . n-s, ' any one.']
2 ka, m. Who, as name of a god, 94 15 - 16 N.
kansa, m. metallic vessel; as collective,
metallic implements.
kaksa,/. 1. region of the girth; 2.
girdle, cincture ; 3. (like French ceinture)
circular wall ; and so the enclosed court,
[cf. kankana : cf. Lat. cinc-tus, 'girded';
for 1, cf. coxa, 'hip'; for 3, cf. canc-er,
' fence.']
kankana, n. ring-shaped ornament, brace-
let, [cf. kaksa.]
kankala, m. n. skeleton.
kaccid, see kad.
kaccha, m. border; shore; marsh-land ;.
the district Cutch.
[139]
[2kara
kaccha-pa, m. tortoise, ['keeping, i.e.
inhabiting the marsh/ vbl 2 pa.]
kataka, m. n. dale.
kana, m. a small grain (as of dust or rice),
[cf. kanistha.]
kantaka, m. thorn.
kantaki-ksirin, m. pi. thorn-plants and
milk-plants.
kantakin, a. thorny; as m. thorn-plant,
[kantaka.]
k at ham, Vedic katha, interr. adv. how?
in what way ? katham etat, how's that ?
kathaih nu, how indeed ? katham cana,
in any wise soever (emphasizing a preced-
ing negation) ; katham api, somehow, [ka,
1101.]
\l kathaya (kathayati). tell ; talk about ;
pass, be called, pass for. [lit. ' tell the
how,' 'rb oiroas \tyeiv' : denom. fr. katham,
1058.]
1 katha, see katham.
2 katha,/. 1. story, tale, fable ; discus-
sion; 2. personified, Story, 56. [prop.
' the how, TO oirtas,' 1 katha.]
katha-chala, n. cover or guise of a
fable.
katha-pitha,n. pedestal of Katha, name
of the first book of the Katha-sarit-sagara.
[2 katha, mg 2.]
kathavatara, m. incarnation of Katha.
[2 katha (mg 2) -j- avatara.]
katha-sarit-sagara, m. Story-stream-
ocean, title of Soma-deva's collection.
kad, interr. pel. nonne, num; w. cid, nonne,
num ; kaccid drsta, was she seen ? [crys-
tallized ace. s. n. of ka, lllla.]
kad a, adv. when? na kada cana, not at
any time soever, never ; kada cid, once on
a time, one day ; kada cid api na, never.
[ka, 1103.]
kadru, a. brown; kadru [355c], f. brown
Soma-vessel.
V kan or ka (cake; akanit). be glad. [cf.
v'kam and Vcan.]
kanaka, n. gold.
kanaka-sutra, n. gold cord or chain.
kanaka-stambha-r ucira, a. shining
with gold columns.
kanistha, a. smallest ; youngest, [cf . the
following words and kana and kanya.]
kanisthaka, a. smallest; f. -ika [1222d],
sc. anguli, the little finger, [kanistha.]
kanistha-prathama, a. having the
youngest as the first.
kanlyans, a. smaller; younger. [cf.
kanistha and 467 2 .]
kandara, n. cave, [perhaps 'great cleft/
kain (see ka4) + dara.]
kandarpa, m. the god of love, [perhaps
'of great wantonness/ kam (see ka4) +
darpa.]
kanyaka,/ girl, [kanya, 1222b.]
kanya, f. girl; maiden; daughter, [cf.
kanistha.]
kanya-ratna, n. girl-jewel, excellent
maiden.
kapata, m. n. fraud.
kapata-prabandha, m. continued se-
ries of frauds; machination, plot.
kaparda, m. small shell used as a coin,
80 = 1 paua; -aka, m. the same.
kapala, n. 1. cup or dish, 102 13 ; 2.
cover or lid, 104 16 ; 3. cranium, [for
mg, cf . Lat. testa, ' earthen pot/ w. French
tete, 'head.']
kap6ta, m. dove.
kam, pel. 1. emphasizing the preceding
word, 79 ; -2. interr. pel., 88 10 . [ka,
lllla : cf. kad, kim.]
V kam (cakame; kamisyate; kanta [955a] ;
kamayate, -ti [1041 2 ]). wish; will; de-
sire; love. [cf. v'kan and Vcan.]
kamandalu, m. water-jar.
V kamp (kampate ; cakampe ; kampita;
kampitum; -kampya). tremble or shake.
kambala, m. woolen cloth.
kambu, m. shell.
kambu-griva, m. Shell-neck (i.e. having
folds in the neck like a spiral shell), name
of a tortoise, [griva.]
1 kara, 1. a. doing; making or causing
or producing, at end of many cpds ; 2. as
m. the hand (lit. the busy one) ; 3. as m.
nomen actionis, the doing, performance, in
duskara, sukara. [V 1 kr : cf . Lat. cerus,
' creator.']
2 kara, m. ray, beam. [prob. same as
1 kara 2 : the rays of the heavenly bodies
are conceived as their hands and feet, cf.
pada 4.]
karavarij
[140]
kara-vari, n. water from the hand,
karuna, a. mournful, pitiable; -a, f. pity,
karuna-para, a. compassionate. [1302b.]
karkata, m. crab; -aka, the same.
karna, m. ear.
karta, m. (earth-) cut, ditch. [Vkrt: see
garta.]
k a r t f , m. doer ; accomplisher ; officiating
priest, 101 . [Vlkr.]
kartavya, grdv. to be done or made, w.
the various mgs of \f 1 kr. [V 1 kr.]
k a r t a v y a t a , /. the to-be-done-ness ; -tarn
bruhi, tell me what I must do. [1237.]
karpura, m. n. camphor,
karpura-pata, m. Camphor-cloth, name
of a certain washerman,
karpura-vilasa, m. Camphor-joy (lit.
having pleasure in camphor), name of a
washerman.
karma, for karman in cpds, 1249a 2 .
karma-ccsta,/". deed-performance; ac-
tion,
karma-ja, a. deed-born, resulting from
the actions of a life.
karma-dosa, m. deed-sin, sinful deed,
karman, n. deed, work, action ; sacred
work (as sacrifice, ablution); rite, 59 l .
[Vlkr.]
kar hi, adv. when? karhi cid, at any time.
[ka, llOSc.]
V kal (kalayati). drive, [cf. Kf\f rat, ' urges
on ' ; &ov-ic6\os, ' cattle driver ' ; Lat. celer,
(like colloq. driving, i.e. ' hurrying ') ' swift.']
- anu-sam, lead along after,
kal a, a. dumb; indistinct; -am, adv. gen-
tly, and so pleasantly (of humming),
kal ah a, m. strife, contention,
kal a, f. a small part, esp. a sixteenth,
kalpa, m. ordinance, precept; manner,
way ; etena kalpena, in this way.
kalmasa, n. spot, stain; Jig., as in Eng.,
sin.
kalmasa-dhvansa-karin, a. sin-de-
struction-causing, preventing the commis-
sion of crime,
k a 1 y a , a. well, healthy, [cf . ica\6s, ' fair ' :
prob. not akin are AS. hdl, Eng. hale,
whole.'}
kal y an a, /. -ani [355b], a. fair, lovely.
[kaly'a.]
kalyana-kataka, m.n. Fair-dale, name
of a place.
kavi, a. wise, possessed of insight (of gods,
esp. Agni) ; as m. wise man, seer, sage ;
poet; pi. wise men of eld (whose spirits
hover about the sun), 91 12 . [prop, 'seer,'
Vkii, 'see,' for *sku: cf. BuoaKdos, *-<TKOFO-S,
' inspecting the sacrifice ' ; Lat. cav-ere,
' look out, be cautious ' ; Ger. schauen, AS.
scedwian, 'look,' Eng. show, 'cause to look
at.']
kavi-kratu, a. having the power or in-
sight (kratu) of a wise one ; intelligent.
[1296.]
V kas (kasati; kasta ; kasayati). move.
+ vi, move asunder; open; bloom; caus.
pass, be made to bloom.
kas mat, adv. why? wherefore? [ka,
kansya, a. brazen; as n. brass, [kansa.]
kaka, m. crow; f- kaki, crow-hen; cf.
vayasa, 'crow.'
V kanks (kanksati, -te ; cakanksa ;
kanksita). desire, long for. [desid. of
\ kam, but reduplicated somewhat like an
intens. (1002), *kam-ka(m)-s.]
kaca, m. glass.
kaca-mani, m. rock-crystal, quartz, [lit.
' glass-jewel.']
kancana, n. gold.
kana, a. one-eyed; perforated (of the
eye), blind.
kana-bhuti, m. Kanabhuti, name of a
Yaksha, see 53 3 N. [lit. ' Blind-luck.']
kanda, m. n. section; joint of a stalk
from one knot to another ; arrow.
kantara, m. n. great or primeval forest.
kanti, f. loveliness. [Vkam, 1157, cf.
955a.]
ka-purusa, m. miserable man, coward.
[see Ika4, and 506.]
kam a, m. wish, desire, longing; love; at
end of possessive cpds [1296], having desire
for , desirous of ; kaniain, see s.v.
[V kam.]
kama-duh (-dhuk, -duham, -dhugbhis,
etc. [155]), 1. a. yielding wishes, grant-
ing every wish ; 2. as f., sc. dhenu, the
fabulous Wonder-cow.' [for 2, cf. the
horn of Amalthea.]
[141]
[Vkirtaya
k jtm am, adv. at will; if you please;
kamam tu na tu, if she please, , but
by no means , 64 12 . [kama, llllb.]
kamin, a. subst. affectionate (spouse).
[kama. ]
kamini-sakha, a. in the company of
his wives, [see sakha.]
kaya, m. body. [Vlci, 'build,' Whitney
43 : for mg, cf . 5e'/*as, ' body, form/ and
Sffjica, ' build,' and Eng. noun build, as used
of ' a man's figure.']
kayika, a. corporeal; performed by the
body, [kaya.]
kara, a. making; as m. maker; deed,
action; sound, [\llkr.]
k a r a n a , n. that which makes or occasions ;
cause, 57 7 ; occasion; reason; sake, 10 1 ;
ground for a judgment, 22 n . [Vlkr.]
karin, a. causing, [do.]
karii, m. praiser, poet, singer. [V2kr,
' mention with praise.']
karttikeya, m. metronymic of Skanda,
god of war (so called because he was
nourished by the Pleiads, krttikas) : cf.
kumara and svamikumara. [ krttika.
1216.]
karya, grdv. to be done, faciendus, w. the
various shades of mg belonging to V 1 kr ;
requiring to be instituted, 4 19 ; requiring
to be shown; as n. what is to be done;
business ; work ; matter, 4 n ; affair ; duty ;
emergency. [V 1 kr, 963b.]
karya-kala, m. time for action,
karya-hantr, m. business-destroyer,
mar-plot,
karyaksama, a. unequal to or unfit for
work, [aksama.]
kala, m. 1. the right or proper or ap-
pointed time ; 2. time in general ; 3.
Time, as the destroyer, i.e. Death,
kala-paga, m. snare of Death,
kavya, n. poetry; poem, [kavi.]
kavyagastra-vinoda, m. entertainment
with poetry and science, [kavya-gastra,
1252.]
V kag (karate; cakag ; kagita ; -kagya).
be visible ; shine.
+ ava, be visible, lie open.
+ a , look on.
+ pra, shine out; become clear.
kaga, m. visibility, in sakaga. [Vkag.]
kastha, n. stick of wood; log.
kastha-ccheda, m. dearth of wood.
[227.]
kastha-bharika, m. wood-carrier,
kastha, / race-course; course; track of
the winds and clouds in the sky.
kasthika, m. woodman, [kastha.]
ki, cf. Ika 4, ana* 504.
kim-suhrd, m. a bad friend, [see 1 ka 4,
and 506.]
kit ava, m. gambler; f. -vi, as a., addicted
to gaming, [poss. kim + tava, ' what of
thee ? ' ' what is thy stake ? ']
kim, 1. as nom.acc.s.n. to kd, see Ika;
-2. as interr. adv. [lllla], how? 73 8 -
why? 18 10 ; 3. as interr. pel.: num; kim
aham ajnas, am I a fool? 39 21 ; an, 78 13 ,
4. in connection w. other pels: kim ca,
moreover, see ca 3 ; kim tu, however, 20 12 ;
kim cana, somewhat, 46 9 ; kim punar,
how much more (or less)? 17 15 . [see
under 1 ka.]
kim- art ha, a. having what as object;
kimartham, as adv. why ? [1302c4.]
kim-prabhu, m. a bad master, [see
Ika 4, and 506.]
kim-bhrtya, m. a bad servant, [do.]
kiyad-dura, n. small distance; -re, as
adv. [1116], a little way. [kiyant.]
kiyant [451], pron. a. 1. how great?
how much? what sort of a? 45 10 ; 2.
(how great, in a derogatory sense, i.e.) not
great ; small, 46 l . [1 ka or ki, 505,
1172 2 .]
kiyambu, n. water-lily, perhaps, [cf.ambu.]
kila, kila [248a], adv. indeed, emphasizing
the foregoing word.
kis, interr. pel. so at 88 10 . [Ika, 504 2 :
see 1117: cf. nakis.]
kit a, m. worm; caterpillar,
kidrg-vyapara, m. what business.
[kidrg, 145.]
kidrgvyaparavant, a. having what
business. [1233.]
kidfg, a. of what sort? [see 518.]
klri, m. praiser. [V2kr.]
V kirtaya (kirtayati [1056, 1067]; pass.
kirtyate). 1. make mention of; tell;
-2. repeat; call, [kirti, 1061 '.]
kirti]
[142]
+ pari, tell around, announce.
+ s am, announce,
kirti,/. mention; esp. good report, fame.
[V2kr.]
ku, see Ika4, and 504.
kukkura, m. dog. [younger form of
the onomatopoetic kurkura.]
kutumba, n. household; family; -aka,
the same.
kuttani,/. bawd.
k uncla, n. round vessel; round hole in
the ground (for water or sacred fire),
kundala, n. ring, esp. ear-ring. [cf.
kunda and 1227.]
kiitas, adv. from what place? whence?
wherefore? why? how? 19 ". [Ika or
ku, 505.]
kutuhala, n. 1. interest felt in some-
thing extraordinary ; eagerness ; -at, as
adv. [1114b], eagerly; 2. interest caused
by something remarkable, 56 u .
kiitra, adv. where 1 ? whither? [Ika or
ku, 505.]
ku-drsti, f. a bad or false view; hete-
rodox philosophy. [see 1 kd, 4, and
506.]
kunti,/ Kunti, one of the two wives of
Pandu.
V kup (kupyati ; cuk6pa; kupita). 1.
become moved or agitated ; boil ; and so
2. Jig., as in Eng., be angry ; boil with
rage.
+ p r a , the same.
kumara, m. 1. new-born child; boy;
youth, 51 10 ; -2. The Youth, epithet of
Skanda, the eternally youthful god of
war see karttikeya ; f. -ri, girl. [cf.
sukumara.]
kumara-datta, m. name of a man.
[' given by the god Kumara.']
kumbha, m. jar; pot; urn. [cf. Ki5/xr?,
' vessel.']
kumbha-kara, m. pot-maker, potter,
kumbhika,/ pitcher, [kumbha.]
kuru, m. as pi. the Kurus, a people of
India ; as sing. Kuru, the ancestor of that
people,
kuru-gravana, m. name of a prince.
[lit. ' glory of the Kurus,' like nv6o-K\rjs :
acct, 1271.]
kill a, n. 1. herd or large number or
swarm (of quadrupeds, birds, insects) ;
2. race ; family ; and so, as in Eng.,
good family, noble stock. [V3kr, q.v. :
cf. akula.J
kula-gila, n. family and character.
[1253b.]
kiilala, m. potter.
kii-liga, m. axe. [perhaps ' cutting
well,' see Ika 4, and 506.]
kulina, a. of good family, [kula, 1223d.]
kulira, m. crab.
kugd, m. grass; esp. the sacred grass, Poa
cynosuroides, with long stalks and numer-
ous pointed leaves.
kuga-pifij ula, n. tuft or bunch of Ku?a.
k u a la, 1. a. in good condition; equal
to or fit for a task ; able ; clever, 46 18 ;
2. as n. welfare, well-being ; kugalam
te, hail to thee.
kugalin,a. well; prosperous. [kuala 2.J
kuga-hasta, a. having Ku9a in the
hand. [1303.]
V ku (kuvate). found only w. a, and per-
haps meaning see, look. [prob. for #sku,
see under kavi.]
+ a , look forward to, i.e. intend, [see
akuta.]
kuta, 1. n. horn; 2. m. n. peak, [for
mg 2, cf. the Swiss peak-names, Schreck-
horn, Wetter-horn, etc.]
kup a, m. cave, hole; well. [cf. KUTTTJ,
' cave, hut/ Lat. cupa, ' vat,' ' niche for
the dead,' borrowed Eng. coop, ' vat/
whence cooper.^
kurma, m. tortoise.
V Ikr (Vedic, krn6ti, krnute [715]; later,
kar6ti, kurute [714]; cakara, cakre; V.
akar, akrta [831, 834a]; later, akarsit;
karisyati ; krta ; kartum ; krtva ; -kftya ;
kriyate ; cikirsati; karayati, -te). do,
make, in the various meanings and uses of
these words; thus,
1. perform, 59 21 ; accomplish; cause;
effect ; prepare, 83 15 ; undertake, 52 2 ;
commit, 29 12 ; show: e.g. honor, 5 6 ; fami-
liarity, 9 n ; compassion, 21 19 ; love, 42 18 ;
favor, 52 21 ; contempt, 54 16 ; attend to :
an affair, II 4 ; engage in: trade, 46 n ; a
quarrel, 42 19 ; 2. do something (good or
[143]
Lkrta
bad) for a person (yen.), 3 2 , 9 15 ; -3.
make or procure for another, 82 4 ; grant ;
middle: get for one's self; assume:
human voice, 3 u ; take on : form or shape,
48 3 , 49 6 ; 4. execute; follow: advice,
40 7 ; 5. work over, prepare : food, 68 3 ;
6. accomplish; be good for, 18 5 ; 7.
make : a sound, 26 n ; utter : the syllable
om, 60 8 ' 9 ;
8. (like Eng. do in don, doff) put in
or on; w. loc., 81 >, 43 6 ; set, 105 U ; w.
adverbs : see agratas, ama, avis, tiras,
puras, bahis ; 9. make a person (ace.)
to be something (ace.), 79 12 ; transform
into, 40 13 ff . ; render, w. factitive predicate
ace., 18 8 ; w. the predicate in composition
[1094]: e.g. sajji-kr, make ready, 34 17 ;
10. w. adv. in -dha, divide in parts,
57 10 ; 11. do, go to work, proceed, 37 8 ;
pass, impers., 30 16 ; 12. do, esp. sacred
work ; with karma, 97 2 ; without karma
(like pefciv Off and facere), to sacrifice,
93 12 _ see also krta.
desid. desire to perform; ppl. [1037],
cikirsita, that which is sought to be done,
intention.
cans, cause to do or make or be done
or made ; see to it that a thing takes
place, 16 1 ; pass, tena sa pranamam
karitas, by him he was caused to make
obeisance, 36 7 ; caws, equiv. to simple verb,
265.
[cf. ai>To-Kpd-T<ap, ' self-actor, indepen-
dent ' ; Kp6-vos, an old harvest-god, ' Per-
ficus, the Completer, Ilipener ' ; Lat. cer-us,
' creator ' ; Kpaivu, ' accomplish ' ; Lat.
credre, ' create ' : see kratu : orig. root-
form, perhaps, skr, 1087d.]
+ ad hi, put over; put in office.
+ a p a , put off ; injure, opp. of upakr.
+ a ram or alam, see these words.
+ a , bring hither, 74 10 ; prepare, fashion,
make.
+ v y - a , separate, analyse.
+ up a, bring something to some one; do
a service, act as an auxiliary, opp. of
apakr. [w. the use of upa, cf. that of sub
in subvenire, ' aid.']
+ pari, (poss. surround, deck, and so)
make ready ; adorn.
+ pra, 1. carry forward, accomplish;
effectuate, cause ; 2. mid. set before ;
put before one, i.e. make the subject of
discussion or treatment ; w, buddhim, put
a plan before one's self, i.e. decide.
+ prati, work against, counteract.
+ sam, 1. put together; conficere,
prepare ; 2. treat according to the
sacred usages, administer a sacrament
to, see samskara; consecrate, 106 3 ; 3.
adorn.
V 2kr (akarit; intens. carkarti). mention
with praise.
V 3kr (kirati [242]; cakara, cakre; akarit;
karisyati; kirnd [957b] ; -kirya). pour
out or scatter abundantly (e.g. hail-stones) ;
cast forth (missiles); strew; cover or fill
with. [cf. kula, ' swarm.']
+ vy-ati, pass, be scattered in various
directions; be brought to confusion, [cf.
vyatikara, 'disaster.']
+ ava, strew (loose earth); throw in.
+ a, scatter abundantly ; cover over, fill ;
aklrna, bestrown, covered, [cf. akara,
'abundance, mine/ akula, 'full.']
+ sam-a, bestrew; cover.
krcchra, a. distressful; troublesome; as
n. trouble.
krcchra-karman, n. hard work; drudg-
ery.
V krt (krntati, -te [758] ; cakarta ; akrtat;
kartisyati, kartsyati ; krtta ; -kftya ;
krtyate). cut; cut off. [cf. kata (for
karta, 'cut, depression in the head,' i.e.),
'temple,' and Kpdr-cupos, 'temple'; Lat.
curt-us, 'docked, short.']
+ ud, cut out or off; cut up, butcher.
1 krt, vbl in cpds. making; doing; caus-
ing; as m. maker. [Vlkr, 1147c.]
2 krt, a time, in sa-krt. [perhaps fr.
Vlkr, 'a doing, a time': cf. kftu, 'a
time.']
krta, a. 1. made; done; 2. prepared;
3. attained, 4. well done, and so,
good; 5. as n. deed; 6. (perhaps
made, i.e. won) and so, the side of the
die marked with four spots, the lucky
or winning one ; 7. the golden age,
name of the first yuga, see 58 2 N.
[Vlkr.]
krtakrtya]
[144]
krta-krtya, a. having one's duty done
or end attained,
krtakrtyata, f. condition of having
performed one's duty. [1237.]
krta-buddhi, a. having a made-up
mind, of resolute character.
krta-mauna, a. having a kept silence,
silent,
krta-samketa, a. having an agreement
made, agreed upon as a rendezvous,
krtanjali, a. having a made gesture of
reverence, with reverent gesture, [anjali.]
krtanna, n. prepared or cooked food.
[anna.]
krtavajna, a. having contempt (done,
i.e.) shown to one, disdained, [avajna.]
kfti, f. 1. the doing, the production;
2. a production, literary work, [v'lkr.]
kftu, a doing, a time; only in ace. pi.
-krtvas, and that at the end of cpds.
[Vlkr, 1105 .]
krte, as prep, on account of, for the sake
of, for, w. gen. [1130] or in composition.
[loc. of krta, lit. 'in the matter of (cf.
mg 5), 1116.]
kftti, f. pelt, hide. [Vkrt: for mg, cf.
Sfp/j.a, ' hide/ and Seipw, ' flay.']
kfttika, f. pi. the Pleiads, [cf. krtti :
perhaps the constellation was conceived
as having the shape of a pelt.]
krtya, grdv. to be done; as n. that which
ought to be done or is to be done, and so,
duty, purpose, end; f. -a, action, deed.
[v'lkr, 963beni]
krtvas, adv. times; see krtu.
krtsnd, a. whole; entire.
V krp (kfpate [745b]). mourn, lament,
krpa,/. pity, compassion. [Vkrp.]
kfmi, m. worm.
V kr (kfgyati [761a] ; cakarga; krgita).
grow lean. [cf. KO\OK-O.VOS, 'long lank
person/ /co\ooWs, #KO\OK-JOS, ' colossus ' ;
Old Lat. crac-entes, Lat. grac-iles, 'lean,
slender.']
krc_a, a. lean, haggard. [Vkrg, 958.]
V krs (karsati; krsati; cakarsa ; akrk-
sat; karaisyati; kraksyati, -te; krsta;
krastum ; krstva ; -kfsya). 1. kars-
ati : tug, draw, pull; 2. krsati: draw
furrows ; plough.
+ a, draw on, attract; draw from (a
source).
+ u d , pull up, elevate.
+ pra, draw forward, place in front.
krsti, /. pi. people, folk. [Vkrs, mg 2:
orig. ' tillages, tilled lands/ then ' settle-
ment, community.']
krsna, a. black, dark; w. paksa, the dark
half of the lunar month, from full to new
moon; as m., sc. paksa, the dark lunar
fortnight.
kfsna, m. the black antelope.
krsna-paksa, m. the dark lunar fort-
night.
krsna-sarpa, m. a very poisonous black
Cobra, Coluber Xaga.
krsnajina, n. skin of the black antelope,
[ajina.]
',' krsnaya(krsnayate). blacken, [krsna,
1059b.]
v' kip (kalpate; caklp6 [786]; kalpsyate ;
klpta ; kalpayati, -te). be in order; be
suitable or serviceable to ; help ; klpta,
in order, fixed, settled; caus. put in
order; ordain; arrange; dispose; fix (in
the manifold applications of this word as
used colloquially). [prob. not akin are
Goth, hilpan, Eng. help.~\
+ upa, caus. prepare; furnish; provide.
+ sam, caws, arrange together; deter-
mine ; will ; purpose.
klpta-ke^anakhagmagru, a. having hair
and nails and beard in order, i.e. trimmed.
[kea-nakha-gmacru, 1252.]
klptanta, having its end prescribed;
limited, [anta.]
k6ta, m. intention; desire; will, [v'cit,
' look, be intent upon.']
ketu, m. brightness; pi. beams. [Vcit,
' look, appear, shine ' : cf . Goth, haidu-s,
('appearance, manner/ i.e.) 'way/ AS.
had, ' way, manner, condition/ Eng. -hood,
-head (as in maidenhood, godhead), Ger.
-heit : cf. under maya.]
k 6 v a 1 a , a. exclusive ; excluding all else ;
alone ; -am, adv. only.
ke"qa, m. hair (of the head); mane, [see
kesara.]
kega-paksa, m. du. the two sides of
the hair of the head ; the temples.
[Uo]
[Vkri
k e g a - gmagru-loma-nakha, n. pi. hair of
the head, beard, hair of the body, and
nails. [1253a.]
keg ant a, m. hair-end; long hair hanging
down ; locks.
kegfn, a. maned, with flowing mane,
[kega.]
kesara, m. hair; mane. [written also
kegara, cf . kega : cf . Lat. caesaries, ' hair,
mane/ but not Eng. hair.']
kesaragra, n. ends of a mane, [agra.]
kaivarta, m. fisher.
kotara, n. hollow of a tree.
kotta, m. fort.
ko-danda, in. bow (of an archer), ['good-
stick,' see Ika4, and 506.]
kodandatani, f. the notched end of a
bow. [atani.]
kopa, m. anger; -at, adv. [1114b], angrily.
[Vkup.]
kopakula, a. full of anger, [akula.]
kolahala, m. n. uproar, confused cry.
[onomatopoetic.]
ko-vida, a. well knowing or skilled, [see
Ika4, and 506.]
kautuka, n. curiosity, eagerness; -at,
adv. [1114b], eagerly.
kaunteya, m. son of Kunti, i.e. king
Yudhishthira. [metronymic, 1216.]
kauravya, m. descendant of Kuru, i.e.
Yudhishthira. [patronymic, 1211 : cf.
1208c.]
kaulala, n. pottery, [kiilala.]
kaugala, n. cleverness; ability, [kugala.]
kratu, m. power, whether of body or of
mind or of both: 1. might, 73 n ; 2.
will, 75 ' 2 ; understanding, 80 5 cf. daksa ;
inspiration, insight, esp. for sacred songs
and acts; 3. sacred deed, sacrifice, 16 7 ;
ceremony, cf. yajnakratu. [Vlkr, 'do,
effect,' 1161 : orig. sense of word in mgs 1
and 2 was prob. ' an effecting, a power to
do or carry out': for mg 3, see \flkrl2 :
cf . uparvs, ' mighty,' AS. heard, ' strong,
hard,' Eng. hard.~]
\! kram (kramati [745d], kramate ; ca-
krama, cakram6 ; akramit ; kramisyati,
-te, kransyate ; kranta [955a] ; krami-
tum, krantum ; kramitva, krantva ;
-kramya ; kramyate ; kramdyati, kram-
ayati [1042c 2 mid.]), step; go; go to-
wards.
+ ati, step beyond; excel; overcome.
4 sam-ati, excel, [sam intens., 1077b
end.]
+ a, step near to; come upon; attack;
overpower.
+ ud, go out; depart (of the vital spirit);
cans, cause to disembark.
+ abhy-ud, caws, cause to step out.
+ up a, step unto; approach, 3 10 .
+ nis, go out.
+ para, step forth; advance boldly;
and so, show one's strength or courage.
[hence parakrama, ' valor ' : cf . kram +
vi.]
+ pari, go around, circumambulate.
+ pra, step forward; set out; start
from.
+ vi, move away or on; proceed; attack
boldly ; and so, show one's courage.
[hence vikrama, ' valor ' : cf . kram +
para.]
-fsam, come together; approach; enter
(a zodiacal sign, said of the sun).
krama, m. 1. step; regular progress or
order; -ena, -at, gradatim, cf. yathakra-
mam; 2. procedure; method; way, 36 21 .
[V kram.]
kramagas, adv. step by step; gradually;
in order. [1106.]
kravya, n. raw flesh; corpse; carrion.
[v'*kru, which perhaps means 'coagulate,
become stiff ' : w. kravis, ' raw flesh,' cf .
Kpeas, *KpeFas, ' flesh ' ; w. kru-ra, ' bloody,
raw,' cf . Lat. cru-dus, ' bloody, raw,' cruor,
' blood ' ; cf . AS. hrdw, ' corpse ' ; Eng. raw,
Ger. roh, 'raw.']
kravy a- vahana, a. carrying off the
corpses.
kravyad, a. consuming corpses, [ad.]
kravyada, a. the same, [ada.]
k r i y a , f. action ; performance ; doings ;
labor, pains. [V 1 kr, 1213d.]
\/ kri (krmati, krmlte; kresyati; krita;
kretum; kritva; -kriya). buy, ic. instr.
[281b] of price, [perhaps akin w. Vlkr,
and so meaning ' do business, trade.']
~ u p a , buy.
vi, sell; sell for (instr.).
10
Vkrid]
[146]
V krid (kridati, -te; cikrida, cikride;
kridisyati; kridita; kriditum; -kridya).
play, sport.
kr Id a, /. play, sport. [Vkrid.]
kritotpanna, a. bought or on hand (of
food), [utpanna, Vpad.]
V krudh (krudhyati, -te[761]; cukr6dha;
akrudhat ; kruddha ; kr6ddhum ; krud-
dhva). be angry.
krudh, /. anger.
krudhmi or krudhmin, a. wrathful.
[V krudh: cf. 1167 and 1231: paroxytone.]
V krug (kr6gati ; cukr6ga ; akruksat ;
krusta; kr6stum ; -kriigya). cry out;
call ; howl, [cf . Kpav-rf, ' cr y/ f r *KpavK-r) :
for y in place of K, cf '. r-fiyavov, ' crucible,'
w. rtj/cw, ' melt.']
krura, a. bloody; raw; fig. harsh, [see
under kravya.]
kroda, m. 1. breast, bosom; 2. in-
terior, [for mg 2, cf. garbha2.]
kr6dha, m. anger. [V krudh.]
kr6ga, m. call; calling distance; Anglo-
Indian a Kos. [Vkrng.]
kr ogamatr avasthita, a. stationed at
the distance of a Kos. [kroga-matra -f
avasthita.]
V klig (kligyate, -ti ; ciklega ; klista ;
klestum; -kligya). be distressed.
klega, m. pain; trouble. [Vklig.]
kv&, V. kua, adv. 1. where? whither?
kua babhuvus, what has become of ? 2.
kva cid : anywhere ; in any case, ever,
27 20 ; w. na, never. [ Ika, 505.]
k s a , as collateral form of V 1 ksi in ksa-tra,
and as vbl of the same, w. the mg ' abiding,
situate,' in antari-ksa.
ksana, m. instant; moment; -ena, -at.
as advs [1112b, 1114b], instantly, [prob.
' the time of a glance,' a shortened form
of Iks-ana, ' glance ' : for mg, cf . Eng.
"in the twinkling of an eye," and Ger.
Augen-blick, ' glance of an eye, i.e. mo-
ment.']
ksanika,/. -I, a. momentary, [ksana.]
k s a t , ppl. of V ksan.
ksatra, n. 1. rule, dominion, power,
86 M ; 2. later, the temporal power, im-
perium (as distinguished from the spirit-
ual power, brahman, 'sacerdotium') ; the
second or princely caste or a member of
it. [from ksa = v 1 ksi 2 : cf . ksatra-pa,
' governor of a dominion, satrap,' and the
borrowed ffarpd-injs.l
ksatra-bandhu, m. one who belongs to
the ksatra or second caste.
ksatriya, m. 1. ruler, 75 l ; 2. one
who belongs to the ksatra or princely
caste, a Kshatriya, 57 16 N. [ksatra, 1214a.]
V ksan (ksan6ti, ksanut< ; aksanista ;
ksata). harm ; hurt ; break, [closely
akin w. V 2 ksi, q.v.]
ksantavya, grdv. to be put up with or
pardoned. [Vksam, 212.]
ksa pa, /. night. [cf. oW, 'cover,'
<//e'4>os, ' darkness ' : for ^, cf . V ksar.]
ksapaha, n. a night and day, wxd-fi/J-fpov.
[2 aha, 1253b.]
v' ksam (ksamate, -ti; caksame; ksam-
isyate, ksansyate ; ksanta [955a] ; ksan-
tum ; ksamyate). 1. be patient; en-
dure ; put up with ; ksanta, patient ; 2.
forgive ; pardon.
ksa ma, a. patient; bearing or enduring;
ana" so, equal to a thing, able, [v'ksam.]
ksama,y. patience; long-suffering, [do.]
1 ksaya, m. dwelling-place. [VI ksi.]
2 ksaya, m. destruction; decay. [\'2ksi.]
V ksar (ksarati, -te ; caksara ; aksar
[890]; ksaritd). -1. flow; -2. liquefy;
melt away ; and so, perish, [for *skar :
cf. tyeipca (tffireipw) = <p6eip<a, ' destroy,'
4-<p0dp-r), ' perished ' : for i^, cf . ksapa,
ksiti: foT<p0, cf. 2 ksi.]
ksar a, a. perishable. [Vksar.]
V ksa (ksayati [761dl]; ksana). burn,
ksara, a. pungent; saline. [v'ksa: cf.
i)p6-s, 'dry': for mg, cf. Eng. caustic, lit.
' burning,' fig. ' pungent.']
V Ik si, with two meanings, 'dwell,' and
' rule,' attaching themselves to the steins ksi
and ksaya respectively ; thus,
1. kse-ti, 3d pi. ksi-y-anti : abide or
while or dwell, esp. in quiet and safety,
79 18 ; inhabit, [cf. ksiti, 1 ksaya, ksetra,
ksema 1, ' dwelling-place ' ; a^(pi-Kri-ovts,
'dwelling around,' Kri-ai-s, 'settlement.']
+ up a, rest on, be dependent on.
2. ksaya-ti : pos-sess , be-sitzen ; be
master of; rule, 71 9 . [cf. ksema 2, 'pos-
[147]
[khala
session ' ; K'-/cTrj-yuai, ' am master of,' KTO-
ofiai, 'get.']
[cf. the collateral form ksa : for con-
nection of 1 and 2, cf. the relation of Lat.
sedere, ' sit,' and pos-sidere, ' be master of,'
and of Ger. sitzen, ' sit,' and be-sitsen, ' be
master of.']
l/ 2k si (ksinati, later ksin6ti; aksesta;
ksita, ksind ; -ksiya ; kslyate ; ksapa-
yati [1042e]). destroy; make an end of;
exhaust ; pass, wane ; ksina, ruined,
lost ; caus. weaken, [cf . <pOtvw, *<t>Qwvia,
' perish, wane,' <t>6l-pei>os, ' dead ' : for <f>0,
cf. ksar : w. the secondary ksa-n, cf.
KTa.-fj.evos, 'slain,' Kreivu, *Krev-jta, 'slay.']
+ apa, pass, be afflicted, suffer loss.
k s i t , i-bl. inhabiter or ruler, at end of cpds.
[v'lksi 1 and 2: see 1147c.]
ksitf, f. dwelling, abode, 79 18 ; piece of
ground or land; the earth, the ground.
[V 1 ksi 1 : cf . Krl-ffi-s, ' settlement.']
ksiti, f. destruction. [V2ksi: cf. tyi-ai-s
= <f>diffts, ' decay ' : for fy, cf. ksar.]
V ksip (ksipati, -te ; ciksepa, ciksipe ;
ksepsyati, -te; ksipta; kseptum; ksip-
tva ; -ksipya; ksepayati). dart; cast;
throw , caus. cause to fly or burst, 84 4 .
+ a, 1. throw at; 2. fig. (like Eng.
fling, make flings at), deride, put to shame,
8 10 ; 3. draw towards one's self, call out
(a person to vindicate himself), 55 6 .
+ ni, throw down (one's self, one's body).
+ vi-ni, lay down separately or orderly.
+ sam, dash together in a heap; de-
stroy.
ksipta-laguda, a. having the cudgel
thrown.
ksipra, a. darting ; quick ; -am, adv.
quickly. [Vksip.]
ksira, n, milk. [prob. Vksar.]
ksirin, a. milky ; as m. milk-plant,
[ksira.]
ksirodaka, n. milk and water, [udaka:
1253b.]
V ksud (ks6dati, -te ; cuks6da; ksunna;
-ksudya). shatter; stamp upon; grind
small.
ksudra, a. small, [\lksud.]
ksudra-buddhi, m. Small-wit, name of
a jackal. [1298.]
ksud-vyadhi, m. hunger and disease.
[ksudh: 1253a.]
V ksudh (ksddhyati ; ksudhita). be
hungry ; ksudhita, hungry.
ksudh,/. hunger. [ V ksudh, 383a.]
k s u d h a , f. hunger. [V ksudh.]
ksudharta, a. distressed with hunger,
[ksudha + arta.]
ksetra, n. dwelling-place, 87 n ; piece of
ground; field. [Vlksil.]
ksetra-pati, m. master of a field;
farmer.
ks6ma, m. 1. abode; place of rest;
security; well-being, 61 8 ; 2. possession;
kseme yoge, in possession in acquisi-
tion, i.e. in the enjoyment of what we
have got and in the getting of more,
[v/lksil and 2: for *ske-ma, 1166: cf.
Goth, haim-s, ' village ' ; A.S. ham, Eng.
home, and -ham in place-names; perhaps
also Ktafj.il (if for K^JUTJ"?), 'village.']
kha, n. 1. hole; hollow; 2. opening;
3. hole in the hub of a wheel ; 4. void
space; the sky. [Vkhan, cf. 333.]
kha-ga, 1. a. moving in the sky, flying;
2. as m. bird, [for mg 2, cf. antariksa-
ga and kha-gama, 'bird,' ura-ga and
bhujam-gama, ' snake,' and turam-ga,
' horse.']
kha-gama, the same.
khanda, a. broken; as m. a break, sec-
tion, piece ; khandaka, m. lump-sugar.
[hence, prob., through the Persian, Arabic,
Italian, and French, the Eng. candy. ,]
V khandaya (khandayati). break;
khandita, broken (of a command).
[khanda, 1055.]
V khan or kha (khanati, -te ; cakhana,
cakhnus ; akhan [890] ; khanisyati ;
khata ; khanitum ; khanitva, khatva ;
-khaya; khanyate, khayate ; khanayati).
dig ; caus. cause to be dug. [if for *skan,
cf . Lat. can-alls, ' ditch, canal.']
+ a , dig, burrow, in akhu.
khara, a. harsh; as m. ass (so called from
his harsh bray), 67 19 .
khala, m. 1. threshing-floor; 2. a
mean, low-lived fellow. [the tertium
10*
khalu]
[148]
comparationis for 1 and 2 is perhaps
' dirt.']
khalu, pel. 1. now (confirmative) ; atha
khalu, now; 2. indeed (emphasizing the
preceding word), 55 s ; 3. to be sure (con-
cessive), 98 3 .
V kha, see khan.
V khad (khadati; cakhada; khadisyate ;
khadita ; khaditum ; khaditva ; khad-
yate; khadayati). chew; bite; eat, esp.
of animals; feed on, 24 16 ; devour, 2 1 11 ;
khadita, eaten, 23 3 , etc. [if for *skand
or sknd, cf. Kvifa, V/cvtS, 'bite, sting,'
Ki/i5ij, ' nettle,' but not Eng. nettle.']
khaditavya, grdv. edendus. [vkhad.]
V khid (khidati; khinna; -khidya). de-
press, but only fig.
+ u d , pull out.
khila, 1. . piece of waste land between
cultivated fields ; a bare spot ; 2. a
gap.
khu, a Prakrit form for khalu.
khe-cara, a. moving in the sky. [kha,
1250c.]
khecaratva, n. power of flying (by
magic). [1239.]
kheda, m. depression, sorrow. [Vkhid.]
kheda-vaga, a. having depression as
one's controlling influence, under the do-
minion of sorrow.
V khya (khyati; cakhyau; akhyat [847];
khyasyati ; khyata ; khyatum ; -khyaya ;
khyayate ; khyapayati, -te [1042d]).
simple verb only in pass, and caus. pass.
be well known ; be talked of ; caus.
make known, [orig. mg, perhaps, 'shine,
appear or look (intrans.), see (trans.)'.]
+ abhi, look at; behold, 78 13 .
-fa, 1. show, tell; narrate, 55 19 ; 2.
designate, name ; caus. : act. tell ; mid.
have told to one's self, 105 7 .
+ praty-a, (lit. show back, i.e.) turn
away, repulse, reject, 9 20 ; refuse, [the
Ger. zuriick-weisen has just the same
mgs.]
+ v y - a , show to discriminately, i.e. ex-
plain.
+ s a m , tell together, i.e. reckon up.
-pari-sam, reckon up completely,
khyati, f. the being well known; fame;
khyatim gam, become famous. [Vkhya.]
g a , vbl. going, in many cpds ; situate, e.g.
in madhyaga ; as m. nomen actionis, the
going, in durga, suga. [v'gam, cf. 333.]
gagana, n. sky.
gang a, f. the Ganges. [fr. \'gam^=ga,
w. intens. reduplication, 1002b.]
g a j a , m. elephant.
gaja-yutha, m. herd of elephants.
gajendra, m. a great elephant. [see
indra.]
gana, m. 1. troop, (of Maruts) 90 18 ;
crowd, (of friends) 3 9 ; host (of stars) ;
flock, (of birds) 3 8 ; 2. pi. troop-deities,
inferior deities which regularly appear not
singly, but in troops, 67 n ; esp. those that
compose the retinue of Qiva ; then, as sing.,
a single one of Qiva's attendants, a Gana,
55 20 ; 3. a number.
ganana, /. a numbering, calculation, tak-
ing into account, ['' ganaya.]
v' ganaya (ganayati). number, calculate,
[gana, 1055.]
ganita, ppl. calculated; as n. [1176a],
calculation, arithmetic, [v ganaya.]
gata, ppl. 1. gone, 2 21 ; departed; ?<-. inf.
snatum gata, gone to bathe, 44 2 ; so 41 2 ;
2. often at beg. of cpds, see these ; 3.
gone to: w. ace. 5, 15 20 ; w. prati ana"
ace., 23 15 ; 4. (having arrived at, i.e.)
situated in : w. ace., 62 15 ; w. loc., 5 u ; in
cpd, e.g. svahasta-gata, situated on my
own hand; 5. gone to a condition, see
Vgam4; attained to, (fame) 56 12 ; -con-
ditioned, in durgata, sugata. [v'gam,
954d.]
gata-prana, a. whose breath is gone,
dead.
gata-samkalpa, a. whose purpose or
will for the moment is gone, purposeless.
[1299.]
gatanugati, f. the going after him who
has gone (before), the following in the
old ruts, [anugati.]
gatanugatika, a. addicted to following
in the old ruts, [gatanugati, 1222a.]
g a t a s u , a. whose life is gone, [asu.]
[149]
[garbha
gati, /. 1. a going, way of going, ability
to go; 2. progress, 18 18 ; eventus, issue,
20 13 ; 3. way of escape, refuge, 52 15 ;
4. the way or course esp. of the soul
through different bodies, metempsychosis ;
and so, a condition of the soul during thesL
transmigrations, a man's lot or fate, 53 lv ,
65 10 ,G6 6 ,66 21 ff. [Vgam, 1157: cf. ySo-o-i-:.
'going, power to go.']
V gad (gadati; jagada; gadisyate; gad-
ita; gaditum; -gadya). speak.
+ n i , say.
gad a, m. disease.
gantavya, grdv. eundum, used impers.
[Vgam.]
g and ha, m. smell ; pi., w. gubha, per-
fumes.
gandharva, ?. 1. orig., perhaps, the
deity of the moon, the Gandharva; 2.
in Epos, pi. Gandharvas, heavenly singers
belonging to Indra's court ; as sing, one of
these, a Gandharva.
gabhira ( V., later) gambhira, a. deep.
V gam (gacchati, -te [747, G08] ; jagama,
jagme ; V. agan [833], later agamat ;
gamisyati, -te ; gata ; gantum ; gatva ;
-gatya, -gamy a ; gamy ate ; jfgamisati ;
gamayati, -te). 1. go, move; go to,
3 6 ; go towards ; go away, 28 n , 36 6 ; come ;
w. pratipam, go wrong ; 2. go by, pass
(intrans.): of time, 20 3 ; of days, 29 13 ;
3. come unto, i.e. arrive at, w. ace., 3 7 ,
84 7 ; reach, w. loc., 69 8 ; come into, w. loc.,
71 6 ; get at, 95 19 ; 4. go to a state or
condition : w. pancatvam, go to dissolu-
tion, i.e. die, 32 21 , etc. ; so to destruction,
29 6 ; despondency, 44 18 ; w. nijaiii gatim,
(went) to his own proper condition, i.e.
became a Yaksha once more, 53 12 ; 5.
manasa gam, (go with the mind, i.e.) per-
ceive, 15 10 .
[cf. fialvca (*0avjw, *yFf/jj<a), 'go'; Lat.
vSnio, #gv&mio, 'come'; AS. cum-an, Eng.
come ; for the kw which is to be expected
in Germanic as answering to the old gv,
cf . Ger. be-quem, Old Eng. cweme, ' con-ve-
nient, fit, pleasant': cf. gaccha and &daK,
'go thou'; gata-s, 'gone,' and PUTO-S,
'(gone over, i.e.) passable'; gati-3 and
jScuri-?, 'a going': see also v'ga.]
+ adhi, 1. go to; attain; 2. get at,
learn, study, read cf. Vi + adhi.
+ anu, go after, follow.
-i- antar, go within, enter.
i- a pi, go unto, join, 91 5 ff.
+ abhi, go unto, 1 u ; go.
+ a ram, see s.v.
lava, come down.
-i-a, 1. go to, 6 10 ; come to; come
hither, 5 2 ' 2 , 10 2S ; 2. return (52 22 ), ?<SM-
allij w. punar, 4 3 , etc. ; agata : 1. ar-
rived, come, 7 9 ; w. inf. c,rotum agata,
come to hear, 28 5 ; so 27 10 ; arrived (as
guest), 28 7 ; -2. returned, 24 17 ; -3.
having gone to a condition, e.g. death,
46 3 ; agantavyam, grdv., as impers.
pass. w. anena, this one will come hither ;
-=- desid. desire to return, 101 5 .
+ abhy-a, come unto, visit; abhyagata,
as subst. guest.
+ upa_a, approach.
+ sam-upa_a, go to together.
+ sam-a, assemble; meet, 61 8 .
+ u d , go out, proceed from.
+ u p a , go unto, approach.
+ nis, proceed from (abl.), 51 n ; nirgata,
departed.
+ prati, come back, return.
+ vi, go asunder; vigata, gone, vanished.
+ s a m , mid. come together, meet ; unite
one's self with; and so, come to enjoy;
cans, assemble, as trans.
gam a, a. going, at end ofcpds. [v'gam.]
gambhira, a. deep; cf. gabhira.
garut, n. wing.
garutmant, a. winged; as m. bird, [for
mg, cf. paksin.]
v g ar J (garjati; jagarja; garjita ; garj-
itva; -garjya). roar.
garj ana, n. roar.
garta, m. (earth-) cut, ditch. [younger
form of karta, q.v.]
gardabha, m. ass; -i,/. she-ass. [1199.]
garbha, m. 1. uterus concipiens, the
conceiving womb ; abde garbhad eka-
dage, in the eleventh year from (the
womb, i.e.) conception; 2. (as in Mil-
ton's Earth's inmost womb) the interior,
inside, 34 5 , 43 2 , cf. kroda ; at end of cpds,
having in the interior, containing , cf.
garbhavant]
[150]
padmagarbha; 3. conceptum, fruit of
the womb; garbham dadhanas, conceiv-
ing fruit, 92 12 ; embryo, 46 5 , 93 7 ; scion;
and so 4. a new-born child. [Vgrabh,
' concipere ' : with garbha in mg 1, cf .
Sf\<(>vs and 8o\<pds, 'womb,' a-Se\<(>6s and
a.-Se\<f>e-i6-s (= sa-garbh-ya-s), 'of the
same womb, i.e. brother'; in mg 3, cf.
PpeQos, ' embryo,' and Eng. calf in moon-
calf: in mg 4, cf. Goth. Icalbo, Eng. calf.'}
garbhavant, a., in fern, only, pregnant.
[garbha 3: see 1233.]
garbha-stha, a. being in the womb, un-
born.
V garb, (garhate ; jagarhe ; garhita;
garhitum; -garhya). blame, reproach;
garhita, despised.
V gal (galati; galita). -1. drip; -2. fall;
galita, fallen out, gone (claws, teeth,
eyes), [hence Jala, 'water': cf. V/3a\ in
interns, mg, e.g. norap.'bs els a\a /SaAAcop,
'river flowing into the sea'; Ger. quellen,
'flow, spring,' Quelle, 'fountain.']
gava, equiv. of go, 'bull, cow, beeve,' in
cpds. [see 1209a.]
gavyuti,/. pasture-land ; generalized, ter-
ritory, abiding-place, [lit. 'having food
for cattle,' g6 + utf , see go 4: the y is
euphonic, cf. 258.]
V ga (jigati ; agat). go; come, [collat-
eral form of gam, q.v. : w. jfgati, cf . La-
conic &ifidri, 'strides'; w. agat, cf. &ri,
' went.']
+ a b h i , go unto ; w. gramam, become
weary.
gatu, m. 1. motion, movement, course;
2. progress ; equiv. to the Eng. -fare in
wel-fare (for mg, cf. verb fare, ' get on,
go') see sugatuya; 3. (place of re-
course, i.e.) refuge, abiding-place, 83 9 .
[Vga, 'go,' 1161.]
ga.tr a, n. 1. (means of moving, i.e.) a
limb of the body ; 2. by synecdoche, the
body. [Vga, 'move,' 1185a.]
gamin, a. going, going upon, going to.
[Vgam, 1183 3 .]
garbha, a. relating to the embryo or to
pregnancy (of sacrifices), [garbha, 1208f.]
garbhika, a. relating to the womb, pre-
natal, [garbha, 1222e2.]
garhapatya, 1. a. pertaining to the
householder; as m., sc. agni, the house-
holder's fire, 102 2 N. ; 2. as n. the being
head of the house, 89 6 ; the housekeeping,
89 17 . [grhapati, 1211.]
gir [392], / 1. invocation, praise, 74 12 ;
2. sing, and pi. speech, words, 87 16 , 49 9 ;
- 3. voice, 3 ". [V 1 gr, 242 ' 3 .]
giri, m. mountain, 55 8 .
V gu (intens. j6guve [1007 3 ]). cause to
sound, proclaim, [cf . y6os, /3o-fi, ' cry ' ;
Lat. bovare, ' howl.']
gun a, m. 1. a single thread of a cord;
a string ; esp. bow-string ; 2. quality ;
adscititious quality, as distinguished from
the real nature (svabhava, 'ingenium'),
22 20 ; 3. as philosophical technical term,
one of the three pervading qualities of all
nature, to wit, sattva, 'goodness,' rajas,
' passion,' and tamas, ' darkness,' 66 8 ff . ;
4. as specialization ofmg 2, a good qual-
ity, virtue, 1 4> 12 , etc. ; excellence, [for
play on ings 1 and 4, see nirguna and
18 5 .]
guna-deva, m. Gunadeva, a pupil of
Gunadhya. [lit. 'having virtue as his
god,' 1302.]
gunavant, a. virtuous, 18*; excellent,
3 22 . [1233.]
gunagalin, a. possessing virtues, excel-
lent, [see galin.]
gunadhya, m. Gunadhya, see 53 3 N. [lit.
' rich in virtue,' adhya.]
gunanvita, a. endowed with excellence ;
(of an asterism) lucky, [anvita, Vi.]
gunin, a. virtuous, excellent, [guna.]
V gup (jug6pa; gopsyati; gupita, gupta ;
g6pitum, g6ptum; gupyate; jugupsate,
-ti). keep; guard; desid. seek to keep
one's self from, i.e. shun, detest ; ppl.
jugupsita, detested, inspiring aversion,
59 12 . [prob. a secondary root, originating
in the denom. verb-stem gopaya : see this
and go-pa.]
guru, a. 1. heavy; and so 2. fig. (like
Eng. weighty), important; 3. worthy of
honor, 28 13 ; 4. as m. the one to be
honored /car' f^o-^v, the teacher or Guru,
60 4 ff. ; loc. gurau: in the house of the
Guru, 61 23 ; in case of a Guru, 104 4 . [cf.
[151]
[gopa
the comp. garlyans : cf. ftapvs, Lat. gravis,
*garu-i-s, Goth, kaurus, ' heavy.']
v' guh (guhati [745c] ; juguha [793f],
juguhe ; aghuksat [910, 155] ; gudha
[222 3 ]; guhitum; -giihya). hide; gulha,
hidden, 76 15 .
+ apa, hide (trans.) away from, w. abl.,
85 u ; put away, get rid of, 77 1 .
giih, /. hiding-place; instr. guha: used as
ach-. guha [1112e], in secret. [Vguh.]
giiha,/. hiding-place; cavern, [do.]
giihya, grdv. cclandus ; secret, hidden,
[do.]
guhyaka, m. one of a class of demigods,
who, like the Yakshas, wait on Kubera,
god of wealth, and, dwelling in mountain
caverns (guha), keep his treasures, [so
named from their living in caverns or
hidden places : 1222.]
V Igr (grnati, grmte; jagara; garisyati;
girna[957b]; -glrya). 1. invoke, call;
2. salute, praise; 3. speak out, say.
[cf . gir, ' speech, voice ' ; yypvs, ' speech,
voice ' ; Doric yapvev, ' speak ' ; Lat. garrio,
' talk ' ; Eng. call.']
+ sam, chime in with, agree.
V 2gr (girati ; jagara; agaiit ; girnd
[957b] ; -girya). swallow. [cf. &opd,
' food,' j3i-/3p(a-(rK<i>, ' eat/ Sy/jio-fidp-o-s,
' folk-devouring ' ; Lat. carni-vffr-us, ' flesh-
eating,' de-vordre, ' swallow down, de-
vour.']
+ ni, swallow down; devour (the sun in
an eclipse), 76 16 see Vgras.
V 3gr (nor. ajigar [867]; intens. jagarti
[1006]; caws, jagarayati). 1. intens. be
awake; wake, intrans.; jagrhi [1011], be
thou watchful, have a care for, w. dat.,
89 n ; wake up, intrans., 30 16 ; 2. caws,
wake, trans., 30 5 . [for the history of the
word, see 1020 : for 1, cf . t-yp-f)-yop-a, ' am
awake,' e-yp-ero, 'awoke' (intrans.); for
2, cf. tyflpca, 'wake' (trans.).]
gftsa, a. clever; wise.
V grdh (gfdhyati; jagardha ; agrdhat ;
gardhisyati ; grddha; grddhva). 1.
take long strides ; 2. be eager or greedy
for. [for *ghrdh : cf. Eng. greedy.]
gfdhra, 1. a. greedy; 2. m. vulture.
[\/grdh, 1188a: the Ger. offers an exact
parallel : Geier, ' vulture,' is prop. ' the
greedy (bird),' from Gier, 'greediness.']
grdhra-kuta, m. Vulture-peak, a moun-
tain in Magadha.
grha, in V., m. ; later, m. in pi. ; otherwise,
n. house, 28 7 , 79 15 ; w. mrnmaya, house
of earth, the grave ; grham gam, go home,
52 10 ; so 40 3 , 68 n ; as pi. the house as con-
sisting of various rooms and buildings,
89 12 ; mansions, 87 7 . ['that which re-
ceives one,' V grah : cf . geha.]
grha-pati, m. master of the house, [acct,
1267a.]
grha-patni, f. mistress of the house,
'[do.]
grha-stha, a. abiding in a house; as m.
householder or Brahman in the second
stage of his religious life, see agrama.
grhagrama, m. house-stage, second stage
in a Brahman's life, see a^rama.
geha, n. house, [ident. w. grha: cf. the
ident. Wrdh and edh.]
g6 [361c], m.f. 1. a beef in its old sense
of bull or cow ; pi. beeves, kine, cattle ;
the Vedic type or symbol of all welfare
and blessing and riches (e.g. 80 IB ), like
" milk and honey " with the Hebrews ; 2.
beef in the derived and now usual sense oj
flesh; pi. pieces of flesh, 84 16 ; -3. (the
milch cow of kings, i.e.) the earth, 63 7 ;
4. observe that gavyiiti, gotra, gopa,
gopati, gomaya, and many other cpds of
go lose their special reference to cattle and
take a more general mg. [cf. /3ovs, stem
OF, ' a beef, ox, cow ' ; Lat. 6os, stem bov,
'ox, cow'; AS. cu, Eng. cow.]
go-ghna, a. kine-killing ; as m. co.w-
slaycr.
g6tama, m. Gotama, a Vedic seer of the
tribe of Angiras.
gotra, n. 1. cow-stall, cattle-pen; 2.
perhaps, pen of cattle, and so 3. group
in general (see go4) ; 4. esp. family, 19 16 ;
5. family name, 103 19 , see naman2.
[from go : mgs 2 and 3 are not authenti-
cated by the literature.]
gotra-ja, a. born in the family; as m. a
relative,
go-pa, m. 1. cow-keeper, cow-herd; 2.
keeper in general (see go 4). [2 pa.]
gopati]
[152]
g6-pati, m. 1. lord of kine; 2. lord
in general (see go 4). [acct, 1267a.]
V gopaya (gopayati, -te). be keeper,
keep, [gopa, 1055.]
go -pa [351], m. 1. cow-keeper; 2.
keeper in general (see go 4), 85 16 ; protec-
tor, 69 15 . [2 pa.]
V gopaya (gopayati, -te). be keeper;
keep, 91 12 . [gopa, 1055.]
gomaya, 1. a. bovine; as n. 2. cow-
dung, 103 22 ; 3. dung in general (see
go 4) ; w. anaduha, dung of a steer,
105 3 - 20 . [see maya.]
go - y u k t a , a. yoked with cattle ; w . cakra,
wagon drawn by cattle. [Vyuj.]
go-raksaka, m. cattle-keeper, cow-herd.
g6-sakhi [343a], a. having cattle as com-
panions, rich in cattle, [sakhi, 186.]
go-stha, m. cow-stall, byre, [stha, 186.]
gaunika, f. -I, a. standing in relation to
the three guna's, see guna 3. [guna,
1222e2.]
gautama, m. patronymic from Gotama;
Gautama, name of various men. [g6tama,
1208f.]
V grath or granth (grathnati; granthi-
syati; grathita; -grathya). 1. string
together, connect; 2. put together, i.e.
corn-pose (a literary work), [for mgs, cf.
Lat. com-ponere, ' put together, compose ' ;
also serere, 'connect, entwine/ w. sermo,
' discourse.']
granth a, m. 1. (a string of words, i.e.)
verse or couplet, 53 6 , etc ; 2. a corn-posi-
tion, book, work, 17 8 . [V granth : for mgs,
see under grath, and for 1, cf. Lat. serere
w. series, 'row, string.']
granthfn, a. subst. having books, bookish,
book-reader, [grantha.]
V grabh, in Rigveda; later, grah.
from grabh : grbhnati, grbhnite ;
jagrabha, jagrbh6; agrabhlt, agrabblsta
[900]; grbhita; grbhltva; -gfbhya.
from grah: grhnati; jagrahajagrhe;
agrahit, agrahista [900]; grahisyati, -te;
grhlt& ; grahitum ; grhitva ; -gf hya ;
grhyate ; grahayati, -te.
1. grasp ; seize with the hand ; hold ;
take ; w. hastam or panim, take the hand
(of the bride at the v.-edding), 89 5 ; take
hold on (loc.), 14 18 ; grhita ke^esu, seized
by the hair ; used of a rabbit taking, i.e.
leading with him a lion, 33*; 2. take
possession of, take, 46 22 ; get, 44 5 ; 3.
receive, accept, 20 10 , 56 1 ; 4. of fluids,
take in the ladle, 94 1 ; 5. of names, take
upon the lips, mention, 64 13 , 103 19 ; 6.
fig., as in Eng., grasp, i.e. perceive, know ;
7. get, learn; caus. cause to learn.
[see under garbha: connection w. Eng.
gripe, Ger. greifen, exceedingly doubtful.]
+ pari, 1. hold on both sides; and so
2. become master of ; master, overcome,
surpass.
+ prati, take hold of, 59 23 ; accept.
+ vi, 1. hold asunder; separate ; make
a division; and so 2. quarrel; fight.
+ s am, hold together, clasp.
+ upa-sam, clasp with the hands.
V gras (grasate ; jagrase ; agrasit; gras-
isyate ; grasta ; grasitva ; grasyate ;
grasayati). 1. swallow; devour, 10 10 ;
2. of the demon Rahu, who swallows,
i.e. eclipses sun and moon, 23 *. [perhaps
akin w. V 2 gr, ' swallow.']
V grah, see grabh.
graha, m. seizure (with a claw, i.e.), bite.
[Vgrah.]
grab, an a, n. the grasping, i.e. acquisition.
[Vgrah 6, 7.]
grabh a, a. subst. grasping, grasper.
[v 1 grabh.]
grama, m. 1. inhabited place, hamlet,
village, see 98 16 N. ; 2. the inhabitants,
community,
grama-kama, a. having desire for the
village, fond of abiding in the village.
gravan, m. stone; esp. stone for pressing
the Soma.
g r a h a , a. subst . grasping, grasper, in cpds.
[Vgrah.]
grahya, grdv. to be grasped; perceivable.
[do.]
griva, /. nape of the neck; neck, [for
#ga e rva : cf. Aeolic Seppa, #5epFa, Epic
Sfipil, 'throat, neck.']
gnsnia, m. summer.
g h a , form of ghan, i.e. han, in cpds. [1143c,
333.]
[153]
[caksus
ghat a, m. a jar.
g liana, m. 1. slayer; 2. slaughter;
3. a compacted mass, lump ; 4. cloud.
[\( ghan, i.e. ban : cf . <p6vo-s, ' slaughter.']
g bar ma, m. warmth, heat. [\/2ghr: cf.
6ipfjLo-s, for #(j)opij.6s, li&t.formus, 'warm.']
V gnus (gh6sati, -te ; jugh6sa ; ghusta ;
-ghusya ; ghosayati). sound ; make a
noise.
V Ighi (jigharti; ghrta; gharayati). be-
sprinkle; be-drop; drip (trans.); ghrta,
see s.v.
+ praty-abhi, cans, sprinkle over re-
peatedly.
+ vy-a, sprinkle here and there.
V 2ghr, glow, be warm, in a-ghrni, 'glow-
ing,' and gharma, tj.v.
ghrta, H. 1. butter, clarified and then
hardened, Anglo-Indian ghee, much used
for culinary (cf. 68 *) and religious (cf.
88 ") purposes : cf. ajya, 'butter in a
melted state ' ; 2. butter or fat in general,
also as symbol of fruitfulness and abun-
dance. [Vlghr, 'drip,' 1176a: for mg, cf.
Eng. dripping, 'fat which falls in drops
from meat in roasting.']
ghrta-pagu, m. sacrificial beast made
of ghee.
ghrta-gciit, a. dripping with (ghee, i.e.)
fatness.
ghor&, a. awful; dreadful; horrid.
ghor a- caksus, a. having an evil eye.
ghorakrti, a. having an awful form,
[akrtij
gh6sa, m. noise. [Vghus.]
ghna, a. killing; destroying; removing.
[\f ghan, i.e. han : see 21(3. 9.]
ghnya, grdv. to be slain, in aghnya. [do.]
V ghra (jighrati [749a]; jaghraii; ghrata;
-ghraya; ghrayate; ghrapayati [1042d]).
smell ; snuff at.
c a , end. con/, and, also, re, que ; 1 a. is
found, esp. in the older literature, with both
parts to be connected (e.g. 71 5 ' 7 , 97 7 ' 11 ; so
13 5 , 16 12 , 17 3 , 19 10 , 38 7 , 9 2 ); or only ivith
the latter, as is oftenest the case in the later
language (e.g. 2 1 - 7 , 3 8 , 8 8 ; 82 8 , 84 16 ; 98 16 ) ;
1 b. in case of three or more parts to be
connected, ca occurs: with the last only (e.g.
three parts, 13 2 , 17 2 , 31 , 44 ; 71 8 , 72 10 ,
83 15 ; 106 5 ; /our parts, 2 2 , 17 7 , 28 10 ; Jive
parts, 2 5 , 21 5 , 25 3 ) ; with the last two (7 6 - 7 ,
22 5 , 37 15 , 45 7 ; 77 12 ) ; sometimes after each,
(29 S> *); very rarely after the jirst of a scries
(26 6 ; 21 22 ); various irregulcf combinations
on page 67 passim ; see a/so 21 20 N. ;
2. variously combined : w. eva (e.g.
13 21 ; 9 16 , II 9 , 14 15 ; 5 9 , 12 5 , 14 2 - 8 - 20 , 15 16 ,
25 4 ; 30 u ), and w. api (see examples under
api) ; ca, tatha, ca, both , like-
wise , and, 10 8 ' 9 ; ca, a, both ,
and , 85 5 ; sa ca, often at beg. of clause
(e.g. 24 23 ; so 34 1S ; 41 7 ); -3. anyac ca,
api ca, kim ca, tatha ca, joining two prov-
erbs of like drift, moreover, further, like-
wise ;
4. otiose, 6 9 ; 5. connecting things
contrasted: but, 8 16 , 17 20 , 18 '- :1 , 19 2 ; and
yet, I 12 , 3 20 ; 6. (even, concessively, i.e.)
though, 26 12 ; 7. (like Eng. and or an,
and Icelandic encla, 'moreover,' 'if') if
see ced ; 8. iv. interrogatives, rendering
them indef., see ka, kim.
[cf. re, 'and'; Lat. que, 'and'; Goth, -h
and Ger. -ch in ni-h and no-ch, the exact
equivalents of Lat. ne-que, 'and not, nor':
for ca8, cf. -re and -Ka in TTO-TE and Doric
TTO-KU, ' at any time ' ; Lat. quis-nue, ' any,
each.']
cakra, n. 1. wheel; chariot-wheel, wagon-
wheel; 2. by synecdoche, wagon, in pitha-
cakra. [prob. reduplicated form, ca-kra,
fr. \/*kr or *kl, 'roll,' cf. KU\LW, 'roll': w.
ca-kra, cf. KV-K\OS, #KF6-/cAos, AS. hweohl,
hwedl, Eng. wheel. ]
V caks (caste [628]; cacakse; castum;
-caksya). 1. appear; 2. look upon,
behold; 3. (cause to appear, i.e.) an-
nounce, tell, [reduplicated form of v'ka,
see 675 and lOSg 1 end.]
+ a, 1. look on; 2. show, tell, 63 l .
+ vi, appear far and wide, shine.
+ sam, look upon, consider.
caksas, 1. perhaps adj. beholding, see
1296 3 end; -2. n. look; eye. [Vcaks.]
caksuh-plda, f. eye-ache.
cdksusmant, a. possessing eyes. [1235.]
cdksus, n. eye. [Vcaks. 1154.1
cancala]
[154]
cancala, a. moving to and fro; trembling,
[v/cal, 1148.4, w. in tens, reduplication, cf.
1002b : cf . Kiy-Ka\-os, ' wag-tail ' ; Lat.
quer-quer-us, ' shaking with fever chills.']
c a n c u , f. beak, bill.
canaka, m. chick-pea.
canda, a. impetuous; wrathful.
candala, m. a Chandala or man of the
most despised class of society (born of
C, udra father and Brahman mother), [cf.
canda.]
V cat (catant; catta; caus. catayati). get
off ; hide ; caus. drive away.
catasr, fern, to catur.
catur [482d], num. four. [w. catvaras, cf.
rerrapes, Lat. quattuor, Goth, fidvor, AS.
feower, ~Eng.four.~]
catur-aksa, a. four-eyed, [see 1300b.]
caturtha, /. -i, a. fourth; -am, adv. the
fourth time, [catur, 487 5 .]
catur-yuga, n. the four ages. [1312.]
catur-varga, m. group of four.
catur-vidha,a. of four kinds; four-fold,
[vidha, 1302c5.]
catustaya, a. of four; as n. a collection
of four, a quaternion, [catur, 178 : 1245a.]
catus-patha, m. n. place where four
ways meet, quadrivium. [catur, 178, 187 :
1312.]
cat us-pad, a. quadruped; as n. s. collec-
tively, the four-footed beasts, [catur, 178 :
1300.]
catus-pada, f. -I, a. having (taken) four
steps.
catvara, m. n. quadrivium. [catiir.]
catvar, strong form of catur, q.v.
V can (acanit). be glad in ; gladden, [col-
lateral form of Vkan: cf. v'kan, kama,
caru.]
can a, adv., immediately following the em-
phasized word. 1. not even; svapna
cana, not even sleep, 79 * ; 2. w. pre-
ceding negation, even ; na devanam ati
vratam, gatatma cana, jivati, not beyond
the decree of the gods, (not) even if hun-
dred-lived, does one live, 88 *; hence, the
feeling for the negation in cana in such col-
locations becoming faint, 3. even, at all,
w. interrogatives, emphasizing their indefinite
sense ; na kim cana, not any thing even
or at all, 8 19 ; see esp. 1 ka 2c, also katham,
kada, and kim. [cf. Lat. -quam and -can-
in quisquam, quicunque, ' any one ' ; Goth.
-hun in ni hvas-hun, ' not any one.']
candra, a. shining, shimmering; as m. the
moon ; the moon-god, [for c_candra, q.v.]
candramas, m. the moon; the moon-god,
[orig. a descriptive cpd, stem candra-mas
(383d 6), nom. candra-mas, and so with
long a throughout, but transferred to the
as-declension (cf. 418).]
candra-varna, a. of shining hue. .
V cam, sip, only with a.
+ a (acamati [745d]; acacama; acanta
[955a] ; acamya ; acamayati). sip (water),
i.e. rinse the mouth.
camasa, m. beaker; cup, made of wood,
square, and with handle. [Vcam, cf
1197.]
campaka, m. Michelia Champaka, a tree
with strong-smelling yellow blossom.
campakavant, a. abounding in Cham-
paka trees ; as f. Champakavati, name of
a forest. [1233.]
V car (carati, -te; cacara, cerus, cere;
acarit, acarista ; carisyati ; carita ; car-
itum; caritva; -carya; caryate ; cara-
yati, -te). 1. move, 77 12 ; go; wander;
wander about ; used of men, beasts, waters,
heavenly bodies; 2. (like Eng. proceed
cf. Lat. pro-cedere, ' go on ') act ; w. ppl.
[1075b], go on, i.e. keep on (doing a thing),
96 u ; 3. (like Eng. go about, i.e.) under-
take, set about; bhaiksam car, go beg-
ging, beg; undergo (troubles), 88 12 ; per-
form (a vow, duty) ; observe (silence) ;
commit (offense or injustice), 80 9 , 63 7 ;
sasyam car, feed on corn, 34 16 ; carita,
see s.v. [cf. vfpi-Te\-\o/LLfv<ai/ tviavriav, ' as
years go round,' and Trfpi--ir\-o/^fi/uv eVzv-
TUV, ' as years went round,' with T before
a palatal and ir before a non-palatal ; also
ird\-os, Milton's ' turning sphere ' : see
also car + ud, and the younger collateral
form cal, and under cancala : akin is also
Vkal.]
-f a n u move along after, follow.
+ a p a , go off, be absent.
+ abhi, go against, trespass against; esp
be unfaithful (of a wife).
[155]
[Vcit
+ a, 1. move unto, approach, 86 3 ; 2.
go to (an undertaking), set about; and so,
do, 10 6 , 64 ", 66 u ; practice (virtue); per-
form (vow); follow (rule); 3. proceed,
conduct one's self, cf. acara, ' conduct.'
+ ucl-a, rise up out of (abl.), 77 14 , of the
moon.
+ sam-a, proceed; do; perpetrate.
+ ud, go up, rise, of the sun; cans, cause
to go out, evacuate, cf. uccara, ' evacua-
tion.' [cf. suryam uc-carantam w. tf\iov
ava-Tf '\\ovra, ' the rising sun.']
+ upa, 1. come to; 2. come to, esp.
in order to serve, and so, attend, wait upon
politely; 3. proceed with, undertake.
+ p a r a , move away from, 86 3 .
+ vi, move in different directions, spread
over; of waters, overwhelm ; wander about;
caws, cause to go hither and thither in
thought, balance, ponder.
+ s am, go, walk, wander.
car a, . moving; as subst. animal (as dis-
tinguished from plant). [Vcar.]
car ana, 1. m. n. foot; 2. as n. a wan-
dering. [V car : for 1, cf . nayana.]
carita, 1. ppl. done; 2. as n. sing.
[1176a], (like Ger. Wandel and Enrj. walk)
behavior; proceedings; deeds. [Vcar.]
carita-vrata, a. having his (marital)
duty performed.
care a, f. a going over, repetition (of a
word in a school-boy's Veda-recitation) ;
a troubling one's self about, [perhaps fr.
V car.]
carman, n. skin; pelt.
carya, grdv.io be accomplished; f. -a,
(like Eng. walk) way of life; a perform-
ing, busying one's self with. [V car.]
V carv (carvita, curna; carvitum). chew,
crush with the teeth.
carsani, a. active, busy; as f. pi. busy
mortals, men, folk. [Vcar, 1159b end.]
V cal (calati ; cacala, celiis ; calisyati ;
calitA ; calitum). move ; start off.
[younger form of Vcar, q.v. : cf. Kf\-eu6os,
Lat. cal-lis, 'path.']
cal a, a. moving. [Veal.]
candala, m. a Chandala. [see candala
and 1208f.]
catana, a. driving away. [Vcat, caus.]
caturmasya, n. a sacrifice to be made
every four months, i.e. at the beginning
of each of the three seasons, [catur +
masa, 1211.]
candrayana, n. with or without vrata,
the Chandrayana observance or lunar
penance, 65 6 N. [lit. 'connected o?- ac-
cording with the moon's course,' candra
+ ay ana.]
carana, m. wanderer; csp. wandering
player or singer, [carana.]
car in, a. moving; observing; busying one's
self with. [ J car.]
caru, a. gladsome; dear; pleasant; fair.
[Vcan, q.v., 1192: cf. Lat. cd-rus, 'dear.']
caru-hasin, a. sweetly laughing.
V lei (cin6ti, cinute ; cikye' [787]; acet ;
cesyati, -te ; cita ; cetum ; citva ; -citya ;
ciyate). 1. arrange in order; pile up;
build ; construct, esp. the sacrificial altar ;
active, if the priest builds for others,- middle,
if the sacrijicer builds for himself; 2.
gather together, collect ; get possession
of.
+ ud, heap up, collect.
+ sam, gather together, collect; accumu-
late.
V 2ci (cayati, -te). 1. hate; 2. avenge,
take vengeance on, punish, [cf. Arcadian
airv-reita, Attic O.TTO-TLVUI, ' pay off,' cnrorivo-
/nai, ' get paid to myself, take vengeance,
punish,' -iroiv-fi, 'penalty.']
V 3ci (ciketi; cikaya, cikyiis [~$~]; acet;
cesyati; cetum; -citya; ciyate). 1
notice, observe; 2. look, investigate,
[cf. Vcit.]
+ nis, (search out, i.e.) ascertain; deter-
mine ; consider as certain or settled.
+ vi-nis, (look out this way and that,
i.e.) ponder, consider, 13 19 .
+ pari, investigate thoroughly, find out.
cikitii, prob. f. understanding. [Vcit,
1178c.]
cikitvit, adv. with understanding, [ci-
kitii, 1109.]
V cit (cetati, -te ; ciketa, cikite; acait ;
citta ; cetayati, -te). 1. look at, notice ;
observe ; consider ; 2. be intent upon,
intend; 3. understand, know; perfect,
ciketa, has understood, knows ; cikitvans,
cit]
[156]
wise ; caus. make to know, instruct,
[extension of V3ci: the Vcit shows an
intrans. aspect, 'be noticeable or bright,'
in ketu : cf . V cint.]
+ pr a , know.
cit, vbl. knowing. [V cit, 383a.]
citi,/pile. [VI ci.]
citta, n. notice; thought; mind. [lit.
'noticed,' Vcit, see 1176a.]
citta-pramathin, a. disturbing the
mind.
citti, f. understanding; wisdom. [Vcit.]
citra, a. 1. noticeable, excellent; 2.
clear; bright; bright-colored; of sounds,
clear, i.e. loud ; 3. variegated, 10 8 ;
varied ; 4. as n. a bright-colored thing,
a picture. [V cit, 1188.]
citra-gravas, a. whose praise is loud or
whose fame is excellent.
citra-stha, a, being in a picture ;
painted.
citranga, m. Dapple-coat, name of a deer.
[' having a variegated or mottled body ' :
anga.]
cid, end. pel. 1. emphasizes, sometimes
very gently, the preceding word : even,
78W.15. j ust> 74 2 ? 794. yg cid, what
very ones, 70 16 ; at least, 79 M ; 2. gen-
eralizes a pron. : y6 cid tang cid, what-
soever , unto all those, 91 10 ; so far
Vedic ; 3. in classical Skt., very common
w. an interr., rendering it indef. : kag cid,
a certain; na ka cid, not any; see ka,
kad, kada, karhi, kva. [ace. s. n. of
pron. root ka, ki (505), w. palatalization:
lllla.]
V cint (cintayati, -te ; cintayam asa ;
cintayisyati ; cintita ; cintayitva ; -cint-
ya). 1. think, reflect, have a certain
thought; 2. set one's thoughts upon,
think upon or of, consider, turn one's at-
tention to ; 3. call attention to ; make
an observation, 35 9 . [younger form of
Vcit: cf. 255 and 240.]
+ vi, reflect.
+ s a m , think to one's self.
cintana, n. a thinking upon. [Vcint.]
cint a, f. 1. thought; 2. esp. (like
ft.epip.va), anxious or sad thought; sorrow;
-3. plans, 43 s . [Vcint.]
cinta-para, a. having sad thought as
one's chief thing, sunk in sad thought.
[1302b.]
cintavisa-ghna,a. destroying the poi-
son of sorrow.
cintitopasthita, a. which approached
as soon as thought of. [lit. ' thought of
and (immediately) at hand,' cintita +
upasthita, 1257.]
cintya, grdv. to be thought of, compre-
hensible. [V cint.]
cir, a. long, of time; -am, -at, as adverbs
[llllc, 1114c], long, for a long time.
cira-mitra, n. an old friend.
clt-kara, m. the sound cit, i.e. the bray-
ing of an ass. [cit, onomatopoetic.]
cira, n. strip of bark or cloth; rag.
V cud (c6dati, -te ; acodit ; codayati,
-te). drive on; speed; excite; caus. the
same.
+ pra, caus. drive on; further; inspire.
V cur (corayati). steal.
cur a,/ theft. [Vcur.]
cud a, f. tuft of hair left on the crown
of a child's head after the ceremony of
tonsure.
cuda-karman, n. ceremony of tonsure,
59 19 .
curna, m. n. meal, powder, [v'carv: for
mg, cf. pista.]
V curnaya (curnayati). powder, crush
fine ; crush ; smash, [curna, 1055.]
V crt (crtati; cacarta ; crtta ; -cftya).
fasten together.
+ pra, loosen, untie.
cetana, a. noticing; cetana, f. conscious-
ness; mind. [Vcit.]
c6tas, n. consciousness; mind; heart.
[Vcit.]
c e d , adv. never at beg. of sentence, claiise,
or half-verse, if ; apodosis, if it follows,
marked by tad (37 4 ), tatas (52 5 ), or not
marked (32 21 , etc.), or marked by -na, if
negative (18 9 ); na ced, if not, 52 8 ; no ced,
forms a shortened but complete clause, and if
not, 27 ". [ca + id, 1133 5 : see ca 7.]
V cest (cestati, -te ; cic&sta ; cestita ;
cestitum; cestitva). move the limbs;
bestir one's self ; be active ; act.
c e s t a , f. activity ; performance. [V cest.]
[157]
[Vjan
cestita, ppl. performed; as n. s. [1176a],
deeds. [V cest.]
c6dana, n. an impelling; order; precept.
[Vend.]
cauda, n. ceremony of tonsure, [cuda.]
caura, m. thief, [cura.]
V cyu (cyavati, -te ; cucyuve; acyosta ;
cyosyate; cyuta; cyavitum; cyavayati).
1. move, bestir one's self; 2. go off,
disappear ; 3. come to nought, 68 12 ;
4. fall (from, all.), 51 9 ; 5. set agoing,
undertake, moliri, 74 3 . [akin, perhaps,
are f-trcreva, ' impelled/ and Sopv-acroos,
' lance-brandishing.']
+ pra, cans, move or lead onward.
V Ichad (channa; chadayati; chadayam
cakre; chadita; chadayitva ; -chadya).
cover ; cover over.
+ a , cover over ; conceal, 25 10 .
+ pari, envelope, cover over.
+ pra, cover; clothe one's self with
(instr.).
V 2 chad or chand (chantti; cacchanda ;
acchan [890 2 ] ; chadayati [mgs 1, 2];
chandayati [mg 31 ; chandayam asa ;
chandita). 1. appear, seem; 2. seem
good to, please; 3. (please a person,
ace., with a thing, instr., i.e.) offer a per-
son, ace., a thing, instr. [prob. ident. w.
\[ gcand.]
chand a, m. pleasure; will. [V 2 chad.]
chala, m. n. (perhaps cover, i.e.) guise,
disguise ; pretence, deceit, [perhaps fr.
VI chad.]
chaga, m. goat. [for *skaga: cf. Ger-
manic skepo-, for #skeqo-, Ger. Schaf, AS.
scedp, Eng. sheep.~]
chaya, f. shade ; shadow ; image, [cf.
ffKid, ' shadow.']
chaya-dvitiya, a. having one's shadow
as second, accompanied by one's shadow.
[1302b.]
C chid (chinatti; ciccheda; acchaitsit ;
chetsyati ; chinnA ; chettum ; chittva ;
-chidya ; chidyate). 1. cut off; hew
down ; sever ; cut in two ; nibble ; 2.
divide. [cf. o-x''^! Vo-xiS, 'split'; Lat.
scindo, scidi, 'cut'; AS. sceddan, 'divide,'
Eng. water-sAec?, ' the divide between two
valleys.']
+ ud, 1. cutout; 2. destroy ; pass.
be cut off, fail, be lacking.
+ vi, cut asunder; sever.
chidra, n. hole ; defect ; weak spot.
[v'chid.]
chucchundari, m. musk-rat,
cheda, m. cut; cutting off; failure, dearth
[\lchid.]
ja, i'bl. born; born from; occasioned or
produced by; only in cpds. [vjan, 333:
cf. ja, the older form, 354.]
jagat [450d], a. movable; as n. all that
moves, men and beasts, [v'gam: cf. 383b 3
end.]
jaghana, m. n. the hinder parts, the but-
tocks,
jaghanya, a. hindermost ; last; lowest
or worst, [jaghana, 1212d -4.]
jangama, a. movable; as subst. all that
moves, equiv. to the ancient jagat. [Vgam,
1148.4, cf. 1002b.]
j a n g h a , f. lower half of the leg, from
knee to ankle ; shin. [prob. fr. v' 1 ha,
'move/ 1148.4, cf. 1002b.]
j at a, f. matted hair ; tangled locks.
jathara, n. belly; womb. [akin are
Goth. ~kil\>ei, 'womb/ AS. did, Eng.
child.-]
V jan (jayate [772]; jajana, jajne[794d];
ajanista ; janisyati, -te ; jata ; janayati,
-te ; ajljanat). see 761b end, and 772.
1. transitive, janayati and active forms :
beget ; bring forth ; generate or produce ;
2. intransitive, jayate and middle forms :
be born ; be produced ; come into being ;
be born again, 18 1 ; be, 86 2 ; jajne, natus
est, ortus est ; jajnanas, children ; for
jata, see s.v. [cf. ye-yov-ws, 'born/ e-yev-
ero, 'became'; Lat. genui, 'begat'; AS.
cennan, ' beget, bring forth ' ; AS. cy/m,
Eng. kin, ' race, family ' ; AS. c//n-iny,
Eng. king, 'the man of (noble) kin' for
mg, cf. kulina w. kula2: cf. also jana
and jani.]
+ abhi, pass, be born unto, be destined
unto from birth.
janaj
[158]
+ a, caus. cause to be born for some one,
w. dot.
+ upa, mid. be born, arise.
+ pra, mid. be born; ca us. procreate.
+ 8 am, mid. be produced; samjata, hav-
ing arisen.
jana, m. creature; man; person; in pi.
(e.g. 40 16 ), and collectively in sing. (e.g.
77 u ), folks; a people or race or tribe;
daivya jana, heavenly race, the gods.
[Vjan : cf. ytvos, Lat. genus, Eng. kin,
' race.']
jana-pada, m. ( tribe-place, i.e. ) district ;
community.
jani [343c], f. woman; wife. [Vjan: cf.
yw-fi, Eng. quean, 'woman': for mg, cf.
jaya.]
janitra, n. origin. [Vjan, 1185d.]
janitva, n. wifehood. [jani.]
janiman, n. production, creation. [Vjan,
1168.2a.]
jani,^ same as jani.
j a n u s , n. origin ; ingenium, nature ; crea-
tion. [Vjan, 1154 2 .]
jantu, m. creature; man. [Vjan.]
janman, n. birth; production; creature,
72 . [Vjan.]
V jap (japati; jajapa; ajapit; japisyati ;
japita, japta; japitum ; japitva, japtva).
say in under-tone ; mutter.
jamad-agni, m. Jamadagni, a Rishi,
friend of Vi9vamitra, and foe of Vasish-
tha. [jamant, unclear : see 1309 4 .]
jambuka, m. jackal.
j a r a , a. growing old, aging. [V jr.]
jarad-asti, a. long-lived, [jarant, see
1299b end.]
jarad-gava, m. Old-bull, name of a vul-
ture, [jarant.]
j*ar ad-das a, m. old slave or servant,
[jarant.]
jarant, ppl. aging ; old. [V jr : cf . ytpovr-a,
' old man.']
j a r a s , f. the growing old ; old age. [Vjr :
cf . "fftpas, ' old age.']
jaritf, m. invoker; singer.
jala, n. water, [see V gal.]
jala-dhara, m. rain-cloud, [lit. 'water-
holder.']
j a 1 a 9 a y a , ?. water-abode ; lake. [ac,aya.]
V jas (jasyati; jajasa ; jasayati). be ex-
hausted or tired to death ; caus. exhaust ;
quench.
jasra, a. dying out. [Vjas.]
ja [352], vbl. born, at end ofcpds. [Vjan or
ja : cf. ja, later form of ja.]
V j a g r , same as \ 3 gr, see 1020.
j a t a , ppl. born ; grown ; come into being,
present ; at beg. of cpds : arisen, existing,
manifest ; produced, aroused ; as n. a liv-
ing being ; birth. [Vjan, 955b.]
jata-karman, n. birth-ceremony.
jata-rupa, a. having native beauty;
splendid ; -pa, n. gold.
jata-vivasa, a. having arisen confi-
dence, inspired with confidence.
jata-vedas, m. Jatavedas, epithet of
Agni. [perhaps, 'having knowledge of
all beings, i.e. of gods and men,' or, better,
'having all beings or things as his pos-
session.']
jata-samkalpa, a. having a purpose or
desire arisen, feeling a passion for another.
jatamarsa, a. having anger aroused,
vexed, [amarsa.]
jatavamana, a. having arisen contempt,
filled with self-contempt, [avamana.]
jati, f. birth; position or rank. [Vjan,
1157 '.]
jati-matra, M. mere rank, [see matra2,
and 1302c3.]
j atu, adv. at all, ever; na jatu, not at all.
[Vjan, lllld: development of mg unclear.]
jatersya, a. having jealousy aroused,
jealous, [irsya.]
janu, n. knee. [cf. y6w, Lat. genu, Eng.
knee, whence kneel. ~\
jamadagnya, a. of Jamadagni ; as subst.
descendant of J. [Jamadagni, 1211.]
jaya,^ wife. [Vjan: for mg, cf. jani.]
jar a, m. paramour.
jala, n. net.
V Iji (jay ati > -te; jigaya, jigy6 [787];
ajaisit, ajesta; jayisyati, -te ; jesyati, -te ;
jita; j6tum; jitva; -jitya). overpower;
conquer; win (battles); win by conquest
[cf. t'o, 'force,' &iaw, 'to force'; Lat. rir.
*gvis, ' force ' : cf . V jya.]
+ u d , conquer ; be victorious.
+ para, jxzss. be conquered.
[159]
[Vjna
+ vi, mid, be victor; conquer (con-
quests) ; subdue.
V2ji (jin6ti). enliven; quicken; hence
[716], v'jinv. [for *gvi: cf. &ios, 'life':
see also Vjiv.]
j i j n a s a , f. investigation. [' effort to find
out/ fr. desid. of Vjna, 1149 4 .]
jitapsaras, a. having the Apsarases
conquered, surpassing the Apsarases.
[apsaras.]
jitendriya, a. having the senses con-
quered, having the passions subdued.
[indriya.]
V jinv (jinvati; jijinva; jinvisyati ; jin-
vita). be lively, hasten; trans, quicken ;
speed onward, [secondary root fr. V2ji,
see 716.]
jivri, a. old. [for jirvi, Vjr, 1193 2 .]
jihva, f. tongue.
jihvagra, n. tip of the tongue, [agra.]
jimuta, in. thunder-cloud.
jlra, a. quick, [\f2ji, 1188: cf. Vjya.]
jira-danu, a. having swift drops, swift
dripping, i.e. well watered.
Vjiv (jivati, -te; jijlva, jijiv6 ; ajivit ;
jivisyati, -te ; jivita ; jivitum ; jivitva ;
-jivya ; jivayati). live; be alive; caus.
make alive, [see V2ji: cf. Lat. viv-ere,
' live ' ; AS. cwicu, ' alive/ Eng. quick,
' alive, lively.']
+ anu, live after, be dependent on, live
upon.
jiva, a. living; as m. the principle of life,
the individual soul, 66 4 . [Vjiv: cf. Lat.
vlvus, 'alive.']
jivana, n. existence. [Vjiv.]
jivana-hetu, m. cause of existence, i.e.
means of subsistence.
jiva-pati or -patni, a. f. having one's
husband yet alive,
jiva-praja, a. having one's children yet
alive, [praja.]
jiva-loka, m. the world of the living (as
distinguished from that of the Manes),
86 18 , 23".
jivita, ppl. alive; as n. [1176a], life. [Vjiv.]
jivitavya, grdv. vivendum ; as n. impers.,
see 999. [Vjiv.]
jivita^a,/. the wish for life, hope to save
one's life, [aga.]
jlvin, a. living. [Vjiv.]
V jus (jusate, -ti; juj6sa, jujus6; ajosista;
justa). taste, esp. with pleasure; relish;
take pleasure in or accept graciously, [cf.
yevo/*a.i, t ' taste'; Lat. gits-tits, 'taste'; AS.
ceosan, Eng. choose.]
j list a, a. acceptable. [ppl. of Vjus, w.
accent altered as in dhurta.]
juhu [356], f. sacrificial ladle for pouring
the melted butter into the fire, cf. sriic.
[Vhu, 1147b-.]
V ju (junati [728]; jujava [786 4 ]; jutd).
speed, intrans. and trans.; incite, inspire;
further, assist to. [cf. V2ji.]
Vjr ( F. jarati ; later, jiryati, -te ; jajara ;
ajarit ; jirna [957b]). decay; grow frail
or worn out or old. [cf . jarant, ' old/ and
ytpovr-a, 'old man'; jaraa and yrjpas,
'old age.']
J6gii [352], a. loudly singing; praising,
[fr. intens. of Vgu, 1147b a , 1002a.]
J6sas, n. pleasure. [Vjus.]
jna, vbl. knowing, at end of cpds. [Vjfia,
333.]
V jna (janati, jamte [730]; jajnau, jajne ;
ajnasit [911], ajnasta; jnasyati, -te ;
jnatA ; jnatum ; jnatva ; -jfiaya ; jna-
yate ; jiiapayati, -te, jnapayati, -te
[1042d 2 ]; jnapta). know; have knowl-
edge of a person or thing ; recognize ; be-
come aware of ; learn ; notice, [cf . 6-7^01,
Lat. co-gnovit, 'knew'; AS. cann, 'have
learned, i.e. know, am able/ Eng. can;
AS. ge-cndican, Eng. know."]
+ sam-anu, wholly acquiesce in ; ap-
prove ; give leave ; dismiss.
+ abhi, recognize; know.
+ praty-abhi, recognize.
+ ava, look down upon ; despise.
+ a, attend to, notice; caus. command.
+ p a r i , carefully observe ; find out.
+ pra, know; esp. know one's way or
bearings or how to go to work; prajnata,
clearly to be known, well known.
+ p r a t i , recognize, allow ; promise ;
affirm.
+ vi, distinguish; understand; know;
recognize; consider as; observe; find out;
pass, vijnayate, in stating a dogma, is
well known or recognized (by good author-
jnati]
[160]
ities) ; caus. make any one know or un-
derstand ; make a representation to, with
a request or question or proposal ; memo-
rialize ; interrogate.
jnati, m. kinsman; relative. [Vjan: cf.
Kaffi-ymriTos, ' brother-born.']
jnana, n. knowledge; wisdom; esp. knowl-
edge of the higher truths of religion and
philosophy. [Vjna, 1150.]
jnanin, a. wise; possessing jnana ; under-
standing (what one reads), 68 15 . [jnana.]
j n e y a , grdv. to be known or considered as.
[jfia-]
V jya or ji or jl (jinati; jijyau [785];
ajyasit; jyasyati; jita). <; over-
power, [cf. 1 jya, 'power/ and Vlji,
' overpower.']
1 jya,/. superior power ; ftia. ; force. [ V jya :
cf . j8/a, ' force.']
2 jya,/. bow-string, [cf. &i6s, 'bow.']
jyayans, a. stronger or superior; older.
[comp. of jya, ' being strong or superior,'
thevblof Vjya, 470 2 - 3 .]
V jyut (jytttsAi; -jydtya). light, [fr.
Vdyut.]
j y e s t h a , later jyestha, a. best ; principal ;
first; oldest, [superl. of jya, the vbl of
V jya, 470 3 - see jyayans.]
jyestha-prathama, a. having the old-
est as the first.
jyotis-kft, a. light-making. [jyotis:
187.]
jy6tismant, a. full of light; light.
[jyotis: 184b.]
jy6tis, n. light (of sun, dawn, etc.); as pi.
the heavenly bodies ; stars. [V jynt.]
jy6tsna,/. moonlight, [jyotis: cf. 1195.]
j ray a s, n. stretch; expanse. [Vjri.]
Vjri (jrayati). perhaps, go, stride; used
only w. upa, stretch out to.
V jval (jvalati, -te ; jajvala ; ajvalit ;
jvalisyati ; jvalita ; -jvalya ; jvalayati,
jvalayati, -te). burn bright; flame; caus.
kindle, make to fiame.
+ pra, caus. kindle.
jhat-iti, adv. with a jhat, as quick as one
could say " boo." [jhat, onomatopoetic :
seell02a 2 mid.]
jhalla, m. a cudgel-fighting athlete (de-
scended from outcast Kshatriyas).
thio, a Prakrit form for sthito.
V dhauk (dhaukate; dudhaukS ; dhauk-
itd; dhaukayati). approach; caws, bring
near.
+ u p a , bring to ; provide.
t a [495], pron. he, she, it, they ; that, those ;
both subst. and adj., I 15 , 3 8 - 9 ; 1. correl.
of ya, which usually precedes [512], 3 14 ,
9 18 , 10 5 , 22 5 , 29 15 , 32 10 , 70 16 , 77 13 ; but sa
ya, 17 22 , 33 16 , 73 9 ; otiose, 18 M , 20 u ;
2. in connection w. a pron. of the 1st or 2d
pers. : e.g. tarn tva Imahe, thee, who
art such a one (as aforesaid), we beseech,
i.e. therefore we beseech thee, 76 13 ; cf.
82 9 ; tebhyo nas bruhi, to us, who are
these (unsuccessful ones just described),
tell thou, i.e. do thou tell us then, 96 13 ;
similarly, w. a verb in the 1st or 2d pers.,
whose subject is not expressed, 69 n , 73 2 ,
76 12 - 17 , 83 l , 95 13 , 99*, 100*; -3. w. other
pronouns: tasya etasya, of this, 95 6 ;
yat tad tad, what (was) that , that,
57 7 ; ya ta, whoever, anybody, 18*; ya
ya ' ta ta, whoever that, 13 12 ; cf. 45 13 ;
4. attenuated in mg (like the Greek 6) to a
simple article: te devas, the gods, 92 u ;
sa bhimas, Bhima, 1 15 . [w. sa, sa, tad,
cf. 6, 7], TO, Goth, sa, so, />ata, AS. se, seo,
^cet, 'he, she, it,' Eng. that; cf. also Lat.
is-tud, 'that.']
V taks (taksati; tataksa, tatakse; ataka-
It; tasta; -taksya). hew; work (wood);
make (of wood or other material) ; fashion.
[cf . taks-an and TCKT-WV, ' carpenter ' ;
f-TfK-ov, 'produced'; Lat. tignum, 'log':
cf. Vtvaks and toka.]
taj-jivana, n. his subsistence, [tad.]
V tad (tadayati ; tadayam asa; tadita ;
-tadya). beat.
+ p a r i , strike ; pelt,
tata, m. father. [cf. Terra, Lat. tata,
'papa': Eng. dad, though of similar
make, has of course no direct connection.]
[161]
[tadvacana
tatas, adv. 1. (as abl. of pron. root ta
[1098], and synonymous w. tasmat) out of
it, 36 13 ; -2. from that (place), from
there, 103 15 ; thence ; there ; itas tatas,
here and there, hither and thither, 25 n ,
2915,17. _3 f rom t h at (time), thereupon,
2 22 ; then, very often, e.g. II 11 , 20 u , 56 17 ;
correl. w. yad, 92 13 ; w. yada, 37 9 ; w. ced,
52 5 ; tatah prabhrti, from then on, 4 7 ,
32 "; 4. therefore; 5. otiose, 47 n ;
5 2 ' 11 , II 16 ; then, w. otiose tada, 3 1 , 4 8 .
[pron. root ta, 497, 1098.]
tat-ksana, m. that moment; -am, adv.
in that moment, straightway, [tad.]
tat-tira, n. its bank, [tad.]
tattva, n. (that-ness, i.e.) essence, real
condition or state of a thing, [tad.]
tattva -jna, a. knowing the essence or
the truth or what's what.
tat-para, a. having that as highest ob-
ject ; given over to, intent upon, [tad.]
tat-pargva, n. his side, [tad.]
tat-prahrsta, a. pleased with that.
[tad.]
tzitra, adv. 1. (as synonymous w. loc. of
tad in all numbers and genders) in or among
or on this or these or them, 13 7 , 21 8 , 38 n ,
57 '"; in this matter, 37 8 ; herein, 98 2 ;
-2. there, often, e.g. 2 8 , 5 6 ; thither, 6 6 ,
II 14 , etc.; correl. w. yatra, 24 4 ; 3. on
that occasion, in that case, then, 4 1 , 14 22 ,
40 1 . [pron. root ta, 497, 1099.]
tatra-stha, a. abiding there.
tat-samnidhana, n. his presence,
[tad.]
tat-sapatni,/. her co-wife, [tad.]
tat-samipe, adv. near him. [tad: see
samlpa.]
tat-sahacarin, a. accompanying him.
[tad.]
tatha, adv. 1. so, thus, II 4 , 24 16 ; in
this way, 99 20 ; w. yatha, yatha regularly
preceding: yatha tatha: as so, 21 1B ,
61 6 , 77"; in order that thus, 30 16 , 37 7 ;
but tatha yatha, so as, 22 13 , 43 20 ;
yatha yatha tatha tatha, to what
degree to that degree, the more
the more, 48 14 ; yatha tatha, in one way
or another, 62 9 ; 2. particle of assent, so
be it, yes,4 2 , 8 6 , 48 12 , 94 5 ; that is so, 52 16 ;
3. so, in like manner, 19 8 ; or, simply
conjunctive, also, likewise, 10 8 , 12 13 , etc.;
tatha^eva, just so (cf. Middle Eng. al so,
i.e.), likewise, also, I 11 , 7 10 ; tatha ca, 18 20 ,
see ca 3 ; 4. tatha^api, so even, even
under those circumstances, nevertheless,
21 . [pron. root ta, 497, 1101.]
t&tha-vidha, a. of such sort, in such
condition, [tatha ( 1306 ) + vidha, 1302c 5.]
tad, 1. as nom. ace. s. n. to ta, see ta ; used
also in cpds and derivatives, see 497 ; 2.
as adv. there ; yatra tad, where there,
103 18 ; -3. then, in that case, 27", 36 5 ;
ced tad, if then, 37 5 ; so yadi tad,
37 12 ; tad yad, then when, 71 2 ; sim-
ply continuative : tat ko vrtras, who then
is V., 97 19 ; so 24 2 ; 4. in this way, i.e.
therefore, accordingly, 18 8 , 19 13 - 22 , 27 u ,
etc.; yad tad, since therefore, 17 6 ;
so yatas tad, 37 7 . [cf . 495.]
tad-anga, n. his person.
tad-anantara, a. immediately adjoin-
ing that; -am, adv. [1311], immediately
after that ; thereupon.
tad-abhimukha, a. turned towards
him; -am, adv. [1311], towards him.
tad-abhivadin, a. signifying that.
tad-ardhika, a. amounting to or lasting
half of that.
tada, adv. at that time; then, 2 20 ; in that
case ; often otiose in Epos, 3 7 ; so after
tatas, 3 1 , 4 9 ; yada tada, when then,
26 n ; yada yada tada tada, whenso-
ever then, 31 u ; yadi tada, if then,
25 9 . [pron. root ta, 497, 1103.]
tad-akrti, a. having the appearance of
them (i.e. of Picachas).
tad-ajna,y! his (the moon-god's) com-
mand.
tadahara-vartman, n. the way of that
food, [tad-ahara.]
tad-ipsita, a. desired by those two.
tadlya, a. pertaining to him, her, it, of
them; such, [tad, 497.]
tad-upadea, m. his advice.
tad-grha, n. his house.
tad-bhaya, m. fear of it or them.
tad-bhasa,/ that language.
tad-rasa, m. the essence of it.
tad-vacana, n. his words.
11
tadvat]
[162]
tad -vat, adv. in this way, so; likewise,
[tad: 1107.]
tad-vid, a. knowing that; as m. connois-
seur or judge.
tad-vrksa, m. that tree.
tad-vrddhi,/. the interest of them.
V Itan (tan6ti, tanute ; tatana, tene
[794e] ; atanit ; tansyate ; tata ; tantum ;
tatva ; -tatya ; tayate [772]). 1.
stretch, trans, and intrans. ; extend, reach ;
spread over ; 2. continue, endure, 79 13 ;
3. stretch (a weft or a line); continue
(the line of a family) ; 4. metaphorically,
of sacrifice and supplication (which are
compared with a weft), perform, make,
[cf . rdvufuu, ' stretch ' ; Lat. tenere, ' hold,'
tendere, ' stretch ' ; AS. \>enian, Ger. dehnen,
' stretch ' : see also tanu.]
+ a, spread over; overspread (esp. with
light), beshine; stretch (a bow).
+ pari, stretch around; surround; en-
velope.
+ v i , stretch out ; spread out, cover ;
vitata, stretched, hung, dependent, 92".
+ s am, hold together, intrans.; bind to-
gether ; make continuous ; samtata, (just
like Lat. con-tinens) uninterrupted.
V 2 tan (tanyati). resound. [cf. r6i>os,
' tone ' ; Lat. tonare, ' thunder ' ; AS. noun
\>unor, ' thunder/ whence denom. verb
\ninrian, Eng. thunder; AS. \>unres dceg,
Eng. Thurs-day, 'day sacred to the Old
Germanic god of the thunder-storm, >onar
or Thor ' : see tanyatd, ' thunder.']
tanu, f. [344 2 ] tanu, tanu, tanvi, a. thin,
tenuis, slender; tanu or tanu [decl. 356],
as subst. f. body, 56 3 , 89 18 ; person ; one's
own person, self, used like atman [514] as
reflexive pron., 73 12 , 78 12 ; outward form
or manifestation, 84 u . [prop, 'stretched
out, thin/ VI tan: cf. raw-, 'extended,
long/ in cpds ; Lat. tenuis, Eng. thin, Ger.
dtinn, 'thin.']
tanu-trana, n. body-cover, 34 1T .
tanu-madhya, a. having a slender mid-
dle, i.e. slender-waisted.
tanu-tyaj, a. abandoning the body, risk-
ing life, brave.
tanti, f. cord; esp. a long line to which
calves are tethered by means of short
ropes ; tanti, the same. [V 1 tan.]
tantu, m. thread, 89 *; metaphorically, of
the thread, i.e. course, of a sacrifice.
[VI tan.]
tantra, n. thread; warp of a web; Jig.
fundamental doctrine ; division of a work.
[VI tan.]
V tand (tandate). relax, grow weary.
tandra,/ fatigue. [Vtand, 1188c.]
tandrita, a. wearied, only w. a-, [tand-
ra, 1176b.]
tannimittam, -ena, see nimitta. [tad.]
tanyatii, m. thunder. [v2tan.]
V tap (tapati, -te ; tatapa, tepe [794e] ;
atapsit ; tapsyati ; tapta ; taptum ; tap-
tva; -tapya; tapyate, tapyate [7Glb^).
1. be warm ; burn, intrans. ; 2. heat ;
make glowing; burn, trans.; 3. Jig. (like
Vuc), distress, pain ; 4. pass, suffer;
suffer voluntarily, castigate one's self, do
penance, [cf. Lat. tepere, AS. \>ejian, ' be
warm.']
+ upa, heat; become sick; sicken, used
impers., w. ace. of the person, 101 s .
- sam, heat ; pain.
tapah-prabhava, m. efficacy of devo-
tion.
tapas, n. 1. heat, fire; 2. voluntary
suffering (see tap 3, 4), self-castigation,
self-torture (64 21 ), mortification, asceti-
cism, devotion. [Vtap.]
tapasvant, a. full of devotion; pious.
[1233a.]
tapasvin, a. the same. [1232.]
tapo-ja, a. asceticism-born, whose ele-
ment is asceticism, [tapas.]
V tarn (tamyati, -te [763]; tatama; atam-
at; tant [955a]). become darkened, of
the eye ; become powerless, deadened,
stupefied, numb, or inactive, [orig. mg,
prob., 'be dark/ see tamas: cf. tamisra,
' darkness/ Lat. tenebrae, ttemsrue, ' dark-
ness/ Old High Ger. dinstar, ' dark ' ; Old
High Ger. demar, 'dusk/ Ger. ddmmern,
' become twilight/ but not Eng. dim.']
tamas, n. 1. darkness; 2. spiritual
darkness, infatuation ; 3. darkness as
one of the three pervading qualities of all
' existence, see gunaS. [Vtam.]
tamo-nistha, a. resting or founded on
darkness.
[163]
[tiryaktva
tamo-nuda, a. darkness-dispelling.
tamo-bhiita, a. dark, enveloped in dark-
ness, [lit. ' become darkness,' tamas :
1273c.]
tar a, m. crossing, passage. [Vtr.]
taram-ga, m. wave; wave as subdivision
of a work entitled " ocean," 56 13 , cf. 45 ' x.
[lit. ' which goes crossing the water ' :
taram, grd of V tr, 995, cf . 1250a.]
tarani, a. pressing onward. [Vtr, 1159b.]
taru, m. tree. [prob. a modern form of
daru, q.v.]
taru-kotara, n. tree-hollow.
taruna, a. young; tender; -ka, n. sprout,
[cf . Tspriv, ' tender, fine.']
taru-tale, under the tree, see tala.
V tark (tarkayati [1041 2 ] ; tarkayam
asa ; tarkayisyati ; tarkita ; tarkayitum ;
tarkayitva; -tarkya). 1. think over,
13 16 ; reflect, 13 13 ; -2. form an idea of.
[orig. mg, 'turn,' and so (like Lat. volvere
animo), 'turn over or revolve in one's
mind ' : cf . tarku, ' spindle ' ; rpeTr-co, Lat.
torqueo, ' turn ' ; Old High Ger. drahsil,
' turner,' Ger. drechseln, ' turn.']
+ p r a , form a conception of.
tar hi, adv. at that time; then; yadi
tarhi, if then. [pron. root ta, 497, 1103c.]
tala, m. n. 1. surface; -tale, at end of
cpd, eouiv. simply to on, 6 17 , 46 n ; 2. the
surface or place under an object, e.g. a
tree ; -tale, at end of cpd, equiv. simply to
under, 34 l , 43 8 ; 3. sometimes otiose in
cpds, e.g. nabhas-tala, sky-surface, i.e. sky.
talpa, m. couch; bed. [for *star-pa, Vstr,
1201 * end : for mg, see under str.]
talpa-givan,/ -vari, a. lying on beds.
[1169.2*.]
tavisa, a. powerful. [Vtu, 1197b.]
taskara, m. robber.
t asm at, adv. from this (cause), hence;
therefore ; yad tasmat, since there-
fore. [pr6n. root ta, 1114a.]
tat a, m. used in voc. s., to a father, but gen-
erally to a junior or an inferior, my dear.
[cf. tata.]
t a d i t n a , rtV then, [perhaps instr. ( 1 1 12d )
of *taditna, and this f r. *tadi-tna, ' of that
time,' and this fr. *tadi (1245e), correl. of
yadi.]
tadfg, a. such, [see 518: for declension,
see dfg.]
t a elf 5 a, a. such, [see 518.]
tap asa, m. ascetic, [tapas.]
tamaaa, a. dark; pertaining to darkness
or the guna called tamas. [tamas.]
tayii, m. thief, [cf. stayii.]
tar a,/, star, [form of transition to the
a-declension (399) from tf, see under
stf.]
t a v a c - c h a t a , f. -I, a. having 07- embrac-
ing so many hundreds, [tavant (1249a)
r ata.]
tavat-krtvas, a dr. so many times,
[tavant, 1249a.]
tavant [457], 1. adj. so great; so much;
so many, 105 * ; extending so far, 101 9 ;
lasting so long, 58 9 ; correl. w. yavant,
101 9 , 105 4 ; 2. tavat, as adv. so much;
so far ; to such an extent, 95 u ; so long ;
for a while, 19 l ; yavat tavat : as long
as so long, 15 6 , 32 :i , 40 18 ; when then,
44 15 ; just as then, 22 7 ; tavat yavat,
so long as, 19 2 , 42 3 ; 3. at once; now,
24 20 , 34 6 , 53 17 ; -3a. w. 1st per s. pres. ind.,
first, before doing any thing else, at once,
20 18 , 23 8 , 38"; - 3b. w. imperative: at
once, 24 23 ; tavat tatas or pagcat, first
then or afterwards, 27 18 , 38 4 ; 4. con-
cessively, iha samaye, tavat, in this case,
one must admit, 41 10 ; 5. emphasizing,
like eva, what precedes, 30 4 , 25 T . [pron.
root ta, 517.]
tigma, a. sharp. [Vtij, 216.5.]
V tij (tejayati; tejayam asa ; tejita). be
sharp, [orig. *stig : cf. arifa, ' prick/
ffrly-fta., ' prick ' ; Lat. in-stlgdre, ' prick on ' ;
Eng. stick, 'to pierce.']
tithi, m.f. a lunar day (of which there are
15 in a half-lunation).
tiras, 1. prep, through; across; 2. as
adv. crossways, sideways; aside; w. kr
[171 3 , 1078*], put aside, treat disrespect-
fully, scold. [V tr, ' cross ' : cf . Lat. trans,
' across.']
tiras-kara, . a scolding. [V kr + tiras :
171 :i .]
tiryaktva, n. condition of a beast,
[tiryak, middle stem of tiryanc, 1249a:
1239.]
11*
tiryanc]
[164]
tiryanc [409d], 1. a. directed across;
horizontal; 2. as subst. m. n. beast (going
horizontally, as opposed to man, who walks
upright urdhva) ; 3. ace. s. n. tiryak,
as adv. across, [tiras or tir, w. ane, 409d :
tir, like tiras, is akin w. Vtr.]
til a, m. I. the sesame plant, Sesamum
indicum; 2. its seed, which is eaten,
and furnishes good oil.
tisr, fern, to tri, see 482c.
tir a, n. shore or bank. [prop, 'place of
crossing or going into the water,' Vtr.]
V tu (taviti [633]; tutava [786*]). have
power ; be strong, [orig. ' swell, grow ' :
cf. rv-\i], 'swelling, lump,' Corcyraean
rv-/j.o-s, ' mound ' ; AS. \>uma, ' the big
(finger),' Eng. thumb; further, tiim-ra,
' fat, strong ' ; Lat. tum-ulus, ' mound,'
tum-or, 'swelling.']
td., pel. never at beg. of sentence. 1. w.
imperative, pray; 2. in sooth, 78 10 ; 3.
but, 8 12 , 26 13 , 34 10 , etc. ; on the other hand,
20 * ; tu tu, on the one hand on the
other, 2 16 ' " ; so % tu, tu, 60 3 ; na tv
eva tu, but by no means, 63 10 , 64 3 ; ka-
mam tu na tu, see kamam ; kirn tu,
nevertheless, 39 5 ; 4. used loosely: as
equiv. to ca, 58 l ; often as a mere expletive
[1122a], e.^.4 9 , 64 13b .
tu, pron. root of2ndpers , see tvad.
tuc, / progeny, [cf. toka.]
V tud (tudati; tut6da; tunna). strike;
push, [cf . TiiSfvs, ' The Hammer, Martel ' ;
Lat. tundo, tu-tud-i, ' strike, struck ' ; Goth.
stautan, Ger. stossen, ' strike.']
+ a, strike at, pick at.
V tur (turati, -te). press onward swiftly
[subsidiary form of Vtr (242) and allied
w. Vtvar.]
1 turd, a. 1. swift, esp. of horses; -am,
as adv. swiftly, in turaihga ; 2. quick,
ready, willing, 78". [Vtur.]
2 tur a, a. strong, mighty, 78 9 . [Vtu,
1188.]
turamga, m. horse. ['swiftly going,'
turam + ga, see 1 tura : for mg, cf.
khaga.]
turiya, a. fourth, [for *ktur-ia : catiir,
487 5 , 1215.]
V tul (tolayati; tola yam asa ; tolayisyati;
tolita; -t61ya). 1. raise up; 2. esp.
raise up a thing so as to find its weight;
weigh ; 3. counterpoise ; 4. equal,
[orig. mg, ' bear, i.e. hold up ' : in the cog-
nates, the mg ' bear, i.e. endure ' appears :
cf. Lat. tul-i, ' endured ' ; Goth. \>u/-an,
Eng. thole, 'endure'; Ger. Ge-dul-d, 'en-
durance ' ; also e-rA.Tj-j', ' bore,' iroAu-rAd-s,
' much enduring ' ; Lat. Idtus, *tla-tus,
' borne.']
t u 1 a , f. balance ; weight; equality. [Vtul:
cf. Anglo-Indian tola, about 180 grains
troy : cf . rd\avrov, ' balance, weight.']
tulya, a. keeping the balance with ; equal
to; like, [tula, 1212d4 end.]
tulyakrti, a. having like appearance;
alike, [akrti.]
tuvl, a. in cpds. mighty; much; many.
[Vtu, 1155.]
tuvi-badha, a. distressing many (ene-
mies) or besetting (them) sore.
tdvismant, a. mighty, [tuvis.]
tuvis, n. in derivs. might. [Vtu, 1153.]
V tus (tiisyati, -te; tut6sa; tusta; t6s-
tum; -tiisya; tosayati). become quiet;
be satisfied or pleased ; cans, satisfy ;
gratify.
+ sam, caus. satisfy.
tusti.y^ satisfaction. [Vtus.]
tusnim, adv. silently, in silence, [prob.
fr. an obsolete *tusna, 'silent,' Vtus,
HIM.]
V tr (tarati, -te; tirati, -te; tatara, teriis
[794e] ; atarit ; tarisyati, -te ; tirna ; tar-
tum ; tirtva ; -tirya ; tarayati). 1. cross
over (a water, the sky); 2. get across or
to the end ; get through, escape ; survive,
[cf. rtpfjiuv, Lat. terminus, ' boundary ' :
see Vtra and tiras : for treatment of root-
vowel, see 242.]
-fava, descend, esp. from heaven to
earth ; come down, esp. of divine beings
who become incarnate as men ; alight ; be-
take one's self to ; caus. take down or off.
+ u d , come up out of the water.
+ abhy-ud, come out of the water unto,
cross the water unto, 89*.
+ pra, take to the water; start on.
-t-vi, cross through ; traverse.
tr, m. star, see sir.
[165]
[trikala
t r c d , m. n. strophe of three stanzas, [tri +
're, 243, 1315c.]
trna , n. grass, [of. (6p6va = ) rp6va, 'flowers,
herbs ' ; Eng. thorn ; Ger. Dorn, ' thorn.']
trtiya, a. third, [fr. tri, through trita,
243, 487 4 : cf. rpi-ros, Lat. ter-tius, Eng.
thir-d, Ger. dri-tte, ' third.']
V t r d (trnatti, trntt6 ; tatarda, tatrde' ;
trnna; -tfdya). split; bore; open.
+ anu, bore after (waters), release, make
flow.
V Itrp (tfpyati, -te [761a]; tatarpa; atrp-
at; trapsyati; trpta; -tfpya; tarpayati).
be satisfied; become content; cans, sat-
isfy, please ; nourish, [cf . repTrw, ' satisfy,
please,' rpe'^w, 'nourish.']
+ a , become content or glad.
V 2trp, steal, not actually occurring in vbl
forms, but rendered probable by the deriv.
trpu, ' thief,' the cpds asu- and pagu-trp,
and by the Avestan Vtrf, 'steal.'
V trs (tfsyati; tatarsa ; atrsat; trsita;
tarsayati). be thirsty. [cf. repa-opai,
'become dry'; Lat. torret, *tors-et, 'grows
dry, scorches ' ; Eng. noun thirs-t ; Ger.
dorr-et, ' grows dry ' ; also Lat. terra, *ters-a,
'the dry (land).']
trsa,/. thirst, [v'trs.]
tfsna,/. thirst. [Vtrs, 1177a.]
tejas, n. 1. sharpness, edge; 2. tip of
flame or ray ; gleaming splendor, 1 6 ; fire ;
3. (splendor, i.e.) beauty of person, 8 10 ff.;
4. (like Eng. fire, i.e.) energy, vigor,power;
5. moral or magic power, 11 23 ; influence,
dignity, 95 8 ; majesty, I 6 , 2 4 . [Vtij: ob-
serve that a.K/j.-f) has mgs 1 and 4.]
t&na, adv. in that way, 47 1T ; so; therefore,
18 7 , etc.; yatas or yad or yena tena,
for the reason that , therefore, 30 8 , 57 6 ,
64 9 . [pron. root ta, 1112a : of like deriva-
tion and mg is r<p.]
tail a, n. sesame oil. [tila, 1208fi end.]
toka, n. creation, progeny, [cf. Vtaks and
Vtvaks, and tiic.]
t o r a n a , n. arched portal ; arch. [' passage,'
Vtur, subsidiary form of Vtr, 'cross, pass.']
tya [499a], pron. that; that well-known (like
Lat. ille).
tyakta-jivita, a. having life set aside,
risking one's life, brave.
tyaktajivita-yodhin, a. bravely fight-
ing. [1279.]
\f tyaj (tyajati, -te ; tatyaja, tatyaj6 ;
atyaksit; tyaksyati, -te; tyakt; tyak-
tum; tyaktva; -tyajya; tyajyate; tyaj-
ayati). 1. withdraw from ; leave in the
lurch ; abandon (dove, goat, tree) ; 2. re-
nounce (passions, use of a language) ;
relinquish (exertion) ; lay aside (a certain
form, an earthly body) ; set aside, i.e. risk
(life), [cf. <re&onai, 'shrink back from in
awe, revere.']
+ pari, leave to one's fate (a jackal);
abandon; leave (one's party); relinquish
or give up (play, food, affairs) ; pari-
tyakta, (abandoned by, i.e.) separated
from, 66 3 .
tyaj, vbl. abandoning, w. tanu-. [Vtyaj.]
tyajya, grdv. to be abandoned. [Vtyaj,
963c.]
tray a, a. triple, threefold, 57 13 ; as n. triad,
triplet, rpias. [tri, 489 *.]
V tras (trasati; tatrasa, tatrasiis, tresiia
[794e 2 ] ; atrasit ; trasisyati ; trasta).
tremble ; fear, [cf . rpew, TpeV-tre, ' tremble,
trembled '; Lat. terreo, ' affright '; a-trastas
and &-rpe<TTos, ' unterrified.']
trasadasyu, m. Trasadasyu, a generous
prince, the favorite of the gods, and de-
scended from Purukutsa. [perhaps for
trasad-dasyu, ' affrighting the evil beings,'
see 1309 4 - v'tras.]
v' tra (trati, trate [628]; trayate [761c] ;
tatr6 ; atrasta ; trasyate ; trat& ; tra-
tum; tratva). protect; rescue; rescue
from, w. abl. [collateral form of Vtr
('get through or across'), w. a caus. mg,
'bring through or across (trouble).']
tratr, m. protector, saviour. [Vtra.]
trasa, m. terror. [Vtras.]
trasadasyava, m. descendant of Trasa-
dasyu, 87 12 . [trasadasyu, 1208c.]
tri [482c], num. three, [cf. rpris, rpia, Lat.
tres, tria, Eng. three, Ger. drei, ' three.']
tringat [485], /. thirty, [cf. tri.]
trikadruka, m. pi. perhaps designation
of certain Soma-vessels, three in number,
[cf . tri and kadru.]
tri-kala, n. the three times, present, past
and future, [kala, masc. : 1312.]
trikalajna]
[166]
trikala-jna, a. knowing present, past,
and future ; omniscient,
tri-daga [declined like kama, 330], m. pi.
the three times ten, the thirty, a name in
round numbers for the 33 deities ( 12 Adit-
yas, 8 Vasus, 11 Rudras, 2 A9vins), i.e. the
gods, [tri + daga, 477c : cf . tringat.]
tridagegvara, m. pi. lords of the gods,
i.e. the four chief gods, Indra, Agni, Va-
runa, and Yama. [Igvara.]
tri-diva,n. the triple or third i.e. highest
heaven, [div, 1315c : 1312 3 .]
tri-dhatu, a. having three parts, tri-par-
tite, threefold, [acct, 1300c.]
tri-pada, / -I, a. having (taken) three
steps.
tri-ratra, n. space of three nights, tri-
noctium. [ratri, 1316b, 1312 3 - 4 : cf. the
Eng. usage in sen-night, fort-night.]
tri-vidya,y. the three sciences, i.e. Vedas.
[1312 3 .]
tri-vidha, a. of three sorts, threefold.
[vidha, 1302c 5 : acct, 1300c.]
tri-vft, a. threefold, tri-partite. ['turn-
ing thrice, with three turns.']
tri-veda, in cpds and derivs. the three
Vedas. [1312 3 .]
tri-aavana, a. pertaining to the three
Soma-pressings ; -am, adv. at morning,
noon, and evening, [savana.]
tris, adv. thrice, [see tri: cf. rpis, I^nt.ter,
*ters, ' thrice ' : Eng. thrice is a gen. form,
cognate in root only.]
traividya, n. study of the three Vedas.
[trividya.]
traivedika, a. relating to the three
Vedas. [triveda, 1222e2.]
try-adhiathana, a. having three mani-
festations.
tva, pron. stem qf2dpers., see tvad.
V tvaks, work, principally in derivs., and
ident. w. taka.
tvac, /. skin.
t v a j - j a r a , m. thy paramour, [tvad, 494.]
tvat, abl. of tva, and used in place of tva
in cpds : by Hindus written tvad, q.v.
[494.]
tvat-krte, for the sake of thee. [1314f,
1130 : tvat represents the stem tva, and
in gen. relation.]
tvad [491], so-called stem [494] of 2d pers.
pron. thou ; see tvat. [w. the real root tu,
cf. Doric TV, Lat. tu, AS. "Sii, Eng. thou,
Ger. du, ' thou.']
V tvar (tvarate; tatvare; turna [cf. 957b],
tvarita; tvarayati). hasten; tvarita,
having hastened, in haste, [see Wtur, tr.]
tvara,/. haste. [Vtvar.]
tvastr, m. 1. wright, workman, 75 6 ;
2. Twashtar, the artificer of the gods
(70 s ), former of fruit of the womb, giver
of growth and long life (86 15 ), father of
Saranyu (85 12 ). [V tvaks, 221.]
tvavant, a. like thee. [tva, 517.]
tvastr a, m. descendant of Twashtar.
[tvastr.]
d a , vbl giving, in cpds. [V 1 da, 333, 354.]
V dang or dag (dagati [746]; dadanga ;
dagisyati ; dasta ; danstva ; -dagya).
bite. [cf. SaKvca, 'bite'; Goth, tahjan,
' rend, tear.']
danga, m. gad-fly. [Vdang.]
danatra, m. large tooth; tusk; fang.
[Vdang, 1185b.]
danstrin, a. having tusks or large teeth,
[danstra.]
V daks (dakaati, -te ; dadakae; dakaia-
yate). act. suit; mid. be able or dexterous
or strong, [cf. daksa and daksina.]
daksa, a. able, dexterous, strong; as m.
ability, faculty, strength, power; esp. spir-
itual power, will; daksa and kratu, will
and understanding (as faculties of the
manas, ' soul '). [V daks : cf . Sei6s, ' clever,
right,' and daksina.]
dakaina, a. 1. clever, able; and so
2. (as opp. to awkward, gauche), right,
of the hand, hasta, e.g. 102 n ; so pani,
60 5 ; foot, pada, 60 5 ; side, pargva, 102 12 ;
3. southern (because in prayer the face
is turned eastward: cf. uttara3), 105 8 ;
sc. agni, southern fire, 102 3 N. ; 4. as f.,
daksina, sc. go, the able, i.e. fruitful cow,
milch cow; milch cow as the customary
reward for conducting a sacrifice ; then,
5. in general, any reward or present for
the sacrificing priest, see 106 5 ; so 95 2> 3 ;
see also adv. daksina. [Vdaka: cf.
, Lat. dexter, ' clever, right ' ; Goth.
[167]
[Vday
taihsva, ' right hand ' : from daksina in
mg 3, comes Deccan, name of the country
south of Hindustan, lit. ' the South.']
daksina-pacjcima, a. southwesterly.
daksina-purva [525*], a. southeasterly.
daksina, adv. southerly ; toward the
south, [daksina: acct, 1112e.]
daksinagni, m. the southern fire, 103 ' 2 ,
cf. 102 2 N.
daksinapara [525 2 ], a. southwesterly,
[daksina + apara.]
daksina-pravana, a. sloping to the
south, [daksina, adv.]
daksinabhimukha,a. facing southerly,
[daksina (adv.) + abhimukha.]
daksinayana, n. south-course (of the
sun), or the half-year from the summer to
the winter solstice, [daksina -f ayana.]
daksinaranya, . the southern forest
(a forest in the Deccan). [daksina +
aranya.]
daksinavant, a. abounding in gifts to
the priests, i.e. (from the point of view of
the priests) pious, [daksina: see dak-
sina 5.]
dagdha, a. 1. burned; 2. pained, tor-
tured ; 3. wretched, good-for-nothing,
cursed, damned, [ppl. of V dah : for mg 2,
cf. Vcuc.]
dagdhodara, n. one's cursed belly,
[dagdha + udara.]
danda, m. stick; staff (of Brahman), 59 M ;
mace, 97 8 ; rod as symbol of dominion
and punishment, [cf . SevSpoy, ' tree.']
danda-bhaya, m. fear of the rod.
<l and in, a. bearing a staff; as m. warder,
[danda.]
datta, a. given; as m. (a son) given (by
his parents to others for adoption) ; com-
mon at end of proper names, esp. of Vaiqyas.
[ppl. of Vlda, 955c.]
dadrh, a. firm; dadhfk, ace. s. n., as adv.
firmly. [Vdrh.]
dadhan [431], n. sour milk; curds, [orig.,
perhaps, ' milk,' f r. V 2 dha.]
d a d h i , supplementary stem to dadhan.
dadhi-karna, m. Curd-ear, name of a
cat. ['having curd-ears, i.e. ears as white
as curds.']
dadhfk, see dadrh.
dant [396], m. tooth. [cf. bUvra, Lat
dentem, Goth. tun\>us, AS. toft, Eng. tooth,
Old High Ger. zand, Ger. Zahn, 'tooth.']
dant a, m. tooth, [dant, 399.]
V dabh or dambh (dabhati ; dadabha,
dadambha, debhus ; adabhat ; dabdha ;
dabdhum). harm with guile ; hurt ; deceive.
dabh a, m. deception. [Vdabh.]
Vdam (damyati [763] ; danta [955a] ;
damitva; -damya ; damayati). 1. be
tame ; 2. tame ; conquer ; become mas-
ter ; control. [cf . 8a/j.d(a, Lat. domdre,
' tame ' ; Eng. tame, Ger. zahm, ' tame.']
dam, n. house. [cf. 8, 'house': see
under dama.]
da ma, m. n. house, home. [cf. S6fj.os, Lat.
domus, ' house, home ' : it is not certain
whether dama comes from Vdam and so
means lit. 'the place where one is mas-
ter, one's Gebiet,' or whether it is to be
connected w. Sf/j.<a, 'build': in the latter
case, it would mean lit., like Ger. Ban, ' a
building,' and should be connected w. AS.
timber, *tem-ra, 'building-material, a build-
ing,' Eng. timber, 'building-material,' Ger.
Zimmer, 'building-material, a building, a
room.']
dama, 1. a. conquering, at end ofcpds;
as m. 2. Dama, i.e. Victor, name of a
son of Bhima; 3. self-control. [Vdam:
cf. 'l-7nr6-Sa/j.os, 'Horse-tamer,' etc.]
da man a, 1. a. conquering, at end of
cpds ; 2. as m. Damaua, i.e. Vincent, name
of a priestly sage, and of a son of Bhima.
[Vdam: cf. Lat. dominus, 'master.']
damayanti, f. Damayanti, i.e. Victoria,
name of Bhima's daughter. [' conquering
(men),'fr. Vdam, 1043.5.]
dam-pati, m. master of the house; as
dual, master and mistress, man and wife;
pair, [acct, 1267a.]
dambha, m. deception. [Vdabh.]
V day (day ate ; day am asa ; dayita).
1. part; allot; 2. take part in; sym-
pathize with ; have tender feeling for ;
love ; dayita, loved, dear ; as f., -ta,
wife. [for 1, cf. Kpta Saiero, 'parted,
carved the meat'; for 2, cf. Salerat faop,
'heart is divided or takes part in (?), i.e
sympathizes.']
daya]
[168]
daya,/ sympathy ; compassion. [V day .] .
d a y a 1 u , a. compassionate, [daya, 1227 3 . ]
dayavant.a. compassionate, [daya.]
day it a, see Vday.
dara, m. cleft, hole. [VI dr.]
daridra, a. wandering about; mendicant;
poor ; as m. poor man. [fr. intens. of
Vldra, 'run about,' 1147b 2 : for mg, cf.
Eng. tramp, in its American sense of
' vagrant beggar.']
d a r p a , m. . vvildness ; wantonness ; impu-
dence; pride. [Vdrp.]
darbha, m. grass-tuft; grass used at sacri-
ficial ceremonies, esp. Ku9a-grass, Poa
cynosuroides. [Vdrbh.]
darga, m. sight; the moon when just be-
coming visible ; the new moon ; the day
or festival of new moon. [Vdrg.]
dargaka, a. 1. seeing; 2. (fr. caus.)
showing, making clear. [drg.]
dargata, a. to be seen; visible. [Vdrg,
1176e.]
dare, an a, a. seeing; as n. the beholding,
sight; the becoming visible, 103 20 ; ap-
pearance, 4 10 . [V drg.]
darga-purna-masa, dual in. new and
full moon ; the days and the festivals of
new and full moon.
d a g a [483 4 ], num. ten. [cf . Se'/ca, Lat. decem,
Goth, taihun, Eng. ten, Ger. zehn, 'ten';
Eng. -teen in six-teen, etc.]
dagama, f. -i, a. tenth; dagaml, sc. tithi,
tenth day of a lunar half-month. [daga,
487 .]
daga-gata, n. ten hundred ; a thousand.
dagagakha, a. having ten branches, i.e.
fingers, [daga + gakha : acct, 1300a.]
daga, f. the threads projecting at the end
of a weft, fringe ; lamp-wick ; fig. wick of
life, course of life ; time of life.
dagaha, m. space of ten days, [daga +
2 aha, 1312 4 .]
V das (dasyati; dadasa ; adasat ; dasta ;
Hasayati). suffer lack, [cf . V das, dasyu :
also 8eo>, 'lack.']
+ vi, become exhausted.
dasyu, m. demon, foe of gods and men.
[cf. Vdas, dasa.]
V dah (dahati, -te ; dadaha, dehe; adhak
sit ; dhaksyati ; dagdha ; dagdhum ;
dagdhva ; -dahya; dahyate). 1. burn
with fire; burn; 2. pass.: be burned;
be pained or tortured; 3. dagdha, see
s.v. [for *dhagh : cf . Goth, dags, AS. dceg,
Eng. day, Old High Ger. tak, ' day.']
+ a , in adahana.
+ vi, injure by burning, 84 17 .
+ sam, consume.
V Ida (dadati, dadati [668]; dadau, dad6;
adat, ddita [884] ; dasyati, -te ; datta
[955c], -tta [1087e] ; datum ; dattva ;
-daya ; diyate [770b] ; ditsati [1030] ;
dapayati). give ; bestow ; grant ; impart ;
w. ace. of thing and dat. or gen., later also
loc., of person, 1 n , 23 20 , 21 n ; varam da,
grant a wish; gapaih da, (give, i.e.) pro-
nounce a curse ; saubhagyam da, (give,
i.e.) wish conjugal felicity; da, (give, i.e.)
sell, w. instr. of price, 47 4 ; uttaram da,
make answer ; graddham da, perform a
graddha, 44 3 , 104 n ; punar da, give back ;
desid. desire or be ready to give. [cf.
Si'SoiyUj, Lat. da-re, 'give.']
+ anu, (like Ger. nach-geben, 'yield,' and
so) grant, admit; ppl. anutta [1087e], ad-
mitted.
+ a, take (opp. of give), 28 n ; grasp, 70 6 ;
adaya, having taken, equiv. to with.
+ u p a_a, receive, appropriate.
-f p a r i , deliver over ; commit; entrust.
+ pra, give; grant; impart (sciences);
ppl. f. pratta [1087e], given in marriage,
married.
V 2 da (dyati [761d3]; dad6; adat, adita
[884] ; dina [957a], -tta [1087e] ; -daya ;
dlyate). cut. [cf. Vday, daya.]
+ ava, cut off, esp. a part of the sacri-
ficial cake ; ppl. avatta [1087e], as subst.
that which is cut off.
-f-sam-ava, cut in pieces and collect
them ; ppl. samavatta, as subst. gathered
pieces.
V 3 da (dyati[761d3]; dita[954c]; -daya;
diyate). bind. [cf. Sew, Si'Srjyui, 'bind.']
da, vbl. giving, in cpds. [VI da.]
datavya, grdv. dandus. [Vlda.]
datr, m. giver; as a. [375 3 ], generous, 21 4 ,
48*. [Vlda.]
dan a, n. giving, imparting; gift. [Vlda,
1150: cf. Lat. donum, 'gift.']
[169]
dana-dharma, m. the virtuous practice
of alms-giving.
danava, m. child of Danu, a Danava, one
of a class of demons, foes of the gods ;
Titan. [Idanu, 1208c.]
1 danu, /. Danu, name of a demon, 70 18 .
2 danu, n. dripping fluid, drop, dew.
danta, a. tamed, mild; subdued (as to
one's passions) ; as subst. Danta, name of
a son of Bhlma. [ppl. of v dam, 955a.]
1 daman, n. a giving, gift. [\/lda, 1168.]
2 daman, n. bond. [V3da, 1168.]
dambhika, a. subst. deceitful, deceiver.
[dambha.]
1 day a, a. giving. [VI da.]
2 day a, m. portion, inheritance. [V2da:
cf. Scis, 'portion, meal.']
d a y a k a , a. giving. [1 daya.]
dara[264 2 ], m. pi. wife.
daridrya, n. poverty, [daridra.]
daru, n. wood; log or billet of wood; stick.
[see the equiv. drii and taru : cf. 56pv,
' wood, beam, shaft ' ; Spvs, ' tree, oak ' ;
Goth, triu, ' wood, tree ' ; Eng. tree, ' wood '
(so Wyclif), ' a large woody plant' (usual
mg), 'a wooden bar' (in whiffle-free).]
da r una, a. hard; dreadful.
V dag (dagati; dadaga, dagvans [790b]).
grant, offer ; esp. serve or honor a god
with offerings ; dagvans, as subst. a pious
servant of a god, 69 u . [w. dadaga, cf.
SfSwKa, ' granted, gave ' ; e-Sco/c-a is an im-
perfect indicative without thematic vowel,
corresponding to #a-dag-am ; but both
Greek forms became connected in the
popular mind with 5i'5ayu, 'give.']
V das (only with abhi, abhidasati). bear
ill-will to ; try to harm, [cf . V das, dasyu,
dasa.]
das a, m. 1. foe; esp. supernatural foe,
evil demon; 2. (in opp. to arya) foe of
.the gods, infidel ; used like Caffre and
Giaour; 3. (subdued foe, i.e.) servant,
slave, 79 2 ; dasi,/. female slave. [V das :
cf. \Jdas, dasyu.]
dasa-patni, a.f. having the demon for
their master, [acct, 1251b, 1295.]
diti, f. Diti, name of a deity without defi-
nite character, a mere pendant to aditi as
sura to asura, and formed by popular
etymology as sura from asura. [see
aditi and daitya.]
didfksu, a. desirous to see. [fr. desid.
of Vdrg, 1178f: acct!]
didyu, HI. missile, [see Vldivordyu, and
1147b 2 .]
didhisu,a. desirous to win; as m. suitor;
husband; esp. second husband, [fr. desid.
of Vldha, 1178f, 1028d.]
din a, 1. perhaps adj. clear, in su-dina;
2. as n. day. [perhaps ppl. of Vdi or
di, 'shine,' w. shifted acct.]
dina-traya,n. day-triad, triduum, space
of three days.
V div: there is no verbal root div in Sanskrit:
cf. noun div and W 1 and 2 div or diii.
div [361d], 7/1. 1. sky, heaven, e.g. 72 ' 2 ;
la. Heaven, personified as Father, e.g.
KV.vi. 51.5; Ib. duhita divas, of the
Dawn, daughter of the sky or of Heaven,
75 16 ; -2. day, e.g. 70 8 , 79 13 ; -3. observe
that div is sometimes fern, in Veda, so 92 1>s ,
RV. x. 125. 7.
[w. gen. div-as, cf. the genitives Ai6s,
*AtF-6s, Lat. JSv-is, and AS. Tiw-cs in
Tiwes dozg, Eng. Tues-day : (Tiiv corre-
sponds to the old Germanic Tin, no longer
a god of the sky or bright day, but rather
a god of battle or fighting, the chief occu-
pation of our early forefathers:) w. nom.
dyaiis, cf. Zeus, *Aj-r)vs : w. voc. dyaus
pitar, cf. Zev Trdrtp, Lat Ju-piter, ' Heaven
Father ' : w. duhitar divas, cf . Ovyartp
Aids, &fj.&por' 'A.6dva, Oedipus Rex 159 : cf.
also 87os, ' heavenly ' ; Lat. nom. Diovi-s,
'god of heaven,' Jdv-em, 'Jove'; sub dio,
1 under the sky ' ; Eng. Tewes-ley, ' Tiw's
lea,' a place in Surrey.]
diva, n. heaven; day, in dive-dive, day by
day. [div, 1209a.]
diva, adv. by day. [f r. the instr. div-a, w.
shifted acct, 1112e.]
divaukas, m. caelicola, god. ['having
heaven as a dwelling ' : diva + okas.]
d ivy a, a. heavenly ; divine, [div.]
V dig (digati ; didega ; adiksat, adista
[883] ; deksyati ; dista ; ddstum ; -digya ;
digyate; degayati). point ; direct ; show,
[cf. Se'iKWfj.1, 'show'; Lat. dico, 'show,
tell'; AS. tdh, Ger. zieh, 'pointed out (as
dig]
[170]
guilty), accused'; Ger. zeigen, 'show';
also AS. tdh-te, ti&h-te, Eng. taught, ' showed,
instructed ' ; AS. tdcn, Eng. token.']
-f apa, show; make a false show of.
+ vy-apa, make a false show of.
+ a , point out to, give a direction to,
direct.
+ sam-a, point out to, direct; com-
mand.
+ u d , point out ; aim towards ; uddicjya,
tr. ace., with an aiming towards, equiv. to
the prep, at, 26 22 .
+ upa, show to, teach, instruct; give ad-
vice to, advise.
+ pra, point out, designate; direct.
dig, f. just like Eng. point, i.e. cardinal
point, quarter of the heaven (N., E., S.,
W.) ; astau digas, eight regions (N., E.,
S., W., and NE., SB., SW., NW.), 57 .
[Vdic,, 'to point.']
V dih (degdhi ; didihe ; digdha ; -dihya).
1. stroke, touch lightly ; 2. smear ;
3. besmear, pollute, [for *dhigh: cf.
ZOiyov, ' touched ' ; Lat. Jingo, ' form, fash-
ion, esp. with the hand in soft material ' ;
Goth, daigs, ' moulded mass of clay or
bread-paste'; Old Eng. dag, Eng. dough.]
+ s am, pass, (be plastered together, be
indistinct, and so) be uncertain, doubtful.
V di (dideti [676] ; didaya [786 3 ], didi-
vans). shine, glance, gleam.
V diks (diksate; didiksa, didikse ; adiks-
ista ; diksisyate ; diksita ; diksitva ;
-diksya). consecrate one's self, esp. for
performing the Soma-sacrifice. [perhaps
desid. of V daks, ' make one's self suitable
or ready ' : 108g.]
d 1 1 i , f. glance, flame, actually occurring only
in su-diti. [vdi, 1157. la.]
dldivi, a. shining. [Vdi, 1193.]
din a, a. scanty; cast down, sad; wretched,
dinata, f. scantiness; smallness. [dina.]
dinar a, m. denarius, name of a certain
gold coin, [borrowed fr. Lat. denarius, a
silver coin worth ten asses."]
J dip (dipyate ; didipe ; dipta ; -dipya ;
dedipti ; dipayati, -te). blaze; flame;
caws, kindle ; intens. blaze brightly ; fig. be
radiant, [cf. Vdi.]
+ ud, blaze up ; caws, cause to blaze up.
dirgha, a. long, in space and in time;
-am, as adv. ; comp. draghiyans, superl.
draghistha. [v ; dragh : cf . SoAixo's, ' long.']
dirgha-karna, m. Long-ear, name of a
cat.
dirgha-rava, m. Long-yell or Far-howl,
name of a jackal. (Their howling is both
long-continued and far-reaching.)
dirgha-var na, m. a long vowel,
dirghavarnanta, a. having a long
vowel as final, [anta.]
V Idiv (dlvyati; dideva [240 3 ]; adevit ;
devisyati ; dyutd ; devitum ; -divya).
dice; play. [prop, diu, see 765 1 and 2 :
orig., perhaps, 'throw,' cf. didyu.]
+ a , in adevana.
V 2div (devati [240 3 ] ; dyunA [957a] ;
devitum; devayati, -te). lament, [prop.
diu, see 765 l and 2 .]
+ pari, moan, bemoan ; caus. the same.
duhkha, a. miserable; as n. misery, pain,
sorrow, [cf. sukha.]
duhkhita, a. pained, [duhkha, 1176b.]
ducchiina, f. calamity; harm, [dus +
Quna, 'mis-fortune, ill-luck,' 168 3 .]
V ducchunaya (ducchunayate). seek to
harm, [ducchuna, 1058.]
dur-, the form taken by dus before sonants.
dur-atikrama, a. hard to overcome.
[' having a hard conquest,' cf . 1304b.]
dur-atman, a. evil-minded; bad.
dur-ga, a. whose going is hard, hard to
go through or to, impassable; as n. diffi-
cult place ; danger.
dur-gata, a. ill-conditioned ; unfortunate.
dur-jana, m. evil person; scoundrel.
dur-danta, a. overcome with difficulty;
as m. Hard-to-tame (AUO-M'KTJTOJ), name of
a lion.
dur-nivara,a. whose warding-off is hard ;
hard to get rid of.
dur-bala,a. of (poor, i.e.) little strength;
feeble,
durbuddhi, a. of (bad, i.e.) small wit;
foolish.
dur-bhaga, a. ill-portioned, ill-favored;
-a, f. ugly woman, [acct, 1304b.]
dur-bhiksa, a. (time) having its alms-
getting hard, i.e. in which alms-getting is
hard ; as n. famine, [bhiksa.]
[171]
[Vdrc
dur-mangala, a. of bad luck, bringing
bad luck.
dur-mati,/. ill-will.
dur-mada,a. badly intoxicated ; drunken,
[acct, 1304b.]
dur-vijneya, a. hard to distinguish.
dur-vipaka, m. evil issue (of one's des-
tiny).
dur-vrtta, a. of evil life, wicked.
V dul (dolayati ; dolita). heave upwards ;
swing, [cf. Vtul.]
diivas, n. gift ; oblation ; worship.
[V 1 du.j
d vivas, n. perhaps same as dtivas, but see
74 10 x.
V duvasya (duvasyati). reward with a
gift; honor or worship (a god) with an
offering, [diivas.]
+ a. perhaps bring or entice hither by
worship, but see 74 10 N.
V dus (diisyati; adosit; dusta; dusayati
[1042a 2 ]). spoil, [see dus.]
dus-kara, a. whose performance is hard,
hard to be performed, [dus.]
dus-krta, n. evil deed ; sin. [dus.]
dust a, a. spoiled; bad, morally; cross,
[ppl. of V dus.]
dus, inseparable prefix, characterizing a thing
as evil, bad, hard ; forming w. action-nouns
cpds w. the same mg as if compounded w. a
future pass, ppl., e.g. dus-kara, ' having its
doing hard, i.e. difficult to be done.' [cf.
\ dus: also Svs-, 'mis-', see 225 2 .]
dus-tara, a. having its crossing hard,
hard to cross.
V duh (d6gdhi, dugdhe ; dud6ha, dudub.6;
adhuksat, -ata [918] ; dhoksyate ; dug-
dha ; d6gdhum ; dugdhva; dohayati).
1. milk; then, generalized 2. get the
goodoutof a thing; 3. extract; 4. give
milk ; 5. in general, give or yield any
good thing, 80 16 ; cans., like simple, milk,
extract. [for mg 2, cf. a^f\yeaQal nva,
'milk a person dry.']
+ nis , milk out of; extract from.
duh, rbl. yielding, in kama-duh. [v'duh.]
duhitf [373 3 ], f. daughter, [derivation
uncertain, 1182d: cf. Ouydrrip, Goth, dauh-
tar, Eng. daughter, Ger. Tochter, ' daugh-
ter.']
V 1 d u , subsidiary form of^l da, in diivas,
duvasya. [cf. Wstha and ga w. their
equiv. collateral forms sthu and gu.]
V 2 du, go to a distance, in duta and dura,
[cf . $fvo/j.ai, ' am at a distance from some-
thing, fall short of.']
dudabha, a. hard to deceive, ['whose
deceiving is hard ' : for duzdabha, i.e.
dus + dabha, 199b 3 .]
duta, m. messenger ; ambassador, envoy,
[V2dii, 1176a.]
dura, a. far; as n. the distance; case-
forms as adverbs: -am, to a distance, far
away ; -e, in the distance, afar ; at or from
a distance; -at, from afar. [v2du, 1188.]
duri-kr (durikaroti). put far away;
send off. [dura, 1094.]
durva,_/. millet-grass, Panicum Dactylon.
dulabha, same as dudabha, Whitney 54.
V Idr (drnati ; dadara, dadre ; adarsit ;
dirna; -dirya; diryate; dardarti [1002b] ;
darayati, darayati). burst, trans, and
intrans. ; cans, and intens.: split; tear,
w. gen. [cf . Sepca, Sfipw, ' flay ' ; AS. teran,
Eng. tear, Ger. zerren, ' tear, rend,']
V 2dr (driyate ; adrta ; drta ; -drtya).
used only w. a, see 773. [cf. V5eA in Sfv-
Si\\o>, ' glance at ' ; AS. tilian, ' be intent
upon, attend to, esp. the earth, i.e. till (the
soil),' Eng. till; Ger. zielen, 'aim at'; AS.
eorlS-tilia, ' earth-tiller.']
+ a, (look at, i.e.] regard; pass, be re-
garded, i.e. respected.
drdha, see Vdrh and 224a.
drti, m. bag of leather; bellows, [v'ldr:
for mg, cf . Sfp/j.a, ' skin bag or bottle.']
V drp (drpyati; adrpat; darpisyati, drap-
syati ; drpta ; darpayati). be crazed,
wild, proud, insolent, or arrogant.
V drbh (drbhati ; drbdhd). make into
tufts.
V drg (dadirga, dadrge; adraksit, adrsta;
draksyati, -te ; drsta ; drastum ; drstva ;
-dfgya; drgyate; didrksate; dargayati).
see ; behold ; pass, be seen ; be or become
visible; appear; caus. cause (a person,
ace., 33 3 ) to see (a thing, ace., 33 6 , 35 7 ,
36 7 ); show (w. gen. 63 2 ); w. atmanam,
show one's self, appear, pretend to be (e.g.
frightened, 41 4 ). [present forms supplied
[172]
by \f 1 pa, q.v. : w. dadarga, cf .
' saw ' : cf . Goth, ga-tarh-jan, ' make a show
of.']
+ prati, pass, appear over against one
or before one's eyes.
-f v i , pass, be seen far and wide.
+ s am, behold; caws, show; w. atmanam,
show one's self, appear, pretend to be (e.g.
dead).
df [218 3 , drk, dram, drgbhyam], 1. vbl.
seeing, looking ; 2. as f. the seeing ;
drgfi, as inf. [970a], for beholding ; 3. in
cpds [518], look, appearance. [Vdr.]
drga, m. the seeing; in cpds [518], look,
appearance, [do.]
drgi.y. the seeing; drc_aye, as inf. [970f],
for beholding, [do.]
dfgya, grdv. to be seen; worthy to be
seen, splendid. [Vdrg, 963d.]
d r s a d , f. stone ; esp. nether mill-stone,
drsad-upala, dual f. the nether and the
upper mill-stone. [1253a, 1258.]
drsta, ppl. o/Vdrg, q.v.
drsta-purva, a. seen previously, [equiv.
to purvam drsta, see 1291.]
df sti, /. 1. seeing; 2. sense of sight;
3. glance, look; 4. view. [Vdrg: cf.
8e'p|is, ' sense of sight.']
Vdrh (dfnhati, -te [mg 1, cf. 758] ; dfhyati,
-te [mg2, see 767] ; adrnhit ; drdha [224a] ;
drnhayati). 1. act. make firm or steady
or enduring ; establish ; mid. be firm ;
drdha [1176a], firm; -2. be firm; -3.
caus. make stable, [cf . Old Lat. forc-tis,
~La.t.fortis, 'strong.']
drib. a, same as drdha, Vdrh, Whitney 54.
d e y a , grdv. to be given or granted. [V da,
963a.]
deva,/. devi, 1. a. heavenly, 74 14> 16> 18 ,
92 T ; as subst. 2. god, goddess; 2a. pi.
the gods (in later times reckoned as 33, cf.
tridaca ) ; 2b. vfgve devas, all the gods ;
also all-gods (a term comprehending into
a class all the separate gods, cf. All-saints,
and see vigvadeva) ; 2c. devi, The God-
dess, i.e. (Diva's wife, Durga ; 2d. -deva,
at end of Brahman-names, having as god,
so, e.g., gunadeva ; 3. m. manusya-deva,
god among men, i.e. a Brahman, see 95 x ;
similarly, -4. m. king, 19 12 , 50 4 , 51*- 7 -";
so used of a lion {32 15 ) or even of a jackal
(36 21 ); / queen, [perhaps fr. the noun
div (1209i): cf. Lat. deus, 'god': the al-
leged root div, 'shine,' has no existence.]
deva-kama, a. having love for the gods,
[acct, 1293 *, 1295.]
devata, f. godhead or divinity, both as
abstract and as concrete ; devata, instr.,
with divinity (collective), i.e. among deities,
73 [1237.]
devat va, n. divinity, abstract only. [1239.]
deva-duta,m. messenger of the gods.
deva-daivatya, a. having the gods as
divinity, (of hymns) addressed to the
gods.
deva-pati, m. lord of the gods, i.e. Indra.
deva-pana, a. serving the gods for
drinking, [lit. ' god-drenching, i.e. gott-
trankend': acct, 1271, 1251c.]
deva-yana, n. path of the gods, on which
the intercourse between gods and men
takes place, [acct, 1271, 1251c.]
devara, m. husband's brother, [devf,
1209a.]
deva -raj a, m. king of the gods, i.e. Indra.
[rajan, 1315a.]
deva-linga, n. god-characteristic, mark
by which a god may be distinguished from
a man.
deva-garman, m. Deva9arman or God's-
joy, name of a certain Brahman, [of like
mg is f6-xapis.~\
deva-samnidhi, m. presence of the gods.
deva-huti, f. invocation of the gods,
[acct, 1274.]
devi, see deva.
devi-krta, a. made by Durga.
devi-kotta, m. Goddess-fort, name of a
town.
devi-vinirmita, a. laid out by Durga.
[v'lma.]
devf [369 2 ], m. husband's brother, [cf.
Sa-np, Lat. levir, ' husband's brother.']
dea, TO. 1. (point, i.e.) place, 41 18 ;
2. country, 24 5 , see 98 16 N. ; 3. place,
pregnantly, as in Eng., i.e. proper place,
22 5 ; 4. as in Eng., place or region of
the body, see muska-, skandha-.
' point.']
dialect of the country.
[173]
[drugdha
destr, m. pointer, guide, instructor; /.
ddstri, Instructress, as a deity, 90 9 . [Vdi,
1182: cf. +SfiKTrip in SeiKr-fipios, 'pertain-
ing to one who shows.']
deha, m.n. body; mentioned w. manas and
vac, 65 9 . [v'dih, 'stroke lightly so as to
mould or form/ and so, prob. ' the figure,
form, shape,' like the Lat. figura, ' shape,
form,' from the cognate ^Jig, Jingo : see
v/dih.]
dehin, a. connected with the body, 65 n ;
as m. a living being, man. [deha, 1230.]
daitya, m. descendant of Diti, q.v. ; a
Daitya or demon, [diti, 1211.]
d a i t y a - danava-mardana, m. Daitya-and-
Danava-crusher, epithet of Indra.
daiva, a. of the gods, 57 21 ; coming from
the gods ; divine ; as n. divine appoint-
ment, i.e. fate, 18 1Z , etc. [deva, 1208f.]
daivata, a. pertaining to a divinity; as n.
1. a divinity or, collectively, the divini-
ties, esp. that or those celebrated in any
Vedic hymn; -2. idol, 62 18 . [devata,
1208e.]
daivatya, at end of cpds, having as
divinity, addressed to , 63 5 . [devata,
1211.]
daivika, a. of the gods; divine, [deva,
1222e.]
daivya, a. of the gods; divine, [deva,
1211.]
dola, m. a swinging; f. dola, a dooly
(Anglo-Indian term), a little bamboo chair
slung on four men's shoulders, [V dul.]
V dolaya (dolayate). swing like a dooly ;
waver, [dola.]
dolayamana- mati, a. having a wavering
mind. [V dolaya.]
1 dosa, m. 1. fault, defect; bad con-
dition, 55 5 ; 2. sin, transgression, fault,
II 8 , 18 n , 65 21 ; dosam avap, incur a
transgression, 68 4 ; 3. harm; evil con-
sequence ; dosena, dosat, by or as a bad
consequence of, by, faute de, 23 21 , 35 2 .
[Vdus.]
2 dosa, m. evening, dark ; f. dosa, evening,
dark.
dosa-vastr, m. illuminer of the dark-
ness; or, as adj. [cf. 375 3 ], lighting up in
the dark.
dautya, n. message, [duta, 1211.]
dyava-prthivi, dual f. heaven and
earth, [div + prthivi, 1255 and a 2 .]
dyu, same as div, 361d.
V dyut (dy6tate ; didyut6 ; adyutat ;
dyotisyati ; dyutta ; -dyiitya). gleam;
lighten ; shine, [akin w. noun div, q.v. :
cf. also V jyut.]
+ vi, lighten,
dyuti, /. sheen, 19 7 ; lustre; dignity.
[Vdyut.]
dyumant, a. heavenly, bright, splendid.
[fyd.]
dyuta, n. gambling. [VI div, 1176a.]
dy6, sa/e as div, 361d.
dravina, n. movable property (as opp. to
house and field), wealth. [Vdru, 1177b.]
dravya, n. 1. property; 2. in general,
thing, object ; 3. esp. worthy object.
[Vdru: see dravina.]
drastavya, grdv. to be seen. [Vdrg.]
V Idra (drati; dadraii ; adrasit; intens.
[1002c, 1024 2 ] daridrati). run ; intens.
run about, run hither and thither, [cf.
Si-Spd-ffK<a, ' run ' : see Vdru.]
+ a p a , run off. [cf . cwro-Spaj/at, ' run
off.']
V 2 d r a (drati ; dray ate ; dadraii ; adrasit ;
drasyati; drana). sleep, [cf. tSpaBov,
' slept ' ; Lat. dormlre, ' sleep.']
+ ni, go to sleep; sleep.
V dragh, only in derivs. drag, draw; draw
out ; extend ; lengthen, [poss. for #dhragh
(cf. Vdhraj), and akin w. Eng. drag: but
see dirgha.]
draghiyans, a. longer, as comp. to dirgha.
[V dragh, 467.]
V dru (dravati, -te ; dudrava, dudruv6 ;
adudruvat [868] ; drosyati ; druta ; dr<5-
tum ; drutva ; -driitya). hasten; run ;
run away, flee, 94 7 . [ident. w. Vdram,
' run,' and w. V 1 dra, q.v. : cf . eSpd/ie and
fSpd, 'ran.']
+ ati, run past or by ; escape.
+ a , run unto, make an attack, charge,
94 5,6.
+ u p a , run unto.
+ sam-upa, run unto, rush at, 3 12 .
drii, m.n. wood, [see daru.]
drugdha, see V druh.
druta]
[174]
druta, ppl. having hastened [952 2 ]; -am,
as adv. hastily, rapidly; quickly; imme-
diately. [Vdru.]
drum a, m. tree, [drti: cf. Spvfj.6s, 'a wood.']
V d r u m a y a ( drumayate) . pass for a tree.
[drama, 1058, 1059b.]
V druh (dnihyati ; dudr6ha ; adruhat ;
dhroksyati ; drugdha ; dr6gdhum ; -druh-
ya). hurt (by deceit, wile, magic); strive
to harm ; ppl. drugdha : as m. one who
has striven to harm, hurtful foe ; as n.
misdeed, [if for *dhrugh, cf. Old High
Ger. triukan, Ger. be-trugen, ' deceive so as
to harm.']
abhi, offend against.
dvd [482b], num. two. [cf. Svo, Lat. duo,
Eng. two.~\
dvamdva, n. pair; quarrel, [dvam-dvam
is the repeated nom. s. n. of dva : cf .
1252 *.]
dvaya, a. twofold; of two sorts; as n.
couple, pair, [dva : cf . 8oi6s, ' double.']
dvadaga [483*], cardinal, twelve, [dva
ilaca. 476 3 : cf. SudtSeica., Lat. duodecim,
' twelve.']
dvadaga, /. -i, ordinal, twelfth, dva-
dagi (sc. tithi), twelfth day of a lunar
half month, 59 9 . [dvadaga, 487 7 .]
dvadaga-ratra, n. space of twelve
nights, [dvadaga + ratri, 1315b, 1312 3 - *.]
dvadaga-sahasra, cardinal, n. twelve
thousand. [481.]
dvadagasahasra,. consisting of twelve
thousand, [dvadaga-sahasra, 1204c.]
dvar [388c], /. door, [perhaps 'the clos-
ure,' f r. V dvr, ' close,' for #dhvr : cf . 6vpa,
'door'; lot. for is, nom. s., 'door'; Eng.
door.~\
dvar a, n. door, [dvar, q.v. . 399.]
d vara-paksa, m. side of the door.
dvi, form o/dva in composition and deriva-
tion. [475 .]
dvi-ja, a. twice-born; as m. member of
one of the three upper castes, re-born by
virtue of investiture (see Vni + upa), 60 2 ,
68 2, 59 *, 62 7 ; in a narrower sense, a Brah-
man, 21 ", 43*, 55 , 64 16 .
dvi-janman, a. having double birth ; as
m. same as dvija ; man of one of the three
upper castes, 59 l . [acct, 1300c.]
dvi-jati, a. ana* as m. same as dvijan-
man ; man of one of the three upper
castes, 59 19 .
dvijottama, m. the highest of the twice-
born, i.e. a Brahman, [dvija + uttama.]
dvita, a. second, [dvi.]
dvita, adv. just so ; so also; equally.
dvitiya, a. second, [dvita, 487 4 , 1215d.]
dvidha, adv. in two parts,in twain. [1104.]
dvi-pad [391], a. having two feet; as m.
the two-footed one, man, 16 2 ; as n. sing.
that which is two-footed, collectively, men,
90 1 - 3 , 92 3 . [cf. SiTroSa, Lat. bipedem, 'bi-
ped.']
dvi-pada, f. -i, a. having (taken) two
steps.
dvi-pravrajin, f. -ni, a. in f. going
after two (men), unchaste, 98 14 .
V dvis (dvesti, dviste; didv^sa; adviksat,
-ata; dvista ; dvestum). hate; show
hatred ; be hostile, [cf . o-Sva-avro, ' be-
came wroth,' w. prothetic o.]
dvis, vbl. hating, in cpds; asf. hate; as m.
concrete, hater, foe. [Vdvis.]
dvis, adv. twice, [see dvi, dva: cf. Si's,
Lat. bis, *dvis, ' twice ' : the radically cog-
nate Eng. twice is a gen. form.]
dvipa, m. island.
dvipi-carman, n. tiger-skin, [dvipin.]
dvipin, a. having islands or island-like
spots ; as m. leopard ; tiger, [dvipa.]
V dvr, cover, close, in derivs. [see dvar.]
dvedha, adv. in two, in two kinds, [for
*dvayadha, fr. dvaya, 1104 2 .]
dvesa, m. hatred. [Vdvis.]
dvesas, n. hatred ; concrete, hater, foe.
[Vdvis.]
dha, vbl. bestowing, granting, in vasu-dha
[Vldha,333.]
V dhan (dadhanti). set in motion, [cf
V dhanv.]
dhana, n. 1. the prize of the contest;
not only the reward put up for the victor.
but also the booty taken from the foe
Vedic; so w. Vji, win booty by conquest,
81 2 ; then, 2. in general, wealth, riches,
property, money. [V dha, ' put ' : cf . fo^o,
' thing put up as a prize,' and for the mg
also Ger. Ein-satz, 'stakes.']
[175]
[V 1 dha
dhanu, m. bow. [fr. dhanus, a transfer
to the u-declension.j
dhanus-kanda, n. bow and arrow,
[dhanus : see 1253b.]
dhanus, n. bow. [Vdhan, 1154.]
dhanya, a. wealthy; fortunate, [dhana.]
\f dhanv (dhanvati; dadhanve ; adhan-
vit). set in motion ; run. [secondary
form of v'dhan.]
dhanvan, n. bow. [Vdhan, 1169. la.]
dhanvin, a. subst. having a bow, bow-
man, [dhanvan, 1230b.]
V dh amor dhma(dhamati [750] ;dadhmau;
adhmaslt ; dhamisyati ; dhamita, dhma-
ta; -dhmaya). blow, breathe out; blow
(pipe, shell, bag-pipe, bellows), [see 108g
and 750.]
+ a , blow up ; adhmata, fig. puffed up.
dhara, a. holding; bearing; keeping;
wearing. [Vdhr.]
d harm a, m. 1. custom, 98 18 ; usage,
99 u ; right; duty, 28 6 ; virtue, 21 7 , 10,
15 17 , 29 1 ; (virtue, i.e.) good works, 29 5 ,
63 n ; correct course of conduct, II 3 ;
dharme, in a question of right, 21 u ;
la. dharmena, adv. : as was right, 14 17 ;
dutifully, 16 5 ; 2. law; prescription,
rule; the law (as a system), 28 5 , 58 16 ' 19 ;
-3. personified, Virtue, 67 n , 48*.
[a post-Vedic word, taking the place of
V. dharman: dharma is fr. v'dhr (1166b),
perhaps in mg 6, and thus designating
ancient custom or right as 'that which
holds its own, which persists or endures ' ;
but it may come fr. Vdhr in mg 1, so that
dharma is 'that which is established or
settled'; in the latter case, cf., for the
mg, 0(/j.is, ' that which is established as
custom or law,' w. riOrifu, ' set, establish/
and Ger. Ge-setz, ' law,' w. setzen, ' set.']
dharma-j iia, a. knowing the law or one's
duty or what is right.
dharma-j naiia, n. knowledge of the
law.
dharmatas, adv. in a way which starts
from dharma, i.e. in accordance with good
usage, 59 19 ; by rights, 61 16 . [dharma,
1098c 3 .]
dharman, n. established ordinance; stead-
fast decree (e.g. of a god), 80 10 ; dhar-
mana, according to the established order
of things, in a way that accords with
nature, 84 8 . [Vdhr, 1168. Ic: see under
dharma.]
dharma-mula, n. the root or foundation
of the law.
dharma-vid [391], a. knowing the law
or one's duty, 1 15 ; acquainted with good
usage, 61 10 .
dharma-gastra, n. authoritative or ca-
nonical compend of dharma, 58 18 ; law-
book; law-shaster.
dharmatman, a. having virtue or right
as one's nature ; just, [atman.]
v' dhav (dhavate). run. [see under Vdhu,
and cf. dew, \10eF, 'run.']
dhavala, a. dazzlingly white. [V 2 dhav,
'rinse,' 1189, 1188.]
\/ Idha (dadhati, dhatt6 [668]; dadhaii,
dadhe; adhat, adhita [884]; dhasyati,
-te; r. -dhita, later hita[954cl; dhatum;
dhitva ; -dhaya ; dhiyate ; dfdhisati,
dhitsati; dhapayati ' L 1042dl).
-1. put, 86 10 ; set; lay, 39 u ; -2. put
in a place, bring to, u\ tatra, 85 19 ; w. loc.,
89 s , 95 5 ; w. dat.,83 1 ; -3. put upon, di-
rect towards ; dharme dha manas, set the
heart on virtue, 66 7 ; 4. put something
for a person (dat.), i.e. bestow upon him,
grant him, 84 1 , RV.x. 125.2; 5. put in
a position, i.e. appoint, constitute, w. double
ace., 88 12 ; 6. make, cause, produce ;
7. hold, keep, 86 6 ' 9 ; 8. mid. take to
one's self, receive, obtain, win ; esp. gar-
bham dha, conceive fruit in the womb,
92 12 ; 9. mid. assume, 19 7 ; maintain ;
10. hita, see s.v. ; 11. desid. act. desire
to grant; mid. desire to win.
[The original meaning of the root is
'put'; but, from the proethnic period, a
secondary development in the line ('set,'
' establish,' and so) 'make,' ' do,' is clear.
The secondary mg has even won the more
prominent place in Germanic and Slavic.
For the primary mg, cf . rieri/j.i, ' put '
(the parallelism of its mgs is remarkable
dfo-av KiOov, ' they set a stone ' ; OfaOai
v!6v, 'conceive a son,' etc., etc.) ; Lat. ab-
de-re, 'put off or away,' and con-de-re, 'put
together, construct, establish ' ; Eng. do,
Vidha]
[176]
'put,' in the contract forms doff, don, dup ;
Ger. weg-thun, ' do away or put away.'
For the secondary mg, cf . 9tivai TWO. &a-
trjAe'o, 'make one a king'; AS. don hine
to cyninge, ' make him a king ' ; Lat. flo,
' am made ' ; Eng. do, deed ; Ger. thun,
' do ' ; Slavic de-/o, ' deed ' : observe that
ff-eri, ' become,' is to f&-c-ere, ' make,' as
i-re (V/a), ' go/ is to ja-c-ere, ' make to
go, throw.']
+ antar, 1. put into the interior of
a thing ; and so 2. hide, conceal.
+ a pi, put close upon; cover (a jar with
its lid); apihita, closed up. [cf. ewiriOrifu,
'put upon.']
-f abhi, put on; put a name upon, desig-
nate; address; speak to, 43 10 ; say, 42 20 ;
abhihitam, (it was) said, 38 13 .
4-ava, put down in; esp. duck (trans.)
into the water; avahita, fallen into the
water ; cans, cause to be laid in.
+ a , 1. put or lay or set in or on, w. loc.,
77 \ 79 12 , 88 15 , 90 5 , 102 ; -2. put on
(wood on the fire), 82 15 ; 3. mid. set for
one's self on (the hearth a sacred fire),
95 12 ; _ 4. mid. put on one's self, take on,
74 6 ; _5. take, i.e. take away, 87 10 .
-t-vy-a, pass, be separated; be uncom-
fortable or sick.
+ s a m - a , put upon ; w. manas, concen-
trate the mind upon one thing ; samahita,
intent, eager, 1 13 .
-fupa-sam-a, set together (wood) unto
(an already burning fire), put (fuel) on,
100 16 , 105 10 .
+ u p a , put on (esp. a brick or stone
on the sacred fire-altar or enclosure),
96" ff.
+ ni, lay down, 87 8 ; set down (sacred
fire), 85 6 ; w. kriyam, put labor upon
(loc.), take pains with, 19 u ; nihita, put
down, lying low, 70 19 .
+ sam-ni, lay down together; put to-
gether ; pass, be near together ; samni-
Mta, near, impending, 25 15 .
+ pari, put around; esp. put (part of a
sacrificial fence) around (an altar), 105 13 ;
put around one's self, put on, (garments)
103 19 , (shoes) 45 u ; clothe.
4-puras, see s.v.
+ p r a , set forward, [cf . pradhana, pra-
dhana.]
+ vi, 1. part, mete out, distribute;
- 2. spread abroad, RV. x. 125. 3 ; - 3. (like
Lat. dis-pdnere) arrange, determine; pre-
scribe, 59 7 ; vihita, ordained, 14 4 ; 4. lay
out, make, build; prepare, 54 18 ; 5. ac-
complish, 56 12 ; make, do (in a great
variety of applications) ; vadham vidha,
do slaughter, slay, 32 u ; pujam vidha, do
or show honor, 28 13 ; pravrttim vidha,
make an advance into, w. loc., expose one's
self to, 20 12 ; upayam vidha, employ an
expedient, 39 2 ; kim vidheyam, what's to
be done, 31 6 ; tatha vidhiyatam, so let
it be done, II 4 ; yatha , tan maya vi-
dheyam, I must take such a course, that ,
37 6 ; cf. 38 22 .
+ grad, see grad.
-t-sam, put together, unite; embroil in,
w.loc., 73 ".
V 2dha(dhayati[761d2]; dadhaii ; adhat ;
dhasyati ; dhita ; dhatum ; -dhiya ; dhi-
tva). suck; drink, 63 1 . [cf. dadhi, dhenu:
also 0-fiffaTo, ' sucked ' ; ya\a-0rji'6s, ' milk-
sucking ' ; 0ri-\-ti, ' breast ' ; Lat. fe-lare,
'suck'; Goth, dadd-jan, 'give suck.']
1 dha, in cpds. as vbl. bestowing, grant-
ing ; as subst. place. [V 1 dha, ' place,
grant.']
2 dha, in cpds. as subst. drink. [V2dha,
'drink.']
dhatu, m. layer, as part of a composite
whole. [V 1 dha, ' put, lay.']
clhatf, m. establisher; creator; Dhatar, as
name of a deity, 90 9 N. [VI dha.]
dhana, a. holding, containing, [v/ldha,
1150.]
dhana, f. pi. corns, i.e. grain.
dhanya, a. cereal (adj.); as n. cereal
(noun), grain, [dhana.]
dharana, a. holding; as n. a holding,
keeping ; wearing, 14 u ; -a, f. established
ordinance ; rule, 62 ". [Vdhr.]
dhara, / stream, jet. [v/ldhav, 'run,
pour.']
dharasara, m. pi. stream-pourings, vio-
lent pourings, [asara.]
dharin, a. holding; possessing, 22 23 ; re-
taining, 68 u . [vdhr.]
[177]
[Vdhr
dharmik a, a. righteous; virtuous, [dhar-
ma.]
V Idhav (dhavati, -te; adhavit; dhavis-
yati; dhavita; dhavitva; -dhavya). run
(of fluids), stream, pour; run (of animate
beings), [see under Vdhu.]
+ anu, run after.
+ upa, run unto,
-f sam-upa, run on unto, 3 13 .
+ pra, run forth, flow; run.
V 2dhav (dhavati, -te; dadhave; adhav-
ista; dhauta; dhautva; -dhavya). rinse.
dhi, vbl. containing, granting, in cpds.
[Vldha, 1155. 2e.]
dhik, excl. fie! w. ace.
V dhi (didheti [676] ; didhaya [786 3 ] ;
dhitd). think, [see v/dhya.]
+ anu, think over.
dhi [351], /. -1. thought; dhiya-dhiya,
with each thought, every time it occurs to
one; 2. (like Ger. An-dacht, lit. 'think-
ing upon,' and then 'devotion') religious
thought, devotion, 69 13 , 74 19 , 82 " ; observe
that mati, manas, manisa, mantra, and
manman show this same specialization of
mgi prayer, 74 15 ; 3. intelligence, in-
sight, mind, 89 l ; understanding, skill.
[VdhL]
1 dhiti, f. perhaps draught, see 82 7 x.
[V2dha, 'drink,' 1157. la.]
2 dhiti, / 1. thought; 2. devotion;
-3. skill. [Vdhi: for 2, cf. dhi 2.]
dhimant, a. gifted with understanding,
wise, [dhi.]
1 dhira, a. wise, 78 3 - 10 . [Vdhi, 1188a.]
2 dhira, a. firm; resolute, 48 2 . [Jdhr :
cf . Lat. Jir-mus, ' firm.']
dhlvara, m. 1. a very clever or skilful
man; -2. a fisher, [dhi, 1171.]
dhiini, a. shaking, stormily moved, bois-
terous, wild. [f r. quasi-root dhun of
dhun6ti, sfdhii.]
V dhu (dhun6ti, -nut6; later, dhun6ti,
-nut6 [see 711] ; dudhava, dudhuve ;
adhusta [887a] ; dhavisyati ; dhuta, later
dhuta; dhutva; -dhuya). 1. move
quickly hither and thither ; shake ; 2. fan
(a fire) ; 3. shake off.
[orig. ' move violently, agitate ' : cf . 6vu,
6vvw, 'rush on'; Ovpos, 'agitation, anger,
passion, spirit': 0i5a>, 'sacrifice,' is poss
akin w. V dhu as a generalization of mg 2 :
closely akin w. V dhu is V 1 dhav, ' run,'
and also Vdhav, 'run' (cf. 0eo>, V0F, 'run'):
see also under dhuma.]
+ ava, shake down; mid. shake off from
one's self.
dhuma, m. smoke; vapor. [cf. Lat.
fumus, ' smoke ' : smoke has no such " swift
eddying motion" as to make it easy to
connect these names for it w. \ldhu, q.v. ;
but on this connection their identification
w. 6v/j.6s should seem to depend : more
prob. is the explanation of dhumi as ' the
enveloping or blackening,' fr. s/ldhvan,
as vama fr. Vvan.]
dhumaka, m. smoke, at end of cpds [1307]
for dhuma; / -ika [1222d], the same.
dhurta, a. subst. shrewd, sly, cunning;
rogue, [ppl. of Vdhvr, 'harm by deceit'
(cf. 957b 2 ): according to the gramma-
rians, dhurta, w. acct altered as in jiista:
for a somewhat analogous development
of mg, cf. Middle Eng. schrewen, ' curse,'
whence schrew-ed, 'cursed, bad,' Eng.
shrewd, 'bad, artful.']
dhurta-traya, n. rogue-triad, trio of
swindlers.
dhusara, a. dusted over, dusty, dust-
colored, gray. [Vdhvans, dhvas, 1188d:
cf. 181a.]
v' dhr (dadhara [786], dadhre ; adhrta ;
dharisyati, -te ; dhrtd ; dhartum ; dhr-
tva ; -dhf tya ; dharayati ; adidharat).
rngs of cans, forms ident. [1041 2 ] w. those of
simple forms; hold, in its various mgs,
trans, and intrans. ;
trans. 1. hold, bear, support, 33 n ,
39 3 , 75 s - 7 , 87 9 , 92 J; make firm, 92 10 ;
carry, 62 12 ; wear; -2. hold fast, 22 10 ,
33 : ; hold in check, bear, withstand, 2 20 ,
8 12 ; -3. keep (a cat), 31 9 ; -4. set or
lay or place in or on, w. loc., 33 12 , 41 21 ;
5. hold or make sure or ordain for some
one (dat.) ; mid. be ordained for some one
(dat.), belong of right to, 75 3 ;
intrans. 6. mid. hold, i.e. remain, con-
tinue; w. this mg, even in the active, 15 5 .
[cf. 6p&-vos, 'support, seat,' 6pa-vos,
'bench,' dp-fi-a-aa-Oai, 'sit'; Lat. fre-tus,
12
Vdhrs]
[178]
'held or supported by (hence iv. abl.),
relying on,' fre-num, 'holder, bridle.']
+ ava,cas. 1. set down, fix; 2. (like
Eng. hold) assume as certain, 44 u .
V dhrs (dhrsn6ti; dadharsa; adhrsat ;
dhrsita, dhrsta; -dhfsya; dharsayati).
be bold or courageous; dare; venture,
74 2 ; caus. venture on some one or
something; offend; overpower; dharsita,
overcome, [cf . Opcur-vs, ' bold ' ; Lat. fas-
tus, 'pride'; Goth, ga-dars, AS. dearr,
Eng. he dare (all 3d persons sing, of a
preterito-present) ; AS. dors-te, Eng.
durs-t.~\
+ a , venture against.
+ prati, hold out against, withstand,
82 5 .
dhrsnii, a. daring; courageous, doughty,
78 ?;' bold, 84". [v/dhrs, 1162.]
dhenii, f. milch cow; cow. [v'2dha,
'suck,' 1162.]
dheya, n, the giving. [v'ldha, mg 4,
' bestow, give ' : 1213c.]
dhairya, n. firmness; earnest or resolute
bearing. [2dMra, 1211.]
V dhma. see s dham.
V dhya (dhyati, dhyayati [761dl]; da-
dhyaii ; adhyasit [911] ; dhyasyati ;
dhyatd ; dhyatva ; -dhyaya) . think upon ;
meditate, [see Vdhi and 108g.]
+ abhi, set the mind on something;
sink one's self in thought, 57 l .
dhyana, n. meditation. [Vdhya, 1150.]
dhyana-para, a. having meditation as
highest object, absorbed in contempla-
tion. [1302b.]
V dhraj (dhrajati; adhrajit). draw on-
ward, advance, intrans. [see v'dragh, of
which this is poss. a collateral form.]
V dhru, collateral form of s'dhvr.
dhruti, /. a deceiving ; infatuation .
[Vdhru.]
dhruva, a. 1. holding or continuing,
i.e. remaining fixed in place ; as m.
the pole-star, 100 8 ; 2. of abodes
certain, safe, 79 18 . [Vdhr in mg 6: see
1190.]
dhruva, / sacrificial ladle, 102 13 , see
sriic. [lit. 'holder,' vfdhr in mg 1 : see
1190.]
V dhvans or dhvas (dhvansati, -te; da-
dhvansa, dadhvase ; adhvasat ; dhvasta ;
-dhvasya). 1. fall to dust, perish ;
dhvasta, exhausted, hurt, impaired; 2.
vanish, be off; 3. only in ppl. dhvasta,
bestrewn, covered over, esp. with dust,
[cf. Eng. dits-t ; prob. also AS. dw&s and
dysig, ' foolish,' Eng. dizzy, Old High Ger.
tuslc, ' foolish.']
dhvansa, m. the perishing; destruction.
[V dhvans.]
v' Idhvan (adhvamt; dhvanta; dhvan-
ayati). 1. cover one's self; dhvanta,
dark ; 2. become extinguished ; caus.
1. envelope, cover over; 2. blacken,
[perhaps akin w. V dhvans: see dhuma:
cf . AS. dunn, Eng. dun, ' dark, brownish-
black.']
V 2 d h v a n (dhvanati ; dadhvana ; dhvantd
[955a]). sound, resound, [cf. Old Eng.
dune, Eng. din.~\
dhvani, m. sound. [v'2dhvan.]
V dhvr (dhvarati). bend or make crooked ;
cause to fall; harm by deceit. [see
dhurta and dhruti : cf. AS. dwellan,
' lead astray, cause to delay,' Eng. dwell,
intrans., ' delay, linger, abide ' ; Eng. dwaul,
'wander, rave,' dwale, 'stupefying potion';
Dutch dwaal-licht, ' ignis f atuus ' ; Goth.
dvals, 'foolish'; Eng. dull, dol-t ; Ger.
toll, ' mad.']
na [491], end. pron. root of 1st person, see
aham. [w. nas, 'us,' cf. v&, 'we two,'
Lat. nos, 'us.']
na, adv. 1. not [1122b], 3 2 ; -la. in
connected sentences or clauses : repeated
simply: 97 8 , octies ; 62 u>15 , quinquies ;
63 13 - 14 , 71 4 , ter; 4 13 , 17 18 , 74 J , 80 ", bis;
with ca : na , na ca, na ca , 62 16 ;
na , na ca , na % 63 J ; with api : see
api2; with u, 21 u ; Ib. not repeated,
but replaced by api ca or va^api (see these),
2 12 , 63*; Ic. combinations: na ca, 8 16 ;
na ca, 13 7 , 62 16 ; naiva, 22 10 , 23 19 , 96 10 ;
na vai, 92 15 ; na va, 96 12 ; na tu, 64 13 ;
na tv eva tu, see tu ; na ha, 95 1T ; na_iva,
not exactly, 93 5 ; Id. tantamount to a-
in negative cpds [1122b 4 ], as nacira, na-
[179]
[Vnam
tidura, nadhita, etc. ; le. at beg. of
adversative clause: with adversative con/.,
34 10 ; without, 22 20 , 41 13 , 92 16 ; -If. in em-
phatic litotes, 21; Ig. substantive verb to
be supplied, 32 5 (asti); Ih. na precedes
ced, if it belongs to the protasis, 63 9 ; if it
immediately follows ced, it must be joined to
the apodosis, 18 9 ; li. for prohibitive nega-
tive, see ma; Ij. na, 'not,' coalesces met-
rically in Veda w. following initial vowel,
e.g. 70 12 , 71 4 , 83 9 ;
2. like [see 1122d and d 2 ], in this sense
Vedic only, 70 15 ' 18 , 71 7 ' 9 , etc.; na, 'like,'
does not coalesce metrically in Veda w. fol-
lowing initial vowel.
[cf. vr\-, Lat. n&-, negative prefix in
i/T)-/cep8es, 'gain-less,' nff-fas, 'not right,
wrong'; AS. and Old Eng. ne, 'not'; AS.
na (ne +d), 'not ever, never, no,' Eng. no;
Eng. na- in nathless, AS. na \>e Zees, ' not
the less ' ; Eng. n- in n-ever, n-aught, etc.]
nakis, indecl. subst. pron. 1. no one, 78 1 ,
73 M?. _. nothing, 73 '"I; -3. et-en as
ae?y. [see 1117], never, 75 n . [na + kis,
see 504 2 end.]
nakula, m. Viverra ichneumon, an animal
like the polecat, often domesticated, and
a bitter foe of serpents and mice.
nakta, n. night; -am [llllb], by night,
[cf. vvl-, stem VVKT, Lat. nox, stem nocti,
Eng. night.']
V naks (naksati, -te; nanaksa, nanakse).
attain unto; w. dyam, mount up to
heaven. [collateral form of V2na,
' attain.']
naksatra, n. 1. sidus, heavenly body,
in Veda, of sun as well as of stars ; star,
13 3 , 71 12 ; sing, collectively, 78 n ; constel-
lation; 2. asterism of the lunar zodiac,
59 10 . [perhaps the stars are they that
'mount up' to heaven, cf. Vnaks w.
dyam.]
nakha, m. n. nail (on fingers or toes);
claw; talon, [cf. uvv, stem o-wx, Lat.
unguis, ' nail, claw ' ; AS. ntEgel, Eng. nail.~\
nakhin, a. having claws; as m. beast with
claws, [nakha.]
nagara, n., and -ri,f. town, city.
nagaropanta, n. neighborhood of the
town, [upanta.]
na-cira, a. not long; -at, adv. [1114c],
soon. [1122b 4 .]
nata, m. dancer, mime, actor (these form
a very despised caste), [Vnrt.]
nada or nala, m. reed. [Whitney 54: cf.
2 nada and nala.]
V nad (nadati ; nanada, nede; nadita;
-nadya). sound ; roar ; bellow. [see
1 nada and nadf.]
1 nada, m. the bellower, i.e. bull. [Vnad.]
2 nada, m. reed, rush. [cf. nada.]
nadi,f. roaring stream ; river. [Vnad: cf.
Ne'Sa, Ne'Scoi/, names of streams.]
nanandr [3G9 2 ], f. husband's sister.
V nand (nandati, -te; nananda; nandis-
yate; nandita; -nandya). be glad,
-i- abhi, be glad in; greet joyfully.
nandana, a. gladdening; causing joy ; as
m. son, 21 n ; as n. Nandana, or Elysium,
the pleasure ground of the gods, esp. of
Indra, 49 18 . [caus. of Vnand.]
nandi, m. The Gladsome One, euphemis-
tic epithet of the dreadful god, Qiva-
Rudra. [Vnand: cf. giva.]
nandi-deva, m. Xandideva, name of a
Brahman, ['having (yiva as his god.']
nap at, naptr [370], m. 1. in Veda, de-
scendant in general; son; grandson, 87 18 ;
2. in Skt., grandson, 63 9 . [declension:
in Veda, napat, napatam, naptra, naptr-
bhis, etc. ; in Skt., napta, naptaram, nap-
tra, naptrbhis, etc. : see 1182d : cf . vt-rroSfs,
'young ones'; Lat. nepotem, 'grandson';
AS. nefa, ' son's son or brother's son '
supplanted by Old French neveu (Eng.
nephew], which in Old Eng. meant 'son's
son' as well as 'brother's son.']
napti [356], /. daughter, 72 6 ; grand-
daughter. [/. to napat : acct, 355b.]
V nabh (nabhate). burst; tear.
nabhas, n. 1. mist, clouds; 2. atmos-
phere, sky. [cf. vefyos, ve(j>f\T), ' cloud,
mist'; Lat. nubes, 'cloud,' nebula, 'mist';
AS. nifol, ' misty, gloomy ' ; Ger. Nebel,
'mist': for mg2, cf. Ger. Wolken and AS.
wolcnu, 'clouds,' w. Eng. welkin, 'sky.']
nabhas-tala, n. sky-surface, i.e. sky, see
tala.
V nam (namati, -te; nanama, neme [794e];
anansit; nansyati; nata [954d]; nami-
12*
namas]
[180]
turn, nantum ; natva ; -namya ; nama-
yati). bow (intrans.), bend one's self; aim
at a person (gen.) with (instr.), 73 15 ; nata,
bowed down, bending over, 68 19 K. ; cans.
cause to bow, subdue; namyate, is sub-
dued, 31 6 .
+ ava, bow down, 34 17 .
+ a , bow down to.
+ u d , raise one's self up, arise.
+ s a m - u d , rise.
+ nis, bend out; contort one's self.
+ pra, make obeisance before (ace.).
namas, n. bow, obeisance; adoration (by
gesture or word); reverence; used also
like the Lat. gloria in the Gloria patri.
[V nam.]
namas-kara, m. a making of namas;
adoration. [171 3 .]
namas -kr (see Vlkr). do homage, 9 U .
[171 3 , 1092a.]
V namasya( namasy ati ) . pay reverence.
[namas, 1063, 1058.]
namuci, m. Namuchi, name of a demon,
foe of Indra, 81 16 , 97 6 .
nay ana, n. eye. ['leader, organ of sense
that leads/ sfni, 1150. la : for mg, cf.
anana, gatra, car ana, netra.]
nara, m. man, 3 21 , etc.; at 57 5 , the primal
man or spirit. [transition-stem fr. nr,
1209a.]
nara-nari,y. man and woman. [1253a.]
nara-pati, m. lord of men ; king.
nara-vahana, a. subst. having men as
his team, drawn by men; epithet and
name of Kuvera, god of wealth; name
of a king, successor of Qalivahana.
naravahana-datta, m. Naravahanadat-
ta, name of a son of king Udayana.
naravahanadatta-carita, n. adven-
tures of X.
naravahanadattacaritamaya, f. -i, a.
containing the adventures of N. [1225 :
see maya.]
nara-vyaghra, m. man-tiger, i.e. brave
and noble man. [cf . naragardula : 1280b.]
nara-gardula, m. man-tiger, i.e. best
among men. [cf. naravyaghra : 1280b.]
nara-grestha, a. subst. best of men.
nara-sunu, /. daughter of the primal
man or spirit.
naradhipa, m. lord of men, i.e. king
prince, [adhipa.]
naregvara, m. lord of men, i.e. king,
prince. [Igvara.]
narottama, a. subst. best of men. [ut-
tama.]
narmada, a. granting or causing fun;
making gladness; f. -da, Xarmada (called
also Reva), the modern Nerbudda river.
[narman + da.]
narman, n. fun.
n a 1 a , m. reed ; Nala, name of a prince of
Nishadha. [cf. nada, Vedic nala.]
nalopakhyana, n. Nala-episode, I 1 .
[upakhyana.]
1 nava, a. new; of an earthen dish, (fresh,
i.e.) unburned. [prob. fr. mi, 'now/ q.v. :
cf. vfos, Lat. novus, Ger. neu, Eng. new."]
2 nava [483 *], num. nine. [cf. tvvta, Lat.
novem, Ger. neun, Eng. nine.']
n a v a t i [485], f. ninety. [2 nava.]
nava-nlta, n. fresh butter. [perhaps
' fresh-brought/ as we say ' bring the but-
ter, i.e. make it come/ in churning.]
navedas, a. perhaps well-knowing, cogni-
zant of (gen.), [apparently fr. an affirma-
tive particle na-, and vedas : see 1296 3
end.]
V Inag (nagyati ; nanaga, negus; anagat ;
nanksyati [936]; nasta; nagayati). be
missing ; get lost ; vanish ; perish, be
ruined, [cf . ven-pos, ' dead ' ; Lat. nex,
' death ' ; nocere, ' harm.']
+ vi, get lost; perish; caus. cause to dis-
appear; bring to nought, 81 20 .
V 2nag (nagati, -te; nanaga; anat [833]).
attain ; reach, come up to, 74 J ; w. accha,
draw hither, 76 u . [see V 1 ag, ' reach ' : cf .
Lat. nac-tus sum, ' am having reached ' ;
AS. nedh, comp. near, superl. nedhst, Eng.
nigh, near (as comp., Macbeth ii. 3. 146),
next ; AS. ge-neah, ' it reaches, es reicht, it
suffices'; ge-noh, Eng. e-nough.~\
+ pra, reach to, hit; fall upon, 78 8 .
nas [397], /. nose. [nom. dual, nasa: cf.
Lat. nas-turcium, ' nose-teaser, nasturtium ' ;
ndr-es, ' nostrils ' ; AS. nosu, Eng. nose ;
nos-tril, 'nose-thrill, nose-hole.']
nas [491], end. pron. form of \st pers. [cf.
v(>, ' we two ' ; Lat. nos, ' us.']
[181]
[Vnind
nasa, for nas in cpds [1315c].
V nah (nahyati [761c]; naddha [223 8 ];
-nahya). bind; join, [despite naddha (a
poss. false formation), and Avestan nazda
( Morphologische Untersuchungen, iii. 144),
probably for *nagh : cf. Lat. nec-t-ere,
'bind.']
+ u p a , tie on, lace.
nahi, adv. not, to be sure; nahf me asti,
to be sure, I have no . [na + hi, 1122a
and b 4 : acct of verb, 595d.]
nahusa, m. Nahusha, name of an ancient
king, [perhaps 'neighbor,' from nahus,
and in that case a transfer-form (1209b).]
nahus, m. neighbor. [Vnah.]
n iika, m. vault of heaven, firmament.
natidura, . not very far. [na + ati-
dura, 1122b 4 .]
V nath (nathate ; nathita ; nathitum;
-nathya). turn with supplication to.
nath a, n. a refuge; as m. protector;
lord, [v/nath.j
nadhita, a. un-learned. [na + adhita,
v'i: 1122b 4 .]
nabhi, f. 1. navel; 2. nave or hub.
[cf. ofj.cj>-a\6s, Lat. umb-ilicus, AS. naf-ela,
Eng. navel ; also AS. naf-u, Eng. nave.']
nabhi-vardhana, n. the cutting of the
navel (-string).
nama-dheya, n. the name-giving, nam-
ing, 59 9 ; name, 17 9 , GO 22 , [naman.]
Hainan, n. 1. distinguishing character-
istic; form; -2. name, 13 8 , 60 21b , 78 9 ,
61 9 ; nama grah, (take i.e.) mention the
name, 64 13 ; personal name (e.g. deva-
datta), as distinguished from the gotra
or ' family name ' (e.g. kagyapa, ' descen-
dant of Ka9yapa'), 103 19 N. ; at end of
cpds, having as name, named , so 11
times, e.g. 19 u ; 3. nama, adv. [llllb],
by name, so 19 times, e.g. I 3 , 60 2U , 94 16 ;
also munna, 56 5 ; w. interrogatives, pray,
54 16 . [origin unknown: cf. o-po/xa, Lat.
nomen, Eng. name.]
nara, 1. a. human; 2. as m. man;
narl, /. woman, I 9 , 86 18 , etc.; wife,
[nr, 1208b : for mg 2, cf . manava.]
nara da, m. Narada, name of an ancient
devarsi (see note to 1 u ), who often appears
on the earth to bring news from the gods,
and returns to heaven with reports from
men.
n a r a y a n a , m. Narayana, son of the pri-
mal man. [simply a patronymic of nara,
see 1219.]
nava,/. ship, [transfer-form (1209,399)
fr. nau, nav.]
nag a, m. loss; destruction, [v/nag, 'be
missing.']
nasa, dual f. the two nostrils, the nose,
[transfer-form (399) fr. nas, strong nas.]
nasika,/. nostril; dual, the two nostrils;
the nose, [nasa, 1222c 1.]
nastika, a. subst. atheist, infidel, not be-
lieving the Vedas and Puranas. [fr.
na + asti, ' there is not,' 1314b.]
nahusa, m. descendant of Xahusha, pa-
tronymic of Yayati. [nahusa, 1208 and f .]
ni, prep, down; in, into. [cf. tvi, 'in';
Eng. ne-ther, be-nea-th.']
nikata, a. near; as n. neighborhood;
presence. [1245g.]
nikhila, a. entire; all. [perhaps for
nih-khila, ' without a gap,' nis + khila :
1305 - end.]
nija, a. own; belonging to our party, 24 6 ;
nijo ripus, foe in one's own camp, 37 15 ;
often used as reflexive possessive pron., my
own, his own, our own, etc., or rather,
my (47 17 ), his (50 u , 53 12 , 56 4 ' 6 ), etc.
[perhaps 'in-born,' fr. ni +ja.]
ninya, a. inner; hidden, 70 20 ; as n. secret,
78 3 . [ni.]
nitya,a. 1. own (Vedic), 79 16 ; 2. con-
stant; eternal, 57 7 ; -am, adv. constantly,
always, 17 16 , 64 19 . [in mg 1, fr. ni, 'in,'
1245b, and so signifying 'inward, not
alien.']
nitya-kala, m. uninterrupted time ; -am,
adv. always, under all circumstances, 60 6 .
nitya-snayin, a. constantly making
sacred ablutions. [1279.]
V nid or nind (nindati; nininda ; anindlt;
nindita ; -nindya). blame ; reproach,
[cf. ovfiSos, ' reproach.']
n i d r a , /. sleep. [V 2 dra, ' sleep,' + ni.]
nidhana, ra. n. end; death, 5 19 . [perhaps
f r. V dha + ni, ' put down or out of the
way,' ' make an end of.']
v nind, see nid.
nindaka]
[182]
nindaka, a. subst. scoffer. [Vnid, nind.]
nibandhana, n. a binding, ligation, 59 3 ;
that on which a thing is fastened or
rests or depends, condition, means, 46 7 .
[Vbandh + ni.]
nibhrta, a. (borne down, lowered, i.e.)
hidden; -am, adv. secretly. [Vbhr + ni.]
nimajjana, n. bathing. [Vmajj +ni.]
nimitta, n. mark (for shooting at) ; sign,
token; occasion or cause; -am, -ena, ad-
verbially, because of; tannimittam, -ena,
because of this, on account of this.
nimesa, m. closing or winking of the eyes.
[Vmis -t-ni.]
n i y o g a , m. a fastening on ; injunction,
and so, commission ; business, 30 6 . [V yuj
+ ni: for mg, cf. alicui injungere labor em,
' fasten or impose a task on a person.']
nir , for nis before sonants [174] ; see nis.
nir-antara, a. without interval or free
space ; completely filled, 53 10 ; continuous ;
uninterrupted, 56 12 .
nir-apaya, a. without failure or danger;
infallible or safe.
nir-apeksa, a. without regard or expec-
tation ; regardless, 52 20 ; not expecting
anything from another, independent, 31 n .
[apeksa, 334 2 .]
nir-amisagin, a. not meat-eating, [see
nis 3.]
nir-ahara, a. without food, abstaining
from food.
nir-ukta, a. spoken out; loud; clear;
os n. explanation ; etymological interpre-
tation of a word ; esp. Nirukta, title of a
commentary to the nighantavas or Vedic
Glossary. [V vac + nis. ]
n i r - r t i ,/. dissolution ; destruction. [Vr +
nis, 1157. Id.]
nir-guna, a. without a string, 18 5 ; void
of good qualities, 18 5 ; worthless, bad.
nir-nama, m. contortion, sinuosity.
[V nam + nis.]
nir-dhana, a. without money.
nir-buddhi, a. without wit, stupid.
nir-bhara, a. 1. without measure,
much ; -am, adv. very ; -am prasupta,
fast asleep ; 2. full of.
nir-niala, a. without impurity; pure;
clear.
nir-laksya, a. not to be perceived,
avoiding notice, [see nis 3.]
nir-vanga, a. without family; alone in
the world.
nir-vata, a. windless; sheltered.
nir-vigesa,a. without distinction; undis-
tinguished; alike; like.
nirvigesakrti, a. having like appear-
ance, looking just alike, [akrti.]
nivara, m. the warding off. [Vlvr,
'cover,' + ni.]
nivita, ppl. hung, i.e. draped, with hang-
ings, esp. with the sacred cord ; as n.
[1176a], the wearing the sacred cord about
the neck ; the sacred cord itself. [V vya +
ni.]
nivrtta, ppl. 1. turned away; esp. of
an action which is turned away, i.e. not
directed (to any ulterior purpose or ob-
ject), free from hope of reward in this
world or the next, disinterested, opp. of
pravrtta, q.v.; 2. having turned away
from, and so abstaining from, 29 3 . [Vvrt
niv6gana, n. a going in and settling down
to rest ; resting-place ; sleeping-place, bed,
105 8 ; dwelling, 8 6 . Vvig + ni: for mg,
cf. bhavana.]
nig [397], /. night, [cf. nakta.]
n i g a , f. night, [cf . nig, nakta.]
nigcaya, m. (ascertainment, determina-
tion, i.e.) a fixed opinion or a firm resolve.
[poss. fr. v!3ci, 'notice, look,' + nis; but
better, perhaps, fr. V 1 ci + nis, and so,
' an un-piling, i.e. discrimination, determi-
nation.']
nigcala, a. not moving, [nis + cala : see
nis 3.]
nigcita, ppl. determined, decided; -am,
adv. decidedly, surely, [see under nig-
caya.]
nihgreyasa, a. without a superior, i.e.
best; as n. final beatitude, [nis + grey-
asa: acct, 1305 3 .]
nihgvasa, m. breathing out, expiration;
sigh. [V gvas + nis. ]
nihgvasa-parama, a. having sighs as
chief thing, much addicted to sighing.
[1302b.]
nisadha, m. pi. the Nishadhans, name of
[183]
[mlavarna
a people ; Nishadha, name of a country,
1 7 N., 4 3 .
nisadhadhipa, m. .ruler or king of the
Nishadhans. [adhjpa.]
nisudana, m. finisher (in its colloquial
sense), one who makes an end of, de-
stroyer. [V sud + ni.]
niseka, m. an injecting, esp. of semen,
impregnation; the ceremony performed
upon impregnation. [V sic + ni.]
nisevin, a. devoting one's self to; co-
habiting with, 67 22 . [Vsev + ni.]
niskramana, n. the stepping out; esp.
the first going out with a child. [Vkram
+ nis.]
nistha, a. resting upon. [Vstha + ni,
333.]
nisphala, a. fruitless, 63 10 ; vain, 68 ".
[nis + phala.]
nis, adv. prep. 1. out, forth; 2. in
cpds [1305 2 end], having away, with-
out , e.g. nirantara ; 3. in cpds, not,
e.g. nigcala.
V m (nayati, -te ; ninaya [800b], ninye ;
anaisit, anesta [882]; nesyati, -te; nita;
netum ; nitva ; -niya ; niyate ; naydyati
[1042b]). lead, 24 15 ; guide; conduct,
85 20 ; carry, 39 19 , etc.; carry off, 36 15 ,
43 17 ; vyaghratam ni, bring to tiger-ness,
change into a tiger ; vagam ni, bring into
one's power.
+ anu, (draw along toward one, i.e.)
try to win or conciliate by friendly words.
-f abhi, bring hither to.
+ a , bring to, 29 u ; bring, 31 9 ; bring
(one liquid) into (another, loc.), mix, 101 u ;
caus. cause to be fetched, 50 5 .
+ u d , bring up ; rescue (as a drowning
man from the water), 90 10 .
+ u p a , take unto one's self, of the
teacher who receives a youth of one of
the three free castes as pupil, and at the
same time invests him with the sacra-
mental cord, thus conferring spiritual re-
birth, and making him a full member of
his caste ; see upanayana ; upanita, in-
vested with the sacramental cord.
+ pari, lead around (a cow, steer), 91 u ,
105 M ; esp. lead a bride around the fire
(as wedding ceremony), page 99.
+ pra,l. bring forward ; 2. as litur-
gical terminus technicus, convey the sacri-
ficial fire and water to their places on and
near the altar; pranitas (sc. apas), holy
water; 3. bring forward (one's feelings),
i.e. come out with or manifest one's affec-
tion, 9 15 .
+ vi, lead; guide; train; discipline.
ni [352], vbl. bringing, in vaani. [Vni.]
nica, a. low, not high ; morally and
socially low. [inorganic transfer-form
(1209a) fr. nic-a, q.v.]
nica, adv. down, low. [adverbially ac-
cented instr. instead of nic-a, 1112e
fr. ny-anc.]
nica-vayas [418], a. whose strength is
low; exhausted. [1306.]
nida, Vedic nila, m. n. 1. (place for
settling down, i.e.) resting-place; 2. esp.
bird's nest, [for ni-zd-a, i.e. ni-s(a)d-a
198b 3 V sad + ni : cf . Lat. nidus,
Ger. Nest, Eng. nest: for 1, see Whitney
54.]
nida-garbha, m. nest-interior.
niti,/. 1. co'nduct, esp. right and saga-
cious conduct; the knowledge of all that
governs virtuous and discreet and states-
man-like behavior; political and social
ethics ; 2. leading. [V ni, ' conduct.']
niti-jna, a. knowing how to conduct
one's self discreetly.
niti-vidya, f. knowledge of niti or
political and social ethics, esp. as it con-
cerns princes.
niti-Qastra, n. doctrine or science of
political and social ethics.
nitha, m. a leading; nitha, n. (way, and
so, like the German Weise) a musical air,
song. [Vni, 1163a.]
nira, n. water.
nirasa, a. sapless, dried up; tasteless;
insipid, 54 ". [nis + rasa, 174, 179.]
niruj, a. without disease; healthy, 22 s .
[nis+riij, 174, 179.]
nila, a. dark-colored, esp. dark blue; as n.
indigo ; nfli, / indigo, [hence, through
the Arabic an-nil, for al-nil, 'the indigo-
plant,' come Eng. anil and aniline.']
nila-pata, m. dark garment.
nlla-varna, a. blue-colored.
nilasarhdhanabhanda]
[184]
nilasamdhana-bhanda, n. vat for the
mixing, i.e. preparing of indigo,
nillbhanda-svamin, m. indigo-vat-pro-
prietor.
nivara, m. wild rice; sing, the plant; pi.
the grains,
nil a, see mda.
> nn (navate; nunava: anusta; nuta;
-mitya). cry aloud; shout; exult; praise.
+ pra, murmur; hum; esp. utter the
sacred syllable om.
nu, adv. la. now, at once, temporal ; Ib.
now, confirmative ; adha nu, so now, 79 8 ;
Ic. now, introductory, 70 * ; Id. so
then, in encouraging or summoning; le.
now, pray, in questions, 5 21 , 7 18 , 51 20 , 74 8 ,
78 12 ; 2. asseverative : nakir nu, surely
no one or nothing, 73 20 ; ma nu, in order
that surely not, 86 10 ; 3. w. relatives :
ya nu, whatsoever, 74 2 ; yan nu, i.e. yat
nu, as long soever as, 79 13 . [in V. often
nu: cf. vv, vvv, Lat. nun-c, Ger. nu, nun,
AS. nu, nu, Eng. now: see also nava,
nutana, nunam.]
V nud (nudati, -te ; nun6da, nunud6 ;
anutta [881]; notsyati, -te; nutta, nun-
na; -nddya). push; thrust.
--par a, thrust away; move from its
place.
+ p r a , push forward ; set in motion.
4-vi, drive asunder or away ; turn away,
esp. from cares, like the Eng. di-vert;
amuse. [for mg, cf. also dis-port and
s-port.~\
n u d a , a. dispelling, in cpds. [V nud.]
nutana, a. of now ; recent ; young, [nu,
1245e.]
niinam, adv. now. [nu, 1109.]
nf [370, 371 5 - 9 - 10 ], m. man; hero; used
also of gods: of the Maruts, 74*, 77 18 .
[cf . arfip, stem avtp, ' man ' ; Old Lat. nero,
stem neron, 'manly, strong'; Lat. Nero.~\
nr-caksas, a. men-beholding. [1296 3 .]
V nrt (nftyati, -te ; nanarta ; anartit ;
nartisyati ; nrttd ; nartitum ; nart-
itva). dance.
nrti, /. dance. [Vnrt, 1155. 1.]
nr - p a , m. protector of men, i.e. prince, king,
nr-pati, m. lord of men, i.e. prince, king.
[acct, 1267a.]
nrmna, n. virtus, manliness, courage,
strength, [fr. nr (1224c), as virtus fr.
vir.~\
nr-Qansa, a. man-cursing; malicious.
netavya, grdv. to be carried. [Vni.]
netra, n. eye. ['leader,' Vni, 1185a: for
mg, cf. nayana.]
n 6 d , adv. lest, in order that not, w. accented
verb (595d) in the subjunctive (581c), 84 ".
n e d y a , grdv. to be blamed. [V nid, 963d.]
n e mi, / felly, rim. [nam, 1155.]
nairukta, a. pertaining to the Nirukta;
as m. an etymologist, [nirukta, 1208f .]
naisadha. a. pertaining to Nishadha ; as
m. prince of the Jsishadhans, i.e. Xala.
[nisadha, 1208f.]
n6, adv. and not, 21 u ; no ced, and if not,
see ced. [na + tu]
nau, see 491.
nau [361a], /. boat; ship. [cf. vavs, Lat.
navis, ' ship ' ; perhaps AS. naca, ' skiff ' :
perhaps 'the swimmer,' Vsnu, cf. Vsna.]
nyag-r6dha, m. Ficus indica, banyan
tree. [ ' downwards - growing ' : nyanc
(1249a) + rodha.]
nyanc [409b], a. directed downwards, [ni
+ anc, 407.]
nyayd, m. 1. (that to which a thing
goes back, i.e.) rule, norm; 2. (that in
which a thing goes, i.e.) way; 3. esp.
the right way, propriety. [Vi + ni,
1148.2.]
nyayya, a. regular, normal, right; -am,
adv. rightly; properly, [nyaya, 1211.]
nyasa, m. a putting down, commitment.
[V 2 as + ni, ' throw down.']
1 pa, vbl. drinking, in cpds. [VI pa, 333.]
2 pa, vbl. keeping, keeper, in cpds. [V2pa,
333.]
paksa, m. 1. wing, 93 2 ; 2. side, of a
door or of the hair of the head ; 3. half,
esp. of a lunar month, 27 1 , 57 19 , cf. krsna-.
gukla-; 4. side, i.e. party, 37 18 .
paksa-bala, n. strength of wing.
paksin, a. winged, 92 19 ; as m. bird, 2 M .
[paksa.]
[185]
[pati
paksimrgata, f. condition of bird or
of beast. [fr. paksin + mrga : 1237,
1252.]
paksi-c,avaka, m. young of a bird;
birdling. [paksin.]
pa iika, n. mud, mire.
panktf, f. set or series or row of five;
row in general, [panca, 1157.4.]
pankti-krama, m. order of a row;
-ena, in a row, 39 M .
V pac (pacati, -te; papaca, pec6 [794e];
apaksit; paksyati, -te; paktum; pak-
tva). cook, by baking or boiling or
roasting ; ripen. [cf . irfffcrw, ' cook ' ;
vfv-wv, 'ripe'; Lat. coquo, 'cook'; bor-
rowed AS. noun coc, Eng. cook.']
+ v i , cook thoroughly ; pass, be brought
to maturity; ripen (of an action), i.e.
come to its consequences or issue.
panca [483 3 ], num. five. [cf. ireVre, Aeolic
ire'yuire, Lat. quinque, Goth, fimf, AS. flf,
Eng. Jive.']
panca-tantra, n. Panchatantra, name
of a collection of fables, ['having five
divisions or books.']
panca-tapas, a. having five fires, of an
ascetic who sits between four fires, one at
each cardinal point, and with the burning
sun above.
pancatva, n. fiveness ; esp. dissolution
of the body into the five elements (earth,
water, fire, air, ether, see bhuta and 66 5 N.),
i.e. death; w. gam, die. [panca, 1239.]
panca-pada,/ -I, a. having (taken) five
steps, [acct, 1300.]
pancama, f. -i, a. fifth, [panca, 487 6 .]
panca-yama, a. having five courses,
[acct, 1300.]
panca-girsa, a. five-headed. [girsan,
1315a.]
V pat (patayati, etc.). split, slit.
+ ud, open out.
pat a, m. woven stuff ; cloth; garment.
patala, n. veil; cover, [cf. pata.]
p a t u , a. 1. sharp ; and so 2. Jig.
(nearly like Eng. sharp), clever.
V path (pathati; papatha; pathita; path-
itva; pathayati). read aloud, 54 23 , 55 9 ;
recite, 17 11 ; repeat to one's self, study,
22 u ; cans, teach to talk, 19 15 .
V pan (panati, -te; panita). 1. bargain;
buy; 2. bet, wage, stake, play. [prob.
for *paln : cf . irfpinj/^L and ir<a\f(a, ' sell ' ;
Ger.feil, 'for sale, venal.']
+ a, in apana, ' market.'
+ vi, sell.
pana, m. 1. bargain, stipulation, 45 u ;
2. wage, gage, prize; 3. a certain
coin, 47 16 . [Vpan.]
pani, m. 1. bargainer, who gives nought
without return ; chafferer, haggler, and so
2. niggard; esp. one who is stingy to-
wards the gods, an impious person ; 3. a
malicious demon. [Vpan.]
pandita, a. learned; as m. learned man,
Anglo-Indian pandit.
pandita-sabha, /. assembly of pandits.
panya, grdv. to be bargained for or bar-
tered ; as n. article of trade. [Vpan, 963.]
V pat (patati, -te; papata, petus [794e];
apaptat ; patisyati ; patita ; patitum ;
patitva ; -patya ; patayati, -te). 1. fly ;
move swiftly through the air; 2. de-
scend, let one's self down ; cast one's
self at, 26 8 ; 3. fall down, tumble down,
34 8 , 40 2 - 5 ; fall (morally), fall from one's
caste; fall down (dead); 4. fall upon,
be directed to, 13 6 ; 5. fall or get into,
22 s - 9 ; cans, cause to fly; hurl (a curse),
49". [cf. vfTOfuu, 'fly'; vl-vru, 'fall';
Lat. peto, ' fall upon, make for, seek ' : see
also pattra.]
+ a n u , fly after, pursue.
+ ud, fly up.
+ sam-ud, fly or spring up together,
3 6 , 8".
+ ni, fly down; light, 3 8 ; tumble into,
36 1S ; caws, cause to fall; kill, 32 n , 33 17 .
+ s a m - n i , fall together, 99 20 ; come
together; cans, bring together or convene,
9 19 .
+ para, fly off, 93 l .
patatra, n. wing. [Vpat, 1185d.]
patatrin,a. winged; as m. bird, [pata-
tra.]
pa tana, n. fall. [Vpat.]
pati [343b], m. 1. master, possessor;
lord; ruler, 4 2 ; 2. then (like Eng. lord),
husband, 9 7 , 89 5 , 86 19 , 64 ". [cf. w6 ff is,
'husband'; Lat. impos, stem irn-pot, 'not
patighni]
[186]
master of; Goth.fafrs in bru}>-fa\>-s, 'bride-
groom.']
pati-ghni, a. f. husband-slaying, [for-
mally a fern, to pati-han, 402.]
patitva, n. condition of spouse; wedlock.
[patL]
pati-loka, m. husband's place, abode of
the husband in the future life.
pati-sthana, n. husband's place.
pat isthaniya, a. belonging to or in
the husband's place ; as m. husband's
representative, [patisthana, 1215.]
pattra, n. 1. feather; wing; 2.
(plumage of a tree, i.e.) leaf for mg, cf.
parna ; 3. a leaf for writing on ; a
written leaf, 54 19 . [V pat : cf . irrep6v,
'wing'; Lat. penna and Old Lat. pesna
(for *petna), 'wing'; Ger. Fed-er, Eng.
feath-er.~\
pattra-aka, n. leaf -vegetable, a vege-
table consisting chiefly of leaves.
patni, / 1. mistress, lady; 2. then
(like Eng. lady), wife. [fern, to pati, just
as Trd-rvia., ' lady/ is to ir<J<m.]
patsutah-gi [352], a. lying at the feet.
patsutas, adv. at the feet. [fr. patsii,
loc. pi. of pad, 1098b.]
path [433], same as panthan.
patha, for path in cpds [1315c].
path! [433], same as panthan.
pathi-raksi, a. guarding the paths,
[panthan, 1249a : acct, 1276.]
pathya, a. (pertaining to the way, course,
or progress of a thing, and so) suitable,
wholesome ; pathya, f. pathway, [path,
1212d 1.]
V pad (padyate; papada, ped6 [794e];
apatta [882] ; patsyate, -ti ; panna
[957d] ; pat turn ; -padya ; padayati).
1. go, step, tread, only w. prepositions
and in derivatives; 2. fall, sink down
(from fatigue), perish, [connection be-
tween 1 and 2 not clear: uncompounded
verb very rare : see under pdd and
pada.]
+ a, come unto; get into (a condition);
esp. get in trouble.
-I- v y - a , fall away, perish ; cans, destroy ;
kill.
+ ud, go forth or out of; come into
existence ; be produced ; utpannam an-
nam, food (not cooked for the occasion,
but) already on hand, 104 l ; utpanne
karye, when the emergency has arisen,
38 u ; caws, engender, 23 8 ; produce ;
get, 42 17 .
-t-praty-ud, in ppl. pratyutpanna,
ready or on hand to meet an emergency.
+ upa, fall upon; happen, take place,
100 10 ; come to, get at, reach ; upapanna,
(having gotten at [952 2 ], i.e.) in posses-
sion of, endowed with, 1 *, 2 3 .
+ prati, 1. step to; enter upon, 66 18 ;
2. get into (a condition), 49 15 ; get at,
acquire, attain, 98 n ; get back again, 60 17 ;
3. go to meet, and so (like the Lat.
ac-cedere), accede, yield; say yes to; con-
sent, 48 12 .
+ vi, fall asunder, 93 9 ; come to nought,
get into trouble.
sam, 1. turn out well, succeed,
prosper; 2. become, 45 12 , 47 18 ; 3. fall
together, be united with; sampanna, en-
dowed with, 2 10 .
pad [391], m. foot. [V pad : cf . W5-o, Lat.
pffd-em, Eng.ybof.]
pada, n. -1. step, 17 21 , 99 s23 ; -2. foot-
step; 3. foot, 86 6 ; 4. standing-place,
stead, place; home, 56 4 ; station, position,
41 1 . [Vpad: cf. WSov, 'ground'; Lat.
op-pedum, op-pidum, 'town, (on or over the
field)'; peda, 'footprint'; AS. fozt, 'step,
going, journey,' whence fetian, 'go for,'
Eng. fetch.]
p a d m a , m. n. lotus, Nelumbium speciosum
(not the plant, but the flower, which closes
at evening).
padma-garbha, a. containing lotuses;
Lotus-filled, name of a lake, [see garbha
2-]
padma-raga, a. having the color of a
lotus ; as m. ruby. [1296.]
panthan [433], m. road, path, way. [cf.
TTOTOS, ' path ' ; Lat. pont-em, ' path, bridge ':
Eng. path and Ger. Pfad, if they belong
here at all, must be regarded as very early
borrowings, fr. the Greek irdros, or poss.
from the Scythian.]
pant ha [433 5 ], same as panthan.
pay as, n. milk.
[187]
[paridhi
payo-mukha, a. having milk on the
face or surface, [payas, 1303.]
para [525 4 ], a. 1. far, distant, more dis-
tant, further off, 86 4 ; -2. following,
later, future ; 3. being beyond, surpass-
ing, summus ; chief, 68 7 ; best, 36 10 ; ut-
most, 1 13 ; greatest, 44 17 ; highest, 103 u ;
at end of cpds [1302b], having as chief
thing, given over to , devoted to ;
4. a. and subst. other, 64 13 ; eka para,
the one the other, 53 19 ; another, 30 22 ;
strange, hostile ; stranger, 24 6 ; foe, 29 10 ,
37 19 . [V 2 pr, ' bring across ' ; cf . Wpd,
' beyond ' ; Lat. peren-die, ' the day after/
i.e. ' day after to-morrow ' ; Eng. far and
/ore.]
par a -d a r a, m. pi. another's wife,
para-dravya, n. pi. another's property.
para-pakaa, m. party of the foe.
para-patni,/. wife of a stranger.
par am, adv. beyond; w. abl. [1128], after,
60 2 \ [para, llllc.]
pa ram a [525 3 ], a. 1. farthest, extreme,
last ; of heaven, highest, 83 13 ; so 85 3 ;
2. chief est, 29 l ; supreme; most excel-
lent, 15 1T ; at end of cpds [1302b], having
as supreme object, devoted to ; 3.
advly in cpds, before an adj. [1279], highly,
exceedingly, [para, 474.]
parama-gobhana, a. exceedingly beau-
tiful.
paramangana,/. most excellent woman,
[angana.]
paramegvara, m. supreme lord. [15-
vara.]
parame-athin, a. standing in the high-
est place ; supreme, as epithet of Praja-
pati. [parame (1250c) i-sthin, 186.]
para-loka, m. the other or future
world.
paras, adv. far; in the distance; beyond;
w. advly used instr. [1127] ena, beyond
here, i.e. beyond, RV. x. 125. 8. [see
para.]
parastat, adv. beyond; afterwards, at
the end. [pards, HOOb.]
paras-para, one another; parasparam
and parasparatas, adv. with one another ;
mutually, [an agglomeration (1314c) of
paras (nom. s. m. of para) and para: the
syntactical forms sometimes correspond to
the logical relation of the two parts so,
e.g., in parasparam nindanti, ' they scold,
the one the other ' but have come to
be stereotyped and used often where the
logical relation would require other case-
forms : cf. anyonya.]
parasparadin.a. devouring one another,
[adin.]
para, adv. to a distance, away, forth, [cf.
irapd, w. gen., 'away from, from beside 'j
Lat. per- in per-lre and Ger. ver-in ver-ijehen,,
'pass away, perish '; Eng. for- in for-bear,,
'hold off from.']
parakrama, m. s. and pi. bold advance;
courage; strength, [v'kram + para.]
paran-mukha, a. having the face
averted; turning the back upon, avoiding.
[paranc, 1249a, 217, 161.]
paranc [409a], f. paraci, a. directed away ;
averted; turning the back, [para + anc,
407.]
parartha, m. the sake of others; -am,
-e, adv. for others, [artha, 1302c4.]
paravat,/. the distance, [para, 383d 1,
12451]
pari, adv. around; prep. w. abl.: from
around, 87 8 ; from, 75 15 . [cf . irepl,
' around.']
parigha, m. iron bar for locking a gate.
[Vhan + pari, 1143c, 333: for mg, cf. Ger.
Schlag, ' coach-door/ and schlagen, ' strike ' :
force of prep, unclear.]
parighopama, a. like iron bars, fupama,
334 2 .]
pari -j ana, m. the surrounding folk,
TrepiVoAoi , retinue. [1289a.]
p a r i - j a t a, a. completely grown. [1289a/J
parineya, grdv. to be led around. [Vni
+ pari.]
parityaga, m. relinquishment. [v'tyaj
+ pari.]
paridevita, n. lament. [V2div, 'lament,'
+ pari, 1176a.]
paridhi, m. (a put-around, i.e.) enclosure,
fence, protection, 86 10 ; in the language of
the sacrifice, the three green sticks laid
about the altar fire and supposed to hold
it together, 105 13 - 3 . [\fldha, ' put,' +
pari, 1155. 2e.]
paripanthin]
[188]
paripanthin, a. besetting the path; as
m. waylayer. [pari + panthan, 1310a
and c end.]
paribhu [352], a. being around, encom-
passing. [Vbhu + pari, 323.]
pari-vatsard, m. a full year. [1289.]
parivartin, a. turning round, circling,
constantly returning into itself. [V vrt +
pari.]
parivara, m. that which surrounds, i.e.
retinue. [V 1 vr, ' cover,' + pari.]
pari grit, f. (encloser, i.e.) one of the
little stones by which the sacrificial altar is
surrounded. [Vgri + pari, 'enclose': 383b.]
parisamkhya, f. complete tale or enu-
meration ; sum. [V khya + pari-sam.]
par us a, a. knotty, rough, harsh, [parus,
1209b.]
parus, n. knot ; joint, of a plant or of the
body, [perhaps ' a fullness,' V 1 pr, ' fill ' :
cf. parvan.]
par6ksa, a. beyond the eye, out of sight,
invisible ; -e, adv. [1116], behind one's
back, [for paro 'ksa, i.e. paras + aksa,
'eye': 1310a.]
paroksartha, m. invisible thing, the
invisible, [artha.]
parkati, f. waved-leaved fig-tree, Ficus
infectoria.
parna, n. 1. wing; plume, feather;
2. leaf for mg, cf. pattra. [v'*spr
(1177a), see under Vsphur: cf. Lithuanian
spdrna, ' wing ' ; Ger. Farn, Eng. fern, so
called (like irrepis, 'fern,' cf. irrepSv,
'feather,') from its feathery fronds.]
paryalocana, n. deliberation; -&,f. plan,
consilium. [Vloc + pary-a, 1150. 2a 2 .]
parvata, 1. a. consisting of knots or
ragged masses, used of a mountain, giri ;
as m. 2. mountain, 27 6 , 92 19 ; hill;
3. cloud-mountain, 70 2 ; 4. rock or
bowlder, 86 n ; 5. Parvata, name of a
Rishi, companion of Narada (q.v.), 5 9 . [fr.
parvan, cf. 1245c: cf. Tlappaffia (ttrapfarta),
sc. ir6\is, i.e. ' Hil-ton.']
parvata-kandara, n. mountain-cave,
parvata-gikhara, m. n. hill-top,
parvatopatyaka,/. mountain-lowland,
lowland by a mountain range, [upat-
yaka.]
parvan, n. knot, joint, ['fullness,' Vlpr,
'fill,' 1169. la: cf. parus. J
pargu,/ rib; sickle.
V palay (palay ate; palay am cakre ; apa-
layista ; palayisyati, -te ; palayita ;
palayitum; palayya). flee; depart, cease,
40 19 . [quasi-root f r. v' i, ' go,' + para,
' away,' see 1087c and c 2 : quite different
is V palaya, ' protect.']
palay ana, n. flight. [V palay.]
pavana, n. instrument for purifying;
winnowing-fan. [v'pu, 1150.]
V Ipag, orig. spag (p4gyati, -te; in Veda:
paspage ; dspasta [834c] ; spasta ; later :
dadarga, etc.). 1. see; 2. perceive;
behold; -3. look; -4. look on, 39 7 ;
gaze, 13 7 ; 5. (see, i.e.) experience, 20 1G ,
35 !; -6. look upon, 21 , 40 15 ; consider
as; 7. see with the spiritual eye (as
seers and poets), 94 9 . [for the initial s,
see the perfect and vi-spasta: cf. <rKr-
r-ofuu, ' look about ' ; Lat. specid, ' behold ' ;
Ger. spoken, ' spy,' Old High Ger. spehon,
whence, through Old French espier, the
Eng. espy, and shortened spy.']
anu, look along or spy out (e.g. a
path for some one, i.e.), disclose or show,
83 7 .
-f v i, see in places apart, distinguish, see
clearly ; vispasta, clear.
V 2pag, fasten, bind, in derivs, see pagii,
paga. [cf . irdffffa\os, #ira.K-ja\os, ' peg ' ;
Lat. pac-iscor, 'bind myself, agree'; pax,
'agreement, peace'; pang-ere, 'make fast/
pac-tum, 'agreed upon'; Goth, fah-an, AS.
Jon, tjoh-an, ' fasten on, take hold of ' ;
Eng. verbyan^, ' seize,' noun yam?, ' seizing-
tooth'; connection of fing-er ('grasper,
holder'?), doubtful: cf. also Goth, fagrs,
'fitting,' AS.fcegr, Eng./azV; AS.ge-feyan,
Eng. /ay, Ger.fuyen, ' fit together,' trans.,
and Eng. fudge, ' fit together or agree/
intrans.]
pagti, m. cattle, 90 2 a single head or a
herd; domestic animal (opp. to mrga,
'wild beast'), 67 2 ; esp. beast for sacrifice,
101 6 . [prop, 'tethered (beasts)/ V2pac,
'fasten': cf. Lat./jec-u, Ger. Vieh, ' cattle/
AS. feoh, 'cattle, property/ Eng. fee..
orig. 'property/ then 'payment.']
[189]
[pana
pagu-ghna, a. slaying cattle; as m.
cattle-slayer.
pagu-tfp, a. cattle-stealing. [vbl of
V2trp.j
pagu-bandha,?n. animal sacrifice, ['bind-
ing of beast' to sacrificial post.]
pagumant, a. rich in cattle. [pagu,
1235 and b.]
pacu-roman, n. a hair of an animal.
pagu-vadha, m. slaughter of animals.
page a, a. hinder; later; west; pagcat,
as adv. [1114c] : -1. behind ; after, 39 23 ;
-2. later, afterwards, 29 17 , 38 4 ; there-
upon, 36 13 , 39 17 , 40 12 ; pagcat, as prep. w.
gen. [1130]: -3. after, 51 2 ; -4. to the
west of, 98", 100 ", 105 11 . [pacca is an
inorganic transfer-stem (1209a) fr. pagca,
q.v.]
pagca, adv. behind; later; west, [adver-
bially accented instr. instead of pagc-a,
i.e. pas-(a)c-a, 1112e fr. *pas-anc (407) :
with pas cf . Lat. pos-terus, ' later,' etc.]
pagcat, see pagca.
pagcima, a. last, 52 16 ; westerly, [pagca:
cf. 1224a and b.]
V lp a (pibati, -te [671, 749]; papaii, pape;
apat ; pasyati, -te ; pita [954c] ; patum ;
pitva ; -paya, -pfya). drink, [cf. W-
TTU-KO., ' have drunk ' ; TlT-ffa, ' The Burn,
The Fountain ' ; Lat. po-tus, ' drunk ' ;
bibo, *pi-b-o, ' drink.']
V 2 pa (pati ; apasit; patum). protect;
keep ; for so-called cans., see palaya.
[cf . irf-ira.-p.cu, ' have kept, possess ' ; tru>-v,
' herd ' ; Lat. pa-sc-o, ' keep, pasture ' ; see
go-pa.]
+ p a r i , protect around.
1 pa, vbl. drinking, in cpds. [\/lpa.]
2 pa, vbl. keeping, keeper, in cpds. [V2pa.]
pansu, m. pi. dust.
paka, a. 1. of a calf, young; 2. sim-
ple, [lit. ' sucking,' V 1 pa, ' drink.']
paka-durva, f. young millet-grass.
[paka + durva : acct, 1280 2 .]
patala, a. pale red ; as m. Bignonia
suaveolens.
p a t a 1 i , f. Bignonia suaveolens or trumpet-
flower, [cf. patala.]
patali-putra, n. Pataliputra, capital of
Magadha, at the old confluence of the
Sone (gona) and Ganges, the Ila\t&oOpct
of Ptolemy, 17 9 N.
patava, n. sharpness; cleverness, [patu,
q.v.: 1208c.]
p a n i , m. hand. [prob. for *palni : cf .
TrctAci/uTj, Lat. palma, AS. folm, ' palm,
hand ' : radically akin is AS. fel-an, Eng.
fed^
pani-graha, m. hand-grasper, i.e. (see
89 5 N.) husband.
pandava, m. descendant of Pandu. [pan-
du, 1208c.]
panditya, n. learning, erudition, [pan-
ditk.]
pandu, a. whitish, pale; as m. Pandu,
name of a prince of the Lunar Race.
pandu-nandana, m. son of Pandu.
pandu-varna, a. pale-colored.
pata, m. fall. [Vpat.]
pataka, a. causing one to fall (from
caste); as n. crime, [fr. caus. of v/pat.]
patra, n. 1. instrument of drinking,
cup; vessel; 2. in general, utensil (cf.
bhanda), 102 n ; -3. Jig., as in Eng. (cf.
sthana5), a fit vessel or worthy person,
22 5 ; patri [364], /. sacrificial vessel.
[\/lpa, 'drink,' 1185a: cf. 362b 2 .]
pada, m. 1. foot; leg, 26 10 ; 2. limb
of a quadruped, i.e. quarter (as, conversely,
in Eng., quarter means ' fourth part of a
quadruped, including a leg') ; then quarter
(of anything); 3. esp. quarter of a
(four-versed) stanza, verse; then verse
(even of a three-versed stanza), 60 12 ;
4. (foot of a heavenly body, i.e.) ray,
beam see 2 kara. [transition-stem (399)
fr. pad, ace. pad-am, to which, as if it
were pada-m, is formed the nom. pada-s,
etc.]
pada-pa, m. plant, esp. tree. [lit. 'drink-
ing with its foot, i.e. root.']
pa da -raj as, n. foot-dust.
padika, a. amounting to or lasting one
fourth (of a time), [pada.]
paduka, f. shoe ; slipper. [cf. pad,
' foot.']
pana, 1. n. the drinking (esp. of strong
drink); 2. perhaps as vbl adj. drench-
ing, i.e. trankend. [V 1 pa, ' drink,'
1150.]
paniya]
[190]
paniya, grdv. to be drunk, for drinking ;
as n. drink; water. [VI pa, 'drink/ 965:
prop. fr. pana, 1215b.]
paniya- varsa, m. water-rain, down-
pour of water,
pantha, m. wayfarer; viator, [panthan,
1208a 2 end.]
papa, a. bad; evil; as m. bad fellow, 46 19 ;
as n. trouble; harm, 26 8 ; evil (deed),
27 2 .
papa-karman, a. of evil deeds; as m.
villain,
papa-gila, a. having evil as one's nature,
prone to evil,
papiyans, a. worse; very bad. [papa,
466.]
papman, m. evil; sin, 93 11 . [cf. papa.]
para, n . the further bank or bound. [V 2 pr,
' bring across.']
paramegvara, a. of the supreme lord
(Qiva). [paramegvara.]
parusya, n. harshness, esp. of speech.
[parusa.]
parthiva, a. of or belonging to the earth ;
as m. king, [prthivi, 1208d.]
parthiva-suta, /. king's daughter,
parthivendra, m. most excellent of
kings, [indra.]
pargva, n. 1. side; ana* so 2. as in
Eng., immediate neighborhood. [pargu,
' rib/ 1208c : so French c6te~, ' side or
ribbed part/ Medieval Lat. costatum, fr.
Lat. costa, 'rib.']
pal a, m. protector. [V2pa, 'protect/
1189.]
V pal ay a (palayati). be protector; pro-
tect; keep. [pala, 1042f: acct, 1067:
quite different is Vpalay, 'go away.']
+ pari, protect around,
pavaka, a. pure; clear; bright. [Vpu,
1181b and a : cf . gvapada.]
pavana, a. purifying; freeing from sin.
[Vpu, 1150b.]
paga, m. bond; snare; trap. [V2pag,
' fasten.']
V pi, same as pi.
ping a, a. reddish brown.
pin gal a, a. reddish brown. [pinga,
1227.]
pinjula, n. tuft of stalks ; grass.
pfnda, m. 1. lump; ball; lump (of
earth), 98 8 ; 2. esp. lump or cake of
meal offered to the Manes; 3. mouth-
ful, 65 5 ; pindi, f. meal-cake.
pitamaha, m. father's father, grand-
father ; great father, [pita (nom. s. of
pitr) + maha, 1314c and d.]
pitf [373], m. -1. father; -2. pi. father
and his brothers (cf. French parent, ' rela-
tive'), 61 n ; 3. pi. the fathers, spirits
of the forefathers, the Manes, 67 16 , 83 13 ,
etc. [origin unknown, see 1182d : cf.
irar-ftp, Lat. pater, Eng. father.]
p i t r t a s , adv. on the father's side, [pitr,
1098b.]
pitr-mitra, n. father's friend.
pitr-yajna, m. sacrifice to the Manes,
[yajna.]
pitrvya, m. father's brother, patruus.
[pitr, 1228c : cf . irdrptas, Lat. patruus, AS.
fsedera, ' father's brother.']
pi try a, a. of one's father; of (our)
fathers, 78 18 ; of or belonging to or sacred
to the Manes, [pitf, 1212b : cf. irdrpios,
Lat. patrius, ' of one's father.']
v' pin v (pinvati ; pipinva ; pinvita). cause
to swell or stream. [V pi or pi : 749, 749b,
716.]
pipasa, f. desire to drink, thirst, [fr.
desid. (1026) of VI pa, 'drink': 1149 4 .]
pipila, m. ant. [perhaps for *piplda,
' pressed in or constricted in the middle/
Vpid.]
V pig (pingati, -te [758]; pipega, pipig6;
pistd). adorn, [cf. irojKt'Aos, AS. fah,
' many-colored ' ; Lat. pic-tor, ' painter.']
piganga, a. reddish brown. [Vpig.]
p i g a c 4 , m. one of a class of demons (perhaps
personifications of the ignis fatuus); goblin.
piguna, a. backbiting, slanderous, [cf.
iriKpos, 'bitter.']
V pis (pinasti; pipe>a, pipisd; apisat
peksyati; pista; pestum; pistva; -pis-
ya). crush; grind, 47 5 ; mill. [cf. Lat.
pinsere, pisere, 'crush': of doubtful kin-
ship is mia-ffd}, ' pound, husk.']
+ sam, crush together or to pieces.
pista, ppl. milled; as n. meal. [Vpis: for
the mgs, cf. pis, pista, and molere, mola,
with mill, meal.']
[191]
[pura
pista-pagu, m. effigy of a sacrificial
beast made of meal.
V pi or pya (pyayate [761dl]; pipaya
[786 s ], pipyiis; apyasit; pita, pina).
swell; overflow, [hence pi-van, iri-onv,
fat.']
pit ha, n. 1. seat; 2. pedestal (of an
image of a god).
pitha-cakra, n. seat-wagon; wagon with
a seat.
\ piid (pidayati [1041 2 ]; pidayam asa;
pidita; pidayitum; pidayitva; -pidya).
press; oppress, pain, [for *pizd, *pisd,
198b 8 : cf. Vpis.]
+ a, press out, 103 20 .
pida, f. pain, ache. [Vpid, 1149 3 .]
pin a, a. thick, brawny. ['swollen,' ppl.
of Vpi, 957a.]
pivas, n. fat. [Vpi: cf. irlap, i.e. -itt-fap,
'fat.']
pums, same as pumans.
puta, m. n. fold; cavity; nose (of a bas-
ket), [for #plta : cf. -ir\affios, *ir\rjos, in
St-TrXafftos or Si-ira\TOs, Eng. two-fold.]
ptinya, a. prosperous; happy; lucky,
faustus, auspicious, 12 13 , 59 1>10 ; right,
good ; as n. good work ; sing, collectively,
good works, 28 n ; merit (from good
works), [perhaps fr. v'pus.]
piinya-gandha, a. of good or pleasant
smell.
punya-papa, n. pi. good and bad deeds.
[1253a.]
punya-loka, a. of good fame; as m.
Punya9loka, epithet of Nala.
puttika, f. white ant. ['the doll-like
insect ' : for putrika.]
putra, m. -1. son; child, 98 20 ; -2.
whelp; 3. shortened form for Putraka
as proper name.
putraka, /. 1. little son (as term of
endearment), boy; 2. Putraka, other-
wise Putra, name of the founder of Patali-
putra-pura, 45 2 ; -putrika, /. [1222d],
daughter; doll (of wood or lac), [putra.]
putra-dara, n. son and wife. [1253b.]
piinar, adv. 1. back; home; tv. a-gam,
go back, 4 3 , 41 18 ; so a_i, 83 14 ; w. vac,
reply, 19 19 ; -2. again, 8 8 , 40 21 ; anew;
punah punar, again and again, 2 17 ;
punar, equiv. to punah punar, 4 13 ; 3.
confirmative, again, further, 29 n ; more-
over, 16 8 , 57 21 ; besides or in turn, 10 10 ;
kim punas tu, but what besides, how
much more, a fortiori, 17 15 ; longer, 84 s ;
4. but, 46 2 - 10 ; on the other hand, 20 17 .
[cf. the similarly connected notions of
iteration and opposition shown by Trd\iv,
Eng. again and against, Ger. wieder and
wider.']
punar-garbhavati, a. f. again preg-
nant.
punar- janman, n. re-birth.
punah-sara, a. coming back (as a ghost
from the other world exactly like the
French revenant), and so ghostly, uncanny,
[punar, 178.]
pumans [394], m. man; a male, 59 7 ; opp.
o/stri, e.g. 104 9 ; pumansah putras, male
children, 98 2 \
1 pur,/, fullness, [vf Ipr, 'fill.']
2 pur [392], /. stronghold; castle; forti-
fied town, [cf . ir6\is, ' city.']
pura, n. stronghold; fortified town; city.
[2 pur, 399.]
puramdhi, 1. a. courageous, high-
spirited, exalted ; 2. as m. perhaps as
name of a god, Purandhi ; 3. asf. exal-
tation.
pur as, adv. in front, forward, before; at
first, 54 18 ; compounded [1078 6 ] esp. tv. kr
and dha : w. kr, put in front, appoint ; w .
dha, put in front or in charge, esp. of the
priestly duties. [see pra: cf. -rrdpos,
' before.']
puras-karya, grdv. to be appointed or
commissioned, praeficiendus. [see puras
+ kr: also963b and 171 3 .]
purastat, adv. 1. before; in the front,
85 18 ; -2. previously, afore, 98 6 ,101 ' 13 ;
3. before, i.e. (see pranc) eastward;
4. prep. w. gen. [1130], before, in the
presence of, 20 l . [puras, HOOb.]
purah-sara, a. going before; as m. fore-
runner; at end of cpds [1302c2], having
as forerunner, i.e. accompanied by ;
-purahsaram, adv. with or after .
pura, adv. formerly, 46 2 , 79 14 ; once upon
a time, 38 9 , 48 20 ; prep. w. all. [1128],
before, 95 17 , 104 19 . [see pra.]
purana]
[192]
purana, a. former, belonging to old
times ; as n. things of the past ; tale
of old times, \6yos and pvGos. [pura,
1245d.]
pur is a, n. crumbling earth, as opp. to
fluids; rubble; loose earth, ['fillings or
heaps,' fr. V 1 pr, in the sense ' fill, i.e.
heap': 1197b.]
puru, a. much, many. [Vlpr, 'fill,' q.v. :
cf. iro\v, AS.fela, 'much, many.']
purutra, adv. in many places, [puru,
1099.]
purusa, m. 1. man; 2. (as in Eng.,
man, i.e.) servant; 3. the personal and
life-giving principle in man and other
beings, soul, spirit ; then 4. personified
as The Supreme Spirit, Soul of the Uni-
verse, 57 8 .
purusa-kara, m. deed of a man, human
effort, as opp. to claiva, 'fate.'
purusa-sinha,m. man-lion, stout-hearted
man.
p u r u c i , a.f. many, abundant ; long, [for-
mally fern, to a stem *puru-ac, 'directed
or reaching in many ways, abundant ' : cf .
407.]
puro-gama, a. going before; as m.
leader; at end of cpds [1302c2], having
as leader, accompanied by . [puras.]
puro-gava, m. fore-bull, and so, general-
ized (see g64), leader; purogavi,/. leader,
[puras.]
pur6-hita, ppl. set before or in charge
(esp. of priestly service) ; as m. priest,
house-priest of a prince, [see puras with
dha.]
pulkasa, m. one of a despised mixed
caste.
V pus (pusyati, -te ; pup6sa ; apusat ;
pusta). 1. thrive; bloom; 2. trans.
cause to thrive ; develop ; unfold, display,
! 78*.
puska, bloom, a word assumed as probable
on account of puspa, 'bloom,' piiskara,
'lotus blossom,' and puskala. [Vpus,
1186 2 .]
puskala, a. abundant, [prob. 'blooming,'
fr. *puska, 1227.]
pusta, ppl. having thrived ; strong ; fat.
[Vpus, 955 2 .]
pustanga, a. fat-limbed, [anga.]
pusti, f. thrifty growth ; prosperity.
[V pus.]
p lisp a, n. bloom ; flower. [poss. for
*puska, q.v. : cf. 1201 2 end.]
puspa-danta,m. Pushpadanta or Flower-
tooth, name of an attendant of C,iva, see
53 3 N.
puspamoda, m. fragrance of flowers,
[amoda.]
p u s t a k a , m. n. manuscript ; book.
V pu (punati, punite ; pavate; pupava;
apavit; puta; -puya). 1. make clear
or bright ; purify ; KaQaipfiv ; puta, pure ;
2. mid. clear itself, flow clear, [cf . irv-p,
Eng. fire (rb irvp Ka.6a.ipfi): w. puta, cf.
Lat. putus, ' clear,' purus, ' pure.']
sam, purify, clean.
pu, vbl. purifying, in cpds.
puga, m. betel-palm, Areca Catechu; as
n. betel nut.
V puj (pujayati, -te; pujayisyati; pujita;
-pujya). honor.
+ abhi, do honor to.
piijaniya, grdv. to be honored. [Vpuj,
965.]
p u j a , f. honor.
pujya, grdv. to be honored. [Vpuj,
963d.]
purna, ppl. filled; full. [Vlpr, 'fill,'
957b: cf. Goth, fulls, Eng. full.']
purna-masa, m. full moon and the full-
moon sacrifice.
purta, ppl. filled; bestowed, fulfilled; as
n. [1176a], fulfilment; reward; merit.
[Vlpr, 'fill,' 242.]
purva [525*], a. being before in place or
time: 1. east (cf. prafic) ; 2. prior;
preceding, 86 13 ; purva uttara, former
latter, 21 8 ; ancient, 57 6 ; of old time,
69 8 , 83 10 ; first spoken, 60 2 ; w. past pass,
ppl. [1291]: drsta-purva, seen before;
purvam, adv. before; beforehand, 60 9 ;
previously, already, 7 21 , 25 n ; in former
times, 48 1 ; long ago, 46 3 ; first, 103 6 ;
purvam uttaram, first last, 104 12 ;
3. at end of cpds, (having as preced-
ing thing, i.e.) accompanied by , or
simply with , 8 21 . [connected w. puras
and pra.]
[193]
[paicunya
purvaka, f. [1222d] -ika, a. 1. preced-
ing ; 2. used like purva 3. [purva,
1222c and 1307.]
purva -janman, n. former birth, pre-
vious state of existence.
purvaksara,o. with the preceding letter,
[aksara.]
purvya, a. ancient, [purva, 1212c.]
pusan [426a], m. Pushan, a Vedic divinity,
keeper of flocks and herds, and bringer of
prosperity. [Vpus, 1160c.]
\f Ipr (prnati; puryate; purna [957b];
pass, puryate; purayati, -te; etc.). fill;
bestow abundantly ; sate ; puryate, be-
comes sated [see 761b]; cans. [1041 -}, fill;
make a thing (ace.) full of (gen.}, 102 18 .
[for treatment of root-vowel, see 242 : cf .
-jri'-7rA.7j-jut, Lat. plere, ' fill ' ; po-pul-us,
'folk'; Eng. fol-k (doubtful): see also
purna and Vpra.]
+ pra, intrans. prapuryate, becomes
sated.
+ sam, intrans. sampuryate, becomes
full ; sampurna, full.
V 2pr (piparti; parayati, -te; etc.). pass,
trans.; bring across, [cf. Trepctco, 'pass
over, cross ' ; Tropos, ' passage, i.e. ford,
ferry, bridge ' ; Lat. por-ta, ' gate ' ; Eng.
fare, ' get on ' ; ferry, for-d ; Avestan
peretu, ' bridge,' and E.v-<ppdrr]s, ' the well-
bridged (stream)'; also B6<T-iropos and
Ox-ford.']
+ a t i , bring across.
vl 3pr (prn6ti; prta; priyate; parayati).
be busy; only w. a, see 773.
+ a, in aprta, busied.
+ v y - a , in vyapriyate, is busied.
V prc (prnakti, prnkte; paparca ; aprak-
sit, aprkta [882] ; prkta; prcyate). fill;
mix ; put in connection with, [perhaps
connected w. V 1 pr, ' fill.']
+ up a, put one's self close to, be near.
pft,/. fight, battle.
p ft an a, f. battle, [cf. ptt.]
V prta nay a (prtanayati). fight; present
ppl. fighting; as subst. enemy, [prtana,
1060.]
V prtanya (prtanyati). fight; attack;
present ppl. fighting ; as subst. enemy,
[prtana, 1059d.]
V prth, collateral form of prath, in derivs.
prtha, m. the flat of the hand, irAon-eio.
[V prath, 241.]
prthak, adv. separately, 105 1G ; severally,
65 4 ; for one's self, 64 8 . [perhaps 'di-
rected widely (apart)': cf. prth and see
mid.]
prthivi, f. the earth as the wide and
broad, [fern, to prthu, 344 2 , and standing
for prthvi, as the metre shows it is to be
pronounced at 92 10 : for mg, cf . mah-i,
s.v. mah.]
prthivi-ksit, a. earth-ruling; as m.
prince.
prthivi-pati, m. lord of the earth, king.
prthivi-pala, m. keeper of the earth,
king.
prthii, f. prthvi, a. wide, broad, [v 1 prath,
241: cf. Tr\arvs, 'wide': akin are Old
Eng._/?aJ?e, Ger.Fladen, 'broad, thin cake,'
Old High Ger. ace. s. fladon, ' sacrificial
cake,' whence, through French flan, ' flat
cake,' comes the Eng. Jtawn, ' flat custard
or pie': V prath has no connection w. AS.
brad, Eng. broad.]
pfgni, a. speckled; dapple, esp. of kine;
as f. Pri^ni, mother of the Maruts. [cf.
irepKvds, 'dark colored'; Old High Ger.
farhana, whence Ger. Forelle, ' trout.']
prsad-ajya, n. speckled butter, ghee
clotted with curds, [pfsant.]
pfsant, a. speckled. [450c.]
prstha, n. 1. back, of an animal; 2.
the upper side, surface ; 3. top, of a hill
or palace, [cf. Ger. First, 'ridge of a
house ' ; AS. first-hrof, ' ridge-pole ' : ob-
serve that VWTOS has mgs 1, 2, and 3, that
Lat. tergum has mgs 1 and 2, and that
Eng. ridge has mgs 1 and 3.]
prsthatas, adv. a tergo, from behind;
with the back, with averted face, 30 17 .
[1098c 3 .]
prstha-mansa, n. back-flesh; w. khad,
in double sense, bite the back-flesh and
back-bite.
peya, n. a drinking. [VI pa, 'drink,'
1213c.]
paiQaca, f. -I, a. of the goblins, [picacd,
1208f.]
paigunya, n. slander, [piguna, 1208f.]
13
posa]
p6sa, in. thriving, development; welfare.
[Vpus.]
p a u m s y a , n. manliness ; manly deed,
[pums, 1211 2 .]
paurusa, n. manliness ; manly deed,
[purusa, 1208f.]
V pya (pyayate [761dl]; apyasit [882];
pyata). swell; overflow. [a collateral
form of Vpi, q-v.]
+ a, become full of or rich in.
pra, prep, forward, onward, forth, fore,
[cf. irp6, 'before'; Lat. prff, later pro,
' before ' ; Eng. fore : see also the follow-
ing articles, and puras, pura, and purva.]
prakarana, n. treatment ; discussion ;
subject of discussion, what's being talked
about. [V 1 kr, ' do, put,' + pra.]
prakarsa, m. (preference, advantage,
i.e.) superiority. [Vkrs, ' draw,' + pra:
for mg, cf. Eng. preference; also Ger.
Vor-zug, ' preference, advantage,' with
vor-ziehen, ' draw forward, prefer.']
prakaga, a. sliining out, clear; open;
-am, adv. openly, aloud. [Vkag + pra.]
prakrti, f. that which one pre-supposes
(voraus-setzt), i.e. the original or natural
form or condition ; nature. [V 1 kr, ' do,
set,' + pra.]
prakopa, m. a boiling with rage; anger,
[v'kup + pra.]
prage, adv. early in the morning.
pracrtta-gikha, a. with loosened
braids or flowing hair, [gikha.]
pracetas, a. knowing, wise. [Vcit +
pra, cf . 1151. 2b.]
V prach (prcchati, -te; papraccha [794c];
apraksit ; praksyati ; prsta ; prastum ;
prstva ; -pfcchya). ask; ask after, in-
quire about; ask some one (ace.) about
something (ace.), 61 7 . [true root-form
prag (see 220, 241, and Vvrgc), orig.
*prk : cf . Qfo-irpoTr-os, ' asking the gods ' ;
Lat. prec-es, ' prayers,' proc-us, ' suitor ' ;
Old High Ger. frdh-en, Ger. frag-en, ' ask ' :
prcchati is a sk-formation (*prk-sketi),
cf. Lat. poscit, *porc-scit, Old High Ger.
forskot, *forh-skot, ' asks for,' Ger. forscht,
'inquires into.']
-f- pari, ask.
+ vi, find out by inquiry.
a am, mid. consult with, converse or
talk with.
praja,^ 1. procreation; 2. offspring,
children, descendants ; 3. creatures,
57 1 ; esp. 4. folk, subjects, of a prince,
16 5 . [Vjan or ja -f pra, 1147.]
praja-kama, m. desire for offspring,
[praja -f- kama, 1264 : acct, 1267.]
praja-kama, a. possessing prajakama,
i.e. desirous of offspring, 93 c , I 1 -. [1296,
1295.]
praja-pati, m. 1. lord of creatures;
2. genius presiding over procreation,
89 19 ; 3. lord of creatures, i.e. creator
or Prajapati, 60 10 , see note. [acct,
1267a.]
prajarthe, adv. for the sake of offspring,
[artha, 1116, 1302c4.]
prajfia, f. understanding. [Vjna-pra.]
prajnata, ppl. well-known. [Vjna ~
pra.]
pranaya, m. manifestation of one's af-
fection. [V ni + pra : for n, see 192a.]
pranayana, n. 1. a fetching; 2.
means for fetching, vessel, [do.]
pranava, m. the sacred syllable om.
[Vnu 4^ pra, q.v.]
pra n am a, m. bow, reverent salutation,
[v'nam 4- pra.]
pranita, ppl. see Vni + pra; -as, f. pi.
holy water.
pranita-pranay ana, n. the fetching
of the holy water. [1250e.]
prataram, adv. further, longer, [pra,
473 2 , llllc: cf. Tfp6repov, 'before.']
prati, prep, hi reversed direction, back to,
back against, against, in return ; 1. to,
towards, w. ace., 2 19 , 23"; -2. with
reference to, in respect to, w. ace., 4 7 - 17 ,
13 2>) ; 3. over against, i.e. like ; 4. in
cpds [1313a] : before ; on, w. idea of con-
stant repetition ; at; (back-, i.e.) reflected;
see the following words, [cf. vporl, 'to';
Lat. par- (*port) in por-rigere, 'reach out
to.']
pr atij na, f. promise. [Vjna -f- prati.]
prati-dinam, adv. on (each) day, daily.
[1313a, 1310a and d : cf . pratyaham.]
pratipatti, /. the acquiring. [\fpad +
prati.]
[195]
[pradhana
prati-bimba, n. reflected disk (of sun
or moon in the water) ; image.
pratima, f. match ; image ; likeness.
[V 1 ma + prati, ' make (so as to be a
match) against ' : for mg, cf. Eng. counter-
feit, ' imitated/ fr. French contre-fait,
whose elements go back to Lat. contra
and facere.~]
pratimana, n. that which is made or
put over against, a match, equal. [V 1 ma
+ prati.]
pratistha,/. stead; standing-place; then
(like Eng. standing), position, i.e. celebrity.
[V stha + prati.]
pratisthana, n. stead; then (like Ger.
Stadt, 'place, town'), The Town, name of
a town on the Godavari, the Ha.lQa.va of
the Greeks. [V stha, + prati, 1150: cf.
H 'amp-stead. ,]
pratihastaka, m. proxy. ['person at
one's hand/ prati + hasta, 1310a, 1222c.]
pratikara, m. counter-action, remedy.
[V 1 kr, ' do, act/ -f prati, ' against ' :
1087b.']
praticina, a. backward ; being behind ;
following, i.e. future, [pratyanc, 1223d.j
pratlta, ppl. see \fi + prati.
pratipd, a. (against the stream, i.e.) con-
trary ; -am, adv. contrarily, frowardly.
[prati + ap, 1310a, ISloc, cf . samlpa :
for mgs, cf. Eng. contrary. .]
pratta, see 1087e.
pratyaksa, a. before the eyes, plainly
visible ; -e, adv. before one's face, [prati
+ aksa, 1310a.]
pratyaksa-dargana, . a seeing be-
fore one's eyes ; the ability to see any
one (e.g. a god) bodily, 15 13 .
pratyag-daksina, adv. (west-southerly,
i.e.) southwesterly, [pratyanc, 1249a.]
pratyan-mukha, a. having the face
westward, turned to the west, [pratyanc,
1249a, 161 : 1306.]
pratyinc [408], /. [410] pratici, a. -1.
(directed back, i.e.) turned backwards ;
moving in reverse direction or away, 87 n ;
2. turned westward (see pranc), west-
erly; 3. (being to-ward, i.e.) with the
face towards, w. ace., 71 18 . [prati + anc,
407 : see anc.]
praty-abhivadana, n. return-saluta-
tion, Gegen-gruss. [1289b.]
praty-aham, adv. on (each) day, daily.
[1313a, 1310a and d: 1315a: cf. pra-
tidinam.]
pratyakhyana, n. refusal. [Vkhya +
praty-a.]
pratyutthana, n. rising up to meet (a
person), respectful reception. [Vstha +
praty-ud, 233a.]
pratyutpanna-mati, a. having wits
ready to meet an emergency ; as m. Ready-
wit, name of a fish. [Vpad + praty-ud.]
pratyrcam, adv. at or with each stanza,
[prati + re, 1313a, 1310a and d : 1315c.]
V prath (prathate, -ti; paprathe; apra-
thista ; prathit& ; prathayati ; apapra-
that). broaden, intrans.; cans, broaden,
trans.; spread out, 78 n . [see under
prfchu.]
+ vi, cans, spread out wide, 75 8 .
prathamd, a. first; primal; -am, adv.
at first, [lit. ' fore-most/ for *pra-tama,
superl. of pra, 487 3 , 473 2 .]
prathama-ja [352], a. first-born. [1286.]
prada, a. giving; furnishing. [Vlda +
pra, 333.]
pra-daksina, 1. a. moving to the
right ; 2. -am, adv. to the right, so that
the right side is towards an object (a sign
of respect), 60 1 , 99 1 ; w. kr, put (an
object) to the right ; 3. adj. standing
on the right, 62 19 . [perhaps the use as
adv. (mg 2) is the primary one, lit. 'for-
ward to the right.']
pradana, n. a giving. [Vlda + pra.]
pra dig, f, intermediate region (between
the cardinal points see dig), [pra +
dig, 'fore-point.']
pradega, m. direction; and so, place.
[V die + pra.]
pradosa, m. evening, nightfall, ['fore-
dark/ pra + doaa.]
pradhana, n. prize of the contest; the
contest therefor ; battle. [V 1 dha + pra :
cf. dhana.]
pradhana, n. (that which is put forward)
the important or chief thing; at end of
cpds [1302], having as chief thing, de-
voted to . [VI dha + pra.]
13*
prapatha]
[196]
pra-patha, m. (forth-path, i.e.) onward
way, 85 18 ; journey in the distance or
distant journey, 86 2 .
prabandha, m. uninterrupted connec-
tion; continued series. [Vbandh + pra.]
prabhava, m. origin; atendofcpd [1302],
having as origin, originating with .
[Vbhu fpra.]
prabha, /. splendor; radiant beauty.
[v bha +pra.]
prabhata, ppl. begun to be light; as n.
[1176a], day-break, [s bha + pra.]
prabhava, m. superior might, of gods,
of ascetics, of asceticism. [Vbhu +
pra.]
prabhu, a. being before or superior to
others; as m. ruler; master; lord; hus-
band, 52 14 . [later form (354) for Vedic
prabhu : Vbhu + pra.]
prabhutva, n. lordship, power. [1239.]
prabhrti,/. 1. lit. a carrying forward
or on, i.e. continuance; used esp. at end
of cpds [1296], having continuance from
, i.e. continuing from ; 2. then in
such cpds used in ace. s. n. adverbially
[1311], continuing from , beginning
with , from ; 3. then as an adv.
uncompounded, prabhrti, w. abl., from
on ; tatah prabhrti, from then on.
[Vbhr + pra, 1157. Id.]
pramada, m. pleasure. [V mad + pra.]
pramada-vana, n. pleasure-grove (of a
prince).
pramada-vana, n. pleasure-grove (of
the wives of a prince), [a quasi feminine
to the preceding.]
pramana, n. measure, extent (57 w ),
scale, standard ; something by which to
judge, 54 11 ; norm, rule of action, 21 a ;
authority, 12 10 , 19 * 2 . [VI ma, 'measure,'
+ pra, 192a : hence, through the Persian
farmdn, the borrowed Eng. firman, 'an
authority or decree,' esp. of the Sublime
Porte.]
>/ pramana y a (pramanayati). regard
as an authority; take a person (ace.) as
authority in a matter (loc.). [pramana,
1058.]
pramanabhava, m. lack of anything to
judge by. [abhava.]
pramathin, a. stirring; agitating.
[V math -f pra, 1183 3 .]
pramrsta-mani, m. polished or bright
gem. [Jmrj-f-pra.]
pramr stamani-kundala, a. possess-
ing bright-gem ear-rings.
prayatna, TO. effort, pains ; -ena, -at,
adv. carefully. [Vyat + pra, 1177a.]
prayana, n. a going forth (from home),
journey. [Vya -f pra, 1150, 192e.]
prayotf, TO. remover. [V2yu, 'keep off,'
+ pra.]
pralaya, m. dissolution; esp. dissolution
of the universe, [v II -f pra.]
pra lap a, m. unintelligible or childish
or lamenting talk ; chatter. [V lap +
pra.]
pra van a, a. prone; sloping, [pra, 1170
(cf. 383d 1): cf. irpijvrjs, Doric irpavos, Lat.
pronus, 'inclined forward.']
p r a v a t , f. slope, of a mountain ; height,
83 7 . [pra, 383d 1.]
pra-vayas, a. having (forward, i.e.) ad-
vanced age; aged. [1305 2 .]
pravartaka, a. causing to roll onward
(as a wheel), setting in motion, promoting;
as m. promoter, prompter, [caus. of v'vrt
+ pra.]
pravada, m. a saying or an on dit. [Vvad
+ pra.]
pravibhaga, m. division. [Vbhaj +
pra-vi.]
pravina, a. clever.
pravinata, f. cleverness, [pravina.]
pravrtta, ppl. 1. having turned for-
ward; directed forward (to a specific
object), esp. of an act performed with a
view to the attainment of some advantage,
i.e. interested, opp. of nivrtta, q.v. ; 2.
engaged in. [V vrt + pra.]
pravrtti,/. a moving forward or taking
an active step, 20 15 ; advance into or ex-
posure of one's self to (danger, loc.), 20 12 .
[V vrt + pra.]
pravrddha, ppl. grown up, great.
[v'vrdh + pra.]
pravega, m. entrance. [Vvig + pra.]
Ipravrajin, a. going forth or after, in cpd
dvi-. [Vvraj + pra, 1183 3 : for mg, cf.
(71^) irfpiSpopos, ' lewd woman.']
[197]
[praptayauvana
prais [392], /. command. [V gas + pra,
639, 225 J ' 2 : cf. ais.j
praraya, m. respectful demeanor, ['an
inclining forward,' fr. Vgri + pra.]
pra-savya, a. moving to the left; -am,
adv. to the left cf. pradaksinam.
prasada, m. grace; favor; prasadam
kr, do favor, be gracious. [V sad + pra,
q.v.]
prasiti, f. continuation; extended path
(of life, for example). [V sa + pra, 250.]
prasiddhi,/. success; celebrity; a being
known ; ato me aaiika iti prasiddhis,
therefore I am known as "Q.", 36 8 ; cf.
prasiddha. [V 2 sidh, ' succeed,' + pra.]
prastara, m. 1. stramentum, straw;
2. rock, 33 10 . [V sir, ' strew,' + pra :
for mg 1, cf. Eng. straw w. strew: connec-
tion of mg 2 unclear.]
prastava, m. beginning, introduction.
[\lstu + pra, 1148.2.]
prastuta-yajna, a. having one's sac-
rifice begun ; as m. Prastutayajna, name
of a Brahman. [V stu + pra.]
prastha, m. n. table-land on a mountain,
['that which stands forth from the sur-
rounding country,' fr. Vstha (333) + pra.]
pra-svadas, a. (lit. having advanced
agreeableness, i.e.) highly pleasing.
[1305 2 .]
prahara, m. a stroke (on a gong, an-
nouncing the lapse of a watch), and so
a watch (of about three hours). [Vlhr +
pra.]
prahartavya, grdv. to be struck ; impers.
one must strike, [do.]
prahrsta-manas, a. having a delighted
heart, [v'hrs 4 pra.]
V pra (prati; papraii; apras [889]; pra-
ta). fill. [Vedic collateral form of \l 1 pr,
' fill,' q.v. : cf . ir\-t)-pr)s, Lat. ple-nus, ' full.']
+ a, fill.
prak, see pranc.
prakrta, a. natural; usual; common;
vulgar; as n. the vulgar (language), lan-
guage of the vulgus, the Prakrit, [pra-
krti, 1208d : for mg, cf . Ger. deutsch, Old
High Ger. diut-isk, '(language) of the
people (diot), i.e. German' (as contrasted
with the Latin of the Church and with
the neighboring Romance tongues) ; cf.
also f) Kotrf) (sc. StoAe/cTos), ' the Common
(dialect),' as opp. to Doric, etc.]
prag-griva, a. having the neck directed
eastward, [pranc (1249a) + griva.]
prag-daksina, adv. east-southerly,
south-easterly, [pranc, 1249a.]
prangana, n. fore-court, Vor-hof ; court-
yard, [pra + angana, 1289a, 193.]
p r a n - m u k h a , /. -1,0. having the face di-
rected eastward, [pranc, 1249a, 149, 161.]
prajna, a. wise; as m. wise man. [pra-
jna, 1208e.]
pranc [408], /. praci, a. I. directed for-
wards ; w. verb of motion, onward, 86 9 ;
2. east, eastern (since the Hindus, in
naming the cardinal points, began with
the east, as we do with the north, and
conceived it as before them, as we do the
north) ; praci dig, the eastern quarter,
101 3 ; 3. prak, ace. s. n. as adv. before:
(in place) before one's face, 26 8 ; (in time)
formerly, 20 21 , 51 7 ; (in order) before, w.
abl. [1128], 59 7 . [pra + afic, 407.]
pranjali, a. having an anjali (q.v.) before
one, i.e. in a posture of reverent saluta-
tion, [pra + anjali, 1305.]
prana, m. breath; vital breath, 60 16 ;
vital spirit, 63 21 ; then (like Eng. breath),
life; esp. in pi. pranas, life, 15 5 , 2 1 18 ,
29 8 . [Van + pra, 192b.]
pranin, a. having life; as m. living being,
[prana, 1230.]
pratar, adv. 1. early in the morning;
then 2. (like the Ger. morgen and Eng.
morrow) on the next morning, on the
morrow, to-morrow, [pra, 1109: cf. irpoo-i,
Ger. frtih, ' early.']
pradiis, adv. forth to view; w. as [1078 6 ],
be visible, appear, reveal one's self.
prantara, n. a long and lonely road.
[' an advanced interval or long distance,'
pra + antara, 1289.]
prapaniya, grdv. to be brought to.
[caus. of V ap + pra, 965, 192e.]
prapta-kala, m. arrived time, favorable
moment. [\' ap + pra.]
prapta-yauvana, a. possessing at-
tained adolescence, having reached a
marriageable age. [see 1308.]
praptavya]
[198]
praptavya, grdv. to be obtained, about
to be got. [Vap + pra, 964.]
prapti,/. a reaching, arriving at. [Vap
+ pra.]
pray a, m. 1. a going forth or out;
2. that which sticks out or is prominent ;
the principal part of a thing; the most
part; at end of cpds [1302], having for
the most part, having for its predomi-
nant characteristic, like , 22 16 . [V i +
pra, 1148. la.]
prayagas, adv. for the most part,
[praya, 1106.]
pray as, adv. for the most part, almost,
50 22 . [prop. ace. s. n. (lllld) of a neuter
noun *prayas, 'that which is predomi-
nant' (see praya), Vi + pra, 1151. 1.]
pravi, a. attentive, heedful, zealous.
[Vav + pra, 1156 3 , 355b end.]
pra 5 a n a, n. 1. the eating; 2. the
giving of food, feeding, [in mg 1, fr.
V2ag, ' eat,' + pra; in mg 2, fr. caus. of
the same.]
pragitf, m. eater. [V2ag, ' eat,' + pra,
1182a.j
pragitra, n. the portion of ghee to be
eaten by a Brahman at a sacrifice,
['that which belongs to the pragitr,'
1208b.]
pragitra-harana, n. vessel for hold-
ing the pragitra. [' pragitra-holding,'
1271.]
prasada, m. lofty seat; building on high
foundations, palace, 20 l . [V sad + pra,
perhaps in the sense ' sit forward or in a
conspicuous place ' : see 1087b.]
priya, a. la. dear, 79 16 ; beloved of,
w. gen. (296b), 84 18 ; -Ib. priya,/. the
beloved, the wife, 32 6 , 33 10 ; -2a. desired,
pleasant ; agreeable, 58 <22 ; priyam kr,
do a favor, 3 2 ; 2b. as n. that which is
desired, one's wish, 89 1T ; 3. (like Ho-
meric <]>l\osl to which one is attached or
wonted, 76 8 , 86 8 ; own, 78 9 ; wonted;
4a. loving, devoted to; 4b. as m.
friend. [Vpri, q.v., 1148.3: cf. irpaos,
' gentle ' ; Goth, freis, ace. s. m. frijana,
AS. fri, Ger. fret, Eng. free : although the
modem mg ' free ' is common also to the
Goth, and AS. words, yet the orig. mg
must have been 'loving or loved, kindly
treated, spared' (and so 'free'), as is
shown by the Goth, abstract frija-\>va,
AS. fredd, ' love ' : for mg Ib, cf . AS.
free, ' woman ' : cf . also Old High Ger.
Frla, ' The Loving One,' in frld tag, Eng.
Fri-day, ' dies Veneris.']
priya-vadin, a. saying pleasant things.
priyapriya, n. comfort and discomfort,
[apriya: 1253b.]
V p r I (prlnati, prinit6 ; priyate ; pipraya,
pipriy6; apraisit; prita; pritva). la.
prlnati, gladden, show favor to, propi-
tiate ; Ib. prinati, have pleasure in ;
Ic. prinlt6, be glad or content ; 2.
priyate, be glad or content ; have pleasure
in ; love, be favorably inclined to ; 3.
prit : glad, pleased, satisfied ; loved,
dear, [cf . Goth, frijon, ' love ' ; frijonds,
AS. freond, ' loving, i.e. friend,' Eng.
friend; also AS. freo-\>o, 'a sparing or
indulgence, favor, grace, peace,' Ger.
Friede, 'peace'; Goth. Frtya-reiks, Eng.
Frede-rick, ' grace-ruler, gracious prince ' :
see also under priya.]
priti, /. 1. pleasure; pritya, with pleas-
ure, gladly; 2. friendship. [Vpri.]
priti-vacas, n. friendship-talk, friendly
words.
prenkha, a. rocking, pitching; as m. n.
unsteady boat, skiff. [Vinkh +pra.]
pr6ta, ppl. gone onward, i.e. departed,
dead; as m. 1. dead man; 2. ghost.
[Vi + pra.]
pr6tya, grd. after dying, i.e. in the other
world (opp. to ilia). [Vi + pra, 992.]
prestha, a. very pleasant. [Vpri, 470 4 :
serves as superl. to priya.]
presya, grdv. to be sent; as m. servant.
[V 2 is, ' send,' + pra.]
praisya, n. servitude, [presya, 1208f.]
pr6stha, m. bench or couch.
prosthe-gaya, a. lying on a couch.
[1250c, 1270.]
plava, a. swimming; as m. swimmer,
name of a kind of duck. [Vplu: cf.
ir\6os, *7rAoFos, ' a sailing.']
Vplu (plavate, -ti; puplava, pupluve ;
aplosta ; plosyati, -te ; plutA ; -phitya,
-pluya). float through water or air:
[199]
[bandha
1. swim; 2. bathe; 3. sail; 4.
hover ; fly ; 5. fly off ; hasten away ;
6. spring ; pluta, floating, and so (see
Whitney 78), protracted, of a vowel.
[cf. ir\fw, *7rA.eFo>, ' float, sail ' ; Lat.
pluere, ' rain ' : for mg of pluere, cf. the
Eng. intrans. float, ' swim,' w. trans, float,
' cover with water,' and the intrans. bathe
w. trans, bathe :
closely connected w. Vplu is the ex-
tended form plud as seen in Lithuanian
plud-iti, ' swim, float ' : w. this, cf. AS.
fleot-an, ' swim or float about,' Eng. verb
fleet, 'float, sail, hasten,' Ger. fliessen,
sometimes ' swim,' but usually ' flow ' ;
further, AS. fleot, ' raft, ship, fleet,' Eng.
fleet, ' ships ' ; also AS. flota, ' ship,' Eng.
float, ' a thing that swims on the surface
of a fluid, e.g. a raft' (verb float is a
denom. of this), Ger. Floss, 'raft'; finally
Eng. fleet, ' streamlet or bay,' whence The
Fleet, as name of a small affluent of the
Thames at London and of a famous prison
thereon, and Fleet Street, which crossed
The Fleet.]
+ a , bathe, intrans.
+ sam-a, 1. bathe, Intrans.; 2.
bathe, trans. ; inundate ; suffuse, 10 19 .
+ u d , spring up.
+ upa, hover unto.
+ vi, float asunder; drift in different
directions ; be dispersed ; be lost ; be
ruined or dishonored.
V phal (phalati ; paphala ; phalita ;
phulla [958]). burst, split, intrans. [prob.
for *spal, of which Vsphat (i.e. *sphalt),
' split, break,' is an extension : cf . Ger.
spalten, Eng. split. ,]
4-ud, burst out or open; utphulla [958],
expanded, wide open.
V phala (phalati). bear fruit ; fruit ;
phalitam, impersonally, it is fruited, fruit
is borne (by a thing, instr.), 24 2 ~>. [denom.
of phala, 1054.]
phala, n. 1. fruit; 2. then (like Eng,
fruit), the good or evil consequences ol
human deeds ; result ; reward or punish-
ment, [perhaps ' the ripe and bursting
fruit,' fr. Vphal.]
phalavant, a. fruitful; yielding good
results, [phala, 1233a.]
phulla, a. burst open, expanded, bloom-
ing, [see Vphal and 958.]
phullotpala, a. having blooming lo-
tuses ; as n. Blooming-lotus, name of a
lake, [utpala.]
ph6na, m. foam.
V banh or bah (badhd [223 s ] ; cans.
banhayate). be thick, firm, strong; caus.
make strong, [perhaps for *bhagh: see
bahii and bahu.]
baka, m. heron, Ardea nivea.
baka-murkha, m. heron-fool, fool of a
heron. [1280b.]
baddha-mandala, a. having con-
structed-circles, i.e. ranged in circles.
[V bandh.]
v' bandh (badhnati, badhnit6 [730] ;
babandha, bedhe ; bandhisyati, bhant-
syati ; baddha ; bandhitum, banddhum,
baddhum ; baddhva ; -badhya). 1.
bind; fasten; catch; esp. bind (a victim
for the gods, i.e.), sacrifice; baddha:
bound ; caught ; fastened ; 2. bind to-
gether, join ; and then (iv. a specialization
of mg like that seen in the Eng. joiner),
construct, e.g. a bridge; compose (verses,
cf. Lat. serere). [for *bhandh: cf. -rrevO-
ep6s, 'connection (by marriage)'; ireTo-^a,
*irfv0/j.a, ' rope ' ; Lat. of-fend-ix, ' knot ' ;
fld-es, ' string ' ; foed-us, ' league ' ; Eng.
bind, band: for mgs, cf. Eng. connection
and league w. Lat. con-nectere and ligdre,
' bind together.']
+ ni, 1. bind; fasten; 2. (bind down
together, put down connectedly, i.e.) put
into written form, write down, 53 6 .
+ p r a , bind on ; connect onward, form
an advancing connection, form a continued
series.
+ sam, bind together, con-nect ; sam-
baddha, con-nected, co-herent (w. the same
flg. mg as in Eng.}.
bandha, m. 1. a binding; esp. a binding
to the sacrificial post (see bandh 1), sac-
rifice; 2. band, string. [V bandh: cf.
Eng. band.~]
bandhana]
[200]
bandhana, a. binding; as n. bond or
bonds. [-Jbandh.]
baiidhu, m. 1. connection or relation-
ship; 2. (concrete, as in Eng.) a connec-
tion, relative ; friend ; one who belongs
to (a certain caste, for example). [Vbandh,
1178.]
barbara, a. stammering, balbutiens ; as
m. 1. pi. foreigners, ot SapjSapoj, name
applied by Aryans to non-Aryan folks
(as Welsh ana* Walsch by English and
Germans to folks that speak a strange
tongue) ; 2. sing, a man of lowest origin;
a wretched wight, wretch, 30 10 . [cf.
&dpf}a.pos, 'foreign, outlandish'; Lat. bal-
bus, ' stammering,' whence Spanish 6060,
' blockhead,' Eng. booby.]
bar ha, m. n. tail-feather. [prop, 'pluck-
ings,' v' 1 brh, ' pluck ' : cf . the no less
arbitrary specialization of mg in Eng.
pluck, 'that which is plucked out after
killing a beast, its liver, lights, heart,'
and, fig., 'courage.']
barhina, m. peacock, 68 2 . [transition-
stem fr. barhin, 1223f, 1209c.]
bar bin, m. (having tail-feathers, i.e. the
tail-feathered bird KO.T' f^o-^v,) the pea-
cock, [barha.]
bar hi s, n. grass or straw of Ku9a-grass,
spread over the sacrificial ground to serve
as a place for the oblations and as a seat
for gods and offerers, [prop. ' that which
is torn up, vulsum, pluckings,' v'lbrh,
' tear, pluck ' : for mg, cf . Eng. hay,
'cuttings,' from hew, 'cut.']
bala, n. 1. might, power, strength, force ;
balat, forcibly ; 2. then, as in Eng., force
(for making war) ; forces, troops, 5 4 . [for
*vala : cf . Lat. valere, ' be strong, well.']
bala -da [352], a. strength-giving. [1269.]
balavant, a. powerful. [1233a.]
baladhika, a. superior in strength,
[adhika: 1265.]
balanvita, a. connected with power ;
suggestive of power, [anv-ita, Vi.]
bali, m. 1. of-fering, tribute; 2. esp.
portion of a daily meal or sacrifice offered
as tribute to gods, semi-divine beings,
men, animals, esp. birds, and even inani-
mate objects, 65-. [perhaps fr. vbhr:
if so, cf ., for the mg, <f>6pos, ' tribute,' w
<t>fpw, 'bear, bring.']
balin, a. mighty, I 3 , [bala, 1230a.]
balistha, a. most mighty; very strong.
[balin, 468 2 .]
balonmatta, a. frenzied or crazed with
power, [unmatta, \'mad + ud.]
V bah, see banh.
bahis-karya, grdv. to be put outside,
to be banished. [bahis and kr, 'do,
put/ 1078 7 .]
bahis-krta, ppl. put out, expelled.
[bahis and kr, 'do, put,' 1078 7 .]
bahih-paridhi, adv. outside the en-
closure (see paridhi). [1310a.]
bahis, adv. [lllld], outside; as prep, out-
side of, w. abl. [1128].
bahii, a. much, many; bahu man, consider
as much, think much of, esteem. [Vbanh
or bah : cf . TT&XVS, ' thick.']
bahudha, adv. many times. [bahu,
1104.]
bahumana, m. esteem, respect. [Vman
+ bahu.]
bahumana -pur ahsaram, adv. with re-
spect. [1302c2, 1311.]
bahula, a. 1. thick; 2. abundant;
much. [in mg 1, perhaps directly fr.
Vbah, 1189, and in mg 2, fr. bahu, 1227.]
bahulausadhika, a. having abundant
herbs, [osadhi, 1307.]
V badh (badhate ; babadb.6; abadhista ;
badhisyati, -te ; badhita ; badhitum ;
-badhya). press hard; distress; beset.
[see Vvadh: cf. Lat. de-fend-ere, 'press
or ward off ' ; of-fend-ere, ' press hard
upon, hurt.']
+ n i , press down heavily,
badh a, a. distressing ; as m. distress.
[v'badh..]
bandhava, m. (having connection or
relationship, i.e.) a relative ; friend.
[bandhu, 1208c.]
bala, a. young, not grown; as subst. m.
and f. 1. child (distinguished from
yuvan, 'young man,' 28 12 ); boy; girl;
2. applied to a grown person (cf. Eng.
childish, puerile), child or booby, w. double
my, 61 21 .
balaka, a. young; as m. child, [bala.]
[201]
[brh
balapatya, n. young offspring, of men
and of animals, [apatya.]
baspa, m. tears.
baspakula, a. agitated by tears, [akula.]
bahu, 7/1. arm; esp. fore-arm; of beasts,
the fore-leg, csp. the upper part thereof,
101 1D . [for *bhaghu: cf. -x?ix' JS > Doric
TTO.XVS, *(j>ax.vs, ' fore-arm ' ; AS. bog, ' arm '
and ' arm of a tree, i.e. branch,' Eng. bough,
' arm of a tree/ Ger. Bug, ' shoulder, hip ' ;
also Dutch boeg, Eng. bow, ' shoulder of a
ship/ bow-sprit, ' bow-spar.']
bahu-yuddha, n. arm-fight, wrestling.
bahulya, n. abundance; commonness,
state of being usual ; concretely, usual
order of things; -at, from or in accord-
ance with the usual order of things, in
all probability, 24 21 . [bahula, 1211.]
bahya, a. being outside, external; at end
of cpds, equiv. to Eng. extra- at beg. of
cpds. [bahls, 1211: cf. 1208a 2 end.]
bid a la, m. cat.
bimba, m. n. disk of sun or moon.
bila, n. cleft; hollow. [perhaps fr. Vbil
or bid, collateral forms of bhid, ' cleave.']
bija, n. seed, of plants and animals.
buddha, ppl. awakened; illumine; en-
lightened ; esp., as m. The Enlightened
One, epithet of Gautama of the Cakya
tribe, [v/budh: for budh-ta (160), the
formal equivalent of -irvd-ro- in &TTV<TTOS,
'not having learned.']
buddhi, f. 1. insight, understanding,
intellect; mind, 13 13 ; wit, wits; 2.
mind in the sense of opinion (as in Eng.);
belief ; at end of cpds : vyaghra-buddhya,
with tiger-belief, (mistakenly) thinking
that it was a tiger, 34 15 ; 3. mind in the
sense of purpose, resolve (as in Eng.);
buddhim kr, make up one's mind, 58 12 ;
buddhim pra-kr, mid., put a plan before
one's self, decide, 9 11 . [v'budh, 1157:
for budh-ti (160), the formal equivalent
of TfvffTis, *irjO-Ti-s, ' an inquiring.']
buddhi -jivin, a. living by one's mind,
employing one's intelligence, intelligent.
buddhimant, a. possessing understand-
ing; intelligent.
V budh (b6dhati, -te ; biidhyate ; bub6dha,
bubudh6 ; abuddha [160] ; bhotsyati,
-te ; buddha ; b6ddhum ; buddhva ;
-budhya). 1. be awake; 2. come to
consciousness ; hence 3. notice ; give
heed to, w. gen., 76 1 -; 4. notice, i.e.
perceive ; and so, become acquainted with ;
understand ; 5. rarely, (like Eng. re-
member a person, i.e.) present a person
with a thing (instr.); cans. 6a. cause
to notice or understand ; 6b. teach ;
announce to.
[for *bhudh, orig. ' be awake/ cf.
Church Slavonic bud-eti, ' be awake ' : the
cognate words of the related languages
agree closely in form, but show consider-
able diversity of mgs : mg 4 mediates
the transition to the idea of the Greek
V IT j0, *<pv6, in irv0ecrda.i, ' find out ' : mgs 5
and 6 form the bridge to the principal
Germanic mgs, ' offer ' and ' command ' :
cf . Goth, ana-biud-an, (prob. ' give notice
to/ and so) 'command/ AS. beod-an,
' announce, offer, command/ Eng. bid,
' announce, offer in words, offer in general,
esp. at an auction, declare, proclaim, com-
mand, invite/ Ger. biet-en, 'offer'; (from
an entirely different root is Eng. bid, AS.
biddan, Ger. bitten, 'pray/ as in bid beads,
'pray prayers';) cf. also Eng. noun bode,
' announcement/ whence denom. verb
bode, ' foretell ' : for mg 5, observe the
analogy of Ger. Jemand bedenJcen, 're-
member or take notice of a person esp. in
one's will, i.e. make a bequest to.']
+ ni, attend to, 58 J ; understand, know,
7 9 .
+ pra, come forth (from sleep) to con-
sciousness ; awake, intrans.
+ prati, awake, intrans.; awake, trans.,
76 3 .
budh. a, a. awake; intelligent; wise ; as m.
wise man. [v'budh.]
bubhuksa, f. desire to eat, hunger, [fr.
desicl. of v2bhuj, 'frui/ 1149 4 .]
V 1 1 b r h , collateral form of V vrh, ' pluck/ q.v.
V 2 brh (brnhati, -te ; babarha; brdha ;
cans, brnhayati, -te). be thick, great,
strong, in brhant, q.v.; cans, make great,
strengthen.
brh, / prayer, conceived as a swelling and
filling of the heart in devotion. [ :?brh.]
brhatkatha]
[202]
brhat-katha, /. Great-Story, title of a
collection of stories ascribed to Gunadh-
ya (gunadhya), and abridged by Soma-
deva under the name Kathasaritsagara.
[brhant, 1249a, 1279.]
brhad-aijva, a. possessing great or
powerful horses ; as m. Brihada9va, name
of the sage who narrates the story of Xala
to Yudhishthira. [brhant (1249a) + agva,
1298 : cf. *Me7aA.-(7T7ros, which is similarly
compounded and of like meaning.]
brhant [450a], a. great; mighty; lofty,
[present ppl. of V 2 brh, ' be great.']
bfhas-pati, m. Brihaspati, name of a
divinity in which the activity of the pious
in their relations towards the gods is per-
sonified, the mediator between gods and
men, and the type of the priest and of
the priestly dignity ; later, god of wisdom
and eloquence, ['lord of prayer,' brh-
as + pati : for cpd, see 1250 and d, and
1267d; for acct, Whitney 94b ; for eu-
phony, 171 2 .]
baijika, a. pertaining to the semen; of
guilt, inherited from one's father, [bija,
1222e and e2.]
brahma-carya, n. life of holiness
(brahman), walk and conversation of a
Brahman student (brahman), esp. chas-
tity ; religious studentship, the first of
the four periods of a Brahman's life, see
agrama. [brahman (1249a 2 ) or brahman
(probably both) +carya, equiv. of carya:
acct, 1272, 1213c.]
brahma-carin, a. (busying one's self
with, i.e.) studying sacred knowledge ;
as m. Brahman student, 65 8 ; as adj. esp.
observing chastity, 64 u , 100 21 . [brah-
man, 1249a 2 .]
brahmanyk, a. pertaining or attached
to the holy life and study (brahman), i.e.
pious ; attached or friendly to Brahmans
(brahman). [1212dl.]
brahma-daya, m. sacred-word heritage,
heritage consisting of the sacred word,
[brahman, 1249a 2 .]
brahmadaya-hara, a. receiving the
sacred word as a heritage.
brahma-dvfs, a. devotion-hating, god-
less, [brahman, 1249a 2 : acct, 1269.]
braliman, . 1. devotion (conceived as
a swelling and filling of the soul with
adoration for the gods), worship, in gen-
eral, any pious expression in the worship
of the gods ; hymn of praise, praise, 73 6 - 10 ,
744.11. prayer, 76 15 ; 2. sacred word,
word of God (opp. to the profane), 60 8 ;
3. divine science, 57 13 ; sacred learning,
theology, theosophy; 4. holy life, i.e.
chastity ; 5. the (impersonal) spirit
that pervades the universe. [v'2brh,
1168. Ic : brahman (n.) is to brahman (m.)
as prayer ('supplication') is to pray-er
('supplicant').]
brahman, m. 1. pray-er, 76 18 ; wor-
shipper ; priest, 88 9 , RV. x. 125. 5 ; pray-er
by profession, Brahman ; 2. the imper-
sonal universe-pervading spirit (brdhman
6), personified as a god, i.e. Brahman, the
Supreme All-soul, 57 * 8 ; in the theological
system, the Creator of the world, 67 17 .
[V2brh, see brahman.]
brahmarsi, m. priest-sage, priestly sage,
see 1 14 N. [brahman (1249a 2 ) + f si, 127,
1280b.]
brahmavarcasa, n. pre-eminence in
sacred learning or holiness, [for brah-
mavarcas, which occurs only in derivs :
brahman (1249a 2 ) + varcas, 1315c.]
brahmavarcasvin, a. eminent in
divine knowledge. [' possessing brahma-
varcasa,' q.v. : 1232.]
brahma-vedin, a. knowing divine
knowledge, [brahman, 1249a 2 .]
brahma-han [402], a. Brahman-slaying;
as m. murderer of a Brahman, [brah-
man, 1249a 2 .]
brahma,y. -I, a. 1. pertaining to brah-
man, divine ; holy, 59 6 ; spiritual, 61 15 ;
2. pertaining to brahman, in loth its
senses, i.e.: 2a. of Brahmans; 2b. of
Brahman or (anglicized) Brahma, the
Creator, 57 s3 , 58 9 . [brahman and brah-
man, 1208a 2 end.]
brahmana, m. (having to do with brah-
man or prayer and praise and divine
science, i.e.) priest, 84 15 ; theologian,
Brahman, 57 16 ; f. brahmani, woman
of the priestly caste, Brahmanee. [brah-
man, w. usual shift of acct, 1208a.]
[203]
[Vbhaj
brahmana, n. (of a brahman, of a priest
or Brahman, i.e.) the dictum of a priest
on matters of faith and cultus ; esp. a
Brahmana, as designation of one of a
class of Vedic writings which contain
these dicta. [brahman, w. usual shift
of acct, 1208a.]
brahmana-vada, m. a statement of
the Briihmanas. [brahmana.]
V brii (bravlti [632], brute: the second
clause of 632 should read " before the
initial consonant of an ending"). 1. act.
say ; w. dot. of person and ace. of tiling,
10 21 , 96 14 ; iv. ace. of person and either
oratio recta (12 5 , 60 7 - 23 , 98") or else ace.
of thing (95 13 ) ; speak to, w. ace. of person,
3 14 ; speak of, iv. ace. of person, II 18 ;
say, i.e. announce, tell; w. vacas, tiros
flirelv, 10 18 ; u: punar, answer, 8 3 ; 2.
middle, brute (used esp. to introduce oratio
recta and without designation of the person
addressed], says, inquit, 20 18 , 28 *, 30 5 - 10 - 12 ,
35 18 .
+ apa, remove (the thought or recollec-
tion of a thing or person, ace., from a
person, abl.) by speaking, i.e. try to con-
sole a person (abl.) for the loss of a thing
or person (ace.), 92 14 . [this locution is
apparently like the Eng. colloq. phrase
"I'll talk it (his opinion) out o/him."]
+ pra, tell forth, proclaim, 75 13 ; an-
nounce, 88 7 ; then (like the Eng. tell of,
bad and colloquial tell on), inform against,
betray, 93 1; .
+ prati, speak back to (ace.), answer.
V bhaks (bhaksati, -te; bhaksita; bhak-
situm ; -bhaksya ; bhaksayati [1041 2 ]).
(partake, enjoy, i.e.) eat; consume; de-
vour, [old desid. of vfbhaj, 108g end: of.
bhiks, and for mg, V 2 ag, ' eat.']
bhaksa, m. the enjoying, eating or drink-
ing ; food ; at end of adj. cpds, having
as food, living on . [V bhaks.]
bhaksaka, m. eater. [V bhaks: see 1181a
end.]
bhaksitavya, grdv. to be eaten.
[V bhaks, 964 2 .]
bhaksin, a. eating. [V bhaks, 1183 8 .]
bhaksya, grdv. to be eaten, eatable;
as n. proper food. [V bhaks, 963.]
bhaga, m. 1. (he who deals out, i.e.)
dispenser ; rich or kind master ; lord, fre-
quent epithet of Savitar so 74 17 ; 2.
esp. Bhaga, name of an Aditya, from
whom welfare is expected and who brings
about love and institutes marriage, 89 ;
3. portion ; lot (w. dur-, su-) ; fortune ;
esp. (as in Eng.}, good fortune, happy lot;
-4. loveliness. [Vbhaj, 216.1: -1. cf.
Old Persian l>aga, 'God'; 807010$ Zcvs
$pvyios ; Slavonic bogii, 'God'; for mg,
cf. Eng. lord, AS. hldf-ord (Maf-weard?),
' loaf-ward, loaf -keeper ' ; 3. for mg, cf .
the relation of /j.6pos, ' lot, fate,' to e^uop-e,
'gat a share.']
bhagavant,a. 1. fortunate, possessing
a happy lot, blessed ; then 2. (like Eng.
blessed) heavenly, august, lordly, applied
to Indra, Brahma, The Self-existent, the
Wood-deity, Sun, Moon, Earth, etc. ; used,
esp. in voc., as a form of address, so 94 8 ,
26 4 . [bhaga.]
bhagin, a. fortunate; happy; splendid;
bhagini, f. sister (the happy one
so far forth as she has a brother).
[bhaga.]
bhagiratha, m. Bhagiratha, name of an
ancient king, who brought the Ganges
down from heaven, [perhaps fr. bhagin
+ ratha, ' having a splendid chariot.']
bhagna, see 957c.
bhagna-bhanda, a. having broken pots
or [1308] who broke the pots.
bhagnaga, a. having broken hopes, dis-
appointed. [aa, 334 2 .]
bhanga, m. a breaking, [v'bhafij, 216. 1.]
V bhaj (bhajati, -te; babhaja, bhej6 [794el;
abhaksit, abhakta [883] ; bhajisyati,-te;
bhaktd ; bhaktum ; bhaktva ; -bhaj y a ;
cans, bhajayati). 1. deal out; appor-
tion ; divide ; then (as Eng. share means
both 'give a part of and 'have a part of)
2. middle, have as one's part, receive ;
have or take part in ; 3. give one's self
up to; 4. (choose as one's part, i.e.) de-
clare one's self for, prefer, 15 3 ; 5. be-
take one's self to ; turn to ; go to, 20 10 ;
6. belong to, be attached to ; revere ;
V bhanj]
[204]
love, 9 2; caus. cause to have a share,
w ace. of person and yen. of tiling, 83 8 .
[cf . (pay-flv, ' get one's portion, eat/
w. a specialization of mg like those seen
in Eng. partake and take as used with the
implied object food or drink, in bhakta,
' thing divided, portion, food,' and in
bhaks : akin are the names of the two
food-trees yielding eatable nuts (acorns,
buck-mast), Qdyds, (p-ny6s, 'oak,' ~La,t.fagus,
'beech,' AS boc, Eng. buck-, 'beech-,' in
buck-mast, beech-nuts,' and buck-wheat (so
called from the likeness of the kernels to
beech-nuts), AS. bece, Eng. beech: with hoc,
' beech,' is ident. hoc, ' book,' orig. ' runes
scratched on branches of a fruit-bearing
tree,' see Tacitus, Germania, x. ; such a
branch was called by a name which became
in Old High Ger. puah-stap or buoh-stab,
and meant orig. ' beech-staff ' , but the
word came to be used for the significant
thing on the branch, ' the rune or letter,'
AS boc-stsef, Ger. Buch-stabe.~\
+ a, act., sometimes mid., deal out to, give
a person (ace.) a share in a thing (loc.).
+ v i , part asunder ; divide.
+ pra-vi, divide.
+ 8am-vi, 1. divide a thing (ace.)
with a person (instr.) ; give a share;
2. present a person (ace.) with a thing
(instr.).
V bhanj (bhanakti; babhanja; abhank-
sit ; bhanksyati ; bhagna [957c] ; bhank-
tva ; -bhajya). break. [opinions are
divided as to whether Mbhanj, 2bhuj,
and bham (see these) orig. began w. bhr- ;
cf giri-bhraj, 'breaking forth from the
mountains ' : if bhanj does stand for
*bhranj, then Lat. frangere, 'break,'
nau-frag-a, ' ship-breaking ' (tempestas),
and Ger brechen, Eng. break are akin.]
bhattara, m. lord. [a transition-stem
(399) fr bhartr : corresponding to the
strong ace. s. form bhartar-am, taken as
if it were bhartara-m, is made the nom.
s bhartara-s, etc. ; both transition to
the a-declension, and assimilation of rt
to tt are regular in Prakrit.]
bhattaraka, m. lord, fi-'.plied to gods
and learned men. [bhattara, 1222c 1.]
bhattaraka- vara, m. lord's day, Sun-
day.
bhadra, a. 1. praiseworthy, pleasing;
gladsome, 76*, 90 n ; 2. good, happy,
84 3 ; voc. f., good lady, 9 r) ; bhadram,
adv., w. kr or a-car, do well, 22 n , 23 19 ;
3. favorable, auspicious, 86 8 ; as n.,
sing, and pi., welfare, prosperity, 20 16 ;
w. kr, grant welfare to a person (dat.),
bless, 69". [Vbhand, 1188a.]
bhadra-kft, a. granting welfare; bless-
ing. [1269.]
V bhancl (bhandate). receive jubilant
praise.
bhandistha, a. most loudly or best
praising.
bhaya, n. 1. fear, anxiety; in composi-
tion w. the thing feared, 10 12 , 31 9 , 46 5 ;
fear of a thing (abl.), 40 w ; bhayat, from
fear, 20", 36*, 41 17 ; then, as conversely
in Eng., fear (orig. ' danger,' so Job 39. 22)
has come to mean 'anxiety,' 2. danger,
peril, 25 19 , 42*4. [Vbhl, 1148. la: for
mg 2, cf. samdeha.]
bhayarta, a. stricken with fear, [arta.]
bhara, m. 1. a bearing, carrying; 2.
burden ; weight, 50 J ; 3. mass, quan-
tity; 4. (w. specialization as in Lat.
pondus, ' weight,' then also ' pound ') a
particular quantity or measure, in nir-.
[Vbhr: cf. <f>toff-<t>6po-s, Lat. luci-fer(u-s),
' light-bringing ' ; AS. horn-bora, ' horn-
bearing, trumpeter ' : for mgs 2-4, cf .
Eng. weigh, orig. 'bear up, lift,' as in
weigh anchor, AS. wegan, ' carry, bear,'
and weight, ' burden,' then ' mass,' then
'definite mass.']
bharata, a. to be supported or main-
tained ; esp. to be kept alive by the care
of men, as epithet of the god Agni ; as m.
Bharata, name of a patriarchal hero.
[Vbhr, 1176e.]
bhargas, n. radiant light ; glory. [Vbhrj
or bhraj , q.v., 216. 1 8 : cf . QXtyos, n.,
' flame ' ; Lat. fulgur, ' lightning.']
bhartr, m. 1. bearer; 2. supporter,
maintainer; lord; husband, 10 21 . [Vbhr,
1182b: cf. Lat./ertor, 'bearer.']
bhavd, m. the coming into existence.
[VbhiL]
[205]
[bhava
bhavat-purva, a. having bhavant as
first or preceding; -am, adv. [1311], in a
way having bhavant first, i.e. with the
voc. s. f. of bhavant at the beginning of
one's begging formula.
bhavadaharartham, adv. for your
food, ['in a way having your food as
object,' 1311, 1302c 4 : bhavant + ahara
and artha.]
bhavaduttaram, adv. with bhavant
as last (word of one's begging formula),
[ace. s. n. of adj. *bhavad-uttara, 1311.]
bhavana, n. dwelling, abode, house,
[prop. ' an existing,' then ' place of exist-
ing,' v'bhii, 1150. la. so Eng. dwelling and
abode and Lat. man-sio meant ' a waiting,
an abiding,' and then ' abiding-place,
maison ' : cf . also mandira and asta.]
bhavant [456], a. lordly; used in re-
spectful address as substitute [514] for
pronoun of the second person, and trans-
latable by your honor, thou (e.g. 6 23 ), ye
(e.g. 7 6 , 12 10 ) ; used in the pi. of a single
person to express greater courtesy, 19 * 2 ,
28 4 - 5 ; used in the voc. s. m. (bhavas, con-
tracted) bhos, f. bhavati, as word of
address, (lord, master, mister,) sir, lady,
[prob. a contraction of bhagavant : cf .
61 M N.]
bhavan-madhy a, a. having bhavant as
middle (word) ; -am, adv. [1311], with the
voc. s. f. of bhavant as the middle (word
of one's begging formula).
bhavitavya, grdv. deserving to become,
destined to be, about to be ; impers. [999],
maya bhavitavyam, sc. asti, I must be,
23 13 ; bhavitavyam, it must be, 27 14 .
[Vbhu, 964.]
V bhas (babhasti [678]; bhasita). chew,
bite ; crush ; devour, consume ; bhasita,
consumed to ashes, [cf. <pa.n-fj.ri, *<f>acr-fj.ii,
' barley-groats ' : w. the 3d pi. ba-ps-ati
cf . the collateral form psa and tyd-/j.a-0os,
' sand.']
bhasman, n. ashes, ['consumed': see
V bhas.]
V bha (bhati; babhau; bhasyati; bhata).
be bright, shine ; appear. [cf. <^TJ-^,
Lat. fa-ri, ' make appear, reveal, say ' ;
Eng. ban, 'public proclamation, manda-
tory or prohibitory,' ' notice (of mar-
riage),' etc.: cf. v'vbhas, bhas.]
+ a, shine upon ; illumine.
+ u d , shine out, become manifest, 56 20 .
+ nis, shine forth from (a&/.), Jig.
-l-pra, shine forth; begin to be light
(of the night).
+ v i , shine far and wide.
bhaga, m. part: 1. allotted part, 96 20 ;
share, 84 10 ; lot ; esp. happy lot ; 2. in
post-Vedic, portion (not lot), 64 22 ; 3.
place, spot (cf. Eng. parts, 'regions'),
[v'bhaj.]
bhaga-dheya, n. (bestowal or allotment
of a part, i.e. ) portion, 88 7 ; esp. bestowal
of a goodly lot, blessing, 82 4 . [1213c.]
bhagagas, adv. part by part; gradually,
[bhaga, 1106.]
bhagiratha, a. of Bhagiratha; -i, /.
the stream (nadi) of Bh., the Ganges,
[bhagiratha, 1208f.]
bhagya, n. lot; fate; esp. happy lot;
luck; bhagyena, luckily, [bhaga, 1211.]
bhajana, n. vessel, dish. [lit. 'receiver,'
Vbhaj, mg2: 1150. lb.]
b hand a, n. 1. vessel, pot; vat; dish;
2. generalized (like patra), Utensil ;
wares or ware.
bhanda-miilya, n. capital consisting of
wares ; stock in trade.
bhanu, m. light; beam. [Vbha, 1162.]
v' bham (bhamita). rage, be angry,
[orig., perhaps, 'be agitated,' and so, a
Prakritic form of bhram, q.v. : for loss
of r, see under Vbhanj.]
bham a, m. rage, fury. [Vbham.]
bhara, m. burden. [Vbhr.]
bharata, a. descended from Bharata ;
as m. descendant from Bharata, epithet
of Yudhishthira, to whom Brihadacva
tells the story of Nala. [bharata, 1208f.]
bharika, m. carrier, [bhara.]
bharya, grdv. to be supported or main-
tained ; -a, / wife. [Vbhr, 963b.]
bharyatva, n. condition of being wife
or (among animals) mate, [bharya.]
bhava, TO. 1. the becoming, 61 2 ; exist-
ence, 15 18 ; being; in cpds, used as equiv.
to the suffix tva or ta, condition of being ,
35 21 , 49 12 ; -2. (way of being, i.e.) con-
bhavin]
[206]
dition; 3. (way of being, i.e.) nature;
4. natural disposition ; feeling ; 5.
feelings ; heart, 30 18 ; 6. the existent ;
existent thing, 66 9 . [V bhu, 1148. 2.]
bhavin, a. becoming, coming into exist-
ence; about to be, destined to be, 18 9 ;
future, 38 13 ; -ini, f. a beautiful woman.
[Vbhu, 1183 s end.]
\f bhas (bhasate ; babhase ; abhasista ;
bhasita; bhasitum; bhasitva; -bhasya).
speak; talk; say. [perhaps for *bhask,
a sk-formation fr. Vbha: 182a.]
+ abhi, speak unto, address, w. ace.;
speak, without object.
+ prati, speak back, answer.
bh as a, /. speech, language, [vfbhas.]
bhasita, ppl. spoken; as n. [1176a], what
is spoken, the words. [Vbhas.]
V bhas (bhasati, -te ; babhas6 ; bhasita).
shine, [cf. Vbha.]
+ prati, shine over against, make a
show, appear well.
bhas, n. light. [Vbhas: but cf. 1151. lc 2 .]
bhas-kara, m. the sun. [' light-making ' :
171 3 .]
V bhiks (bhiksate; bibhikse; bhiksisye;
bhf ksitum ; bhiksitva). desire to have
a share for one's self, wish for ; then (like
the Eng. desire, 'express a wish for'), re-
quest; beg; esp. go begging for food,
[old desid. of Vbhaj, lOSg 1 end: cf.
bhaks.]
bhiksa,/. 1. the act of begging, beg-
ging ; 2. that which is got by begging,
alms. [Vbhiks, 1149 4 : w. the relation of
1 to 2, cf. that of Eng. getting, 'act of
getting,' to getting, ' that which is got.']
V bhid (bhinatti, bhintte; bibheda, bi-
bhid6 ; abhet [832] ; bhetsyati, -te ;
bhinnA [957d] ; bhettum ; bhittva ;
-bhidya). cleave, cut asunder; break in
twain, 102 14 ; smite sore (in battle), 81 5 ;
pound, bruise, crush (as a reed), 70 15 ;
pierce. [orig. 'split, crush': cf. Lat.
ftndo, 'cleave,' perfect fidi; Ger. beissen,
Eng. bite; also bit, 'morsel,' and bit, 'part
of a bridle ' ; bitter, used of a sword, w. a
trace of the orig. mg, Beowulf, 2705 ;
caus. bait, in bait a bear, ' make dogs bite
him,' and bait a horse, 'let him eat.']
-t- pra, split forth or open.
+ vi, split asunder; break to pieces,
destroy.
bhiyds, m. fear, [v'bhi, 1151. 2c.]
V bhisaj (bhisakti). heal.
bhisaj, a. healing; as TO. healer. [V bhisaj,
1147.]
V bhi (V. bhayate; V. and later, bibheti ;
bibhaya ; abhaisit ; bhesyati ; bhitA ;
bhetum ; cas. bhisayate [1042f]). fear;
be afraid of (abl.) ; bhita, having feared,
frightened ; caws, affright, [w. bi-bhe-ti,
cf . Old High Ger. bi-be-t, ' trembles,' whose
bi- is syllable of reduplication, Ger. bebt,
AS. beofa^S, ' trembles ' : the connection of
these words with <t>f-ft-o/j.cu, 'am afeard,
flee in fright,' and tp6&os, ' fear,' is still a
moot-point.]
bhi [351], /. fear. [V bhi, 348.1.]
bhita, ppl. feared; as n. [1176a], fear.
bhima, a. fearful, terrible; as m. Bhima,
name of a Vidarbhan king. [Vbhi,
1166b.]
bhima-par akr ama, m. terrible
strength or courage. [1264, 1267.]
bhlma-parakrama, a. possessing
bbima-parakrama, 1", 2 3 . [1293.]
bhima-gasana, n. command or sum-
mons of Bhima. [1264, 1267.]
bhirii, a. timid. [Vbhi, 1192.]
vf Ibhuj (bhujati ; bhugna ; -bhujya).
bend; turn; make crooked, [so far as
the meaning goes, the following words
may well be taken as cognate: ipvy-e'iv,
Lat. fug-ere, ' turn about, flee ' ; AS. bug-an,
'bend, turn about' (intrans.), sometimes
also 'flee,' Eng. verb bow (as in bow down),
' bend ' ; AS. boga, Eng. bow, ' arcus,' el-bow,
rain-bow ; Ger. bieg-sam, ' pliable,' Old Eng.
buh-sum, 'pliable, yielding,' Eng. buxom,
' lithe, lively, vigorous ' : but the Ger-
manic g raises phonetic difficulties which
are not yet satisfactorily cleared up.]
V 2bhuj (bhunakti, bhunkte ; bubhoja,
bubhuj6 ; abhujat ; bhoksyati, -te ;
bhukta ; bh6ktum ; bhuktva). 1. en-
joy; in Veda, (have use with, i.e.) have
the use of a thing (and so w. instr.) ;
2. in later Skt. (like Ger. geniessen, cf.
also bhoga and bhojana), enjoy esp. food,
[207]
[v bhu
K;. ace. ; 3. without object, take one's
meal; then 4. enjoy (things that are
not food), w. ace., 10 9 ; 5. reap the fruit
(of sin) at the hands of a person (gen.),
791"; _6. cans, cause to take food, feed,
[if f or *bhruj (but this is doubtful see
V/bhanj), then cf. Lat. frui, *frugvi, 'have
use with' (a thing, hence instr.-abl.),
'enjoy'; frug-es, 'fruit'; AS. brucan,
' enjoy' (food or drink), 'use,' Eng. brook,
orig. ' use,' now ' put up with.']
+ anu, reap the fruit (of good or evil
deeds).
+ upa, 1. enjoy, esp. (enjoy food, i.e.)
eat; 2. reap the fruit (of good or evil
deeds).
bhuj am-gama, m. serpent. ['going
with bending or with crooking': bhujam,
grd of V Ibhuj, 995 : for mg, cf. khaga.]
V bhur (bhurati). make short and quick
motions, twitch, jerk, kick, struggle, stir,
[cf . <t>vpu, ' stir around, mingle ' ; (p\vw,
' bubble ' ; Lat. fur-ere, ' be agitated, rage ' ;
de-frustum, 'boiled off'; Eng. brew, 'boil';
bro-th, 'bouillon.']
bhurana, a. (like the Encj. stirring, i.e.)
both 1. moving quickly and 2. active,
busy. [Vbhur, 1150. 2c.]
V bhuranya (bhuranyati). be stirring,
busy, [bhurana, 1059d.]
bhu van a, n. 1. being, existence; 2.
world ; 3. with vigva : sing., tout le
monde ; pi., all beings. [v'bhu, 1150.
2c.]
bhuvana-traya, n. world-triad, i.e.
heaven and atmosphere and earth.
b h u v a s , the second of the so-called " utter-
ances" (see vyahrti), bhuvas!, interpreted
as air or atmosphere, on account of its
position between bhur and svar. [prob.
nothing more than the voc. pi. of bhu,
' ye spaces.']
v' bhu (bhavati, -te ; babhuva [789a] ;
abhiit ; bhavisyati, -te ; bhuta ; bha-
vitum ; bhutva ; -bhuya ; caus. bhava-
yati, -te). become, 93 3 , 40 21 , 57 3 , 67 21 ,
3 n ; come into being, 92 17 ; arise, happen,
take place ; exist ; very often to be ren-
dered simply by be, 2 15 , 3 18 - 22 , 7 1 ;
purvam abhud raja, once there was a
king, 48 * ; tatha bhavatu, so be it, 27 14 ,-
so 32 1T ; pranjalir bhutva, (having be-
come pranjali, i.e.) assuming suppliant
posture, 13 22 ; w. possessive yen., become
(the property) of a person; adhipatyam
tasya babhuva, lordship became his, he
attained lordship, 37 : ; seldom w. dat.,
96 2l) ; imperative, bhavatu: (be it, i.e.)
good ; enough ; what's the use of talking,
30 16 , 42 2 ; the thing is clear, 23 7 , 31 6 ;
tad bhavatu, never mind that, 34 6 ;
bhuta, see s.v. ; in self-explaining
periphrases iv. ppls, 49 19 , 52 n , 99 21 ;
desid. bubhusati [1027], desire to be,
70 14 . [w. abhut cf. e<t>v, 'became, grew' ;
cf. Lat. fu-it, 'was' ; Old Lat. fa-at, 'may
be ' ; AS. beam, ' am ' ; Eng. be.~]
+ anu, 1. (perhaps be along after,
and so) come up with, attain; 2. ex-
perience; enjoy, 24 9 ; 3. (experience,
i.e.) make practical acquaintance with,
come to understand; perceive; hear, 4 21 .
+ abhi, be against [1077 8 ], oppress,
and so overpower.
+ ud, arise up, make itself perceptible.
+ pari, 1. be around, surround, en-
compass ; 2. (like the Eng. colloq. get
around, i.e.) get the better of, prove
superior to ; be superior to, and so 3.
treat with contempt, 37 s .
+ pra, 1. come forth into being;
arise; 2. be before (others), have the
power ; have power, be strong.
+ vi, (become asunder, i.e.) expand, de-
velop ; pervade ; caus. cause to expand
or open ; discover ; vibhavita, discovered,
found out.
+ sam, 1. (unite [intrans.] together,
and so take form, i.e.) be shapen in its
old sense, be created ; be born, 97 2 ; come
into being ; become ; originate ; sam-
bhuta, sprung from, 19 12 ; 2. exist,
39 2 ; be, 39 5 ; sambabhuva, am, II V.
x. 125. 8; 3. happen, 20 12 ; occur; pass
current, 52"; caus. 1. (cause to be
together, bring into form, i.e.) make,
accomplish; 2. honor, 30 12 ; 3. (bring
together, and so, like Eng. con-jecture)
suppose, [development of caus. mg 2
unclear.]
bhu]
[208]
+ abhi-aam, (lit. become unto, i.e.)
attain (e.g. a condition) by a process of
change, enter into (e.g. wifehood), 86 19 ;
be born unto (immortality), 97 8 .
bhu [351-2], a. at end of cpds, becoming,
being, existent; as f. 1. a becoming,
being; 2. the place (for mg, cf. bha-
vana) of being, the world, space ; pi.
worlds, spaces (cf. bhuvas) ; 3. the
earth, as distinguished from heaven and
atmosphere; bhuvi, on earth; 4. the
land, lands. [Vbhu, 347.]
bhuta, ppl. 1. become, been, i.e. past;
real; 2. having become, being, used in
composition w. its predicate as a grammati-
cal device to give the predicate an adj. form
w. number and gender [1273c], 6 7 , 19*, 29*,
56 15 ; _3. os n. (that which has become,
i.e.) a being, divine (90 19 ) or human or
other ; creature in general, 21 18> **, 57 18 ,
63 12 ; created thing, 58 10 ; world, 91 10 ;
4. as m. n. uncanny being, ghost, gob-
lin, 55 19 ; 5. as n. element; panca
bhutani, five elements (earth, water, fire,
air, ether, of which the body is composed
and into which it is dissolved), 66 5 , 68 9 ;
so 66 ! 8 . [V bhu : cf . $6-r6-v, ' plant,
creature.']
bhuta-grama, m. sing, and pi. commu-
nity of creatures.
bhuta-bhasa, f. language of the gob-
lins or Picachas.
bhu-tala, n. earth-surface, ground, earth,
[cf. tala.]
bhuti, f. being, esp. well-being. [Vbhu:
cf . (pva-ts, ' a being, nature.']
bhu-pa, m. protector of the earth or land,
king, prince.
bhu-pati, m. lord of the land, king,
prince.
bhu-bhaga, m. spot of the earth, place.
bhu man, n. earth; world. [Vbhu, 1168.
Id : for mg, cf. bhu.]
bhumi,/. -1. earth, 57"; ground, 43 18 ;
2. land; 3. place, 23 14 ; esp. fit place,
proper vessel (cf. sthana, patra), 21 6 ,
28 3 . [Vbhu, 1167 : for mg, cf. bhu.]
bhumi-pati, m. lord of the land, king,
prince,
bhumi-bhaga, m. spot of ground.
bhumi-stha, a. standing on the ground,
[stha.]
bhuyans,a. more; greater, ['becoming in
a higher degree, increasing/ Vbhu, 470 2 .]
bhur, the first of the three "utterances" (see
vyahrti), bhur!, O earth. [crystallized
voc. sing, of bhu.]
bhuri, a. abundant; much. [Vbhu, 1191:
cf. bhuyans.]
bhuri-kala, m. longtime.
bhuri-sthatra, a. having many sta-
tions, being in many places.
bhurni, a. stirring, and so vigilant, jealous
(of a god). [Vbhur, 1158.2, 245b.]
V bhu s (bhusati; bhusayati [1041 2 ]).
1. bhusati, be busy for ; 2. bhusayati,
(make ready for, i.e.) adorn.
bhusana, n. ornament. [v'bhus, mg 2:
1150.]'
V bhr (bibharti [645] ; bharati, -te ; T*.
jabhara, jabhr6 [789b] ; later, babhara ;
abharsit ; bharisyati ; bhrta ; bhartum ;
-bhftya). bear (cf. the various senses of
bear in Eng.): thus, 1. hold, and so pos-
sess; 2. bear (in the womb); abharat,
she bare, 85 15 ; 3. endure ; 4. carry,
convey; 5. (bear, i.e., as in Latimer)
win; 6. bring (as an offering, cf. of-fer),
69", 82 14 ; w. udhar, offer the breast,
suckle, 78 8 ; 7. (bear, i.e.) support;
and so (like Eng. support), furnish sus-
tenance to, 22 2 ; maintain, RV. x. 125. 1 ;
so also, keep (on hire) ; 8. wear (as Ger.
tragen means 'bear' and 'wear'); w.
nakhani. wear the nails, keep them un-
trimmed, 64 19 . [cf. <>>cp<a, Lat. fero, Eng.
bear, 'bear' in its various mgs, Ger. ge-
bdren, ' bring forth ' : AS. bear-n, Eng.
bairn, 'child,' is an old ppl., lit. 'that
which is borne or born ' ; cf . also $<&p, Lat.
fur, ' carrier off, thief ' : see also under
the derivs, bhara, bhartr, and bhrti ; cf .
bhara and the following.]
+ a p a , carry off, take away, airo^e'po).
+ ava, bear down (an assailing weapon),
ward off.
+ a, bear unto, bring to.
+ upa, bring unto.
+ ni, only in ppl., nibhrta, (borne down,
lowered, i.e.) hidden.
[209]
[bhratr
+ pra, act. mid. bring forward; offer;
prabhrta, brought forward, made ready.
[cf. irpocpepw, Lat. profero, ' bring for-
ward.']
vl bhrjj ( bhrjj ati ; bhrsta ; bhrstva).
rpast ; parch, esp. grain, [cf . <ppvyw, Lat.
frigere, 'roast ': akin w. v'bhraj.]
bhrti, /. the supporting, maintenance.
[Vbhr, 1157. la: cf. Ger. Ge-bur-t, Eng.
bir-th'.]
bhrtya, m. (one who is to be maintained,
i.e.) servant, [grdv. of Vbhr, 963b.]
bhrga, a. powerful,
bhrga-duhkhita, a. (powerfully, i.e.)
exceedingly pained,
bhetavya, grdv. to be feared ; bhetavyam,
impers. [999], timendum est, one should
fear, 42 3 ; na bhetavyam, never fear.
[Vbhi, 964.]
bheda, m. fissure, split, breach; a creating
of divisions, [v'bhid.]
bhesaja, f. -i, a. healing; as n. healing
(subst.). [bhisaj, 1209i.]
bhaiksa, n. begging; bhaiksam car, go
a-begging, [bhiksa, 1208e.]
bhaima, a. descended from Bhima; /. -i,
Bhima's daughter, Damayanti. [bhlma,
1208f.]
bhairava, a. fearful, i.e. awful; as m.
Terrible, name of a hunter. [bhirii,
1208c.]
bho, see 176a (in 2d ed., see 174b).
bh6ga, m. enjoyment; use; esp. use of
food, i.e. eating. [V2bhuj, 'enjoy,' 216.
1-]
bho gin, a. enjoying or having enjoyment;
esp. enjoying food, well-fed. [not di-
rectly fr. vf2bhuj, but fr. bhoga, on
account of the g, 1230c end.]
bh6jana, n. the enjoying, esp. of food;
the eating; then (like Eng. eating), food.
[V2bhuj, 'enjoy,' 1150. la.]
bhojya, grdv. to be eaten; as n. food,
supply of food. [V2bhuj, 'enjoy, eat,'
963d.]
bhobhavat-purvaka, a. accompanied
[1302c2] by bhos orbhavant; -am, adv.
[1311], with bhos or bhavant.
bho-bhava, m. the becoming bhos; w.
namnam, the becoming bhos of names,
i.e. the use of bhos instead of a person's
real name.
bhos, excl. of address, thou, sir !, !, ho !,
halloo ! ; often repeated, e.g. 6 2;? . [for ori-
gin, see bhavant : for euphonic combina-
tion, see 176a (in 2d ed., see 174b).]
bhoh-gabda, m. the word bhos.
V bhrang or bhrag (bhrangate; bhragyati
[767]; abhragat; bhrasta). fall.
+ apa, fall off; see apabhrasta.
bhranga, m. fall; ruin; loss, [\fbhranc_.]
V bhram (bhramati, -te; bhramyati, -te
[763]; babhrama ; bhramisyati ; bhranta
[955a] ; bhramitum, bhrantum ; bhran-
tva; -bhramya, -bhramya). 1. move
unsteadily or without aim; wander; roam,
36 12 , 23 5 ; flutter, of insects, etc.; 2.
move in a circle, rotate ; 3. Jig. be wan-
dering (of the mind) ; be agitated or con-
fused.
[the orig. meanings seem to have in-
cluded irregular and aimless and rotary
motion as applied to water, wind, and
fire, and also to have been transferred to
the sound thereof : cf . the derivs bhfmi,
' whirlwind,' bhrama, ' whirling flame ' and
' whirlpool,' and bhramara, ' bee ' : cf .
ftpfH-fiv, 'rage,' 'roar' (of storm and
wave), Ppopos, 'rage, roar'; Lat. frem-erc ,
' rage, roar ' ; Ger. brummen, ' hum, rum-
ble'; AS. brim, 'surf, surge,' Eng. brim,
' place of surf, edge, margin ' ; Old Eng.
brim, ' flame, fire,' preserved in Eng.
brimstone, 'fire-stone': see also Vbham.]
+ pari, wander around.
+ sam, be much confused ; sambhranta,
agitated, perplexed, in a flutter.
V bhraj (bhrajate, -ti; babhraja ; abhrat
[890 or 833?]; bhrajisyate). shine; be
radiant ; flame ; Jig. be radiant (with
beauty or glory). [cf. (p\fy-ia, 'flame,
burn'; tf>\(y-^a, 'flame'; Lat. flam-ma,
*flag-ma, ' flame '; fulg-ere, 'shine, lighten';
AS. bide, 'shining, splendid' (of fires and
flames), then 'white' (of the dead), Eng.
bleak, ' pale ' ; bleach, ' whiten.']
+ vi, shine.
bhratr [373], m. brother. [origin un-
known, cf. 1182d: cf. <f>pa-Ti)p, 'brother,
esp. one of a brotherhood or clan,' and
14
bhratrsthana]
[210]
so, ' clansman ' ; Lat. frailer, ' brother ' ;
Eng. brother.'}
bhratr-sthana, a. (having, i.e.) taking
the brother's place ; as i. representative
of a brother.
bhruva, for bhru at end ofcpds, 1315c.
bhru [351], f. brow. [cf. b-<ppv-s, 'eye-
brow ' ; AS. bru, ' eye-lid ' ; Eng. brow.~\
ma [491], pron. root, see aham. [cf. /te,
Lat. me, AS. me, Eng. me.~\
V manh (manhate). make great or abund-
ant a thing (ace.) for a person (dot.),
grant abundantly to. [for *magh, cf.
magha : orig. ' be great,' and trans,
'make great or high/ and essentially
ident. w. Vmah: see under \ruah: for
mg, cf. Lat. largus, 'large, liberal/ w.
larglri, 'give liberally/ and Eng. large
with largess."]
manhistha, a. granting most abundantly,
most generous. [Vmanh, 467.]
ma-kara, m. the letter m. [Whitney 18.]
makha, a. jocund, [cf. Vmah.]
magadha, m. pi. Magadhans, name of a
people ; Magadha, name of their country,
Southern Behar.
magadha-dega, m. the land of Magadha.
V magh, see manh.
magha, n. liberal gift ; bounty. [V magh,
i.e. manh.]
maghavan [428], a. 1. abounding in
liberal gifts, generous; esp., as m., gener-
ous (patron), designation of the rich lord
who institutes a sacrifice and pays the
priests, 88 J cf. suri ; applied in particular
to Indra, as Rewarder (of priests and
singers), 70 6 , 71 5 , 73 20 , 75 10 ; -2. in the
Epos, The Generous One, standing epithet
of Indra, 5". [magha, 1234.]
manga la, n. 1. welfare, luck; 2. any-
thing lucky, auspicious, or of good omen ;
3. old or traditional usage, 59 18 .
mangalya, a. lucky, auspicious, of good
omen, [mangala, 1212d4.]
mac-chisya, m. pupil of me, my pupil,
[mad + gisya, 159, 203.]
V majj (majjati, -te ; mamajja ; amajjit ;
manksyati, -te ; majjisyati ; magna
[957c] ; majjitum; -majya). sink under;
dip one's self ; dive ; duck or sub-merge,
intrans. [perhaps orig. *mazgh, ' get
into': cf. madgu, 'duck'; Lat. merg-ere,
' duck ' ; merg-us, ' diver ' bird : for the
phonetic relations, cf. majjan, Avestan
mazga, Church Slavonic mozgu, AS.
mearg, Eng. marrow, Ger. Mark, all mean-
ing ' marrow/ and, as meaning originally
' the inmost part or pith/ prob. from this
root : see rajju.]
+ u d , e-merge.
- n i , sink down ; dip one's self, bathe.
majjao, Prakrit for marjara-s ('cat')
and for maj-jara-s ('my paramour').
mathara, a. perhaps persistent; as m.
Mathara, name of a man.
mani. m. 1. pearl; jewel; 2. water-
jar.
manika, m. large water-jar, [mani.]
mandapa, m. n. open hall or pavilion.
mandapika, /. small shed or shop,
[mandapa, 1222 and d.]
mandala, n. disk, circle, ring.
manduka, m. frog; f. manduki [355b],
female frog.
mat!,/ 1. (thinking upon, i.e., like the
Ger. An-dacht, see dhii'j devotion; pious
hymn or song of praise, 73 10 , 79 6 ; 2.
thought ; thoughts, 49 3 ; purpose, 73 5 ;
mind ; intention ; 3. opinion ; 4. un-
derstanding, 19 9 ; intelligence. [Vman,
q.v. : cf . Lat. mehs, stem men-ti, ' mind ' ;
AS. ge-myn-d, ' mind/ Eng. mind.']
mati-prakarsa, m. wit-superiority, i.e.
a fine dodge.
mat ay a, m. fish. ['the lively one/
v'mad.]
V math or manth. (mathnati, mathnite ;
manthati; mathati [746]; mamatha, ma-
mathus. mamanthus, methiis ; amath-
It ; mathisyati, -te, manthisyati ; math-
itd ; mathitum ; mathitva ; -mathya).
1. stir or whirl ; w. agnim, produce fire
by whirling the stick of attrition in a dry
piece of wood ; 2. shake, agitate, dis-
tress.
+ pra, agitate.
v mad fmadati ; madyati ; mamada ;
amadit ; madita, matta ; maditum ; mad-
[211]
[manas
ayati, -te). 1. bubble, undulate, of
water, and as a type of joyousness ;
apam urmir madann iva stomas, praise
(joyous) as a bubbling water-wave, 81 10 ;
boil, be agitated; 2. Jig. be (pleasantly
excited, i.e.) glad; rejoice; w. instr., 83 12 ;
be exhilarated or intoxicated with joy ;
3. esp., as describing the life of the
gods and the blessed, be in bliss ; w. cog-
nate ace., 83 18 ; 4. trans, gladden, rejoice,
75 12 ; intoxicate ; matta, drunk ; cans.
1. act. gladden; 2. mid. take delight,
8419.
[the rather rare physical mg (1) is
prob. the orig. one, w. a transfer to fig.
use, as in Eng. bubble over with joy or
mirth: cf. /xo8-ao>, 'be moist'; Lat. mad-ere,
'be soaked, full, drunk'; mat-ta-s (mg 4)
and Lat. mat-tu-s, ' drunk ' : see the colla-
teral form Vlmand, and Vmud.]
4-ud, be out (of one's senses) with ex-
citement; be frantic.
+ pra, take pleasure.
mad, so-called stem of 1st pers. pron., 494.
mad a, m. excitement, inspiration, intoxi-
cation, 81 4 ; pi. intoxicating drinks, esp.
Soma-draughts, 81 1J . [Vmad.]
madly a, a. mine, [mad, 494 3 , 1215d.]
madgii, m. a water-fowl, ['diver,' Vmajj,
q.v.]
madhu, a. sweet; as n. sweet food and
drink : esp. Soma ; milk and its products ;
oftenest honey, 26 18 . [cf. peOv, 'wine';
AS medu, Eng. mead.']
madhura, a. sweet; of speeches, honeyed,
[madhu, 1226a.]
madhya, 1. as n. middle; w. nabhasas,
middle of heaven, mid-heaven ; madhye :
in the middle, 57 12 ; w. gen. [1130] or at
end of cpd, in the midst of , in , 18 7 ,
2 9 ; 2. m. n. (the middle, i.e.) the waist;
3. as adj., used like Lat. medius : samu-
dram madhyam, in medium mare. [cf.
fj.<Tffos, */j.f6-jo-s, Lat. medius, Goth, midjis,
AS. mid, Eng. mid-, ' middle.']
madhya-ga, a. situated in the middle
of, tarrying among.
madhya-carin, a. moving in the mid-
dle of (w. gen., 1316 2 ), i.e. moving
among.
madhyam&, 1. midmost, situated be-
tween; 2. of middling quality, size, etc.;
.3. as m. n. the middle (of the body),
waist; 4. as n. the middle (of anything),
[madhya, 474: cf. 525 3 .]
V man (manyate; mene [794e] ; amansta;
mansyate, -ti ; mata ; mantum ; matva ;
-manya, -matya ; desid. mimansate). be
minded : 1. think, believe, imagine, 34 18 ,
43 16 ; conjecture ; yadi nanyatha man-
yase, if thou art not otherwise minded, if
thou art agreed, 25 8 ; manye, inserted
parenthetically, methinks, 51 13 ; expect,
52 n ; 2. consider something (ace.) as
something (ace.), 13 12 , 37 7 , 55 2/) , 79 8 ;
praptakalam amanyata, considered (sc.
it) an arrived time, thought that the time
had come, 13 20 ; bahu man, consider as
much, esteem, honor; 3. think fit or
right, 10 16 ; 4. think upon, set the heart
on, 3*; 5. have in mind or view, 88 6 ;
cans., see manaya ; desid. consider,
examine, call in question, [cf. fj.f-fj.ov-a,
'mind, i.e. fix the thoughts on, wish,
strive' (see man 4); Lat. me-min-i, 'keep
in mind'; AS. prcterito-present man, 'am
mindful,' and the indirectly connected
miKnan, Eng. mean, 'have in mind, in-
tend.']
+ anu, (be minded after another, i.e.)
follow another in opinion, assent, ap-
prove ; consent ; give leave, w. ace. of
person, 49 4 ; permit, 62 6 .
+ abhi, 1. put one's mind upon, de-
sire ; abhimata, desired, agreeable ; 2.
have intentions against [1077 8 ], plot
against.
+ ava, (mind, i.e. regard downwards, i.e.)
regarder de haut en bas, look down upon,
like the Lat. de-spicere, despise, treat with
contempt.
manas, n. mind, in its widest sense as
applied to the powers of conception, will,
and emotion : thus, 1. the intellect ; the
thoughts, 8 16 , 10 5 , 66 7 ; understanding,
82 17 ; mind, 10 16 , 15", 65i 2 -i 3 ; -2. re-
flection ; excogitation ; perhaps the thing
excogitated, praise, or (like dhi2) devo-
tion, 73 7 ; 3. wish, inclination towards ;
4. desire; 5. feelings; disposition;
14*
manisa]
[212]
heart, 78 7 . [V man : cf . n*vos, ' mind,
spirit ' ; Lat. Miner-va, the goddess ' gifted
with understanding.']
manisa,/. 1. thought ; understanding ;
instr. manisa, adv. wisely; 2. expression
of thought and wisdom in saw, prayer,
and hymn (cf. dhi2). [Vman, 1197b.]
man! sin, a. 1. having understanding,
wise; 2. prayerful, devout. [manisa,
1230a.]
manu, m. 1. man; collectively (as in
Eng., and like Hebrew adam), man, man-
kind, 73 19 ; -2. (like Hebrew Adam) The
Man tear' f^ox'fi", Manu, father of man-
kind ; Manu, as originator of prayer,
praise, and sacrifice, 89 2 ; Manu, as type
of piety and majesty, 1 10 ; Manu, sup-
posititious author of the law-book of the
Manavas. [cf. Goth, manna, Ger. Mann,
AS. man, Eng. man : the noun is general-
ized to a quasi pronoun in AS. man, Ger.
man, like Lat. homo in French on, but
retains a distinct form as noun in Ger.
Mann (as homo does in French homme) :
cf. also Mannus, mythical ancestor of the
West-Germans (Tacitus, Germania, ii.) :
perhaps related are Mtw-s and MiVo>s,
mythical Greek forefathers : the deriva-
tion of manu fr. Vman, 'think,' is unobjec-
tionable so far as the form goes (1178b),
but the usual explanation of manu as
'the thinker' defies common sense.]
manu-ja, m. man. [prop, adj., 'Manu-
born, sprung from Manu/ 1265.]
manujendra, m. (prince of men, i.e.)
prince, king, 1 5 . [manuja + indra, 1264.]
manusya, 1. a. human; 2. as m. man.
[manus, 1212d 1 : cf. manusa : for mg 2,
see manava.]
manusyatva, n. condition of being man.
[manusya, 1239.]
manusya-devd, m. human god [1280 1 ]
or man-god [1280b] or god among men
[1264], i.e. Brahman, 95 *.
manusya-loka, m. world of men.
manus, m. man. [cf. manu and 1154.]
mano-ratha, m. wish. [lit. 'heart's
joy,' manas + 2 ratha.]
mano-hara, a. (heart-taking, i.e.) cap-
tivating.
mantu, m. counsel, i.e. deliberation; then
(like Eng. counsel), result of deliberation,
plan, intent. [Vman, 1161a.]
mantra, i. 1. thought; esp. thought as
uttered in formal address, in prayer or
song of praise (see dhi2), or in pious text;
2. usual designation of the hymns and
texts of the Vedas ; 3. later (when
these Vedic texts came to be used as
magic formulas), spell, charm; 4. like
mantu, deliberation, plan, [v'man, 1185b:
for mg 3, cf. Lat. carmen, ' solemn utter-
ance' (see v'gans), then 'magic spell,'
whence Eng. charm.']
mantra-da, a. giving, i.e. imparting the
sacred texts, i.e., as m., Veda-teacher.
V mantraya (mantrayate [10G7]). 1.
speak with solemn or formal utterance ;
2. deliberate. [denom. of mantra
see its various mgs.]
+ anu, follow with a mantra, accompany
with a sacred text, like Lat. prosequi
vocibus.
+ abhi, address a spell unto; charm or
conjure.
+ a , speak unto ; esp. bid farewell to,
56.
+ ni, invite, [for mg, cf. (under Vbudh)
Eng. bid, 'make formal announcement
of,' and then 'invite.']
sam-ni, invite together, 4 2D .
mantravant, a. accompanied by sacred
texts, [mantra, 1233.]
mantr a-varna, m. the wording of a
sacred text.
V Imand (mandati: mamanda; amand-
it). gladden, 74*. [collateral form of
V mad.]
V 2m and or mad (mamatti ; madati).
tarry, loiter. [amplification of *man,
'remain,' the congener of p.ev-(iv, Lat.
man-ere, 'remain.']
m a n d a , a. 1. tarrying, slow ; 2.
(sluggish, and so) weak ; insignificant ;
little; 3. (like Eng. colloq. slow) stupid.
[V2mand, 'tarry.']
manda-bhagya, a. having little luck,
unlucky.
mandara, m. Mandara, a sacred moun-
tain.
[213]
[masi
mandadara, a. having little regard for
(w. loc., 303a), careless about, [manda +
adara.]
mandara. m. n. 1. coral tree, Erythrina
indica; 2. m. used, perhaps, as name of
a man, Mandara.
mandira, n. dwelling; house; palace.
fV 2 mand, 'tarry,' 1188e: prop, 'a wait-
ing, an abiding,' and then 'abiding-place,
mansion': cf. /j.dvS-pa, 'fold, stable,' later
' monastery ' : for mg, observe that Lat.
mansio, stem man-si-on- (fr. man-ere,
'tarry'), meant first 'a tarrying,' and
then 'a stopping-place, mansion,' French
' maison ' ; see also bhavana.]
manmatha, m. love; the god of love,
['the agitator, distresser,' intensive for-
mation fr. Vmath or nianth, 1148.4,
1002b.]
manman, n. thought; esp. (like dhi2)
An-dacht, devotion, prayer or praise.
[Vman, 1168.1a.]
man-mahsa, n. my flesh, [mad, 494.]
man yd, m. 1. mood, i.e. temper of
mind; then 2. (like Eng. mood) anger,
heat of temper. [Vman, 1165a.j
mama, see 491 and ma.
may a, 1. called a derivative suffix (see
1225, 161 3 ), but really a nomen actionis
meaning formation, make, used as final
element of a cpd, having as its make,
made of , consisting of , containing
in itself ; 2. nomen agentis, maker,
former; esp. Maya, The Former, name of
an Asura, artificer of the Daityas, and
skilled in all magic, 45. [fr. mi, weak
form (cf. 954c, 250) of VI ma, 'measure,
arrange, form,' 1148. la and b: so the
Eng. deriv. suffix -hood, -head, Ger. -heit,
was once an independent noun, see under
ketu.]
may as, n. invigoration, refreshment, cheer,
gladness, joy. [prop, 'a building up,' fr.
V 1 mi, ' establish,' or fr. the weak form mi
(cf. 954c, 250) of the kindred and partly
equivalent V 1 ma, ' measure, arrange,
form, build,' 1151. la.]
mayo-bhu [352], a. being for or conduc-
ing to mayas, i.e. refreshing, gladdening.
mar a, m. death. [\/mr, 'die.']
marakata, n. smaragd or emerald, [cf.
0-fj.dpa-ySos, whence Lat. smaragdus, Old
French esmeralde, French e'meraude."]
marana, n. death. [V 1 mr, ' die.']
marlci, f. 1. mote or speck in the air,
illuminated by the sun ; 2. later, beam
of light, [cf. mariit.]
marici-mala,/. garland of rays.
maricimalin, a. having a garland of
rays, [maricimala, 1230a.]
m a r li , m. a waste ; desert, [perhaps ' the
dead and barren' part, whether of land
or water, V 1 mr, ' die ' : cf . 'A./j.(j>l-jjiapos,
son of Poseidon; Lat. mare, 'sea'; AS.
mere, ' sea, lake, swamp,' Eng. mere, ' lake,
pool,' Winder-mere, mer-maid ; AS. mor,
Eng. moor, ' marshy waste, heath.']
mariit, m. pi. the Maruts or gods of the
storm-wind, Indra's companions, selections
xxxv., xlii., xlvii., Ixvii. [perhaps ' the
flashing ones,' as gods of the thunder-
storm, and connected w. a V*mar seen
in fj.ap-/j.aip-(i>, 'flash.']
maru-sthall,/. desert-land, desert.
martavya, grdv. moriendum ; imperso-
nally, see 999. [V 1 mr, ' die,' 964.]
m arty a, m. like Eng. a mortal, i.e. a
man ; as a. mortal.
mar dan a, m. crusher; fig., as in Eng.,
subduer. [Vmrd, 1150. la.]
marma-jna, a. knowing the weak spots.
[marman.]
mar man, n. mortal part, vulnerable or
weak spot, lit. and fig. [cf . V 1 mr, ' die.']
marya, m. man, esp. young man; pi. (like
Eng. men, Ger. Mannen), servants, at-
tendants, henchmen.
marsa, m. patient endurance. [Vmrs.]
mala, n. m. smut; impurity, physical and
moral, [cf . p.4\-av, ' dark ' ; Lat. malu-s,
'bad.']
malla, m. -1.pl. the Mallas, a people ;
2. professional boxer and wrestler ; one
who engages in the irayKpdnov, pancra-
tiast.
magaka, m. biting and stinging insect,
gnat.
masi, f. 1. bone-black; 2. ink, made
of lac or of almond-charcoal boiled in
cow's urine.
masyabhava]
masy-abhava, m. lack of ink.
V mah (mahate; mamahe [786]; mahita;
mahitva; cans, mahayati, -te). orig. be
great or high, and so 1. mid. be glad,
rejoice; then (trans, make great or high,
and so) 2. act. elate; gladden; exalt
(mid.), 74 8 ; 3. esteem highly, honor.
[for *magh, cf. magha, also v'manh:
for orig. mg, cf. participial adj. mahant,
' great ' : for mgs 1 and 2, cf . American
colloq. use of high as 'high in spirit,
elated, esp. intoxicated':
with orig. v'*magh in the mgs 'be
great, mighty, i.e. powerful or able,' trans,
'make able, help,' cf. pox-\6s, 'helping-
bar, lever'; /ir/x-aHj, 'means'; Goth, mag,
AS. mseg, 'am able,' Eng. may:
with the collateral form *mag, whose
deaspiration is prob. Indo-European, cf.
fJLty-as, Lat. mag-nus, AS. mic-el, Eng.
mickle, ' great.']
mah, /. mahi, a. great; mighty, 78 8 ;
strong ; mahi, as subst. the great, i.e. the
earth; for mg, cf. prthivi. [cf. Vmah:
see 400 2 .]
mah a, a. great. [Vmali.]
mahant [450b], f. mahati, 1. a. great
(in space, time, quantity, or quality, and
so), large, long, mighty, important; sig-
nificant, 6 n ; as m. great or noble man,
19 21 , 36 10 ; -2. m. (sc. atman), the intel-
lect, 66 9 , 67 17 . [orig. ppl. of Vmah, q.v.]
maharsi, m. great Rishi. [maha + rsi.]
mahas, n. greatness; might; glory; glad-
ness; mahobhis, adv.: with power, 79 u ;
joyfully, 73 13 . [Vmah, see its various mgs.]
mah a, used as prior member of a cpd, instead
o/mahant, 1249b, 355a. [Vmah.]
maha-katha, f. great tale.
maha-kavi, m. great poet.
maha-kula, n. (great, i.e.) noble family.
maha-guru, a. exceedingly reverend
[1279] ; as m. person worthy of unusual
honor.
maha-tapas, a. (having, i.e.) practising
great austerity; asm. Great-penance, name
of a sage.
mahatman, a. having a (great, i.e.) noble
nature, noble ; magn-animus. [maha +
atman.]
maha-dhana, a. having great wealth,
very rich.
maha-panka, m. n. (great, i.e.) deep
mire.
maha-pandita, a. exceedingly learned
[1279].
mahaparadha, m. great crime, [maha
-f aparadha.]
maha-praj na, a. very wise [1279].
maha-bahu, a. great-armed [1294], i.e.
stout-armed.
maha-bhuta, n. grosser element, i.e.
earth, air, fire, water, or ether (as dis-
tinguished from a subtile element or rudi-
mentary atoms).
maha-manas, a. great-minded.
maha-muni, m. great sage.
maha-yajna, m. great sacrifice, 59 6 w.
maha-yagas, a. having great glory,
famous.
maha-raja, m. great prince. [raj an,
1315a.]
maha-rava, m. great howl.
maha-vikrama, a. having great might
or courage ; as m. Great-might, name of a
lion.
maha-vira, m. great hero.
maha-vrata, n. great vow. [1267.]
maha-vrata, a. having a mahavrata,
having undertaken a great vow. [1295.]
maha-sinha, m. great lion.
mahi, a. great. [Vmah.]
mahitva, n. greatness, might. [1239.]
mahiman, m. might; instr. mahina, see
425e. [Vmah, 1168. 2b.]
mahisa, a. mighty; mahiso mrgas, the
powerful beast, i.e. buffalo, RV. ; as m.,
without mrga, buffalo, 55 3 ; mahisi, /.
[acct, c/!362b 2 ], the powerful one, as desig-
nation : of a woman of high rank ; of the
first wife of a king, I 16 ; sometimes of any
queen of a king, 50 1 . [Vmah, 1197b.]
mahi, see under mah.
mahi-ksit, m. earth-ruler, king.
mahl-pati, m. earth-lord, king.
mahi-pala, m. earth-protector, king.
V mahiya (mahiyate). be glad, happy,
blessed, [prop, 'be great, high,' denom.
of mahi (1061), with the modification of
mg mentioned under Vmah, q.v.]
[215]
[mada
mah end r a, m. 1. Great-Indra ; 2.
great chief, 10 15 (w. mg 1 also), [maha
+ indra.]
mahendratva, n. the name or dignity
of Great-Indra. [1239.]
mahegvara, m. great lord; esp., as pi.,
designation of the four lokapalas, Indra,
Yama, Agni, and Varuna. [maha +
igvara.]
mahaujas, a. having great strength,
mighty, [maha, + ojas.]
V 1m a (minute [660-3]; mamau, mame;
amasta ; mitd [954c] ; matum ; mitva ;
-maya). 1. measure; 2. measure
with, compare ; 3. mete out ; 4. ar-
range, form; build; make, 72 2 . [for 1,
cf . fj.4-rpov, ' measure ' ; Lat. ni-mi-us, ' not
to be measured, excessive'; for 4, cf.
fj.d-p-ri and Lat. ma-nu-s, ' former, i.e. hand ' ;
ev-/j.api')s, 'handy, easy': see also the col-
lateral form VI mi, 'build, set up,' and
under matf and mas.]
+ anu, (form after, i.e.) re-create in
imagination, conceive.
-f- u p a , measure with, compare.
4- nis, fashion or make out of (abl.); con-
struct.
4- vi-nis, lay out (garden).
-i- pari, measure around, limit,
-f pra, measure.
4-prati, make (so as to be a match)
against, cf. pratima.
4-vi, measure out; then (like Eng. meas-
ure), pass over, traverse (the sky).
V 2 ma or mi (mimati [660-3]; mimaya).
bellow,
-f vi, bellow or cry aloud.
m a , adv. and conj. not, mostly in prohibitions
[1122b] : 1. regularly w. subjunctive, i.e.
augmentless form of a past tense [579-80],
76 16 , etc.; in order that not, 53 7 ; 2. w.
imperative, 22 2 , 35", 50 4 ; 3. rarely w.
optative, 79 17 ; 4. w. evam, not so, 38 5 ;
5. w. u, mo, see u. [cf. ^, Elian p.a,
'not, that not.']
mans and mansa [397], n. meat, flesh ; used
also in pi. [cf. Church Slavonic meso,
Prussian mensa, 'flesh': cf. 64 7 N.]
mansatva, n. the being meat, the etymo-
logical meaning of mansa. [1239.]
mansa-ruci, a. having pleasure in meat,
greedy for meat.
mansa-lubdha, a. desirous of meat
[Vlubh.]
mangalya, a. bringing happiness, pleas-.
ant. [mangala.]
maciram, adv. (not long, i.e.) shortly,
straightway, [ma + ciram, 1122b 4 .]
mathara, m. Mathara, name of a man.
[mathara, 1208f.]
manava, m. boy, youngster, [not akin
w. manu, ' man ' : perhaps for * malnava :
cf. Prussian malnyx, 'child.']
manavaka, m. manikin, dwarf, [man-
ava, 1222b.]
matarigvan, m. Matari^van, mystic
name of Agni.
matula, m. mother's brother. [matr,
1227 2 : cf. fj.-f)Tpws, Doric Carpus, 'mother's
brother.']
matf [373], f. mother; applied also to the
earth, the Dawn, the sticks of attrition
(82 9 ). [perhaps 'the one who metes
out' food to the household, or else 'the
former' of the child in the womb,
VI ma, 'measure or mete,' 'form,' 1182d:
cf. /j.-firrip, Doric fj-ar^p, Lat. mater,
AS. moder, Eng. mother ; also pata,
' mother.']
matrtas, adv. from the mother, on the
mother's side, [matr, 1098b.]
matrvat, adv. as one's mother.
matr a, f. 1. measure; at end of adj.
cpds [see 1302c3], having as its measure,
so and so long or high or large, etc. :
janu-matra, knee-deep ; vyama-matra, a
fathom broad; 2. the full measure,
i.e. limit ; at end of adj. cpds, having as
its limit, not more than ; and then, these
adj. cpds being used substantively (1247
III 4 ), merely, only, mere , 27 ,
50 9 ; such a cpd as first member of an-
other cpd, 34 8 , 37 6 ; hence 3. from
this frequent use of matra at end of
cpds in the form matra (334 2 ), the quasi-
stern, matra, n. measure, i.e. height,
depth, length, breadth, distance (43 12 ).
[V 1 ma, ' measure,' 1185c : cf.
' measure.']
mada, m. revelry, [v/mad.]
1 mana]
[216]
1 mana, m. n. 1. opinion; 2. (like the
Eng. opinion) estimation, esp. good esteem ;
-3. honor. [Vman, 1148.2.]
2 mana, m. like the Eng. building, and
. so structure, castle. [V 1 ma, ' make,
bund,' 1150. la.]
3 mana, m. 1. like the obs. Eng. maker,
trotirrfo, poet; 2. as name of Agas-
tya's father, Mana. [do.]
man a -da, a. (giving, i.e.) showing honor
(to others); as m. honor-giver, address of
a woman to her lover.
V ma nay a (manayati). honor, [denom.
of 1 mana: cf. 1067.]
manava, 1. a. human; descended from
man or Manu (see manu); 2. as m. one
of the sons of men, a man; 3. m.
Manava, name of a school of the Yajur-
veda. [manu, 1208c: for mgs 1 and 2,
observe that Old High Ger. mennisch,
though prop, an adj. fr. man, 'homo,' and
meaning 'humanus/ is used also as a
subst. meaning ' man,' and used in its Ger.
form Mensch, 'man,' as subst. only: cf.
also nara, manusya, manusa.]
manava-dharmagastra, n. law-book of
the Manavas or Manava-school.
manasa, a. sprung from the mind; of the
mind, [manas, 1208a.]
manusa, f. -i, a. pertaining to man, hu-
man; as m. man (cf. manava). [manus,
1208a end : cf . manusya.]
manusa-daivika, a. of men and of
gods. [1257.]
mandarya, a. descended from Mandara ;
as m. descendant of M. [mandara, 1211.]
m a n y a , a. descended from a poet or from
Mana ; as m. the poet's son or Mana's son.
[3 mana, 1211.]
mama, a. lit. of mine; voc. s. m., as word
of address of a dog to an ass, uncle,
[mama (491), 1208f.]
may a, f. 1. (a working, ana" so) a
power ; esp., in Veda, supernatural or
wonderful power ; wile ; 2. later, trick ;
illusion. [V 1 ma, ' make, i.e. have effect,
work,' 1149, cf. 258.]
maya-kapota, m. illusion-pigeon.
mayakapota- vapus [418], a. having
the form of a phantom-pigeon.
may in, a. wily, [maya.]
mayobhavya, n. gladness, happiness.
[mayobhu, 1211, cf. 1208c.]
mar a, m. a killing, murder. [Vlmr,
'die.']
marakata,/! -I, a. smaragdine, emerald
(adj.). [marakata, 1208f.]
mar ana, n. a killing; w. pra^ap, incur
killing, get killed, [caus. of V 1 mr, ' die/
1150. lb.]
maratmaka, a. having murder as one's
nature, murderous. [mara + atmaka,
1302.]
marga, a. of or pertaining to game or
deer ; as m. track of wild animals, slot ;
then, in general, track, way, path, [mrga,
1208f.]
marja, adj. subst. cleaning, a cleaner, in
cpds. [Vmrj, 627 1 - 2 .]
mar jar a, TO. cat. ['the cleaner,' so
called from its habit of cleaning itself
often : fr. marja : formed like karmara,
1226b.]
malava, m. Malwa, name of a country in
west-central India.
malava-visaya, m. the land of Malwa.
m a 1 a , f. crown, wreath, garland,
malin, a. crowned, wreathed, [mala.]
malya, n. crown, wreath, [mala, 1210.]
mas [397], m. 1. moon, see candra-mas;
then (as in Eng.), a moon, i.e. month.
['the measurer/ VI ma, 1151. lc 2 : cf.
HT}-vT], ' moon ' ; Lat. Mena, ' menstruationis
dea ' ; Goth, mena, AS. mono, Eng. moon ;
AS. monan dseg, 'dies Lunae/ Eng. Mon-
day; also ft,i\v, stem /j.evs, Lat. mens-i-s,
' month ' ; AS. mdnaft, prop. ' a lunation/
Eng. month."]
mas a, TO. 1. moon, see purna-masa; 2.
month, [transition-stem fr. mas, o99.]
masa-traya, n. month-triad, three
months,
masa-aatka, n. month-hexade, six
months.
mahina, a. glad, blithe, [\rnah, 1177b.]
V 1 mi (min6ti, minute; mimaya; mita;
-mitya). build; establish; setup (a post,
pillar), [collateral form (250a) of VI ma,
' make, build/ q.v. : cf . mit and Lat. me-ta,
' post ' ; mu-n/s, ' wall.']
[217]
[Vmih
V2mi o?- mi (minati, minati; mimaya,
mimye; amesta; mesyate; mita; -mlya).
minish, lessen ; minish, bring low ; bring
to nought. [cf. fjii-vv-ta, Lat. mi-nu-o,
' lessen ' ; AS. positive min, ' small ' ; Old
High Ger. comp. minniro, *minv-iro, Middle
High Ger. minre, Ger. minder, ' less ' ;
neiwv, *(j.ri-i<av, ' less ' ; Lat. min-or, ' less ' ;
per-mi-t-ie-s, ' ruin ' : fr. AS. min comes
perhaps Eng. minnow, ' very small fish.']
+ p r a , bring to nought ; pass, come to
nought, perish.
V migh, see mih.
mit, f. post, pillar, prop. [V 1 mi, ' set up/
383b 3 : for mg, cf . Eng. post, Lat. postis,
with ponere, ' set up.']
mitra, 1. m. friend, comrade (Vedic
only) ; esp. 2. Mitra, name of an Aditya;
3. n. friendship (rare and Vedic only);
4. n. friend (commonest meaning and
gender).
mitrabandhu-hina, a. destitute of
friends and relatives. [1265, 1252.]
mitra-labha, m. Friend-acquisition, as
title of the first book of the Hitopade9a.
mitratithi, m. Mitratithi, name of a
man. [' having Mitra as his guest ' or
else ' guest of M.' : the mg of the cpd
depends on its accent (see 1302 : and
1267 J ), and this is not known: mitra +
atithi.]
mitra-vdruna, nom. du. m. Mitra and
Varuna. [see 1255 and a, and Whitney
94a.]
V mith (methati ; mime'tha ; mithita ;
mithitva). 1. meet together as friends,
associate with, pair ; 2. meet as rivals,
dispute, wrangle, altercari. [observe that
Eng. meet is just such a vox media and
means both 'harmonize' and 'have a
conflict.']
mit has, adv. together, mutually, among
each other; in turns. [V mith, 11 lid.]
mitliu, a. wrong; false; used only in the
adv. ace. s. n. mithu (lllld), and instr.
s. f. mithuya (1112e), wrongly, falsely.
[Vmith: for mg, observe that Ger. ver-
kehren means both ' to turn the wrong way '
and ' to associate with,' whence Verkehr,
' intercourse,' and verkehrt, ' wrong.']
mithuna, 1. a. paired, forming a pair ;
2. m., later n. pair (consisting of a male
and female), pair of children; pair (of
anything). [Vmith, 1177c.]
mithuya, adv. falsely. [see mithu:
acct !]
mithya, adv. wrongly, falsely, [younger
form of mithuya.]
mithyopacara, m. false service or simu-
lated kindness, [mithya + upacara, 1279,
mithya being used as a quasi-adj.]
V mil (milati; mimela; milisyati; militd;
militva; -milya). meet; assemble, [cf.
Lat. mille, 'assemblage, host, thousand,'
pi. mll-ia, whence the borrowed Eng.
mile, 'a thousand (paces), mllia pas-
suum ' ; perhaps mll-it-es, ' going in com-
panies or troops ' and so, like Eng. troops,
' soldiers.']
V mig, mix, in the desid. mimiks (see 1033),
and the deriv. migra or migla. [cf.
fj.iyw/j.i, # P.IK-W-JJ.I, Lat. misceo, *mic-sc-eo,
' mix ' ; Old High Ger. misken, Ger.
mischen, 'mix'; AS. miscian, *mih-sc-ian,
whence Eng. mix for misk (like ax, for-
merly good English for ask); also Eng.
mash, 'mixture' esp. of grains, whence
verb mash, ' mix, and esp. make into a
confused mass by crushing.']
migrA, a. mixed. [Vmig, 1188.]
migribhava, m. the becoming mixed,
the mingling (intrans.). [migribhu.]
migribhava-karman, n. mingling-action,
process of becoming mixed.
migribhu, become mixed, [migra, 1094.]
migla, same as migra. [1189.]
V mis (misati; mimosa; amimisat; misita;
-misya). open the eyes, have the eyes
open.
+ ni, close the eyes ; fall asleep; wink.
V mih or migh (me'hati; amiksat; mek-
syati; midhd [222 3 ]). make water, [fr.
migh (223 3 ) come ppl. meghamana, and
noun megha, 'cloud': cf. o-mx-fw, Lat.
ming-ere, AS. mig-an, 'make water': orig.
mg, ' pour out,' whence on the one hand
'mingere' and on the other 'rain, drip,
drop' (cf. noun mih); then, fig. 'drop
fatness, bestow richly' (see under mldh-
vans).]
mih]
[218]
mih,/ mist. [Vmih: cf . a-pix-hri, ' mist ' ;
AS. mist, *mig-st, Eng. mist.]
midhvans, a. bestowing richly, bountiful,
[said to be perfect ppl. of Vmih, 222 s ,
790b, 803 2 .]
mimansya, grdv. to be called in question,
[fr. desid. of v/man, 1028e, 963.]
mllhuse, see midhvans and Whitney 54.
mukta-gapa, a. having a laid aside
curse, leaving his curse behind him.
[Vmuc.]
mukha, n. -1. mouth, 39 3 , 40 M , 51 12 ;
jaws, 18 & ; 2. visage, countenance,
face, 13 3 ; snout or face of an animal,
44 12 ; at end of cpds, esp. w. an adj.
[1298a], or adjectively used prep. [1305],
or adv. [1306] denoting direction: udan-
mukha, having a northward face, turning
northward ; abhi-mukha, having the face
towards; 3. (like Eng. face) surface,
25 21 ; 4. (like Eng. head, and like chief
from caput) the head, i.e. chief, best,
most excellent, 51 22 .
nnikhya, a. (at the mouth or front, and
so) chief, most excellent, [mukha, cf.
mg4: 1212a.]
\f muc (muficati, -te [758]; mum6ca. mu-
nuice; amucat; moksyati, -te; mukta;
m6ktum; muktva; -mucya; mocayati,
-te[1041 2 ]). release; free; let go; let
loose, 34 14 ; lay aside ; release esp. from
the bonds of sin (93 13 ) or existence; (let
go, i.e. emit or) utter, e.g. sounds; shed
(tears); discharge (phlegm, urine, ordure,
smells), [orig. mg, 'to free or clear':
specialized in Greek and Latin ' to clear
the nose, to snot': cf. airo-fivffffw, *-/AVK-j<a,
Lat. e-mung-o, 'snot'; pvK-r-fip, 'snout,
nose'; Lat. muc-us, 'snot': for mg, cf.
relation of snout to the cognate verbs snot
and snite.]
+ nis, let out; release.
+ pra, let go forth from, release from,
w. dbl.
+ vi, loosen, e.g. a bond (ace.) from (abl.),
79 18 ; untie ; free ; pass, be freed or sep-
arated from, be deprived of, w. abl., but
also w. instr. (283 2 ). [for last mg, cf.
Eng. loose with lose.~]
munja. m. sedge; esp. Saccharum Munja.
V mud (mddate ; mumude ; modisyate;
mudita). be glad, rejoice ; mudita, glad,
happy, [cf. s mad and V Imand.]
+ a, in amoda.
miini, m. 1. pressure, the pressing on-
ward, impetus, 78 7 ; 2. a man driven on
by inward pressure or impulse, person in
a (religious) ecstasy, enthusiast; later
3. any distinguished sage or seer or
ascetic, esp. one who has taken a vow of
silence (cf. mauna) ; hermit, 40 9 , etc.
mumursu, a. wishing to die, about to die,
moribund, [fr. desid. of v'lmr, 1028b,
1178f.]
vmus (musnati; mumosa; amosit; mus-
ita; musitva; -musya). rob; steal, [cf.
mus, ' the thief, i.e. mouse ' ; jj.vs, ' mouse,'
and from the shape, 'muscle'; Lat. mus,
'mouse,' whence diminutive mus-culus,
' muscle ' ; AS. mus, ' mouse ' and ' muscle,'
Eng. mouse; Ger. Maus, 'mouse' (whence
denom. mausen, 'steal,' in which we are
brought back again to the orig. mg of
the primitive), and also 'muscle of the
thumb ' ; further, yumo, */*u<na, Lat. mus-ca,
' fly ' : see also muska.]
musk a. m. 1. testicle; 2. pudenda
muliebria. [from noun mus, i.e. (383a 2 )
mus, 'mouse': for mgs, see under Vmus:
cf. piiff-xov rb av5pe7ov Kal yvvaiKe'iov popiov:
w. muska, cf. also Persian mushk, Eng.
musk, 'perfume got from a bag behind
the navel of the musk-deer.']
muska-dega, m. region of the testes,
groin.
musti, m.f. fist.
miisala, m. n. pestle. [181c.]
v'muh (muhyati, -te ; mum6ha, mumuhe ;
amuhat; mohisyati; mugdha, mudha).
be confused; err; lose one's senses;
mudha, foolish, and as subst., fool, simple-
ton, [cf . Lat. mug-er, ' false player.']
miihus, adv. suddenly; in a moment;
muhur muhus, at one moment at
another, i.e. repeatedly. [' in a bewilder-
ing way,' s'muh, lllld.]
muhurta, m. n. 1. moment; 2. thir-
tieth of a day, an hour (of 48 minutes),
59 10 . [muhus.]
mudha, see Vmuh.
[219]
[Vmrd
mutra, n. urine.
murkha, a. stupid, foolish; as m. fool.
[V march, mg 3.]
murkha-gata, n. fool-hundred.
V m u r c h ( mur chati ; nmmurcha ; mur-
chita, murt [220 2 ]). become rigid:
1. coagulate, acquire consistency; and
so 2. take shape, be formed ; 3. (be-
come stiff, numb, torpid, and so) become
stupid, senseless. [for mg 3, cf. Eng.
torpid, ' numb,' and then ' dull, stupid ' :
see miirti and murkha.]
m u r t i , f. firm body, definite shape, em-
bodiment. [Vmurch, 220 2 .]
murtimant, . having bodily form, in-
carnate, [murti, 1235.]
murdhan, m. forehead, skull ; head ;
oftenest figuratively, highest part; mur-
dhni, at the head.
mala, n. root; fig. (like Eng. root), that
from which a thing grows or proceeds,
root, basis ; capital.
mulya, n. price, 47 3>u ; capital, 46 14 .
[properly, perhaps, adj. 'pertaining to
the root, radical, basal,' and then, as
subst., ' basis ' of a transaction : fr. mula,
q.v.]
mus, m. f. mouse. ['the thief,' Vmus,
q.v.: see383a 2 .]
musaka, m. thief; mouse, 46 n ; Mousey,
as name of a man, 47 21 . [Vmus, q.v.]
miisakakhya, f. the name Mousey.
[akhya: 1280b.]
miisika, m. mouse, rat. [Vmus, q.v.]
musika-nirvigesa, a. undistinguished
from a mouse.
V Imr (mriyate [773]; mamara ; amrta;
marisyati ; mrta ; martum ; mrtva).
die; mrta, dead. [w. mrta, cf. @po-r6s,
*fj.poTos, ' mortal ' ; cf . <p\.b i-fj.ap-a.v-6t],
' flame died away ' ; Lat. mor-i, ' die ' ;
mors, stem mor-ti-, ' death ' ; Goth, maur-
\>-r, AS. morftor, Eng. murther, murder :
see amrta.]
+ abhi, (lit. die against, i.e.) affect un-
pleasantly by dying; guruna^abhimrta,
(affected by a teacher by dying, i.e.)
bereaved by the death of a teacher.
V 2mr (mrnati; mrnati [731]; murna).
crush; smash. [cf. fj.dp-va-fj.ai, 'fight,'
used of " bruisers," Odyssey 18. 31 ; fj.v\-Tj,
'mill'; Lat. mol-a, 'mill'; Eng. meal (for
mg, cf. pista) ; AS. mol-de, Eng. mol-d,
'fine earth' (for mg, cf. mrd): cf. also
Vmrd.]
V 3mr, exists perhaps in marut. [cf. fj.ap-
[j.aipcii, *fj.ap-/j.ap-j(, ' flash ' ; Lat. mar-mor,
' marble.']
mrga, m. 1. (like AS. de5r) wild animal,
beast of the forest, as opp. to pagu,
'cattle,' 67 2 ; then 2. (w. the same spe-
cialization of mg as in Eng. deer) animal
of the genus Cervus, deer, gazelle, [per-
haps 'the ranger, rover,' v'mrj, q.v.: for
2, observe the use of deer in the more
general sense in King Lear, iii. 4. 128,
"rats and such small deer."]
V mrj (marsti [027]; mamarja; amarjit,
amarksit ; marksyate ; mrst ; marstum ;
mrstva ; -mfjya ; also marjitum, mar-
jitva, -marjya). rub off ; wipe away ;
clean; polish.
[original meaning 'move hither and
thither over ' : then, on the one hand,
1. 'range, rove, streifen,' as in Avestan
meregh, and Skt. mrga ; and, on the
other, 2. 'go over with the hand, i.e.
rub, wipe, strip (a tree, a cow), milk':
for 2, cf. o-/j,6py-vvfj.i, 'wipe off'; a-fifpy-ca,
'strip off, pluck'; a-/j.\y-eiv, Lat. mu/g-
ere, ' to milk ' ; AS. noun meolc, Eng.
milk.'}
+ apa, wipe away; also jig., of guilt,
[cf . diro/j.6pyvv/j.i, ' wipe away.']
+ pra, wipe off, polish.
V mrd (mrlati, mrlayati [1041 2 ]). be
gracious ; forgive, [for 1, see Whitney
54.]
mrlika, n. grace, mercy. [Vmrd, 1186 4 ,
Whitney 54.]
mrta, ppl. dead ; as n. [1176a], death.
[V 1 mr, ' die.']
mrta vat, adv. as if dead. [mrta,
1107.]
mrtyii, m. death. [Vlmr, 'die,' 1165a:
see 95 16 .]
V mrd (mrdnati; mardati, -te ; mamarda;
mardisyate ; mrditd ; marditum ;
mrditva; -nifdya). press or rub hard,
squeeze, crush, smash, destroy.
mrd]
[220]
[extension of V2mr, 'crush': cf. a-/j.a\S-
vvto, ' destroy ' e.g. a wall : w. mrdti, ' soft,
weak,' cf. Lat. mollis, *molvis, *moldv-i-s,
' soft, weak,' and &pa$vs, *npaSv-s, 'slow'
(for rag, cf. Ger. weich, ' soft,' w. Eng.
weak, and Lat. len-is, 'soft,' w. len-tus,
'slow'):
with v' mrd in hima-mardana, ' melting
of the snow,' we might compare f*.f\8ia,
' melt,' Eng. melt ; but the s of the col-
lateral form smelt makes this doubtful :
see also mradas.]
+ vi, destroy.
mfd, /! earth; loam; clay; mound of
earth, 62 18 . [prop, 'crumbled earth,'
Vmrd: similar specializations of mg are
frequent : thus AS. mol-de, 'crumbling
earth, dust,' Eng. mol-d, come fr. a Vwza/,
the cognate of V2mr, 'crush, crumble';
Ger. Grand, 'sand,' is fr. the same root
as Eng. grind; Ger. Scholle, 'clod,' and
zer-schellen, ' break to pieces,' go back to
the same root ; logd and losta, ' clod,'
are derivs of Vruj, 'break.']
mrdu, a. soft; weak. [V mrd, q.v.]
mrnmaya, a. made of earth; w. grha,
house of clay, the grave, [mfd -f- maya :
see maya.]
V mrc, (mrgati, -te ; mamarca, mamrg ;
amrksat ; mrsta ; mar stum ; -mfgya).
1. touch, mulcere, stroke ; grasp, take
hold of; 2. take hold of mentally,
consider. [cf. the Hesychian Bpaice'iv,
V *npaic, ' grasp, understand ' ; Lat. mulc-
ere, ' stroke.']
+ abhi, touch.
V mrs (mfsyate, -ti; mamarsa, mamrse;
amarsista ; -mfsya ; caus. marsayati).
-1. forget, 92 16 ; -2. (like Eng. not
mind) disregard, treat as of no conse-
quence, bear patiently.
m e k a , a setting up, in su-m6ka. [V 1 mi,
' establish.']
mekhala.y! girdle, see 59 8 K.
meg ha, m. cloud. [Vmigh, see mih.]
medas, n. fat. [v'mid or med (761a),
medyati, 'be fat.']
medha, m. 1. juice of meat, broth;
2. sap and strength, essential part, esp.
of the sacrificial victim; 3. sacrificial
victim ; animal sacrifice. [cf. \ mid
under m6das.]
medhas, wisdom, m su-medhas. [equiv.
of medha.]
medha, f. wisdom.
melaka, m. assembly; w. kr, assemble.
[Vmil, 1181.]
modaka, m. small round comfit, sweet-
meat, [prop, 'gladdener,' s'mud, 1181:
so Eng. cheer and refreshment are applied
esp. to eatables.]
maurija, a. made of Munja-grass; f.
-I, sc. mekhala, girdle of Munja-grass.
[munja, 1208f.]
maunji-nibandhana, n. ligation of
the Munja-girdle.
mauna, n. silence, [muni, 1208d.]
mna, uncertain verbal. minded; assumed
on account of sumna. [V mna.]
V mna (manati ; amnasit; mnatd). col-
lateral form of v' man, ' be minded,' 108g.
[see V man : cf . ni-/j.vh-fficoi, ' keep in
mind.']
V myaks (mydksati ; mimyaksa [785];
amyak). be fixed in or on; be present.
sam, keep together, 73 4 .
mradas, n. softness. [Vmrad, collateral
form of Vmrd, q.v.]
V ml a (mlayati ; mamlaii ; amlaslt ;
mlana). wither. [collateral form of
V 1 mr, ' die,' and so ' perish, decay,
fade.']
mlana-sraj, a. having a withered gar-
land.
V mluc (m!6cati ; muml6ca ; mlukta).
go-
+ a p a , go off, retire ; apamlukta, re-
tired, hidden.
mleccha. m. barbarian. [Vmlech.]
v' mlech (mlecchati). speak unintelligibly
or barbarously, [root *mlek : mlecchati
is for *mlek-sketi, like prcchati, q.v., for
*prksketi : cf. a.-/ji(^)\aK-e1v, V/uAeuc, 'err,
miss ' ; j8A.c^, &\a.K-6s, ' stupid.']
4 [509], relative pron. 1. who, which;
sometimes following its -correlative: 7 6 , 17 18 ,
29 6 , 30 15 , 33 16 , 52 ", 73 9 , 78 10 , 79 7 ;
evambhuto vidvan, yas samarthas,
[221]
[yajiyaris
tarn doctus qui possit, 19 4 ; 2. but
muck oftener preceding its correlative: ya
ta, 77 12 , 69 7 , Sis, 1713, 2 123 ( 22 4 , 30 n ,
32 10 ; yam esara, 74 3 ; yac ca^ucyate
, etad alasyavacanam, and (what is
said, i.e.) as for the saying , that is
[fatalists' ] sloth-talk, 18 8 - n ;
3. converting the subject or object of a
verb into a substantive clause : sometimes,
perhaps, merely for metre : 29 3 , 38 "', 58 6 ;
but often for emphasis: 9 18 , 56 19 , 57 7 ; y6
paksa asans, te jimuta abhavan, what
were wings, those became clouds, for t6
paksa abhavan jimutas, 93 3 ; ay dm y6
h6ta, kir u sa yamasya, who this priest
[is], is he also that of Yama, 88 10 ; so
yad, even w. words of different gender and
number, as, prajapater va etaj jyestham
tokam, yat parvatas, of P. that [was] the
first creation, what the mountains are,
921 9 ; so95 15 , 97 1 ;
4. which, what, as adj. pron. agreeing
w. incorporated antecedent : na^asmai vid-
yiit sisedha, na yam miham akirad
dhradunim ca, not for him did the light-
ning avail, not what mist he scattered
abroad, and hail, 71*; so 7 1 21 to 72 2 , 74 4 ,
79 9 1, 83 3 , 88 ~; as subst. pron., the ante-
cedent not being expressed, 74 1>2 , 78 18 ;
5. ya in special connections : ya ya
[511], whoever, whichever, whatever, who-
soever, etc., 13 12 , 45 13 ; so ya ka ca, 68 10 ;
ya ka cid, 60 ^ 68 12 ; ya ka cana, 9 16 ;
ya ka cid, anyone soever, no matter who,
quilibet, 21 n ; so ya ta, 18 4 ; 6. two or
more relatives in the same clause : yo 'tti
yasya yada mansam, when (who) some-
one eats the flesh of (whom) someone,
29 '; so 37 n, 66 i g ; -7. ya, if anybody,
si quis (really an anacoluthon) : so 79 16 ;
-8. ya, and he, 74 15 ; -9. for further
illustration, see 512, 511 ; for derivatives,
510 ; for influence on the accent of the verb,
595 ; cf. yad, yasmat, yat, yena.
[orig. and primarily a demonstrative
(like Eng. that and Ger. der) : cf. 6s, 'he,'
in ^ 8' os, ' said he ' ; 8>s, ' so,' in oi>5' Sis,
'not even so'; secondarily a relative
(like Eng. that and Ger. der}: cf. 8s, a or
5;, o for *j8, 'who, which'; hence yat,
with which cf . is, ' as ' ; but these com-
parisons are rejected in toto by some.]
V yaks (yaksate). perhaps an extended
form o/*yah (*yagh), 'stir, move quickly ':
and so, on the one hand, pursue, esp. pursue
avengingly, avenge, and on the other, dart
swiftly (as a suddenly appearing light),
[see the following three words and s'*yah :
kinship of Ger. jag-en, ' pursue, hunt,' is
doubted.]
yaks a, n. spirit or sprite or ghost; as /.
a Yaksha, one of a class of fabulous genii,
attendants of Kubera. [perhaps ' a rest-
less one,' Vyaks: for connection of mgs of
root and deriv., cf. the converse relation
of Eng. spirit or. sprite to sprightly, 'brisk,
stirring,' and cf. Scott's "restless sprite."]
yaksin, a. avenging. [Vyaks.]
yaks ma, m. disease, [perhaps, the sin-
avenging Varuna's 'avenger,' Vyaks.
1166.]
V yaj (yajati, -te ; iyaja, Ij6 [784 3 ];
ayaksit, ayasta ; yaksyati, -te ; ist& ;
yastum ; istva ; caws, yajayati). honor
a god (ace.), 99 12 ; worship; worship
with prayer and oblation (instr.) ; and so
consecrate, hallow, offer ; sacrifice ; in
Veda, active, when one honors or sacrifices
(e.g., as a paid priest) on account of another,
and middle, when one sacrifices on one's
own account; yajamana, as m. one who
institutes or performs a sacrifice and pays
the expenses of it; caus. cause or help
or teach a person (ace.) to worship with
a certain sacrifice (instr.) ; serve a person
as sacrificing priest, [cf . 07-0$, ' worship,
sacred awe, expiatory sacrifice'; afoucu,
*a.y-jofj.ai, ' stand in awe of,' e.g. gods ;
ay-vos, 'worshipped, hallowed', w. yaj-
ya, ' colendus,' cf . 07-105, ' to be wor-
shipped, holy ' : different is &yos, see
agas.]
+ a , get as result of sacrifice a thing
(ace.) for a person (dat.), einem etwas
er-opfern.
yajatra, a. venerable, holy. [Vyaj,
1185d.]
yajiyans, a. excellently sacrificing, right
cunning in the art of sacrifice. [Vyaj,
1184, 468.]
yajurveda]
[222]
yajur-ved.4, m. the Veda of sacrificial
texts, Yajurveda. [see yajus.]
yajusmant, a. (possessing, i.e.) accompa-
nied by sacrificial texts ; f. -mat! (sc.
istaka), Yajushmati, name applied to
certain bricks used in building the sacred
fire-pile, and so called because each was
laid with the recitation of a special text
of its own. [yajus, 1235.]
yajus, n. 1. sacred awe; worship; 2.
sacrificial text, as distinguished from
stanza (re) and chant (saman); 3. the
collection of such texts, the Yajur-veda.
[Vyaj, 1154.]
yajna, m. worship, devotion (so in Veda);
later, esp. act of worship, sacrifice, offering
(these the prevailing mys). [v'yaj, 1177a,
201.]
yajna-kratti, m. sacrifice-ceremony,
i.e. rite. [1280b.]
yajna-cchaga, m. sacrifice-goat, [cha-
ga, 227.]
yajna-patra, n. sacrificial utensil.
yajnartham, adv. for a sacrifice, [ar-
tham, 1302c4.]
yajniya, a. 1. worthy of worship or
sacrifice, reverend, holy, divine ; 2.
active or skillful in sacrifice, pious ; as m.
offerer, [yajna, 1214.]
yajfiopavita, a. the sacrifice-cord, sacred
cord worn over the left shoulder, [upa-
vita.]
yajvan, m. worshipper, sacrificer. [Vyaj,
1169. la.]
V yat (yatati, -te ; yete ; ayatista ;
yatisyati, -te ; yatita, yatta ; yatitum ;
-yatya). 1. act. join, trans.; 2.
mid. join, intrans.; range one's self in
order, proceed in rows, 86 w ; 3. mid.
try to join, strive after; take pains ; 4.
cans, (cause to attain, i.e.) requite with
reward or punishment. [perhaps orig.
'reach out after' and akin w. Vyam.]
+ a , reach to, attain, get a foot-hold.
+ pra, (reach out, i.e.) make effort, take
pains.
yat as, adv. from what (time or place or
reason): 1. where, 6 14 ; 2. because,
for, 28 2 s , 38 5 ; esp. common as introducing
a proverb or the first (only) of a series of
proverbs motivating a preceding statement
or action, e.g. 19 7 ; yatas tena, since
therefore, 30 "; so yatas atas, 36 2 ;
yatas tad, 37 6 ; cf. tatas. [pron. root
ya, 510, 1098.]
1 yati [519], pron. as many, quot. [pron.
root ya, 510, 1157.4.]
2 yati, m. ascetic, man who has restrained
his passions and abandoned the world ;
see agrama and 65 3 N. [' striver, one who
takes pains, one who castigates himself,'
Vyat, 1155: its mg was perhaps shaded
towards that of ' restrainer ' by a popular
connection of the word with \fyam,
1157 1 , cf. 954d.]
yatna, m. a striving after ; effort; pains;
w. kr : take pains ; bestow effort upon
(loc.), have a thing (loc.) at heart, I 13 ;
yatne krte, pains having been taken.
[Vyat, 1177.]
yatra, adv. where, e.g. II 10 ; whither;
-correl. w. tatra, 24*, 85 19 ; w. ena, 83 10 ;
yatra yatra, where soever; catuspathe,
yatra va, at a quadrivium, or somewhere
(else), 104 21 . [pron. root ya, 510, 1099.]
yatha, rel. adv. and con/. 1. in which
way, as ; sometimes following its correlative :
tatha yatha, 22 14 , 43 2, 44^; evam
yatha, 37 8 ; 2. but much oftener pre-
ceding its correlative: tesam sam hanmo
aksani, yatha^idarh harmiam, tatha,
of them we close the eyes, as (we close)
this house, so, 77 13 ; so 61 6 , 27 14 , 21 16 - 18 ,
etc.; yatha evam, 18 18 , 95 7 - 9 ; yatha
eva (Vedic),8Q l ^ s ;
3. correlative omitted: buddhim pra-
kurusva, yatha^icchasi, decide (so), as
thou wishest, 9 n ; 5 2, etc. ; so with verbs
of saying, etc.: tad brohi, yatha
upadadhama, this tell us (viz. the way)
in which we are to put on , 96 u ; so
88 6- 7;
4. without finite verb, as mere particle
of comparison, as, like, e.g. 6 19 ; so enclitic
at end of a pada, 71 12 - M, 87 ", 1 6 , 2 , 31 1,
43 4 ; in solemn declarations: yatha ',
tena satyena, as surely as , so, 13 w ff . ;
5. combinations (cf. ya 5); yatha
yatha tatha tatha, according as so,
the more the more, 48 13 ; yatha tatha,
[223]
[yadi
in some way or other (cf. ya5 end), at
any rate, 62 9 ;
6. in order that, so that, ut, (so)
that : in Veda, w. subjunctive, 88 14 ,
89 5,10,15^ 90 19. i ater> w _ opL> J49. w ,f ut ,
ind., 3*; w. pres. ind., yatha svami ja-
garti, tatha maya kartavyam, I must
act so, that the master wakes, 30 16 ; so
37 5 ' 7 , 38 22 , 39 !; -7. that, w. verbs of
saying, knowing, etc., 30 7 ; for influence
on accent of verb, see 595. [pron. root ya,
510, 1101 : cf. article ya.]
yatha-kartavya, a. requiring to be
done under given circumstances ; as n.
the proper course of action, 41 n .
yathakamam, adv. according to wish,
agreeably, 16 2 ; in an easy-going way,
slowly, 49 14 . [yatha + kama, 1313b.]
yatha-karya, = yathakartavya.
yathakramam, adv. according to order,
in regular series. [yatha + krama,
1313b.]
yathagata, a. on which one came ;
-am, adv. by the way by which one came,
[yatha + agata, Vgam, 1313b.]
yathangam, adv. limb after limb or
limb on limb ; membratim. [yatha +
anga, 1313b.]
yathatatham, adv. as it really is, ac-
curately, [yatha + tatha, 1313b, 1314a.]
yathabhimata, a. as desired, that one
likes, [yatha + abhimata, Vman.]
yathabhimata-dega, m. desired place,
place that one likes. [1280 *.]
yathayogyam, adv. as is fit, according
to propriety, [yatha + yogya, 1313b.]
yathartha, a. according to the thing or
fact, true ; as n. the pure truth, [yatha
+ artha. ]
yatharha, a. according to that which is
fit ; -am, adv. suitably, according to one's
dignity, [yatha + arha, 1313b.]
yathavat, adv. according to le comment,
comme il faut, duly, [yatha, 1107.]
yathavidhi, adv. according to prescrip-
tion or rule, [yatha + vidhi, 1313b.]
yatha-vrtta, a. as happened; -am, w.
verb of telling: either the actual occurrence
or circumstances (as nom. or ace. s. .),
or as it really happened (as adv., 1313b).
yathagraddham, adv. according to in-
clination, as you will, [yatha + graddha,
1313b, 334 2 .]
yathepsita, a. as desired ; -am, adv.
according to one's wish, [yatha + Ipsita,
Vip.]
yathokta, a. as (afore-)said ; -am, adv.
as aforesaid, [yatha + ukta.]
yad, 1. as nom. ace. s. n. to ya, see ya;
used in cpds and derivs, see 510; 2. as
conjunctive adv. that ; tan na bhadram
krtam, yad vigvasah krtas, therefore
it was not well done (herein), that trust
was reposed, 22 n ; ninya ciketa, prgnir
yad udho jabhara, he knoweth the
secret, that P. offered her udder, 78 3 ;
introducing oratio recta, 38 l ; yad , tad,
as for the fact that , therein, 36 1 ; so
94 1G ; yad vai tad abruvan, as for the
fact that they said that, indeed, 96 ' 23 ;
3. in causal connections: like Eng. that
(i.e. on account of which), 78 16 ; yad-
tad, since therefore, 17 5 ; yad
tasmat, inasmuch as therefore, 15 3 ;
since (i.e. considering that), 79 14 ; pur-
pose: in order that, 78 9 , 72 12 ' 14 ; result :
that, 71 e - 7 ; etadrga dharmajna, yan
mam hantum udyatas, so understanding
the law, as to undertake to slay me,
28 5 ;
4. temporal : as, 86 6 ; tad yad,
then when, 71 2 ; yad tatas, when
then, 92 12 ; so yad taditna, 70 7 ;
correl. often lacking: yad '",', when ,
(sc. then), 75 12 ; so 80 3 , 81 17 ; while, 71 5 ;
hence, the temporal use passing insensibly
(cf. yad vaama, when or if we will, 73 17 ,
and Eng. when w. Ger. wenn) into the
conditional, - 5. if, 80 9 - 10 ' n ; -yad placed
within the dependent clause, 78 8 (quoted
under 2), 79 14 ; for influence on acct
of verb, see 595. [pron. root ya, 510,
lllla.]
y a d a , adv. when ; yada tada or tatas,
when then ; yada atha, Vedic,
84 s, 6, 7 . y a da yada, quandocunque, see
tada. [pron. root ya, 1103a.]
ya,di, adv. if; 1. w. pres. ind. in protasis:
apodosis has pres. ind., 20 17 , 37 12 ; 42 14 ,
43 7 , 65 23 , 99 21 ; has fut., 39 20 , 44*; has im-
yadbhavisya]
[224]
perative, 10 16 ; has no finite verb, 18 n , 25 8 ,
28 9 , 40 1 ; 2. w. fut. in protasis and apo-
dosis, 9 20 , II 3 ; 3. w. pres. opt. in protasis
and apodosis, 3 17 , 98 20 ; 4. w. no finite
verb in protasis: apodosis has imperative,
32 17 , 48", 84 9 ; has no finite verb, 27 18 ,
28 12 , 63 9 ; alternative conditions : va,
yadi va , va, whether , or ,
or , 28 12 ; apodosis introduced by tada
(e.g. 25 8 ), tad (37 12 ), tarhi (32"), or
without adv. (e.g. 3 17 ). [pron. root ya,
1103d.]
yadbhavisya, a. who says yad bhavis-
yati, (tad) bhavisyati or " What will be,
will be " ; as m. fatalist ; Yadbhavishya or
Whatwillb', name of a fish. [1314b.]
V yam (yacchati, -te [747]; yayama,
yeme" ; ayamsit, ayamsta ; yamsyati ;
yatd ; yamtum ; yamitva ; -yamya).
hold ; hold up, sustain, support ; hold
back, restrain ; hold out, offer, grant,
furnish ; show (the teeth), 77*. [cf.
C*?/"'a, 'restraint, i.e. punishment.']
+ a, hold out, i.e. extend, and so (like
Eng. extend), lengthen; ayata, extended,
long.
+ ud, 1. raise (the arms, weapons),
35 20 ; 2. (like Eng. take up, i.e.) under-
take or set about (a thing) ; udyata,
having undertaken, w. inf., 28 6 .
+ sam-ud, like ud-yam [1077b]: 1.
raise; 2. set about; samudyata, hav-
ing set about, w. inf., 40 20 .
+ u p a , hold on to, take hold of ; esp.,
middle, take to wife, marry, 98 8 .
-I- n i , hold, restrain ; niyata, having re-
stricted one's self (to a certain thing), all
intent upon one definite object.
+ pra, hold or reach out, offer, give; give
in marriage (as a father his daughter),
98 7 .
+ prati-pra, offer in turn, pass (food),
w.gen., 100 2 \
+ vi, hold asunder, stretch out.
-t-s am, hold together, co-hibere, hold in
check ; samyata, restrained.
yama, 1. a. holding, restraining ; 2. m.
(holder, i.e.) bridle. [Vyam.]
yama, 1. a. paired, twin, geminus; as m.
a twin; 2. The Twin, Yama, who, with
his sister Yami, constituted the first
human pair, selection Ixiii. ; honored as
father of mankind (cf. also manu) and as
king of the spirits of the departed fathers
(pitaras), see 83 *N. ; in later times, re-
garded as the 'Restrainer' (Vyam) or
' Punisher,' and ruler of death and of the
dead in the under-world, 7 11 ; yaml, f.
Yami, twin sister of Yama. [so Thomas,
Hebrew t e om, means ' twin.']
yama-rajan, a. having Yama as their
king ; as m. subject of Yama. [1302a.]
yayati, m. Yayati, a patriarch of the
olden time, son of Nahusha. [perhaps
'The Striver,' Vyat, cf. 1155.2c: or from
Vya, 1157.1c.]
yava, m. orig. prob. any grain or corn,
yielding flour; later, barley-corn, barley,
[cf . ejo, *oF-w(, ' corn.']
yava-madhyama, a. having a barley-
corn middle, i.e. big in the middle and
small at the ends, like a crescendo-dimin-
uendo sign; as n. the Yavamadhyama,
name of a candrayana or lunar penance.
[1297, 1280b.]
yavistha, a. youngest; esp. of a fire just
born of the sticks of attrition or just set
on the altar, [superl. to yiivan, q.v., but
from the simpler *yu, 468.]
yavisthya, a. = yavistha, but always at
the end of a pada and as diiambus.
yaviyans, a. younger. [comp. to
yiivan, q.v., but from the simpler *yu,
468.]
yagas, n. fame, honor. [1151. 2a.]
yagas, a. honored, splendid. [1151. 2a.]
yasti, f. staff, [perhaps 'a support,' fr.
yacch, quasi-root of the present system
of yam: cf. 220, 1157.]
V yah, stir, move quickly, inferred fr. yaks,
q.v., and yahva, 'continually moving,
restless.'
V ya (yati; yayau; ayasit[911]; yasyati;
yata; yatum; yatva; -yaya). 1. go,
39 l ; yatas, avasitasya, of him that
journeys (and) of him that rests, 71 8 ; w.
astam, 62 u , see astam ; 2. go to, w. ace.,
43 17 , 91 6 ; w. dot. 49"; -3. go to, i.e.
attain to (a condition) : e.g. devatvam ya,
attain to godhead, i.e. become divine,
[225]
[Vyuj
19 21 ; so 17 22 , etc.; -4. yatu, lot it go,
no matter, 44 8 .
[collateral form of Vi, 'go,' 108g:
hence yana, ' passage, way,' w. which cf .
Lat. janus, 'passage, archway/ and the
god thereof Janus: fr. Vya comes also
ya-ma, ' period or watch of the night ' ;
Hi-pa, ' time, season,' Eng. year, show a
development of mg like that of yama,
q.v., but their connection w. Vya is
doubtful (see 2 vara).]
+ a n u , go after, follow.
+ a , come hither or to or on.
+ s a m - a , come hither together ; assem-
ble ; samayata, come.
+ ud, go forth or out.
+ up a, go or attain unto.
+ pra, go forth; set out.
V yac (yacati, -te ; yayace ; ayacista ;
yacisy6 ; yacita ; yacitum ; yacitva ;
-yacya). make a request; ask a person
(ace.) for a thing (ace.), 46 u ; ask a
thing (ace.) of a person (abl.), 55 21 .
yat, adv. as; temporally, so long as, .79 13 .
[abl. of pron. root ya, 1114a, 510: see
under ya.]
yat ana, f. requital ; esp. punishment,
pains of hell. [Vyat, 1150.]
yatr, m. avenger. [' pursuer,' Vya, 1182.]
yana, m. way; as n. wagon. [Vya, 1150.]
yama,/. -I, a. of or coming from Yama.
[yama, 1208f.]
yama, in. 1. course or going, 78 5 ; 2. as
in Eng., course (of a feast); 3. watch
of the night. [Vya, 1166: for mg 2, cf.
irtpi-oSos, 'way around, circuit, course at
dinner/ and Ger. Gang, ' course ' : for
mg 3,' cf. irfptoSos, 'time of circuit.']
yavant [517], 1. a. as great, 101 9 ; as
many, 64 4 , 105 4 ; as much ; preceding its
correl. tavant; 2. yavat, adv. as long,
while ; tavat yavat, so long as,
19 2 , 42 3 ; yavat tavat : as long
as , so long, 15 5 , 32 2 , 40 18 ; as soon
as or the moment that , then, 44 15 ,
22 7 ; 3. yavat, as quasi-prep, w. ace.:
during; up to (in space or time); sarpa-
vivaram yavat, as far as the serpent's
hole, 39 13 ; adya yavat, until to-day,
24 ". [pron. root ya, 517. cf. tavant.]
yavayad-dvesas, a. driving away foes.
[V2yu, 'keep off': see 1309.]
V lyu (yaiiti [626], 3rd pi. yuvanti, mid.
yute ; yuvati, -te ; Jinite forms Vedic
only; yuta ; -yuya). fasten, hold fast;
draw towards one, attract ; join, unite.
+ s am, unite; samyuta, connected with,
i.e. having reference to, 59 14 .
V 2yu (yuy6ti; yucchati [60S 2 ]; ayauslt;
yuta; -yuya; cans, yavayati). repel,
keep off or separate, trans. ; sometimes
keep off or separate, intrans. ; a Vedic
word.
+ pra, remove; prayucchant, removing
(intrans.), moving away, and so (like Eng.
absent), heedless.
yu, root of 2d pers. pronoun, cf. 494. [cf.
v/j.e7s, Lesbian tf/u/ues, 'ye': kinship of
Eng. ye, doubtful.]
yukti, f. 1. a yoking, harnessing;
-2. yoke, team. [Vyuj, 1157, 219: cf.
eC|iy, *evy-<ri-s, ' a yoking.']
yuga, n. 1. yoke; 2. couple, pair;
3. esp. w. manusa, a human generation
(as that which is united by common
descent), -yei/os avdpwirccv ; 4. and so, in
a temporal sense, an age of the world, see
58 l y. [Vyuj, q.v., 216. 1: cf. yugma.]
yugapat-prapti,/ simultaneous reach-
ing or arriving at. [1279 and a.]
yugapad, adv. simultaneously. [ap-
parently ace. s. n. of an adj. *yuga-pad,
' pair-footed, even-footed, side by side/ a
possessive form (1301) of a descriptive
cpd (1280b) *yuga-pad, 'pair-foot.']
yugma, a. paired, even; as n. pair,
couple. [Vyuj, 1166, 216.5: for mg, cf.
couple, Lat. copula, *co-ap-ula, Vap + co-,
'fit or join together.']
V yuj (yunakti, yuakt ; yuyoja, yuyuj6;
ayukta ; yoksyati, -te ; yukta ; y6ktum ;
yuktva; -yujya; yojayati). -1. yoke;
harness ; make ready for draught, used
of wagon (101 1T ) as well as of steed (72 6 ) ;
then, generalized, 2. make ready, set to
work, apply; use, e.g. the Soma-press-
stones, 76 18 ; yukta, engaged upon (loc.),
busied with, 62 u ; 3. unite ; middle,
unite one's self with (instr.); yujana, in
company with, 73 12 ; 4. passive, be
15
[226]
united with (instr.), i.e. become possessed
of, 60 15 ; yukta: possessed of (instr.),
1 12 ; having , at end of cpd, 65 J - ;
5. pass, be joined or made ready, and so
be fitted, suited; yukta, fit, suitable,
right, proper, 23 19 ; yuktam, adv. fitly,
rightly, etc., 36 2 ; -6. yojayati [1041 2 ],
apply ; lay on, 102 u . [cf . ^eiry-yy/zt, Lat.
jung-o, 'yoke, harness, join'; w. yuga,
'yoke,' cf. vy6v, Lat. jugum, Ger. Jock,
Eng. yoke : for euphony, see 219.]
+ ud, mid. make one's self ready, set to
work, exert one's self.
+ up a, mid. harness, put to, 73 13 ; apply,
use.
+ ni, mid. 1. fasten to; 2. put (a
task) upon, commission; caus. [1041 2 ],
set, lay, e.g. snares, 24 n . [for mg 2,
cf. niyoga; also Eng. en-join w. its Lat.
predecessor in-jungere.~\
+ pra, apply, use; w. namaskaram,
employ, i.e. do adoration.
+ s am, join together, unite; samyukta,
at end of cpd: joined with, i.e. endowed
with, 34 4 ; connected with, i.e. having
reference to, 59 12> u .
yuj [389, 219, 386b], -1. a. yoked to-
gether; as m. yoke-fellow, and so comrade,
88 s ; 2. a. paired, even. [Vyuj: see
ayuj and ayuja.]
yujya, a. united, combined. [Vyuj,
1213e.]
yuddha, ppl. fought; as n. [1176a], fight,
battle, contest. [Vyudh, 1176, 160.]
yuddha-varna, m. a sort of battle; a
battle, so to speak.
Vyudh (yiidhyate; yuyudh6; ayuddha ;
yotsyate; yuddha; y6ddhum ; -yiidhya).
fight, [cf . vo-fj.ii'Tj, *\>9-fjuvri, ' battle.']
+ a, fight against.
yiidh,/. fight. [Vyudh.]
yudhi-sthira, m. Yudhishthira, son of
Pandu and Kunti, to whom Brihadacva
tells the story of Nala ; see 1 14 N. [' firm
in battle,' yudh-i (1250c) -f sthira.]
V yup (yuy6pa; yupita; yopayati[1041 2 ]).
set up an obstacle, block or bar the way ;
hinder, thwart, 80 10 ; obstruct or clog, see
86 OK.
yuvd, pron. stem, 2d pers. dual, 491.
yuvati, serving as a feminine to ydvan.
young woman; maiden. [1157.3 end:
perhaps pres. ppl. of V 1 yu, ' attract.']
yuvan [427], a. young; as subst. young
man (distinguished from bala, 'child,'
28 12 ); youth (used even of youthful
gods). [perhaps fr. v'lyu, 'attract,'
suffix an, not van, 1160 : see yaviyans,
yavistha, yuvati : cf . Lat. juven-i-s,
'young'; w. juven-cu-s, 'young,' cf. Ger-
manic *yuvunga, ijnnga, Eng. young ; also
Old Eng. yung-fye, Spenser's youngth, Eng.
youth.'}
yusm, see 491.
yutha, m. n. herd. [prop, 'a union,'
v'lyu, 'unite,' 1163: for mg, cf. also Ger.
Bande, 'gang or set of men,' and Eng.
band, 'company,' both indirectly fr. the
root of bind.~\
yutha-natha, m. protector or leader of
the herd.
yutha-pa, m. keeper or protector of the
herd; esp. the elephant that leads the
herd.
yutha-pati, m. lord of the herd; esp.
the elephant that leads the herd.
yunas, see 427.
yuyam, see 491.
yena, adv. 1. wherefore, 6 2 ; 2. yena
tena, because therefore, 64 9 ; 3.
that, ut, introducing a result and corre-
sponding to a ' such ' or ' so' expressed
(21 10 ) or implied (II s ). [pron. root ya,
yestha, pronounced yaistha, a. (best
going, i.e.) swiftest. [Vya, 470 3 , 468.]
y 6 g a , TO. 1. a setting to work ; use ;
appliance (act of applying); 2. appli-
ance (thing applied), and so means; esp.
supernatural means, magic, 56 8 ; 3. (the
applying one's self to a thing, and so)
pursuit or acquisition (of a thing), cf.
ksema ; 4. connection, relation ; -yogat,
at end of cpd, from connection with , i.e.
in consequence of . [Vyuj, 216. 1.]
y6gya, a. of use, suited for use, fit, fit-
ting. [y6ga, 1212a.]
yoddhr, m. fighter. [Vyudh, 1182, 160.]
yodhin, a. at end of cpds, fighting.
[Vyudh, 1183.]
[227]
[rajas
y6ni, m.f. 1. lap; womb or birth-place ;
2. place of origin; origin, 93 4 ; 3.
birth-place, i.e. home ; place of abiding ;
place, 86 17 , 89 8 , RV. x.125.7; -4. (like
Eng. origin or birth) family, race; form
of existence (as man, Brahman, beast,
etc., in the system of transmigrations) as
this form is determined by birth, 67 ~\
[' the holder ' of the born or unborn babe,
v'lyu, 'hold,' 1158. 2 2 : cf. the analogous
metaphors in Lat. con-cipere, 'take, hold,
conceive'; and in volva, 'cover, envelope,'
and so ' womb,' fr. a root cognate with
1 vr, ' cover.']
yonitas, adv. from birth, by blood, [yoni,
1098b.]
yosit, f. young woman, maiden, [per-
haps ' the attractive one,' fr. V 1 yu,
'attract,' 1200a, 383. 3 (through the inter-
mediate form y6-sa, 1197, of the same
mg) : cf. yuvati.]
yauvana, n. youth, period between child-
hood and maturity, adolescence (of man
or maid), [yrivan, 1208a.]
yauvana-daga,/*. time of youth.
V ranh (ranhati, -te). 1. make to run;
hasten, trans. ; 2. mid. run ; hasten, in-
trans. [for *rangh : cf . the forms langh
and raghii, and see under laghii.]
rakta, ppl. colored; esp. red? as n. blood.
[Vranj, 954a.]
V Iraks (raksati, -te; raraksa; araksit;
raksita ; raksitum; -raksya). de-fend,
protect ; keep, i.e. both retain and main-
tain; take care of (as a sovereign), i.e.
govern ; guard, ward ; save, [a desid.
extension of V*rak or ark: cf. dAe-o!,
' ward off,' which bears a similar relation
to VaAK or apK in &\-a\K-f, 'warded off,'
apK-fca, 'ward off, protect'; cf. also Lat.
arc-eo, ' ward off,' arx, ' stronghold of de-
fence, citadel ' ; AS. ealh-stede, ' defence-
stead, strong-hold ' ; ealgian, ' protect ' :
for the two chief mgs of \ raks, cf. Lat.
de-fendere, 'ward off, protect.']
+ pari, protect around ; save.
V 2 r a k s , harm, in raksas. [perhaps only
another aspect of 1 raks, ' ward off/ i.e.
'beat away.']
raksaka, /. keeper; warder; protector.
[Vlraks, 1181.]
raks ana, n. protection; preservation.
[Vlraks, 1150.]
raksas, n. 1. harm; 2. concrete,
harmer, name of nocturnal demons who
disturb sacrifices and harm the pious.
[V 2 raks, 1151.2a.]
raksa, f. protection; watch. [Vlraks,
1149.]
raksi, a. guarding, at end of cpds.
[Vlraks, 1155.]
r a k s i t r , m. protector ; watcher. [V 1 raks,
1182a.]
raghii, 1. a. running, darting, swift;
as m. runner; 2. m. Raghu (The Run-
ner, Apo/tevs), name of an ancient king.
[Vranh, q.v.: older form of laghii, q.v.]
ranga, m. 1. color; 2. theatre, amphi-
theatre. [Vraj or rafij, 216. 1 : connection
of mg 2 unclear.]
V raj or ranj (rajyati, -te; rakta; -rajya;
cans, ranjdyati). 1. be colored; esp.
be red; rakta: red; dyed; as n. blood;
2. fi(j. be affected with a strong feeling
(cf. raj + vi) ; esp. be delighted with,
have pleasure in, be in love with; cans.
1. color; redden; 2. delight, please,
make happy.
[orig. 'be bright or white' (whence
rajaka) ; then 'glow, be red": see the
ident. V3rj and its cognates tipyvpos, etc.;
and cf . V f>ey in aor. f>tai, ' dye/ and
peyevs, 'dyer': w. this root may be con-
nected the root raj in its mgs given
under 2.]
+ anu, 1. be colored after, take the
tinge of ; 2. feel affection towards.
+ vi, 1. lose color; 2. be cold or
indifferent towards (loc.), 45 s . [for mg
2, cf . the senses of the simple verb : the
metaphor may be either ' not glowing/
and so, as in Eng., ' cold/ or else ' color-
less/ and so, ' indifferent.']
raj aka, m. washerman, who is also a dyer
of clothes. [' whitener ' or else ' dyer/
Vraj, 1181.]
rajas, n. 1. atmosphere, air, region of
clouds, vapors, and gloom, clearly dis-
tinguished from heaven (dyaus, 72 2 ) or
15*
rajju]
[228]
the ethereal' spaces of heaven (rocana
divas, 81 8 , or svar), "where the light
dwelleth," these being beyond the rajas,
just as the ai&fip is beyond the a-f)p;
used loosely in pi., the skies, 71 7 ; the
sky conceived as divided into an upper
and a lower stratum, and so dual, rajasi,
75 5i12 ; so far Vedic;
2. post-Vedic: like the Greek d-fip, the
thick air, mist, gloom, darkness ; 3.
dust, e.g. 14 13 ; 4. in the philosophical
system, darkness (cf. 2), the second of the
three qualities (see guna), soul-darkening
passion (popularly connected with raga,
'passion'), 66 8 - 16 .
[since the orig. mg, as indicated by
usage, is ' the cloudy (region), region of
gloom and dark' as distinguished from
the everlasting light beyond, the word is
prob. to be derived f r. V raj in the sense
'be (colored, i.e.) not clear': cognate are
f-pe0os, 'darkness, Erebus,' and Goth.
riqis, neut., ' darkness ' : for connection of
mgs 2 and 3, cf . Ger. Dunst, ' vapor,' and
Eng. dust.']
T & j j u , f. cord ; rope. [V *razg, ' plait ' : cf .
Lithuanian rezgis, ' plaited work, basket ' ;
Lat. restis, *resctis, *rezg-ti-s, 'rope': see
Vmajj.]
V ranj, see raj.
ran a, m. pleasure, gladness. [Vran.]
ranva, a. pleasant, lovely. [Vran, 1190.]
rati, f. 1. rest, quiet; 2. comfort,
pleasure. [Vram, 1157, cf. 954d.]
ratna, n. 1. gift; blessing, riches,
treasure, as something bestowed or given
(cf. ratna-dha); so far Vedic; 2. post-
Vedic: precious stone, jewel, pearl; fig.,
as in Eng., jewel, i.e. the most excellent of
its kind. [V Ira, 'bestow.']
ratna-dha [352], a. bestowing bless-
ings
1 rath a, m. wagon, esp. the two-wheeled
battle-wagon (lighter and swifter than the
anas, ' dray ') ; car or chariot of gods
(72*-, 89 u ) as well as of men (87 14 ).
[Vr, 'move,' 1163: for mg, cf. Lat. currus,
' chariot,' and currere, ' run.']
2 ratha, m. pleasure, joy. [Vram, 1163,
cf. 954d.]
V ran (ranati ; rarana ; aranit). be
pleased; Vedic. [ident. w. Vram.]
rap as, n. bodily injury; disease.
V rabh (rabhate; rebhe; arabdha ; raps-
yate ; rabdha ; rabdhum ; -rabhya).
grasp ; take hold of. [prob. a collateral
form of Vgrabh, and ident. w. labh, see
these : cf . TO \d<p-vpa, ' spoils, booty ' ;
f"i-\r](t>-a, ' took ' ; Lat. lab-or, ' undertaking,
labor ' ; perhaps ^\<p-ov, ' gat, earned.']
+ &, 1. take hold upon; touch, RV.
x. 125. 8 ; 2. take hold of, i.e. under-
take, 14 6 ; w. yatnam, undertake an effort,
i.e. exert one's self, II 2 ; 3. (like Ger.
an-fangen and Lat. in-cipere) begin ;
arabhya : w. abl., beginning from , or
simply from , 39 13 ; w. adya, from to-
day on, 36 19 .
+ anv-a, take hold of from behind,
hold on to.
+ sam-anv-a, hold on to each other
(said of several) ; sam-anv-arabdha,
touching.
sam-a, undertake (see a-rabh) to-
gether.
sam, take hold of each other (for
dance, battle, etc.), hold together; take
hold (of a thing) together.
V ram (ramati, -te ; rarama, reme ;
aramsit, aramsta ; ramsyate ; rata ;
ramtum; ramtva; -ramya; ramayati).
1. act. stop, trans. 2. mid. stop, in-
trans. ; rest ; abide ; stay gladly with ;
3. mid. (rest, take one's ease or com-
fort, and so) find pleasure in ; rata, w. loc.,
or at end of cpds, taking pleasure in, de-
voted to ; 4. caus. bring to a stand-still,
stay, 73 7 . [cf. ii-pfp-a, 'quietly'; Goth.
nmis, ' quiet ' ; tpa^ai, eparai, *m-/j.ai,
*pm-rai, 'love, loves'; i-pa.-r&-s, 'lovely,'
formally ident. w. ratd : for mgs 2 and 3,
cf. \'2gam.]
+ abhi, mid. 1. stop, intrans. ; 2. find
pleasure ; please, intrans., 106 1 .
+ a , act. stop, trans.
-up a, stop; uparata, ceased, (of
sounds) hushed.
+ v i , act. stop, intrans. ; pause,
ramaniya, grdv. enjoyable, pleasant.
[Vram, 965, 1215.]
[229]
[rajm
ramya, grdv. enjoyable, pleasant. [Vram,
903.]
rayi, m. wealth, treasure. [prop, 'be-
stowal' (cf. 70 n ), fr. ri, a weaker form
of Vlra, 'bestow,' 1155.1: cf. ratna and
rai.]
ravi, m. the sun.
r a g a n a , /. cord ; strap ; rein, [cf . ragmi.]
rag mi, m. 1. line, cord; 2. Jig. (line,
i.e.) ray, of light; beam, [so Eng. ray
involves a metaphor, its Lat. predecessor
radius meaning orig. 'staff' and then
' spoke ' : cf . ragana and ragi.]
rasa, m. la. the sap or juice of plants
(36 18 ), and esp. of fruits ; fruit-syrup, 68 l ;
Ib. fig. the best or finest or strongest
part of a thing, its essence or flos, 44 7 ,
83 3 ; Ic. sap, generalised, fluid, liquid ;
drink, 15 1T ; 2a. taste (regarded as the
chief characteristic of a liquid); 2b.
taste, i.e. relish for, 97 6 ; 2c. object of
one's taste, esp. that which pleases one's
taste, e.g. the beauties (of a story), 56 n .
rasa, f. 1. moisture ; 2. Rasa, a
mythical stream supposed to flow round
the earth and atmosphere, [cf. rasa.]
rasika, a. tasty; as m. connoisseur, [rasa,
1222.]
V rah (rahita; rahitum). leave, give up,
abandon.
+ v i , abandon, separate from, in viraha.
r alias, n. solitude; lonely place; as adv.
[llllbj, secretly. [Vrah.]
V Ira (rarate; rarau, rare; arasta; rata),
give, grant, bestow, [see rai : cf . rayi.]
V 2ra (rayati [761dl]). bark; bark at.
[cf . Lat. in-ri-re, ' growl at.']
raksasa, a. demoniacal; as ??j. a demo-
niacal one, a Rakshas. [raksas, q.v.,
1208a.]
rag a, m. 1. coloring, color; 2. affec-
tion, feeling, passion. [Vraj, 216.1.]
raghava, m. descendant of Raghu, i.e.
Rama, [raghii, 1208c.]
V raj (rajati, -te ; raraja, reje [794e 2 ];
arajit).
1. direct ; rule ; be first ; be master
or king of, w. gen. ;
2. shine ; be illustrious ; distinguish
one's self ; caws, cause to shine.
[orig., perhaps, two distinct roots,
but no longer distinguished in form,
and with the two sets of mgs partly co-
incident: w. raj 1, cf. Vlrj, 'reach out';
w. raj 2, cf. V3rj, 'be bright,' and Vraj:
see under raj an.]
+ v i , 1. become master of, master (gen.),
81 u ; 2. shine out; ca;/s. adorn, 12 17 .
raj [nom. rat], m. king. [Vraj.]
r a j a , at end of cpds for rajan, 1249a 2 .
raj a-kula, ?. 1. royal family; in pi.,
equivalent to princes; 2. (as conversely
in Eng., The Sublime Porte, lit. ' the high
gate,' is used for the Turkish government)
the royal palace. [1280b.]
raja-dvara, n. king's door, door of the
royal palace.
rajan, m. 1. king, prince, I 8 , etc.; ap-
plied also to Varuna, 83 12 , 75 s , 76 1T ,
78 19 , 80 1 ; to Indra, 71 8 ; to Yama, 83 12 ' 8 ,
84 20. _2. equiv. to rajanya, a ksatriya
or man of the military caste, 59 13 - 22 ; 3.
at end of cpds : regularly raja ; sometimes
rajan, 6 s , 84 20 . [Vraj, 1160c: cf. Lat.
reg-em, ' king ' ; Keltic stem rig-, ' king ' :
from the Keltic was borrowed very early
the Germanic *rilc-, ' ruler ' ; of this, Goth.
reiki, AS. rice, 'dominion,' are dcrivs ; so
also Goth, reiks, AS. rice, ' powerful,'
Eng. rich: rice, 'dominion,' lives in Eng.
bishop-ric."]
rajanya, a. royal, princely; as m. one of
royal race, a noble, oldest designation of
a man of the second caste; see ksatriya.
[rajan, 1212dl.]
raja-putrd, m. king's son, prince, [acct,
1267.]
raja-putra, a. having princes as sons;
-tra, f. mother of princes. [1302 : acct,
1295.]
raja-purusa, m. king's man, servant of
a king, royal official.
raj as a,/. -I, a. pertaining to the second
of the three qualities (see rajas 4), pas-
sionate, as terminus technicus. [rajas,
1208a.]
rajendra, m. best or chief of kings,
[raja + indra.]
r a j n I , f. queen, princess, Anglo-Indian
rannee ; ruler, [rajan, 1156.]
rajya]
[230]
rajya, n. kingship, [raj, 1211.]
rati, a. ready to give or bless; gracious;
as f. grace, [v'lra, 'give.']
r a t r a , n. for ratri at end of cpds. [1315b.]
ratri, later ratri, /. night, [perhaps fr.
s'ram, 'rest.']
V radh (radhn6ti; radhyate [761a], -ti ;
raradha ; aratsit ; ratsyati ; raddha ;
raddhva ; -radhya; radhayati). 1. be
successful ; prosper, have luck ; be happy,
103"; 2. trans, make successful or
happy ; gratify ; cans, accomplish ; make
happy, satisfy, [akin w. Vrdh.]
+ apa, 1. hit away (from the mark),
miss (the mark), fail; 2. be at fault,
be to blame ; offend, sin ; aparaddha,
guilty, to blame, 33 l . [for 1, cf. the
simple verb, ' succeed,' i.e. ' make a hit ' :
for 2, cf. the relation of Eng. fail and
fault.]
+ a, caus. make happy, satisfy.
radhas, n. gracious gift, blessing. [V radii,
' gratify ' : for mg, cf . French gratification,
'gift.']
ram a, a. dark; as m. Rama, hero of the
epos Ramayana ; cf. raghava.
rayas-posa, m. development, i.e. in-
crease of wealth, [gen. s. of rai, 1250d :
171 2 .]
rava, m. cry; yell; howl. [Vru, 1148.2.]
r a 5 i , m. troop, host ; heap. [perhaps
akin w. rac.mi, q.v. : for connection of
mg, cf. Eng. line and French cordon, as
applied to soldiers.]
r a s t r a , n. kingdom ; sovereignty. [V raj 1 :
see 219 5 , 1185a.]
rastri, f. directrix, sovereign, [v'raj 1:
see 219 5 , 1182 2 .]
rastriya,a. belonging to the sovereignty ;
as m. sovereign, ruler, [rastra, 1215.]
rahu, m. The Seizer, Rahu, who is sup-
posed to seize and swallow sun and moon,
and thus cause eclipses, [prob. fr. Vrabh,
1178 2 .]
V rior ri (rinati; riyate [761c]). 1. act.
cause to run or stream, let loose ; 2. mid.
flow; run; dissolve, [cf. Lat. rl-vus,
'stream, brook'; provincial Eng. run,
' brook,' as in Bull Run ; Ger. rinnen, Eng.
run: see also VII + pra.]
V ric (rinakti; ricyate [761b] ; rir6ca,
ririce; araiksit, arikta; reksyati; rik-
ta ; pass, ricyate ; caus. recayati). 1.
leave ; 2. let go, let free ; 3. very
rarely (like Eng. colloq. part with), sell.
[w. rinakti cf . Lat. linquit, ' leaves ' :
cf . t-\iit-e, ' left ' ; Lat. lic-et, ' it is left, i.e.
permitted' (Eng. leave means 'permis-
sion ') ; AS. Icon, <dlh-an, Ger. leih-en, ' leave
a thing to a person for a time, einem
etwas iiberlassen, i.e. lend'; AS. lain,
' gift, loan,' Eng. noun loan, whence denom.
verb loan; fr. Isen comes liSnan, 'give,
loan,' Old Eng. Jen-en, preterit len-de,
whose d has become part of the root in
Eng. lend (though good usage has not
sanctioned the precisely similar blunder
in drownd-ed).~]
+ ati, mid. (through pass, sense be left
over) surpass ; predominate ; cans, cause
to be in surplus ; overdo, 96 12 .
V rip (rirepa ; ripta). 1. smear; stick;
smear, and so 2. as in Eng., defile ;
3. (with the same metaphor as in the
Ger. an-schmieren) cheat, impose upon,
[the old form of Vlip: see under Vlip.]
ripii, m. impostor, cheat ; later foe. [Vrip,
1178b.]
ripra, n. defilement; impurity. [Vrip,
1188c.]
ripra-vaha, a. carrying off or removing
impurity, [acct, 1270.]
V ri (rinati, -te; rista). 1. pull; 2.
pull or bite off, crop, [older form of
Vlig.]
V ris (resati; riayati, -te [761a]; rista ;
caws, resayati; aririsat). be hurt; re-
ceive harm ; caus. harm.
V ri, see ri.
V ru (rauti [626]; ruvati; mrava; aravit;
ruta ; r6tum). cry ; yell ; howl ; hum,
26 9 . [cf . w-pu-o/xcu, ' howl ' ; Lat. raucus,
' screaming, hoarse ' ; AS. ryn, ' a roar-
in g-']
rukma, m. ornament of gold; as n. gold.
[V rue, 1166, 216.5.]
V rue (r6cate, -ti; ruruce, rur6ca; arucat,
arocista ; rocisyate ; rucita; r6citum).
1. shine; be bright or resplendent; 2.
appear in splendor ; 3. appear beautiful
[231]
[V rupaya
or good, please, [cf. d/j.<f>i-\vK-r), ' twi-
light'; \fvK-ds, 'bright'; Lat. lux, lumen,
for */wc-s, */wc-men, 'light'; ^wna, *luc-na,
'moon'; AS. /eoVi-, Eng. light; cf. also
Lat. /uc-us (a lucendo, after all!), 'a clear-
ing (Eng. of U.S.) or Lichtung (Ger.) or
glade or grove ' ; AS. leak, Eng. lea, ' field,
meadow'; -ley in Brom-ley, 'broom-field/
and -loo in TFaer-foo.]
+ prati, appear good unto, please, 74.
riici,/. pleasure. [V rue, 216.2.]
rucira, a. splendid; beautiful.
ruciranana, a. fair-faced. [anana:
1298.]
V ruj (rujati ; ruroja ; rugna ; ruktva;
-riijya). 1. break, break to pieces;
2. injure, pain. [cf. \vy-p6s, 'painful,
sad ' ; Lat. lug-eo, ' grieve.']
riij, / pain, disease, [v/ruj: for mg, cf.
Ger. Ge-brechen, ' infirmity,' w. brechen,
'break'; also roga.]
r u j a n a , f. perhaps breach, cleft, rift
(of the clouds). [Vruj.]
V rud (r6diti [6311, rudanti; rur6da; rod-
isyati ; ruditd ; r6ditum ; ruditva ;
-riidya). 1. cry, weep; 2. weep for,
lament. [cf . Lat. rud-ere, ' roar ' ; AS.
reot-an, ' weep.']
rudra, a. connected by Hindus w. Vrud,
'cry,' and so howling, roaring, terrible,
applied to Agni and other gods ; true
meaning uncertain; as in. la. sing, in
the Veda : Rudra, leader of the Maruts or
Storm-gods, 77 18 , RV. x. 125.6; -Ib. in
pi. The Rudras, a class of storm-gods,
RV. x. 125.1 ; 2. sing. Rudra, received
into the Hindu Trinity in the later mythol-
ogy, and known by the name Qiva, q.v.
V Irudh (runaddhi, runddhe ; rur6dha,
rurudhe ; arautsit, aruddha ; rotsya-
ti, -te ; ruddha ; r6ddhum ; ruddhva ;
-riidhya). 1. hold back; obstruct;
hold ; 2. keep off ; hinder ; suppress ;
3. shut up ; close.
+ anu, as pass., or mid. intrans., i.e. as of
the ya- or ya-cZss, anurudhyate, also -ti,
be held to, keep one's self to ; be devoted
to, practice, 10 13 ; have regard for.
+ ava, 1. hold off; 2. mid. (hold
apart for one's self, lay up, and so)
obtain ; desid. mid. desire to obtain,
96".
+ ni, hold; stop; shut up.
+ vi, hinder or disturb.
V 2rudh (r6dhati). grow, [collateral form
of V mh, q.v. : cf . Lat. rud-is, fern., ' rod,
staff': for mg, cf. w. Vrudh and Ger.
wachsen, ' grow,' the nouns vi-rudh and
Ge-wdchs, ' a growth, i.e. plant ' : kinship of
Eng. rod, ' a growing shoot, rod, measure
of length,' older rood, ' measure of length
or surface,' is improbable on account of
the o of AS. rod.']
v' rus (r6sati ; riisyati ; rusita, rusta).
be cross or angry, [cf. AiWr, *\v<r-ja,
' rage.']
rus [rut, rudbhyam], / anger, [\frus.]
V ruh (r6hati, -te ; rur6ha, ruruh< ;
aruhat, aruksat ; roksyati, -te ; rudha ;
r6dhum ; rudhva ; -riihya ; riiruksati ;
rohayati, later ropayati [1042e]). 1.
rise, mount up, climb ; 2. spring up,
grow up ; 3. grow, develop, thrive ;
cans. 1. raise; 2. place upon, [see
v'2rudh: for euphony, see 222 3 .]
+ ad hi, cans, cause (e.g. one's body,
ace.) to rise to (e.g. the balance, ace.), i.e.
put (one's body) upon (the balance),
48 1S .
-fa, mount or get upon (a stone); seat
one's self upon; climb (tree); ascend to
(the head, hill-top, life, place) ; embark
upon (boat, ship); Jig. get into (danger) ;
cans, cause to get upon (stone, pelt) or
into (wagon, boat), w. ace. of person and
ace. or loc. (105 n ) of thing; desid.
desire to climb up to.
rupa, n. 1. outward look or appearance,
as well color as form or shape ; Lat.
forma; form, 48 1T , 77 2 , 96 12 ; rupam kr,
assume a form, 14 8 , 49 6 ; (reflected) image,
62 17 ; 2. (like Lat. forma, and Eng.
shape in shape-ly) good form, i.e. beauty,
2 4 , etc.; 3. appearance, characteristic
mark, peculiarity, [cf . varpas : see also
varcas.]
V rupaya (rupayati [cf. 1056, 1067]). used
esp. in theatrical language (to have the
look or appearance of, i.e.) act. [rupa,
1058.]
rupajitapsaras]
[232]
+ ni, 1. like Eng. look into tenta-
tively, i.e. : investigate, 20 18 ; seek, 29 17 ;
search, 33 12 ; 2. look into successfully,
i.e.: find out, 44 17 ; discover, 26 10 ; -3.
net, see simple verb.
rupa-jitapsaras, a. surpassing the
Apsarases in beauty.
rupavant, a. like Eng. shape-ly and
Lat. f ormosus ; beautiful, handsome, 1 4 .
[rupa, 1233.]
rupa-sampad, /. beauty of form, i.e.
beauty.
ru pa-samp anna, a. endowed with
beauty, beautiful. [Vpad.]
re, word of address. O; ho. [cf. are.]
V rej (rejati, -te). 1. act. shake, trans. ;
2. mid. shake, intrans. ; tremble, [per-
haps akin w. V \iy in -A.e-A.i|e, ' caused to
tremble, shook.']
renu, m. dust, [perhaps connected w. Vri,
' dissolve, go to pieces,' just as Ger. Staub,
'dust,' w. stieben, 'fly asunder': 1162.]
r e v a , f. Reva, a river, the same as the
Narmada, q.v.
rai [361b], m., rarely f. possessions; wealth;
prosperity, [stem strictly ra : prop. ' be-
stowal,' V 1 ra, see 361b and rayi : w. ace.
ra-m, cf. Lat. nom. re-s, 'property.']
roka, m. brightness, light. [Vruc.]
r6ga, m. infirmity, disease. [Vruj, 216.1 :
for mg, see noun ruj.]
roc ana, a. shining, light ; as n. light ;
the place of the light, ethereal space or
spaces, 71 17 , 81 4 - 8 ; see rajas for further
description. [Vruc, 1150.]
rocisnii, a. shining, bright; Jig. blooming.
[Vruc, 1194a : or rather perhaps fr. rods,
1194c.]
rocis, n. brightness. [Jruc, 1153.]
r6dasi, dual f. the two worlds, i.e. heaven
and earth.
rodha, a. growing. [V2rudh, 'grow.']
r op ay a, see 1042e end.
r6man, n. hair on the body of men and
beasts (usually excluding that of the
head and beard and that of the mane and
tail) ; later Ionian, q.v.
romanta, m. loc. -e, in hair- vicinity, i.e.
on the hairy side (of the hand), [roman
(1249a 2 ) + anta.]
raukma, a. golden, adorned with gold,
[rukma, 1208f.]
laksa, n. 1. rarely, mark, token; 2.
a hundred thousand, an Anglo-Indian
lac; 3. (like Eng. mark) mark which
is aimed at. [Vlag, 'be fastened to,'
1197a: for mg 1, cf. connection of Eng.
verb tag, 'fasten,' w. noun tag, 'attach-
ment, appendage,' and so, esp. as used
in modern shops, ' a mark or label-tag ' ;
for 2, cf. the specialization of Eng. marc
or mark as 'a weight' (of gold or silver)
and as ' a money of account ' ; also that
of Eng. token as ' a coin ' and as ' ten
quires printed on both sides.']
laksana, n. 1. mark, token; charac-
teristic ; attribute, 66 u ; character, 101 12 ;
essential characteristic, 41 u ; special
mark ; esp. lucky mark, mark of excel-
lence, 62 7 , 98 7i 8 ; mark in the sense of
determinant at S8 23 ; 2. (like Eng.
designation) name, 57 14 ; 3. form,
kind, 65 12 . [fr. the denom. laksaya
(1150. 2a), or rather fr. the simpler
but very rare form of the same denom.
(1054), \' laksa.]
V laksaya (laksayati [1056]). mark,
note, notice. [laksa, 1053 : so Lat.
notare fr. nota.~]
+ u p a , mark, notice ; see ; pass, appear.
laksasamkhya, a. having lacs (see
laksa) as their number, numbered by
hundred-thousands, [laksa + samkhya.]
laksmi [363 2 ], / -1. mark, sign; -2.
with or without papi, bad sign or omen,
something ominous, bad luck; 3. oftenest
a good sign, in the older language usually
with punya; good luck; prosperity, 18 14 ;
wealth, 46 2 ; (royal) splendor, 51 19 . [fr.
laks (1167), the quasi-root of lak-sa,
which is a deriv. of V lag : for connection
of mg 1 w. v'lag, see laksa: as for 2
and 3, observe that Eng. luck sometimes
means ' bad luck,' but of tener ' good
luck.']
laksya, grdv. to be noticed or seen; to
be looked upon or considered as, 41 u .
[derivation like that of laksana.]
[233]
[Vlikh
V lag (lagati; lagisyati; lagna [957c] ;
lagitva; -lagya). attach or fasten one's
self to ; lagna, attached to, put upon.
[cf. laksa, laksmi, linga.j
laguda, m. cudgel.
laghii, younger form of raghii, a. 1.
swift, quick; 2. light, i.e. not heavy;
3. (light, i.e.) insignificant ; small ;
contemptible ; low.
[for derivation, see raghii and V ranh :
cf. -\axv-s, 'small/ ^AOXI^TOS, 'smallest';
Lithuanian lengvas, ' light ' ; Lat. Iffvis,
*lenhu-i-s 1 , ' 1. swift, 2. light, not heavy,
3. insignificant, small ' (mgs quite parallel
w. those of laghu) ; AS. lung-re, 'quickly ' ;
Eng. lungs, 'lights': kinship of AS. leok-t,
Eng. light, ' not heavy,' lights, ' lungs,' not
certain : for connection of mgs 1 and 2,
observe that swift and light, just as
slow and heavy, name qualities naturally
associated : for light, 'not dark,' see
v'ruc.]
laghu-krama, a. having a quick step;
-am, adv. [1311], quickly.
laghu-cetas, a. small-minded.
V langh (langhayati ; langhitd; -langh-
ya). spring over, [see V ranh, and under
laghii.]
V lajj (lajjate; lalajje"; lajjita; lajjitum).
be ashamed.
+ vi, be ashamed.
lajj a,/, shame. [Vlajj, 1149.]
lajjavant, a. having shame; embar-
rassed. [1233.]
V lap (lapati; lalapa ; lapisyati ; lapita,
lapta ; laptum; -lapya). chatter; talk;
lament. [cf . o-\o<t>-v-s, ' a lamenting ' ;
6\o<pvpo/j.cu, ' lament ' ; perhaps Lat. Id-
menta, ' laments.']
+ a , talk to, converse with.
+ pra, talk out heedlessly or lament-
ingly.
+ v i , utter unintelligible or lamenting
tones.
+ sam, talk with; caus. (cause to talk
witli one, i.e.) address, 26 J .
V labh, younger form of rabh (labhate ;
Iebh6 ; alabdha ; lapsyate ; labdh ;
labdhva ; -labhya). 1. catch; seize;
2. receive; get. [see under Vrabh.]
+ pra, 1. seize; take; 2. dupe;
fool. [for 2, cf. Eng. colloq. take in,
' gull,' and catch, ' ensnare.']
+ v i - p r a , fool, 37 6 . [see V labh + pra.]
V lamb (lambate; lalambe'; lambisyati ;
lambita ; lambitum ; -lambya). 1.
hang down; 2. sink; 3. hang upon,
hold on to; cling to; and so 4. (like
Eng. stick) tarry, lag. [younger form
of V ramb, ' hang down limp ' : cf . Ao/8-<fo,
'lobe or pendent part' (of ear, liver);
Lat. Idb-i, ' sink, fall ' ; limbus, ' fringe,
border ' ; AS. Iseppa, ' loosely hanging
portion,' Eng. lap (of coat, apron); Eng.
limp, ' hanging loosely, flaccid ' ; %>-ears,
'hanging' ears (of a rabbit).]
+ ava, 1. hang down; 2. sink; 3.
hang upon, hold on to.
+ vi, lag, loiter, [see v' lamb 4: for mg,
cf . also Eng. hang, in hang Jire.]
\1 lal (lalati, -te; lalita). sport, dally,
play ; behave in an artless and uncon-
strained manner ; lalita, see s.v.
lalata, n. forehead.
lalita, a. artless, naive; lovely, [prop.
' unconstrainedly behaved,' ppl. of Vial,
952 2 : so Eng. behaved has rather adjec-
tival than verbal coloring.]
lavana, n. salt, esp. sea-salt; as a. salt.
V las (lasati; lalasa; lasita). gleam,
glance. [orig. 'glance,' but, like Eng.
glance, with the subsidiary notion (see
lasa), 'move quickly hither and thither,'
and so, 'play' (see the cpds w. preps.):
conversely, Eng. dull means ' slow,' and
then, 'not glancing': cf. Lat. lasc-lvus
(through *las-cu-s), 'wanton.']
+ ud, 1. glance; 2. play; 3. be
overjoyed, 24 23 .
+ vi, 1. glance; 2. play; 3. be
joyful or wanton.
lasa, a. moving quickly hither and
thither; lively. [Vlas.]
laja, m. pi. parched or roasted grain,
[perhaps akin w. v'bhrjj.]
labha, m. the getting, acquisition. [Vlabh.]
V likh (likhati; lilekha; alekhit ; likhis-
yati; likhita ; likhitva; -likhya). - 1.
scratch ; furrow ; slit ; draw a line ; 2.
write ; write down ; delineate, [younger
liriya]
[234]
form of v rikh : cf . t-pe'iK-w, ' furrow '
(x.06?a, 'ground'); t-ptx-Ou, 'tear, rend';
Lat. rima, *ric-ma, ' slit, crack ' : for mgs,
observe that Eng. write is fr. the same
root as Ger. ritzen, ' scratch.']
linga, n. mark (by which one knows or
recognizes a thing), Kenn-zeichen, char-
acteristic, [connected w. Vlag in the
same way as laksa, q.v.]
linga-dharana, n. the wearing of one's
characteristic marks.
V lip (limpati, -te [758]; lilepa; alipat,
alipta; lipta; -lipya). 1. besmear or
rub over a thing (ace.) with a thing
(instr.); 2. smear a thing (ace.) over
or on a thing (loc.); stick (trans.) on to;
pass, stick or stick to, intrans.
[younger form of Vrip : orig. nig
' smear, stick ' : cf . rb \iiros, ' grease ' ;
d-A.efy>-&>, ' anoint ' ; Lat. lippus, ' blear-
eyed ' ; \~nrap6s, ' greasy, shiny ' :
further akin are the following words,
but with curious divarication of rag :
\lTrapfto, like Eng. stick to, i.e. ' persist ' ;
AS. be-lif-an, Goth, bi-leib-an, Ger. b-leib-en,
(lit. 'stick,' i.e.) 'remain'; AS. libban,
Eng. live, Ger. leben, 'be remaining or
surviving, superstitem esse ' ; AS. llf,
Eng. life ; finally AS. lief-an, Eng. leave,
' cause to remain.']
-f anu, smear over, cover with.
+ vi, besmear.
lipi,^ 1. a rubbing over; 2. writing.
[Vlip, 1155. 1.]
V lie, (ligate ; lilige ; aleista ; lista).
tear, break, [younger form of Vrig.]
liga, tearing, breaking, ana" so cutting, in
ku-lica. [Vli.]
V II (layate; liyate; Iily6; alesta ; Una;
-liya). 1. cling to; 2. stick; 3.
(stay, i.e.) of birds and insects, light upon,
sit upon ; 4. slip into ; disappear.
+ ni, 1. cling to; 2. light upon (of
birds); 3. slip into; disappear; hide.
-I- pra, go to dissolution, [cf. Vri.]
HI a, /. -1. play; -2. (like Eng. child's
play) action that can be done without
serious effort ; lilaya, without any
trouble.
v! luth (luthati; Iul6tha ; luthita). roll.
V lup (lumpati [758]; Iul6pa ; lupta ;
16ptum; luptva ; -lupya). 1. break;
harm; 2. attack; pounce upon; 3.
rob, plunder, [younger form of ' rup :
cf. Lat. rumpere, 'break'; AS. reof-an,
' break ' ; reaf, ' spoil of battle, booty,
armor, etc., esp. clothing, garments,' Ger.
Raub, ' robbery, booty ' ; AS. reafian,
'despoil, rob,' whence Eng. reave, ppl.
reft, and be-reave: fr. Old High Ger.
roubon, 'rob,' through Old French rober,
'rob,' comes French oV-rooer, Eng. rob,
and fr. Old High Ger. roub, 'robbery,
booty, esp. pillaged garment,' in like
manner, French robe, ' garment,' Eng.
robe.]
lubdhaka, in. hunter, [lubdha, vlubh.j
\l lubh (lubhyati; Iul6bha, lulubhe ;
lubdha; 16bdlium). 1. go astray; 2.
be lustful ; have strong desire ; lubdha,
longing for. [cf . r) AnJ/, *\uf>-s, ' longing ' ;
\tir-r-o/j.ai, ' long for ' ; Lat. lub-et, lib-et,
' is desired or agreeable ' ; libens, ' willing,
glad ' ; libido, ' desire ' ; AS. leof, ' dear,'
Eng. lief, ' dear, gladly ' ; Ger. lieb, ' dear ' ;
also Eng. love.']
V lul (161ati; lulita). move hither and
thither.
v' lu (lunati [728]; lulava ; luna). cut
(e.g. grass, hair) ; cut off ; gnaw off. [cf.
\v-ta, 'separate, i.e. loose'; Lat. so-lu-tus,
' loosed.']
lekha, m. a writing ; letter. [Vlikh'.]
V lok (16kate ; luloke ; 16kitum ; cans.
lokayati [1056] ; lokita ; -16kya ; only
cans, forms are in common use, and these
only with ava, a, and vi). get a look at ;
behold; -cans. [1041 2 ] -1. look, look
on; 2. get a look at, behold. [on
account of the guttural k, prob. a sec-
ondary root fr. roka (Vruc, 216.1): for
connection of mg, cf. Aewc-o'j, 'bright,'
and \evff<rw, *\fvK-jo>, 'see'; Lat. lumen,
'light,' then 'eye* (see under Vruc);
also locana : no connection w. Eng.
look.']
+ ava, caus. 1. look; 2. look at or
upon ; 3. behold, see, perceive.
+ a, caus. 1. look at; 2. see, per-
ceive.
[235]
[vaksana
+ vi, cans. 1. look; 2. look at, in-
spect, 25; -3. behold.
loka, perhaps a younger form of uloka
(which appears regularly in the oldest texts,
but divided as u loka, 84 ai ), m. 1. open
space ; free room ; place, 83 15 ; 2a. the
vast space; the world, 103 8 ; any imagin-
ary world or worlds, 15 1G ; cf. antariksa-,
indra-, jiva-, pati-, para-, manusya-,
svarga-loka ; 2b. used of heaven : svar-
go lokas, the world situate in the light,
103 5> Ui 1G ; so sukrtam ulokas, the world
of the righteous, 84 u ; later, sukrtasya
lokas, world of virtue, 89 8 ; so 5' 20 ; 2c.
of earth : loke krtsne, in the whole earth,
5 18 ; asmin loke, in this world (cf.
ilia), 66 12 ; in same sense, loke, 57 8 , 63";
2d. with senses merging imperceptibly into
those given under 3, e.g., in the world or
among men, 26 2 , 36 3 , 47 21 ; -3. (like
Eng. world and French monde) people ;
folks; men or mankind; sing. 6 7 , 21 13 ;
pi. 2 5i 14 , 39 19 , 57 15 . [etymology uncer-
tain : no connection with Lat. /ocs, Old
Lat. stlocus, ' place.']
loka-kft, a. world-making, world-creat-
ing. [1269.]
loka-pald, m. pi. world-protectors, either
four in number (regents of the four
quarters of the world), or eight (regents
of the cardinal points and four points
mid-way between).
loka-pravada, m. world-saying, com-
mon saying.
lokam-prna, a. world-filling; f. -a (sc.
istaka), Lokamprina, name applied to the
common bricks used in building the sacred
fire-pile, and so called because all laid
with the recitation of the one general
formula, lokam prna, 'fill thou the
world.' [1314b : for prna, V 1 pr, see
731.]
loga, m. clod (of earth). [Vruj, 'break,'
216. 1 : for mg, see under mfd.]
V loc (locayati; locita; -16cya). used only
with a., [derived fr. Vruc; just how, is
unclear: see Vlok.]
+ a, 1. rarely, cause to appear or be
seen; 2. usually, bring to one's own
sight or mind, consider, reflect ; matsyair
alocitam (impers.,999), the fishes reflected;
ity alocya, thus reflecting.
~+pary-a, see loc + a ; reflect, delib-
erate.
+ sam-a, see loc + a; reflect.
locana, 1. a. enlightening; 2. as n.
eye, usual mg. [Vloc: for mg, cf. lumen,
under Vlok.]
lobha, m. strong desire; greed, avarice.
[Vlubh.]
lobha-viraha, m. freedom from avarice.
16 man, n. hair on the body of men and
beasts (usually excluding that of the
head and beard and that of mane and
tail), [prop, 'clippings, shearings,' Vlu,
'cut,' 1168. la: cf. roman.]
lola, a. 1. moving hither and thither,
uneasy ; and so 2. anxious for, desirous
of; greedy, [v'lul.]
lostd, m. n. clod (of earth). [Vruj, cf.
222*: for mg, see under mrd.]
loh A, a. reddish; coppery; as m. n. red-
dish metal, copper, [cf. 16hita, r6hita,
and rudhira, all meaning 'red': with the
last, cf. e-pvQ-p6s, Lat. ruber, rufus, Eng.
ruddy, red.~]
lohayasa, n. coppery metal, any metal
alloyed with copper, [ayasa.]
laulya, n. greediness, [lola, 1211.]
lauhayasa, a. metallic; MS n. metallic
ware, [lohayasa, 1208f.]
vana, m. I. cane or stock or stem, esp.
of the bamboo ; 2. (like Eng. stock, and
stem [rarely], and Ger. Stamm) lineage,
family, race.
vana-viguddha, a. 1. made of per-
fectly clear or unblemished bamboo ;
2. of pure lineage, [lit. ' vanga-pure,
pure in its or his vana,' 1265 : v'gudh.]
V vak (vavakre [786, 798a]). roll, [akin
w. Vvanc, q.v.]
vaktavya, grdv. to be said or spoken;
see 999 end. [s/vac, 964.]
vakra, a. 1. crooked; 2. fig. (nearly
like Eng. crooked) disingenuous, ambig-
uous. [Vvak, 1188.]
vaksana, f. pi. belly; bellies (of cloud-
mountains).
Vvac]
[236]
V vac ( vakti; uvaca, ucus [784, 800e];
avocat [847 end, 854] ; vaksyati, -te ;
ukta; vaktum; uktva; -ucya; ucydte;
vacayati). say or speak (w. ace. of per-
son, 10 22 ; or w. ace. of person and ace. of
thing, 7 19 ); announce or tell, 66 19 , 98 17 ;
name or call, 58 ~ ; punar uvaca, replied,
19 19 ; ity uktva, with saying so, i.e. with
the words " ," saying " ," 4 2 ;
so saying, 19 ^ etc.;
ukta, 1. spoken, said; impers. pass.
[999 raid.], kakena^uktam, the crow said,
24 13 , etc. ; uktam, introducing a proverb,
't is said, 19 9 , 20 16 , etc.; 2. spoken
unto; evam ukta, thus addressed, 3 5 ,
etc.
caus. 1. mid. cause or ask (e.g. the
Brahmans) to pronounce for one's self
(e.g. a benediction), 101 2 , 106 4 ; 2. cause
(a written leaf) to speak, i.e. read, 54 20 .
[cf . two, tFoK-ja, ' voice, rumor ' ; Lat.
vffc-dre, ' call ' ; Ger. er-wah-nen, ' mention ' :
w. vac-as, 'word,' cf. eiros, stem *Feir-<r,
' word,' w. labialization : w. avocam,
%a-va-uc-am, cf. ttitrov, *e-Fe-nr-ov, 'said':
w. nom. vak, *vak-s, stem vac, 'voice/
cf. Lat. vox, *vdc-s, 'voice/ and <ty, for
*flty, i.e. Ftav-s, ' voice.']
+ anu, 1. repeat or say (sacrificial
prayers, etc.) for some one (gen.); 2.
mid. say after (the teacher), i.e. learn,
study ; anucana, perf. mid. ppl., who
studies, studied, learn-ed.
+ abhy-anu, say with regard to or
with reference to something ; describe
(an occurrence) in (metrical and Vedic)
words.
+ nis, speak out or clearly; explain.
+ pra, 1. tell forth, proclaim; tell,
announce, mention ; and so 2. (as con-
versely laudare, 'praise/ comes to mean
'mention') praise; 3. tell of, colloq. tell
on, i.e. betray, 93 18 ; 4. say, 45 9 ; 5.
declare to be ; name, 57 5 .
+ prati, say in return, answer.
+ s a m , say together.
vacana, n. 1. speech; words, 9 18 , etc.;
dictum ; 2. (like Lat. e-dictum and Eng.
edict and word) command ; injunction,
26 18 . [Vvac, 1150.]
vacas, n. 1. speech, 4 6 , etc.; words;
word; counsel; 2. language, 54 n ; 3.
(like Eng. word) order; request, 53 3 .
[Vvac, 1151. la: cf. TTOS, 'word.']
V vaj (vajayati). probable root, with the
meaning be strong or lively, inferred from
ugra, 6jas, vajra, vaja ; see these words;
vajayant, hastening, 75: cf. Vvajaya.
[cf. vy-rhs, 'strong, healthy'; AS. wac-ol,
' awake ' ; Eng. wake, ' not to sleep ' ;
perhaps Lat. vig-ere, ' be lively or strong/
vig-il, ' awake.']
vajra, m. Indra's thunderbolt, 70 8 , 88 15 .
[orig., perhaps, a mere epithet, 'The
Mighty' (Vvaj), like Miolnir, 'The
Crusher/ name of Thor's hammer.]
vajra-bahu, a. having the thunderbolt
on his arm (of Indra), lightning-armed.
[1303.]
vajrin, a. having the thunderbolt (of
Indra). [vajra, 1230.]
V vane (vancati ; vancayati ; vancit&).
totter; go crookedly; caus. (cause to go
astray, i.e.) mislead, deceive; cheat, [cf.
Lat. vacillare, 'totter, be unsteady'; AS.
woh, 'crooked, wrong/ whence Eng. woo,
'incline to one's self, court.']
-f up a, totter unto.
vancaka, m. deceiver, [\fvafic, caus.]
vancayitavya, grdv. to be deceived;
as n. a to-be-practised deceit, w. objective
gen. (296b beg.), 26 2 . [Vvanc.]
vat a, m. Ficus indica ; cf. nyag-rodha.
vanik-putra, m. merchant's son.
[vanij.]
vanij, m. merchant. [Vpan, 383.5.]
V vat (vatati; vatdyati). only with api.
understand ; caus. cause to understand or
know, reveal, inspire (devotion). [cf.
Lat. vat-es, 'wise seer': see under vata.]
vatsa, m. young; esp. young of a cow,
calf. [prop, 'yearling/ from a not quot-
able watas, 'year': with watas, cf.
F'TOS, 'year/ Lat. vetus- in vetits-tu-s,
' bejahrt, in years, old ' : akin are Lat.
vit-u-lu-s, 'yearling, i.e. calf/ and Eng.
weth-er : for mg, cf . x'M a P ox > ' g at / prop.
'winter-ling' (see hima) : see vatsara.]
vatsara, m. year; personified, 67 15 . [cf.
vatsa ; also pari- and sam- vatsara.]
[237]
[vapa
V vad (vadati, -te; uvada, ude [784];
avadit, avadista ; vadisyati, -te ; udita ;
vaditum ; uditva ; -lidya ; vadayati).
-I. speak, 95 7 > 9 ; say, 20 19 , etc.; speak
to, w. ace., or w. loc. (4 1 ) ; 2. communi-
cate ; announce, R V. x. 125. 5 ; speak of ;
udita, stated (authoritatively), 58 16 ; 3.
tell, i.e. foretell, predict, 103 12 ; -4.
designate as, 55 5 ; name.
+ abhi, speak to, salute; signify, in
the derivs abhivadin, abhivada ; cans.
speak to ; salute.
+ praty-abhi, caus. mid. salute in
return.
+ a , speak to ; vidatham a-vad, give
orders to (the household), rule (as master
or mistress).
+ p r a , 1. speak forth ; say ; 2. de-
clare to be.
+ vi, mid. contradict.
+ s am, mid. talk or take counsel with
one's self.
vadana, n. 1. mouth; 2. face,
['organ of speaking/ Vvad, 1150: for
mg, cf. nayana.]
vaditavya, grdv. to be spoken.
[Vvad.]
v a d y a , grdv. to be spoken of, worthy of
(favorable) notice, and so praiseworthy.
[Vvad, 963 8 c.]
V vadh (avadhit, avadhista ; vadhisyati,
-te). 1. strike; harm; 2. (just as
AS. slean meant first ' strike ' and then
'slay, i.e. kill') slay, kill, [see Vbadh:
cf . wd-fw, ' push ' : see vadhar.]
vadh a, m. 1. murderer; 2. weapon
of death, esp. Indra's bolt; 3. slaying,
slaughter. [V vadh. ]
vadhar, n. weapon of death, i.e. Indra's
bolt. [Vvadh.]
vadhasna, only in instr. pi. weapons
of death, i.e. Indra's bolts. [vadha,
1195.]
vadhu, /. 1. bride; 2. woman, [prop.
' the one fetched home ' by the bride-
groom, Vvah, q.v.]
vadhu- vastra, n. bride's garment.
vadhya, grdv. 1. to be struck, i.e.
punished, 27 21 ; to be harmed ; 2. to be
slain, 27 18 . [V vadh, 963 3 c.]
vadhri, a. whose testicles have been
crushed ; emasculated, opp. of vrsan.
[Vvadh, 1191.]
V van (van6ti, vanute; vavana, vavne ;
vata). 1. hold dear, love ; desire,
seek, beseech, 79 19 ; 2. get; 3. win.
[cf. Lat. ven-ia, 'favor'; Ven-us, 'The
Lovely One ' ; AS. winnan, ' exert one's
self, strive,' Eng. win, ' gain by striving ' ;
AS. wen, ' hope, expectation, supposition,'
whence wen-an, Eng. ween, ' suppose ' : see
\/vanch.]
vana, n. wood; forest,
vanana,/ desire. [Vvan, 1150. 2b 2 .]
vananvant, a. having desire, desiring.
[perhaps fr. vanana, 1233, w. irreg. loss
of final a: both mg and derivation are
doubtful.]
vana-prastha, m. n. forest-plateau,
wooded table-land. [1280b.]
vana-vasa, m. the living in a wood ;
-tas, owing to (his) forest-life.
vanas-pati, m. tree, ['lord of the
wood ' : see 1267 and a and d : perhaps
vanas stands for vanar, a subsidiary
form of vana, cf. 171 3 .]
V vand (vandate ; vavand6 ; vandita ;
vanditum ; vanditva ; -vandya). 1.
praise; 2. salute reverentially, [orig.
ident. w. Vvad, 108g.]
+ abhi, make reverent salutation unto;
salute.
vanditf, m. praiser. [Vvand.]
V Ivap (vapati, -te; upta; -upya; vapa-
yati). shear (hair, beard); trim (nails);
caus. cause to be clipped, or simply
[1041 2 ], clip.
V 2vap (vapati, -te ; uvapa, up6 [784,
800e]; avapsit; vapsyati; upta; uptva;
-lipya). 1. strew; scatter, esj>. seed,
sow; 2. (like x^ w ) throw or heap up,
i.e. dam up.
+ a p a , cast away ; fig. destroy.
+ abhi, bestrew.
+ a , throw upon, strew.
+ ni, throw down.
+ nis, throw out, esp. deal out (from a
larger mass) an oblation to a god, dat. ;
offer,
vapa, f. caul, omentum.
vapus]
[238]
vpus, a. 1. wondrous, admirabilis ;
2. (like Eng. admirable) exciting wonder
mixed with approbation, esp. wondrous
fair;
as n. 1. a wonder ; wonderful ap-
pearance ; vapur drgaye, a wonder to see,
Oavfjia ISfffOcu, 79 9 ; 2. beautiful appear-
ance ; beauty, 8 8 ; 3. appearance ; form,
48 s - 4 . [for 2 and 3, cf. the converse
transition of mg in rupa, 1, 2.]
vayam, we, see 491. [cf. Ger. wi-r, Eng.
we.~\
1 v d y a s , n. 1. fowl, collective ; 2. bird,
[see vi, ' bird.']
2 v ay as, n. food, meal. [prop, 'enjoy-
ment,' v'lvi, 'enjoy': for analogies, see
V 2 bhuj, ' enjoy,' and V 1 vi.]
3 vayas, n. 1. strength, of body and of
mind; health; 2. the time of strength,
youth; marriageable age, 2 6 ; 3. gen-
eralized, any age or period of life ; years
(of life), [akin w. vi-ra, q.v.]
v a y a , f. strengthening.
1 v a r a , m. choice ; wish ; a thing to be
chosen as gift or reward, and so gift, re-
ward ; varam vr, wish a wish, make a
condition, 94 1 ; varam da, give a choice,
grant a wish, I 17 ; prati varam or va-
ram a, according to one's wish. [V2vr,
' choose ' : cf . Eng. well, lit. ' according to
one's wish.']
2 vara, a. (like Eng. choice or select) most
excellent or fair, best, w. gen. or loc., 16 2 ,
3 21 ; w. obi., most excellent as distin-
guished from , i.e. better than , 68 14 ;
varam , na ca , the best thing is ,
and not , i.e. is better than , 17 20 .
[V2vr, 'choose': for mg, cf. AS. cyst, 'a
choice,' and then ' the best,' with ceosan,
' choose.']
varana, n. a choosing. [V 2 vr, ' choose.']
vara-varna, m. most fair complexion.
varavarnin, a. having a fan- com-
plexion; -ini, f. fair-faced woman, [va-
ravarna, 1230.]
varangana, f. most excellent woman,
[angana.]
vararoha, a. having fair hips or but-
tocks; tca\\iinyos. [aroha.]
varaha, m. boar.
varivas, n. breadth; fig. freedom from
constraint, ease, gladness, w. kr. [belong-
ing to uni, 'broad': see 1173 3 , 467 2 .]
varlyans, a. very broad, wide extended.
[Vlvr, 'cover, extend over': see 467 ' 2
and 11 73 3 .]
varuna, m. The Encompasser (of the
Universe), Varuna, name of an Aditya;
orig. the supreme god of the Veda (see
selection xxxvii. and notes), and so called
king as well as god, 83 12 ; omniscient
judge who punishes sin and sends sick-
ness and death, selections xliii., xliv., xlv. ;
later, god of the waters, 7 10 . [a personi-
fication of the ' all-embracing ' heaven,
Vlvr, 'cover, encompass,' 1177c : cf.
oi>pav6s, ' heaven,' and Ovpavds, ' Heaven,'
personified as a god.]
varutha, n. cover; and so, as in Eng.,
protection. [Vlvr, 'cover,' 1163c.]
varuthya, a. protecting. [varutha,
1212d4.]
varenya, grdv. to be desired; and so,
longed for, excellent. [V2vr, 'choose,'
1217 1 - 2 - 3 , 966b.]
varga, m. group. [Vvrj, ' separate,'
216. 1 : for mg, cf. Eng. division, ' a sepa-
rating into parts,' and then 'the part
separated, group.']
v arc as, n. vitality, vigor; the illuminat-
ing power in fire and the sun; and so,
splendor ; fig. glory, [perhaps akin with
rue : cf . varpas with rupa.]
varna, m. 1. outside; external appear-
ance ; color, 36 19 , 37 6 , etc. ; complexion ;
2. (color, and so, as in Eng.) kind,
species, sort, 98 2 ; 3. (sort of men, i.e.)
caste, 28 18 ; 4. letter; sound; vowel,
59 16 ; syllable ; word, 98 8 . [V 1 vr, ' cover,'
1177a: for mg 1, cf. Eng. coating, and
coat (of paint), and Lat. color, prop,
'cover or coating,' cognate w. oc-cul-ere,
' cover over.']
V varnaya (varnayati). 1. color,
paint; 2. fig. (like Eng. paint), depict
describe ; tell about ; pass. 12 8 . [varna,
1058.]
vartana, n. prop, an existing, and so
(like Eng. living), means of subsistence.
[Vvrt, mgs 3, 5: cf. vrtti.]
[239]
[V3vas
vartf, m. restrainer, stayer. [\/lvr,
'cover/ mg 3, 'restrain': 1182.]
v art man, n. wheel-track; path, 43 9 ;
vartmana, at end of cpds : by way of,
39 14 ; or simply through ; akaga-vart-
mana, througli the air, 39 a . [v'vrt,
1168. la.]
vartra, a. warding off, liolding back;
as n. a water-stop, dam, weir. [Vlvr,
'cover,' q.v.]
Ivardhana, a. I. increasing, trans.;
as m. increaser ; 2. delighting in.
[Vlvrdh, 'increase,' q.v.]
2vardhana, n. the cutting. [\/2vrdh,
' cut.']
varpas, n. assumed appearance; image,
form, [akin with rupa : cf . varcas.]
vArman, n. envelope; coat of armor;
protection ; at end of Kshatriya-names,
59 1S N. [V 1 vr, ' envelop/ 1 168. la.]
varsa, n. 1. rain; 2. (rainy-season,
i.e.) year; varsa, f. pi. 1. the rains,
i.e. the rainy season; 2. very rarely,
rain-water, 104 14 . [Vvrs : cf. e-fpvai,
1 rain-drops ' : for mg 2 of varsa, cf . Eng.
"girl of sixteen summers," "man of
seventy winters," abda and garad.]
varsa-karman, n. the action of rain-
ing.
varsa-satka, n. year-hexade, period of
six years.
var smaii, m. height; top; crown of the
head, [see 1168. lc 2 and 2b.]
vala, m. prop, an encloser, and so 1.
(enclosure, i.e.) cave; 2. personified,
Vala, name of a demon who shuts up
the heavenly waters to withhold them
from man and is slain by Indra, 81 5>7 .
[Vlvr, 'enclose.']
vala-vrtra, m. Vala and Vritra. [1252.]
valavrtra-nisudana, m. destroyer of
Vala and Vritra, i.e. Indra. [1264.]
valavrtra-han [402], a. slaying Vala
and Vritra ; as m. slayer of Vala and
Vritra, i.e. Indra. [1269.]
valmika, m. ant-hill.
vavri, m. prop, cover, and so 1. place
of hiding or refuge ; 2. corporeal tegu-
ment (of the soul), i.e. body. [Vlvr,
'cover/ 1155. 2c.]
V vac. (vasti, uganti [638]; uvaga [784]).
1. will, 73 17 ; 2. desire, long for;
ppls, pres. ugant, perf. vavagana [786] :
willing or (when qualifying subject of verb)
gladly, 83*, 85 6 ; longing, 78 a ; -3. (like
Eng. will in its rare or obsolete sense
'order') order, command. [cf. l/c&Jy,
stem *FeK-oj/T, ' willing.']
vaga, a. willing, submissive; as m. 1.
will; 2. command; and so controlling
power or influence. [Vvag.]
vaga-ni [352], a. bringing into one's
power ; as m. controller.
vaga, f. 1. cow, esp. farrow cow; 2.
female elephant, Elephanten-kuh. [per-
haps 'the lowing' beast, fr. wag: cf.
Lat. vacca, 'cow': usual name for 'cow'
is g6.]
vagin, a. having command or control;
as subst. m. or f. master, mistress, [vaga.]
vagi-kr, make submissive, enthrall, en-
snare, [vaga and V 1 kr, ' make/ 1094.]
vagya, grdv. to be commanded or ordered,
and so obedient, submissive, yielding,
[vag, 963 8 c.]
vas, end. pron. you, 491. [cf. Lat. vos,
'ye, you.']
V Ivas (ucchdti [753, 608]; uvasa [784];
vatsyati [167] ; usta). grow bright ;
light up (of the breaking day), dawn,
[for cognates, Lat. us-tu-s, ' burned,' east,
Easter, etc., see the collateral form us,
'burn/ and the derivs usas, usra, va-
santa, vasu, vasara : cf. also ^ap, *Fe<r-
fj.ap, ' day ' ; tap, *Fetr-op, Lat. rer, we-er,
*ves-er, ' dawn of the year-light, i.e.
spring'; Ves-uv-ius, 'the burning' moun-
tain.]
+ vi, shine abroad, 75 15 ; light up, 97 13 .
V 2 vas (vaste [628]; vavase ; avasista ;
vatsyati ; vasita ; vasitum ; vasitva ;
-vasya). put on (as a garment), clothe
one's self in. [cf. fwv/j.i, *FO--VV-IM,
'put on'; e-eff-To, 'had on'; sfyuo, 'gar-
ment ' ; Lat. ves-tis, ' garment ' ; Goth.
ga-vas-jan, ' clothe ' ; AS. wer-ian, Eng.
wear.~\
V 3 vas (vasati ; uvasa [784]; avatsit
[167] ; vatsyati ; usita ; vastum ; usitva ;
-tisya; vasayati). stay in a place; esp.
v 1 4 vas]
[240]
stay over night, 38 2 , 100 8 (with ratrim) ;
dwell, abide ; lire. [cf. JUTTV, *F<NT-TU,
' dwelling-place, town ' ; Lat. ver-na, ' one
who lives in the house, i.e. slave ' or
'one who dwells in the land, i.e. native,'
like Eng. domestic, ' servant,' and domestic,
' not foreign ' ; AS. wes-an, ' be ' ; Eng.
was, were.~]
+ , take up one's abode in (a place),
occupy; enter upon, 62 8 .
+ ud, cans, (cause to abide out, i.e.)
remove from its place, 97 u ? .
up a, 1. stay with; wait; 2. (with
a specialization of mg like that in Eng.
abs-tain, 'hold off, esp. from food or
drink') wait, and so stop (eating), fast.
-f ni, dwell (of men and of beasts).
+ p r a t i , have one's dwelling.
V 4 vas (vasayati; vasita). cut. [cf . Lat.
vomis, *vos-mis, vomer, ' plow-share, colter.']
-f- ud , cut away or off, 97 14 1.
vasanta, m. spring. ['the dawning or
lighting-up' year-time, Vivas, 11 72 s -*:
see 1 vas : cf. <eap, *Fe<r-ap, Lat. ver, *ve-er,
*ves-er, 'spring.']
vasistha, a. most excellent, best; as m.
Vasishtha, name of one of the most
famous Vedic seers, 78 19 N. [formed as
superl. to vasu, fr. Vivas as a verbal
(467), the verbal having the same trans-
ferred sense as the adj. vasu, q.v.]
vasu, a. excellent, good; 1. as m. good
(of gods), 76 11 ; -2. as m. pi. The Good
Ones, the Vasus, a class of gods, RV.x.
125. 1 ; 3. as n. sing, and pi. good,
goods, wealth, [prop. ' shining, i.e. splen-
did,' V 1 vas, ' shine,' but w. a transfer of
mg like that in the Eng. splendid as used
by the vulgar for ' excellent ' : connection
w. r t vs, tvs, 'good,' and *l, 'well,' is im-
probable, see ayu.]
vasu-dha [352], a. yielding good; vasu-
dha [364], / the earth ; the land.
vasudhadhipa, m. (lord of the earth,
i.e.) king, prince, [adhipa.]
vasum-dhara, a. holding good or
treasures ; -a, /. the earth, [vasum +
dhara, 1250a: we should expect vasu
(ace. s. neuter, or stem), not vasu-m
(masculine!), 341.]
vasu-gravas, a. perhaps [1298a] hav-
ing good fame, or else [1297 and 1280b]
having wealth-fame, i.e. famed for wealth.
vasu-sampurna, a. treasure-filled.
[Vlpr, 'fill.']
V vasuya (vasuyati). crave good, [de-
nom. of vasu, 1058 1 , 1061.]
vasuya, f. desire for good; longing.
[V vasuya, 1149 6 .]
vastr, TO. illuminer; or, as adj., lighting
up. [Vivas, 'shine,' 1182, 375 8 .]
vastr a, n. garment, piece of clothing;
cloth. [V2vas, 'clothe,' 1185a.]
vastra-vestita.a. covered with clothes,
well dressed.
vastranta, m. border of a garment,
[anta.]
V vah (vahati, -te; uvaha, uhe; avaksit;
vaksyati; udha[222]; vodhum; udhva;
-lihya; uhyate). 1. conduct, 84 u ;
carry, esp. the oblation, 85 1 , 93 M , 94 *;
bring with team, 73 n , 81 u , or car, 72 *,
87 w ; draw (wagon), guide (horses) ; 2.
intrans. travel; proceed (in a wagon);
3. pass, be borne along ; 4. flow,
carry with itself (of water) ; 5. (like
Ger. heimfiihren) bring home to the
groom's house, wed; 6. carry, 43 Ui16 ,
52 9 ; bear, 26 * ; carry far and wide, i.e.
spread (a poem, fragrance), 54 2 .
[for *vagh : cf . ox os > *FOX OS > ' wagon ' ;
OXOA"" 'ride'; Lat. veh-ere, 'carry'; vehi-
culum, 'wagon'; AS. weg-an, 'carry, bear,'
whence Eng. weigh, 'lift' (as in weigh
anchor), 'find weight of by lifting' (cf.
bhara) ; AS. ivsegn or wxn, Eng. wain,
Dutch wagen (whence the borrowed Eng.
wagon), 'that which is drawn, i.e. wagon';
further, Lat. vi-a, ve-a, *veh-ia, ' that which
is to be travelled over, way'; AS. weg,
Eng. way, ' that which carries ' one to a
place.]
+ a , bring hither or to.
+ ud, 1. bear or bring up; 2. esp.
lead out (a bride from her father's house),
wed.
+ pari, 1. lead about; 2. esp. lead
about (the bride or the wedding proces-
sion), wed.
+ p r a , carry onward.
[241]
[V vajaya
+ vi, lead away, esp. the bride from her
parents' house, and so wed, marry; mid.
get married.
+ s a m , carry together ; carry,
vah, vbl. carrying, drawing, in cpds.
[Vvah.]
vahatii, m. wedding procession ; wedding.
[Vvah, 1161c.]
vahya, n. portable bed, litter. [Vvah,
1213 : for mg, cf. Eng. bier and verb
bear.']
vahye-gaya,a. lying on litters, [vahya,
1250c : acct, 1270.]
V Iva (vati; vavati; avasit [882]; vas-
yati; vata; vatum; vapayati [1042d]).
blow, [cf . aiifj-t, *a-Frj-ytti, ' blow ' ; Goth.
va-ian, Ger. weh-en, AS. wdwan, 'blow';
aii-pa, ' breeze ' ; cb?p, *aFr)p, ' air ' ; Lat.
vetitu-s (a participial form which has
made a transition to the vowel-declension
cf. vasanta and 1172 3 ' 4 ), 'wind,' Eng.
wind; AS. we-der, Eng. wea-ther, 'wind
(e.g. in weather-cock), condition of the air ' :
see vata and vayii, ' wind.']
+ a, blow hither.
+ nis, 1. (blow out, intransitively, i.e.)
go out, be extinguished; 2. intrans.
(blow till one gets one's breath, and so)
cool off; cans. 1. extinguish; 2.
cool off, transitively, i.e. refresh.
+ para, blow away.
+ p r a , blow or move forward, intrans.
+ vi, blow asunder, i.e. scatter to the
winds.
V 2va (vayati [761d2]; uvaya [784 2 ];
vayisyati; uta; 6tum; uyate). weave,
interweave, both lit., and also (like Lat.
serere), fig., of hymns and songs; plait.
[orig. idea perhaps ' wind ' or ' plait ' :
root-forms are u, va, and vi : cf. iVe'o,
*p;T6o, ' willow ' ; ola-os, ' osier ' ; Lat. vi-ere,
' plait ' ; vi-men, ' plaited work ' ; olvii,
' vine ' ; olvos, ' wine ' ; Lat. vlnum, ' wine ' ;
vi-tis, ' vine,' Eng. withy or withe, ' pliant
twig,' Ger. Weide, ' withe, willow.']
va, enclitic particle, following its word. 1.
or; va, va, 50 17 , 64 *>, 96 i 2 - 23 ,
9718,19. % va, 77 6 , 24 6, 59 9 ' 29 , 64 18 ,
972.3.16^ 10 42i. similarly, 35 6, 59, 84 9 ;
;; va, 20 4 , 91 9 ; -further:
va, yadi va , va, 28 12 ;, va,
va_api, 62 2 ; , (va omitted),
va, va, 61 23 , Q2 1 ; finally, na,
va^api, ca, neither , nor , nor ,
63 4 ; atha va, see atha 6; uta va, see
uta ; 2. va, for eva, 59 10 N. ; 3. with
interrogates: kim va, what possibly,
17 19 ; so 18 i. [cf . Lat. -ve, ' or.']
vakya, n. 1. speech, words; 2. as
technical term, periphrasis, e.g. virasenasya
sutas/or virasena-sutas. [Vvac.]
v a g - d o s a t , by or as a bad consequence
of his voice, i.e. because he was fool
enough to let his voice be heard, [vac :
see dosa.]
vaghat [like dasat, 444 2 ], m. the pledg-
ing one, i.e. institutor of a sacrifice, not
the priest, but the yajamana. [perhaps
akin are ttf^-oyttcu, Lat. vovere, *vogv-ere,
' vow.']
vanmaya, a. consisting of voice or
utterance. [vac : see 1225 2 and
maya.]
vac [391], f. 1. speech, voice, word,
utterance, sound ; vacam vy-a-hr, utter
words, 3 l , and vacam vad, speak words,
94 9 , verb-phrases, used like a simple verb
of speaking, and construed w. the ace. of
the person (see 274b) ; perhaps (utterance,
i.e.) sacred text, 91 2 ; 2. personified, The
Word, Vach, Aoyos. [v/vac, q.v.]
vacam-yama, a. restraining or holding
one's voice, silent. [1250a, 1270 1 and b.]
vacaka, a. speaking ; as m. speaker.
[Vvac, 1181.]
vacika, a. verbal, consisting of words,
[vac, 1222e.]
vacya, grdv. 1. to be spoken; 2. to
be spoken to. [Vvac, 1213a.]
v aj a , m. 1. swiftness ; courage, esp. of the
horse; 2. race, struggle; 3. prize of
race or contest; booty; reward in general;
treasure, good. [prob. akin w. Vvaj, q.v.:
orig. ' strength and liveliness,' ' that in
which strength and courage show them-
selves,' and then 'the result of quick
and brave struggle.']
V vajaya (only in ppl., vajayant). crave
treasure; seek good, 74 16 ; cf. Vvaj.
[denom. of vaja, 1058.]
16
Vvafich]
[242]
V vanch (vanchati; vanchita). wish, [for
*vansk, orig. inchoative (cf. V 1 is) to
v'van, q.v. : cf. Ger. Wunsch, 'a, wish';
AS. wusc, 'a. wish,' whence verb wyscan,
'wish,' whence Eng. verb wish, whence
noun wish.']
vanijya, n. merchant's business, trade,
[vanij, 1211.]
vata, m. 1. wind; air; 2. Vata, god
of the wind. [V 1 va, ' blow ' : acct,
1176c : cf. Icelandic OS-inn, AS. Wod-en,
Old High Ger. Wuot-an, names of the
highest Germanic god, Odin: the name
still lives in the Eng. Wednes-day, AS.
Wodn-es dseg : some connect Woden w.
V vat, ' inspire, excite.']
vata-svanas, a. having the roar of the
wind, i.e. blustering, exhibiting noisy
violence, tumultuous.
vataikabhaksa, a. having wind as sole
food, i.e. fasting, [vata - ekabhaksa.]
vada, m. speech, expression, statement.
[Vvad.]
vada-yuddha, n. speech-fight, i.e. con-
troversy.
vadayuddha-pradhana, a. devoted to
controversy ; as m. eminent controver-
sialist.]
vadin, a. speaking. [Vvad, 1183 3 .]
vanaprastha, m. a Brahman of the
third order, who has passed through the
stages of student and householder (see
agrama) and dwells in the woods, 65 3 N. ;
hermit. [vanaprastha : for mg, cf.
tpr)/j.lrr)s, Eng. hermit, and iprift-la, 'soli-
tude, desert.']
vanara, HI. monkey, ape.
vapl, f. oblong pond; lake. [V2vap,
' heap up, dam up,' and so, perhaps, orig.
'a dam' (cf. x^A" 1 * 'dam,' from x<ta,
'throw or heap up'), and then, by me-
tonymy, 'the pond made by the dam.']
vapi-jala, n. lake-water, [perhaps the
first element is here to be taken in its orig.
sense of ' dam,' so that the whole means
prop. ' dam-water,' and so ' pond-water.']
vain, see 491.
yam a, a. lovely, pleasant; as n. & lovely
thing, a joy. [Vvan: cf. dhuma and
I 1 dhvan.]
vayasa, m. 1. bird; 2. esp. crow;
-si, f. crow-hen. [Ivayas, 'bird,' 1208a.]
vayii, m. wind, [v'l va, 'blow,' 1165.]
var, n. water, [cf. ovp-o-v, orig. 'water,'
and so, as hi Eng., ' urine ' ; Lat. urlndri,
' stay under water ' ; ur-lna, ' urine ' ; Ur-ia,
' Water-town,' a port in Apulia ; prob.
akin is AS. wser, 'sea.']
1 var a, m. tail-hair, esp. of a horse,
[prob. akin w. ovpr], 'tail.']
2 var a, m. 1. choice treasure; 2.
moment chosen or determined for any
thing, appointed time, turn; 3. time
(as used with numerals); varam varam,
time and again; 4. the time or turn
(of one of the planets which rule in suc-
cession the days of the week), and so,
day of the week, day. [V 2 vr, ' choose ' :
identified by some w. &pa, ' time, seasqn,'
see under Vya.]
var ana, a. warding off (those that attack
it), and so strong or ungovernable (of
wild beasts); as m. elephant. [\lvr,
'cover, ward off,' 1150. lb.]
varanasi, f. Varanasi, the modern
Benares.
vari, n. water, [see var.]
vari-stha, a. situated in the water, t.e.
(of the sun's disk) reflected in the water.
vavd, particle, emphasizing the word which
it follows. surely, just. [for double
acct, see Whitney 94.]
V vag_ (va^yate [761c] ; vavae ; avi-
vagat [861]; vacita ; vagitva). bleat;
low; cry (of birds), [see vaa, Lat.
vacca, 'cow,' and vagra.]
vac_rA, a. lowing (of kine). [Vvac,,
1188a.]
vasd, m. 1. prop, a staying overnight;
2. an abiding, 32 5 ; 3. abiding-place,
23 2 \ [V3vas, 'dwell': for mg, cf.
bhavana.]
vasa-bhumi.y. dwelling-place.
vasara, 1. in Veda, as adj. of the
dawn ; ritptos ; 2. in classical Skt.,
neuter, used as subst., also masculine, (prop.
time of dawn, as distinguished from
night, and so) day in general, [prop, a
secondary deriv. (1188d) fr. an obsolete
*vaa-ar, ' dawn/ V 1 vas, ' dawn ' ; see
[243]
[V 1 vid
1 vas : and for the form vas-ar, cf . eap
and i-er, there given, and ah-ar, udh-ar,
430.]
vasa-veman, n. chamber for spending
the night, sleeping-room.
vasas, n. garment. [V2 vas, 'clothe.']
vasin, a. dwelling. [\/3vas, 'dwell,'
1183 3 .]
vast a vy a, a. belonging to an abode;
as m. inhabitant, [vastu, 1212(12.]
vastu, m. n. dwelling. [\/3vas, 'dwell,'
vastos-pati, m. lord or Genius of the
dwelling, 77 2 N. [vastos, gen. of vastu
(1250d) + pati: acct, 1267a and d.]
vaha, a. carrying; carrying off. [Vvah.]
vahana, a. carrying off; as n. 1. beast
of burden, 56 s ; beast for riding; team;
vehicle ; 2. the carrying, 34 13 . [\/ vah,
1150. lb.]
1 vi [343e], m. bird. [cf. olwvos, *bri-
cavos, Lat. avi-s, ' bird.']
2 vi, preposition. apart, asunder, away,
out ; denoting intensity in descriptive cpds
(1289), cf. vicitra, vibudha; denoting
separation or non-agreement in possessive
cpds (1305), cf. vimanas, etc. ; similarly
in the prepositional cpd (1310a), vipriya.
vingati [485], f. twenty. [cf. eftcoo-i,
Boeotian FI/COTJ, Lat. vlginti, ' twenty.']
vikata, a. 1. exceeding the usual meas-
ure; and so 2. (like Eng. enormous)
monstrous, hideous; as m. Hideous,
name of a gander, [cf. 1245g.]
vikrama, m. a stepping out, appearance ;
esp. bold or courageous advance, courage,
might. [V kram + vi.]
vigata-samkalpa, a. with vanished
purpose, purposeless. [V gam. + vi :
1299.]
vigulpha, a. abundant. [origin un-
clear.]
vigraha, m. 1. separation; and so 2.
division; and so 3. discord, quarrel,
war. [V grab + vi.]
V vie (vinakti; vikta; vektum; -vicya).
separate, esp. grain from chaff by win-
nowing ; separate, in general.
+ vi, separate out or apart; vivikta,
isolated, ana* so lonely.
vicaksana, a. appearing far and wide,
conspicuous; or, far-seeing. [\/caks + vi.]
vi-citra, a. 1. very variegated; 2.
differently colored, varied; 3. (full of
variety and surprises, and so) entertain-
ing, beautiful, [in mg 1, vi- has perhaps
intensive force ; in 2, perhaps variative.]
V vij (vijate; vivij6; avikta [834c]; vijis-
yati; vigna). move with a quick darting
motion, aiaaeiv ; (like Eng. start) move
suddenly from fear. [cf. AS. wlc-an,
'give way'; Eng. weak, 'yielding, soft,
feeble.']
. + u d , start up ; be affrighted ; udvigna,
terrified.
vij ay a, m. victory; personijied, Victory,
name of a rabbit. [Vji + vi.]
vijiti,/. conquest, [v'ji + vi.]
vijitendriya, a. having the organs of
sense subdued, [vijita + indriya.]
vijneya, grdv. to be known or considered
as. [Vjna + vi, 963 3 a.]
vin-mutra, n. faeces and urine, [vis,
226b, 161 : for cpd, 1253b.]
vitatha, a. false, ['differing from the
so,' vi + tatha, 1314a.]
vitathabhinivega, m. inclination to-
wards that which is false, [abhinive^a.]
vitasti, f. a span, about nine inches or
twelve fingers, [prob. fr. Vtan + vi, and
so ' a stretch ' from the tip of the thumb
to that of little finger: for mg, cf. Eng.
noun span and verb span, 'extend over/
and see vyama.]
vitana, m. n. 1. spreading out, exten-
sion ; 2. canopy. [V tan + vi : for mg
2, cf. Eng. expanse (of heaven) and ex-
pand.^
vitta, ppl. gotten; as n. (like Lat. quaes-
tus) gettings, that which is got, property.
[V2vid, 'get.']
Vivid (v6tti; v6da [790a] ; avedit ;
vedisyati, -te ; vetsyati, -te ; vidit& ;
veditum, v6ttum ; viditva ; -vidya ; ve-
dayati). 1. know; understand; per-
ceive ; ya evam veda, who knoweth thus,
who hath this knowledge, frequent formula
in the Brdhmanas,$7 3 ; vidyat, one should
know, it should be known or understood ;
2. recognize as ; nalam mam viddhi,
16*
V 2 vid]
[244]
recognize me as N., know that I am N. ;
3. notice ; be mindful of, 75 ls ; bethink
one's self, 94 6 - 10 ; 4. believe; assume;
consider a person (ace.) to be (ace.),
43 19 ; ppl, vidvans, see s.v.
[whh v6da, vidma, cf. oT5a, fSyuev, AS.
tc wat, we witon, ' I know, we know ' ; Eng.
/ wot, gerund to wit, noun wit, ' under-
standing ' : cf . also flSov, tiFtSov, ' saw ' ;
Lat. videre, ' see ' ; AS. untan, ' see ' ;
whence wlt-ga, 'seer, soothsayer, wizard'
(Icelandic vit-ki, 'wizard'), wicca, 'wizard,'
wicce, ' witch,' Eng. witch, masc. and fern. :
v6da is an old preterito-present, 'have
seen or perceived,' and so, 'know' see
V2vid: the forms of the other tense-
systems are comparatively modern.]
+ anu, know along, i.e. from one end to
the other, know thoroughly.
+ ni, caus. cause to know; do to wit;
announce; communicate.
V 2 vid (vindati, -te [758]; viv6da, vivid6;
avidat, avidata ; vetsyati, -te ; vittd. ;
v6ttum ; vittva ; -vidya). 1. find,
4 12 , etc.; get, 74 13 ; obtain (children),
l(X)5-9 ; _2. get hold of, 80 7 ; -3. pass.
vidyate : is found ; later, equiv. to there is,
there exists; ppl. vidana [619 8 ], found,
73 2) ; ppl. vitta, see s.v.
[orig. ident. w. Vivid, of which this is
only another aspect, namely that of ' see-
ing esp. an object looked for, i.e. of
finding': see Ivid.]
+ .anu, find.
vid, vbl. knowing, at end of cpds. [V 1 vid.]
vida, a. knowing, at end of cpds. [do.]
vidatra, a. noticing, in cpds. [Vivid,
1185d.]
vidatha, n. directions, orders, [prop.
' knowledge given, i.e. instructions,'
Vivid, 1163b.]
vidarhha, 1. m. pi. the Vidarbhans,
Vidarbha, name of a people, and of their
country, which was south of the Vindhya
mountains, and is now called Berar; 2.
m. sing. Vidarbha, i.e. a king of Vidarbha,
4 2 . [for mg 2, cf. "Norway, uncle of
young Fortinbras," Hamlet, i.2.28.]
vidarbha-nagari, f. city or capital
of Vidarbha, i.e. Kundina (kundina).
[vidarbha- does not stand in the rela-
tion of a gen. of appellation : see 295 a .]
vidarbh,a-pati, m. lord or king of
Vidarbha.
vidarbha-raj an, m. king of Vidarbha.
vid a sin, a. becoming exhausted, drying
up. [V das + vi, 1183 3 .]
vidya,/ 1. knowledge; a discipline or
science; esp. trayi vidya, the triple
science or knowledge of the holy word, as
hymn, sacrificial formula, and chant, or
the Rigveda, Yajurveda, and Samaveda;
2. esp. the science /car' e&xhv, i.e. magic;
a magic formula, spell. [V 1 vid, 1213d :
for mg 2, observe the equally arbitrary
specialization in Eng. spell, which in AS.
meant ' a saying.']
vidya-dhara, a. keeping or possessed of
knowledge or the magic art ; as m. a, Vid-
yadhara, one of a class of genii, who are
attendants on Qiva, and reputed to be
magicians.
vidya-mada, m. knowledge-intoxication,
i.e. infatuated pritle in one's learning.
vidyavayo-vrddha, a. grown old in
knowledge and years, distinguished for
learning and age. [vidya + 3vayas,
1252.]
vidyut, 1. a. lightening; and so, as in
Eng., 2. /. lightning. [Vdyut + vi,
'lighten']
vidvaj-jana, m. wise man. [vidvans,
1249a, 202.]
vidvans [461], ppl. knowing; wise, 17 18 ,
etc.; learned; tvasta vidvan, a cunning
workman (cf. Eng. cunning and Old Eng.
cunnen, 'know'), 75 6 . [Vivid, 'know,'
790a, 803 2 .]
V 1 vidh (vidhati). worship a god (dat.)
with (instr.) ; honor (ace.) with (instr.).
[cf. vedhas.]
V 2 vidh (vindhate). lack or be without a
thing (instr.), viduari; be bereft or alone,
[see vidhava.]
V 3vidh, see Vvyadh.
vidh, vbl. boring through, wounding, at
end of cpds. [V 3 vidh or vyadh, 252, cf.
785.]
vidhdva,/ widow. [V 2 vidh, ' be bereft,'
1190: cf. ii-i6eos, 'youth without a wife
[245]
[vibhidaka
bachelor ' ; Lat. viduus, vidua, ' widower,
widow ' ; AS. widwe, wuduwe, Eng. widow."]
vridha, /. proportion, measure; way; and
so kind, sort ; esp. at end of cpds [see
1302c 6] : e.g. tri-vidha, of three kinds,
three-fold, [prop. ' dis-position, arrange-
ment, order, method,' see V 1 dha + vi.]
vidhatavya, grdv. to be shown. [VI dha
+ vi, mg 5.]
vidhatf, m. dis-poser, arranger. [VI dha
-f vi.]
vidhana, n. a dis-position, ordering, ordi-
nance; vidhanatas, according to (estab-
lished) ordinance. [VI dha + vi, 1150.]
vidhi, m. 1. a dis-position, ordinance,
prescription, rule (65 7 ), method; 2.
(method, i.e.) way, 3S 23 ; procedure; 3.
(the supreme disposition or ordaining, i.e.)
destiny, fate. [Vldha + vi, 1155. 2e,
345 2 : for mg 3, cf . Lat. destinare, ' estab-
lish, ordain,' and Eng. destiny."]
vidhivat, adv. according to rule; equiv.
to Lat. rite, [vidhi, 1107.]
vidhu, a. lonely (of the moon that
wanders alone among the star-hosts) ;
as m. moon. [prob. fr. V2vidh, 1178.]
vidhura, a. 1. alone, bereft; 2. suf-
fering lack, miserable ; 3. disagreeable ;
as n. trouble, [prob. fr. V2 vidh, through
the intermediate vidhu, 1188f.]
vidhnra-dargana, n. sight of adversity.
vidheya, grdv. to be done, [see VI dha
+ vi, mg5: also 963 8 a.]
vinaya, m. 1. training, breeding, i.e.
formation of manners; and so 2. trans-
ferred (like the Eng. breeding), manners,
good breeding, politeness. [Vnl + vi.]
vina, prep, without, w. instr. or ace. [1127,
1129.]
viniti, f. (good breeding, esp.) modesty.
[Vni + vi: see vinaya.]
vino da, m. exactly like Eng. di-version;
amusement, [see V nud + vi.]
V vind, see V2vid.
vindhya, m. Vindhya, name of the
mountain-range crossing the Indian pen-
insula and separating Hindustan from
the Deccan.
vindhyatavl, /. the Vindhya-forest.
[atavL]
V vip (vepate; vivipe ; avepista; vepa-
yati). be in trembling agitation; tremble
or shake ; cans, shake, trans, [cf. Lat.
vibrdre, 'shake, brandish/ from *vib-ru-s,
mvip-ru-s, 'shaking'; AS. wsefre (formed
like *vip-ru-s), ' moving this way and
that,' whence Eng. waver; Eng. frequen-
tative whiffle, ' veer about, blow in gusts ' ;
whiffle-tree, so called from its constant
jerky motion (-tree means 'wooden bar,'
see daru).]
vip ana, m. trading-place, shop; -I, f.
shop. [Vpan + vi, 1156.]
vipatti,/. a coming to nought, destruc-
tion. [Vpad + vi, 1157.]
vipad, / misfortune, trouble. [Vpad +
vi, 383a.]
vipaka, m. the ripening, esp. of the fruit
of good or bad deeds, and so the conse-
quences ; the issue, in general. [Vpac +
vi, 216.1.]
vipra, 1. a. agitated, inspired; as subst.
he who gives utterance to pious emotion
at the altar, poet, singer, 74 11 - 18 ; 2.
a. (inspired, i.e.) gifted with superior
insight, wise, of a god, 79 13> 17 ; 3. as TO.
a Brahman, 60 15 , etc. [Vvip, 1188a:
mg 3 is to be taken directly from 1.]
vipriya, a. not dear, unpleasant; as n.
something disagreeable, an offense. [2 vi
+ priya, see vi and 1310a end.]
vi-budha, a. very wise (vi- is intensive,
1289) ; as m. a god.
vibudhanucara, ?H. attendant of a god.
[anucara.]
vibudhevara, m. a lord of the gods.
[igvara.]
vibhava, m. 1. development or growth;
2. (the result of growth, i.e.) power,
ana* so lordship, majesty, high position ;
3. sing, and pi. (like Ger. Vermogen)
property, possessions. [V bhu + vi : cf .
vibhu and vibhuti.]
vibhavan, f. -vari, a. shining far and
wide. [Vbha + vi, 1169. Ib and 2 2 ,
vibhidaka, m. n. the large tree Termi-
nalia Bellerica; one of the nuts of this
tree, which were used for dicing; a die,
dice, [perhaps 'the destroyer,' fr. Vbhid
vibhu]
[246]
+ vi : if so, we must suppose that the
name was first given to the die as die,
and applied secondarily to nut and
tree.]
vibhii, a. 1. pervading, far-reaching;
unlimited, 74 2 ; 2. powerful, mighty,
of Indra, 6 12 - 15 ; as subst. lord or ruler.
[Vbhu + vi, 354: for 2, cf. vibhava 1
and 2, and vibhuti.]
vfbhuti,y. 1. development or growth;
2. (the result of growth, i.e.) power,
esp. of a lord or ruler. [Vbhu + vi, 1157d :
cf. vibhava and vibhu.]
vi-manas, a. (having an away-removed
mind or heart, i.e.) out of one's senses or
disheartened. [1305.]
vimarda, m. destruction; (of sleep) dis-
turbance. [Vmrd+vi.]
vimana, a. traversing, esp. the sky;
as m. n. a palatial car of the gods that
moves through the air, sky-chariot.
[V 1 ma + vi, ' measure/ q.v. : 1150.]
vi-mukha, a. having the face away;
vimukha yanti, they go (with averted
faces, i.e.) homewards. [1305.]
vi-rajas, a. having dust away, dustless,
pure. [1305.]
viraha, m. 1. abandonment, separation
from ; 2. absence, freedom from. [V rah
+ vi.]
virama, m. stop, end, pause. [Vram+vi.]
virodhin, a. hindering, disturbing.
[Vrudh + vi, 1183 3 .]
vilasa, m. joy. [V las + vi.]
vivara, m. n. opening; hole (of creatures
that live in the ground). [Vlvr + vi,
'uncover, open.']
vi-varna, a. having the color away,
colorless, pale. [1305.]
vivarna-vadana,a. pale-faced. [1298a.]
vivasvan, a. lighting up; vivasvabhis,
as adv. [1112c], so that it lights up ; as n.;
perhaps, flash, spark. [V 1 vas + vi, ' light
up,' 1169b.]
vivasvant, a. lighting up; as m. Vivas-
vant, name of a god of the dawning day-
light or morning-sun, father of the twins
Yama and Yami and of the A9vins,
8513.H. [Vlvas + vi, 'light up,' see
1233e.]
vivaha, m. fetching home of the bride,
wedding, marriage. [Vvah + vi.]
vivaha-catustay a, n. marriage-qua-
ternion, i.e. the marrying of four wives.
vivahagni, m. wedding-fire, [agni.]
vividha, a. having different kinds, i.e.
of different sorts, various. [2 vi + vidha,
334 2 , 1305.]
vivrddhi, f. growth; increase in size;
increase. [Vvrdh + vi, 1157. Id.]
viveka, m. 1. a separating apart ; 2.
discrimination, discernment, good judg-
ment. [Vvic + vi, 216.1: for mg 2, cf.
discrimination w. Lat. discrimindre, ' sepa-
rate/ fr. discrimen of the same root as
discernere, ' separate ' ; cf . also discernment
with discernere. .]
V vi (viati, -te; vivea, vivic^ ; aviksat;
veksyati, -te ; vista ; vestum ; -vigya ;
vegayati). settle down; go in; go into,
enter, [with vea, 'house/ cf. O!KOS,
'house' (analogous to entry from enter);
Lat. vlcus, 'settlement, village/ whence
the borrowed AS. wlc, ' village ' ; Goth.
veihs, ' village ' ; Lat. villa, *vic(u)la, ' small
settlement, farm': see further vfg and
vec.a.]
+ a, go into, enter; pervade, KV.x. 125.6;
avista : actively, having entered ; passively,
entered by, filled with ; caus. cause to
go into, put into, communicate.
+ upa, settle down upon; sit down;
upavista, seated.
+ ni, mid. go in; go home (to house or
nest) ; settle down to rest.
+ abhi-ni, settle down to ; be inclined
towards, fig., as in Eng. ; be bent upon,
-fpra, enter, get into; w. ace., 85 2 ;
w. loc., 18 23 ; without expressed object :
enter, 8*; go in, 33"; go home, 103 21 ;
penetrate, pierce ; caus. cause to enter.
+ sam-pra, go in;w. grham, go home;
w. niveganam, go to bed ; enter, w. loc.
+ s a m , enter together, i.e. make their
appearance together or come hither to-
gether, 86 16 ; caus. cause to enter upon,
put or set upon.
viQ (vit, vigam, vidbhis [218 3 ]), / - 1. a
settlement, i.e. dwelling-place ; ana" so
house ; 2. a settlement, i.e. the com-
[247]
[vis
munity, clan, folk; vigam patis, lord of
peoples, i.e. simply prince ; tribe or host
(of gods), 71 18 , 78 4 ; -3. the folk, as
distinguished from the Brahmans and
Kshatriyas, the third caste, later called
vaigya; a man of the third caste, 59 22 .
[Vvig, q.v. : cf. Acapiees Tpixd-w-es, ' three-
tribed Dorians'; also Keltic vie in Ordo-
vlc-es, people of North Wales, and Lemo-
vlc-es, people of modern Limoges.]
viganka, f. hesitation. [Vgank + vi,
1149.]
vigakha, a. having spread-asunder
branches, i.e. forked ; -e, dual f. Viyakhe,
name of an asterism. [2 vi + gakha,
1305, 334 2 .]
vigakhila, m. Vi9akhila, name of a mer-
chant, [vigakha, 1227 : perhaps named
after the asterism because various green-
grocer's commodities belonged to it.]
vigala, a. capacious, spreading, broad.
vigistata, f. condition of being distin-
guished, distinction, superiority, [vigista,
1237 : see gis + vi.]
vigesa, m. 1. that which separates or
distinguishes one thing from another,
distinction or difference ; and so 2. (like
Eng. distinction) eminence, excellence ;
vigesena, as adv. [1112b], to an eminent
degree, i.e. very much, especially, like
French par excellence. [V gis + vi.]
vigesatas, adv. 1. at end of a cpd,
according to the difference of , 66 28 ;
2. (like vigesena, see above) especially,
[vigesa, 1098b.]
vig-pati, m. master of the house.
[euphony, 218 5 : acct, 1267a: cf. Old
Prussian wais-patti-n, ' house-mistress ' ;
Lithuanian vesz-pat-s, ' lord.']
vigrabdham, see Vgrambh.
vigrambha, m. confidence. [Vgrambh
+ vi.]
vigrambhalapa, m. confidence-talk,
familiar conversation, [alapa.]
vigva [524], pron. adj. la. all, every;
every one ; common in Veda, but replaced
in the Brahmana and later by sarva, q.v.;
Ib. vigve devas : all the gods, 82 l ; or
the All-gods (as a class, see deva 2b),
88 G - 8 , 90 8 ; -Ic. vigvam, as n. The All,
T& TTOJ', 92 12 ; 2. sometimes, entire, whole ;
so 71 17 .
vigva-caksas, a. all-beholding, [see
1296 3 : acct, 1298c.]
vigvatas, adv. from or on all sides,
everywhere, [vigva, 1098b: acct, 1298c.]
vigvato-mukha, a. having a face on
all sides, whose face is turned every-
whither. [1306.]
vigva-dargata, a. to be seen by all,
all-conspicuous, [acct, 1273, 1298c.]
vigva-deva, m. pi. the All-gods (see
deva2b), EV. x. 125.1. [vigva + deva:
acct, 1280a, 1298c.]
vigva-bhesaja, a. all-healing, [vigva
+ bhesaja: acct, 1280a, 1298c.]
vigva-gcandra, a. all-sparkling, [vigva
+ gcandra: acct, 1280a, 1298c.]
vigva-sfj, a. all-creating; as m. pi. All-
creators, name of certain creative beings.
v i g v a d , a. all-consuming, [vigva + ad.]
vigvayu, assumed as stem of vigvayos,
75 1 , prop, a form of transition to the u-
declension of the stem vigvayus, and mean-
ing either friendly to all, all-friendly (if
taken with mama, i.e. varunasya), or else
all living creatures (if taken with rastram,
'lordship over') ; see vigvayus 1 and 2.
vigvayus, 1. a. belonging to or appear-
ing to all life or living creatures, i.e.
either friendly to all or all-known (applied
to gods), or else dwelling in all (of the
Genius of Life), 85 18 ; -2. as n. all-life,
i.e. all living creatures, men and beasts,
[vigva + ayus, acct, 1280a, 1298c : for
mg 1, see 1294 2 .]
vigvasa, m. confidence. [Vgvas + vi.]
vigvasa-karana, n. reason for con-
fidence.
vigvasa-bhumi, /. proper vessel for
confidence, one who may safely be
trusted.
vigvaha, adv. always, for evermore,
[vigva, see HOOa and cf. 1104 2 - 8 : acct,
cf. 1298c.]
V vis (vivesti; viv6sa; veksydti, -te;
vista; -visya). work, be active, accom-
plish.
vis (vit, visam, vidbhis), f. excrement,
faeces.
visa]
[248]
visa, n. poison. [prop, 'the potent or
overpowering,' Vvis: no less arbitrary is
the specialization in Eng. poison, fr. Lat.
potionem, 'draught': cf. Us, Fjo-or, Lat.
virus, 'poison.']
visa-kumbha, m. jar of poison.
visaya, m. 1. prop, working, and so
sphere of activity or influence ; 2. one's
department or line or peculiar province ;
and so, generalized 3. province, field,
domain, empire, country; 4. field of
activity of one of the sense-organs (e.g.,
sound is the visaya of the ear), a mere
specialization of mg 1 ; object of sense,
pleasure of sense ; 5. object in general.
[Vvis: but the formation of the stem is
not clear.]
visada, m. despondency, dejection. [Vsad
visu, adv. on both sides.
visuvat- samkr anti, f. equinox-passage
(of the sun from one zodiacal sign to the
next) ; the time of equinox-passage, the
equinox, [visuvant.]
-vi suv ant, 1. a. having or taking part
on both sides, i.e. keeping or being in the
middle; 2. m. middle day (e.g. of a
long sacrifice); 3. m. n. esp. middle
day between the solstices, the vernal or
autumnal equinox. [visu, 1233c and
b end.]
V vist (vestate; vistita; -vSstya; vesta-
yati). wind one's self about; caus. wind
around, envelope, wrap up, dress.
vlsnu, m. Vishnu, name of a god, whose
chief work in the Veda is the measuring
of the sky in three paces, and who became
one of the Hindu Trinity, and extremely
important in the later sectarian devel-
opment of India; cf. brahman 2 and
giva. [prob. 'the mighty worker,' Vvis,
1162.]
visnu-garman , m. Vishm^arman,
name of a sage. [' having V. as his
protection' or else 'the delight of V.':
the mg of the cpd depends on its accent
(see 1302 1 and 1267 : ), and this is not
known.]
visnugarma-naman, a. possessing vis-
nuQarman as name, named V. [1249a 2 .]
visvanc [408], a. directed in both ways or
parted asunder, [visu + anc, 407.]
visa rj ana, n. the letting go ; evacuation.
[Vsrj +vi.]
vispasta, see VI pag + vi.
vispastartha, a. having clear or intel-
ligible meaning, [artha.]
vismaya, m. astonishment. [Vsmi + vi.]
vismayanvita, a. filled with astonish-
ment, [anvita, V i + anu.]
vi-hasta, a. 1. having the hands away,
handless ; and so 2. (like Eng. un-
handy) awkward; and so 3. perplexed,
confounded. [1305.]
viharin, a. wandering about. [Vlhr +
vi, 1183 8 .]
V Ivi (veti; vivaya, vivye; vita). 1.
seek eagerly; 2. accept gladly; enjoy;
3. strive to get; 4. fall upon.
[cf . Lat. vendri, ' hunt,' a denom. of
*ve-na, ' hunt ' ; AS. wci-ft, ' hunt ' ; Old
High Ger. weida, ' 1. the seeking, esp. of
food, i.e. hunting, fishing, and then 2. place
for getting food, pasture, and 3. food,
fodder ' ; weida appears w. mg 1 in Ger.
Waid-mann, 'hunter' (also as family
name, Weidmann, 'Hunter'), and w. mgs
2 and 3 in Weide, ' pasture, food ' : per-
haps 2 vayas, ' food,' q.v., comes f r. V vi
in mg 1, ' seek for, hunt,' and in this case
the development of mg is like that of
weida 3 and like that of Lat. venation-em,
' hunting, game,' whence Eng. venison."]
+ upa, seek after.
V 2 vi, see vya.
v i n a , f. lute.
vita, see Vi + vi; also referable to roots vi
and vya.
vita-darpa, a. having one's pride de-
parted; humbled. [Vi+vi.]
vita-raga, a. having one's passions de-
parted, i.e. having conquered one's pas-
sions, [do.]
vira, m. 1. man; esp. man of might,
hero ; in pi. Manner ; 2. hero, applied
to gods; 3. pi. (like Eng. men) re-
tainers, Mannen, 86 6 . [cognate with
3 vayas, ' strength ' : cf . Lat. vir, AS. wer,
' manly or heroic man ' ; Eng. were-wolf,
' man-wolf.']
[249]
[vrksopari
V viraya (virayate [1067]). be a hero,
show one's self brave, [vira, 1058.]
viravant, a. having or rich in men or
heroic sons, [vira, 1233a.]
vira- su [352], a. bringing forth heroes
(as sons).
virasena, a. possessing a virasena or
hero-army ; as subst. m. Virasena, king
of Nishadha, like the Greek 'Hp6-crrpaTos in
formation and mg. [vlra-sena, 334 2 ,
1297 : acct, 1295.]
virasena-suta, m. Virasena's son, I 8 .
[1264.]
vlra-sena,/. hero-army, army of heroes,
[vird + s6na, 1280b : acct, 1280 2 .]
virya, n. 1. manliness, courage;
strength ; 2. concrete, heroic deed,
[vira, 1212 d 4.]
vihasta, for vihasta, q.v., 52 12 . [see
1087 b.]
V Ivr (vrn6ti, vrnut6; vavara, vavre;
avarft ; vrtd ; varitum, vartum ; vrtva ;
-vftya; varayati). 1. cover, enclose,
encompass; surround, i.e. guard, 11 2 * ;
2. offensively, keep in, hold back or
captive ; vrta, pent up, 75 14 ; 3. de-
fensively, hold back, keep in check (75 n ),
ward off, hinder, restrain ; cans.
[1041 2 ], keep back, hinder, stop.
[cf. f-f\-/j.evos, 'enclosed' and 'held in
check,' referred to elfAco, Aeolic e\\<a,
*F \-vta ; el\ap, *Fe\-ap, ' cover, defense ' ;
Lat. ver-eri, 'be on one's guard, fear';
vellus, '(cover, i.e.) pelt, fleece'; vallum,
' defense, palisaded rampart, wall,' whence
the borrowed Eng. wall ; Eng. ware, wary,
' on one's guard, cautious ' ; Ger. wehren,
'check, ward off'; Wehre, 'defense';
with vartra, ' stopping,' and then ' a dam,'
cf Ger. Wehr, AS. wer, Eng. weir, '(water-)
stop, dam ' : for other cognates, see uru,
urna, varuna: cf. the derivs vala, vrtra,
variitha, varna, etc.]
-t-anu, cover over.
+ a p a , uncover, open, [cf . the relation
of Ger. decken, ' cover,' and auf-decken,
'uncover.']
+ abhi, cover.
+ a , cover ; avrta : covered, 33 2 ; con-
cealed; encompassed, surrounded, 3 9 ;
(covered with, i.e.) filled with, provided
with, 66 1.
+ s a m - a , cover ; samavrta, surrounded.
+ ni, keep down, suppress, ward off;
cans. [1041 2 ], stop, 98 4 .
+ n i s , in ppl. nirvrta, pleased, con-
tented, free from care. [prop. ' uncov-
ered, not covered over, i.e. not dark or
gloomy,' and so ' clear, bright ' : cf .
V 1 VT + vi, which shows a similar meta-
phor.]
+ pari, surround.
+ p r a , cover.
+ sam-pra, mid. cover completely.
+ v i , uncover, open ; make open or clear,
illume, [cf. vllvr + nis.]
+ s am, 1. cover over; 2. keep to-
gether or in order, and so put in order,
gather up, 26 2 \
V 2vr(vrnite; vavre; avrta; varisyate;
vrtd ; varitum [254 3 ] ; varitva ; caus.
varayati, -te [1042b 3 ]). choose; prefer;
desire, wish ; choose for one's self, make
one's portion, 70 5 , 86 u ; varam vr, wish
a wish, make a condition, 94 1 ; caus.
[1041 2 ], choose.
[cf . Lat. volo, ' will ' ; Old Eng. wol, wul,
' will,' still living in / won't, ' I wol not ' ;
Ger. Wahl, ' choice, selection,' whence
wahlen, ' select,' Chaucerian wail, ' select ' ;
Ger. wohl, Eng. well, 'according to one's
wish ' (see under 1 vara) : perhaps akin
are f3ov\o/j.ai, *fio\vofj.ai, Epic &6\ofj.cu,
'will,' and f)f\-repos, 'choicer, better,'
but this is disputed.]
+ a , choose, desire.
vfka, 1. a. tearing, harming, in a-vrka;
2. m. (the tearer, i.e.) wolf. [\/*vrk or
*vrak, simpler form of V vrac : cf . \VKOS,
*F\VKOS, Church Slavonic vluku, Lat. lupus,
Eng. wolf.]
vrkka, dual m. the kidneys.
vrksa, m. tree, ['that which is felled,'
V*vrk (1197) or *vrak, simpler form of
Vvragc: for mg, cf. bar his.]
vrksa-traya, n. tree-triad, three trees.
vrksatraya-tale, under three (sepa-
rate) trees, see tala.
vrksopari, on the tree. [upari: see
'l314f.]
\fvrj]
[250]
V vrj (vrnakti, vrnkte; vavarja; avark
[832]; varksydti, -te; vrkta; -vfjya;
varjayati). 1. turn; twist off; 2.
turn or set aside; 3. (turn aside, i.e.)
di-vert or keep away or alienate something
from some one ;
cans. [1041 -] 1. (set aside, i.e.)
abandon, shun; avoid, 25 21 , 104 3 ; -2.
(set aside, take out, and so, like ex-cipere)
except; varjayitva, with an excepting,
i.e. with exception of, 54 22 ; leave out,
exclude, separate.
[orig. ' bring out of its original direction
or position, by bending or diverting or
keeping in ' (in this last sense, cf. vrjana,
'enclosure/ and l-fpy-w, 'shut in'), and
so the opposite of Vlrj, 'stretch or reach
straight out,' q.v. : cf. also Lat. vergere,
'bend, turn'; Eng. wrick, 'to twist,' and
wriggle ; prob. cognate is wring, ' twist ' ;
also Eng. wrong, 'twisted, crooked' (as in
wrong-nosed, Wyclif), 'bad,' which shows
the same metaphor as vrjina and French-
Eng. tort, from Lat. torguere, ' twist.']
vrjana, n. enclosure, esp. enclosed settle-
ment, and so, either dwelling-place (74 13 )
or the dwellers. [Vvrj, q.v.: 1150. 2c.]
vrjina, a. crooked, wrong, opp. of rju,
'straight, right.' [Vvrj, 1177b: for the
mg, see Vvrj.]
V vrt (vartate, -ti; vavarta, vavrte [786];
avrtat ; vartisyati, -te ; vartsyati, -te ;
vrtta ; vartitum ; -vftya ; vartayati,
-te). 1. turn or roll or move as does a
wheel; in general, move or come from
(all), 76 14 ; -2. (like Eng. take its
course) go on, take place; happen; eka-
payena vrt, go with a diminution-by-one,
i.e. decrease by one, 58 5 ; 3. (move
one's self about in a place, and so) abide,
exist, be, be present ; murdhni vrt, stand
at the head, be chief in importance, 22 21 ;
4. be in a certain condition, case, occu-
pation ; be concerned with (loc.), 10 s ;
5. live; live by (instr.), i.e. live upon,
104 2 ; 6. proceed, behave ; 7. atten-
uated in mg from sense 3 to that of a simple
copula, be, 51 4 ; vrtta, see s.v.
[cf . Lat. vert-ere, ' turn ' ; AS. weor'San,
'become,' Eng. worth, 'become, be to' (in
wo worth the day), Ger. werden, 'become';
for transition of mg in Eng. and Ger., cf.
Eng. turn, which also means ' become ' (as
in turn traitor): cf. also Eng. -ward, as
in go south-ward, i.e. ' turned to the south, 1
fly up-war d, i.e. 'directed up,' etc. (see
anc) ; also Ger. Wirt-el, ' spindle-ring ' ;
Church Slavonic vret-eno, ' spindle ' :
further akin is, prob., AS. wriZan,
' twist,' whence come : Eng. writhe ; AS.
wr&ft, 'a twisted band,' Eng. wreath; u-rist,
earlier hand-wrist, *-wri$-st, 'hand-turner':
with vrtta, cf . Lat. versus, ' turned,'
whence versdre, ' turn much ' : for mgs
3-6 of vrt, cf . Lat. versdri, whose senses
are quite parallel, and the Eng. phrase
" in whom we live and move and have oi:r
being."]
+ anu, roll after; follow; and so, con-
tinue.
+ a, act. turn hither (trans.), 73 6 ; so at
74 n (sc. ratham vas, 'your car'); mid.
turn (intrans.), roll back, 63 8 .
' + upa_a, turn hither unto, 93 19 .
+ abhi-pary-a, turn around unto.
+ vy-a, turn away, intrans.; separate
from or part with (instr.), 86 8 , 96 22 .
-sam-a, turn back to meet; go home,
used esp. of a religious preceptor's pupil
who has finished his studies.
+ ud, turn out (centrifugally), intrans.,
fly asunder ; caus. burst asunder or open.
+ ni, 1. turn back; 2. flee; 3.
turn away ; 4. turn from, abstain ; ni-
vrtta, see s.v.
+ prati-ni, turn back from (all.).
+ nis, roll out, intrans., and so (with a
metaphor like that in the Eng. e-volve itself
and Ger. sich ent-wickeln) develop, come
into being, 92 1S ; caus. e-volve from, i.e.
create from (abl), 57 16 .
+ pari, turn around; move in a circle.
+ p r a , 1. turn or move forward ; 2.
set out; 3. begin, set about; 4. en-
gage in; pra vrtta, see s.v.; caus. set
in motion.
+ vi, turn away; part with (instr.), 88 3 ;
caus. whirl about, trans.
sam, unite, intrans., and so take shape,
form itself, come into being.
[251]
[vrsan
vf t, vbl. turning, in cpds. [\fvrt.j
vrtta, ppl. 1. happened (Vvrt2); tad
vrttam, that took place ; 2. existing
(vrt 3); as n. 1. thing happened,
occurrence (vrt 2); 2. life, behavior
(vrt 5, 6).
vrttanta, m. occurrence, adventures,
story, [anta: force of anta not clear.]
vrtti.,/1 prop, an existing, and so (like
Eng. living) means of subsistence, sup-
port. [Vvrt 3, 5: cf. vartana.]
vrtti-nibandhana, n. means of sup-
port.
vrtta uj as, a. possessing existing strength,
i.e. mighty, [ojas.]
vrtra, 1. n. that which wards off or
holds in check, i.e. the enemy, 75 14 ; 2.
m. coverer, encloser; personified, Vritra,
demon of drought and darkness, principal
personification of the malign power that
covers or darkens the sky and encom-
passes (70 16 ) or withholds the heavenly
waters, selections xxxii. and Ixvii. ; slain
by Indra, 73 1S ; see 82 * and 97 19 . [V 1 vr,
'cover,' 1185b.J
vrtratara, comparative to vrtra (see
473 1 ). the arch-withholder. [acct ir-
regular, 471, 1242a 2 .]
vrtra-putra, a. having Vritra as son;
-a, /. the mother of V. [1302.]
vftha, adv. at will, at pleasure; for
pleasure, i.e. not for the sake of the gods.
[V2vr, 'choose, will,' 1101.]
vrtha-pagughna, a. slaying cattle for
pleasure ; as m. one who slays cattle for
pleasure, i.e. not for sacrifice. [1279.]
vrddha, ppl. I. grown, become great;
increased (of wealth), 42 1G ; 2. as adj.
grown up, opp. of young; old, aged; as
subst. old man, 28 12 ; 3. (grown great,
and so, like Lat. altus) eminent, distin-
guished. [Vvrdh, 160.]
vrddhatva, n. condition of being old,
old age. [1239.]
vrddhi, /. 1. growth, increase; 2.
interest (on money lent), 46 20 ; 3. the
(second) increment of a vowel, see 235-6.
[V vrdh, 1157. la, 160.]
V vrdh (vardhati, -te ; vavardha, va-
vrdhe ; avrdhat, avardhista ; vartsyati ;
vrddha ; vardhitum ; vardhayati, -te).
act. trans.: 1. elevate, make to grow,
make greater, strengthen; 2. Jig. ele-
vate inwardly, excite pleasantly, cheer,
inspire (cf. the metaphor in slang Eng. high,
'slightly intoxicated'), used of the effects
which the homage and sacrifices of men
are supposed to have on the gods ;
mid. intrans. : 3. grow, 24 3 ; thrive,
69 16 ; vardhate, he thrives, i.e. it goes
well with him, 65 ' 2 ; grow strong or greater
or mighty, 81 2 , 82 3 ; increase, 8 11 , 60 19 ;
4. Jig. be pleasantly excited, take de-
light in ; be inspired ;
caus. 1. make to grow; make
strong; bring up (a child), 46 8 ; increase,
trans., 64 21 ; 2. fig. excite pleasantly,
cheer, inspire; distinction between the
physical and jig. mgs not always to be made,
so 80 19 .
[cf. B\a.aTi], *F\ad-Ti), ' growth, a shoot,'
fi\acndv<a, ' grow ' ; op66s, *Fop6os, ' up-
right ' ; Lat. verb-er, ' a shoot, rod ' ; verb-
ena, '(sacred) twig.']
+ pra, grow on, grow up; pravrddha,
(like Lat. altus) exalted.
+ v i , grow, increase, 2 19 .
+ sam, grow; caus. make to grow; bring
up ; nourish, feed.
vrdh, vbl. being pleased, rejoicing.
'[Vvrdh.]
V vrs (varsati, -te ; vavarsa, vavrse ;
avarsit ; varsisyati, -te ; vrsta ; varsi-
tum; vrstva, -vrsya). rain; varsati
[303b], VOVTOS, while it is raining, [orig.,
perhaps, more general, 'to pour down,'
esp. either the fructifying water of heaven
(masc.) upon the earth (fern.), or semen
of the bull or male animal upon the
female : with varsa, ' rain,' cf. e-fpo-at,
' rain-drops ' ; with vrsan and vrsabha,
' bull,' cf . Lat. verres, *vers-es, ' boar,' so
named from his great generative power,
just as the sow (see su) from her fe-
cundity.]
vrsa, used only at end of cpds [1315a] in
Veda, but later independently, instead of
vrsan.
vrsan [426b], adj. and subst. describing
or denoting all that was distinguished for
vrsabha]
[252]
its strength and virility: 1. man, as
opposed to a castrated person, 70 u ; 2.
of animals : stallion ; bull ; boar ; 3. of
gods : manly, mighty, great ; of Indra,
74 5 ; of the Maruts, 73 5 ; of the Sun or
Sun-horse, 79 7 . [Vvrs, q.v., 1160c: cf.
apffTjv, stem *Fapfftv, ' male.']
vrsabha, essentially the same as vrsan,
q.v. : esp. 1. bull ; with sahasra-grnga,
the thousand-horned steer, i.e. the sun or
(77 u ) the moon; 2. bull, as type of
greatness and might; most mighty one,
of Indra, 73 is. [Vvrs, 1199.]
vrsala, m. prop, manikin, i.e. little man,
and so, as term of contempt, a low person,
esp. a Qudra. [vrsa, 1227.]
V vrsasya (vrsasyati). desire the male,
be lustful, [vrsa, 1059e, 1058.]
V vrsaya (vrsayate). act as a vrsa, i.e.:
show one's manly strength or courage ;
be lustful; or simply, be eager. [vrsa,
1059b, 1058.]
vrsti,/rain. [Vvrs, 1157.]
V vrhorbrh (vrhati; vavarha; avrksat;
vrdha [224a] ; -vfhya). pluck, tear.
venu, m. reed, esp. bamboo-reed.
veda, m. 1. understanding, knowledge;
2. esp. the sacred knowledge, handed
down in triple form of re, yajus, and
saman, see these, and cf. (trayi) vidya;
later, the well-known collections called
Rigveda, Yajurveda, and Samaveda
(63 6 - 6 ), the holy scriptures, held to be a
revelation and so called gruti, 58 18 .
[Vivid.]
veda, m. tuft of strong grass (kuga or
mufija) tied so as to form a broom, 62 18 .
veda-traya, n. the three Vedas.
veda-nindaka, m. one who scoffs at
the Veda, infidel,
veda-punya, n. Veda-merit, sanctity
acquired by Veda-study,
veda-bahya, a. being outside of the
Veda, i.e. extra- Vedic, differing from or
conflicting with the Veda. [1265, veda-
being in an abl. relation.]
veda-vid[391], a. Veda-knowing. [1269.]
1 vedas, n. knowledge; possibly adj.,
knowing, cf. na-vedas. [VI vid, ' know ' :
cf. 1151.2a,b.]
2 vedas, n. (like Lot. quaestus) gettings,
property, cf. vitta. [V 2 vid, ' get.']
vedadhyayana, n. Veda-study, scrip-
ture-reading, [adhyayana.]
v 6 d i , f. sacrificial bed, i.e. a spot of ground
excavated two or three inches and covered
with straw and serving as a kind of altar.
vedin, a. knowing. [Vivid, 1183 3 .]
vedi-purisa, n. loose earth of the vedi.
vedhas, subst. adj. 1. worshipper of the
gods, worshipping, pious, devoted; 2.
generalized, faithful, true, used of Indra,
75 18 . [Vlvidh, 'worship a god,' 1151.
2b.]
vela, f. 1. end-point, limit; 2. esp.
limit of time, point of time, hour.
vega, m. 1. settler; neighbor. 2. (set-
tlement, i.e.) dwelling, house. [Vvig: cf.
O!KOS, 'house,' Old Lat. veicus, Lat. vlcus,
' houses, quarter of a town, village ' : hence
the borrowed AS. wlc, ' town,' as in Eofor-
vnc, Eng. York, prop. ' Eber-stadt ' or
'Boar-town,' and perhaps in Nor-wich,
' Nor-ton.']
vegman, n. (settlement, i.e.) dwelling,
house, abode, chamber. [Vvig, 11 68. la.]
vai, postpositive particle, emphasizing the
preceding word, e.g. 3 17 , 96 13 ; rare in
the samhita, 90 2, 103 4 (in a quoted man-
tra) ; excessively common in the brahmana
(92 H.19, 93 6 } 944,13,18^ 956.15) and Epos
(7 6 , etc.); in brahmana often marking
the preceding word as the Jlrst of its clause
(cf. atha, near end of ma 3): so 94 6 , 95 12 ,
96 12 , and in the examples just given; often
used, esp. in Epos, as a mere expletive
[see 1122a 4 ], so at end of a pada, 3 9 , 10 9 ,
68 9 .
vaicitrya, n. variety, diversity, [vici-
tra, 1211.]
vain a v , f. -I, a. of reed, esp. of bamboo,
[venu, 1208c.]
v a i d a r b h a, f. -I, a. belonging to Vidar-
bha; as m. the Vidarbhan, i.e. king of
V.; asf. the princess of V., i.e. Dama-
yanti, 8 7 , etc. [vidarbha, 1208f.]
vaidika, a. Vedic, prescribed by or con-
formable to the Vedas. [veda, 1222e 2.]
vaidya, 1. a. having to do with science,
learned; and so 2. as m. (with a tran-
[253]
[vyaparagata
sition like that from Lai. doctor, 'teacher,
learned man,' to Chaucer's doctour of
phisik) physician, doctor, [vidya, 1211.]
vaimanika, a. riding in a sky-travers-
ing car called vimana, q.v. [vimana,
1222e2.]
vaivasvata, a. descended from Vivas-
vant; as m. son of V., i.e. Yama. [vivas-
van t, 1208 and a and a 2 .]
vaigya, adj. subst. man of the vig or folk
or third caste, 57 1G . [vig, 1211.]
voc, quasi-root, see 854 and Vvac.
vyansa, a. having the shoulders apart,
i.e. broad-shouldered ; as in. Viansa,
Broad-shoulder, name of a demon, slain
by Indra. [vi + ansa, 1305.]
V vyac (vivyakti [082]; vivyaca [785]).
embrace, encompass, extend around.
[cf. 1087f 2 , 108g.]
vyacas, n. compass, extent.
v y a t i k a r a , m. a mixing, confusing ; con-
fusion, disaster. [V3kr, ' scatter,' + vi.]
v' vyath (vyathate ; vivyath6 [785] ;
avyathista; vyathita). 1. move to
and fro, rock, reel ; 2. Jig. (like Eng. be
restless) be disturbed in mind, be pained.
vyath. a, f. feeling of painful unrest,
discomfort, sorrow.
V vyadh or vidh (vidhyati; vivyadha
[785] ; vetsyati ; viddha ; veddhum ;
viddhva; -vidhya). bore through, pierce,
hit (with a weapon), [akin w. Vvadh:
cf . Lat. di-vid-ere, ' part asunder, divide.']
vyapadea, m. the making a false show
of, an unauthorized referring to or using
the name of (a person of high position).
[V dig + vy-apa.]
vyaya, a. going asunder or to pieces,
perishing, w. a-. [Vi + vi, 1148. lb.]
vyalkaga,/. Vialkafa, a certain plant.
vyavasaya, m. determination, resolve.
[Vsa + vy-ava.]
vyavasayin, a. determined, resolute,
[vyavasaya.]
vyavahara, m. 1. procedure, conduct,
way of acting ; 2. (way of acting with
others, i.e.) intercourse, 24 12 . [\flhr +
vy-ava.]
vyasana, n. prop, a throwing one's self
away (upon a thing), and so 1. passion-
ate devotion to a thing (whether good or
bad, e.g. alms-giving, scripture-study,
gambling); hobby; 2. an overpowering
passion, esp. for something bad; vice,
20 4 ; 3. (a throwing one's self away,
i.e.) misfortune, adversity, 25 8>4 . [V2as
+ vi.]
V vya or vi (vyayati, -te [761d2]; vi-
vyaya [785], vivye; vita; -viya). mid.
envelope or hide one's self. [orig. ' wind
around ' as with robe or girdle, and so a
a doublet of Vvi, i.e. V2va, 'weave,'
q.v.]
+ upa, hang about, esp. wind the sacred
cord over the left shoulder and under the
right arm ; upavita, see s.v.
+ ni, wind about, hang (e.g. garland,
cord) about (e.g. neck, shoulders) ; nivita,
see s.v.
+ pari, act. envelope around or com-
pletely; mid. wind something as cover
around one's self, envelope one's self in ;
perhaps in sense of act., 84 1G .
vyakarana, n. the putting asunder, and
so analysis, grammar. [V 1 kr, ' do, put,'
+ vy-a.]
vyakhyatr, m. explainer. [Vkhya +
vy-a.]
vyaghra, m. tiger; like ardula and
sinha, as type of noble manliness, in cpds,
see nara-vyaghra. [perhaps fr. V 1 ghr,
' besprinkle,' + vy-a, ' the sprinkled or
spotted one.']
vyaghra-carman, n. tiger-skin.
vyaghrata, f. tigerhood, condition of
being a tiger. [1237.]
vyadha, m. hunter, [v' vyadh.]
vyadhi, m. disease. [V 1 dha, 'put,' +
vy-a, 1155. 2e.]
vyadhita, a. diseased. [vyadhi, see
117Cb.]
vyapada, m. destruction, [v'pad + vy-a.]
vyapadayitavya, grdv. to be destroyed
or killed, [caus. of Vpad + vy-a.]
vyapara, m. 1. business, i.e. occupa-
tion; 2. (as in Eng.) business, i.e. con-
cern, 30 4 ; 3. activity, exertion. [V3pr
+ vy-a, ' be busied.']
vyapara-ata, n. exertion-hundred, a
hundred attempts.
vyamaj
[254]
vyama, m. prop, a stretch-out, the dis-
tance covered by the stretched-out arms,
a fathom, about six feet, [for vi-yama,
V yam + vi : for mg, cf . the precisely
parallel Eng. fathom w. AS. fseftm, ' the
extended arms ' ; opyvid, ' fathom,' and
opt-yea, ' stretch ' ; French toise, Medieval
Lat. tesa, ' fathom/ from Lat. tensa, ppl.
of tendere, ' stretch.']
vyama-matra, a. having a fathom
as its measure, see matra. [matra,
3342.]
vyahrti, f. 1. utterance; 2. esp.
one of the three sacred and mystical
exclamations, bhur, bhiivas, and svar,
which see. [V 1 hr + vy-a. ]
vyoman, n. heaven, sky.
V vraj (vrajati; vavraja; avrajit; vrajis-
yati ; vrajita ; vrajitum ; vrajitva ;
-vrajya). march, proceed, go.
+ a, come hither, go unto,
-fpraty-a, march or go back.
+ pari, march round about; wander
around.
-1-pra, march forth; go unto; wander;
esp. leave one's house to wander about as
an ascetic, 65 2 .
vrata, n. 1. will ; devanam ati vratam,
beyond the will of the gods, 88 2 cf.
inrep Aibs ctiffav ; decree, command or
Gebot, statute ; and so 2. (as Eng.
command is applied to the forces under
one's command) that over which one
exercises command, domain, Gebiet ;
further, directly from the root again 3.
choice, determination ; firm resolution,
14 6 ; 4. esp. resolve (to keep a religious
or ascetic observance) ; vow or holy work
(e.g. of chastity, fasting, etc.), 28 m , 59 5 ,
61 28, 64 8 , 65 8 ; -5. religious duty, duty
in general. [V2vr, 'will, choose': for
mg 2, observe that Ger. Gebiet formerly
meant 'command' and now means 'do-
main.']
V vragc (vrgcati ; vrkn4 [957c] ; vrstva ;
-vfgcya). hew off; fell (a tree); cut to
pieces, [orig. form is vrk, as in vfk-a,
vrk-na, vrk-sa, which see: vrgc is prop,
only a quasi-root of the present stem
vrgca, for vrk-ska, formed like the
present of Mprach and mlech, which see:
see 221 2 and cf. 220.]
-f vi, cut asunder or to pieces.
V 9 ati s (gansati, -te ; gagansa, gaganse ;
agansit ; gansisyati ; gasta ; gastva ;
-gasya). orig. say in a loud and solemn
way, and so: 1. recite, esp. a sacred hymn
or text to a god by way of praise ; and
so 2. generalized, praise; gasta, see s.v.;
3. rarely, make a solemn wish, whether
blessing or curse (see gansa), like impre-
cari ; 4. announce ; communicate, 52 13 .
[cf. Lat. carmen, teas-men, 'an utterance
hi solemn, measured, or melodious way,
i.e. song, oracle, magic charm ' ; Camena,
*casmenja, name of the goddess of song ;
cens-ete, ' declare, pass judgment on ' ; AS.
herian, 'praise.']
+ a, 1. wish, esp. in the noun agas or
aga, ' wish,' q.v. ; and so 2. hope in, put
one's trust hi (ace.); 3. pronounce a
blessing upon, wish good to (ace.), 101 4 .
[mg 1 may be a mere specialization of
the mg 'speak solemnly unto ' (cf. Vgas +
a), and mg 2 a further development of
mg 1 ; for mg 3, cf. the simple verb,
mg3.]
+ pra, tell forth; praise, 2 1G . [cf.
simple verb.]
gansa, m. 1. solemn utterance; 2. im-
precatio, blessing or curse; as adj. 3.
cursing. [V gans.]
V gak (A. gakn6ti; gagaka, gekus [794e];
agakat ; gaksyati, -te ; gakta; pass.
cakyate, gakita ;
-B. desid. gfksate [1030, lOSg 1 end];
caus. of desid. giksayati ; pass, of desid.
and of caus. of desid. giksyate, giksita).
A. simple verb : 1. be strong ; be
able, 8 19 ; in pass. : impersonally, it is
possible ; with infin. [988], be able, by the
instrumentality of some person or thing
(instr.), to become the object of an
action ; maya mtim grahayitum gak-
yante, they are able to be caused by me
to get hold of niti, 19 13 ; 2. rarely (be
strong for a person, i.e.) be serviceable or
helpful, help, w. dat.;
[255]
[cabda
B. desiderative : 1. desid. to A. 1,
(strive to be able, i.e.) practice; learn;
caus. cause a person (ace.) to learn a
thing (ace.), 51 23 , 52 3 ; pass, of caus.:
giksita, caused to learn or taught a thing
(ace.), 46 10 ; without noun, taught, 52 5 ;
giksyamana, instructed, 51 1T ; 2. desid.
to A. 2, be willing to help; aid; (of
gods) bestow blessing upon (dat.), 80 13 ;
grant, give.
[cf. Lat. cac-ula, 'servant' (like help as
sometimes used in America for 'ser-
vant'); w. gagma, *gak-ma, 'helpful,
friendly,' cf. Lat. comis, *coc-mi-s, 'friend-
ly ' : prob. akin is Ger. be-hag-en, AS. on-
hag-ian, 'suit, please' (cf. gak, A. 2).]
+ upa, (bring unto one's self by giving,
i.e.) attract, 76 18 . [for mg, see the un-
compounded verb, B. 2.]
gakala, 1. m. n. chip; piece; 2. n.
half (of an egg-shell).
gakuna, m. bird.
gakti, f. ability, power.
gakya, a. 1. possible, practicable, 33 16 ;
common with the infinitive : gakya being
used 2. impersonally; or 3. in agree-
ment with the subject, in which case the inf.
[988] is to be translated as a passive, 29 la .
[Vcak, 1213.]
gakra, 1. a. powerful, mighty, standing
epithet of Indra; 2. as m. The Mighty
One, i.e. Indra (just as we use The Al-
mighty as a name for 'God'). [Vgak,
1188a.]
V gank (gankate ; agankista ; gankita ;
gankitum ; -gankya). 1. be anxious
or suspicious ; 2. hesitate.
+ vi, hesitate.
ganka,/. hesitation. [Vgafik, 1149 8 .]
gaci, f. 1. might or help (esp. of the
helping deeds of Indra); 2. Qachi or
Might, as wife of Indra (derived from the
misunderstood gaci-pati, q.v.), 2 7 . [Vgac,
collateral form of gak.]
gacl-pdti, m. 1. Vedic, lord of might
or of help, epithet of Indra, 80 13 ; 2.
later (pati, q.v., being misunderstood as
'husband'), husband of Might or Qachi,
name of Indra, 15 14 , 49 4 . [acct, 1267a
and d, Whitney 94b.]
gat ha, a. false.
V gat (gatayati; gatita). cut in pieces;
make to fall off.
gat a [485 2 ], n. hundred; also as expression
of a large number; for construction, see
486b. [cf . t-Karov, ' one-hundred ' ; Lat.
centum, AS. hund, neut., 'hundred'; Eng.
hund-red.~\
gatatman, a. having a hundred lives,
[gata + atman: acct, 1300a.]
gatru, m. 1. (victor, i.e.) victorious
opponent ; 2. foe, enemy, in general.
[if mg 1 is the orig. mg, we may take
the word fr. Vgad and as standing for
*gat-tru, 1185e, 232:
if mg 2 is the orig. mg, we may analyse
thus, gat-ru (1192), and compare Church
Slavonic Icot-ora, Irish cath, ' battle ' ; AS.
heaft-o in cpds, as heafto-weorc, 'battle-
work,' Old High Ger. had-u in names,
as Hadu-brant, 'Battle-flame,' Hadu-wlch,
'Battle-strife,' Ger. Hedivig ; Ger. Hader,
' strife ' ; cf. also the Keltic proper name
Catu-rig-es (rig under rajan), 'The Battle-
kings.']
gatru-nandana, a. causing joy to one's
enemies.
gatru-samkata, m. danger from the foe.
V gad (gacada, gagade [786]). distinguish
one's self; get the upper hand, prevail;
Vedic only. [cf. KfKaff/^evos, Doric Kf-KaS-
/uifvos, ' distinguished.']
ganakais, 00*1'. quietly; gently; slowly,
[instr. (1112c) of an unused stem *ga-
naka, diminutive to *gana, see ganais.]
ganais, adv. quietly; gently; slowly;
gradually. [instr. (1112c) of an unused
stem *gana, which is prob. connected w.
\f2gam, 'be quiet.']
g a mt at i,/ benefit, [gam, 1238.]
V gap (gapati, -te; gagapa, gepe; gapis-
yate; gapta; gapitum; gapitva). 1.
curse, usually act., 93 n ; 2. mid. (curse
one's self, i.e.) assert with an oath, swear,
vow, w. dat. of person, 97 7 .
gapatha, m. curse; oath. [Vgap, 1163b.]
gabala, a. brinded.
gab da, m. 1. sound; cry; noise; gab-
dam kr, make a noise, raise one's voice ;
-2. word, 50 9 , 61 1 .
[256]
gabda-gastra, n. word-theory, word-
compendium, i.e. grammar.
V lg am (gamyati; gagamS ; agamista;
gamita). get weary by working, work,
[cf . KOL/JL-VU, ' get weary by working.']
V 2 <jam (gamyati [763J; gagama, gemiis;
agamat; ganta [955aj; gamayati). be
quiet or still or content ; stop ; Jbr these
senses, cf. \ ram ; ganta, see s.v.; cans.
quiet, still ; euphemistically, kill.
-f u p a , be quiet ; stop.
+ pra, come to rest; stop; go out;
praganta, extinguished.
V 3gam (gammte). harm.
V 4 9 am (ganta; -gamya; gamayati, gama-
yati). used only with ni. observe; per-
ceive; hear.
gam [384 2 ], n. welfare; happiness; bless-
ing.
gam a, a word of doubtful mg at 71 8 :
perhaps tame (cf. s'2gam, caws.) or indus-
trious (cf. VI gam).
gamayitr, m. slayer. [V2gam, caus.]
garni, f. a fabaceous plant, either Prosopis
spicigera or Mimosa Suma; a tree from
which the sticks of attrition (arani) were
taken.
gamimaya,/ -I, a. of or made of Qami-
wood. [see maya.]
gami-gakha, f. Qami-branch.
gami-sumanas, / Qami-flower.
gamisumano-mala, /. garland of
C/aml-flowers.
gamya,/. staff, 102 16 .
gay a, a. lying, sleeping, at end of cpds.
[Vgi, 1148. la.]
gay ana, n. a lying, sleeping. [Vgi,
1150. la.]
gayaniya, 1. a. serving for lying;
2. n. bed, couch, [gayana, 1215.]
gayya,/. 1. bed; 2. a lying, sleep-
ing. [Vgi, 1213d, cf. 963 8 b.]
gar a, m. 1. reed, esp. of the Saccharum
Sara, used for arrows ; 2. arrow, [ob-
serve that Lat. arundo means ' reed ' and
' arrow.']
gar ana, 1. a. protecting, affording
refuge, 87 7 ; as n. 2. shed, that gives
cover from the rain ; Ka\id, hut ; 3.
protection; refuge, 50 n .
[garana presupposes a root *gr or *gl,
'cover, protect'; w. such a root agree
well in form and mg as derivs, garira,
garman, and gala, see these :
further agree as cognates Ka\td, ' hut,
barn'; AS. heal, Eng. hall; KoA-u|, 'husk,
pod ' ; Ger. Hiille, ' covering ' ; Eng. hull,
' covering ' of grain ; AS. hel-m, ' protec-
tor' (used of God and Christ), 'head-
protector, helmet,' Ger. Helm, Eng. helm ;
Lat. oc-cul-ere, 'cover'; color, 'color' (see
varna) ; eel-are, Ger. hehl-en, Chaucer's
lid-en, later hele, ' conceal ' ; further,
K a \inr-r-to, ' cover,' and the ident. KPVJT-T-OI,
' hide.']
garanagata, a. come for refuge, seeking
protection with any one. [agata.]
gar ad, /. autumn; pi. poetic for years
(cf. varsa).
gdrava, m. n. flat earthen dish.
gdrira, n. the body, as distinguished from
the vital breath or from the immortal
soul (so 96 21 - 22 , 29 6 ) and from the soft
viscera and inward fluid secretions, of
which things the body, or the firm red
flesh with the bones, forms as it were
the hollow cover (67 l ), tegument, or
Hiille; used also in pi., 84 9 ; body in
general ; mrtam gariram, corpse, 63 n ;
so 84 4 . [prop. ' the corporeal tegument '
of the soul, V*gr, 'cover' (1188e 2 ), see
under garana: for mg, cf. the cognate
Ger. Hiille (under garana) in sterbliche
Hiille, ' mortal envelope, i.e. body ' : cf.
97 16 N.]
garira -j a, a. (born of, i.e.) performed
by the body.
garirantakara, m. destroyer of the
bodies, [anta-kara.]
garu,/. missile, either spear or arrow, [cf.
gara.]
garkara, m. brown sugar, [fr. the Pra-
krit form sakkara comes on the one
hand, through Arabic sokkar and Medie-
val Lat. zucara, the Eng. sugar, and on
the other ffdicxapov, Lat. saccharum, all
borrowed words : cf. khanda.]
V gardh (gardhati). be strong or defiant.
gardha, m. troop, host. [cf. Ger. Herde,
Eng. herd.']
[257]
carman, n. 1. cover; protection; shel-
ter ; refuge ; 2. comfort, joy ; 3.
common at the end of Brahman-names,
19 n , 42 n , 69 13 N. [see under garana.]
garmavant, a. containing (the stem)
garman. [1233.]
garva, m. Qarva, name of an arrow-slay-
ing god ; later, a common name for the
god Qiva. [garu, 1209, cf. 1209g.]
garvara, a. variegated; f. garvari, the
night (as variegated with stars). [cf.
gabala.]
garva- varman, a. having Qiva as his
protection ; as m. Qarvavarman, name of
a man.
gala, m. 1. staff; 2. prickle (of a
hedge-hog), [cf. gara.]
galya, m. n. point of spear or arrow;
thorn ; prickle. [cf . gala, gara : cf.
K?]\OV, ' missile.']
galyaka, m. hedge-hog, [cf. galya.]
gavas, n. superior might; heroic power;
also pi. [Vgu, 1151. la.]
gavistha, a. most mighty. [Vgii, 468.]
gaga, m. hare; the Hindu sees, not "a
man in the moon," but rather, a hare
or a gazelle. [for *gasa (see Vgus and
gvagura) : cf. Ger. Hase, Eng. hare.~\
gagaka, m. hare, rabbit, [gaga, 1222b.]
gaganka, m. the moon. [prop., adj.,
'having a rabbit as its mark/ gaga (q.v-)
+ anka, 1302a.]
gagin, m. the moon, [prop., adj., 'having
the (picture of a) rabbit,' gaga, 1230.]
gagvant, a. ever repeating or renewing
itself.
V gas (gasati; gagasa; gasisyati; gasta;
-gasya). cut to pieces; slaughter, [see
gastra.]
gasta, a. praised, esteemed as good or
lucky; equiv. to happy, cheerful, 52 u .
[prop. ppl. of Vgans.]
gastra, n. knife; sword; weapon. ['in-
strument of cutting,' Vgas, 1185: gas-tra
is ident. in form and mg w. the Lat. stem
*cas-tro, which appears in the denom. cas-
trdre, prop, 'cut,' and so, like Eng. cut,
' castrate.']
gastra-pani, a. having a sword in the
hand. [1303.]
gastra-vrtti, a. having weapons as
one's means of subsistence, living by
military service. [1302a.]
gaka, n. an edible herb ; vegetable food.
gakha,/. branch.
gatayitr, m. one who cuts in pieces,
destroyer, 97 19 . [caus. of V gat, 1182c.]
ganta, a. quiet; still; stopped, [ppl- of
v'2gam, 'be quiet.']
ganti, f. a ceasing, stopping; esp. the
absence of the evil results of some word
or thing of evil omen. [V 2 gam, ' be quiet,'
cf. 955a.]
ganti-karman, n. a ceremony for avert-
ing the results of something ominous.
gapa, m. curse. [Vgap.]
gapadi, a. having the curse as its first;
as n. curse and so forth. [1302c 1.]
gapadi-cestita, n. curse-and-so-forth
doings, i.e. adventures including the curse
et cetera. [1280b.]
gap ant a, m. end of the curse or period
during which the curse has effect,
[anta.]
gayin, a. lying, sleeping, [v'gi, 1183 3 .]
garira, a. corporeal, of the body, [garira,
1208f.]
gardula, m. tiger; at end of cpds, like
vyaghra, the best of .
gala, f. hut ; house ; room ; stable, [see
under garana: cf. the derivs Ka\id and
Eng. hall, there given.]
galin, a. 1. possessing a house; 2. at
end of cpds, attenuated in mg so as to sig-
nify merely possessing . [gala.]
galmall,/. Salmalia malabarica, the silk-
cotton tree.
gava, m. the young of an animal, [see
Vgu.]
gavaka, m. the young of an animal,
[gava.]
gagvata, a. continual ; eternal, [gag-
vant, 1208a, a 1 .]
V gas or gis ( Vedic, gasti, gaste [639];
Vedic and Epic, gasati ; gagasa ; agisat
[854 3 ] ; gasisyati, -te ; gasita, gasta,
gista [954e] ; gasitum, gastum ; gasitva ;
-gasya, -gisya). 1. chasten, correct;
2. instruct, teach; direct; 3. (like
Eny. direct) give order to, rule, govern.
17
9asana]
[258]
[perhaps reduplicated form of cans, 675 :
for the weak form gis, cf. 639.]
+ a, mid. wish or pray for, cf. agis and
V gans -^ a ; make supplication, 73 u .
+ pra, instruct; direct; command, cf.
simple verb, and praxis.
5 as an a, n. 1. government, way of rul-
ing; 2. command. [Vas.]
gasitr, TO. teacher. [Vgas.]
gastra, n. 1. instruction; 2. rule;
theory ; compendium (of an art or
science) ; a scientific or canonical work ;
science, 17 18 . [Vgas.]
V giks, see 1030 and v'gak.
cikhara, 1. o. peaked; 2. m. n. peak,
[gikha, 1226.]
gikha, f. 1. tuft or braid of hair;
2. (like Eng. crest) top in general,
peak.
githira, a. loose; flaccid; unsteady, 93 2 ;
opp. of drdha, 'firm, hard.' [perhaps
fr. Vcrath, 1188e: for loss of r, cf.
Vbham.]
gibi, TO. Qibi, name of a king.
giras, n. head. [cf. >capo, 'head'; Lat.
cerebrum, *ceres-ru-m, ' brain ' : w. the col-
lateral form girsan, q.v., cf. Ger. Him,
Old High Ger. hirni, *hirsni, 'brain': akin
is also icpaviov, ' skull.']
girisa, m. the tree Acacia Sirissa; as n.
the blossom.
giro-mukha, n. head and face. [1253b.]
gila,y! stone; crag.
gila-bhava, TO. condition of being stone;
-am ap, turn into stone.
gill, f. the beam under a door.
gili-mukha, TO. Block-snout, name of a
hare.
giloccaya, TO. crag-pile, i.e. craggy hill,
[uccaya.]
giva, 1. a. kind, 90 2 ; friendly; gracious;
agreeable, lovely; opp. o/ghora; 2. m.
The Friendly One, name euphemistically
applied to the horrible god Rudra, who
under this name (Qiva) becomes the third
person of the Hindu Trinity, [for mg 2,
cf. Eu/tej/jSej, 'The Gracious Ones, i.e. the
Furies,' and nandi.]
gigu, m. young; child, [see Vgu, and
1147b and b 2 .]
V Igis (ginasti; gigise; agisat; geksyati,
-te; gista; gistva; -gisya). leave, leave-
remaining.
+ ud, leave remaining.
+ vi, (leave apart or by itself, i.e.) sepa-
rate, distinguish ; vigista, (separated, and
so, like Eng. distinguished) eminent, ex-
cellent.
V I 2gis, subsidiary form to Vgas, q.v.
gisya, grdv. to be taught; as TO. pupil.
[V gas, weak form gis.]
V Igi (gete [see 628-9]; gigye; agayista;
gayisyate, -ti; gesyate, -ti; gayita ; ga-
yitum; gayitva; -gayya). 1. lie still;
lie; 2. sleep. [w. ge-te, cf. Kfl-rat,
' lies ' : cf . also Koi-r-rj, ' bed.']
+ adhi, lie in or on; dwell in.
+ anu, lie down after another.
+ a, lie in.
+ u p a , lie by.
+ sam, be undecided or in doubt, [lit.
' lie together ': metaphor unclear.]
V 2gl, simpler form of Vgya, q.v.
gi, vbl. lying. [Vgi.]
git a, a. cold; as n. cold, [ppl- of Vgya
or 2gi.]
g i t a k a , f. gitika, a. cool. [gita : cf .
1222d.]
gitala, a. cool, [gita, 1227.]
gltarta, a. distressed with the cold.
[arta.]
gitikavant, a. cool. [as if from fern.
of gitaka: 1233, cf. b.]
gipala, m. n. Blyxa octandra, a common
water-plant,
girsan, n. head. [girs-an is to giras
(q.v.), as irs-ya is to iras-ya, see
these.]
gila, n. 1. natural or acquired way of
being; character, 23 m ; habit or habits,
58 u ; in composition [1302] with that to
which one is inclined or accustomed, 21 4 ,
60 18 ; 2. (character, i.e., as in Eng.)
good character, 98 7 .
givan, a. lying. [V Igi, 1169. la.]
guka, TO. parrot, [prop. ' the bright one,'
on account of its gaudy colors, V guc :
cf. 216.1,1 s .]
guka vat, adv. like a parrot. [guka,
1107.]
[259]
gukra, a. clear, bright, 76 9 . [v/guc,
1188a, 216.7.]
gukla, 1. a. clear; bright; white; with
paksa, the bright lunar half-month, from
new to full moon; 2. as m. (sc. paksa),
the bright lunar fortnight, 65 5 . [see
1189 and 2 .]
gukla-paksa, m. fortnight of the wax-
ing moon.
guklapaksadi, a. having the bright
lunar fortnight first, beginning with the
bright lunar fortnight, [adi, 1302c 1.]
guklambara, a. having a white garment,
[ambara.]
V guc (g6cati, -te; gug6ca; agocit; gocis-
yati; g6citum; gocitva). 1. flame,
light, beam ; glow, burn ; 2. Jig. suffer
burning pain; grieve; grieve at (loc.),
66 13 ; intens. flame brightly, [for mg 2,
cf. Vtap, dagdha and Vdah.]
+ apa, intens. [1002a], drive away by
flaming brightly, 72 8 .
+ a blii, burn, trans.
+ a , bring hither by flaming, 72 8 .
giici, a. 1. flaming, beaming ; Jig. beam-
ing (of a smile) j-light, bright; 2. Jig.
clear, pure; holy (of a god), 80 5 ; honor-
able (in business), 25 2 ; pure (in a ritual
sense), 62 10 . [v/guc, 1155. 2a, 216.2.]
guci-smita, a. having a beaming smile,
bright-smiling.
guddhd, a. pure. [ppl. of \lgudh, 160.]
guddha-mati, a. pure-minded.
gudh or gundh (gundhati, -te; gudhyati;
guddha). 1. gundhati, -te : act. purify;
mid. become pure ; 2. gudhyati, become
pure. [orig., perhaps, ' to clear,' and
akin w. V gcand, q.v.]
+ v i , vigudhyati, become entirely pure ;
viguddha, perfectly clear.
guna, a. grown, prosperous, fortunate; as
n. [cf. 1176a], growth, prosperity; luck,
[perhaps fr. Vgu, 1177a.]
V gundh, see gudh.
gundhyu, f. -yu [355c], a. pure; un-
blemished; fair. [\f gundh, 1165b.]
V Igubh or gumbh (gumbhate). glide
along lightly; move onward, 73. [per-
haps akin w. -oD</>os, ' light, nimble.']
V 2gubh or gumbh (g6bhate; gumbhate;
gumbhdti ; gugubhe ; gobhisy&ti). act.
adorn; mid. adorn one's self, 73 12 ; look
beautiful, appear to advantage, shine
(fig-)-
1 giibh, f. a gliding onward, esp. through
the sky ; onward progress ; so, perhaps,
78 5 ; course, 73 4 ; dat., infinitivally [982],
so as to glide onward, 79 n . [sflgubh.]
2 giibh, f. beauty; so, perhaps, 78 5 .
[V2gubh.]
gubha, a. 1. fair, 9 11 ; beautiful, agree-
able to the eyes, 15 13 , 45 18 , 62 13 ; -2.
agreeable (to other senses than the eyes) ;
gubhan gandhan, perfumes ; 3. agree-
able in general, 20 13 ; 4. of good quality,
(54.12. _5_ fortunate, auspicious, 12 13 .
[V2gubh, 'adorn.']
gubhanana, a. fair-faced, [anana.]
gubhagubha, a. agreeable and disagree-
able, agreeable or disagreeable ; good and
bad, good or bad, in ethical sense, 65 19 .
[agubha, 1257.]
gubhagubha-phala, a. having agree-
able or disagreeable fruit, resulting in
weal or woe.
gubhrd, a. beautiful; clear (of sounds).
[V2gubh, ' adorn,' 1188a.]
V gus (giisyati; -gusya). be dry, dry up.
[for *sus (see gaga), as shown by Avestan
V hush, ' dry ' : cf . av<a, ' dry ' ; Syracusan
(Tav-K6s, 'dry'; AS. sedrian, 'dry up/
denom. of sear, Eng. sear.']
giiska, a. dry. [Vgus, 1186 2 : see 958.]
giisma, m. 1. whistling, 73 5 , 78 7 ; 2.
exhalation, i.e. (fragrant) odor (of the
Soma), 73 10 ; -3. (exhalation, breath,
and so, like Eng. spirit) courage, impetu-
osity, 82*. [Vgvas, 252, 1166.]
V gu o?- gva or gvi (gvayati ; gugava
[786*]; gund[957a]; gvayitum). swell;
be greater or superior or victorious.
[orig. sense of root, ' swell,' but with
two diverse ramifications :
1. negatively, ' be swollen, i.e. hol-
low, empty ' ; cf . guna, '.vacuum ' ; Kv-ap,
' hole ' ; Lat. cavus, ' hollow ' ; caelum,
*cav-i-lu-m, ' heaven's hollow vault ' ; KOI\OS,
' hollow';
2. positively, 'be swollen, i.e. full,
strong'; with special reference: (a) to
17*
^udra]
[260]
the womb and its fruit; cf. gi-gu and
gava, ' young ' ; KVG>, ' be pregnant ' ; Lat.
in-ciens, 'pregnant'; (b) to strength and
growth in general; cf. gura, 'man of
might ' ; gavas, gavistha, guna ; Kvpos,
' might ' ; K/IO, ' swell, billow.']
gudra, m. a man of the fourth caste, a
Qudra.
guna, n. emptiness. [Vgu, 1177a.]
gar a, a. mighty, bold ; as m. man of might,
hero. [Vgu, 1188c: gura is parallel w.
*icv-po-s, ' mighty,' whence T& Kvp-os,
'might' (cf. aiffx-pt-s w - T0 aftrx-os)-]
gurpa, n. a plaited basket for winnowing
grain.
V Igr (grnati; gagre ; agarit; garisyati,
-te ; girna [957b] ; -girya ; giryate).
crush; break; tear. [cf. Eng. har-m,
which answers to a Skt. *gar-ma.]
+ vi, pass, be broken to pieces; perish,
60 9 .
+ s am, break (a bow); like zusammen-
brechen.
V 2gr, see era, 'boil.'
grnga, n. horn.
g r n g 1 n , a. horned ; as m. horned beast,
grta, see Vgra.
geva, a. kind; dear. [cf. giva.]
gesa, 1. m. n. rest, remainder, 68 17 ;
gese, like Ger. im Uebrigen, for the rest,
12 10 ; 2. a. remaining, 55 15 . [Vlgis,
' leave.']
gesas, n. offspring, ['those whom one
leaves behind him, one's relicts,' V 1 gis,
' leave.']
g6ka, m. pain, grief. [Vguc, 216. 1.]
goka-ja, . grief-born; gokajam vari,
grief-born water, i.e. tears, 10 19 .
gokarta, a. sorrow-stricken, [arta.]
ocis-kega, a. having flame-locks, with
locks of flame. [gocis, 187: 1297, cf.
1280b.]
g6cistha, a. most or bright flaming.
[Vguc, 468.]
gocis, n. flame; beam; heat. [Vguc,
1153.]
g6na, 1. a. red, deep-red; 2. m. Sone
or Red River, affluent of the Ganges.
[prop. ' flame-colored ' . cf . t-icav-aa,
'burned,' /caC-/io, 'heat.']
gonita, n. blood; also pi. [g6na, 1176d.]
c o b h a n a , a. beautiful. [V 2 gubh, ' adorn,'
1150.2a.]
g6bhistha, a. most swiftly moving on-
ward or most beautiful, 78 5 , according as
the word is referred to VI gubh or to
V 2 gubh see these. [468.]
V gcand (intens. ppl. canigcadat [1002c]).
shine, glance, [for *skandh : cf . av0-6s,
' gold-yellow ' ; xa.9a.p6s, Doric KoO-ap6s,
' clear, clean, pure ' ; KdvS-apos, ' coal ' ;
Lat. cand-ere, ' glow.']
gcandra, . shining. [Vgcand, 1188a: cf.
vigva-gcandra, and candra.]
V gcut (gc6tati ; cugc6ta ; acugcutat ;
gcutita). drip.
gcut, vbl. dripping. [Vgcut.]
gmagana, n. the place for burning the
corpses and for burying the bones,
cemetery.
gmagru, n. beard.
V gya or gi (gyayati, -te [761dl]; glta,
gina, gyana; giyate). freeze; coagulate,
gyena, m. eagle; falcon; hawk. [cf.
I-KTIVO-S, ' kite.']
V grath (grathnite; gagrathe; agigrathat;
grthitd). become loose,
grad, indecl. meaning perhaps orig. heart;
used w. dha ('grant, give,' see Vldha4)
and dot. of person, thus, grad asmai
dhatta, (your) heart to him give ye, i.e.
trust ye him, have faith in him, RV. ii.
12.5; ppl. grad-dadhat, trusting, trustful,
26 2 ; cf. 1079 2 .
[cf. KctpSi'a, icrip, *(CTjp5, Lat. cor, gen.
cord-is, Lithuanian szirdis, Ger. Herz, Eng.
heart: further, w. grad-dha, cf. Lat.
credgre, *cred-dere, ' trust ' : the regular
Skt. word for ' heart ' is hfd, and this can
not be connected w. the above words,
since they require in the Skt. an initial g,
*grd or grad.]
grad dha, f. trust, faith; desire, [see
grad: 1147.]
graddhiva, a. credible. [graddbjt,
1228a.]
V gram (gramyati [763]; gagrama; agra-
mit ; granta ; -gramya). be weary ;
take pains ; esp. castigate one's self,
[261]
+ a , in agrama, ' hermitage.'
-f-pari, weary one's self exceedingly;
parigranta, tired of, disgusted with.
gram a, m. weariness. [Vgram.]
V grambh (grambhate; grabdha; -grabh-
ya). used only with vi. put confidence
in ; vigrabdha : confiding, 26 3 ; -am, adv.
confidently, without distrust or hesitation,
9".
gravana, 1. m. ear; 2. n. hearing;
3. n. fame. [V gru, 1150. la : f or mg 3,
cf. gravas and esp. under V gru.]
gravas, n. 1. sounds; esp. loud praise,
91 15 ; -2. glory, 74 6 ; fame, [v/gru,
'hear,' 1151. la: the precise equiv. of
K\eos, stem K\fF-es, ' fame ' : for mg, see
V gru.]
V gra or gri or gr or gir (grinati, grinite;
gigriye; grata, grita, grta, girta). cook;
boil ; grid, cooked, done.
graddha, n. an oblation to the Manes,
accompanied by a funeral meal and
gifts to Brahmans. [graddha, 1208e :
according to the Scholiast, 'a thing of
trust,' because the gift for the Manes
is as a matter of fact entrusted to
Brahmans.]
granta, ppl. wearied; as n. [1176a], weari-
ness. [Vgram, 955a.]
grantagata, a. wearied and arrived, i.e.
arriving wearied, [agata : 1257.]
V gri (grayati, -te; gigraya, gigriye; agi-
griyat ; grayisyati, -te ; grita ; grayitum ;
grayitva; -gritya). 1. act. lean, trans. ;
lay against or on ; rest on, trans. 2. mid.
lean upon, intrans. ; rest upon, or, simply,
be lying or situated upon, 70 3 ; 3. mid.,
act. betake one's self to, esp. for help or
protection, 48 5 . [cf. K\I-VW, 'lean';
Kf-K\i-aTat, 'rest on'; Lat. clindre, 'lean';
AS. hlinian, Eng. lean; K\I-TVS, 'incline,
slope, hill'; Lat. cli-vus, 'hill'; AS. hlsew,
hldw, Eng. -law, -low, 'hill,' in Mood-law,
Lud-low ; KA?-yua|, 'ladder'; AS. hlse-der,
Eng. ladder, .]
+ a , lean upon, intrans. ; seek support
and protection with or from; agrita:
depending upon (another) ; as m. a de-
pendent or subordinate, 30 18 .
-fupa, mid. lean against; brace one's
self, 87 6 ; upagrita, (leaned upon, equiv.
to) laid upon or in, w. loc., 79*.
+ pari, act. lay about; enclose.
+ p r a , lean forward.
gri [351], ./. 1. beautiful appearance;
beauty, 78 5 , 2 4 , 8 8 ; -2. welfare; -3.
personified, Qri, goddess of beauty and wel-
fare, 2 10 ; 4. as honorific prefix to proper
names, the famous or glorious , 54 1 . [cf .
greyans, grestha.]
V gru (grn6ti, grnut6 [243]; gugrava, gu-
gruv6 ; agrausit ; grosyati, -te ; grut ;
gr6tum ; grutva ; -griitya ; gruyate ;
giigrusate; gravayati). 1. act. hear,
86 5 ; know by hearing; w. gen. of person,
6 2 ; listen; give heed to, 25 14 ; hear (a
teacher), i.e. learn, study ; gugruvans,
having studied, i.e. learned, 94 18 ; 2.
mid., in Veda, with pass, sense, be heard of
(as subject of talk), i.e., like Lat. cluere,
be called, be famed as, 75 w ;
3. pass.: be heard; gruta: heard;
heard of, 2 12 ; impers.: gruyatam, let it
be heard, i.e. hear ye ; evam gruyate,
thus it is heard, there is this saying, 31 6 ;
grutam maya, I've heard (your story),
33 9 ; 4. cans, cause (hearers, ace.) to
hear (a thing), i.e. proclaim to; recite to,
54 20 . _ 5. desid. be willing to hear, and
so (cf. Eng. obedient and Lat. ob-oediens
with audire), obey, 64 9 .
[with gru-dhi, 'hear thou,' cf. K\v-6i,
' hear thou ' ; Lat. clu-ere, ' be called ' ;
cluens, cliens, 'who hears or obeys, i.e. a
dependent ' ; with gru-ta, ' heard, heard
of,' cf. K\v-r6s, 'famed,' Lat. in-clu-tus,
inclitus, 'famed,' Old High Ger. hlu-do in
Hludo-wlg, ' Loud-battle,' Ger. lau-t, AS.
hlu-d, Eng. lou-d ;
with the subsidiary form grus, as in
grus-ti, 'a listening to, compliance,' cf.
AS. hlos-nian, ' listen,' hlys-t, ' the hearing,'
whence hli/st-an, Eng. listen : for the mg
' famed ' of gruta, etc., cf. gravana, gra-
vas, and gloka.]
+ prati, answer, say yes to; make a
promise to (gen.), [prop., like Eng. hear,
' give a hearing in return to what is said,'
i.e. 'not turn a deaf ear to/ and so
' answer.']
^ruta]
[262]
+ vi, pass, be heard of far and wide, be
famous; vigruta, known as, named, 6 3 .
+ sam, 1. hear; 2. like Eng. hear,
accede to the request of, make a promise
to (loc.). [cf. gru + prati.]
gruta, ppl. heard; heard of; as n. that
which is heard from the teacher, that
which is learned ; learning. [V gru.]
grutavant, a. possessing learning,
learn-ed. [gruta.]
griiti, /. 1. a hearing; 2. ear; 3.
the thing heard ; sound ; 4. report,
hearsay ; 5. utterance ; esp. a sacred
utterance handed down by tradition, a
religious prescription, a sacred text, the
Veda, 58 18 N. ; 6. learning ; prob. in-
correct for gruta. [Vgru, 1157. la.]
grutimant, a. possessing learning ; prob.
incorrect for grutavant, q.v. [gruti.]
griitya, a. worthy to be heard (of a
hymn), goodly. [Vgru, 1213a.]
greyasa, for greyas (greyans) in cpds,
1315c.
greyans, a. fairer; more beautiful or
excellent; better; as n. (the better, i.e.)
welfare, prosperity, 35 1 . [from an un-
used root gri corresponding to the noun
gri, 470 4 : cf. Kpeiuv, 'superior, ruler.']
gr6stha, a. fairest; most excellent;
best: w. gen., I 10 ; w. loc., 68 10 ; at end
of cpd, 11 9 ; best as distinguished from
(abl.), equiv. to better than, 68 u . [see
greyans.]
grafsthya, n. supremacy, precedence,
[grestha, 1211 2 end.]
gr6tra, n. ear; hearing, [Vgru, 1185a.]
gr6triya, a. studied, learned (in sacred
tradition) us m. & Brahman versed in
sacred lore, [grotra, 1214c : for mg, cf .
Vgru, mg 1, and gruta, s.v.]
glaksna, a. slippery ; smooth. [cf.
1195.J
V glagh (glaghate; gaglaghe ; glaghita).
1. have confidence in; 2. talk con-
fidently ; brag, praise one's self ; 3.
praise.
glaghya, grdv. to be praised, praise-
worthy; honorable. [V glagh.]
g!6ka, m. 1. (thing heard, i.e.) sound;
2. fame, for mg, cf. V gru ; 3. strophe ;
later, esp. the anustubh-strophe, the epic
gloka, in which, for example, the story
of Nala is composed. [Vgru, 1186 2 .]
V gvanc (gvancate). open itself; receive
in open arms (as a maid her lover).
+ ud, open itself out, open, 87 4 .
gvdn [427], m. dog. [cf. KVOIV, Lat. can-i-s,
AS. hun-d, Eng. hound, ' dog.']
gvagura, m. father-in-law. [for *sv&-
gura : cf. tKvpos, Lat. socer, socerus, Church
Slavonic swekrii, AS. sweor, *sweohor, Ger.
Schwdher, ' father-in-law ' : for g in place
of s, cf. gaga and Vgus.]
gvagru [355c], f. mother-in-law, [gva-
gura, 355c : cf . ficvpd, Lat. fern, socrus,
AS. sweger, Ger. Schwieger, 'mother-in
law.']
V gvas (gvdsiti [631]; gvasati; gagvasa ;
gvasisyati ; gvasita, gvasta ; gvasitum ;
-gvasya ; gvasayati). 1. blow, blus-
ter, whistle, snort ; 2. breathe ; 3.
sigh. [cf. AS. hweos, preterit to thwiesan,
Eng. wheeze."]
4 a, get one's breath, become quiet;
caus. quiet, comfort.
+ n i s , breathe out, sigh.
+ pra, blow forth.
+ abhi-pra, blow forth upon, ace.,
94 \
+ vi, have confidence, be unsuspecting;
caus. inspire confidence.
gvAs, adv. to-morrow, on the next day;
gvah gvas [1260 2 ], from day to day.
gvasatha, m. a snorting. [Vgvas,
1163b.]
gv&stana, a. of the morrow; as n. the
morrow, 92 n . [gvds, 1245e.]
gvapada, m. a beast of prey, 84 u . [to
be pronounced gvapada (cf. pavaka,
1181a) : prop., perhaps, ' having the feet
of a dog,' gvan + pada.]
gvavidh [nom. -vit], m. porcupine, [gvan
+ vidh, ' dog-wounding.']
satka, 1. a. consisting of six; 2. as n.
a whole consisting of six, a hexade. [sas,
1222a, 226b.]
sat-tringat [485], /. six and thirty.
[sas.]
[263]
[sakhigana
sat-pada, / -I, a. having (taken) six
steps, [sas: 1300a.]
san-masa, n. semester, six months.
[sas : prop. ' that which has six months,'
see 1312.]
sas [483 8], num. six. [see 182b 2 , 146 3 :
cf. e, Lat. sex, Eng. siar.J
sastf, /. sixty, [sas, 1157.4.]
sastha, a. sixth, [sas, 487 5 : cf. (K-TOS,
Lat. sex-tus, AS. six-ta, Eng. six-th.]
1 s a , pron. see ta and 495.
2 sa, inseparable prefix denoting similarity,
community, or connection numerous ex-
amples on the pages following ; esp. common
w. an adj. value in possessive cpds [see
1304c], having an accompanying ,
with . [1121b : prob. ident. ultimately
w. 3 sa.]
3 sa, one, in sa-krt, sa-hasra. [for *sm
(vocalic m), root *sem: cf. els, *<re / u-s,
/j.ia, *(Tyu-ja, ' one ' ; f-Kar6v, ' one-hundred ' ;
a-ir\6os, ' one-fold ' ; Lat. sem-el, ' once ' ;
sim-plex, ' one-fold ' ; &-\ox<>s, ' having one
(i.e. one and the same) bed, spouse ' ;
o-irarpos, 'having one (i.e. one and the
same) father'; d-SeA^xfe, see under gar-
bha.]
samyatendriya, a. having restrained
senses, self-controlled, I 9 . [samyata
(\fyam, 1085a) + indriya, 1298.]
s a my a ma, m. restraint, control, 68 6 .
[V yam + sam.]
samvatsara, m. year, [sam + vatsara,
q.v.]
samgaya, m. 1. doubt; na samgayas,
(there is) no doubt; 2. danger, 20 16 .
[V gi + sam.]
samsad, /". like Lat. consessus, a sitting
together and those who sit together, i.e.
assembly. [V sad + sam.]
samsarga, m. mixture, union; contact.
[Vsrj + sam, 216.1.]
samsara, m. the wandering of the soul
from one existence to another, metem-
psychosis ; transmigration, 66 18 ; the cycle
or round of existence, 18 l . [Vsr + sam.]
samskara, m. 1. a working over, a
preparing or purification ; esp. a technical
proceeding with a thing ; an adorning or
adornment, 17 5 ; 2. a domestic religious
rite to be performed upon or observed by
every member of the three upper castes,
prop, his preparation or purification ; sac-
rament, consecration, 59 2 N. ; 3. im-
pression; an impression produced on the
mind or a disposition formed in the mind
by something past (e.g. deeds of a former
existence, a past conversation, etc.), but
which has ceased to work on the mind,
40 *. [\f 1 kr, ' do,' + sam, 1087d.]
samskrta, ppl. 1. prepared; adorned,
fine, cultivated ; as n. the cultivated lan-
guage, as opposed to the low vernaculars,
Sanskrit, 52 6 . [V 1 kr, ' do,' + sam, 1087d. ]
samhita, ppl. put together; -a, f. a
putting together; a text whose sounds
and words are put together according to
grammatical rules. [V 1 dha + sam, 954c.]
sa-kacchapa, a. having tortoises along
with them, i.e. along with tortoises.
[1304c.]
sakala, a. having its parts together, i.e.
all, entire ; .as n. everything, one's entire
property, 46*. [sa + kala, 1304c, 334 2 .]
sakaga, m. presence; tasya sakagam
gam, go to the presence of him, i.e. go to
him ; -sakage, at end of cpd, in the pres-
ence of , before , 3 3 . [sa + kaga :
orig., perhaps, ' having visibility, present/
and then ' presence.']
sakft, adv. for one time, a single time,
once. [3 sa + 2krt.]
sa-kopa, a. angry; -am, angrily. [2sa,
1304c.]
s a k t u , m. coarsely ground parched grains,
grits, esp. barley grits.
sakha, for sakhi at end of cpds [1302],
having as attendant, accompanied by
. [1315b.]
sakhi [343a], m. attendant, companion,
82 1 ; comrade ; friend, 23 16 , etc. ; in con-
nection with a fern., 75 18 - 19 , 100*. [Vsac:
for mg, cf. lir-T7js and soc-ius, under
V sac.]
sakhi [364], f. female companion, friend
(of a woman), [sakhi: cf. 362b 2 .]
sakhi-gana, m. (friend-crowd, i.e.)
friends.
sakhijana]
[264]
sakhi-jana, m. (friend-persons, collec-
tively, i.e.) friends.
sakhya, n. friendship, [sakhi, 1212c.]
sa-gana, a. with (their) troops (of at-
tendants). [2sa.]
sagara, m. 1. the atmosphere, Luft-
meer; 2. Sagara, name of a mythical
prince.
samkata, 1. a. narrow, strait; 2. m.
Slender, name of a gander, 37 21 ; 3. n.
narrow passage, a strait; 4. Jig., like
Eng. strait, a difficulty, 52 14 ; danger, 25 4 .
[cf. 1245g.]
samkalpa, m. a decision of the mind;
the will or wish or purpose proceeding
from such decision, a definite intention,
[vlklp + sam, 1148.1, 236.]
sariiketa, m. agreement; esp. a meeting
agreed upon with a lover, a rendezvous,
[prop. ' co-intention,' sam + keta.]
samkranti,/. an entering, esp. entering
of the sun upon a new zodiacal sign.
[Vkram +sam, cf. 1157 l w. 955a.]
samkhya,^ the tale or number. [Vkhya
+ sam.]
sang a, m. 1. a sticking to or hanging
upon; 2. Jig. an attachment (of the
mind) to anything, desire for a thing;
sange, in case of desire, 64 2 ; pi. lusts.
[\/sanj, 210.1.]
samgama, m. a coming together, union.
[Vgam + sam.]
samgama 11 a, f. -I, a. subst. causing to
assemble, gatherer, [caus. of Vgam +
sam.]
saihgara, m. agreement, promise. [Vlgr
4- sam, ' chime in with.']
sanigha, m. (a combination, i.e.) com-
pany, crowd. [V han + sam, 333, cf .
216.9 and 402.]
V sac (sisakti; sacate ; sagcus, sagcire
[794d 2 ]). -1. be with, be united with;
be together, have intercourse together,
79 14 ; 2. accompany a person (ace.) to
a thing (dat.), i.e. help him to it, 69 18 ;
3. be attached to; Jig. follow (a com-
mandment), 75 2 ; follow up, i.e. attend to,
821'.
[orig. ' accompany,' i.e. 1. ' go at the
side of, with help or favor,' and 2. ' go
after, seek, follow': cf. fV-o/ucu, 'accom-
pany/ e-oTr-cyUTji/, ' followed ' ; Lat. sequ-or,
' follow ' ; sec-undus, ' following, second ' ;
also fir-ertjs, ' attendant,' Lat. soc-ius,
'comrade': further, AS. seon, *seh(w)on,
Eng. see, Ger. seh-en, ' (seek, look for,
follow with the eyes, i.e.) see.']
saciva, m. attendant, supporter, [v'sac,
1190, with union-vowel i.]
sa-j6sas, a. (of like pleasure, i.e.) unani-
mous, harmonious; kindly disposed, 86 15 .
[1304c 3 .]
sajja, a. 1. as used of a bow, having its
string on, strung, ready for use (the string
being wound around the bow when this
is not in use) ; 2. generalized, ready, as
used of persons and things, [for sajya,
q.v., with assimilation as in sajyate,
sajj ate see v' sanj . ]
sajji-kr (-karoti). 1. make strung,
string (a bow); 2. make ready, 34 1T .
[sajja, 1094.]
sajya, a. having its string on, strung.
[2sa + 2jya, 'bow-string.']
samcaya, m. a piling together, accumu-
lation, esp. of wealth; supply (of food),
[v' 1 ci, ' pile up,' + sam. ]
samcayana, n. the gathering (of the
bones of the dead), [do.]
samcayavant, a. possessing an accu-
mulation (of wealth), rich ; with arthais,
rich with money, i.e. having capital,
[samcaya.]
samcarin, a. wandering. [V car + sam,
1183 3 .]
samciti, f. a piling; pile, [,'lci, 'pile
up,' + sam.]
v sanj or saj (sajati; sasanja; asankslt;
sakta; saktum; -sajya; pass, sajyate
or sajjate). stick to, be attached to;
sakta, attached (of a glance), immov-
able, [cf. Lat. seg-nis, 'sticking, i.e. slow,
lazy.']
4-pra, be attached to; prasakta, ad-
dicted to.
sat at a, only in ace. s. neut., -am, as adv.
continuously, constantly, always. [for
samtata, see Vtan + sam: for mg, cf.
Lrt. con-tinens, ' con-tinuous.']
sat-kr, scs sant 6.
[265]
[sadasat
satkara, m. good treatment, esp. kind
reception of a guest, hospitality, [satkr.]
sattama, a. best, [sant, 471.]
sattva, 1. n. condition of being, being-
ness, being, existence, essent-ia; 2. n.
condition of being good, absolutely good
being, goodness, the highest of the three
qualities (see guna), 66 8 N. ; 3. m. n.
a living being, creature, 28 u , 48 2 . [formed
from sant (1239), just as the artificial
Lat. essent-ia, ' being-ness, that on which a
thing depends for being what it is,' from
essens, a quasi-ppl. of esse.']
satpati, m. strong ruler; master, [sant
+ pati, 1280, cf. 1267a.]
satya, 1. a. real; true; existing in
reality, 45 12 ; truthful, trusty, faithful,
69 9 ; 2. n. the real; the true; reality;
truth, 95 end of line; truthfulness, 21 6 ,
95 6 near mid. of line; faithfulness, 69 12 ;
yatha , tena satyena, as , by this
truth, as truly as , so truly, 14 l ff . ;
3. n. vow, promise, oath; satyam bru,
swear, 10 21 , 15 6 ; satyam cikirsamanas,
desiring to keep his promise, 8 12 ; 4.
satyam, adi\ truly, indeed, 49 10 . [sant,
1212c : radically akin w. ereo-s, ' true/
but of different formation, since the
Cyprian shows that 3re6s stands for
*fTeFo-s.]
satya-radhas, a. having real blessings,
bestowing real blessings. [1298.]
satya-vadin, a. truth-speaking, truth-
ful. [1275.]
satya-vrat, n. vow of truthfulness.
[1264, acct 1267.]
satyavrata, a. having, i.e. keeping a
satyavrata, always truthful, 6 23 . [1296,
acct 1295.]
satya-samgara, a. having, i.e. keep-
ing a true agreement, i.e. true to his
promise.
satyasamdha, a. having, i.e. keeping a
true agreement, i.e. faithful, [satya +
samdha.]
satvara, a. with haste; -am, adv. quick-
ly, immediately. [2sa + tvara.]
sat-samnidhana, n. a being near to
the good, intercourse with the good,
[sant.]
V sad (sidati, -te [748]; sasada, sediis
[794e]; asadat; satsyati; satta, sanna;
sattum; -sadya; sadayati, -te). 1.
sit; seat one's self; 2. settle down,
sink beneath a burden ; be overcome ;
get into trouble; be in a desperate pre-
dicament, 18 7 ; despair; not know what
to do, be unable to help one's self ;
cans. set. [w. sidami, *si-zd-ami,
si-s ft d-ami, cf. ?o>, *a-j-c5-ai, *<n-cr S-a>,
' sit,' Lat. sld-ere, ' settle down ' ; cf . also
sed-ere, 'sit'; Eng. sit, caus. set; sad-as,
e'S-oj, e5-pa, Lat. sella, *sed-la, AS. set-l,
Eng. settle, ' a seat.']
+ ava, sink down, get into trouble, be
in distress.
+ a, 1. sit upon; 2. lie in wait for,
89 :3 ; 3. get to, reach (a place); asan-
na : approached ; near, neighboring, 33 10 ;
caus. 1. set upon; 2. get to, arrive
at, reach ; find, obtain, gain, 23 n , 46 2 ;
3. asadya, often so attenuated in mg as
to be equiv. to a mere preposition : nimittam
kimcid asadya, (having obtained some
cause or other, i.e.) by or in consequence
of some cause or other, cf. V dig + ud.
+ ni, 1. sit down; take one's seat, esp.
of the hotr at the sacrifice, 88 6 - 8 ; -2.
act. and mid. set, install as, trans.!,
82 12 ; caus. act. and mid. set, install as,
88i".
+ pra, be favorable or gracious; pra-
sanna, kindly disposed, 1 n ; caws, make
kindly disposed, propitiate, 36 6 . [behind
the mg ' be gracious ' lies doubtless the
physical mg ' settle forward, incline to-
wards, e.g. a suppliant.']
+ vi, sink, used (like the Eng. be de-
pressed) of the spirits, be dejected ; de-
spond, 35 n ; come to grief, 31 1 ; visanna,
dejected.
+ sam, sit together.
sadadi, adv. always, 93 3 . [cf. sada.]
s a dan a, n. seat; generalized, like Eng.
seat and Lat. sedes, place (75 7 ), dwelling.
[Vsad.]
sadas, n. seat. [Vsad: cf. e5os, 'seat.']
sadasat, n. existence and non-existence.
[sat + asat, the subst. used neuter stems
of sant and asant, 1252.]
sadasadatmaka]
[266]
sadasad-atmaka, a. having existence
and non-existence as its nature, whose
nature it is to exist and also not to exist
at the same time, [sadasat.]
sad a, adv. always, [cf. 1103a 2 .]
sad-acara, m. the conduct or practices
of the good, [sant.]
sa-dfga, a. of like appearance; equal,
used (296b) M;. gen. [518.]
s a d y a s , adv. on the same day ; imme-
diately, [see 1122f.]
sadha, adv. equiv. of 1 saha, see 1104 8 .
sadha-mada, m. co-revelry, <rv/j.ir6(Tiov,
common feast; sadhamadam mad, revel
in bliss with, w. instr. [1290.]
sadha-stha, n. (orig., perhaps, co-place,
i.e. place of union, but generalized to the
simple mg of) place.
sana, a. old. [orig. 'of long standing,
long continued': cf. eVo-s, 'old'; Lat.
sen-ex, 'old man'; Goth, sin-ista, 'oldest';
AS. sin-ceald, ' perpetually or extremely
cold'; AS. and Old Eng. sin-grene, 'ever-
green,' Eng. sen-green, ' (extremely green,
i.e.) house-leek': from a not quotable
Goth. *sina-skalks, Medieval Lat. sini-
scalcus, 'oldest house-servant,' through
intermediate Romance forms, comes Eng.
seneschal; Ger. Siind-flut, 'sin-flood,' is a
popular interpretation of Old High Ger.
sin-vluot, ' the long-continued flood, the
Noachian deluge.']
s d, n a , adv. of old, always, [instr. of sana,
1112c, not a.]
sanat, adv. from of old, always, forever,
[sana, acct 1114d.]
sanatana, a. everlasting, eternal, [sana,
1245e.]
sa-nila, a. having a common nest or
origin, affiliated, united. [1304c.]
sane mi, adv. always. [perhaps from
sana.]
sant, 1. ppl. being; otiose, 24 16 , see
\1 1 as ; existing ; 2. a. real, genuine ;
true, good; 3. of people, good, noble,
excellent, 19 8 ' 20 , 28"; -4. sati, /. a
true, good, virtuous wife (hence Anglo-
Indian Suttee); 5. n. the existent;
existence ; 6. sat-kr, make good, treat
well, receive kindly.
[present ppl. of V 1 as, ' be,' q.v. : cf .
fiav, stem tovT, 'being'; Lat. absens, stem
ab-sent, 'being off'; sons, stem sont, 'the
real doer,' ' the guilty one ' ; Danish sane?,
AS. soft, ' true,' Eng. sooth, ' true, truth ' :
for mg 2, cf. the mg of satya, of rbv
iovra \6yov, 'the true story/ and of
Eng. sooth.~\
samtati, f. 1. continuation; 2. esp.
continuation of one's race or family, i.e.
offspring.
samta'pa, m. 1. heat; 2. pain, sor-
row, [vftap + sam.]
samtapavant, a. sorrowful. [1233.]
samdrg, / a beholding; sight. [Vdrg +
sam.]
samdeha, m. 1. doubt; -at, from (by
reason of) uncertainty [291 2 ] ; 2. dan-
ger, 20 15 . [V dih + sam : for mg 2, cf .
bhaya.]
samdha, f. 1. covenant, agreement;
2. promise. [V 1 dha, ' put,' + sam : for
mg 1, cf. ffwO'fiKri, 'covenant,' and vw-
riOiifu, the counterpart of samdadhami.]
samdha n a, n. a putting together, avv-
Offfis, mixing. [V 1 dha, ' put,' + sam :
paroxytone, 1150. lc.]
samdhi, m. 1. a putting together, ativ-
Offfis; 2. like samdha, compact, alliance,
41 13 ; peace, 17 7 ; 3. the putting together
of sounds in word and sentence (see
Whitney 109b 2 ), euphonic combination,
50 9 ; 4. junction (of day and night), i.e.
morning or evening twilight. [V 1 dha,
' put,' + sam, 1155. 2e.]
samdhya, a. pertaining to samdhi or
junction; samdhya,/. 1. time of junc-
tion (of day and night), morning or even-
ing twilight ; du. morning and evening
twilight; 2. morning twilight (of a
yuga), 58 3 . [samdhi, cf. 1212b.]
sarndhyanqa, m. (lit. twilight-portion)
evening twilight of a yuga. [anga.]
samdhya-samaya, m. twilight-time,
evening.
samnidhana, n. (a putting down to-
gether, juxta-position, approximation, and
so) a being near; contiguity; presence;
neighborhood, 40 9 . [VI dha, 'put,' +
sam-ni, 1150: cf. samnidhi.]
[267]
[samartha
samnidhi, ?. presence. [Vldha, 'put,'
+ sam-ni, 1155. 2e : for mg, cf. samni-
dhana.]
V sap (sapati, -te ; sepiis). follow after;
be attached or devoted to. [identified by
some with V sac.]
sap, vbl. following after, in cpds. [Vsap.]
sapatnl, a. f. having a common hus-
band ; as subst. one of two or more wives
of the same man, co-wife, fellow-wife,
concubine. [sa + pati, but in the fern,
form, since the masc. would not be used :
1304c: cf. supatni.]
V saparya (saparyati). pay devotion to,
worship. [denom. of a not quotable
*sapar, ' devotion,' from V sap.]
sa-pinda, a. subst. having the pinda
(q.i'. ) in common, said of persons who
have a common ancestor not more than
six generations back to whom they offer
a pinda together, persons related in the
sixth generation. [1304c.]
sapta [483*], num. seven, 53 6 , 99 2S ; also,
as a favorite sacred number, the expression
of an indefinite plurality, e.g. 71 3 , 72 4 ' 6 .
[cf. eirrd, Lat. septem, AS. seofon, Eng.
seven.'}
saptakathamaya, f. -I, a. consisting
of seven narrations, [sapta-katha : see
maya.]
sapta-tantu, a. having seven courses.
sapta-pada, f. -I, a. 1. being for
seven, i.e. many or all, steps (see 1294 2 ),
i.e. being at every step, constant ; 2.
having (taken) seven steps; see 100 4 N.
[1300 a.]
sa-pragraya, a. with respectful de-
meanor; -am, adv. respectfully.
sa-phala, a. fruitful, fruit-bearing.
sa-bandhu, a. having a friend.
sa-baspa, a. tearful.
sa-brahmacarin, m. fellow-student.
sa-bhaya, a. fearful; -am, adv. in
terror.
sabha, f. house or hall for public meet-
ings, esp. gambling-house ; assembly, 19 3 ;
society, 19 l . [orig., perhaps, 'family':
cf . Goth, sibja, ' relationship,' AS. sibb,
' relationship, related ' ; Old Eng. god-sib,
'related in God,' i.e. ' a sponsor in baptism/
Eng. gossip, ' sponsor, familiar friend,
tattler ' ; Ger. Sipp, masc., ' relative/
Sippe, fern., 'relationship, kindred.']
sabharya, a. having his wife with him,
i.e. with his wife, 1 1T . [2 sa + bharya,
1304c, 334 2.]
sam, prep, along, with, together, [cf. 2sa.]
1 sama [525 4 ], end. pron. any; every,
76 12 ; cf. samaha. [cf. a^-flei/, 'from
some place or other'; ovo-a.fj.6s, 'not any';
ov8-a/j.ios, 'in not any wise'; AS. sum,
' some one/ Eng. some.']
2 sama, a. -1. even; -2. like, 63 17 ;
equal, 48 10 ; w. gen. (296b), 3 16 ; -am, adv.
equally with, along with, with, w. instr.,
29 6 ,26 5 ; -3. like or equal (to the usual),
i.e. not distinguished, common, mediocre,
19 10 . [cf. apa, Doric a/xd, 'at the same
time ' ; o^os, ' one and the same, common ' ;
6fj.a-\ds, ' even, equal ' ; Lat. simi-lis,
'like'; AS. same, 'in like manner'; Eng.
same.]
samata, f. equality; mediocrity, 19 10 .
[2 sama, 1237.]
samad, f. fight, contest, [sam, 383d 4 :
cf . ofj.ao-o-s, ' confused voices of men, din
of battle, throng.']
sam-adhika, a. having a surplus with
it ; masatrayam samadhikam, three
months and more. [1305.]
sam-anantara, a. with a non-interval,
immediately adjoining ; -am, adv. im-
mediately thereupon. [1305.]
samaya, m. 1. (a coming together, i.e.,
like Eng. con-vention) agreement; 2.
(like Eng. juncture) a point of time ; and
so time or season, 49 16 ; occasion; 3. a
con-currence (of circumstances), i.e. a
case see iha. [Vi + sam.]
samayocita, a. suitable to the occasion ;
-am, adv. as the occasion demands.
[ucita, Vuc.]
samara na. n. battle; Treffen. [prop. 'a
coming together/ Vr + sam, 1150. la : just
so, Eng. verb meet sometimes means ' come
together with hostile purpose/ and Eng.
noun encounter is used mostly of ' a hostile
meeting.']
sam -art ha, a. (having an agreeing or
accordant object [1305], i.e.) suiting its
samalamkrta]
[268]
object, and so suitable; capable; able,
w. inf.
sam-alamkrta, a. well adorned, [see
alam : sam intensive, 1077b end.]
samavatta-dhana, a. containing
gathered pieces, [see 1087e.]
s am ah a, accentless adv. somehow, 80 5 .
[Isama: cf. HOOa and 1104 3 .]
samagama, m. 1. a coming together,
meeting; 2. meeting with, i.e. inter-
course. [ V gam + sam-a. ]
samana, f. -i, a. 1. like; one and the
same, 78 15 ; -am, adv. in the same way,
103 13 ; 2. common (to different persons
or countries), 73*, 98 17 ; united, 73 16 .
[2 sama, 1245d.]
sam ana -grama, m. the same village.
samanagramiya, a. belonging to the
same village, [samana-grama, 1215.]
samasa, m. 1. a putting together; and
so (cf. Lat. con-trahere, ' draw together,'
then 'abridge') 2. a condensation;
abridgment; -ena and samasatas, suc-
cinctly. [V 2 as, ' throw,' + sam.]
samidh, f. (like Eng. kindlings) fuel.
[\/idh + sam, 'kindle.']
samlpa, 1. a. near ; 2. as n. near-
ness, neighborhood, presence ; used like
antika, q.v. ; 2a. samipam, w. gen. or in
cpd, (to the presence of, i.e., simply) to,
w. verbs of going, 6 W , 27", 33*, 44 u ;
2b. samlpe, w. gen. or in cpd (in the
presence or neighborhood of, i.e., simply) :
before, 2 16 ; near, 25 9 ; hard by, 34 14 ;
by, 40 3 . [cf. pratipa.]
samipa-stha, a. in cpd, situated in the
neighborhood of, near.
samutsarga, m. an ejecting, discharge.
[Vsrj + sam-ud, 216.1.]
samudra, m. a gathering of waters, a sea,
an ocean, ['a con-fluence/ Vud + sam,
1188b.J
samunnati, f. arising; elevation, i.e.,
Jig., distinction. [V nam + sam-ud, 1157
and d.]
samrti.y. (a coming together, and so)
col-lision, shock, [Vr + sam, 1157d: cf.
samarana.]
sampatti, /. success; prosperity; abund-
ance, 17 14 . [Vpad + sam, 1157d.]
sampad, f. 1. success; 2. (a falling
together, co-inciding, and so a fitting of
the parts to each other, i.e.) correct pro-
portion, beauty. [V pad + sam.]
sam put a, m. hemispherical bowl or dish;
round casket (for jewels) ; sampute likh,
write a thing (ace.) in the strong-box of a
person (gen.), i.e. credit it to him. [sam +
puta, ' a together-fold,' 1289a.]
samprati, adv. 1. just opposite; and
so 2. (to the same limit) even, exactly;
3. (like Eng. even) at the very time;
and so just now. [sam (intensive, 1077b
end) + prati, 1314a.]
sam-priya, a. mutually dear, [priya,
1289a.]
sambandha, m. con-nection ; and so, as
in Eng., relationship. [V bandh + sam. ]
sambhava, m. origin; at end of adj.
cpds, having as its origin, originating
in . [VbM + sam.]
sambhavya, grdv. to be supposed, sup-
posable. [caus. of V bhu + sam.]
sambhrama, m. extreme agitation, haste
arising from excitement. [V bhram +
sam.]
sam-mila, a. corn-mixed, mixed with,
united with. [1289a.]
sam-rajnl, f. complete, i.e. sovereign
ruler ; mistress. [for sam, see 1289b
end, and 1077b end : for m instead of m,
see 2-13a 2 .]
sa-yatna, a. (having, i.e. taking pains
to, i.e.) trying to, w. inf.; engaged in,
w. inf.
sara, a. running, moving, going, in cpds.
[Vsr.]
sarana, a. running; as n. a running.
[Vsr, 1150. la.]
V saranya (saranyati). run, hasten,
[sarana, 1059d.J
saranyu, a. hastening, swift ; -yu [355c],
f. Saranyu, daughter of Twashtar, and
spouse of Vivaswaut, to whom she bare
Yama and Yami, 85 15 N. [V saranya,
1178h: cf. 'Eplvv-s, 'the swift' goddess of
vengeance.]
s a r d m a , f. the bitch of Indra or of the
gods ; cf. 83 n N. [' the runner ' or ' mes-
senger,' Vsr, cf. 1166.]
[269]
[savayas
saras, n. lake, pool. [orig. 'fluid, i.e.
water,' from Vsr, 'run,' just as fluidus
from fluere, ' flow, run.']
aaras-tira, n. bank of a pool.
sarasvant, 1. a. rich in waters ; -vati,
/. : 2. Saraswati, name of a mighty
stream, probably the Indus ; 3. Saras-
wati, a small stream in Madhyade9a, to
which the name and attributes of the
great stream were transferred ; 4.
Saraswati, the goddess of voice and
speech, learning and eloquence, [saras.]
s a r 1 1 , f. stream. [V sr, ' run, flow,' 383. 3 :
for mg, cf . Ger. Fluss, ' stream,' w. fliessen,
' flow,' and Eng. stream under V sru.]
sarga, m. 1. shot; 2. stream or spurt
or jet; 3. a letting loose; 4. that
which is let loose, esp. a herd let loose
from the stall, 76 4 ; 5. chapter of an
epic poem, a Jig. use of the word in mg 1
or 2. [Vsrj, 216.1.]
sarpa, m. (like serpent from serpere,
'creep') the creeper, snake, serpent, 84 14 .
[V srp, q.v.]
sarpis, n. clarified butter, either warm
and still fluid or cold and hardened, and
so not differing from ghrta, ' ghee.' [orig.
' fluid ' butter, or ' the slippery, fat '
stuff, from V srp, ' creep, move gently,
slip,' 1153: see Vsrp and srpra: akin are
Hesychian e \ir-os, ' olive oil, fat,' and
<!\<j>-os, 'butter'; Ger. Salbe, AS. sealf,
Eng. salve.~\
sarva [524], pron. 1. entire or complete,
50 2 \ 95 18 , 96 2 ; salvus, integer, un-
harmed ; 2. adj. all, every ; 2a. subst. :
sing, m., everyone ; sing, n., everything ;
pi., all ; 2b. common at beg. of cpds
instead of an adj.: thus sarva-gunair
yuktas, for sarvair gunair yuktas, I 12 ,
cf. 2 3 ; so cf. 10 15 w. 10 23 , 32 15 w. 32",
51 22 w. 52 23 ; similarly 6 4 , 17 1 - 9 , 2 1 23 ,
etc. ; 2c. idam sarvam, 63 21 , see idam ;
so for 66 19 ;
observe that both mgs, 1 and 2, are
common to the post-Vedic literature ; that in
the oldest parts of the Veda, sarva occurs
only in mg 1, while for mg 2 the proper
Vedic word is vigva, q.v.; but see 77 11 K.
[cf. o\os, Epic ov\os, *oA.A.os, *O'AFO-S,
' whole, entire ' ; Lat. salvus, ' whole, un-
harmed, well ' ; Oscan sollu-s, ' entire ' ;
Lat. stem sollu- in cpds, e.g. solli-ferreum,
'all-iron (weapon),' soll-ennis, 'of every
year, annual,' used of religious cere-
monies : no connection w. Eng. (w)hole,
see also kalya.]
sarvam -sah a, a. patiently bearing all
things, [sarvam, 1250a, 1270b.]
sarva-gata, a. (gone to all, i.e.) uni-
versally prevalent.
sarvatas, adv. 1. from all sides; on
all sides, 93 12 ; in every direction, 3 11 ,
101 12 ; 2. omnino, altogether, 56 16 .
[sarva, 1098b : acct, cf. 1298c.]
sarvatra, adv. 1. everywhere or in all
cases, 21 19 ; 2. at all times; always, un-
interruptedly, 5 14 . [sarva, 1099: acct,
cf. 1298c.]
sarvatha, adv. 1. in every way; 2.
by all means. [sarva, 1101.]
sarvada, adv. always; constantly; for
ever, [sarva, 1103.]
sarva-deva, m. pi. all the gods.
sarvadevamaya, a. containing in him-
self all the gods, i.e. representing or being
in the name of all the gods, 28 19 . [sarva-
deva: see maya.]
sarva-dravya, n. pi. all things.
sarva-bhava, m. the whole heart.
sarvabhutamaya, a. containing in
himself all beings, 56 20 . [sarva-bhuta :
see maya.]
sarva-yosit, f. pi. all women.
sarva -1 oka, m. the entire world.
sarva-vira, a. with unharmed heroes or
with all heroes, i.e. having lost none.
[1298.]
sarvagas, adv. wholly, altogether; all
together, 6 6 ; together, 65 15 . [sarva,
1106.]
sarvanavadya, a. entirely faultless,
[anavadya, 1279 *.]
sarvanavadyanga, a. having an en-
tirely faultless body, [anga, 1298.]
savana, n. a pressing, esp. of Soma.
[Vlsu, 'press out.']
sa-vayas, a. of like strength or age;
m. pi. (like fjAt/cej, fi\iKiurai, ' equals in
age, comrades') comrades. [3vayas.]
savarna]
[270]
sd-varna, a. 1. having the same ex-
ternal appearance, exactly similar, 85 H ;
2. of the same caste, 62 7 . [for rags,
see varna.]
sa-vitana, a. having a canopy, with a
canopy.
savitf, m. 1. (with the two mgs of
Eng. quickener) impeller, enlivener ; 2.
The Enlivener, Savitar, name of a god,
selection xxxvi. ; 3. the sun, 23 13 .
[V2su, 'impel.']
sa-vinaya,". with politeness ; -am, adv.
politely.
sa-vigesa, a. possessing distinction, dis-
tinguished; -am, adv. in a distinguished
way, especially.
savya, a. left, 101 19 , 102", 103 2 ; as m.
the left hand or foot, 60 5 . [prob. for
*syavya (as would appear fr. the Church
Slavonic form suj, 'sinister'), and so per-
haps akin with trKaws, *<TKaFio-s, Lat.
scaevus, 'left.']
savyatha, a. with sorrow or trouble,
[sa + vyatha.]
savyavrt, a. with a turn to the left, i.e.
turning to the left, [avrt.]
sa-gisya, a. with his pupils.
V sas (sasti). sleep, slumber.
s a s a , m. or n. herbs ; grass.
sasamdhya, o. with the morning twi-
light, [samdhya.]
sa-samdhyanga, a. with the evening
twilight.
sa-sambhrama, a. with excited haste.
sa-sarpa, a. with a serpent.
sasya, n. standing crop; produce of the
field, grain, [cf. sasa.]
sasya-ksetra, n. field of grain.
sasya-raksaka, m. keeper or watcher
of the standing crop.
V s ah (sahate; sasaha, sasahe ; asahista;
sahisyate ; sodha [222 3 ] ; sahitum, s6-
dhum ; -sahya). 1. overpower, 99 8 ;
be victorious, 78 4 ; 2. hold out against,
withstand ; and so bear ; endure patiently,
32 7.
[orig. 'be powerful, withstand, hold
back, hold': cf. the collateral Vsagh,
'take on one's self, bear': cf. tax", *<"-
<rx-a>, ' hold back ' ; ex, %-<r\-ov, ' hold or
have, had ' : w. sahas, *sagh-as, cf . the
Germanic stem seg-oz, as it appears in
Goth. neut. siyis, AS. sigor, prob. neuter,
all meaning ' victory ' ; the stem appears
also in Seges-tes, name of a Cheruscan
prince (Tacitus, Annals), and in Sigis-
mund : cf. also AS. sige, Ger. Sieg,
' victory.']
+ ud, 1. hold out, endure; 2. be
able, w. inf. ; katham svartham utsahe,
how can I (sc. do, prosecute) my own
object.
1 saha, 1. adv. together; saha na etad,
in common ours (is) that, i.e. we'll own
that together, 97 10 ; 2. prep, with, along
with, w. instr., I 16 , 89 8 . [cf. 2sa, and
1104 3 .]
2 saha, a. 1. powerful ; 2. enduring,
patiently bearing. [Vsah.]
saha-carin, 1. a. going together, ac-
companying; 2. as m. comrade, [for
2, cf. sahaya.]
saha-jd, a. born together, con-nate, in-
born, natural.
saha-bha sman, a. with the ashes.
saha-vatsa, a. with the calf. [1304c.]
saha-vahana, a. having their teams
along, with their teams. [1304c.]
sahas, n. superior power; might, 75 u ;
victory ; sahasa, adv. (with violence,
i.e.) suddenly, straightway, [see under
Vsah.]
sa-hasta, a. having hands.
sahasya, a. powerful, [sahas, 1212dl.]
sahasra, n. a thousand; esp. a thousand
kine ; a thousand, in the sense of a great
many, 87 6 ; for constructions, see 486.
[prop. ' one-thousand,' 3 sa + hasra : witl
hasra, cf. -xl\o-, *xei\o, *x<r/\.o (in SeKoi-
Xf\ot), and ^l\ioi, ' thousand.']
sahasra-nitha, a. having a thousand
songs, rich in songs, [nitha, 193, 1300a.]
sahasradaksina, a. having a thousand
kine as his gift or as its reward ; as m., sc.
yajfia, a sacrifice at which such reward is
given, 87 15 ; of persons who offer such
gifts, 91 9 . [daksina, ISOOa.J
sahasra-dvar [388c], a thousand-
doored.
sahasra-^rnga, a. thousand-horned.
[271]
[saman
sahasrangu, a. thousand-rayed; as m.
the sun. [angu.]
sahasrangu-sama, a. sun-like.
sahasra-magha, a. having thousand
gifts. [247.]
sahasvant, a. mighty, [sahas.]
s ah ay a, m. companion, attendant. [lit.
' going together or with/ saha + aya : for
mg, cf. Lat. comes, stem com-i-t, Vz, lit.
'going with, i.e. companion,' and also
sahacarin.]
sahayatana, a. along with the fire-place.
[ayatana.]
sahita, a. united; pi. in company, all to-
gether. [quasi-ppl. from 1 saha, like Eng.
downed from dou-n.
sahela, a. with levity; -am, adv. play-
fully. [2sa + hela.]
V sa or si (syati [761d3] ; sinati; sisaya ;
asat ; sisyati ; sita ; situm ; -saya ;
sayayati). bind; used almost exclusively
with ava and vi. [cf. 1/j.ds, stem *ai-n.a.vr,
' strap, thong '; AS. si-ma, 'bond'; Church
Slavonic se-tt, Lithuanian se-tas, AS. sd-da,
Ger. Sai-te, ' string ' ; Church Slavonic
si-lo, AS. sd-l, Ger. Sei-l, 'rope': see also
V siv and snayu.]
+ ava, 1. unbind or unharness (a
team); and so turn in; go to rest; go
home, 101 6 ; avasita, having turned in,
at rest ; 2. come to a stop at, i.e. decide
upon (e.g. a dwelling-place).
+ adhy-ava, cans, bring one's self to
a stop at, i.e. decide upon, undertake,
+ ud-ava, set out, esp. from the place
of sacrifice, cf. sa + ava, 1 ; betake one's
self, w. he., 101 4 .
+ v y - a v a , decide, determine, cf. sa +
ava, 2.
+ pra,.zn prasiti, 'continuation.'
sakuta, a. having a (definite) intention;
-am, adv. significantly, impressively.
[akuta.]
saksa, a. having or with the eyes; used
only in abl. saksat, as adv. 1. with the
eyes ; 2. plainly, actually, 51 14 ; exactly,
58 23 ; 3. (in reality, i.e.) in propria
persona, embodied, in person, I 10 , 6 18 .
[aksa: 1114c.]
sagara, m. ocean, [cf. sagara: accord-
ing to the legend, a basin hollowed out
by the sons of Sagara, and filled by
Bhagiratha with the water of the Ganges.]
sagnika, a. having Agni with them, with
Agni. [sa + agni, 1304c : for -ka, see
1222c2 2 and 1307.]
sangustha, a. with the thumb. [an-
gustha.]
sata, m. Sata, name of a Yaksha.
sata-vahana, . having Siita (in the
form of a lion) as his beast of burden,
riding on Sata ; as m. Satavahana, name
of a king, 49 1T .
sattvika, f. -I, a. 1. (really existent,
i.e.) real, 22 5 ; 2. standing in relation
to the quality sattva (q.v.), proceeding
from sattva, governed by sattva, good,
[sattva, 1222e2.]
sadana, n. dwelling. [Vsad: for mg, cf.
sadana.]
sadara, a. with respect; -am, adv. re-
spectfully, [adara.]
V sadh (sadhati, -te; sadhitum; sadha-
yati). 1. come straight to one's aim,
attain one's object; 2. bring straight to
one's object; cans. 1. bring to its
object or end; accomplish; 2. attain,
win. [cf. v' 2 sidh, 'succeed.']
sadhu,/. sadhvi, a. 1. leading straight
to the goal; straight (path), 83 17 ; 2.
good or noble (of people) ; faithful (wife),
64 10 ; as m. noble man, 21 19 ; as f. excel-
lent woman, 46 7 ; 3. as adv. right;
regularly, 86 12 ; well; as excl. bravo! 14 22 ,
48 16 . [Vsadh, 1178a.]
sadhuya, adv. straight, directly, [sadhii,
1112e end.]
sadhya, grdv. to be won; as m. pi.
Sadhyas, a class of deities. [V sadh.]
sanu, n. m. top; surface; ridge; back,
[cf. snu.]
sanugaya, a. full of repentance, [anu-
aya.]
sama-dhvani, m. sound of the saman.
[1249a 2 .]
saman, n. song; as technical term, esp. &
Vedic stanza as arranged for chanting, a
saman ; the collection of saman's, the
Samaveda.
samarthya]
[272]
samarthya, n. ability; -am kr, do one's
utmost ; strength, 41 4 . [samartha,
1211.]
sama-veda, m. the Veda of saman or
chants, 63 6 . [1249a 2 .]
samprata, a. of now, present; -am, adv.
at present, now. [samprati, 1208d.]
s a my a, n. equality. [2sama, 1211.]
samyata,y. condition of equality or like-
ness, [samya.]
say a, n. 1. a turning in, going to rest;
2. evening; sayam, adv. at evening,
sayaka, a. suitable for hurling, missile.
[V2si, 'hurl,'1181a.]
saranga, a. dappled; as m. antelope,
sarameya, m. descendant of the bitch
Sarama, name of certain dogs, 77 *, 83 17 .
[sarama, 1216a.]
sard ha, a. with a half; dve gate sardhe,
two hundred and fifty; sardham, adv.,
generalized, together ; as prep, along with,
w. instr. [ardha : the generalization of
mg is paralleled by that seen in galin.]
savitra, f. -i, a. belonging to Savitar;
with or without re, a verse to Savitar, esp.
Kigveda iii.62. 10 (= 74 14>15 ), regarded as
the most sacred in the Veda, and called
also gayatri, 60 13 . [savitf, 1208b.]
sagru, a, tearful; sagru, adv. [llllc],
tearfully, with tears in (their) eyes, 54 19 .
[acru.]
sastangapata, a. having or with an
astangapata, q.v. ; -am, adv. with pro-
foundest obeisance,
sasuya, a. with impatience; -am, adv.
impatiently, [asuya.]
sahasra, a. consisting of a thousand,
milliarius. [sahasra.]
sahayya, n. office of attendant, and so
(like Eng. attendance) service, aid.
[sahaya, 1211.]
V Isi, bind, see Vsa.
V 2 si, hurl, in pra-sita, 'darting along,'
sayaka, ' missile,' and sena, ' weapon.'
sinha, m. lion; at end of cpds, the best of
, noble or brave ; cf. vyaghra. [' the
powerful ' beast, V sah.]
V sic (sincati, -te [758]; siseca, sisice ;
asicat, -ata ; seksyati, -te ; sikta ; sek-
tum ; siktva; -sicya ; sicyate). 1.
pour out; sprinkle, 49 20 ; 2. esp. semen
inf undere f eminae ; 3. (like Eng. found)
cast, e.g. molten metal; phenam vajram
asincan, they cast the foam into (the
shape of) a thunderbolt, 97 12 . [cf.
(ic-/ub, ' moisture ' ; AS. seon, *sih-an,
' filter, flow,' Ger. seih-en, ' strain ' ; Church
Slavonic slc-ati, Ger. seich-en, ' mingere ' :
cf. also Swedish sila, *sih-la, ' strain,'
whence Eng. sile, 'drain, strain,' whence
sil-t, ' drainings, sediment.']
+ abhi, 1. pour upon, sprinkle; 2.
sprinkle in token of consecration, and so
(like Eng. anoint) consecrate.
+ ava, pour upon.
+ a, pour into.
+ ni, pour down or in; semen inf undere
feminae.
sic, f. hem of a garment or robe.
siddha, a. perfected; as m. pi. the Sid-
dhas, a class of demi-gods, with super-
natural powers, esp. that of flying through
the air. [see V 2 sidh, ' succeed.']
siddhi,/. 1. success, 36 10 ; accomplish-
ment (of a wish), 24 21 ; successful per-
formance, 57 14 ; attainment of an object,
52 u ; 2. (perfection, i.e.) magic power,
[prop. ' the reaching an aim,' V 2 sidh,
'hit the mark,' 1157. la.]
siddhimant, a. possessing magic power.
[1235.]
V Isidh (sedhati ; sisedha ; setsyati ;
siddha; seddhum; -sidhya). drive off;
scare away.
V 2 sidh (sidhyati, -te; sisedha; setsyati,
-te ; siddha). 1. reach an aim, hit the
mark; 2. succeed, 18 n ; be accom-
plished, IS 22 ; become realized, 18 19 ; be
of advantage, boot, avail, 71*; siddha,
having reached one's (highest) aim, hav-
ing attained perfection; esp. perfect in
the sense of having attained supernatural
or magic powers ; as m. a Siddha, q.v.
[cf. v'sadh.]
+ p r a , succeed ; prasiddha, known, cf.
prasiddhi ; aham prasiddho musaka-
khyaya, I go by the name of M., 47 21 .
sindhu, 1. in V., m. stream; 2. in V.
and later, f. The Stream, i.e. the Indus
(incolis Sindus appellatus Pliny); 3.
[273]
[1 suta
the land on the Indus and its inhabitants
(pi.), [cf. the Old Persian form hindu
(in an inscription of Darius Hystaspis at
Persepolis), as name of the land on the
Indus : hence, w. loss of aspiration, the
classical form 'Ij/SJ-s ; hence also Persian
Hind, ' India,' and Hind-u-stan (stem =
sthana, 'abode, land').]
sisrksu, a. desirous to create. [fr.
desid. of V srj, 1038, 1178f : euphony,
184c 2 .]
V si v (sivyati ; syiita ; -sivya). sew.
[prop, slu (765): cf. v' sa, si, 'bind,' su-
tra, ' thread,' sucf, ' needle ' : cf . Kaff-avu,
*KaTo-<ruco, 'sew down, stitch together,
cobble ' ; Lat. su-ere, ' sew,' su-tor, ' shoe-
maker'; AS. siw-ian, seowian, Eng. sew;
AS. seam, Eng. seam, Ger. Saum, 'hem,
border.']
V Isu (sun6ti, sunute; susava; savisyati,
sosyati; suta; -siitya). press out, ex-
tract, esp. the Soma or extract ; sunvant,
as m. the Soma-presser ; suta, extracted ;
as m. the extract, i.e. Soma-juice, 70 5 ;
draught of Soma, 73 10 .
V 2su or su (suvati ; susuv6 ; dsavit;
suta, suta ; -siitya). impel, set in
motion ; bring about ; occasion ; give
authorization to; w. loc., perhaps set, at
KV. X. 125. 7. [cf. <?<*, *o-eF-cia>, ' let .go,
permit'; aT/ta GV-TO, 'the blood shot or
spurted.']
+ ud, impel upwards; set a-going, begin,
in utsava.
+ p a r a , drive away.
V 3 s u , generate, bear, see V su.
sti, 1. adv. [1121d], well; with stha, stand
well, i.e. firmly, 87 6 ; asseverative or em-
phatic, and to be rendered variously: we
pray, 79 4 ; ni su svapa, sleep in peace;
with u, 'now,' just now, right soon, 80 l ,
74 11 ; -2. inseparable prefix [1304b, 1288b],
with force of either adv. or adj., well or
good; sometimes intensive, as, su-dustara,
' very bad-to-cross.' [no prob. connection
w. e5, 'well'; see ayii.]
sukumara, a. very delicate. [cf. ku-
mara.]
sukumaranga, f. -I, a. having very
delicate limbs, [anga.]
s u - k r t , a. well-doing, righteous ; as m. pi.
the righteous ones /car' Qoxhv, i.e. the
departed fathers (85 19 ), who enjoy the
reward of their works in the world of the
pious sukftam u loke, 84 n .
su-krta, n. a good deed, good works,
63 16 ; sukrtasya loka, world of righteous-
ness, 89 8 , modernized substitute for the old
phrase sukftam u loka. [1288 and b:
acct, 1284a.]
su-keganta, a. fair-locked. [1304b.]
su-ksatra, a. having a good or kind
rule ; as m. kind or gracious ruler, [ksa-
tra, 1304b.]
su-ks6tra,n. fair field. [ks6tra, 1288b.]
V suksetriya (*suksetrlyati). to desire
fair fields denom., found only in the fol-
lowing word, [suksetra, 1059c and c 2 .]
suksetriya, f. desire for fair fields.
[V suksetriya, 1149 6 .]
sukha, a. pleasant; comfortable; as n.
pleasure; comfort; joy; bliss, 58 n , 66 1 ;
sukham, -ena, adverbially, pleasantly,
with pleasure, in comfort, happily, well
or easily, 24 9 , etc. [cf. duhkha.]
sukha-duhkha, n. weal or woe.
[1253b.]
sukhin, a. having comfort, being in com-
fort, [sukha.]
sukhocita, a. accustomed to ease,
[ucita, Vuc.]
sukhodya, a. easily pronounceable,
[udya.]
sukhopavista, a. comfortably seated,
[upa vista, Vvic,.]
su-gd, a. having the going or approach
easy; easy to attain ; as n. good path.
su-gata, a. well-conditioned, i.e. having
had a goo.d time.
su-gatuya,/! desire for welfare, [pre-
supposes a noun *su-gatu, ' wel-fare '
(see gatu), whence the denom. verb-stem
*sugatuya, 'desire welfare' (1061), whence
this noun 1149 6 .]
su-cira, a. very long; -am, adv. very
long.
su-janiman, a. having good productions
or creations ; skillfully fashioning.
1 suta, ppl. extracted; as m. extract;
sea \l 1 su, ' extract.'
18
2 suta]
[274]
2 suta, m. son ; suta, f. daughter, [prop,
'generated, born,' ppl. of V3su, see Vsu:
for mg, cf. sunii, and Eng. bairn (under
V/bhr).]
su-tfp, a. easily satisfied. [vbl. fr.
\f 1 trp.]
su-dargana, a. having a beautiful ap-
pearance, handsome, eu-<j)wfis; as m. Su-
darfana, name of a king, 'Ei><f)dvr]s.
su -daman, a. having good gifts, bestow-
ing blessings ; as m. cloud, as source of
rain and therewith connected blessings,
blessed rain-cloud.
su-dina, a. very bright or clear; as n.
(like Lat. serenum) clear weather.
sudinatva, n. (like Lat. serenitas) clear
weather; fig. auspicious or blessed time,
always in the phrase -tve ahnam, in der
Gliickszeit der Tage, in the happy days.
[1239.]
su-ditl, f. beautiful flaming or flame.
su-dustara, a. very hard-to-cross, hard
to get over; (of a promise) hard to per-
form.
1 sudha, f. (good place or position, i.e.)
well-being, [sii + 1 dha.]
2 sudha, /. (good drink, i.e.) drink of the
gods, nectar, [sii + 2 dha.]
su-nasaksibhruva, a. having beauti-
ful noses-and-eyes-and-brows. [for na-
saksibhru (1315c), i.e. nasa + aksi + bhru,
1253.]
su-nigcaya, a. having a very firm re-
solve, very resolute.
sundara,yi -I, a. beautiful.
s u n v a , a. Soma-pressing. [V 1 su, ' press ' :
see 1148. 3b and 716.]
supatni, a. f. having a good husband,
[su + pati, but in the fern, form, since
the masc. would not be used : 1304b : cf.
sapatni.]
su-parna, a. with good wings; as m. bird
of prey ; eagle, vulture ; mythical bird.
[parna, 1304b.]
su-putra, a. having good sons, [putra,
1304b.]
su-pratisthita, a. properly set up.
su-pravi [355b], a. very zealous. [1288b.]
sii-prita, a. well pleased. [1288b and
1284.]
su-baddha, a. well or fast bound.
[1288b and 1284a.]
su-buddhi, a. having good wits; as m.
Bright-wits, Good-wits, name of a crow.
su-bhaga, a. having a goodly portion,
fortunate, happy ; esp. loved (by one's
husband), 89 10 ; charming; amiable, 61 12 .
[bhaga, 1304b.]
siimakha, a. jocund. [perhaps sii +
makha.]
su-mangala, /. -gall [355b], a. having
or bringing good luck, [mangala: acct
irregular, cf. 1304b 2 end.]
su-madhyama, a. fair-waisted.
su-manas, a. 1. good-hearted, well-
disposed, 90 2 ; kind; 2. (having good,
i.e. happy feelings, i.e.) cheerful; glad,
78 13 ; -3. as / pi. (the cheerful ones,
i.e.) the flowers; in cpd, 19 2/) . [cf. the
second part of eu-jueHjs, stem fv-/j.fves,
' well-disposed.']
V sumanasya, only in ppl. sumanas-
yamana, being cheerful ; joyous, [su-
manas, 1063.]
sii -mah a nt [450b], a. very great or
important. [1288b.]
sumahakaksa, a. having very-great
(enclosures, i.e.) halls or rooms. [su-
maha + kaksa, 1298a, 334 2 .]
su-meka, a. (having a good setting-up,
i.e.) firmly stablished.
su-medhas, a. having good insight or
wisdom, wise.
sumna, n. favor, grace; welfare, [per-
haps neuter of an adj. su-mna, 'kindly
minded ' see mna : but cf . 1224c.]
sura, m. a god. [a pendant to asura,
formed by popular etymology from
asu-ra, as if this were a-sura, ' non-god '
see asura.]
su-raksita, a. well-guarded.
su-ratna, a. having goodly treasures,
[ratna, 1304b.]
surabhi, a. sweet-smelling, fragrant.
surabhisrag-dhara, a. wearing fra-
grant garlands, [surabhi-sraj.]
sura-sattama, m.pl. the best of the gods.
siira, f. spirituous, ana" esp. distilled,
liquor ; brandy ; liquor. [V 1 su, ' express ' :
cf. Isuta and soma.]
[275]
[sura
su-radhas, a. having goodly blessings,
bounteous,
surottama, a. subst. chief of gods, [ut-
tama.)
su-lalita, a. very lovely; (of meat)
delicious.
su-locana, a. fair-eyed,
su-varcas, a. having good varcas, i.e.:
full of life, 83 1 *; blooming, 90 2 ; fiery,
2 2 ; glorious, 1 16 .
su-varna, a. having a beautiful color;
as n. gold,
suvarna-kankana, n. gold-bracelet.
[1280b.]
su-vidatra, a. kindly noticing, i.e.
taking kind notice, kindly. [1288b.]
suvidatriya, a. kindly. [suvidatra,
1214a.]
su-vira, a. having good heroes; rich in
retainers, 87 l ; heroic, 78 4 , 88 14 . [vird:
acct, 1304b 2 end.]
suvrkti, f. excellent praise, goodly
hymn, [su + rkti, with euphonic v.]
su-eva, a. very kindly. [Qeva, 1288b.]
su-glaksna, a. very smooth,
su-samcita, a. well-gathered; -am,
adv. susamcitam samcitya, having gath-
ered (in a well-gathered way, i.e.)
carefully,
sii-samahita, a. very intent, entirely
concentrated upon one thing. [V 1 dha,
'put': acct, 1284 2 .]
su-stha, a. (well situated, i.e.) safe and
well.
su-hrd, m. friend, [prop, adj., 'having
a good heart, kindly disposed.']
suhrd-bheda, m. a creating of divisions
among friends, separation of friends,
suhrd-vakya, n. (speech, i.e.) words of
a friend.
V su or su (sute [628]; susava, susuve;
asosta ; savisyati, -te ; sosyati, -te ;
suta, suta; sutva ; -suya). generate;
bring forth ; bear ; so perhaps at RV. x.
125. 7. [cf . 2 suta, ' bairn ' ; vt6s, *<n/-jo-s,
'son'; for pronunciation as trisyllable,
&-i-6s, cf. Boeotian ovitis : see also under
su and sunii.]
+ pra, bring forth; prasuta, born of
(gen.).
su [351], vbl. bearing, in virasu ; as f.
mother. [Vsu, q.v. : with su-s, cf. o-C-s,
v-s, Lat. su-s, AS. su, Eng. sow (qua pecude
nihil genuit natura f ecundius Cicero,
cf . verres under V vrs) ; also AS. swin,
*su-ina, Eng. swine, prop, a diminutive of
SM.]
sukara, m. swine, boar, [origin uncer-
tain.]
siik am a, a. fine, small; subtile, intangi-
ble, atomic, 56 19 .
\/ sue ay a (sucayati). indicate; sucita,
made recognizable, [suci, mg 3 : 1061 2 .]
suci and suci, f. 1. needle; 2. general-
ized, a pointed object; and so 3. (like
Eng. pointer) indicator; index, [prob. fr.
Vsiv, sm, q.v.]
sutra, n. I. thread; cord; 2. brief
rule or book of such rules (so called, per-
haps, because each rule was a short 'line'
or because the collection was a ' string ' of
rules), cf. Whitney xvii. [Vsiv, q.v.]
\f sud (sudayati). 1. lead straight on,
keep a-going; 2. bring about, finish;
3. finish (in its colloquial sense), put an
end to, destroy.
+ ni, destroy, see simple verb.
sunara, f. -I, a. gladsome, joyous, [cf.
sunfta.]
sunii, m. son; once (a57 6 ), as/, daughter.
[Vsu: cf. Church Slavonic synu, AS.
sunn, Eng. son : for mg, cf. 2 suta.]
sunfta, a. joyous, gladsome, kind ; -a,
as / jy- [sunara : see 1237 3 .]
sunrtavan,/. -varl, a. joyous, [sunfta,
1234 and 3 : for fern., 1169. 2 2 .]
supa, m. soup, [despite the identity of
mg, no etymological connection has as
yet been discovered.]
supa-kara, m. soup-maker, cook.
supavancana, a. (having an easy
faltering-approach, i.e.) to which one
easily or gladly totters (of the grave), i.e.
easy of approach or not repulsive, [upa-
vancana, 1304b 2 .]
supayana, a. (of easy approach, i.e.)
easy of access, [upayana, 1304b 2 .]
sura, m. the sun. [cf. svar, gen. sur-as,
' sun ' : perhaps a transfer to the a-declen-
sion, 399.]
18*
suri]
[276]
suri, TO. (prop, impeller, inciter, i.e.) he
who engages priests to perform a sacrifice
for his own benefit and pays them for it,
a sacrifice-master ; the same as maghavan
(g.v.) and the later yajamana. [V2su,
'impel/ 1191.]
surya, m. the sun, selection xl. ; the Sun,
personified, selection xxxiii. ; surya, f. 1.
the Sun, personified as a female ; 2. the
hymn of Surya's wedding, RV. x. 85, selec-
tion Iviii. [fr. svar (sur), 1212a.]
aurya-vid, a. knowing the Surya-hymn,
RV. x. 85.
V sr (sisarti; sasara, sasr6 ; asarat ; sa-
risyati; srta; sartum; srtva; -sftya ;
sarayati, -te). run swiftly, glide, flow;
ecus. act. set in motion, [cf. fy>-/t^, 'rush,
onset, spring,' whence dpudta, 'rush on';
Ox-pa, ' spring ' ; a\Xoft.a.i, ' spring ' ; SA-TO,
' leaped ' ; Lat. salire, ' spring ' ; cf . saras,
'pool,' sarit, 'stream,' and, for the root
with 1, sal-ila, 'flowing' and 'fluid, i.e.
water.']
+ anu, run or go after.
+ apa, go off ; caws, remove; take out.
+ ava, go down, in avasara.
4- a , run unto ; run.
f u p a , go unto, approach.
+ nis, go out; cans, drive out or away.
+ pr a , go forth ; caws, stretch forth or out.
+ s a m , 1. flow together ; 2. go
about, wander, sam intensive, 1077b end ;
esp. wander from one existence to another
(of the soul).
s r k a , m. perhaps missile, lance.
srgala, m. jackal.
V srj (srjati, -te; sasarja, sasrje; asrak-
sit ; sraksyati, -te ; srsta ; srastum ;
srstva; -sfjya; sisrksati). 1. let loose
(from the hand), dart, hurl; throw; 2.
let go, pour out (streams, rain), discharge;
3. let loose (herds); 4. spin or twist
(cord or garland); 5. (discharge from
one's self, cf. 57 J , and so) procreate, en-
gender ; create.
+ ava, 1. shoot off (arrows) ; throw or
put in, 57 2 ; 2. let loose (streams);
loose (from a bond), 78 19 ; deliver over,
84 12 ; -3. (like Eng. colloq. let slide) let
pass unnoticed, forgive, 78 18 .
+ ud, 1. cast ; hurl (a bolt) ; 2. pour
out, 103 18 ; 3. cast off; lay down (a
corpse) ; 4. let go, 3 8 .
- sam-ud, let go, discharge.
+ upa, (hurl at, and so) plague, dis-
tress, vex ; aditya upasrstas, sc. rahuna,
the sun vexed by Rahu, i.e. eclipsed.
+ vi, 1. throw away, 105 17 ; 2. dis-
charge; (let go from the hand, i.e.) lay
down, 103 2 ; mid., w. vacam, let go the
voice, i.e. break silence by saying ,
100 8 ; 3. create, 57 8 , cf. simple verb.
+ sam, (let go together) mix, unite.
sfj, vbl. creating. [Vsrj.]
v' srp (sarpati, -te ; sasarpa ; asrpat;
sarpsyati, srapsyati ; srpta ; sarpitum ;
srptva; -sfpya; sisrpsati). creep, crawl;
glide ; used of gentle and cautious motion,
[cf . e/wr&i, ' creep, go ' ;. Lat. serp-ere,
' creep ' ; repere, *srep-ere, ' creep,' rep-ti-lis,
' creeping ' ; AS. sealf, Eng. salve, so
named from its slipperiness, like sarpis
and srpra, see these ; cf. also tpTr-rrAv and
Lat. serpens, 'snake': no connection w.
Eng. slip.~\
+ u d , creep out or up ; rise ; desid. wish
to rise.
+ upa, go gently unto, approach gently.
+ vi, 1. move asunder, disperse; 2.
move about.
srpra, a. slippery, fatty; smooth, [v'srp,
'l!88a.]
1 sena, /. a missile; weapon. [V2si,
'hurl,'1177a.]
2 sena, f. line of battle; acies; army,
[akin with sita, ' furrow,' siman, ' parting
of the hair ' : from these a root *si, ' draw
a straight line,' may perhaps be inferred.]
sersya, a. with jealousy; -am, adv. with
jealousy, [sa + irsya.]
V sev (sevate; siaeva, siseve; sevisyati;
sevitd; sevitum; sevitva; -sevya). 1.
stay by (loc.), the opp. of tyaj ; 2. stay
by, and so (like Eng. wait upon) serve or
reverence, 30 17 ; 3. devote one's self
to; practice, 21 , 66 2 , 68 9 . [no connec-
tion w. fff&ofjiai, 'reverence,' see Vtyaj.]
-I- u p a , reverence ; be devoted to.
+ ni, be devoted to, i.e. cohabit with.
+ sam, practice.
[277]
[V stigh
sevana, n. practice. [Vsev.]
a e v a , f, a serving or reverencing. [V sev,
1149.]
sainika, a. belonging to an army; as m.
soldier; champion or fighter. [2sena,
1222e2.]
s6daka, a. with water, containing water,
[udaka, 1304c.]
s6ma, 7?i. 1. extract, esp. of certain
species of the Asclepias family, see 70 5 N. ;
Soma, both literally, and also personified as
a god ; as pi. Soma-draughts ; 2. the
moon, see 70 6 N. [Vlsu, 'extract/ 1166.]
so ma -pa [352], a. Soma-drinking ; asm.
Soma-drinker.
soma-p6ya, n. a drinking of Soma; dat.
in order to drink the Soma, see 1213c, 982.
[acct, 1272a.]
somya, a. having to do with Soma, i.e.,
as m. : Soma-offerer ; pi. the Manes, 84 18 .
[s6ma, 1212c.]
saudamani, f. lightning; prop., f. of an
adj. *saudamana, 'of the rain-cloud,
cloud-born/ and to be taken in its adj.
sense, as epithet of vidynt, at 2 9 . [see
suclaman and 1208a.]
saiibhaga, n. happiness. [subhaga,
1208f.]
saubhagatva, n. condition of happi-
ness; weal and blessing, [saiibhaga,
1239.]
saiibhagya, n. happiness, esp. conjugal
felicity, 89 16 ; charmingness, 2 6 . [su-
bhaga (1211, 1204c) see its rags.]
saumya, a. 1. of or relating to Soma;
Soma-, 96 6 ; 2. (moon-like, i.e.) having
a mild and kindly influence on senses and
feelings, and so mild, gentle ; 3. voc.
sing, saumya, O gentle sir, 61 8 . [s6ma,
1211.]
saury a, a. pertaining to the sun; neut.
pi, sc. suktani, hymns to Surya. [surya,
1211.]
sauvarna, a. golden, [suvarna, 1208f.]
V s k a n d ( skandati ; caskanda ; askantsit ;
skantsyati; skanna; -skandya, -skd-
dya). intrans. dart, spring, spurt; drop,
be spilled; fall. [cf. <riiv5-a\ov, 'trap-
stick' (cf. Ger. Falle, 'trap, pit-fall/ w.
fallen, 'fall'), and 'stumbling-block'; Lat.
scand-ere, 'climb,' de-scend-ere, 'climb
down ' ; scdla, *scad-la, ' ladder.']
skandha, m. shoulder.
skandha-dega, m. region of the
shoulder, i.e. shoulder.
skandhas, n. ramification; branches of
a tree, tree-top.
stana, m. the breast of a woman.
stabdha, a. immovable, rigid, stiff.
[Vstabh, 954, 160.]
stabdha-locana, a. having immovable,
i.e. unwinking eyes.
stabdhl-kr, make rigid or stiff (as if
dead), [stabdha, 1094.]
V stabh or stambh (stabhnati; tastam-
bha, tastambhe; astambhlt; stabdha;
stabdhum; stabdhva ; -stabhya). 1.
make firm or steady, prop or uphold
(heaven or earth); 2. mid. become
firm or immovable or rigid; stabdha,
immovable, rigid, [cf . ffTepfy-vKov, ' olives
pressed hard, oil-cake ' ; ffTf/j.ft-fiv, ' mal-
treat,' collateral form of ff-rt'tfl-eij>, ' stamp
on, tread ' ; Eng. stamp : for connection
of mgs, cf . tyfiSw, ' make steady or firm,
fix firm, plant.']
+ u d , prop up.
+ vi, 1. prop asunder, 78 10 ; 2.
(make immovable, i.e.) bring to a stand-
still, stop, 6 21 .
stambha, m. prop, post, column.
[V stambh.]
V sta (stayant). be stealthy, [see stena,
stayd.]
stayii, m. thief. [Vsta, 1165: cf. tayri.]
V stigh (stinn6ti). proceed, stride; esp.
proceed against, attack. [cf. o-reixw,
'proceed, march, go in line,' rarely
'mount up'; Church Slavonic stignati,
' hasten ' : the root is wide-spread in Ger-
manic, but often shows a specialization of
mg, ' proceed upward, ascend, climb ' ; cf .
AS. stlg-an, which often means simply
' proceed, go,' but also ' ascendere,' and
even ' descendere ' ; Ger. steig-en, ' mount
up ' ; AS. stKg-er, ' a step to climb by/
Eng. stair; AS. stigel, 'step or steps for
climbing over a fence/ Eng. stile; AS.
stig-rdp, sti-rdp, 'mounting-rope/ Eng.
stirrup ; Ger. Steg-reif, ' stirrup ' ; AS.
Vstu]
[278]
stigend, ' rising or sty,' Eng. sty, ' swelling
(on eye-lid)': for change of gh to n in
present, cf . 161 l and *.]
+ pra, get ahead in attacking, succeed
in one's attacks, 93 5 - 10 - ".
V stu (stauti [626], state 1 ; tustiva, tu-
stuve ; dstausit, astosta ; Astavit ;
stavisydti, -te ; stosyati, -te ; stuta ;
stdtum ; stutva ; -stiitya, -stuya ; stu-
ydte). praise; extol (a god); stuvant,
(praising, as subst.) worshipper.
+ pra, 1. praise; 2. bring forward
as object of mention or subject of con-
versation (cf. Lot. laudare, prop. ' praise,'
but also 'mention'), and so 3. general-
ized, introduce, begin.
stuka, /. lock or tuft (of wool or hair),
[see stokd.]
V str (strnati, strnit6, in mg 1 in Veda;
strn6ti, strnutS, in mg 2; tastara, ta-
stare ; astarit [900] ; starisyate ; strta,
stirna [957b] ; strtva, stirtva'; -stftya,
-stirya). 1. strew, esp. the sacrificial
straw, 88 1T ; spread out; 2. (like Lat.
sternere) overthrow (an enemy).
[cf . ffr6p-vv-fjn, Lat. ster-n-ere, ' strew,
spread out'; a-rpw-fj.a, (like Eng. spread)
'bedding,' <rrp<a-[j.v4), 'bed,' Lat. strd-men,
' straw,' storea, ' straw mat,' torus, *stor-u-s,
' bed ' ; AS. strea-w, streo-w-ian, Eng. straw,
strew ; ffTpca-r6s, Lat. strd-tus, ' bespread ' ;
(via) strata, ' (way) bespread' with stones,
i.e. 'paved,' whence borrowed AS. street,
Eng. street; Old Lat. stld-tus, Lat. Idtus,
'spread out, spreading, and so broad,
wide ' ; see also under noun str.]
+ ana, cover over.
+ a , spread out.
+ upa, spread upon, spread as a cover;
as technical term of the ritual, with or with-
out ajya, pour the sacrificial butter over
(e.g. the hand) so as to make a coating,
999.
+ pra, spread out.
stf [371 12 , taras, stfbhis], m., plural only.
the stars, [if fr. Vstr, we may interpret
the name as meaning either (a) 'the
light-strewers,' or (b) 'the scattered' ones,
those that are ' spread out ' over the vault
of heaven ; but the connection w. V str is
very uncertain: cf. arr^/>, stem a-a-rtp,
Avestan star, Lat. stella, *ster-la, Ger.
Stern, AS. steorra, Eng. star: see also
tara.]
stena, m. thief. [Vsta.]
stokd, 1. m. drop; 2. as adj. small,
insignificant, [akin with stuka, ' tuft ' :
from these, a root *stu, 'drop, dribble,
run together, be compacted into a round
mass,' may perhaps be inferred: for mg
2, cf. Eng. dribble w. driblet.']
stotf, m. praiser (of a god), worshipper,
singer, [v'stu, 1182a.]
st6ma, m. praise, song of praise, [sfstu,
1166a.]
stoma- vArdhana, a. delighting in
praise, [acct, 1271.]
stri [366], f. woman, female individual,
wife, opp. of pumans, e.g. 104 9 . [prob.
for *sutri, ' generatrix,' V su, 1182 2 .]
stri-kama, a. having desire for female
(children). [1296.]
sth, 1. vbl in cpds. standing; and so,
generalized (like Eng. stand, 'be situated'),
situated, staying, being; 2. sometimes,
perhaps, substantively, place (like Eng. noun
stand, 'place'), in go-stha, sadha-stha.
[Vstha, 333: sometimes -stha, 186.]
sthala, n. dry land (as opp. to water),
terra firma, Test-land ; sthali, f. place,
[prob. akin w. V stha, ' that which stands
firm.']
sthdvira, a. 1. firm, thick, massy,
sturdy; 2. full-grown, old; as m. old
man. [from sthii, collateral form of
Vstha, 1188e: for mg 1, cf. Eng. steady,
cognate w. stand, and cf . sthira ; for 2,
cf. Eng. of long standing.]
V stha (tisthati, -te [671, 749a]; tasthaii,
tasthe; asthat, asthita [884]; sthasyati,
-te ; sthita ; sthatum ; sthitva ; -sthaya ;
sthlyate; sthapayati, -te [1042d]).
-1. stand, 13 18 , 25 16 , 47 6 , 80 7 , 87 ,
98 18 ; stand still, 70 19 - 21 ; remain stand-
ing ; 2. stand by (a friend) ; hold out
faithfully, 25 5 , 63 13 - 14 ; -3. remain, 64 W;
wait, 54 6 ; abide, 39 10 , 46 6 ; pass., impers.:
sarvaih sthiyatam, let all remain, 24 10 ;
atra sthiyatam, stay here, 39 21 ; 4.
remain or be in a condition, continue in
[279]
[sthavara
an action [1075c]; w. adj. or ppl., 28 3 ,
30 3 ; vyapaditas tisthati, lies dead, 44 1G ;
iv. gerund, 26 1G ; w. instr., 41 6 ;
5. exist; be present, 10 3 , 45 13 ; 6.
be situated, be, I 5 , 26 13 , 33 4 ; -7. (remain
standing, i.e. unmoved or untouched, and
so, like Ger. dahingestellt bleiben) remain
unconsidered or unmentioned ; thus, dure
tisthatu tadvrddhis, (let the interest of
it stand afar off, i.e.) to say nothing of
the interest of it, 46 2) ; 8. sthita,see s.v.;
9. cans, cause to stand, set ; put, 41 19 .
[for *sta: cf. Doric inf. crra-nev, Epic
crrri-vai, Church Slavonic sta-ti, Lat. std-re,
Old High Ger. std-n, Ger. steh-en, ' stand ' :
this old form of the root appears also in
Ger. Statt, AS. stede, Eng. stead, 'place':
the prevailing form of the root in Ger-
manic is stand; cf. AS. stond-an, Eng.
stand; Ger. preterit stand, 'stood': with
a-stha-t, cf. S-O-TTJ, 'stood'; w. ti-stha-mi,
cf 'l-ffri)-fu, ' set,' Lat. si-sti-t, ' sets ' : for
mgs of Vstha, cf. in general those of
Eng. stand.~]
+ adhi, stand upon.
+ anu, 1. (stand along by, i.e.) take
one's place along by, and so support,
help ; 2. devote one's self to a thing,
e.g. virtue, 58 16 ; devote one's self to (an
undertaking), and so carry out (a plan),
33 14 ; accomplish ; pass, impers. : evam
anustheyam, it must be done so, 37 8 ;
so 38 15 ; tatha^anusthite, it having been
thus accomplished, this being done, 33 14 ;
see 303b* and cf. 35 1G , 37 13 , 39 15 - 22 .
+ abhi, set the foot upon, vanquish;
withstand.
+ ava, -1. stand off, 105 20 ; -2.
stand ; 3. remain, abide ; avasthita :
standing ; posted, 43 12 ; situated ; abiding,
dwelling; caus. (cause to stand apart,
i.e.) leave behind, 44 2>9 .
+ a, take one's place at; resort to, 10 x .
+ ud, stand up; rise up (from sleep or
inactivity), 30 20 ; spring up, 26 n ; get out
of (abl.), 36 13 ; caus. cause or bid to rise,
102 7 ; pull out (of a mire, a vat), 22 9 ,
36". [a lost, 233a.]
+ praty-ud, rise up to meet (in token
of respect).
+ sam-ud, rise up, spring up.
+ upa, 1. stand by, 94 9 ; set one's
self near; stand opposite, 59 23 ; 2. ap-
proach, esp. with reverence or supplica-
tion; upasthita : (having) approached
or appeared ; near at hand, 41 8 .
+ anu^upa, mid. approach one after
another; w. ma (the pronoun), come to my
side, 94 4 .
+ sam-upa, approach; fall to one's
lot; samupasthita, on hand.
+ ni, stand in, rest on.
+ pari, stand round about, encompass;
restrain.
+ pra, mid. arise, and so set out to go;
go off ; prasthito 'bhavat, prof ectus est ;
caus. send away, dismiss, 36 9 .
-fprati, stand; be established; get a
place or foot-hold, 84 9 ; pratisthita : es-
tablished, resting upon ; set up ; caus.
set.
+ vi, mid. (stand asunder, i.e.) spread
itself.
+ anu-vi, spread one's self over, per-
vade (ace.), RV.x.125.7.
+ sam, mid. 1. remain with; 2. in the
ritual, come to a stand-still (sam, inten-
sive), i.e. get through, finish; samsthite,
loc. absolute, if he (end, i.e.) die, 101 6 .
sthatra, n. station, place. [Vstha, 1185:
for mg, cf. Eng. stead w. root sta under
V stha.]
sthana, n. 1. a standing; 2. a re-
maining, abiding ; 3. standing, i.e., as
in Eng., rank; 4. an abode (see bha-
vana) ; place, 35 5 , etc.; 5. pregnantly
(cf. patra), a proper place ; 6. a proper
occasion ; concrete, a proper object for
giving occasion to anything ; tatkavya-
sya^arpana-sthanam ekah s-, of this
poem S. is the sole consignment-occa-
sioner, i.e. the only one worthy of having
this poem entrusted to him, 54 1 . [Vstha,
1150. 1.]
sthana-bhr anga, m. abode-ruin, loss
of abode.
sthavara, a. standing; not endowed with
the power of locomotion, and so, as col-
lective n. sing., the plants, 63 22 ; as m. pi.
plants, 67 a . [Vstha, 1171a.]
sthavarata]
[280]
sthavarata, f. condition of being a
plant. [1237.]
sthita, a. 1. standing (as opp. to going,
lying), 14 18 ; 2. (of animate and inani-
mate beings) standing in a place; abid-
ing; sthitas (supply, as is often necessary,
some form o/Vas, 'be'), was abiding, i.e.
abode, 29 18 ; situated; bhutale sthitam,
being on the earth, i.e., simply, on the
earth, 6 17 ; impers. : sthitam, it was
waited by (instr.), i.e. (he) waited, 34 18 ;
3. existing ; present, 6 18 ;
4. being or remaining in a situation
or condition (cf. Vstha 4), which is ex-
pressed: by an adj. in the same case, 13 10 ;
by an adv.; tatha, 26 18 ; kah sthito 'tra,
who (is) being here, i.e. who is here, 49 7 ;
by a gerund; atmanam acchadya sthitas,
after concealing himself (was) remaining,
i.e. kept hidden, 25 10 ; so 86", 38 19 , 41*;
upavigya sthitas, waited sitting, 43 9 ;
yair vyapya bhavan sarvan sthito
mahan, with which the intellect, pervad-
ing all beings, stands, i.e. with which it
constantly pervades all beings, 66 9 .
[ppl. of V stha, 954c : cf . o-Ta-r6-s, Lat.
sta-tu-s, ' standing, set ' : for mgs above,
cf. Vstha.]
sthlti,^ 1. a standing; 2. a remain-
ing by a thing; and so 3. devotion to
(loc.), 15 17 ; 4. (like Lat. status) con-
dition; and so 5. way, method of pro-
cedure, 26 7 . [Vstha, 1157. la, cf. 954c.]
sthin, vbl. standing, in cpds. [Vstha,
1183*.]
sthira, a. steady; steadfast, 81 9 ; firm;
also of persons, 99 7 ; enduring (of might),
78. [Vstha, 11881, cf . 9 54 C: for mg> cf .
sthavira.]
V sthu, assumed as collateral form of stha,
cf. sthavira, and see under V sna.
s than a, f. post, pillar, [for *stul-na, fr.
v'*stul or *stal, an extended form of
V*sta, Skt. stha: cf. Ger. Stolle(n), Old
High Ger. stollo, *stol-no, 'prop, post';
<rrv\-os, ' post, pillar ' ; these words, like
<rrtj\ij, Doric trrd\a, ' prop, post,' presup-
pose the root in causal mgs, 'cause to
stand,' i.e. (a) 'keep from falling, prop
up/ and (b) 'set up,' as a pillar: the root
appears also in Ger. Stall, Eng. stall,
'stand, i.e. standing-place,' and in Ger.
still, Eng. still, ' standing, not moving.']
V sna (snati; sasnau; snasyati, -te;
snata; snatum; snatva; -snaya). bathe;
perform a religious ablution, esp. at the
end of religious studentship (62 6 ) or of a
vow. [orig. sna or snu (so stha, sthu) :
cf. V ffvv in Hwfov, *t-ffv*f-ov, 'swam'; Lat.
nd-re, ' swim ' : see also under naii.]
snataka, a. who has performed the
ablution customary at the end of religious
pupilage, [snata, 1222.]
s nan a, n. a bathing, religious ablution.
[Vsna, 1150.]
snana-glla, a. (having bathing as a
habit, i.e.) practicing religious ablutions.
[1302.]
snayin, a. performing religious ablutions.
[Vsna, 1183 s , 258.]
snayu, f. n. 1. sinew, 25 7 . [perhaps
' ligament,' from V sa or si, ' bind, ligare,'
q.v. : if so, it is formed from the present-
stem sina (see 1148. 3b and cf. sunva),
abbreviated to sna, with suffix u (1178b)
and interposed y (258) : cf. Old High
Ger. se'nawa, Ger. Sehne, AS. sinu, Eng.
sinew, which point to a Goth. *sinava:
that sna-yu and its older equiv. sna- van
are abbreviated forms (for sina-) would
appear from the Germanic cognates.]
snayu-bandha, m. sinew-band, i.e. bow-
string.
V snih (snihyati ; snigdha). 1. be
supple, greasy, moist ; and so 2. stick
to, i.e., as in Eng., be attached to, be
fond of.
snu, n. collateral form o/sanu. surface.
sneha, m. 1. stickiness; 2. viscid and
smooth stuff; oil; fat; 3. attachment,
love, friendship, [v'snih: for connection
of 1 and 3, see snih.]
V spa 5, older form of V 1 pac,, q.v.
V sprdh (spardhate ; pasprdhe ; spar-
dhita; spardhitum). contest the pre-
cedence among one another ; emulate ;
strive.
spfdh, f. rival ; opponent; foe.
[V sprdh.]
V sprg (sprgati, -te; pasparga, paspr6 ;
[281]
[Vsru
aspraksit, asprksat; spraksyati; sprstd;
sprastum; sprstva; -spfgya). touch.
+ upa, 1. touch, 103 22; reach to,
RV. x. 125. 7 ; 2. w. apas, touch water,
technical term for symbolical purification,
by dipping the hand in a dish, by rinsing
the mouth, or by washing, 104 17> 22 ; word
for water to be understood, 65 6 .
sprastavya, grdv. to be touched.
[Vsprg, 241.]
V sphur or sphr (sphurati, -te; aspharit;
sphurita). make a quick or jerky
motion: 1. dart, trans.; with the foot,
kick; 2. dart, intrans.; twitch (of the
eye, arm) ; 3. (of the lightning) flash.
[for *spr, ' quiver, jerk, kick, flutter ' :
cf. a-cnratp-oi, 'struggle convulsively' (as
a fish just out of water) ; Lat. spernere,
' kick away, reject ' ; Eng. spur, ' goad
with the heel ' ; spurn, ' kick away ' : see
also under parna.]
+ p r a , shake, tremble.
sphya, m. wooden splinter, shaped like a
knife and as long as the arm, for use at
the sacrifice.
sma, enclitic and slightly asseverative par-
ticle, 79 17 , 6 8 ; accompanying a verb which
is in the present tense but has the value of a
past, 2 8 , 8 19 , 12 21 ; explained at 778b
and}) 2 .
V ami (smayate ; sismiye' ; asmayista ;
smita; smitva; -smitya). smile; smile
bashfully; blush, [cf. <t>i\o-fi/u.etS-fis, 'fond
of smiles,' stem 0-/m8ej, as in Hesychian
jueTSos, ' smile ' ; yue8ao>, ' smile ' ; Lat.
ml-ru-s, ' wonderful,' mlrdri, ' wonder ' (for
mg, cf. smaya, 'wonder'); Middle High
Ger. smie-r-en, smie-l-en, ' smile ' ; Eng.
smile, smirk.']
+ v i , be astonished.
smita, a. smiling; as n. [1176a], a smile,
[ppl. of \fsmi.]
smita -purva, a. previously smiling,
with a smile. [for irreg. order, see
1291.]
V smr (smarati; sasmara ; smarisyati;
smrta ; smartum ; smrtva; -smftya).
1. remember, both keep in mind and
call to mind ; 2. call to mind, i.e. hand
down by memory, hand down by tradi-
tion, hand down see the important word
smrti;
smrta : 1. remembered ; 2.
handed down by smrti or taught by
tradition ; and so 3. declared to be ,
61 2 ; passing for ; regarded by tra-
dition as , 63 6 ; to be variously para-
phrased ; margo 'yam smrtas, this is, we
are taught, the path, 21 " ; called, 22 5 ,
57 6 .
[cf . fj.fp-fj.fp-a fpya, ' memorable works ' ;
fifpipva, ' anxious thought, care ' ; /j.dp-Tvp,
' rememberer, witness ' ; (j.f\fiv, ' care for ' ;
fj.t \\eiv, ' hesitate, delay, be going to
do ' ; Lat. me-mor, ' mindful ' ; memoria,
' memory ' ; mor-a, ' hesitation, delay.']
+ vi, forget.
smrti, f. 1. remembrance; 2. tra-
dition (see Vsmr2); tradition which is
handed down and accepted as authorita-
tive (except gruti, q.v.} ; defined, 58 18 , see
note; a work based on such tradition; a
law-book. [Vsmr.]
smrti-gila, dual n. tradition and habits
(habits in collective sense, i.e. usage).
[1253a.]
s y d [499a], pron. that ; cf. tya.
V syand or syad (syandate; sasyandS;
asyan [890 2 ] ; syantsyati ; syanna ;
syanttum; syattva; -syadya). run (of
animate beings and of fluids) ; flow.
+ abhi, flow unto.
+ p r a , flow forth or away.
syona, a. soft; mild; tender.
srakva, m. corner of the mouth; mouth,
jaws.
sragvin, a. wearing a wreath, [sraj,
1232.]
sraj, f. wreath, garland. [Vsrj, mg 4,
'twist,' just as AS. wristf, Eng. wreath, fr.
AS. wrlftan, Eng. writhe, 'twist' (under
Vvrt).]
sravanti, f. flowing (water), stream,
[ppl. of Vsru.]
V sru (sravati; susrava; asravit; sravis-
yati; sruta). 1. flow, stream; 2.
flow or trickle away, waste away, become
lost, 60 9 . [cf. pew, *o-peF-ta, Lithuanian
srav-j-u, ' flow,' Irish sruth, ' stream ' ; cf .
also Church Slavonic stru-ja, 'stream,'
sruc]
[282]
Ger. Stro-m, Eng. strea-m, with t between
s and r (see under usra and svasr) :
further pev-/j.a, 'stream'; Lat. Ru-mo,
'The River/ old name of the Tiber: w.
a-srav-a-t, cf. Uppee, *^-<rpeF-e-T.]
sruc, f. one of the large sacrificial ladles
(as long as the arm), of which there are
three, juhii, upabhrt, and dhruva, see
102 u N. ; used for pouring ghee in the
fire, [akin w. v'sru.]
sruva, m. a small sacrificial ladle (a cubit
long), used for dipping from the pot and
pouring into the sruc. [akin w. Vsru.]
sr6tas, n. stream. [Vsru, 1152a.]
svd [525*], 1. pron.adj. own; my own,
73 18 } 7812,20. thy own> 69 16 , 86*; his
own or his, 4 1T , 45 3 , etc. ; her, 8 10 ; their
own or (each) his own, 14 8 ; indef., one's
own, 58 w , 66 6 ; very often at the beginning
of cpds: my, 10 **, 21 10 ; his, 31 9 , etc.;
their, 27 9 ; our, etc., see following words;
2. m. kinsman, friend ; 3. (like
atman) one's self, see 513 2 ; one's natural
self or condition ; 4. n. (like Goth, sves)
possessions, property, [cf. EC'S, *<7eFo'-s,
and 6's, ?}, ov, and ff<p6s, ' own ' ; Old Lat.
sovo-s, Lat. suu-s, 'own'; Goth, sve-s, AS.
swies, ' own ' ; also ?, cr<f>f, Lat. se, Goth.
si-k, Ger. si-ch, ' self.']
svaka, a. own; his own, etc. ; equiv. to
sva. [sva, 1222a.]
sva-ksatra, a. (having self-rule, i.e.)
free.
sva-cchanda, m. own will, [chanda,
227.]
svacchanda-vanajata, a. (by its own
will, i.e.) spontaneously wood-grown, i.e.
growing wild in the wood.
V svaj (svajate ; sasvaje ; svajisyate ;
svakta ; svaktum; svajitva; -svajya).
embrace.
+ pari, embrace.
V svad (svadati, -te ; sasvade; svatta ;
svadayati, svadayati). 1. act. make
savory, season ; fig. make agreeable ;
2. mid. be savory, relish, intrans,; 3.
mid. relish, trans. ; take pleasure in. [cf .
ayS-avw, 'please,' aorist evaSe, W-oTaS-e,
'pleased'; ^8o/w, 'rejoice'; see also
under svadu.]
sva-dharma, m. own duty.
1 svadha, f. 1. wont, habit, custom,
76 7 ; rule; <l9os; 2. accustomed place,
home, %6os; 3. (wonted condition, i.e.)
comfort; joy; bliss, 83 12 ; pleasure, 73 u ;
svadham anu nas, according to our
pleasure, i.e. exactly to our wish, 73 13 ;
svadhaya and svadhabhis : in wonted
wise; with pleasure, gladly; (gladly, i.e.)
willingly, freely, 84 n . [cf . e0os, ' custom,'
^Qos, ' wonted place, haunt,' ef-a>0-a, ' am ac-
customed ' ; AS. sidu, Ger. Sitte, ' custom.']
2 svadha, f. sweet drink; esp. a libation
of ghee to the Manes. [perhaps for
2 sudha : for the etymology, cf. sva-
dha adhayat, ' he drank the sweet
drinks,' RV.]
svadhavant, a. 1. (having his wont,
i.e.) keeping to his custom, faithful, con-
stant; 2. (having bliss, i.e.) blessed,
78 17 , 79*- 1 5 . [Isvadha, 1233: see mgs 1
and 3.]
svadhiti, m. f. axe.
V svan (svanati, -te; sasvana; asvanit,
asvanit ; svanita). sound, resound, roar,
[cf . Lat. sonus, ' sound ' ; Old Lat. son-it,
' sounds ' ; AS. swinsian, ' sound ' ; Eng.
swan, so named from its song; similarly
in Ger. the cock is called Hahn, a name
akin w. Lat. can-ere, ' sing ' cf . Hamlet
i. 1. 160, " the bird of dawning singeth."]
svana, m. sound; roar (of wind).
[Vsvan.]
svana s, n. roar, [do.]
V svap (svapiti [631]; susvapa [785 8 ] ;
asvapslt ; svapsyati ; supt& [954b] ;
svaptum; suptva; svapayati). sleep;
fall asleep; supta, sleeping; cans, put
to sleep. [cf . Lat. sop-or, ' sleep ' ; w.
caus., cf . Lat. sopire, ' put to sleep ' ; see
also under svapna.]
+ ni, go to sleep; caus. put to sleep.
+ pra, fall asleep; prasupta, fallen
asleep, asleep, sunk in sleep.
svapas, a. having good works, i.e. wonder-
working, [su + apas, 1304b.]
svapu [352], f. perhaps besom, [perhaps
for su-pu, ' cleaning well ' : for va in
place of u, cf. 2 svadha: for mg, cf.
pavana.]
[283]
[svastyayana
svapna, m. 1. sleep; 2. dream.
[Vsvap, q.v. : cf. vir-vo-s, Lat. som-nu-s,
' sleep ' ; AS. swef-n, ' sleep, dream ' ;
Chaucerian swefn, ' dream '; Lat. somnium,
' dream ' : for connection of 1 and 2, cf .
61 9 , where either sense fits.]
svapna-manavaka, m. the Dream-
manikin, name of a certain magic whose
performance brings dreams that become
realized, 51 8 .
sva-bhava, m own way of being, in-
herent nature, ingenium, as distinguished
from acquired qualities, see. guna 2, and
22 21 ; svabhavat, by nature [291 2 ],
naturally.
svabhava-dvesa, m. natural hatred.
[1280b.]
svayam-vara, m. self-choice; esp. free
choice of a husband, which was allowed
to girls of the warrior (ksatriya) caste, a
Swayamvara.
svayam [513], pron. own self, self; him-
self, etc. ; referring to subject, 48 3 , etc ; all
by itself, of its own accord, 93 9 ; referring
to predicate, 1 10 . [from sva with nom.
case ending -am (cf. tv-am, a-y-am), and
interposed y, cf. 258.]
svayam-bhii [352], a. self -existent ; asm.
epithet of Brahma.
svayam-mrta, a. dead of himself .
sva-yukti,//> own team [acct, 1274:
for mg, cf . the Dutch and the American
Eng. span (of horses) w. AS. spannan,
'join.']
V svar (svarati ; asvarsit ; asvarit).
sound, [cf ffvp-iy^, 'pipe, flute'; Lat.
su-sur-ru-s, ' a humming '; Eng swar-m^\
svar [388d], pronounced siiar in the Veda,
n. 1. the sun, 71 19 ; 2. sunlight, sun-
shine; light, 79 9 , 3. (the place of the
light, cf. rajas) heaven, 91 6 , 92 8 ; 4.
one of the three " utterances," see
vyahrti.
[cf. Sfip-ios, 2efp, ' sun, dog-star' ;
ffe\-as, 'light'; (Tf\-i\vr\, 'moon'; Lat.
ser-enus, ' bright ' ; sol, AS. sol, ' sun ' ;
AS swel-an, Eng. sweal, 'burn, glow, waste
away by heat ' ; and the kindred swelter,
' be overcome by heat,' whence sweltry or
sultry: if the forms with r and / are fr.
extended forms of a root *su, ' to light,'
and if svar is a direct deriv. of the same
V*su (sii-ar), we may compare Ger. Sonne,
AS. su-nne, Eng. sun, AS. sunnan dxg,
Eng. Sun-day. ~\
sva-riipa, n. own form or shape; true
nature, 40 19 .
svarupa-bhava, m. the becoming or
being the true form (of names), i.e. the
use of the true form (of a person's name).
[1280b : svarupa is used predicatively.]
svar-ga, 1. a. going or leading to the
light or to heaven ; situate in the heavenly
light, heavenly ; esp. w. loka, svargo lo-
kas, the heavenly world, heaven, 103 5> 14> 16
also as one word, see svargaloka ; 2.
m. without loka, heaven, 64 9 , GO 1 .
svarga-gamin, . going to or attaining
heaven.
svarga-loka, m. the heavenly world,
heaven, 103 ".
svar-bhanu, m. Suarbhanu, name of a
demon causing the eclipse of the sun,
cf. the later rahu. [poss. 'having, i.e
withholding the sun's rays.']
s vary a, pronounced svaria, a. sounding;
of a thunderbolt, whizzing. [V svar,
1213.]
svalamkrta, a. well adorned. [su +
alamkrta: see alam.]
svava, a. with goodly horses. [sii +
ava, 1304b.]
svasr [373], f. sister. [cf. Lat. sdror,
AS. sweoster, swuster, Eng. sister : cf.
369 2 and 1182f : for t between s and r,
cf. Easter, under usra, and stream under
V sru.]
svasti, pronounced suasti in Veda, 1.
f. (like the Eng. well-being, i.e.) welfare;
blessing; 2. svasti, instr. [336 3 end],
with luck, happily; hence 3. the inde-
clinable nom.-acc. neut. svasti, luck, hap-
piness, 84 l ; svasty astu te, a blessing on
thee. [sii + an unused asti, ' be-ing,' fr.
VI as, 'be,' 1157 la. acct, 1288b.]
svasti-da [352], a. bestowing welfare,
svastyayana, n. sing, and pi. (luck-
progress, i.e.) wel-fare, prosperity; bless-
ing; and so benediction, 101 2 , 106 4 ;
pi. the blessings, i.e. Vedic hymns con-
svastha]
[284]
taining the word svasti, 106 8 . [svasti +
ay ana: acct, 1271: with -ay ana, cf. -fare
in wel-fare.']
sva-stha, a. being in one's natural con-
dition, self-contained, healthy, well.
svadas, n. agreeableness, t'n pra-svadas.
[Vsvad, 1151. Ib: cf. ^5os (sic), Doric
55oy, 'pleasure.']
svadu, a. tasting good, savory; sweet.
[Vsvad, q.v., 1178a: cf. rjSvs, Doric a8w,
*<rFd5i>-y, Lat. svdvis, *svadv-i-s, AS. swete,
Eng.' sweet.']
svadhyayd, m. the reading or repeat-
ing to one's self, study (of the Veda),
[adhyaya.]
svami-karya, n. master's business.
svami-kumara, TO. the Lord Kumara,
name of Skanda, god of war, see kartti-
keya and kumara.
svami-guna, m. ruler-virtue.
svamin, m. owner, proprietor, master,
lord ; opp. of servant, subject, wife, [sva,
'own,' 1231.]
svami-seva, f. the serving one's mas-
ter.
svami-hita, n. master's welfare.
svartha, m. own affair or cause, [artha.]
sv ah a, excl. used when making oblations,
hail, w. dot., 103 s ; at the end of an invoca-
tion, like Amen, 99 13 .
V svid (sv6date; svidyati, -te; sisvide;
svinna). sweat. [svidyami=i8ta, 'sweat';
cf. T5os, IS-pws, 'sweat,' ISpow, 'sweat';
Lat. sudd-re, 'sweat,' denom. of *sudu-s,
'sweat'; sud-or, 'sweat'; Lettish swidrs,
' sweat ' ; AS. noun swat, Eng. sweat :
observe that though there is a word for
'sweat' common to most Indo-European
tongues, there is no such common word
for ' be chilly.']
sveccha,/. own will ; svecchaya, accord-
ing to one's inclination, at will, [iccha.]
sv6da, m. sweat. [Vsvid.]
h a , enclitic and slightly asseverative particle,
64*; in the Veda, 78 , 79*, 02"; the
Brdhmanas, 94 8 , and very often (so pages
95-6), 103 15 (quotation from a Brdhmana) ;
in the Sutras, to be sure, of course, desig-
nating that the author agrees with the view
or method mentioned, 99 19 , 101 s , 103 1 *- 16 ;
very common at end of half-cloka, 7 15 ;
esp. after a 3d sing. perf. ( w w ), 9 4 , 10 2 ;
so iti ha, 12 8 ; combinations: iti
hovaca, " ," he said, 61 18 ; so hovaca,
hocus, 95 18 , 96 18 . [this word appears
also as gha in the Veda : cf . 7, Doric 70,
enclitic asseveratives.]
hansa, m. goose, gander; perhaps applied
also to the swan and like water-fowl,
[prob. a consonantal stem, transferred
(399) to the a-declension, and so orig.
*ghans : cf . x^ v > Lat. ans-er, Lithuanian
sast-s, Irish ^oss, Ger. Gans, AS. ^ros,
Eng. ^roose : even the s of *ghans may be
derivational ; cf . AS. gan-d-ra, *gan-ra,
Eng. gander; Old High Ger. gan-azzo,
' gander ' ; AS. gan-et, Eng. gannet, ' sea-
fowl.'] -
hatd, see 954d.
hatya, n. slaying. [Vhan, 1213c and a
(middle), cf. 954d.]
V han (Mnti [637] ; jaghana [794d] ;
hanisyati; hatd [954d]; hantum; hatva;
-hatya; hanyate ; jighansati [1028f]).
1. strike ; strike down ; smite or slay,
70 2 , etc.; kill, 28 6 , 35 14 , etc.; overcome;
2. destroy, 37 19 ; bring to nought; (of
darkness) dispel, 18 8 ; desid. wish to
smite or afflict, 78 16 ;
hata, 1. smitten, slain, 98 4 ; killed,
23 21 ; 2. destroyed, ruined; lost, 27 18 ,
42 !; 3. pounded.
[with han-mi, cf . Odva, *9ft>-jw, ' smite ' ;
w. ja-ghn-us, cf . %-ire-q>v-ov, ' slew ' ; w.
hata, *ghata, cf . <par6s, ' slain ' ; w. ghana,
q.v., ' a slaying,' cf . <f>6vos, ' slaughter ' ; w.
ha-ti, ' a smiting, slaying,' cf . Old High
Ger. gun-d, AS. gitfS, ^wn-iS, ' battle ' ; AS.
guft-fana, Old High Ger. gund-fano, ' battle-
flag'; fr. the last form (not fr. the AS.),
through the French, comes Eng. gonfanon,
gonfalon ; for mg of gift, cf. Ger. schlagen,
' smite, slay,' with Schlacht, ' battle ' : for
senses under 1, observe that AS. sledn
(whence Eng. slay) means 'smite' and
then also ' slay.']
+ ava, strike down ; bring to nought.
+ a, strike upon; hurl (a bolt) upon (loc.
[285]
[VI ha
w. adhi) ; mid. strike (one's thigh with
one's hand).
+ ud, force up; uddhata [163], raised.
-fni, strike down; slay.
+ p a r i , strike around ; encompass.
+ prati, strike back at (ace.); strike
against so as to transfix, to broach (on a
lance, loc.}.
+ sam, strike together; (of the eyes)
close ; unite, combine.
ban [402], vbl. slaying, slayer, in cpds.
[Vhan.]
hanta, interjection, come! goto!
hantavya, grdv. to be slain, occidendus.
[Vhan, 964.]
hantf, m. slayer, destroyer. [\/han.]
V liar (haryati, -te). be gratified, take
pleasure; take pleasure in (ace.), and so,
desire, long for. [perhaps a transfer (see
761a and b) from the yd-class, with
change of accent, and so properly an
irregular pass, to V 1 hr, ' take ' (reg.
hriyate) ; for the mg, cf. Eng. be taken,
i.e. ' be charmed/ and hara 2 : some take
Vhar as representing Indo-European *ghel
(ghicel), and connect it w. 0e'\o>, 'will,'
Eng. will; cf. also V2vr.]
+ p r a t i , long for, entice.
hara, a. 1. taking, receiving; 2. (like
the Eng. carrying away, taking) charm-
ing ; 3. carrying off, removing, destroy-
ing ; as m. Hara, the Destroyer, a name
of (^iva, 55 21 . [V 1 hr, see its mgs.]
ha ran a, a. holding. [Vlhr, 'hold.']
haras, n. grip; esp. the seizing or devour-
ing power of fire. [V 1 hr, ' hold.']
h.d,ri, a. fallow, pale yellow, yellowish;
greenish ; as m. du. (cf. Eng. pair of bays,
i.e. bay horses) the fallow steeds, esp. of
Indra, his coursers. [V*ghr, *hr, 'be
yellow,' is inferrible, but not quotable :
cf . x^ w -P^ s > ' greenish-yellow ' ; X^T],
'verdure'; Lat. helus or holus or olus,
' greens, vegetables ' ; helvus, ' grayish-
yellow'; AS. geolo, Eng. yellow; also
gol-d (cf. hiranya).]
harit, a. fallow, yellowish ; asf. fallow
mare, esp. of the Sun-god. [V*ghr *hr
under hari: 383d 3.]
harivant, a. having fallow steeds ; asm.
lord of the coursers, i.e. Indra, see hari.
[hari, 1233.]
harmya, n. a strong building; dwelling.
harsa, m. joy. [Vhrs.]
halahala, m. n. a certain deadly poison.
hava, m. call. [Vhu.]
havani, f. sacrificial ladle, [prop. fern,
of a substantival nomen agentis, havana,
Vhu, 1150d, 'the sacrificing' instrument.]
havfsmant, a. having an oblation ; asm.
offerer, [havis, 1235.]
ha vis, n. oblation, which, as gift for the
gods, is offered wholly or partly in the
fire ; generally, grain (parched, boiled, as
porridge, or as baked cake), milk in
divers forms, fat, and best of all
Soma. [Vhu, 1153.]
havya, n. oblation, [prop, grdv., 'offe-
rendum,' Vhu, 1213.]
havya, grdv. invocandus. [Vhu, 1213a.]
havya-vah [403], a. carrying the offer-
ing (to the gods) ; as m. oblation-bearer
(used of Agni), selections Ivi., Ixvi.
V has (hasati, -te; jahasa, jahase ; hasis-
yati; hasita; hasitum; hasitva; -hasya).
laugh.
+ p r a , laugh out, laugh.
+ vi, laugh out.
hasa, m. laughter. [Vhas.]
hasta, m. hand; (of an elephant) trunk;
(of a tiger) paw; at end of cpds [1303 2
end], having in the hand.
hasta- gfhya, grd. taking by the hand.
hasta-grabha, a. grasping the hand,
[acct, 1270.]
h a s t i n , a. having hands ; w. mrga, the
beast with the hand, i.e. trunk, Vedic
designation of the elephant; as m. ele-
phant ; Hastin, name of an ancient king,
[hasta, q.v.]
hastinapura, n. Hastinapura, a town
on the Ganges, home of the Kurus, said
to have been founded by king Hastin.
[cf. pura.]
h a s t i - r a j a , m. elephant-king, leader of
a herd of elephants.
hasti-snana, n. ablution of an elephant.
V lha (jihite [664]; jahe; ahasta; has-
yate ; hana; hatum). move, intrans.,
run away, yield.
V2ha]
[286]
V 2 ha (jahati [665]; jahau; ahasit [913] ;
hasyati ; hind [957a] ; hatum ; hitva ;
-haya; hiyate, hiyate). 1. leave, i.e.:
quit ; leave in the lurch, 82 l ; desert,
86 13 ; leave behhid, 85 15 ; abandon, cast
off ; lay aside, 83 u ; relinquish ; 2.
hiyate, be forsaken or left behind; fall
short or be deficient; become deficient,
decrease; deteriorate, be lowered, 19 9 ;
hind: 1. forsaken; 2. (like Eng.
abandoned) vicious, low, low-lived, 19 9 ;
3. at end of cpds, abandoned by ,
i.e. destitute of , free from . [cf.
xn-po-s, '(forsaken) destitute/ x^-P a >
' widow ' ; Lat. fa-mes, ' lack, hunger.']
+ pari, 1. forsake; 2. pass, be
lacking, decrease ; come to an end, see
simple verb.
-f vi, leave; vihaya, passing over.
ha, excl. of pain or astonishment. [1135a.]
harya, grdv. to be taken away or stolen.
[Vlhr, '86126/963%.]
hasin, a. laughing. [Vhas, 1183 8 .]
hasya, grdv. to be laughed at; as n.
laughter; ridicule. [Vhas, 963 8 c.]
V hi (hin6ti, hinute; jighaya; ahaisit;
hesyati ; hita). set in motion, drive,
impel,
-fpra, send off or away ; deliver over.
hi, particle. 1. asseverative : surely,
verily, indeed, 18, 22 2, 23 21 , 28 15 ,
35 21 , 83 l , etc.; 2. giving a reason:
because; f or, 3 19 , etc., 53 2 , 70 ; -3. w.
interrogatives, pray, II 1 , 13 14 ; finite verb
accented w. hi [595d], 72 18 ; hi never at beg.
of sentence.
V hins (hindsti [696]; jihinsa; ahinsit;
hirisisy ati ; hirisita ; hinsitum ; hinsitva ;
-hinsya). hurt, harm, slay, [perhaps,
orig., desid. of v'han, see 696.]
hinsa, f. a harming, injuring, [vhins,
1149.]
hirisra, a. harming; asm. a savage or
cruel man. [Vhins, 1188a.]
hita, ppl.,adj. 1. put, set; placed; and
so 2. pregnantly (like Eng. in place, i.e.
'in the right place,' and Ger. gelegen,
'lying aright, i.e. convenient'), fit, con-
venient, agreeable ; yadi tatra te hitam,
if it suits thee there ; advantageous, salu-
tary ; 3. as n. welfare, safety. [V 1 dha,
' put,' 954c : -dhita in Veda : cf . 6cr6s,
'set.']
hita-kama, a. wishing one's welfare,
well-wishing, [see kama.]
hiteccha, /. desire for the welfare (of
another), [iccha.]
hitopadega, m. salutary instruction ;
Hitopade9a, name of a collection of
fables. [upadeQa.]
him a, m. the cold; winter. [the stem
*X<AIO, 'winter,' appears in x'M-P-* lit-
'winter-ling, i.e. a one-winter-old or year-
ling goat,' named x'Ay o * precisely as is
the dialectic Ger. Ein-winter, ' a one-winter-
old goat ' ; cf . xfy""P> ' she-goat, chimera ' ;
see similar names under vatsa : cf . further
-XM- i Q Sva-xw-s, ' very wintry ' ; Lat.
-himu- in blmits, *bi-himu-s, ' of two winters
or years'; also x'^" 'snow,' x e 'A"' l '>
' winter ' ; Lat. hiems, ' winter.']
hiranya, n. gold, [akin w. hari, q.v.]
hiranya-garbha, m. fruit or scion or
child of the gold (i.e. of the golden
egg, 57 3 ), Hiranyagarbha or Gold-scion,
name of a cosmogonic power, the personal
Brahman, 91 16 .
V hid (Vedic forms [Whitney 54, 240 s ] :
helant, helamana; jihlla, jihile; hilita;
Epic, helamana). be angry ; be incon-
siderate or careless.
hind, see V2ha.
V hu (juh6ti, juhute; juhava, juhve;
ahausit ; hosyati ; hut a; h6tum; hutva).
pour into the fire, cast into the fire; and
so offer; make oblation even of things
not cast into the fire ; huta : offered ; as
n. oblation.
[orig. *ghu: cf. x"> *X 6F - CO > 'pour';
-s, ' liquid, juice ' ; w. hu-ta, cf .
-TJ-S, ' poured ' ; w. a-hu-ti, cf . x"~ (Tt ~ s i
' a pouring,' Lat. fu-ti-s, ' water-pot ' ;
further, fons, stem font, *fov-ont, 'pour-
ing,' i.e. ' fountain ' :
with the extended form *ghud, cf. Lat.
V/wa 7 in fund-ere, 'pour,' AS. geot-an, Ger.
giessen, ' pour ' ; provincial Eng. gut,
'water-course'; and Eng. gut, w. like
sense, in Gut of Canso.]
+ &, offer in (loc.) ; ahuta : offered; laid
[287]
[Vhrs
in the fire (of a corpse), 84 12 ; as n. obla-
tion.
huta-homa, a. having offered oblation.
hutaga, m. fire; tlie fire-god, Agni. [prop,
'having the oblation as his food,' aga:
1302.]
hutagana, m. fire; the fire-god, Agni.
[prop, 'having the oblation as his food,'
agana: 1302.]
V hii or hva (havate and huvate, Vedic ;
classical, hvayati, -te [761d2]; juhava,
juhuve; ahvasit [912] ; hvayisyati, -te
[935c] ; huta; hvatum, hvayitum; hutva ;
-huya). call; call upon; invoke, esp. a
god [orig. *ghu: w. hu-ta, 'called upon,
invoked,' some identify the Goth, stem
gu-\xt, gu-da, ' God,' AS. and Eng. God.'}
+ a, 1. call to or hither; summon, in-
vite ; 2. mid. challenge.
+ upa, mid. 1. call or summon to
one's self ; 2. call encouragingly unto.
huti,/. invocation. [Vhu.]
v' Ihr (harati, -te; jahara, jahre; aharsit,
ahrsta ; harisyati, -te ; hrta ; hartum ;
hrtva ; -hftya; hriyate; jfhirsati). 1.
carry, 102 5 , 104 25 ; hold; -2. carry unto,
bring ; offer, 105 9 ; 3. carry away ;
remove, 85 3 ; 4. esp. take away by
violence or unlawfully, 46 4 , 63 7 ; steal,
30 2 , 67 23 , 68 4 , 97 6 - 9 ; seize; -5. take
lawfully, receive (a gift) ; come into
possession of (as heir), 45 8 - 15 ; 6. get
hold of, 96 22; become master of; 7.
(like Eng. take) charm, captivate; 8.
(carry off, i.e. remove, and so) destroy.
[cf. x f/l P> dialectic xV s > 'hand'; ev-xtp-
fis, ' easy to handle ' ; Lat. Air, ' hand ' ;
heres, 'heir,' see root, mg 5.]
-f ava, (carry down, i.e.) move down.
+ vy-ava, move hither and thither, go
to work, proceed, act.
+ a, 1. bring hither, 34 3 ; fetch; fetch
or get back, 97 10 - 11 ; 2. receive, 47 12 ;
accept; 3. used (like Eng. take) esp.
of food, take, eat ; desid. be willing to
get back, 97 10 .
+ ud-a, bring out, and so utter, say, tell.
+ praty-a, get back again; at II 6 , in-
correct reading for pra-vy-a-.
+ v y- a , bring out, and so utter ;
with vacam, speak words to a per-
son (ace.), 3 1 ; similarly, 8 19 .
+ pra-vy-a, utter ; speak.
+ u d , take out.
+ pari, carry around.
+ pra, 1. (bring forward, i.e. reach
out, e.g. feet, fists, and so) strike, attack,
deal blows ; 2. throw, esp. into the fire.
+ anu-pra, throw into the fire or on a
fuel-pile.
+ v i , 1. take apart, divide ; 2. pass
(part of one's life), 64 22 ; 3. pass one's
time, esp. pleasantly; wander about for
pleasure, enjoy one's self, 16 9 - 12 , 49 18 ; 4.
wander about.
+ s a m , bring or draw together, contract ;
withdraw.
+ upa-sam, bring or draw together to
one's self, mid.; withdraw.
V 2hr (nrnltd). be angry.
hrcchaya, a. lying or abiding in the
heart [1265]; as m. love, 2 19 . [hrd +
gaya, 159, 203: acct, 1270.]
hrcchaya-pidita, a. love-pained, love-
sick.
hrcchaya-vardhana, a. increasing or
arousing love.
hrcchaya vista, a. entered by or filled
with love, [avista, V vig, 1085a : acct of
cpd, 1273.]
hrcchayavistacetana, a. possessing a
love-filled mind. [hrcchayavista + c6-
tana, 1298a, 334 2 .]
hfd [397], n. heart; esp. as seat of the
emotions and of mental activity in gen-
eral; also, properly, region of the heart,
[see under grad.]
hfd ay a, n. heart; 1. prop, heart, as an
organ of the body, 100 21 ; 2. fig. heart,
as seat of the feelings. [see hrd and
397.]
V hrs (hfsyati, -te [761a]; jaharsa, jahrse;
hrsita, hrsta ; -hfsya; harsayati, -te).
be excited, esp. with pleasure or fear; (of
the hair) bristle or stand on end by rea-
son of fright or pleasure ; be impatient ;
hrsta, delighted; hrsita: (of the
hair) standing on end; (of flowers) not
drooping, unwithered, fresh ; intens. be
very impatient, 84 1T ; caus. excite pleas-
hrsitasragraj ohina]
[288]
[Vhvr
antly, gladden, [for ghrs : cf . Lat. korr-
ere, hors-ere, 'bristle, shudder'; hirsiitus,
'bristly, rough'; hor-deum, Ger. Gers-te,
' barley/ so called from its bristly ears.]
+ pra, give one's self up to joy, exult;
prahrsta, delighted, glad.
hr sitasragrajohlna, a. having unwith-
ered garlands and free from dust, [hrsita-
sraj + rajo-hina, 1257.]
hetu, m. 1. prop, an impeller, and so
occasioner, causer, occasion, cause ; hetos,
(like Lat. causa) on account of; trasa-
hetos, from fear ; 2. reason, argument,
proof i -3. means, 41 16 . [Vhi, 1161a.]
hetu-gastra, n. reason-book, rational-
istic work ; dialectics.
he ma or heman, n. gold.
hemanta, m. winter, [cf. hima: 1172 4 .]
he la, f. carelessness; levity, [for hela,
from v hid, q.v.]
haima, a. golden, [hema, 1208f.]
h6tr, m. 1. priest, chief priest, whose
assistant in oldest times was the adhvar-
yu; Agni, as the chief est hotr, 69 2 , 88 6 ;
2. in the highly developed ritual, the first
of the four chief priests, see rtvij. [prop.
' offerer/ from V hn, ' offer ' : but the sense
of 'invoker/ naturally suggested by his
function in the ritual, was popularly asso-
ciated with it and the word thus connected
with VM, 'invoke.']
hotr a, n. offering, sacrifice, both the action
and the thing offered. [Vhu, 1185a.]
h6ma, m. a pouring into the fire; oblation;
sacrifice; observe that the older word is
ahuti. [Vhu, 1166.]
hrada, m. pool, lake. [cf. Vhlad.]
s hras (hrasati, -te; hrasita, hrasta ;
hrasayati). become less; cans, dimin-
ish, [w. hras-iyans, 'less/ cf. x f ' t P< av >
*X*P ff j< av > 'worse/ and for the mg,
cf. Lat. detero, ' lessen/ w. deterior,
' worse.']
V hrad (hradate ; nradita ; hradayati).
sound (of drums); rattle (of stones or
dry bones). [for *ghrad : cf. KOX^O^CO,
*/ca-xA.(8-j'a), ' sound ' (of liquids, breakers,
rain), Ke-xAd5-<Js, 'resounding' (song of
victory) ; AS. gr&t-an, obsolete Eng. greet,
'cry, lament'; xap^S-po, 'noisy mountain
torrent': see hraduni.]
+ sam, strike (intrans.) together so as to
rattle ; caws, cause to rattle.
hraduni, /. hail-stones, hail, [so called
from its rattling sound, V hrad : cf . xaA.aa,
*Xa*.a5-ja, Church Slavonic gradu, Lat.
grando, stem grand-in, ' hail.']
V hlad (hladate; hladayati, -te). cool
off, intrans., refresh one's self ; cans, cool
or refresh, trans.
hladaka, /. -ika, a. cooling, refreshing.
[Vhlad, 1181 and a 3 .]
hladikavant, a. rich in cooling, [from
fern, of hladaka, substantively 1 ?]
V hvr (hvarati, -te ; ahvarsit; hvrta ;
hvarayati). go crookedly; bend over,
fall.
+ vi, fall; caus. overturn.
EXPLANATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS.
CITATIONS.
All numbers below 107 refer to the text of this Reader, which is cited by page and
line ; thus, 79 2 means page 79, line 2. When still more precise reference is needed, the
first half of a line is designated by a and the second by b .
All numbers above 107 refer to the sections of Whitney's Grammar. Observe,
however, that reference is occasionally made to grammar-sections preceding 107, and
that the word " Whitney " is then prefixed to the number to show that the Grammar is
meant. The grammar-sections sometimes have subdivisions unmarked by letters or
numbers. In referring to these, a small superior number is used, and designates the
(typographical) paragraph as counted from the last lettered or numbered subsection.
Thus 330 6 refers to the paragraph beginning " PI. : nom.-voc. masc." ; 371 12 begins with
" From ait come " ; 1222 3 , with " The accent of derivatives " ; 1222c 2 2 , with " In the
Brahmanas."
SIGNS.
The root-sign (V) is prefixed to roots and quasi-roots to catch the eye or as an
abbreviation. It is also set before denominative verb-stems, although these are of
course in no sense roots.
The plus-sign ( + ) is set before prepositions with which verbs appear in composition
and before certain other elements used as prefixes.
A star (*) signifies that the word or stem or root to which it is prefixed does not
actually occur in that form.
A half-parenthesis on its side ( v ) is used to show that two vowels, which, for
the sake of clearness, are printed with hiatus in violation of the rules of euphonic
combination, should be combined according to those rules.
A hyphen is sometimes used to avoid the repetition of an element of a compound ;
thus in the article loka, p. 235, para- stands for para-loka.
In Greek words, the old palatal spirant yod is represented by j, pronounced of course
as English y. A very few Slavic and Lithuanian words occur, in which the actual or
original nasalization of a vowel is denoted by an inverted comma, thus, e, a. Anglo-Saxon
SB has the sound of a in man.
ABBREVIATIONS.
It is hoped that most of these, if not all, will be found self-explaining. To preclude
any misunderstanding, however, a complete list of the abbreviations is given below, p. 293.
But certain abbreviations and words are used in an arbitrary way and require
more explanation than is given in the list.
When both the letters, m. and n., follow a stem, they mean that it shows both
masculine and neuter case-forms.
19
[290]
An "etc." following a reference that stands after a certain definition signifies that
the word is of common occurrence in that meaning.
The abbreviation [do.] is used to avoid repetition of identical items in the square
brackets at the end of articles ; for examples, see the three words following abhivada,
p. 119.
The etymological cognates are usually introduced by the conventional "cf."; this
implies that the words which the reader is bidden to "compare" are akin. The fact
that two related words are compared implies as a rule only that they are radically akin,
and not that their formative suffixes are identical. Thus with anta is compared English
end, although this corresponds strictly only to the Sanskrit secondary derivative antya.
So asthan, oo-Tfov, and os are radically identical, though not of entirely parallel formation.
On the other hand, where it is desired to call attention, not to radically kindred
words, but to words analogous only in metaphor or in transfer of meaning, the brief
phrase, " for mg, cf .," is used ; and this is to be understood as standing for the phrase,
"for a parallelism in the development of meaning, compare," or, "for an analogous
instance of transition of meaning, compare."
Specially important references to the Grammar are marked by the word "see":
thus under narayana (p. 181), special attention is called to 1219, which shows that
this word is a simple patronymic of nara, and is not what the text (at 57 6 ) says it is, a
compound of nara + ayaiia.
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE VOCABULARY.
The order of the articles is strictly and solely alphabetical (see below). Respecting
words whose alphabetic place changes with their inflection, the following remarks may be
made for beginners.
All nouns, whether they be substantives or adjectives, are given under the stem. In
order to know the stem, a preliminary study of the more important paradigms and rules
of euphonic combination is necessary. Thus the nom. sing, raja must be looked for
under raj an, and the ace. sing, nama under naman (Whitney, 424) ; but nalo, as standing
for nala-s (175a, 330), must be looked for under nala. The stems in r or ar are entered
in the form r. The stems of the perf. act. ppl. and of the primary comparatives are
given as ending in vans and yans. The stems in at or ant are given in the fuller form,
ant, and similarly those in mant and vant ; and the f eminines of these and of the in-stems
are not given, since they are always made in anti or ati, mail, vati, ini.
All verb-forms must be sought under the root. Thus asit will be defined only under
the root 1 as (636), and not in the alphabetic place which the augment gives it, under
long a. Likewise prepositional compounds of verbs will be found under the roots (see
1076), and not in the alphabetic place under the preposition. The beginner is advised
to make himself thoroughly familiar with the list of prepositions (1077) at the outset.
Of the verbal adjectives and nouns (Whitney, chapter xiii., p. 307 ff.), only the
gerundives (in ya, tavya, and amya) have been given regularly in alphabetic place.
The participles in ta and na are usually given under the roots ; but in some cases, where
they have assumed a distinctly adjectival or substantival coloring or have an incon-
veniently large variety of meanings and uses, they are treated at length in alphabetic
place; such, for example, are rta, krta, gata, jata, nivrtta, bhuta, sthita, hita, etc.
Gerunds with a- or su- (e.g. a-citva) are of course treated in alphabetic place.
Such adverbs as are merely case-forms of substantive or adjective stems, are
generally to be sought for under those stems. Those from pronominal stems (e.g. kirn,
tad, yad) receive separate treatment.
[291]
The pronouns of the first and second person would require a dozen different arti-
cles apiece if all their forms were given alphabetically. The same is true to a greater
or less extent of the other pronouns. The student should therefore learn, as early as
possible, the forms given at 491, 495, 499b, 501 (especially ayam : asau is less important),
504, and 509. The uses of sa-s, etc., esa-s, etc., and ayam, etc., are given under ta, etad,
and idain respectively.
As for compounds, they are given with completeness for the Vedic selections, and
with great freedom for the remaining texts, especially for the Nala. The meaning of
such as are lacking can be easily learned by looking out their component parts.
THE ALPHABETIC ORDER.
The order of the letters is given by Whitney at 5 (compare 7); but several
matters which are frequent occasions of stumbling, may be noticed here.
The visarga lias the first place after the vowels. Thus antah-pura (for antar
+ pura) stands next after anta, p. 116, and not after antardhana. But the visarga
which is regarded as equivalent to a sibilant and exchangeable with it (Whitney, 7 2 ),
stands in the alphabetic place of the sibilant. Thus the visarga of adhah-gayin, as
equivalent to g (172), brings this word just before adhas (p. 115, top), and not between
adha and adhanya.
The sign n, as representing " the anusvdra of more independent origin" (Whitney,
73 3 ), has its place before all the mutes etc. (Whitney, 5). Thus in ang-a, the n repre-
sents a nasalization of the radical vowel, and the word comes immediately after a. So
hansa comes just after ha, p. 284; dang and danstrin, at the beginning of the letter d.
The sign m, as representing an assimilated m, is differently placed, according to its
phonetic value. On the one hand, if m, as product of a m assimilated to a semivowel,
sibilant, or h (see 213c, d), represent a nasal semivowel or anusvara, then its place is like
that of n. Thus samyatendriya follows sa, and samhlta comes just before sakacchapa
(p. 263), and pums before puta (p. 191).
On the other hand, if, for instance, as product of a m assimilated to a guttural, the
sign m represent guttural n, then its place is that of n ; and a similar rule applies
to all the other cases under 213b. Thus samkata and samkalpa follow sagara, and
saihgama follows sanga, p. 264; so samcaya (whose m = n) follows sajya; and sariitati
(whose m = n) follows sant, p. 266.
Vedic 1 is placed after d, and Ih after dh.
THE CONTENTS OF THE SEPARATE ARTICLES.
Homonyms, unless differentiated by accent, are distinguished by a prefixed number
(cf. anga, vayas) ; similarly homonymous roots (cf. kr).
References to the Grammar in square brackets immediately after a declinable stem
refer to some peculiarity of declension. Occasionally, typical cases of stems are given.
Thus under drg are given the nom. and ace. sing, and instr. dual ; from these, the other
cases (drk-su, drg-a, etc., drg-bhis, etc.) are easily known.
Each root is followed by a synopsis of its conjugational forms, so far as they actually
occur in the literature. The finite forms are given in the third person singular of the
indicative, and in the order in which they are treated in the Grammar, namely, present,
perfect, aorist, and future ; then follow the past participle, the infinitive, and the two
gerunds (e.g. apta, aptum; aptva, -apya: observe the alternation of the accents); then
follow in order the third sing, present indicative of the passive, intensive, desidcrative,
and causative, so far as they seemed of importance for the users of this Reader.
19*
[292]
Meanings which are synonymous or nearly so, are separated by commas; those
which differ considerably from each other, are separated by semicolons or by full-faced
dashes and figures ( 1., etc.). The colon is often used to show that several meanings
which follow it and are separated by semicolons are co-ordinate with each other. Thus
on p. 268, under samipa 2b., the meanings " before," " near," " hard by," and " by " are
co-ordinate, and are equivalent to " in the presence or neighborhood of " ; cf . suvarcas.
The arrangement for matter in heavy brackets at the end of articles is : in the case
of primary derivatives, first, the root from which the word comes, with reference, if
necessary, to the section giving the suffix of derivation; second, cognate words from
allied languages ; and third, words showing a development of meaning analogous to that
shown by the Sanskrit word or illustrative of it. If the derivation of a simple word is
not given, it is because it is unknown or too uncertain to be worth mentioning. In the
case of secondary derivatives, the primary is given, with a reference to the section showing
its treatment. The analysis of compounds is often indicated by a hyphen ; but if one
member ends and the next begins with a vowel or diphthong, the latter member is given
in square brackets at the end of the article ; cf . nalopakhyana.
Where words of different languages are given together, separated only by commas,
the definition given after the last applies to them all ; or, if no definition is given, the
English word in italics at the end is both a cognate and a definition of all at the same
time; for examples, see aksa ('axle'), asta, urna.
The references to the Grammar may seem too numerous; but they are really a
device for avoiding the frequent repetition of explanations which would otherwise have
to be given in full. It would take half a dozen lines to explain the etymology of
manmatha, for instance ; but the references to 1148. 4 and 1002b make this needless ;
cf . the references under daridra, c,iu, sunva.
It often happens that the statement in the section referred to does not directly cover
the point aimed at in citing it ; but a moment's thought will show what is meant. Thus
under samkranti, the two references to be compared mean that the derivative suffix is
ti, and that before it the root-vowel suffers the same peculiar change that is seen in the
past participle. Under samyatendriya reference is made to 1298, which states that
possessive descriptives " are very much more common than [simple] descriptives of the
same form." The real point of the reference is plainly, not to bring out this fact, but to
show the beginner in what category of compounds this word belongs. So 1290 states
that " other compounds with adverbial prior members are quite irregularly accented " ;
but the section is cited, e.g., under sadha-mada, to indicate that this is a descriptive
compound (see the heading of the preceding right-hand page, 441) hi which the first
member is an adverbial element with the function (cf. 1289) of an adjective. Many roots
form verb-stems in aya, but without causative signification ; this is briefly indicated by
the reference 1041 2 . In the case of secondary derivatives in vant, mant, ta, and tva, a
simple reference to one of the sections treating of these endings (1233, 1235, 1237, 1239)
is put instead of a repetition of the primitive.
LIST OF ABBBEVIATIONS.
a adjective.
abl ablative.
ace accusative.
acct accent.
act active, actively.
adj adjective, adjectively.
adv adverb, adverbial.
advly adverbially.
aor. aorist.
AS Anglo-Saxon.
assev asseverative.
B Brahmana.
beg beginning.
caus causative.
cf compare.
colloq colloquial.
comp comparative.
conj conjunction.
correl correlative.
cpd, cpds . . . compound, compounds.
dat dative.
denom denominative.
deriv., derivs . derivative, derivatives.
desid desiderative.
e.g for example.
end enclitic.
Eng English.
equiv equivalent.
esp especially, especial.
etc and so forth.
excl exclamation.
f., fern feminine.
ff and the following.
fig figuratively, figurative.
fr from.
fut future.
gen genitive.
Ger German.
Goth Gothic.
grd gerund.
grdv gerundive.
Hdt Herodotus.
ident identical.
i.e that is.
imf imperfect.
impers impersonally, impersonal.
imv imperative.
ind indicative.
indecl indeclinable.
indef indefinite.
inf infinitive.
instr instrumental.
intens intensive.
interr interrogative.
intrans intransitive, intransitively.
irreg irregularly, irregular.
Lat Latin.
lit literally, literal.
loc locative.
in., masc. . . . masculine.
MBh Mahabharata.
met metaphorically, metaphor.
mg, mgs .... meaning, meanings.
mid middle.
N note.
n., neut neuter.
nom nominative.
num numeral.
opp opposed, opposite.
opt optative.
orig originally, original.
pass passive, passively.
pel particle.
perf perfect.
pers person, personal.
pi plural.
poss possibly.
ppl participle.
prep preposition.
pres present.
prob probably, probable.
pron pronoun, pronominal.
prop properly.
q.v which see.
reg regularly, regular.
RV Eigveda.
S Sutra.
s singular.
sc scilicet.
sing singular.
Skt Sanskrit.
subst substantive, substantively.
superl superlative.
s.v sub voce.
trans transitive, transitively.
U.f uncombined form or forms.
vbl verbal.
V Vedic, Veda.
voc vocative.
w. , . with.
For abbreviations of titles, see next page.
ABBREVIATIONS OF TITLES.
See also pages 315-16, 332, 340, 359, 398, 402.
RV Rigreda Samhita. AB Aitareya Brahmana.
SV Samaveda QB Qatapatha "
AV Atharvaveda PB Pancavin9a_or Tandya Br.
MS Maitrayani TA Taittiriya Aranyaka.
TS Taittirlya AGS. . . . A^valayana Grhya-sutra.
VS Vajasaneyi C,GS. . . . Qankhayana "
K Kathaka. PGS. . . . Paraskara "
JASB. . . . Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
JA Journal Asiatique.
JRAS. . . . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.
JAOS. . . . Journal of the American Oriental Society.
PAOS. . . . Proceedings " " "
ZDMG. . . . Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft.
AJP American Journal of Philology ed. B. L. Gildersleeve.
Ind. Ant. . . Indian Antiquary ed. James Burgess.
ISt Indische Studien ed. Albrecht Weber.
KZ Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Sprachforschung ed. A. Kuhn.
ASL History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature, by Max Miiller.
BI Bibliotheca Indica publ. by the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
BR Bohtlingk and Roth's Sanskrit- Worterbuch see Brief List, p. xviii, no. 5.
GKR Geldner, Kaegi, and Roth's Siebenzig Lieder see p. xix, no. 15.
HIL History of Indian Literature, Weber see p. xx, no. 21.
IA Indische Alterthumskunde, by Christian Lassen.
ILuC Indiens Literatur und Cultur, Schroeder see p. 359, 100.
OLSt Oriental and Linguistic Studies, Whitney see p. 359, 100.
VP Visnu Purana Bombay text; or Wilson's translation, ed. 1 or ed. 2 (F. Hall).
SEE Sacred Books of the East transl. by various scholars and ed. F. Max Miiller.
Vol. Vol.
i. T.'panisnds. .1. xv Upanisads. 2.
ii. Laws. 1. Apastamba, Gautama. xxiii A vesta. 2. Yashts, etc.
iv. Avesta. 1. Vendidad. xxv Manu.
vii. Laws. Yisnu. xxvi < 'atapatha Brahmana. 2.
x. Dhammapada_, etc. xxix Grbya-sutras. 1. yG8., AGS., PGS.
xii. Qatapatha Brahmana. 1. See p. 356, N.9. xxx Grhya-sutras. 2.
xiv. Laws. 2. Vasistha', Baudbayana. xxxi. Avesta. 3. Yaana. etc.
La religion vedique see p. 359, 100.
Der Rigveda see p. 352, 70.
Der Rigveda see p. 359, 100.
Original Sanskrit Texts see p. xx, no. 26.
Si-yu-ki . . . Buddhist Records of the Western World. Transl. by S. Beal, London, 1884.
Zimmer . . . Altindisches Leben see p. xx, no. 22.
Bergaigne
Kaegi . . .
Ludwig . .
Muir .
The Vocabulary will often serve as an index to the Notes.
PART III.
NOTES.
[297]
SELECTION I.
THE STORY OF XALA AND DAMAYANTI.
1. The trend of Aryan migration in India has been from the extreme north-
west to the south-east, across the region drained by the Indus and its affluents, and
called the Panjab or Land of the Five Rivers; and again south-east, down the valleys
of the Jumna and Ganges. One prominent group of Aryan immigrant tribes was
that of the Kosalas, Videhas, and Magadhas, who settled in the lower valley of the
Ganges, east of its confluence with the Jumna, in the districts now named Oudh
and Behar, the Palestine of Buddhism.
2. Another group of tribes had their home on the upper Indus, in the north-
west of the Panjab. Theirs was the religion and civilization of which the Vedas
are the monument. Later we find them advancing south-eastward, and establishing
themselves on the upper course of the Jumna and Ganges, in Madhya-deca, The
Mid-Land. Foremost among them are the tribes of the Bharatas, the Kurus, and
the Panchalas. Here arose the system of Brahmanism ; here' the simple nature-
religion of the Vedas developed into a religion of priests and sacrifices ; here the
Bharatas attained a kind of religious primacy and the lustre of a great name,
although gradually merging their tribal individuality with that of kindred tribes ;
here were fought the battles of the Bharatas ; and here, to ever-ready listeners, in
school or forest-hermitage, at a sacrifice or a burial, were told the tales of these
battles and their heroes. These are the tales that form the nucleus of the Great-
Bharata-Story (maha-bharata^akhyana, or, more briefly), the Maha-bharata.
3. These tales were probably first circulated in prose, until some more clever
teller put them into simple and easily-remembered metrical form. The date of
these first simple epics we do not know. They may well have existed several
centuries before our era ; but neither their language nor the notices of the Greeks
afford any satisfactorily direct evidence upon the subject. Around this nucleus
have been grouped additions, historical, mythological, and didactic, until the
Great-Bharata, as we now have it, contains over one hundred thousand distichs, or
about eight times as much as the Iliad and Odyssey together.
4. Only about one-fifth of the whole poem is occupied with the principal
story. This, in the briefest possible summary, is as follows. The two brothers,
Dhritarashtra and Pandu (dhrta-rastra, pandu), were brought up in their royal
home of Hastina-pura, about sixty miles north-east of modern Delhi. Dhritarashtra,
the elder, was blind, and so Pandu became king, and had a glorious reign. He had
five sons, chief of whom were Yudhishthira, Bhima, and Arjuna. They are called
Pandavas, and are the types of honor and heroism. Dhritarashtra's hundred sons,
Duryodhana and the rest, are usually called the Kuru princes, and are represented
as in every way bad. After Pandu's death, his sons are brought up with their
INTRODUCTION
TO
cousins. The kingdom devolved on Dhritarashtra, who in turn made his nephew
Yudhishthira the heir apparent.
5. Yudhishthira's exploits aroused the ill-will of his cousins, and, to escape
their plots, the Pandu princes went away to the king of Panchala, whose daughter,
Draupadi, became their common wife. In view of this strong alliance with the
Panchalas, Dhritarashtra thought it best to conciliate the Pandus. So he divided the
kingdom, and gave Hastina-pura to his sons, and to his nephews a district to the
south-west, where they built Indra-prastha, the modern Delhi. Here the Pandavas
and their people lived happily under king Yudhishthira.
6. On one occasion Dhritarashtra held a great assembly of princes at his
capital. The Pandavas were invited and came. Yudhishthira was challenged to
play with Duryodhana, and accepted. The dice were thrown for Duryodhana by his
uncle (^akuni. Yudhishthira loses everything wealth, kingdom, brothers, wife. A
compromise, however, is made, by which the Pandavas give up their part of the
kingdom for twelve years, and agree to remain incognito for a thirteenth. With
Draupadi, they retire to the Kamyaka forest, on the Saraswati.
7. For twelve years the Pandu princes dwell in the wood. Many legends are
told to divert and console them in their exile ; and these stories, with the description
of the forest-life of the princes, combine to make up the third or ' Forest-book,' the
vana-parvan, which is one of the longest in the whole poem.
8. The thirteenth year arrived and passed. " Then in the fourteenth the
Pandavas demanded back their possessions, but received them not. From this arose
the conflict. They overthrew the ruling house, slew prince Duryodhana, and then,
although losing most of their warriors, they got back again their kingdom." MBh.
1.61.51=2280. Thus ended the Bharata, doubtless, in its oldest and simplest form.
9. The poem, as we now have it, spins out the story of the combat through
several books and through thousands of distichs. At length Yudhishthira is crowned
in Hastina-pura, and Bhishma, the leader of the Kurus, although mortally wounded,
instructs him, for about twenty thousand distichs, on the duties of kings and on
other topics, and then dies. In the seventeenth book, the Pandus renounce the king-
dom, and in the next, the last, they ascend to heaven with Draupadi.
10. The Nala-episode illustrates very well how loose is the connection of the
episodes in general with the main thread of the Bharata. The story of Xala is one
of those inserted in the third book (above, 7), and its setting is as follows. Ar-
juna had gone to the heaven of Indra to get from him divine weapons. The other
Pandavas, remaining in the forest with Draupadi, lament their brother's absence and
the loss of their kingdom. Meantime the fierce and stout-armed Bhima addresses
his brother Yudhishthira, and offers to go out and slay their deceitful cousins.
Yudhishthira counsels Bhima to wait till after the thirteenth year, and is trying to
calm his impetuous brother, when suddenly there arrives a mighty sage, Brihada9wa.
The holy man is received with honor and with the customary guest's-dish of milk
and honey. When he is seated, Yudhishthira sits by him, bewails his sad lot, and
asks, " Hast thou ever seen or heard of a man more luckless than I am ? I believe
there never was one more unhappy." " On this point," replies the sage, " I will tell
thee a story of a king who was even more luckless than thon. King Xala was once
cheated out of his kingdom by a false dice-player, and dwelt in the forest, and
[299]
INTRODUCTION
TO XALA.
neither slaves, chariot, brother, nor friend was left him ; but thou art surrounded by
heroes, brothers, and friends, and oughtest not to grieve." Thereupon Yudhishthira
begs him to relate the story at length. Accordingly, to console the king, and to
show him that there is hope of regaining his kingdom, just as Xala regained his,
Brihada9wa begins as in the extract given in the Reader (1 s ).
11. CHAPTER 1. Xala was a prince of Xishadha. Damayanti was the
lovely daughter of Bhima, the king of Vidarbha. By the miraculous interposition
of swans, the prince and princess become mutually enamored.
12. CHAP. 2. Bhima accordingly holds a swayamvara (' self-choice ') for
her. The neighboring kings are invited, and she is permitted to choose for herself
her husband from them. The chief gods hear of it and determine to go also. On
their way, they meet Xala, who is bound on the same errand.
13. CHAP. 3. The gods request Xala to sue for them. Reluctantly consent-
ing, he enters the chamber of the princess and tells how the gods desire her hand.
14. CHAP. 4. Damayanti refuses to listen to the arguments in favor of the
gods. She desires that the swayamvara be held in the usual form, and that the
gods be present, and informs Xala that she intends to show openly her preference
for him. All this Xala reports to the gods.
15. CHAP. 5. The gods and kings assemble. The four chief gods assume
the appearance of Xala. Unable to distinguish the real Xala, the princess, dis-
tressed, prays to the gods, and they, in answer, resume their proper forms and
peculiar attributes (see 14 12 N.). Thereupon she chooses Xala. The kings express
their sorrow, and the gods their delight. The gods give Xala the magic power of
having fire and water whenever he wishes, and a wonderful skill in cookery. The
wedding-feast is celebrated. Xala returns to Xishadha with his bride. They live
happily, and have a son and daughter. Here the extract in the Reader ends.
16. CHAPTERS 6-26. These tell of Xala's misfortunes, and their final happy
issue. He loses everything, even his kingdom, by gambling, and wanders, hungry
and half naked, in the forest. He is transformed into a dwarf, and becomes chari-
oteer of Rituparna, king of Oudh. Damayanti, at her father's in Kundina, is led by
certain tidings to suspect "that Xala is at Oudh. By way of stratagem, she holds out
hopes of her hand to Rituparna, if he will drive from Oudh to Kundina, some five
hundred miles, in a single day, knowing well that only Xala's skill in horsemanship
(see I 4 ) is equal to this task. Rituparna gets Xala to drive him thither through the
air. Xala receives as reward perfect skill in dicing. His wife recognizes him by his
magical command of fire and water, and by his cooking. He resumes his true form,
plays again, and wins back all he had lost, and lives happy ever after.*
17. When Brihada9wa had finished the story of Xala, Yudhishthira, pleased,
asked him for perfect skill in dicing ; and the hermit, granting him his prayer, departed.
18. This story is unquestionably one of the oldest and most beautiful
episodes of the Maha-bharata. It was extremely popular in India; and to this is
due the fact that it escaped the bad influence of Vishnuism, whose adherents have
worked over the vast epic, changing and interpolating, and always for the worse.
* The student mav read the entire story in any
of the numerous translations by Milrnan, Bopp,
the very spirited English rendering of Edwin Arnold,
in his Indian Idylls, Boston, Roberts Brothers, 1883,
Riickert, and others. The most easily obtained is $1.00.
INTRODUCTION
TO
[300]
19. Even the Xala, especially in the first chapter, has suffered much from
later hands ; but on the whole it is one of the least corrupted episodes. Its antiq-
uity is shown by the simplicity of manners implied in its incidents the prince, for
example, cooks his own food, by the character of Indra (cf. 14 22 x.), and in other
ways. See Holtzmann's Indische Sagen, Stuttgart, 1854, p. xiv. Bruce has
attempted to reject definite passages throughout the poem, and has published, at
St. Petersburg in 1862, a text of the Nala, reduced from 983 to 522 distichs.
20. The story begins at iii.53.1 (folio 58 b) of the Bombay edition of 1877,
and at iii. 2072 of the Calcutta edition of 1834.
21. THE METRE. The stanza (cloka) or distich consists of four octosyllabic
verses (pada). The first and second padas form together a half -cloka or a line,
divided at the middle by the caesura: likewise the third and fourth. The more
important rules follow.
a. Odd padas end usually with a first epitrite, ^ , or antispast, w w-
b. Even padas end in a diiambus, v^_w , or second paeon, w ww.
So the type of the half-9loka is o o o o | ^ w || o o o o | \^ w ^- But
c. In no pada may the syllables 2, 3, 4 form a tribrach, w ^/ w, or anapaest, ^ w ;
d. Nor, in the even padas, an amphimacer, \j .
NOTES TO PAGE 1.
LINE 1. atha, see p. 114, s.v. atha 3.
nalopakhyana-m, nom.s.n. (see 330) of
nalopakhyana : this last is a compound
stem, see s.v., p. 180 : its analysis is indicated
in the manner mentioned at p. 292, paragraph
2, end : the second member is upakhyana,
as given in the square brackets, p. 180 : its
initial, u, has evidently combined with the
final vowel of the first member to o : accord-
ing to the important rule 127, that final
must have been an a-vowel (a or a), and,
since there is no stem nala, the first member
must be nala : since this logically determines
the second member, i.e. distinguishes the
' Nala-episode ' from all other episodes, the
compound is to be classed as a determinative,
see 1262.
2. brhadagva, u.f. brhadagva-s (175b),
nom.s.m. of brhad-ava, see s.v., p. 202 : as
shown in the square brackets, the first mem-
ber of the cpd is brhant, which, by 1249a,
enters into composition in its weak form
brhat : by the law of regressive assimilation
(159, the most important rule of Sanskrit
phonetics), the t becomes d. The combina-
tion brhad-agvd, with the accent on the
ultima, means 'a great horse'; the same
combination, with the acct of the prior
member, is a secondary adjective cpd, and
means 'having great horses': here the sec-
ondary adjective is used as a substantive,
' (man) having great horses, i.e. Great-horse ' :
see 1293 2 and cf. the difference between a
great heart and Bunyan's Mr. Great-heart. For
the ligature gv, see Whitney 13 G . uvaca,
v/vac, p. 236, perf. act. 3d sing., see 800e.
For the connection of this line with the
story, see p. 298, 10.
3 a . asid, u.f. asit, by the law of regres-
sive assimilation, just mentioned : as was
said at p. 290, paragraph 8, the meaning
must be sought under V 1 as, p. 122 : the
form is imf. 3d sing., 636. raja, see p.
290, paragraph 7, and for declension, 424.
nalo, u.f. nala-s, 175a: declension, 330.
Nominatives in as are extremely common,
and so of course is the change of as to o.
nama, acc.s.n. (424) of naman, see s.v. 3.
3 b . virasena-suto, u.f. -suta-s, 175a :
the word is a dependent noun-cpd and =
virasenasya sutas, see 1264 : the stem vira-
sena (see s.v.) is itself also a cpd, and of
the same kind as brhad-agva. ball, see
440.
[301]
( NOTES TO
) PAGE 1.
4 a . upapanno, u.f. upa-panna-a (175a),
\fpad+upa, p. 186. As a prepositional cpd,
this must be sought under the root, not
under the preposition read p. 290, para-
graph 8. For the form panna, see 957d :
lit., it has only an indefinite past sense, not
a passive sense, see 952 2 . gunair, u.f.
gunais, 174: declension, 330. istai, u.f.
istais, which becomes iatair (174 again)
before the following sonant initial; and
since this is r, the final r is dropped see
179: is-tais ppl. of VI is, 953: the t of ta
becomes tby progressive assimilation (197),
which is far less common than regressive
assimilation. The half -line means, 'en-
dowed with (desired, i.e. desirable or) excel-
lent virtues.' For the use of the instr., see
278.
4 b . rupavan, see 452 and '453, and cf.
447. For rii, cf. Whitney lOd. agvakovi-
dah, u.f. agvakovidas, 170a, an extremely
common change. Nala's skill in the manege
is a point of prime importance in the story
seep. 299, 16.
5 a . atisthan, u.f. atisthat (161) is 3d s.
imf. act. of Vatha, 742. [The a is augment,
585 : ti is reduplication (for t, see 590c ; for
i, 660) : the i alters s to a (180 and 184c),
and this a involves the conversion of th to
th (197 cf. iata). Orig. stha belonged to
the reduplicating class (671 cf . 'L-a-ri}-^,
'[-(TTij-s, 1-ffrri-fft), but has been transferred
(749) to the commonest of all classes, the
a-class, and is inflected as if the stem were
tistha, i.e. as if we had in Greek 1-arca,
1-<TTfis, f-o-rej.] manujendranam, gen.pl.
of manujendra : after the lingual r, the n
of the ending is changed to lingual n see
189 and 190a : for the combination of ma-
nuja+indra, see 127; for dr, Whitney 14.
5 b . murdhni, loc.s. of murdhan, 424:
for rdh, see Whitney 14. devapatir, u.f.
devapatia, 174 : declension, 339. yatha,
see s.v. 4. 'He (stood, i.e.) was at the head
of princes, as Indra (sc. is at the head of
gods)': i.e. 'He was as much superior to
other princes as Indra to other gods.' " As
handsome as Indra" was a proverbial ex-
pression.
6 a . upary, u.f. upari, 129: the word is
repeated for emphasis, 1260 : ' above, above,'
i.e. 'far above.' sarveaam, gen.pl. of
aarva, 522 and 524 : for construction, see
s.v. upari and 1130 end.
6 b . aditya, u.f. adityaa, 175b. tejasa,
414 : as referring to the sun, it means ' splen-
dor,' and as referring to Nala, it has the
transferred mg, ' majesty ' : the instr., prop,
the 'with '-case, is here best rendered by
'by,' i.e. 'in virtue of.' The force of
atiathat extends through the gloka or dis-
tich. ' He was far above all in majesty, as
the sun (is) in splendor.'
7 a . vedavic churo, u.f. vedavit Quras :
the final t is changed to the palatal c, before
the palatal sibilant 9 (regressive assimila-
tion, 203), and the sibilant g is also changed
to the mute ch, 203 : the same changes
appear in paryupasac chaclm, 2", abhuc
chrnvatoh, 2 1S , hrcchayah, 2 19 , and tac
chrutva, 4 6 , 4 16 : vedavit is nom.s.m. of
vedavid (391), the d being changed to t
(159) before the a of the case-ending, which
last, however, is dropped see 150.
7 b . niaadheau, ' among the Nishadhans '
or ' in Nishadha '. mahlpatih, u.f. mahi-
patia, 170a : declension, 339.
It is not known where Nishadha was.
Vidarbha, the modern Berar, is at the head-
waters of the Tapti, between Nagpore and
the Nizam's Kingdom, and about five hun-
dred miles from Oudh. The general run
of the story makes it highly probable that
Nishadha was between Berar and Oudh.
From chapter ix., it would seem to have been
north of Oujein (ujjayim). From an allusion
in the Qatapatha-brahmana, ii.3.2, Weber
thinks it is in the south (i.e. from Madhya-
de9a). These premises give some ground
for the inference that Nishadha was in the
valley of the Sind, which traverses Gwalior
State, Central India. On the Sind is Nar-
war ; and local tradition connects this place
with "King Nala" in a story whose leading
features bear a striking resemblance to those
of our poem. Finally, Nala is said, chap, xv.,
to have reached Oudh on the tenth day after
quitting Damayanti, and this time suits the
NOTES TO i
PAGE 1. <
[302]
distance some two hundred miles very
well.
8 a . aksapriyah, u.f. aksapriyas, 172:
for ks, cf. Whitney 13 end. satyavadi,
norn.s., 440. As a dependent cpd (1265),
aksapriya may mean, 1. ' dice-beloved,
lucky at gaming,' or, 2. ' dice-loving, friend
of dice, fond of gaming': on the whole, mg
2 is perhaps to be preferred.
8 b . mahan, nom.s., 450b.
9. See ipsita, which is ppl. (1037) of the
desid. nara-narl, declension, 364: for n,
cf . I 5a N. end : nan, see under nara : for use
of case, 296b. udarah, 172 again, like aksa-
priyah, 1 8 , and gresthah and manuh, next
line, etc. etc. samyatendriyah, read p.
291, paragraph 6: samyata, Vyam, 954d.
10. raksita, 373. dhanvin-am, 440.
saksad, u.f. saksat, 159. manu-h, 341.
Render 'as it were, Manu himself, in vis-
ible presence.'
11. tathaivasld, u.f. tatha eva asit,
127, 126, 159: see tatha, mg 3. -bhlma-
parakrama, possessive form of the descrip-
tive cpd bhima-parakrama : see references
in vocab.
12. sarva-gunair, u.f. sarva-gunais, 174,
cf . 1 4a N. : for mg, see sarva 2b : a de-
scriptive cpd, 1279. yuktah, u.f. yukta-s
(170d), ppl. (953, 219 and 217) of Vyuj:
see Vyuj 4, 'yoked with' (hence instr., 278),
and so ' possessed of '. prajakamah, ob-
serve accent and references in vocab. sa
caprajah, u.f. sas ca aprajas, 176a (as ex-
ception to 170c) : for sa-s, 495: ca, though
coalescing with aprajas in euphony (126)
and in print, is really an enclitic and so be-
longs w. sa: 'and yet he (sc. was) childless.'
13. akarot, 3d s. imf. of Vlkr, 714.
' He (in the matter of, i.e.) for the sake of
children made the greatest effort,' i.e. he
performed pious rites, etc. ; or else, ' He had
the matter of children greatly at heart, all
intent (upon it).'
14. tarn, 495, 274a. abhy-agacchad,
\fgam+abhi, see references after pres. form
gacchati in vocab. : this is 3d s. imf., 742.
Respecting the spelling cch, see Preface, p.
v. note 6. brahmarsi-r : for r, 174: de-
! clension, 339 : formation, see references in
vocab. There were three kinds of Rishis
(see rsi) : the rajarsi, or prince who adopted
a life of devotion ; tlie devarsi, or sage who
was also a demigod, as Narada ; and the
brahmarsi, or priestly sage.
Bharata, like rajendra, kaunteya,
vigam pate, prabho, maharaja, raj an,
pandava, kauravya, etc., is an interjected
vocative, addressed by Brihada9wa, the nar-
rator, to Yudhishthira, see p. 298, 10.
15. sa, see p. 291, paragraph 1, and
vocab., s.v. ta4. tosayam asa, periphras-
tic perf. of caus. of Vtus, 1070, 1071a: the
auxiliary is the 3d s. perf. (800a) of Vas,
'be.' dharma-vit, nom.s.m., declined like
veda-vit, I 7 .
16. mahisya, instr. (364) of mahisi.
suvarcas-am: declension, 418: goes with
tarn. 15-16. 'Along with his queen,
Bhlma, desiring children (and) knowing his
duty, gratified him (tarn, Damana), the glo-
rious, with hospitality.'
17. tasmai, 495. pra-sanno, Vsad+
pra, cf. upa-panno, I*N. sabharyaya,
dat.s.m. with tasmai, 'to him having an
accompanying wife, i.e. to him and his wife ' :
observe that bharya shortens its final a in
composition, 334 2 . dadau, Vda, 'give,'
800c.
NOTES TO PAGE 2.
1. kumarang ca, u.f. kumaran ca (208),
or rather, kumarans ca (170c) ; for the so-
called " inserted sibilant " is in the acc.pl. a
historic survival, the original ending having
been ns. trm, 482c. maha-yagas (418)
goes with damanas.
2. damayantim, 364.
3. Cf . I 4 and I 11 and notes.
4. tejas-a, 414 : so yagas-a. griy-a,
stem gri, 351.
5. prapa, 3d s. perf. Vap+pra, 783c 2 ,
800a. 4-5. ' Fair-waisted D. won fame
among men by her beauty, majesty, fame,
grace, and comeliness.' Reprehensible tau-
tology.
6. tarn, 495. vayas-i prapte, loc. ab-
solute, 303b: prapta, ppl. of Vap+pra.
dasinam, 295 end.
[303]
( NOTES TO
I PAGE 3.
7. paryupasac chaclm, u.f. pary-upa_
asat gaclm, see I 7a N. : asat, 3d s. imf. of
a-class (742 augment 585) fr. Vas; this is
reg. of the root-class, G28, and mid. voice.
6-7. Lit. 'Now, her marriageable age
having come, of slaves an adorned hundred,
and a hundred of friends sat around her
(tarn.), as (they do) around (^aci.'
8. raj ate, Vraj, 735. sarva^abharana-
bhusita, 'adorned with all (her) jewels,' a
dependent cpd (1265), whose first member,
sarvabharana, is itself a cpd, like sarva-
guna, see I 12 N.
9. sakhi-madhye, see madhya 1. ana-
vadyangi, initial elided, 135 : the cpd is the
possessive form of a descriptive, 1297-8.
vidyut, 391. The Hindu epos often likens
maiden beauty to the brilliantly flashing
lightning of the rain-cloud.
10. rupa-sampanna goes with bhaimi.
U-f. grl-s (174) iva ayata-locana, 'like
long-eyed Qri.'
11. U.f. tadrk, nom.s.f. rupavati,
nom.s.f. of rupavant, 452.
12. U.f. manusesu (129) api ca anyesu
drsta-purva (sc. asit) atha va gruta.
api ca continues the force of the preceding
negatives, 'nor also.' For drsta-purva,
see reference in vocab. : drs-ta, ppl. of
Vdrg, 218. atha va, see atha 6. gruta =
gruta-purva, 1316 3 .
Omission of copula (asi, asti, smas,
santi, asit, 'art, is, are, was/ etc., 636) is
extremely common ; esp. so w. past pples,
which thus do duty as finite verbs cf.
3 19 N., 7 6 - r N. So also in German.
13. citta-pramathim, fern., 438, 440 end.
devanam, 1316, first example. Lines
11-13 belong together : ' Neither among gods
nor Yakshas (sc. was) such a beauty seen
before or heard of, nor also among other
beings, (namely) mortals': bala is added in
apposition to the subject.
14. nalag, 170c. -bhuvi, 351.
15. kandarpa, 175b. murtiman, 453.
abhavat, 742. 'In beauty he was like
K. himself incarnate or having bodily form '
w. pregnant mg, since K is said to be
'bodiless,' an-anga.
16. U.f. tasyas, 495. pra-gagansuh, 3d
pi. perf. (800a) of v/gans+pra, p. 254: sub-
ject indef ., ' they ' or ' messengers.'
17. punah punah, u.f. punar punar, 178.
18. tayor, 495. ' bhuc chrnvatoh, u.f .
abhut grnvatos, see 1 7a N. : abhut, 829 : gr-
nv-at-os, loc. du., 447, of pres. ppl., 705, of
Vgru, 71(J.
19. anyonyam, see vocab. kaunteya,
see I 1 * N. end. vy-avardhata, Vvrdh+vi,
742.
20. a-gak-nuv-an, negatived pres. ppl.,
705 (cf. 697 3 and 129 2 ), of Vgak. -dhar-
ayitum, inf., 1051 6 , of Vdhr, whose pres.
is made from a caus. stem, 1041, 1042b.
-hrd-a, 391.
21. antahpura-, read p. 291, paragraph
4. vana, u.f. vane, 133. as-te, 612.
gata-s, ppl. of Vgam, 954d. 'Stays in a
wood near the harem, having gone secretly.'
22. dadarga, 3d s. perf. Vdrg, strong
stem dadarg, weak dadrg, 792, 793c, 800.
hansaii, 202 2 . -pariskrtan, ppl. of V 1 kr
-fpari, 1087d, 180. -'Gold-adorned' = 'of
golden plumage '.
23. vi-caratam, gen ( pi, of pres. ppl. of
Vcar+vi. tesam, 495. jagraha, 3d s.
perf. of Vgrah, 590b, 800.
NOTES TO PAGE 3.
1. vacam etc., see under vac. vy-a-
jahara, 590b, 800.
2. Lines 2-4 are the words of the bird.
asmi, 636. te, enclitic, and tava, are
gen.s. of 2d pers. pron., 491 : use of case,
296b. -rajan,424. -karisyami,933. -See
priya 2a.
3. tvam, 491, object of kathayisyami,
fut. of denom. stem kathaya, 933. Supply
tatha as correl. of yatha na, 'ut non',
next line.
4. See yatha 6. -tvad, 491, abl. w.
anya, 292b. mansyati, 933, v'man, mg 4.
5. ut-sa-sarj-a, Vsrj+ud, 800.
6. te must be from ta, 495, since the en-
clitic te (491) could not stand at beg. of
verse. sam-ut-pat-ya, gerund of Vpat +
sam-ud, 990. Note how the gerund, as
instr. of accompaniment of a verbal noun
NOTES TO )
PAGES, j
[304]
(read 989), gets its mg : 'with a flying,' i.e.
'flying' or 'having flown.' vidarbhan,
274a. agamahs, u.f. agaman, 208, aor. of
V gam, 840.
7. ga-tva, gerund again, 991 : the root,
gam, shows the same form as in the ppl.
ga-ta, 954d. U.f. tada antike.
8. nipetus, Vpat+ni, 800d, 794e. da-
darga, 2 22 x.
9. drs-tva, v'drg, 991, 218. -U.f. sakhi-
gana^avrta, 'surrounded by (her) friend-
crowd,' 1265 : sakhi- is demanded by the
metre, instead of sakhi-, p. 300, 21d: a-vr-
ta, ppl. of v' 1 vr+a.
10. hrs-ta, ppl. of v'hrs, 197. grabl-
tum, inf., 968, 972 3 : used here with verb of
motion (vkram see 981 3 ) , Latin, 'subiit
captum'. khagamans, u.f. -an, 208; but
the s is here a true historic survival, cf . 2 l >*.
U.f. tvaramana upa-, 127: Vtvar, 741:
upa-ca-kram-e, v'kram+upa, 590b, 800a, 3d
s. mid.
11. See Vsrp+vi, and 800.
12. ekaikagas refers to both subject and
object 'singulae (puellae) singulos (an-
seres).' sam-upa_adravan, Vdru, 742.
13. sam-upa^adhavat, Vdhav, 742.
antike, ' in the presence, i.e. near,' is super-
fluous with ' ran on unto.'
14. kr-tva, Vlkr, mg 3, and 991. -a-
bravit, 3d s. imf. of Vbru, w. ace. of person,
274b. -13-14. Observe that the relative
clause comes first, w. incorporated antece-
dent, ' ad quern anserem D. accurrit, is ...
dixit ' : cf . 512, and vocab. ya 4.
15. With mahipatis supply asti, ' there is
a prince . . .' : cf . 2 12 s. end.
16. The first half-line goes w. line 15 :
supply santi in the second. The two geni-
tives are explained at 296b.
The caesura, be it observed, here marks
the beginning of a new clause. This is often
the case. So 3 ^ 8 - 18 - 21 , 5 6 , etc.
17- bharya, predicate nom. U.f. bha-
vethas, 177, 738. var-, voc.s., 364, fern.,
440 end.
18. bhavej, u.f. bhavet, 202, 738.
janma, 424. U.f. rupam ca idam, 'pul-
critudoque haec'. 'Fruitful (of good)
would be thy birth, and this beauty (of
thine),' i.e. it would then prove a fortunate
thing that thou wast born and art so
beautiful.
19. For the long cpd, see 1247 I 2 : divide
-manusa-uraga-, 127 : the whole is object of
drsta-vant-as (supply smas, 'sumus' 2 12
x. end), which is exactly like the Eng. ' (are)
having seen ' = ' have seen ' : read 959 and
960. In the later mythology, the serpents
are divine beings with human face, whose
beauty is often praised : cf . 13 1 .
20. U.f. na ca asmabhis (491),'neque a
nobis.' drstapurvas, supply asit and see
N. to 2 12 . tathavidhas, substantively, of
course : ' (a man) of such sort '.
21. U.f. tvam ca api, supply asi, as in
2 u N. narinam, 364, in vocab. under nara
nalo, supply asti, as in 2 12 N.
22. U.f. vigistayas, 177, gen.s.f., ppl. of
v'gis~vi. For use of instr., 284. 'Ex
imiae cum eximio congressus.' For sam-
gama, read p. 291 1 7.
23. For vigam pate, ' prince ', s.v. vi
2, see 1 14 N. end.
NOTES TO PAGE 4.
1. abravit, see 3 M N. nale, 304a.
' Do thou speak so to Nala also ' (sc. as
thou hast to me). The api ought to follow
nale.
2. See iti, mg 2, and tatha, mg 2.
uktva, <J vac, 991 : the root shows same
weak form^as in ppl., 954b cf. 217.
3. a-gam-ya, 990. nale, as in line 1.
See VI vid+ni : imf. 3d s. of caus., 1042a,
cf. 1043. -2-3. 'The bird, saying "Yes"
to the maid (274b) of Vidarbha, . . . ., com-
municated all to Xala.'
4. See iti, mg 2e. In this poem, adhy-
aya (not sarga) is the proper word for
' chapter.'
6. For tac chrutva, see N. to I 7a : tat,
495: cru-tva, 991. bharata, see N. to l u
end.
7. prati, here used as a true " preposi-
tion", or rather postposition, connecting
nalam with svastha see 1123. babhuva,
Vbhu, 789a.
[305]
( NOTES TO
< PAGE 5.
8. U.f. tatas, 170c. For an explana-
tion of the nature of these and the following
long cpds, look up the references under them
in vocab.
9. nihgvasa-, read p. 291 If 4.
10. unmatta-dargana, 1299 : for un-,
161.
11. U.f. ksanena atha. The complete
analysis of the long word is indicated by ref-
erences in vocab.
12. First cpd, see 1253a. vindati,
V2 vid.
13. gete, VI 1, 629. -U.f. "ha ha" iti.
See v/rud and 619. See punar 2.
15. asvastham: observe the use, com-
mon in Skt., of a predicate adj. or subst.
instead of subordinate clause : thus, ' an-
nounced D. as ill', where we should say,
'announced that she was ill' : so 4 19 karyam.
naregvare (like nale, 4 L3 ) is loc. w. ny-
avedayat and in logical apposition w. the
dat. vidarbhapataye, despite the difference
of case.
16. See N. to 4 6 . Observe how the
idea of 4 14b is here put in one cpd.
17. cint-, see N. to I 15 . 'Considered
this important matter (in respect to, i.e.)
concerning his daughter.'
18. See Viks and 992. -prap-, see 1308.
' Considering his daughter who had reached
nubility,' i.e. taking fully into account the
fact of her marriageability (though he knew
it well enough before).
19. apagyad, 759, 760.6. See atman 3,
and 514. ' Saw D's swayamvara requiring to
be instituted by himself, saw that he must
hold D's sw.' : cf . N. to 4 15 .
20. Periphrastic perf. of denom. man-
tray a +sam-ni, 1070, 107 la.
21. anubh- is 3d s. pres. imv. pass., Vbhu
-fanu, 771.4. ayam, read p. 291 1 1, and
see 501. iti marks the four preceding
words as the precise words of Bhima's invi-
tation : ' Let this swayamvara be heard or
taken notice of, O heroes, i.e. Understand
ye that one will take place here.' prabho,
841, see I 14 N. end. Observe that we have
_/ w w as the first half of the first
pada, a not infrequent irregularity.
NOTES TO PAGE 5.
1. sarve, 524, cf. 495.
2. abhijagmus, v'gam+abhi, 590b, 794d.
- For abl., see 291 2 .
3. The aggregative cpd hasty-agva-ratha
(1252) makes w. ghosa a genitively depend-
ent cpd (1264): hasti for hastin, 1249a 2 .
purayantas (Vlpr), agrees w. subject of
preceding clause.
4. Divide, vicitramalya+abharana, as
descriptive, 1280b. - balais, 279. -'(They
came) . . . with troops, splendid (and) well
adorned with variegated-garland-ornaments.'
5. tesam (495) parth-, objective gen. w.
pujam.
6. akarot, I 13 x. te begins new clause
see 3 16 N. -U.f. avasan, 135, 208, \/3vas.
7. U.f. etasmin, 210, 499b : see vocab.
under etad. 'The two best of the Rishis
(1264) of the gods': the verb is in line 10.
8. See \/at and 741. U.f. mahatman-
au, 134. -gatau, 954d.
9. U.f. ca eva, 127, see eva, end. maha-
stands in adverbial relation to -prajna
('greatly, i.e. very, wise '), since the whole
is a descriptive adjective cpd see 1279.
10. Third pers. dual, perf. mid., Vvig,
800a. See sii 2, inseparable prefix.
11-12. U.f. tau, 495. arc-, gerund from
caus. stem of v'rc, 1051 7 . papraccha, 590,
794c. U.f. anamayam ca api. -gata
(like -bhuta, see 6 7 N., and 1273c) is a mere
means of turning sarva- [=sarvatra] into
attributive form : so also in sarvatragatam,
line 14, which should be printed as a cpd,
and means, like sarvagatam, ' under all cir-
cumstances, i.e. in all their goings and do-
ings.' Amend vocab. accordingly.
'Saluting them, Maghavan then asked
after the welfare unbroken and also disease-
less of them two under all circumstances
he, the mighty one': i.e. (cf. the principle
explained 4 15 N.) 'asked if it had gone con-
stantly well with them and if they had been
entirely free from sickness.'
14-15. avayos, 491. Copulas omitted
2 12 N. 'Of us two (there is) welfare,
j O god, under all circumstances, O lord : and
NOTES TO )
PAGES, j
[306]
in the whole (krtsne) world, Maghavan,
the princes (are) prosperous, O mighty oue.'
18-2O are prefatory to the question
proper in line 21 a : 'The princes (proleptic
nora. independent) . . . , who (509) go to
death by the sword (280) . . . , this (501)
imperishable world, i.e. heaven, (is cf. 2 12
N. end) granting every wish of them, just as
(yatha^eva) of me (it grants every wish).'
The idea is, Since the brave warriors can
here obtain their every wish, why do they
not come up ?
21. 'Where now (are) those princes,
heroes ? ' Observe caesura : cf. 3 16 N.
22. agacchatas, Vgam+a, 741, 447,
agrees w. tan.
NOTES TO PAGE 6.
2. crriu, 710, 703. -me, 491, 297b. -
drgyante, 768, 771.
3. Supply asti, ' there is ' (a daughter) . . .
See iti, mg 2 f . Vcru+vi.
4. Ppl. of Vkram+sam-ati (955a) 'having
excelled = excelling.'
5. tasyas, 495. bhavita, 944.
7. See bhuta 2, and reference, 1273c,
and cf. 5 12 N. Pres. ppl. of denom. stem
arthaya+pra, 1068.
8. kanksanti governs tarn.
9. 'While this (499b) is being told'
(pres. ppl. pass, of kathaya, 1068, cf . 1052a),
loc. absolute, 303b. Study references un-
der sagnika, an important kind of cpd : lit.
'having an accompanying (sa-) Agni', where
sa- is equiv. to an adj. Others in line 13.
10. Vgam+a, cf. 5 2 N.
11. Vgrn, 3d pi. perl, 800b.
12. U.f. grutva eva ca abruvan (632)
hrstas. gacchamas: for tense, 777a.
13. maharaja, see I 14 N. end.
14. yatas, supply asan, ' were.'
15. kaunteya, see I 14 . end.
17. path-i, loc.s., 433. - dadrcus, 2 & N.
sthitam, superfluous, see sthita 2.
18. 'In reality almost, the god of love,
present (see sthita 3) with definite shape,
(by reason of beauty =) so handsome was
he.' Cf. 2i*x.
2O. tasthus, 590c\ 794f, 800c. -Vsmi+vi.
21. vistabhya, v stabh+vi, 185. 992.
22. rajann, 210: see l u N. end. -Vtr
-f ava, 992 2 , 242.
23. U.f. bhos, see 176a. bhavan, see
bhavant and 456, and supply asti, 514.
NOTES TO PAGE 7.
I. 'Do thou (714) assistance of us' (491).
Observe caesura.
4. Vjna, 989. -U.f. karisye, 133, 933.
'Nala, promising them "I will do (the
assistance) ", . . .'.
o. etan, 499b. v'stha-fupa, 954c.
6-7. Now review declension of pronouns
very frequent hereabouts : interrogatives,
ke, kas, kirn, 504 ; demonstratives, tad, 495,
ayam and asau, 501 ; personal, aham, maya,
asman, and vas, tvam, tvam, 491.
Note frequent omission (2 12 N.) of copula :
u.f. ke bhavantas (santi, 514) ? kas ca
asau (asti), yasya aham ipsitas (asmi)
dutas? kim ca (asti) tad vas maya kar-
yam ('mihi faciendum')? yasya dutas,
'as messenger to whom.' kath-, 1068,
1043.4.
8 a . See303b 4 .
9. Vbudh+ni, 739. 'Know us as gods,
i.e. know that we are gods' cf. 4 15 N.
See artha.
10. U.f. aham indras (asmi), ayam ag-
nis ca (asti), tatha eva ayam apam patis
(asti). ayam, ' this one here', with a ges-
ture of introduction, apam, see ap. 'Lord
of waters ' is Varuna.
II. nfnam, gen.pl. of nr, 371 s . U.f.
yamas ayam (asti).
12. 'Announce us as assembled' cf.
4 15 N.
The last three lines (13-15) of Indra's
speech contain in oratio recta the message
which he wishes Nala to deliver.
13. Lit. 'The world-protectors, having
Great-Indra as first, i.e. Great-Indra and the
other world-protectors ' : for this important
kind of cpd, study 1302c 1, and adi in vocab.
Vya-i-sam-a, 611. See reference under
didrksu.
14. 'The gods seek (VI is, 608) to win
(Vap, 968) thee.'
[307]
j NOTES TO
I PAGE 1O.
15. 'Choose thou', V 2 vr, 1043.4.
17. 'Me, come hither (sam-upa-itam,
\'i^ for one and the same purpose.' Inf. of
V2 is rpra, 1051.
18-19. 'Pray how can (Vsah+ud) a man
who is in love say (V vac, 968) such a thing to
a woman (striyam 360, 274b) for another 1 '
20. ucus, Vvac, perf., see references.
21. sam-c,ru-tya, 992. For loc., 304a.
NOTES TO PAGE 8.
I. kar-, 933. Observe caesura.
4. veg-, object of pravestum, which is
inf. of Vvig+pra, 218.
5. U.f. pra-veksyasi (Vvig, fut., 932, 218)
iti . . . eva abhy-.
6. Vgam. See iti, mg 2.
7. Third word is vaidarbhim. See
VI vT+sam-a.
8. Vdip, intens. 1000, 1002a, 1016. -
vapus-a, 414.
10. Vksip+a, 752.5.
II. Join tasya w. kamas, and tarn w.
drstva. -Vvrdh, 800.
12. See satya 3. cik-, VI kr, desid.,
1027, 1028b. -Vdhr, 1070, 1071a.
13. Vbhram+sam, 955a.
14. Vpat+sam-ud, 794e. Vdhrs.
16. U.f. na ca enam, see ena and 500.
18. U.f. kas ayam (asti) ? For rest of
line, see atha 6 and 948 2 end.
19. Vcak, 697 li8 . -See Vhr+vy-a: inf.
-See Ika2cand507.
20. Nom.pl.fem. of lajjavant, 452 3 .
21-22. 'Then to him smiling, Dama-
yanti with a smile addressing unto the
hero Nala spake, amazed.'
NOTES TO PAGE 9.
1. U.f. praptas (Vap) asi, 636. -'Thou
art having come like a god, i.e. thou earnest
invisibly?' Observe caesura. Vjna, w.
gen. te, 'get acquainted with thee.'
2. U.f. ca iha (asit). Caesura. U.f.
asi na laksitas (ppl. of laksaya), 'wast
thou not noticed.'
3. Caesura. U.f. ca eva ugra-.
5. viddhi = 1a8t : see V 1 vid 2 and 617.
6-7. Cf. 7 14 ' 16 . -gobh-, voc.s.fem.
8. U.f. pravistas aham (asmi), Vvig.
9. Vvig, 752.5. -See 1 ka 2d and 507.
U.f. apagyat, na api avar- (Vlvr caus.).
10. presitas (asmi), V2 is.
11. VI kr+pra, 2d s. imv. mid. 714.
14. From here on, the use of virama
with a final consonant to prevent its com-
bining in print with a following initial is
given up. Thus in nalamabravit, we allow
the a, which if unannulled by virama is
inherent in the nagari sign for ma, to serve
as the first letter of abravit. Cf. 9 4 with
the identical 10 2 .
See 992 for the two cpd gerunds.
15. Vni + pra, 739: for n, 192a. -See
v' 1 kr 2, 714, 578.
16. U.f. yat (202) ca anyat (161) mama
asti: see VI as 2. 'For both I and what
other good soever I have '
17. 'That all (is) thine.' kuru, 714.
Igvara = Nala.
18. Explained at 512a, q.v.
19. Vpat+sam-ni, pass. ppl. of causa-
five, hence long a, 1051.
20. Vkhya+praty-a, 932 : 948 2 examples.
NOTES TO PAGE 1O.
1. asthasye, Vstha+a, 932. Suicide by
hanging etc. is referred to : so also Pan-
chatantra iv. fable 2.
2. Identical with 9*.
3. VsthaS: loc. (741), absolute, 303b.
'The gods being present, how seekest thou
a man (as husband, in preference) 1'
4-5. As at 3 13 - 14 (see N.), the relative
clause comes first, with incorporated ante-
cedent: lit. 'Of what world-creating noble
lords I (am) not equal to the foot-dust (instr.,
see 281a), let thy mind on those be busied '
(Vvrt 4, 739). More natural to us would
seem tesu lokakrtsu igvaresu mahatmasu.
" He's not as good as the dust on my feet"
was prob. a proverbial expression of re-
proach : so Malavika, act i.
6. U.f. hi acaran, pres. ppl. devanam
limits vipriyam, 296 b. rcchati, see Vr.
7. Vtra, 617. -Cf. 2 9 N. and 7 15 N.
8. See tatha 3. Nala tells her (lines 8-9)
what she may enjoy if she chooses a god.
NOTES TO
PAGE 1O.
[308]
9. devan prapya, V ap, 992, ' by obtaining
gods (in wedlock).' bhunksva, v2 bhuj,
689.
10. U.f . yas : its antecedent is tarn,
imam, 501. Vksip, 992. SeepunarS.
12-13. Explained 291 2 . yasya limits
only danda-, not the whole cpd, 1316. Yama
is meant here.
16-17. kriyatam (770c) varanam, 'let a
choice be made '. yadi manyase, \ man 3.
suirdvakyam. crnu, 6 2 x.
19. Vplu+sam-a, past ppl., instr. dual.
See atha 4. See vari and 339.
21. V2vr, 718. Declension of bhartr,
373. satyam etad bravimi, see satya 3.
22. Vvip, 741. krtanjalim, here fern.,
846,344.
23. agatya, Vgam, 992. U.f. iha ut-
sahe : see V sah+ud 2.
NOTES TO PAGE 11.
1. U.f. hi aham. -For gen., 297a.
2. SeeVrabh+a2. katham, epanalepsis.
3. U.f. esas (176a) dharmas (sc. asti),
forms a clause. bhavita, 944. See 949 2
near end.
4. See >/ 1 dha+vi 5 and 770b.
6. See VI hr+praty-a.
7. ' Here is a safe means (seen in the
mind, i.e.) thought out by me.'
8. bhavita = bhavisyati, line 12.
9-10. U.f. tvam ca eva . . . devas ca
. . . ayantu (Vya, 611) : verb agrees w. near-
est subject. Observe caesura in 10. With
yatra supply asti.
11. For samnidhi(m=n), read p. 291 IT 7.
12. var- governs tvam. U.f. na evam.
14. U.f. punar, 178. End, supply asan.
15. U.f. tarn apagyan (208) tatha
ayantam (619).
16. U.f. ca enam, 500.
17. For kaccid (kat cid, 202), see kad.
18 a . ' And what did she say to us all? '
20. U.f. bhavadbhis, 456. -See Vdic,
-fa. niv-, with pra vistas.
21. ' Guarded (vr-tam) by warders '
(dandibhis).
22. U.f. na kas cid (1 ka 2d) drstavan
(sc. asti) naras, see 959, 960, this example.
NOTES TO PAGE 12.
1. U.f. sakhyas (364) ca asyas (501)...
tabhis ca api ... Copula twice omitted.
2. U.f. sarvas, nom.fem. vib-, voc.
G. ' While ye are being described by me,'
303b.
4. V2vr, 718. -sur-, voc. -Cf. 10 21 .
5. In the words ayantu to bhavita, line
8, Nala repeats substantially D's plan
(II 9 - 12 ), but in oratio recta. Hiatus (113) is
allowed at the caesura ; otherwise bala
(unless it had lost a final s, 177) would co-
alesce with the following initial. Cf. 16 u y.
8. mah-, voc. bhavita, II 8 N. See
iti5.
9-1O. U.f. etavad (nom.n., 453) uda-
hrtam (Vhr, sc. asti) maya, full stop.
' For the rest, ye (are) an authority, gods ' :
i.e. it's your affair alone now.
13. The three substantives are locatives
absolute with prapte, 303b 3 .
14. Vhu+a : w. 782 cf. 643b. - For
loc., 304.
16. Vgam+sam-upa^a, 1080. For ace.,
dam-, 271a.
18. U.f. vivicus (cf. 5 10 N.) te nrpas . . .
acalam.
19. U.f. asanesu . . asmas, 619 8 .
2O b . The cpd is a possessive form (1301)
of a descriptive cpd, 1280b.
NOTES TO PAGE 13.
I. Second word is suglaksnah. 'Like
the five-headed serpents ' because the hand
is quinquepartite. Cf . 3 19 N.
5. Vmus, 724: fern, irreg., 449c 8 : 'be-
guiling' cf. K\eirrfiv v6ov. prabhaya,
364. caksiinsi, 414 end.
6-7. U.f. tesam drstis, . . . patita, . . .
sakta (v'sanj) abhut (829) caesura : na ca
(drstis tesam) pagyatam cacala.
8. ' While the names are being an-
nounced' loc. absolute, 303b, pres. ppl. of
pass, of denom. kirtaya-f sam.
9. See atha 4. - See p. 299, 15.
10. Viks-rsam, 992. -See sthita 4.
II. U.f. samdehat (m=n, p. 291 1 7)
. . na abhy-ajanat, Vjna, 730 2 , 725.
12. See ya 5. See Vman, 794e.
'For whichever she saw of them, him she
thought (to be) king N.'
13. U.f. buddhya, 339. -tark-, cf. I 15 N.
14. Optatives (577) of v/jfia, 721, and
VI vid, 616.
17-18. ' What marks of the gods [(are)
my heard ones (296b) =] I have heard of
from old men, these I do not notice as (being
of, i.e.) belonging to even one (ekasya api)
of those standing here (iha) on the ground
(bhumau).'
19. V3 ci+vi-nis, 992. -Vcar+vi, 1051.
20. 'Thought (it) an arrived-time, i.e.
thought that the time had arrived (cf. note
to 4 15 ) for refuge (of the) to the gods.'
22. pra- is predicate adj. w. bhu-tva,
991. See Vbhu. U.f. vepamana idam.
23. 'As surely as N. (was) chosen by me
on hearing . . : ' see yatha 4.
NOTES TO PAGE 14.
1. patitve, ' in marriage,' goes with vrtas.
- See satya 2 and 280 end. - U.f . tarn = Nala.
2. U.f. na abhicarami.
4. 'Ordained (as my, i.e.) to be my hus-
band' Vldha+vi 3, and 954c.
6. 'As this ceremony (vrata) was under-
taken by me (in the =) for the winning of
Nala . . '. v/rabh+a : rabh-ta = rabdha, 160.
8. Vikr 3,714: should be mid. See p.
299, 15. '
9. See yatha 6. v/jna f abhi, 721.
10. V4 gam, 992. -U.f. tad.
11. vflkr, 800f.
12-13. ' She saw (apagyat) all the gods,
free from sweat (asvedan), unwinking, hav-
ing unwithered garlands and free from dust,
standing (see sthita 1) without touching
(asprgatas) the ground.' The "unwinking
eyes " are a survival of the old Vedic con-
ception of the gods that "neither slumber
nor sleep." The other marks of anthropo-
morphic divinity are natural enough. The
opposites of all five attributes are ascribed
to Nala, besides a shadow.
14. U.f. mlanasrak, nom.s.m., 391.
rajah-sveda- (1252), in instr. relation, forms
a cpd (1265) w. sam-anv-itas, Vi.
[3091 J NOTES TO
I PAGE 15.
15. 'And (ca- eva) the Nishadhan, . .
line 14 . . , (was) made recognizable, (by)
standing on the ground, and (ca) by winking.'
17. V2vr, 1070. -pandava,see IN. end.
18. See Vgrah 1. -Cf. 2 10 .
21. 'The cry "Ah, all" (ha hajti
cf. 4 18 ) was uttered (Vmuc).'
22-23. Same construction. 'The cry
'Bravo" was uttered (iritas, Vir) by ...
praising (Vgans) N.' Note the generous
magnanimity of the gods.
NOTES TO PAGE 15.
1. kauravya, see I 14 N. end.
2. Vgvas+a, caus. imf. U.f. antar-
atmana.
3. See yad 3 : correl. in line 4.
4*. Cf. 9 5 and N .
4 b . 'Delighted (Vram 3) with such (see
evam, end) words of thine' (as thou hast
spoken in choosing me). Loc., 303.
5. See yavant 2. SeeVdhr6.
6 a . Vbhu, construed prop. w. loc. of
thing (e.g. dane), means 'be in or on' (e.g.
giving), i.e. ' devoted to ' (charity) : here the
construction seems extended in like mg to a
person. ' So long will I be devoted to thee '
tvayi. - Line 6 > = 10 21 b .
7-8. See vac (391) and nand+abhi. A
line, containing the principal verb with Nala
as subject, seems lacking.
9-1O. V pri 3. U.f. tu agni- : see -puro-
gama. See Vgam 5. 'But the two,
mutually pleased, beholding Agni and the
others, perceived those very gods as their
refuge, i.e. perceived that the gods had been
good to them.'
11-12. vrte, 303b. -U.f. nalaya astau
(483 3 ) . . dadus (800c). -The four gods
give each two gifts, and, besides, one gift in
common, a couple of children (mithunam,
19). It is by his exercise of the supernatu-
ral powers now given to Nala that Dama-
yanti in the sequel (chap. 23) recognizes her
lost and transformed husband. In passing
through a low door-way, he does not stoop
the lintel rises ; when he wants fire and
water for cooking, they come at his wish ;
and he seasons the food exquisitely.
NOTES TO j
PAGE 15. 1
[310]
13-14. U.f . gatim ca an-, ' and a most
excellent gait ' : this includes the ability to
pass through the low door-way, as above.
-s/pri2, 760.5.
15. The god of fire and the god of the
waters (18) give N. magic power over their
respective elements see above and p.
299, 15. -U.f. pra-adat (VI da, 829)
yatra.
16. U.f. lokan atmaprabhan (208) ca
eva: ' places-in-heaven, having his (the
Fire-god's) splendor, or a splendor of their
own' (heaven has "no need of the sun,
neither of the moon, to shine in it ") r this
amounts, perhaps, to ' hopes of future bless-
edness'; but the Hindus make a deal of
loose talk about ' worlds ' (lokas).
17. U.f. yamas tu. anna-rasam, 'sub-
tle taste for food ' as the sequel shows
see above : vocab. wrong.
18. With apam patir supply pradat and
see? 10 *.
19. U.f. srajas ca ut-.
20. U.f. evam pra-daya (992) asya
(501), explained 297a.
21-22. Construe, anu-bhuya vivaham
asya damayantyac, ca : ' learning of the
wedding, i.e. that it would take place duly '
they went back home.
NOTES TO PAGE 16.
1. Vlkr, caus., 1070, 1045.
2. usya, V3 vas, irreg. (990 2 ) for usitva.
4. U.f. bhrajamanas anguman : after
elision (bhrajamano 'ncuman), the anu-
swara belongs to the o, and so in nagari
has to be put over the o and to the left of
the avagraha.
6. U.f. ije (Vyaj) ca api. Yayati was
an ancient king, whose piety is celebrated
even in the Rigveda, where the gods are be-
sought to bless the sacrificer with their
presence, as in old time they did for Yayati.
His story is told MBh. i., chap. 75.
7. U.f. anyais ca bahubhis, dhlman,
kratubhis ca aptadaksinais : the second
ca seems superfluous.
8. U.f. punar (178) ca . . . upavanesu
(126).
9. Vhr+vi, cf. 3 1 N. and 16 12 .
10. Vjan, 1070, 1045: w. loc., 'begat
upon (the body of) D.'
11. Observe hiatus at the caesura cf.
12 s N. By penance the great ascetics
could become as gods and thrust even Indra
from his throne. The anxious god's most
effectual means to defend himself from the
power of their austerities was to seduce
them by sending a nymph so lovely that
they could not resist her charms. ' Indra's
weapon ' (indrasena, see vocab.) is therefore
a very complimentary name for Nala's
daughter. To name her brother, a corre-
sponding masculine was formed, which has,
of course, no other than grammatical appro-
priateness.
12. U.f . viharan ca, 208.
SELECTIONS II.-XXI.
FROM THE HlTOPADEQA, THE ' BOOK OF GOOD COUNSEL.'
22. The first book ever printed in Sanskrit was Kalidasa's ' Seasons ' (rt u -
samhara), edited by Sir Wm. Jones, and printed in Bengali letters in 1792. The
first Sanskrit book ever printed in Nagari letters was the Hitopade9a. It was edited
by Carey, and printed at Serampore in 1803. The publication was undertaken, said
Henry T. Colebrooke, "to promote and facilitate the study of the ancient and
learned language of India in the College of Fort William." It was chosen as the
first for this purpose because of its easy style and intrinsic interest and because two
English translations of it existed, one by Wilkins (Bath, 1787), and the other by
Jones (London, 1799). To pedagogical reasons, accordingly, may be assigned in
great part, the importance of this work : it has become important in the West,
[3 1 1 1 ( INTBODUCTION TO
I HlTOPADECA.
because the text is so well suited for tyros in Sanskrit ; and in the Orient, because
of the intrinsic value of its contents.
23. The book belongs to the ethico-didactic class of literature, and is what
the Hindus call a niti-astra or ' conduct-work.' The term niti (see this in the
vocabulary) came to have special reference to the conduct of kings in their domestic
life and in their foreign relations ; a niti-gastra is, accordingly, a ' Prince's hand-
book of political and social ethics,' a kind of ' Mirrour for Magistrates.' The Hito-
pade9a consists of mingled verse and prose. The verses are mostly proverbs and
maxims often of the choicest practical wisdom; and their validity is proved,
illustrated, and enforced by the fables, which are in prose.
2-i. The frame in which the woi'k is set is simple and meagre. The sons of
King Sudar9ana of Pataliputra 1 (Patna) are ignorant and vicious. He therefore con-
vokes the wise men and asks if any one is able to reform the princes. Visnu9arman
offers to do so, and accordingly takes them in charge, and relates to them the stories
which make up the body of the collection.
25. The Hitopade9a is not an original work, but, rather, an excellent com-
pilation of ancient material. The time of its composition has not been even
approximately determined. The palm-leaf MS. brought by Mr. Cecil Bendall from
Xepal was written in the year 493 of the Nepal era or A.D. 1373. And Professor
Peterson's 2 old paper MS. from Jeypore is of about the same age. At present we
can hardly say more than that the work is at least 500 years old. In the working
over of the material, the metrical portions would naturally be changed less, on the
whole, than the prose ; and in fact, many of the proverbs can be traced back in their
identical form to works of antiquity. And travellers report that just such proverbs
are current to-day in the talk of the lower classes of India.
The author or editor of this collection of fables, according to the colophon 8 of
the Jeypore MS., was named Narayaiia, and his patron and publisher was the prince
Dhavalacandra.
26. The sources of this compilation are expressly said (end of the preface,
17 8 ) to be "the Pancatantra and another work." The first part of this statement
is borne out by the fact that, out of forty-three fables in the Hitopade9a, twenty-five
are found also in the Pancatantra. The latter work, as its name implies, consists
of five books ; while the Hitopade9a is divided into four, whose titles are given in
the preface, 17 7 . The correspondence is as follows. The first book of the Panca-
tantra answers in its frame-work to the second of the Hitopade9a and the second of
the Pancatantra to the first of the Hitopade9a. Five stories from the third book
of the Pancatantra, along with seven from the first, are scattered through the last
two books of the Hitopade9a. From the fourth book of the Pancatantra only one
story, "The ass in the tiger-skin," appears in the Hitopade9a; and from the fifth
book, only three. It thus appears that, in the main, only the first three books of
the Pancatantra were drawn upon by the author of the Hitopade9a; and Somadeva.
in his Katha-sarit-sagara (chapters 60-64, much of whose substance is from the
Pancatantra, i.-iii.), has followed a similar course.
27. What the "other work" is we can hardly say with entire certainty. In
it ought to be found together if the statement of the preface is accurate at least
1 From this point the spelling of proper names 2 See Preface to his Hitopadeca, p. i, ii, v.
will no longer be anglicized.
3 Peterson's ed., p. 161 : cf. p. iv, v.
INTRODUCTION TO
HITOPADECA.
[312]
the eighteen fables of the Hitopadeca which do not occur in the Pancatantra.
Had the preface said " other works," the problem would be easier. Thus the story
of the two giants, iv. 9, may be traced to the Maha-bharata, and the prototypes of
other single stories are doubtless to be found in one and another ancient collection.
Professor Peterson 1 thinks that the " other work " is the Nitisara of Kamandaka.
The identification deserves further study.
28. The contents of the Pancatantra have been made the subject of one of
the most important contributions to the literary history of the world by the late
Professor Benfey. His principal results were published in his Pantschatantra (1859,
see above, p. xviii, no. 8), and in his introduction to Bickell's edition of the Kalilag
und Damnag (1876). The latter contains, pages VI-X, a brief resume of these
results. The summary given by Keith-Falconer (1885, see p. 315) is a systematic
and lucid account of the history of the fables, and is the one most to be commended
to English-speaking students. Some of the most important items follow.
A. The Indian original. In the sixth century of our era, there existed in
India a Buddhist Sanskrit work, in thirteen chapters, treating of the conduct of
princes. 2 Its doctrines were inculcated in the form of beast-fables, or stories in
which animals play the part of human beings.
B. This Indian original was translated by a Persian physician named Barzoi,
into the Pehlevi, the literary language of Persia, by command of the Sassanian king,
Khosru Anushlrvan, called The Just (531-579 A.D.).
29. Cl. Both the Indian original and its Pehlevi version are irrecoverably
lost ; but from the latter were made two very notable translations. The first was
into Syriac, made about 570 A.D., and called Kalilag and Damnag after the two
jackals, Karataka and Damanaka, who figured prominently in the introduction of
the Sanskrit original. A single notice of this version had been preserved in a
catalogue of Syriac writings made by Ebed-jesus (died 1318), and published by
Assemani at Rome in 1725. A Chaldean bishop, Georgius Ebed-jesus Khayyath,
on his way to the ecumenical council in 1870, stumbled upon a manuscript of this
Syriac version in the episcopal library at Mardin. Through the mediation of Ignazio
Guidi in Rome, and by a wonderful combination of lucky accidents and persistent
efforts, the existence of " the lost manuscript " was made known to the eager in-
quirers in Europe, 8 and at last published in text and German translation by Bickell.
30. C2. The second translation from the Pehlevi was the Kalilah and Dim-
nah or Fables of Pilpay in Arabic, made by Abd-allah ibn al-Moqaffa, a Persian
convert to Islam, who lived under the caliph al-Mansor and died about 760. This
version was published, though not in the best recension, by Silvestre de Sacy at
Paris in 1816, and an English translation of it was given by the Rev. Wyndham
Knatchbull, Oxford, 1819.
According to the Arabic introduction, Dabshelim (deva-Qarman) was the first
king of the Indian Restoration after the fall of the governor appointed by Alexander
1 See his Introduction, p. 29, 43, Notes, p. 3. The
Nitisara was edited by Rajendralala Mitra, in the
Bibliotheca Indica, vol. iv.
2 Such was Benfey's conclusion. It was ques-
tioned by Weber, Indische Streifen, iii. 437. Bar-
zoi's Pehlevi version (B.) may have been based on
several different works among them a Paficatantra.
Indeed, from the second chapter of the Arabic Kalilah
and Dimnah, The mission of Barzoi ' (Knatchbull,
pages 40-41; cf. Keith-Falconer, p. xii), and from
other evidence (Keith-Falconer, p. liv f), this is the
much more probable view.
3 The story of the discovery is told by Benfey,
in BickelPs book, pages Xn-XXIII, as also in vari-
ous periodicals there cited, p. XXII note, e.g. Lon-
don Academy for Aug. 1, 1871.
T3131 i INTRODUCTION TO
I HlTOPADB^A.
at the close of his campaign in the Panjab, B.C. 326. When firmly established,
Dabshelirn gave himself over to every wickedness. To reclaim the king, a Brahman
philosopher takes up his parable, as did Nathan before David, and at last wins him
back to virtue. The wise man is called in Arabic bid-bah l and in Syriac bid-vag.
These words are satisfactorily traced by Benfey, through the PehlevI, to the Sanskrit
vidya-pati, 'master of sciences.' Accordingly, bidbah, which has become Bidpai or
Pilpay in our modern books, is not really a proper name, but an appellative, applied
to a ' Chief Pandit ' or ' Court-scholar ' of an Indian prince.
The Arabic version is of prime importance, since from it have flowed other
versions, which have been of the utmost influence in shaping the literature of the
Middle Ages.
31. D. These versions are: 1. The Later Syriac, made in the tenth or
eleventh century, edited by Wright, and translated by Keith-Falconer; 2. the
Greek one, made about 1080, by Symeon Seth, a Jewish physician ; 3. the Persian,
made some fifty years later, by Nasr Allah of Ghaznl ; 4. the Hebrew, ascribed to
Rabbi Joel, and probably made before 1250, and published, with French translation,
at Paris in 1881, by Joseph Derenbourg; 5. the old Spanish, made from the Arabic
in 1251, and published at Madrid in 1860 by Gayangos.
32. E. Of the descendants in the fifth degree from the original, only two
need be mentioned : 3. The Persian Anwar-i Suhaill or ' Lights of Canopus,' a sim-
plified recast of Nasr Allah's, made about 1494 by Husain Waiz al-Kashifi. English
translations of this have been published by Eastwick and by Wollaston, see below.
4. The Directorium humanae vitae, made from the Hebrew about 1270 by John
of Capua, and printed about 1480.
33. F. From John of Capua's version flowed the famous ' Book of examples
of the ancient sages,' Das buck der byspel der alien wysen. It was made at the
instance of Duke Eberhard im Bart, whose name and motto, EBERHART GRAF z[u]
WIRTENBERG ATTEMPTO, appear as an acrostic in the initials of the first sections.
It was first printed about 1481, and has since been admirably edited by W. L.
Holland, Stuttgart, 1860. Holland used, besides three manuscripts, two printed
editions sine loco et anno, and enumerates 17 dated editions that appeared between
1483 and 1592. Four dated editions appeared at Ulm between 1483 and 1485 ! The
great number of editions of the work and their rapid succession are the best proof
of its importance as a means of instruction and amusement in the fifteenth and
sixteenth centuries.
Another offshoot from the Directorium is the Italian version of A. F. Doni,
entitled La moral filosophia, and printed at Venice 2 in 1552. This is of special
interest, because from it came (G) the English translation of Sir Thomas North,
London, 1570.
It may here be added that La Fontaine, in the second edition of his Fables
(1678), which contains eleven books, says 8 that he owed the largest part of his new
material (books vii-xi) to Pilpay, the Indian sage. The edition of Henri Regnier
(Paris, Hachette, 1883-85, 3 vols.) gives abundant references to the sources of each
fable, and is especially to be commended to those who would compare the well-
known French offshoots with the Indian originals.
1 See Benfey, in Bickell, p. XLIII f. Avertissement prefixed to book vii, Regnier ii.
* With wood-cuts. Harvard College has a copy.
81.
INTRODUCTION TO
[314]
34. From Benfey's investigations it appears that the truest extant repre-
sentative of the Indian original is the Syriac version, Kalilag and Damnag. Next to
the Syriac stands the Buck der Beispiele, which, besides, is in language remarkable
for its dignity, strength, and beauty ; upon this latter version, moreover, are based
almost all the printed ones previous to 1644. To the German version almost exclu-
sively, therefore, is Europe indebted for the wide-spread knowledge of this cycle of
literature from the last part of the fifteenth to the middle of the seventeenth century.
35. After this account of the direct descendants of the Indian original in the
Occident, it remains to speak of the history of that original in India, and of its
sources. Whether Barzoi translated from one work of thirteen chapters (cf . 28)
or from several independent works, the fact remains that the originals of all of his
sections may be certainly identified on Indian ground save thi-ee : l five, namely,
form the Pancatantra ; two other sections figure as a supplement to the first book
of a later recension of the Pancatantra; and yet other sections, three in number,
appear in the Maha-bharata.
The first three books of the Pancatantra (above, 26) were recast by Somadeva
about 1070 A.D., in his Katha-sarit-sagara, chapters 60-64. Somadeva's abstract of
these three books shows that they had the same form then as at the time of the
Pehlevi translation (570). As representatives of the Indian original, the offshoots
of the Pehlevi version surpass even the Indian offshoots. These latter, as respects
their truthfulness in reflecting the Indian original, are arranged by Benfey as follows :
first, the recension of the Indian original used by Somadeva ; second, the one on
which the Southern Pancatantra (of Dubois) is based; third, the one from which
the Hitopade9a is made ; and last, the one from which proceed the common Sanskrit
recensions of the Pancatantra.
36. At the time when Barzoi made his Pehlevi version, Buddhism was already
on the decline in India, and Brahmanism regaining its lost supremacy. It was not
to be expected on the one hand that the Brahmans would allow a work of such great
artistic merit as the original Mirrour for Magistrates to be lost and forgotten, nor,
on the other, that they would preserve it without transforming its whole spirit, which
was that of fanatical hatred for Brahmanism. They have, therefore, omitted or
transformed such parts as showed most Buddhist animus, leaving, however, many
marks uneffaced which betray its Buddhist origin.
In one other way, too, the original was modified. In most of its sections a
doctrine was inculcated by means of a single fable or story, and only a sparing use
was made of inserted apologues. But gradually the means became an end ; into the
main story were inserted others, and others still into these, until the main story
became a mere frame, and the result was comparable to a set of Chinese boxes. 2
37. Respecting the sources of the Indian original only a general statement
can be made. There were current among the Buddhists, fables and parables which
they ascribed to Buddha, and whose sanctity they sought to increase by identifying
the best character in any story with Buddha himself in a former birth. Hence the
tales were called Jatakas or ' Birth-stories.' There is evidence of the existence of a
collection with that name as early as the Council of Vesall, about 380 B.C. ; and in
1 Of the remaining three, one is shown by its
spirit of deadly hatred towards the Brabrnans to be
the work of Buddhists, and the other two are in
Benfey's judgment genuinely Indian.
2 Pedagogical reasons forbade the retention of
this arrangement, except by way of specimen. Thus
selection ix is boxed intoviii, and xv and xvi into
xiv.
[315]
( INTRODUCTION TO
( UlTOPADKrA.
the fifth century after Christ the Jatakas were put into the form in which they now
appear iu the Sutta-pitaka. They are distinguished for quaint humor and gentle
earnestness, and teach the duty of tender sympathy with animals and even of
courtesy to them. With these stories may be identified many if not all of the
fables of the Hitopade9a.
38. The relation of the earliest Greek and Indian fables has been the subject
of much discussion. Wagener tried to show that the Greeks derived their apologues
from the Hindus ; Weber, that the Hindus got many from the Greeks. Correspon-
dences there undoubtedly are ; but the difficulty is that the earliest forms of the
fables which would furnish the only safe basis for comparison are irrecoverably
lost. Aesop and his fables are mentioned by Plato and others as very well known :
but whether he was a Phrygian, a Jew, or an Egyptian is matter of dispute ; and
even the Mu0fa/toi Aiffdnrtioi, of Babrius (ca. 100 A.D.), which tradition offers us as the
oldest extant collection, are removed some 700 years from the traditional date of
Aesop. The collection on which the common modern fable-books are based was
made by the Byzantine monk Maximus Planudes, ca. 1325.
At all events, the oldest extant documentary collections of Greeks or of Bud-
dhists are much later than Alexander's invasion; and considering the intercour.se of
the Greeks with India after that event, it is quite possible that the influence and
borrowing were in both directions.
39. We have seen how, under the New Persian Dynasty, and afterwards
under the Caliphs, with the spread of Islam, the Indian stories were carried over
western Asia and all southern and western Europe. But this is not all. The pious
pilgrims to India from China took home with them Buddhist apologues, which were
translated into Chinese, and wandered then to Korea and Japan. They have since
been translated from Chinese into French by Stanislas Julien (Les Avaddnas, Paris,
1859). Among the Mongols, too, Benfey has discovered many of these apologues;
and through the Mongols during their supremacy these stories came to the Slavic
peoples, and even to the Finns and Samoyeds.
40. BIBLIOGRAPHY. First the titles of some books cited often below.
[1. Pali.] The Jataka, together with its com-
mentary, being tales of the anterior births of Gotama
Buddha. For the first time edited in the original
Pali, by V. Fausboll. London, Triibner & Co., 1877-.
Buddhist birth stories; or Jataka tales. Trans-
lated by T. \V. Rhys Davids. London, Trubner &
Co., 1880. Vol. 1 (the only one) goes to Jataka 40.
It contains very useful lists of books illustrating the
history and migrations of Buddhist tales.
[2. Sanskrit.] Pantschatantra : Fiinf Bucher
indischer Fabeln, Marchen und Erzahlungen. Aus
dem Sanskrit ubersetzt rait Einleitung und Anmer-
kungen von Theodor Benfey. Leipzig, Brockhaus,
1859. 2 volumes. See p. xviii, no. 8. This work is
cited as "Benfey." The fables are cited by the
numbers of Benfey and Kosegarten.
[3. Old Syriac version.] Kalilag und Damnag.
Alte syrische Uebersetzung des indischen Fiirsten-
spiegels. Text und deutsche Uebersetzung von
Gustav Bickell. Mil einer Einleitung von Theodor
Benfey. Leipzig, Brockhaus, 1876.
[4. Arabic.] Kalila and Dimna, or the fables
of Bidpai. Translated from the Arabic. By the
Rev. Wyndhnm Knatchbull. Oxford, 1819.
Calila und Dimna, oder die Fabeln Bidpai's. Ver-
deutscht von Ph. Wolff. Stuttgart, 1839. 2 vols.
[5. Later Syriac version.] Kalilah and Dim-
nah or the fables of Bidpai : being an account of
their literary history, with an English translation of
the later Syriac version of the same, and notes. By
I. Q. N. Keith-Falconer. Cambridge University
Press, 1885. Price 7 shillings 6 pence.
[6. Persian.] The Anvar-i Suhaili; or, the
lights of Canopus; being the Persian version of the
fables of Pilpay : literally translated into prose
and verse. By Edward B. Eastwick. Hertford,
1854. There is another translation by A. N. Wollas-
ton, London, 1877.
[7. Latin.] Directorium humane vite alias
parabojle antiquorti sapientu.) By John of Capua.
(Sine loco et anno, gothic type, folio, 82 leaves,
quaint wood-cuts.) Copy in Harvard College Library.
Printed about 1480. Joseph Derenbourg is now pub-
lishing a critical edition of this work, with notes,
Paris, Vieweg, 1887-.
[8. German.] Das Buch der Beispiele der
alien Weisen. Herausgegeben von Dr. W. L. Hol-
land. Stuttgart, 1860.
INTRODUCTION TO)
IIlTOPADECA. )
41. THE LITERARY HISTORY of the Indian apologues has often been treated.
So by Silvestre de Sacy, Loiseleur Deslongchamps, H. H. Wilson (Works, London,
1864, iv. 1-159), Lancereau (in his Pantchatautra, Paris, 1871), Max Muller (On the
migration of fables, Chips, London, 1875, iv. 145-209), Rhys Davids (Introduction
to his translation of the Jatakas, London, 1880), J. Schoenberg(in the very readable
introduction to his German translation of the Hitopadeca, Vienna, 1884). Keith-
Falconer's account is on the whole the best ( 40).
The French translation of the Hitopade9a by E\ Lancereau (Paris, Maisonneuve,
1882) is especially useful on account of the full and convenient references to the
books where the analogues of the different fables may be found. This book is
intended by the citation " Lancereau."
42. EDITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS. The most accessible text edition is that
of Professor Peter Peterson (Bombay, Government Central Book Depot, 1887. Price
1 rupee 10 annas). It contains an introduction most helpful for reading the text
in course. It forms no. xxxiii of the Bombay Sanskrit Series. The text edition
used most often as a standard of reference is that of Schlegel and Lassen (Bonn,
1829).
A literal English version has been given by Fr. Pincott (London, W. H. Allen,
1880). A cheap reprint of Wilkins's translation appeared in Henry Morley's Uni-
versal Library (London and Xew York, Routledge, 1885).
43. METRES. Aside from the common cloka see p. 300, 21 there occur
in this book several other metres requiring description. The following five are
monoschematic i.e. the stanza consists of one metrical scheme four times repeated.
The first two are simple and natural iambic-choriambic rhythms and are common in
the Veda. The name vasanta-tilaka means 'Grace of the spring-time'; malini,
' Garlanded ' ; rathoddhata seems to mean ' Car-proud.'
a. ^^.\j^-\\j\j\\jl.\j jagati, 22 1 *.
b. L/.V\VVJ!.\^JLV tristubh, 26*.
c. _Zw-^|^vyw|-il^v^-^|v/^_ vasanta-tilaka, 18 1 *, 26 s .
d. v4v^vy|<$^^|-_H-vyj| v I malini, 22 23 .
e. ^wZ|v^ww^|wZw^ rathoddhata, 56 11 .
The tristubh is simply a catalectic form of the jagati; but the catalexis gives the new
cadence a trochaic effect instead of iambic. The rhythm of the vasanta-tilaka is
closely analogous to that of the tristubh. The rathoddhata is essentially similar
to a jagati without its anacrusis.
44. THE arya METRE is based on the number of morae not on Thus:
the number of syllables. See Whitney, 76-79. A light syllable counts -
as one mora; a heavy syllable, as two. In general, the ary-foot con- _ ^ w
sists of four morae. These appear either as two heavy syllables, or with w ^
one heavy one at the beginning or at the middle or at the end, or as wv/
four light syllables. In each half-stanza, a caesura occurs at the end of ^
the third foot, and the eighth or last foot of each half-stanza is catalectic.
The sixth foot of the first half-stanza must be an amphibrach, \j \, t and that
[317]
( NOTES TO
I PAGE 17.
of the second must be a single light syllable. No odd foot may be an amphibrach.
The metre occurs at 26 3 and 56 6 to 56 10 . The scheme is :
Applying this scheme, for example, to 56 s - 6 , we have, with the proper resolutions
NOTES TO PAGE 16.
LINE 16. SELECTION II. Preface and intro-
duction to the Hitopade9a. U.f. samskrta^
ukti, ' cultivated expression.'
17. See Vlda. ca belongs to nitiv-.
19. grh-, 956*. iva, 'as if.' Join
mrt- w. grh-.
NOTES TO PAGE 17.
1. 'Just wisdom (is) the best thing, they
say' (Vah).
2. ' By reason of ' the qualities denoted
by the three ablatives, 291 2 .
3. ' The knowledge (of) weapons and the
knowledge (of) books (are) two kinds-of-
knowledge (for acquisition) that one may
acquire.'
4. ' The first (is) for laughter is ridicu-
lous.' This dative is explained at 287 mid. :
similar uses 17 15 , 20 U . Vdr+a.
5-6. U.f. yad nave na anyatha
tad iha. ' Since ornamentation put upon
an unburned dish does not change, therefore
to children (297a) niti is communicated
etc.,' i.e. as one decorates a dish before burn-
ing it, in order to have the result permanent,
so worldly wisdom should be taught to chil-
dren while they are still young. Cf . Horace,
Epist. i.2.67-70. -See iha.
8. U.f. tatha anyasmat granthat. 7-8.
' Friend-acquisition is delineated (by the
author) drawing (his materials) from .'
See page 311, 26.
9. The Ramayana (i.36-44 = 37-45) and
MBh. (iii. chap's 106-109) tell why and how
Bh. brought the Ganges down from heaven.
See also M. Williams, Indian Wisdom, p. 363.
'Town having P. as name,' 1302. In
Buddhist books it is called Patali-gama,
'Trumpet-flower Village.' Wilson thinks
Patali-putra is a mere corruption of Patali-
pura, ' Trumpet-flower City.' This certainly
accords well with the K'usumo-pulo (Skt.
Kusuma-pura, ' Flower-City ') of the Chinese
Buddhist pilgrims see Beal, Si-yu-ki, ii.83-
85. The Katha-sarit-sagara (chap, iii.) gives
a legend telling how the town was founded
by a king Putraka and his wife Patali.
This is perhaps an invention suggested by
the corrupted form.
The site of P. is discussed at length in
Cunningham's Archaeological Survey of India
Reports, viii.1-34 and Note prefixed to the
vol. See also Journ. As. Soc. of Bengal,
xiv.HSTf, with map.
10. Divide thus, sarva-svamiguna ; not
sarvasvami-guna : upeta, Vi+upa. King S.
need not be regarded as a historical person.
11. gugrava, Vgru, 793a, 800b.
12-13. Construe yasya na asti (see
v'las2) gastram, andha eva (see this) sas
(asti) : -ucchedi and dargakam are attri-
butive adjectives to gas-, and loc- is in
apposition w. gas-.
15. 'One by itself, even (api), is harmful
(17 4 N.) ; but how much more (kim4) all four
together ! '
16-17. See iti2 and akarnaya. 'The
king, distressed (udvignamanas, 418) by the
shaster-neglect (-ananusthanena) of his (at-
manas) sons, who did not study books (see
1308 2 )
18. See Ikal. 'What profit (is there)
with a son born, i.e. in the birth of a son,
who '.
Observe the use of the ppl. where we
use a verbal ncun : this is common in San-
TO j
PAGE 17. i
[318]
skrit, e.g. 17 22 , 25 12 , 3S 23 , and also in Latin,
e.g. post conditam urbem.
19 b is the answer to 19 a .
20. ' Of (the three,) an unborn (i.e. no
son at all), a dead one, and (1253a) a fool,
' : see 2vara. See ca5.
21. U.f. duhkhakarau (supply stas)
adyau.
22. See ca3. jato, lit. '(is) born';
pregnantly, 'is born in reality or to some
noble purpose.'
NOTES TO PAGE 18.
1. Respecting the metempsychosis, see
65 9 to 68 8 and notes, va marks the rhe-
torical question as a rejoinder to an objec-
tor's statement. jayate, lit. 'is born,'
sjan, refers to the mere physical fact of
issuing from the womb.
Render the proverb: 'He (alone) is
born in reality, by whose birth (see 17 18 N.)
his family attains to distinction : or (if you
object to that), who, in the circling round of
existence, when dead, does not come out of
some womb again 1 ?' True, every one does
so issue ; but the fact by itself has no noble
significance.
The entire point lies in the antithesis
between the mg of jayate and the pregnant
sense of jato. Such pregnant uses of a word
are common in gnomic poetry : so 21 23 , 22 5 .
2. ' The best thing is one good son ; but
(ca5) not with even hundreds of fools (is
there any profit).' The ellipsis though
harsh and condemnable is made clear by
such phrases as that at 17 18 and the others
under Ika 1.
3 b . Supply tamo hanyate.
4 a . See ta3. For gen., 296b. -'Though
born (of whomsoever = ) of humble parent-
age.'
5. See Vlkr6. Note the puns in vanga-
viguddhas and nirgunas, which words thus
stand in covert and playful contrast w. yasya
tasya prasutas and gunavan.
6. U.f. na adlnta (see vi+adhi) etasu.
7. See vidvans. See go. Vsad2.
Send. Passives, 770c, 769. U.f. yad
ca ucyate, explained under ya2.
9. ' What is not to be, that will not be :
if it is to be, then it will not be otherwise' :
the do-nothing argument or ignava ratio.
See ced: na, if it belonged to the protasis,
would precede ced.
10. ' This remedy, embraced-in-the-
words (=iti) " What otherwise," why
is it not drunk ? ' Vlpa, 770b.
Lines 9-10 are in apposition w. yad (end
of 8), and contain the "sloth-talk" con-
demned in line 11.
12. ' One should not give up his exertion
(udyogam), thinking, "Fate (will do or pre-
vent all)."'
14. Metre, vaaanta-tilaka, p. 316, 43.
U.f. upa^,eti laksmis.
16. Vhan+ni, 992 2 . -kuru, 714. -atma-
has the force of a possessive of the second
person here: cf. atman-'J.
17 The loc. absolute expresses one con-
dition, and yadi na sidhyati a second.
20-21. The collective result of a man's
words and thoughts and deeds is his kar-
man ; this alone exists after death and is a
powerful determinant of his course in the
next birth. kuryat, cf. 25 21 N.
23. suptasya, 954b.
NOTES TO PARE 19.
1. See tavant2.
2. See tavant2. U.f . kim cid na.
3. kar-, made (959) from the past pass
ppl -f the cans, of Vlkr, 1051 3 .
4. See Vgru3 and 770a. asti kag cid
'is there anyone ? ' see yal.
5. putranam limits punarjanma. Cf
17 16 .
7. dhatte, Vldha9, 668.
9. Myate, cf. piyate, 18 10 and N.
11. See atral. Long cpd is analyzed
at 1248 2 .
Visnugarman, if not the name of a real
person, is chosen as a reminder of the synon-
ymous Visnugupta, an epithet of Canakya,
the wise and famous minister of Candra
gupta = 'SavdpoKVTTTos or 2a vdpditoTTos. See
Benfey, Pantch. i.31, and Bohtlingk, Indischc
Spriiche, 2d ed., no. 7061. Cf . above, p. 311,
24.
13. U.f. tad, 161. -Explained vfgakAl
14. U.f. na adravye. nihita, 954c.
[319]
I NOTES TO
PAGE 31.
15. Pass, of caws, of Vpath, 1052a.
16. U.f. asmin (208) tu na apatyam.
20. U.f. -sangat, 'by sticking to ,'
291*.
22. ' You (are) an authority for .'
23. For gen., 297a. sam-arpitavan,
like karitavan, 19%. : Vr+sam, 1042d.
NOTES TO PAGE 2O.
2. ' By way of introduction.'
3. See \fgam2.
5. 'Tale of the crow, tortoise, and so
fortli ' (-adi2), not given in this Reader.
7. Vstu+pra (770a) cf . prastava.
8. SELECTION III. The old tiger and the
traveller. Hitopadepa, book i., fable 2.
The motif of this tale is feline hypocrisy
(whether of tiger or of cat), and appears
again in selection v., as also in Pancatantra,
iii.2, Kalilag und Damnag, p. 65f, MBh.v.
160.15-43 = 5421-49, Jataka, i. p. 460, no. 128.
Cf. 21 23 N.
aham, namely, the Pigeon-king, who
tells this story to dissuade his followers
from taking the rice with which a snare was
baited. carann, 210. See ekaS. The
ablution and sacred grass were intended as
outward symbols of inward piety. A pre-
tender to virtue is called ' one who acts like
a cat,' see Manu iv.195.
11. Observe the impersonal construction
(999), which will now be extremely fre-
quent. Logical subject in instr., 282. See
Vkrs fa and Vloc+a.
12. See kim4. asminn, 210.
13 a . 'In getting even a desirable (object)
from an undesirable (source) ' e.g. brace-
let from tiger.
14. Observe caesura and exact order of
original. mrtyave, ' (is) deadly/ 17*N.
16-17. Nothing venture, nothing have.
Join na w. pagyati (16). Both gerund-
clauses are conditional.
18. U.f. tad. -See tavantSa.
19. pra-sarya, 1051 and 5 .
20. U.f. prak eva, 'formerly,' w. em-
phasis : eva, as much as to say, ' not now,
of course' preliminary hint at a general
reformation of character.
NOTES TO PAGE 21.
1. Note how Brahmans are distinguished
from men : so 95 1 . U.f. -vadhat me, 'from
my killing , because I killed.'
2. Another me need not be expressed with
putras and daras : whose they are is clear
from nirvango 'smi.
3. upadistas: the upadega consisted of
the three words marked by iti.
4. U.f. -upadegat, ' in accordance with
(his) advice,' 291.
5. katham na, sc. asmi.
6. Cpd, 1253a : 2d member, adhyayana.
7. See iti 3. "The noble eight-fold
(astavidha) path " is a favorite Buddhist
topic. Buddha defines it in the famous
" Sermon at Benares." See smrta3.
8. See tatra 1 : ' among those (eight
things).'
9. U.f. na a-mahatmasu, emphatic litotes.
10. U.f. ca etavan, 206. See gata4.
11-12. Seeya5. -Seetatha4. -'The
common saying, " vyaghro khadati "
is .'
13-14. Third word is kuttamm. See
pramanaya. Cow-slaying is a heinous
offence (64 8 ), coordinated with man-slaying,
21 1 . A dvija's 'second or spiritual (61 15 )
birth ' is when he is invested with the sacred
girdle, Manu ii.169.
'The world keeps on in the old ruts,
and does not, in a question of right, take as
authority a bawd who gives good advice as
(quickly as it does) a Brahman, even if he
be a cow-killer.' People heed the social
position of the adviser rather than the real
character of the adviser or the intrinsic
value of the advice.
15. adhltani, Vi+adhi: cf . 20 n N.
16 b . ' So (is) food (in = ) to a hungry man.'
17. ' To a poor man (304a) is given a
fruitful gift,' i.e. fruitful is the gift given to a
poor man cf. 22* and St. Luke vi.33-36.
Observe that the logically important idea
is often put in a grammatically subordinate
word.
18. See atman3 and Vlis+abhi. Cf.
Dhammapada, stanza 129, and SEE. x.36.
20. Note the use or the omission of ca
NOTES TO
PAGE 21.
[320]
according to the convenience of the metre :
so 221 8 , 26 1 - 2 , 32 4 ' 5 .
Lines 18-21 are positive forms of the
Golden Rule : cf . St. Luke vi.31 ; interesting
negative forms appear at MBh.v.39.72-73
1517-18, at the beginning of the Aidaxb T&V
dtadexa a.voffr6\u>v, in the Confucian Analects
xv. 23, Legge's edition, and in the Babylonian
Talmud (Story of Hillel).
22. matrvat = mataram iva : similarly
the rest. The accusatives are objects of
the first pagyati (Vlpag6).
23. Second pagyati, pregnantly, cf. 18%.
This proverb, along with the one quoted
I by the cat at 29 s , is quoted in substance by
the hypocritical cat in the tale of the ' Cat
as Judge,' Kalilag, p. 66. Cf . 208s.
NOTES TO PAGE 22.
2t>. U.f. pra-yaccha (747) igvare, 304a.
3. See Ika 1. The idea is identical with
that in St. Luke v.31.
4. datavyam (999) iti, ' with the thought
"It ought to be given (impers.), i.e. giving
is a duty." '
5 a . Words used pregnantly, cf. 18 1 N.
6. v'grah+prati, 722 end.
7. U.f. yavat asau (= panthas) tavat
ni-magnas (v'majj).
9. See atasl. v'stha+ud, 233a, caus.
1042d.
11. Metre, jagati, p. 316, 43. -'The
fact that " He reads the law-books " is not
a ground for a judgment ' that the reader
be he man or tiger has a good and harm-
less nature.
13. 'Just the inherent nature here (atra)
is the surpassingly predominant thing (Vric
+ati) so .
14. 'as by nature cows' (361c) milk is
sweet.' Religious study will not change
the bad inborn nature of a man or a tiger
any more than sugar would turn sour milk
back into sweet milk again. Compare lines
20-21.
15. ' Of those having uncontrolled senses
and mind, the (religious) action is like the
bathing of elephants,' i.e. is mere external
action and without significance as an index
of character. One might infer from their
frequent ablutions that the elephants were
very religiously minded. Cf . 36 6 N.
16. 'Knowledge, without action (to cor-
respond), is a burden, like .'
17. Explained under yad2.
18. Use of ca, 21 20 N. Instead of -pani-
nam, we have, for sake of metre, -panlnam,
as if from -panin.
19. See eva. Note that the gen. and
loc. here express the same relation. So the
dat. and loc. above, lines 4-5.
20. Viks+pari, ' are considered ' (namely,
by wise people) = ' should be considered':
so Malavika i.17, karana-kopas, ' are (only)
cause-angry ' ' should not be angry with-
out a cause.' Cf . 41 13 >\
21. vi+ati, 992. See guna2, and note
the difference between that and svabhava.
22. Metre, malini, p. 316, 43.
NOTES TO PAGE 23.
1. 'Even yonder (asau) moon (sky-
wandering, etc., p. 22) is eclipsed (grasyate)
.' The demon Rahu got a part of the
drink of immortality cf . 32 12 N. The Sun
and Moon betrayed him to Visnu, who cut off
his head. The head, grown immortal, avenges
itself on Sun and Moon by swallowing them
at times. Cf. introd. to selection xl.
2. ' Who is able to wipe out (Vunch) ? '
The Hindus thought that every one's destiny
was written on his brow, although invisible
to human eye. Like enough the sutures
of the skull, which look very similar to the
written characters of some Indian alphabets,
gave rise to this belief. Now-a-days, writing
materials are placed beside the new-born
babe in the lying-in room, in order that
Vidhatr may write the child's destiny on its
forehead. See Shib Chunder Bose, The
Hindoos as they are, 2d ed., p. 25.
4. SELECTION IV. The deer and the crow,
and the jackal. Hitopadera, book i., fable
3. In the Indian fables, the jackal plays
the role which the fox plays in the Euro-
pean ; see Pane, book iii., stanza 73 ed. Kose-
garten, = 76 ed. Bombay.
5. bhramyan, 763.
[321]
j NOTES TO
j PAGE 25.
7. U.f. etad. bhavatu, see this under
Vbhii.
8. 'I'll first get his confidence.' -U.f.
upa-srtya, 992.
11. a-sadya, grd of cans.
12. adhuna etc., explained at 999.
13. astam gate etc., loc. absolute.
17-18. 'This (ayam) is the jackal, (who
is) come seeking (icchann) .'
19. See VyujS.
20. ' (Is) not to be given to any one (gen.
297a) whose .'
21. The story which is announced in this
line, and which the crow tells to serve as the
" example " to the saw of line 20, is inserted
in the original between this line and ity
akarnya (24 1 ), but is here taken out for the
sake of continuity and given separately as
selection v. cf. p. 29 end.
NOTES TO PAGE 24.
1. iti refers to the story in selection v.
Vah. mrgasya, subjective gen. w.
-dargana-. U.f. bhavan api, 'you (= the
crow) too ' no less than I (the jackal) now.
2-3. U.f. adya yavat (see yavant 3)
etasya ( = mrgasya) sneha^anuvrttis.
5. Ppl. of v'2as+nis forms possessive cpd
w. padape, see 1299. -U.f. dege, 133.
6. ' " ayam va " is the ganana of /
i.e. only the small-minded take into account
or stop to ask whether or not a man belongs
to their own party or race.
7. See eva. The proverb expresses a
truth that underlies the doctrine of free-
trade.
9. U.f. kim (see Ikal) anena (501) ut-.
Join anu-bhavadbhis (741) w. sarvais.
10. sthiyatam, see VsthaS ; imv. pass.,
770b, used impers., 999. ' Let all remain in
one place, enjoying pleasure by means of
familiar conversations.'
11. 'No one is any one's friend, no one
any one's foe ' i.e. by nature ; we must
have actual dealings (vyavahara) with each
other to bring out the friendship or enmity.
14. U.f. etasmin eva vana^ekadege =
(see 1316) etasya eva vanasya ekadege, cf.
33%.
16. tatha sati, read 303b 4 and cf . Vlas3.
18. U.f. baddhas, 160. mam, object
of tratum. Join itas (= asmat) with
vyadha-pagat.
19. (ko) rait r ad any as, 'who other than
my friend who but him."
20. U.f. a-gatya upa-sthitas. See
denom. \phala
21-22. U.f. etasya ( = mrgasya) utkrt-
yamanasya (Vkrt) mansa_asrg-anuliptani
asthini (431) maya .
23. v'las+ud, cf. 162. - chinddhi, Vchid,
689. -Seetavant3b.
NOTES TO PAGE 25.
2. U.f. janiyat (730, 721 ' one may
recognize'), yuddhe guram, rne gucim.
3. bharyam, ' a true wife,' one who has
really taken her husband "for richer for
poorer." V2ksi.
4-5. A friend in need (as well as in joy)
is a friend indeed.
6-7. 'Firm-bond-bound indeed (see ta-
vant5) is this deer.' The jackal 'thought'
this he did not say it aloud.
7. -nirmitas, Vlma+nis. Properly, the
Hindus designated the days as first, second,
third, etc. of the lunar half-month see
tithi. For the (comparatively modern)
names of the days as governed successively
(like those of our week) by the seven planets,
see JAOS. vi.176-7.
8. etan = pagan : cf . the ecclesiastical
prohibition of meat on Fridays. End, see
Vmanl .
9. U.f. yad tvaya ucyate, tad , ' what
you say, that I'll do.'
10. See sthita 4.
11. U.f. mrgam anagatam (cf. 4 15 N.)
ava-lokya, itas tatas anv-isya, tathavidh-
am drstva, uvaca. Note how the gerunds
mark each the end of its clause ; so 26 16 .
12. avadhirita-, under the denom. Vava-
dhiraya. ' This is the result of rejected
friend-words = (17 18 N.) of rejecting them.'
15. ' His trouble is near ' (Vldha+sam-ni).
18-19. 'The fact that "I've done no
wrong " that is not a ground of confidence
(cf. 22 11 ); for there is (V2vid3), from the
malicious, danger even for the good : ' al-
though having done to the bad no wrong
NOTES TO ,
PAGE 25. '
[322]
calling for revenge they might fairly ex-
pect to be let alone.
21. Vvrj, 'one should shun' subject in-
definite : this is very common, when the 3d
pers. optative is used ; e.g. 18 21 , 26 5 , 30 17 .
NOTES TO PAGE 26.
1-2. Metre, tristubh, p. 316, 43. -Note
use of ca cf. 21 20 N. Vlap+aam, pass,
ppl. of cans. See grad and 668. The
four genitives refer to arthinam. See
kim3. Line 2 b , ' Is there a to-be-practised-
deceit of the needy, i.e. ought they to be
deceived 1 '
3-4. Metre, arya, p. 316, 44. -' Who
perpetrates wrong upon (loc.) .' U.f.
a-satyasamdham. bhag-, voc. e.fem.
5. See 2sama 2. kar-, see Vlkr, caws,
end, and 25 21 N.
6. U.f. ca angaras : see calb end.
7. atha va = ' or rather, to express myself
more to the point, this (iyam) is the way
(sthitis) of scoundrels.'
8. Metre, vasanta-tilaka, p. 316, 43.
9. ' In your ear pleasantly something
beautiful he gently hums (Vru).'
10. Gerund of v/riipaya+ni.
12. Anacoluthon: 'a scoundrel, though
(see ca 6) saying pleasant things, that is
not a ground of confidence (= 25 18b ) : ' i.e.
'a scoundrel may say ; but that's no
reason for trusting him.'
14. U.f. laguda-hastas (1303 2 ) tarn
agacchan ava-.
16. See Vdr+3am and Vlpr. Note how
the three gerunds mark each the end of its
clause : cf . 25 U N. See Vstha4.
17. utthaya, 233a ; gerund.
17-18. 'The deer waited just so as the
crow said.'
18. U.f. harsa^,utphulla-locanena, ' hav-
ing joy -expanded eyes, his eyes wide open
with joy.'
19. asau = the farmer.
19-2O. Note the position of the gerunds
as a help to the correct phrasing.
20. U.f. bandhanat, 290 ; not ace.
21. 'The farmer having withdrawn,' Vi+
antar.
22-23. See die, -Hud, 'The jackal was
killed by the farmer, throwing the cudgel
at him in anger.'
NOTES TO PAGE 27.
1-2. ' One reaps the fruit right here on
earth, (with = ) after three , (or) three
days,' i.e. sooner or later.
3. In the original, the fables always begin
with the moral, which is then repeated at the
end, in abbreviated form, with the introduc-
tory words, ' Therefore I say.' This arrange-
ment is retained, e.g., 32 10 -33 7 .
4. See 1181a end.
5. 'Trap-caught (from the jackal, 291 = )
by his plots.'
6. SELECTION V. The blind vulture, the
birdlings, and the cat. Hitopade9a, book i.,
fable 4. Cf . 20 8 N., 21 23 N.
The Vulture-peak, Pali Gijjhakuta, is
near Rajagrha, and famous as a sojourn of
Buddha.
7. 'From the evil issue of fate = as hard
fate would have it.'
8. Instr., 280 end.
9. U.f. sva^aharat. See Ika 2d and
1260. -Vlda, 668.
10. Use of inf., 981 3 .
11. U.f. tarn a-yantam, 619.
12. See lidam near end: ' rts 8' ovros
14. U.f . api : the idea is, ' To say nothing
of my disappointment at not getting the
young birds to eat, I'm so very near the
vulture that even escape is impossible.'
15. Same phrase at 23 8 .
17. U.f. duram apasara (classical pres.
imv. Vsr+apa) : no ced, ban- (163).
20. ' Is any one ever punished (or) hon-
ored on account of mere rank ? '
NOTES TO PAGE 28.
2. The lunar penance is described 65 5 ~ 8 .
3. U.f. acaran tisthami, see v'stha4.
U.f. yusman ( = vulture, respectful plu-
ral) object of stuvanti. dharma-jnana-
ratan, see v/ram3.
5-6. 'And you (it seems, are) such (eta-
drgas, q.v.) a jurisconsult that you (have)
[323]
I NOTES TO
i PAOB 3O.
undertaken (Vyam + ud) to slay me a
guest ! ? '
6. U.f. esas (see etad) refers forward
here ! On the duty of hospitality, see Manu
iii. 99f. Vir+sam-ud.
7. 'To an enemy (arau, 304) even,
should be shown.' So Plautus says, Trin.
679 and Rud. 438, that one does not withhold
fire and water even from a foe.
8. U.f. chettum api ag- na up-, 'even
(in the case of one = ) from one come to hew
(it) down .'
lO b . ' And joyous or kind (sunrta, as adj.,
omitted in vocab.) words as a fourth thing.'
11. U.f. na uc-, Vchid+ud, 202.
13 b . See v'gam+abhy-a, and guru3.
14. Render loc. by ' towards.' Cf. 21 19 .
15. cand-, loc. as in 28 8 .
16-17. yasya limits grhat and refers to
tasmai (and to a tasmat, understood w.
ardaya). sa = atithis. dat-tva, 991 cf.
955c. See Vgaml.
21. First evam, ' so,' namely as at 27 17 .
21-22. Touching the feet (Nalaxxiv.) or
the head (Manu viii.114) was a kind of ordeal
used in solemn asseverations in order to call
down harm on the one touched in case of
falsehood ; at Hitopade9a, p. 122 5 = book iv.,
fable 11 (cf. Pane, book i., fable 11), touch-
ing the ground and ears seems to be a sign
of detestation for a suggestion just made.
Here the touching seems to partake of both
significations.
23. U.f. -ragena idam adhy-ava-
sayitam, Vsa.
NOTES TO PAGE 29.
1-2. U.f. iti atra aika-: see atral. 'The
law-books, though contradicting (Vvadivi)
, have unanimity on this point, " ahinsa
paramo dharmas : " ' ahinsa is a cardinal
virtue among Buddhists.
3. See nivrtta. See ya3.
4. svarga- : for lingual n, see 193.
5. 'There is just one friend, virtue,
who ; : ' cf . 63 18 N. and 18 ; also 21 28 N.
6. U.f. sarvam anyad hi (163) 'for all
else' (but virtue).
7-8. See ya6, 2antara3, and Vmuc+vi.
9-1O. See iti2a and c,akya3. -Lit. 'What
sorrow (of a=) in a man arises at , by
this f orming-of-a-conception : ' we should
expect tad-anumanena as cpd, ' by forming
a conception of this (sorrow).' If we will
think how we should feel if we were in our
enemy's place and about to die, it is possible
that we may spare even his life.
11-12. Vlpr+pra, 770c. -kah kuryat
(714), rhetorical question, cf. IS 1 ?*.
13. vi-gvasya, grd of caus., 1051 and 8 .
15. U.f. yesam , tais vi-lapadbhis.
16. Vrabh, 160. -U.f. kotarat.
18. -asthini, 431. U.f. " anena ( =
grdhrena) eva khaditas " iti nic,citya,
V3ci+nis.
21-22. The story winds up with the dis-
tich given p. 23 end, cf. N.
NOTES TO PAGE 3O.
1. SELECTION VI. The ass, the dog, and
the thief. Hitopade9a, book ii., fable 3.
Weber thinks that the attribution of stupid-
ity to the ass in the Sanskrit fables is wholly
un-Indian and due to foreign (western) in-
fluences.
4. tj v.-m. -i in, 427. aha, 801a. See
tavant5. See iti2b.
5. See V3gr and 1020, and cf . 30 16 .
6. mama, Bohtlingk's suggestion; MSS.
read mama. janasi, 730.
7. See yatha7. etasya ( = rajakasya)
limits grha-, 1316. See yatas2 : correl.
tena. See Vlvr+nis.
8. Second mama (gen., 297a) depends on
-dane, 1316.
12. U.f. sam-bhavayet (caus. ) yas tu kar-,
'who honors them (only) in the time for
action, i.e. waits till he is in a strait before
he treats them well.'
13. SeeVri+a. Caesura here divides a
cpd ; this is very unusual.
15. U.f. paplyan (208,464) tvam (sc. asi).
16. Explained under yatha6.
17-18. U.f. sevayet, subject indef., cf.
25 21 N. -U.f. a-mayaya. -19. Readso'tiva.
2O. U.f. -kopat, abl. 291. 'Because of
anger at , he got up (992) and beat (Vtad,
1070) .'
22 and 31 1 . U.f. para^adhikara-
-icchaya. See Vsad+vi.
NOTES TO i
PAGE 31. 1
[324]
NOTES TO PAGE 31.
2. SELECTION VII. The lion, the mouse,
and the cat. Hitopac^a, book ii., fable 4.
3. See Vlgi+adM, 629, and 619.
4. buddhva, 991, 160. -4-5. 'Not
catching the hole-hidden mouse .'
6. U.f. bhavet yas tu, vikramat na ,
lit. ' Who is a % he is not subdued by might/
with a play on the name of the lion.
8-9. Note position of gerunds, each mark-
ing the end of its clause. ' A cat was kept
(dhrtas) by him (tena), reflecting, going,
satisfying, bringing.' mansa^adi-
ahara, 'flesh-etc.-food.'
9 end. U.f. tad-bhayat, ' from fear of it
(i.e. the cat).'
1O. \sr-r nis, Epic present, 734. U.f.asau.
13. U.f. samcaran, 208.
14. See kada end.
15. See 17"N. -U.f. tada (correl. of
yada) upayoga^abhavat tasya : the gen.
depends (297a) on -dane (1316); cf. 30 8 N.
18. 'A servant, making (=if he made)
, would be or fare (syat, 636) like D.'
19. SELECTION VIII. The crows and
the serpent. Hitopadefa, book ii., fable 10.
It is told by Damanaka to Karataka (see
p. 312, 29), and into it is inserted the story
of the lion, the old hare, and the well (selec-
tion Lx., see 32 12 N.), told by the crow to the
crow-hen.
Selection viii. answers to Pancatantra,
book i., fable 6, which is told in like manner
by Damanaka. He makes the crow and
crow-hen ask a jackal for advice, and the
latter tells them the inserted story of the
heron, the fishes, and the crab (= selection
xviii.). Damanaka then finishes his story
about the crows (= selection viii.), and fur-
ther enforces its moral by the story of the
lion (selection ix.). The motif of selection
viii. is analogous to that of selection xvi.,
cf . 39 8 N. A few references for further
comparison :
Old Syriac version. Kalilag, p. 12, 13.
Arabic. Knatchbull, p. 113, 115. Wolff, 1.40, 44.
Later Syriac version, p. 23-26.
Anvar-i BuhailT, book i., story 11.
Directorium, Cap. II., p. 7 and p. 9 of signature c.
Buch der Beispiele, p. 353, sgie.
Benfey, i.167 f ; ii.57. Lancereau, p. 332.
U.f. kasmin cid tarau apatyani.
NOTES TO PAGE 32.
1. ' By a tree-hollow-abiding-black-serpent'
see v'stha+ava.
2. tyajyatam, 771.4.
3. U.f. tavat avayos (491) : see kada.
4-5. U.f. bhrtyas ca ut-. ca, cf . 21 20 N.
mrtyus is predicate. See eva.
6. etasya = sarpasya.
7. sodhas, v'sah, 954, 222 3 , 224b. -aha,
801a. anena, 501.
9. See alam w. instr. : anaya, 501.
10. Knowledge is power. ' Whose is wit,
might is his ; but of a witless one, whence is
the might ?' Repeated at the end, 33", as a
quod erat demonstrandum.
11. Just as before (23 21 , see N.), this line
announces the tale which serves as an
" example " to the aphorism of line 10.
12. SELECTION IX. The lion, the old hare,
and the well. Hitopade9a, book ii., fable
11. See31 19 N.
Selection ix. answers to Pancatantra,
book i., fable 8. The Buddhist version, the
Banyan Deer Jataka, has deep moral sig-
nificance as showing the beauty of self-
sacrifice and the excellence of loving "all
things, both great and small." This Jataka
is mentioned by name and illustrated on the
bas-reliefs of the tope or Stupa of Bharhut,
Cunningham, plate xxv, dating from 200
B.C. or earlier. In the Sanskrit forms, the
Jataka has developed into a simple story
that shows how the weak animals get the
better of a powerful tyrant, not by force,
but by cunning. Somadeva gives the story
at lx.91-107. Compare further
Pali. Jataka, no. 12: translation, i. p. 205.
Old Syriac version. Kalilag, p. 14.
Arabic. Kalila. Knatchbull, p. 117. Wolff, i.46.
Later Syriac version, p. 27.
Anvar-i Suhaill, book i., story 14.
Directorium, Cap. II., p. 10 of signature c.
Buch der Beispiele, p. 37 1 .
Benfey, i.179 ; ii.62. Lancereau, p. 333.
The first three phrases of this line (12)
are specimens of the regular conventional
way of introducing the fables. The myth-
[325]
( NOTES TO
i PAGE 34.
ical mount Mandara was used by the gods
as a churning-stick when they churned the
ocean to get the drink of immortality cf.
23 ! N. In this book, a real hill may be in-
tended, namely Mandara, a little south of
Bhagalpur, on the Ganges, east of Magadha.
14. See Vdha+vi5 and Vas3. Note that
the gerund krtva goes with the logical sub-
ject of the sentence.
15. See Vjna+vi, cas., and 1042d 2 .
17. 'If that is agreeable to you .'
18. v'klp+upa, caus. See Vas3.
2O-21. See hetu, ced, Ikal, and anu-
naya. " I would put on my good be-
havior, if I thought I had any chance of
my life."
NOTES TO PAGE 33.
1. U.f. apa-raddhas (v'radh) dhrtas
agre. See 2antara 4.
2. Note use of ace. w. caus., ' to cause my
master to know : ' so mam, next line.
4. tam=sinham. grhitva, seeVgrahl,
and 254 8 .
5. U.f. " pagyatu svami " iti uktva.
tasmin kupa-j ale = tasya kupasya jale,
cf. 24 14 N. tasya (= sinhasya) eva, 'his
own.'
6. dare,-, 959, from caus. . U.f. asau
(= sinhas) darpa^a-dhmatas (Vdham) tasya
(= pratibimbasya) upari ('upon') .
7-8. ' Therefore I say (the proverb)
having yasya buddhir balarh tasya as its
beginning,' 32 10 N. See ity-adi.
9. The main story of the crows and the
serpent is here resumed : cf. 31 19 N.
10. .See vsad+a. a-gatya, 992.
11. Vtr+ava, ppl. of caus. U.f. cancva
dhrtva, aniya,
12. ni-rupyamane, loc. absolute, pass.
ppl. of denom.
13. Gerundives have future force.
14. 'That (plan) was carried out; that
being done, that (predicted result of the plan)
took place:' see under \stha ami _', and cf.
303b*.
16. U.f. kuryatConemaydo'J.yadna- 1 .
18. SELECTION X. The birds and the apes.
Hitopadeca, book iii., fable 2.
This story corresponds to Pancatantra,
book i., fable 18, which is itself only a sub-
sidiary form of fable 17. This latter is given
by Somadeva Ix. 205-210. Compare Jataka,
no. 321 (vol. iii.), and further
Old Syriac version. Kalilag, p. 28.
Arabic. Kalila. Knatchbull, p. 150. Wolff, 1. 91.
Later Syriac version, p. 55.
Anvar-i Suhaill, book i., story 24.
Directorium, Cap. II., p. 1, 2 of signature B.
Buch der Beispiele, p. 55".
Benfey, i.269-271 ; ii.112 and 111.
19. 'In the interior of constructed (\ma
+nis) nests.'
20. 'The sky being covered (a-vrte) with
cloud-veils, as it were with dark-garments,
NOTES TO PAGE 34.
1-2. U.f. avasthitan (203) gltartan
kampamanan : 'by the birds, seeing ,
it was said.'
3. ' We have constructed nests with straws
brought hither (-ahrtais) by the beak-
merely ' (see matra2, and references).
4. 'Endowed with hands, feet, and so
forth (see adi 2), why are you in distress
(Vsad+ava)?'
6. U.f. tavat (see tavant3) vrstes upa-
gamas, ' now there is a stopping of the rain.'
Better perhaps, without the punctuation-
bar after bhavatu: 'So let there be for a
while a stopping of the rain,' i.e. 'wait till
the rain stops a bit and we'll see about it.'
8. bhagnas, Vbhafij, 957c. U.f. andani
ca adhas.
10. U.f. vidvan eva upa- : caesura ; na
avid van tu.
11. U.f. upadigya ajrian , yayus
(Vya, 800c).
12. SELECTION XI. The ass in the tiger-
skin. Hitopade9a, book iii., fable 3.
This story corresponds to Pancatantra,
book iv., fable 7, which has been worked
over by Somadeva, lxii.19-23. Its oldest
Hindu form is the Lion-skin Jataka. It
seems to have been lacking in the Pehlevi
version. Plato makes Socrates say, " Since
I have put on the lion's skin, I must not be
faint of heart " Kratylos, 411 A. The tale
NOTES TO
PAGE 34.
[326]
appears in the Chinese Avadanas, vol.ii.,p.
59, no. 91. Compare also
Pali. Jataka, no. 189 (vol. ii.) ; transl., 1. p. v.
Fab. Aesop., 'Ovos \eovryv <t>fptov, no. 336, ed.
Lucian, Piscator, 32. [Halm.
La Fontaine, book v., no. 21; Regnier, i. p. 431.
Benfey, i.462-3; ii.308.
13-14. ' By the washerman, covering (him )
with a tiger-skin, that one (asau=gardabhas)
was let loose .' pracchadya, see v'l chad
-t-pra, and 227. See v'muc, and 1051 8 .
15. Seebuddhi2.
16. See v'car3. -16-18. The instr. is
logical subject of the impers. pass, sthitam:
see sthita2 end, and 999. ' Having a-gray-
blanket-made body-cover (1293), i.e. having
covered himself with a gray blanket.' U.f.
sajji-kjtya (992), avanata-kayena (v'nam),
ekante.
18-19. ' The ass, seeing , thinking
" gardabhi iyam," making (714, ppl.) ,
20. See iti 2a end.
NOTES TO PAGE 35.
1-2. See \'car3. See greyans and 464.
paricchannas, Vlchad, 957d.
3. SELECTION XII. The elephant, the
hares, and the moon. Hitopadefa, book iii.,
fable 4.
This story corresponds to Pancatantra,
book iii., fable 1, and is given by Somadeva
at lxii.29-44. It is unquestionably of Hindu
rather than Greek origin, since it turns on
the Hindu belief that there is a hare in the
moon (36 3 N.). Compare
Old Syriac version. Ealilag, p. 63-65.
Arabic. Knatchbull, p. 223. Wolff, i.192.
Later Syriac version, p. 135-137.
Anvar-i Subaili, book iv., story 4.
Directorium, Cap. V., p. 10-11 of signature H.
Bucb der Beispiele, p. 104 23 .
Benfey, 1.348; ii.226. Lancereau, p. 337.
U.f. varsasu api, vrstes abhavat,
trsa_artas aha.
5-6. ' And we, who from want of bathing
are almost blind, where shall we go, or ? '
7-8. U.f. tattira^avasthitas -ahatibhis
bahavas curnitas, ' were crushed in great
numbers by the (blows, i.e.) tread of .'
9-1O. a-huya, gerund. See sakulaya.
U.f. eva atra agant-, see Vgam-i-a end.
vinanksyati, see \lnag.
11. visidata, see ssad, and 185.
13. ' How shall I speak f ' See
yuthapa.
14. sprgann, etc., 210. See v'ghra.
16-17. See v ! las3 and Vstha-anu, end.
19. ucyatam, 769.
2O-21. ' Even when the weapons are
raised (udyatesu, \yarn), an envoy speaks
not falsely ; always, because he is inviolable
(sada eva avadhya-), he is, surely, the
speaker of pure-truth.'
NOTES TO PAGE 36.
1-2. The moon-god's message goes from
yad ete to prasiddhis. See yad2. 'As
for the fact that these hares, , by thee
have been driven away (\'sr+nis, caus. pass.),
therein not rightly (see Vyujo) hast thou
done.'
3. See prasiddhi, and cf. gaga, gaganka,
and gagin. The Jataka tells how the rabbit
offered up its own life for C, akra and how
C,akra in grateful recognition placed the
hare's image in the moon's disk as an en-
during memorial of the self-sacrifice see
Jataka, no. 316, vol. iii., p. 51, and S. Beal,
Si-yn-ki, ii. p. 60.
4. U.f. bhayat idam (rdSf, see idam)
aha: idam ( = 'my misdeed, just men-
tioned') .
5-6. See atral. pra-namya, 192a.
See v'gam 1.
6-7. tena (gagakena), nitva, etc. See
v'lkr, caus. Here the elephant is made to
worship the moon; but Pliny, Nat. Hist.
viii.l, gives a curious belief about the volun-
tary moon-worship and religious ablutions
of elephants. Fa-hian, the Chinese Buddhist
pilgrim, chap, xxiii., records a like story,
Beal, Si-yu-ki, i. p. Ii.
8-9. The rabbit is the elephant's spokes-
man : deva, ' O (moon-)god.' U.f. ajnanat
eva anena (=gajena) ; tad ksamyatam.
-pra-sthapitas, 1042d, 1051 3 .
12. SELECTION XIII. The blue jackal.
Hitopade9a, book iii., fable 7.
This story corresponds to Pancatantra,
[327]
< NOTES TO
I PACK 37.
book i., fable 10. It is not found in the
Arabic version nor in Somadeva, and so was
probably not a part of the Indian original
Benfey, i. p. 223. But cf. Jataka, no. 188.
The motif is similar to that of the fable of
the whitewashed jackdaw among the doves,
KoXotbs Kal trfpiartpai, Fabulae Aesopicae col-
lectae, ed. C. Halm, no. 201 b . See La Fon-
taine, book iv., fable 9, Regnier, i.208f.
svecchaya bhraman: same phrase,
w. the other form (763), at 23 5 .
13. tatas (=bhandat, 1098), see tatas 1.
13-14. ' Kept priMi-nding to be dead : ' see
Vdrg+sam, caus., and sthita4.
14-15. U.f. -svamina asau (= srgalas)
utthapya (1051 5 , 1042d). The two gerunds
go witli the logical subject, -svamina.
15-16. Note how the gerunds, gatva,
avalokya, mark each the end of its little
clause.
16. uttama-varnas, w. double mg, 'of the
best color' (royal purple), and 'of the
highest caste' (cf. 28 18 ). See atman2,
and note how it is used as reflexive of all
three persons here ' myself .'
17-19. Construe: aham (asmi) abhisik-
tas (v'sic) -devataya aranya-rajye sarva_
osadhi-rasena.
19-2O. U.f. adya arabhya (see v'rabh+a3 )
asmad-ajnaya asmin . ' By our command
conduct must be made = you must do as I
command.'
20. vfgista-varnam, 1299.
21. U.f. pra-namya (192a) ucus (800e).
yatha ajnapayati devas, ' as the king com-
mands ' fsc. so will we do), is a common
response in the drama.
NOTES TO PAGE 37.
1. U.f. aranya-vasisu. tasya, pred.
poss. gen., see Vbhu.
1-3. Construe : svajnatayas durikrtas
avajnaya tena, (see -adi) prapya,
avalokya,
3. vi-sannan, Vsad, 185, 189.
4-6. U.f. evam ced anena anitijnena ,
tad yatha ayam , ' if thus by this (we're
treated with contempt), then that this one
:' see Vldha+vi5 end. nagyati: for
mode, see 581c 2 and cf. yathaG.
6. ami, 501. varnamatra-vipralabdhas,
'fooled by (his) mere color,' see matra2,
and v'labh+vi-pra.
7. amum, 501. See V3ci+pariand 770a.
6-8. yatas kuruta: the sentence is
constructed like the sentence evam vidhe-
yam, lines 4-6.
8. See Vsthafanu2.
9-1O. tatas tena_api gabdas karta-
vyas, 'Then he too will raise a howl.'
11. U.f. syat, tasya asau (= svabhavas).
' What inherent-nature anyone (yasya)
may have, that (nature asau) of Jiim is
hard to overcome : ' see ya6.
12. U.f. tad kim na agnati. ' If a dog
(427) is made well-fed, i.e. put on good
rations, will he not then gnaw a shoe ? '
13. ' He'll be killed by (some) tiger,
recognizing (him) by his howl.' tatha
etc., cf . 33 U and N. and references : for sati,
see Vlas3.
16. 'And (consumes) destroys, as (does)
a hidden fire (antargatas analas) a dry
tree.'
18-19. ca, used loosely to connect ratas
with the logically, but not grammatically,
coordinate parityajya. See v'ram3.
mudhas, see 223 4 . -vat, see 1107.
20. SELECTION XIV. The two geese
and the tortoise. Hitopade9a, book iv.,
fable 2.
This story appears in the Pancatantra,
book i., fable 13, and is given by Somadeva,
lx.169-177. The Pali form of the fable is
probably the oldest, and corresponds in moral
and incident with the Chinese form, Avaddnas,
vol. L.no.xiv. The Aesopian form, Xf\tavr)
Kal herds, Babrius, no. 115 of Schneidewin's
ed. (cf. no. 419 of Halm's collection), differs
in both these respects. Compare
Pali. Jataka, no. 215 (vol. ii.) ; transl., i. p. viii.
Old Syriac version. Kalilag, p. 24.
Arabic. Knatchbull, p. 146. Wolff, 1.85.
Later Syriac version, p. 49.
Anvar-i Suhaill, book i., story 23.
Direetorium, Cap. II., p. 10 of signature D.
Buch der Beispiele, p. 52 7 .
Benfey, 1.239; ii.90. Lancereau, p. 340.
La Fontaine, book x., fable 2. Regnier, iii. p. 12f.
21. mitram, nom. neuter: the name-adj.,
kamb-. agrees in gender with kurmas.
NOTES TO i
PAQE 38. '
[328]
NOTES TO PAGE 38.
1-2. yad, untranslatable, like on, intro-
ducing a direct quotation : cf . ol tie tiirov on
inavoi IfffjLtv ; so St. Luke viii.49, etc. U.f.
adya asmabhis atra usitva (see V3vas).
Lit. 'Now once by fishers, going there, it
was said, " By us, staying (over night to-day=)
over this night here, to-morrow the tortoises,
fishes, and so forth shall be killed." '
4. ahatus, 801a. See tavant 3b. 'Let
the facts be ascertained first ; afterwards,
what is fitting (yad ucitam, Vuc), .'
5. U.f. ma evam. Tor I (am) having a
seen disaster here= (1308) have seen a .'
7-8. For the three names, see vocab.
The third is of a kind with which Biihler
compares the early Christian name ' Quod-
vult-dea,' and the Puritan ' Fight-the-battle-
of-faith,' etc. U.f. dvau edhete (Vedh).
'Both Forethought and who (is) Keadywit,
these two : ' the yas merely fills out the
metre, see ya3.
9. SELECTION XV. The three fishes. Hito-
pade^a, book iv., fable 3.
This story corresponds to Pancatantra,
book i., fable 14 ; see Benfey, ii. p. 137 and
91. Very similar is book v., fable 6. Soma-
deva gives a version at lx.179. An ex-
cellent version occurs in the MBh. xii.137.
1 = 4889. Cf . also
Pali. Jataka, no. 114, vol. i.
Ol'd Syriac version. Kalilag, p. 15.
Arabic. Knatchbull, p. 121. Wolff, i. 54.
Later Syriac version, p. 31.
Anvar-i SuhailT, book i., story 15.
Directorium, Cap. II., p. 12 of signature c.
Buch der Beispiele, p. 393'.
9-1O. U.f. pura etasmin eva evam-
vidhesu upasthitesu (303b) -trayena.
11. tatra = tesu matsyesu, see tatra 1.
12. See 2antara4.
13-14. See vldha+abhi. 'In a matter
(still) future, from lack of anything to judge
by, where shall I go? ' = since the danger is
vague and uncertain, I'll keep still for the
present. See s'pad+ud.
16-17. Explained in notes to p. 18, lines
9-10.
18. See v'dr+sam, and cf. 36 13 ' 14 .
19. U.f. apa-saritas (pass, of caus.)
ut-plutya.
21. U.f. -ityadi refers to lines 7 and 8
above. Cf. note to 33 ; - 8 .
22. SELECTION XIV., continued. 'There-
fore (tad), this to-day (tad adya) must be
brought about, that I reach (yatha prap-
nomi) : ' cf . passages cited under yatha')
end.
23. prapte, ' reached = in reaching,' see
17 18 N. Similarly gacchatas te, ' of you,
going = of your going.'
NOTES TO PAGE 39.
1. U.f . bhavadbhyam saha. Seevartman.
3. kastham is subject of avalamb-.
5. ' That is an expedient ; but .'
6. 'A wise man should consider the (ex-
pedient or) advantage (of a certain course),
and likewise the (inexpedient or) disadvan-
tage of it he should consider.' Note the
etymology of upaya and apaya, and the
contrast.
7 a . Gen. absolute, 300 2 .
8. SELECTION XVI. The herons, the ser-
pent, and the ichneumons. Hitopade9a,
book iv., fable 5.
This story corresponds to Pancatantra,
book i., fable 20. Cf. also introduction to
selection viii., 31 19 . Somadeva gives the
story very briefly at lx.235. Cf. also
Old Syriac version. Kalilag, p. 30.
Anvar-i Suhaill, book i., story 26.
Buch der Beispiele, p. 57 s4 .
9. Since this Vulture-peak is placed near
the Nerbudda, we can hardly identify it with
the one famed in Buddhist story (27 6 N.),
which was near the Ganges.
13-14. U.f. amya, arabhya (see
v'rabh+a 3), yavat (see yavant 3),
pankti-kraraena dhatta (668).
15. svabhava-dvesat : the enmity of ich-
neumons and serpents was proverbial : " They
fight like cats and dogs ; " cf . Pancatantra,
p. 110 22 f, ed. Kosegarten, = book ii., p. 7 u f,
ed. Bombay ; and selection xxi.
15-16. tatha etc. = 37 18 : cf. 33 W N.
17. U.f. tais (=nakulais) a-ruhya,
sarve .
[329]
I NOTES TO
| PAGE 41.
18. avam, 491. -Cf. 33 7 -N.
19. SELECTION XIV., concluded. See
eva2 near mid.
2O- uttaram da : cf . uttara-dayaka, 32*.
21. U.f . sarvatha atra eva. See kim3.
22. U.f. evam anusthite sati, 803b*.
NOTES TO PAGE 4O.
1. sam-uhyate, Vvah, 769, 252. aha,
801a.
2. U.f. tada, atra eva paktva, khad-,
'Then he shall be eaten, with a cooking (of
him) right here ' = we'll cook and eat him
on the spot. Note that the gerund, as simple
instr. of accompaniment of an action-noun,
is generally the adjunct of the logical sub-
ject of the clause, although the latter (as
here) is not always expressed.
4. vismrta-samskaras, 1299.
5. vadann eva, cf. cintayann eva, s.v.
eva2.
7-8. Construe : yas na karoti iha vacas
suhrdam , sas etc. bhrastas, Vbhraruj.
-With line 7, cf. 25".
9. SELECTION XVII. The hermit, and the
mouse that was changed to a tiger. Hito-
pade9a, book iv., fable 6.
This story, and the one at MBh. xii.116.
1 = 4254, are ultimately identical with Pan-
catantra, book Hi., fable 12 (Benfey,ii.p.262,
281), although very different from their pro-
totype and inferior to it. Benfey traces the
connection in a most interesting way, i. p. 373.
To his references, add Somadeva, lxii.125,
Kalilag, p. 72, Later Syriac, p. 149, Beispiele,
p. 116.
9-1O. U.f. tena ag- drstas, 'he
saw.'
11-12. khaditum(981 3 ) anu-dhavan: inf.
hantum used similarly, 40 20 , 4l 2 .
12. tapah-prabhavat : the austerities of
the holy men gave them supernatural powers,
cf. 16"N.
13. bidalas, predicate. See Vlkr9.
kukkurat, 292a : so vyaghrat, next line.
See Vbhi and 643b.
15. ' Looks upon even the tiger as a
mouse.'
17-18. See Vni. -yavat etc., see 999.
19. U.f. svarupa^akhyanam, ' report
about my true-nature.'
20. Seevfyam+sam-ud. See v/lkr, desid.
20-21. U.f. " punar musikas bhava " iti
uktva. See eva.
NOTES TO PAGE 41.
3. SELECTION XVIII. The heron, the
fishes, and the crab. Hitopade9a, book iv.,
fable 7. See note to 31i 9 .
The story occurs in the Pancatantra,
book i., fable 7. Somadeva has it at lx.79.
The Buddhist form appears in the Jataka.
A hypocrite is called ' one who acts like a
heron,' Manu iv.196 (cf. 20 8 N.).
Pali. Jataka, no. 38; translation, 1. p. 317.
Old Syriac version. Kalilag, p. 12.
Arabic. Kalila. Knatchbull, p. 113. Wolff, 1.41.
Later Syriac version, p. 24.
Anvar-i Suhaill, book i., story 12.
Directorium, Cap. II., p. 8 of signature c.
Buch der Beispiele, p. 35 1 *.
Benfey, i.174; 11.58. Lancereau, p. 344.
La Fontaine, book x., fable 3. Regnier, iii. p. 18.
Arabian Nights: Night 717 (Weil, iii.914).
4. U.f. tatha ud-vignam iva, ' so. as if
terrified.' See Vdrg, caus., and cf. sthita4.
5. prstas, 220. -See iti 2b.
7-8. U.f. te ca atra avagyam eva. ' And
these here very surely will be killed : I
heard (Vakarnaya) a plan to that effect
(iti).'
8-9. See itas3. U.f. -abhavat asmad-
maranam. krtas, 'am made = have be-
come.'
10-11. See iha and tavant4. -'This
(heron, ayam) appears to be actually (eva)
our benefactor ; therefore let him be asked
(Vprach, 768) .'
13-14. U.f. upakartra arina samdhis.
'Alliance (is proper cf. 22 20 N.) with a foe
who does us a service, not with a friend who
injures us (apakarina cf. 39N.); surely
service and injury are to be considered as
the essential characteristic of these two.'
The fact that one is called foe and the other
friend is of no account. laksyam agrees
with predicate.
18-19. U.f. kasmin cid dege, 'in a cer-
tain place.' -sthapitas, 1061 8 , 1042d.
2O-21. U.f. bakas api apurva-kulira-
mahsa^arthl kuliraa api : the api's m;iy
NOTES TO i
PAGE 41. <
[330]
be rendered by ' and ' or ' but,' as the sense
requires cf. api5.
NOTES TO PAGE 42.
I. -akirnam, v'3kr+a.
3. ' One should/ear danger (bhayat, 292a)
so long (only) as the danger is future.'
5-6. U.f. pagyet na kim cid hitam (163).
mriyate, 773. ' Surely, if one sees not
any salvation for himself (in a non-fight =)
without a fight, then .'
9 b is one copulative cpd adj., utta-, 1257.
II. SELECTION XIX. The Brahman and
his jar. Hitopade9a, book iv., fable 8. Count
not your chickens before they be hatched.
This story corresponds to Pancatantra,
book v., fable 9. The history and literature
of the fable are treated at length by Max
Miiller, Chips, iv.145-209.
The tale recurs in the Arabian Nights,
Night 716 (Weil, iii.910) : and the Barber's
story of his fifth brother, Night 166 (Weil,
i.540: Lane, chap. V.) is essentially similar.
Ultimately dependent on the Indian original
are Grimm's Lazy Heinz and Haggard Liese,
Marchen, no's 164 and 168. Compare also
Old Syriac version. Kalilag, p. 53.
Arabic. Kalila. Knatchbull, p. 269. Wolff, ii.3.
Later Syriac version, p. 170.
Anvar-i Suhaill, book vi., story 2.
Directorium, Cap. VII., p. 7 of signature K.
Buch der Beispiele, p. 130".
Benfey, i.499; ii.345. Lancereau, p. 345.
La Fontaine, b'k vii., fable 10. Regnier, ii. 145,495.
For -garman in names, see 59 18 and N.,
and see visnugarman in vocab.
11-12. The feasts of the winter and
summer solstices ( corresponding to Christmas
and Midsummer), originated in the worship
of the sun at his 'entrance' (samkranti)
upon his ' north-course ' and his ' south-
course' respectively, and were celebrated
with lavish alms-giving, as appears from the
Pancatantra, book ii., fable 2 (where Kose-
garten, 119 1 , reads uttarayana-, and the
Bombay ed., 14 21 , reads daksinayana- : see
this last in vocab.).
The vernal equinox was also the occa-
sion of great festivities, whence, doubtless,
the fulness of the Brahman's jar. This feast
survives as the Boll or Indian Carnival
described by H. H. Wilson, Works, ii.222-43.
12-14. U.f. tataa tarn (= garavamja daya,
asau (devagarma), gayya-niksipta-dehas
(1297) san (redundant, v'las3), ratrau acin-
tayat. The long cpd: 'in a dish-filled-
pot-maker's-shed-part ( ekadege ) .'
14-17. Construe: yadi aham. imam
vikriya, prapnomi, tada (introduces verb
of apodosis, karomi) tais (= kapardakais)
caravan tatas ghata^adin upakriya
vikriya, anekadha vrddhais -adikam
upakriya, utpadya, karomi. As a
help to the correct phrasing, note that the
interjected adverbial clauses end each with
its gerund, tatas, line 15, ' then,' equiv.
to ' and ' : ' dishes and jars and so forth.'
17-18. U.f. tasu ya adh-, tasyam :
'who among those wives (is) most beautiful,
on her I bestow .'
18-20. 'Thereupon, when her co-wives
(tat-sapatnyas), jealous, quarrel, then I
(will) beat them so' (ittham, said while he
throws the cudgel to show how). U.f.
abhidhaya utthaya.
NOTES TO PAGE 43.
1-2. 'By the potter, (who came = ) who
was brought by the noise of the breaking of
the pots, seeing that, the Brahman, scolded
(see tiras), was expelled (bahis-) .'
5. SELECTION XX. The Brahman with
the goat, and the three rogues. Hitopade9a,
book iv., fable 10.
This story occurs in the Pancatantra,
book iii., fable 3, and, as usual, in a more
elaborate and better form. Somadeva has
it at lxii.62. Of the frequent imitations,
Gesta Romanorum, Cap. 132 = 124 (see ed. of
H. Oesterley, p. 486 and 733) may be men-
tioned. Compare also
Old Syriac version. Kalilag, p. 67.
Arabic. Kalila. Knatchbull, p. 233. "Wolff, i.205.
Later Syriac version, p. 141.
Anvar-i SuhailT, book iv., story 7.
Directorium, Cap. V., p. 2 of signature I.
Buch der Beispiele, 109 2 .
Benfey, i.355; ii.238. Lancereau, p. 363.
6. U.f. grama^antarat (202) gacchan.
7-9. U.f. dhurtas"yadi esas (176a)
chagas (227) supply asmabhis, kena api
upayena (tarn chagam) prapya, khadyate,
[331]
( INTRODUCTION TO THE
( KATHA-SABIT-SAGABA.
tada bhavati " iti alocya, upavigya,
sthitas (see sthita4).
1O-11. abhi-hitas, see v'ldha. See iti
2b. U.f. skandhena uhyate, 769 and 252.
12. tad eva, ' just that ' = ' the same thing.'
14. dolayamana- : Grierson, Bihar Peasant
Life, p. 45, gives a good picture of the dooly.
16. U.f. "nigcitam eva ayam k-" iti
matva.
17. snatva, to remove the supposed im-
purity arising from touching a dog.
yayau, 800c. Read cchagas for -go.
19-2O. See Vlvid4. vancyate, pass,
of caus. chagataa, see 1098c 3 .
NOTES TO PAGE 44.
1. SELECTION XXI. The Brahman and
his faithful ichneumon. Hitopade9a, book
iv., fable 13.
This story corresponds to Pancatantra,
book v., fable 2. It is undoubtedly of Bud-
dhistic origin Beal, Academy, Nov. 1882,
p. 331. It is discussed by Benfey, i.479,
who gives a Mongol version and a Tamil
imitation. Somadeva has the story at lxiv.3.
Lancereau mentions numerous versions and
imitations, p. 384. Especially famous is a
parallel story, which is told of Llewellyn
the Great and his faithful hound Gellert,
and goes back to 1205. It is familiar to
English readers through the well-known
ballad of Wm. R. Spencer. A highly inter-
esting English version is found in Ye Seven
Wyse Maysters of Rome, printed by Wynkyn
de Worde, in 1520, reprinted London 1885,
ed. G. L. Gomme, p. 28. Compare also
Old Syriac version. Kalilag, p. 54.
Arabic. Kalila. Knatchbull, p. 268. Wolff, ii.l.
Later Syriac version, p. 169.
Anvar-i Suhaill, book vi., story 1.
Directorium, Cap. VII., p. 8 of signature K.
Buch der Beispiele, p. 131".
Benfey, i.479; ii.326. Lancereau, p. 384.
Through ujjayini ran the prime meri-
dian of Hindu astronomers.
2-3. 'For (see krte) the Br., from the
king, a call to offer a graddha came.'
graddha, see p. 402.
4. sahaja-daridryat, ' from connate pov-
erty = a born beggar as he was.'
6-7. 'Of receiving, , quickly, (if it is),
not done, Time drinks the juice of it : ' i.e.
if you have anything to receive or give or a
deed to do, do it quickly or it'll not be worth
doing.
9. U.f. cira-kala-palitam -raksartham.
11. Natural enemies cf. 39 15 N.
12-13. U.f. asau- ayantam. 'Having
blood-smeared snout-and-paws.'
14. See Vdhr-fava: his conclusion was
" mama bhaksitas : " anena = nakulena.
15-16. U.f . asau upasrtya. SeeVstha4.
16-17. ' Finding out that the ichneumon
was his benefactor, (and) possessing a dis-
covered (Vbhu+vi) deed (krtya), i.e. dis-
covering what he had done, with a pained
heart (418) .'
19-20. 'Who, without (a-vijnaya),
goes to or gets under (gatas) the power of
passion '.'
SELECTIONS XXII.-XXVII.
EXTRACTS FROM THE KATHA-SAKIT-SAGARA.
45. The work from which the following extracts are taken holds a rather
exceptional place in Hindu literary history, inasmuch as its date and authorship are
quite definitely known. According to the author's fancy, it unites in itself all
stories as does the ocean all rivers, and he therefore calls it the ' Ocean of the
Streams of Story ' or Katha-sarit-sagara. Following out the metaphor, he divides
the work into one hundred and twenty-four chapters, called tarangas or ' billows.'
By another division, independent of the one just mentioned, the work is broken into
eighteen books, called lambakas, which Brockhaus, without authority, conjectured
to mean 'surges.' The work contains about 22,000 distichs, that is, about one-
INTRODUCTION TO THE
KATHA-SARIT-SAOAKA.
[332]
quarter as much as the Maha-bharata, and not quite twice as much as the Iliad and
Odyssey together. An analysis of its contents is given by H. H. Wilson, Works,
vol. iv. 109-159.
46. BIBLIOGRAPHY. The following discussions connected with the literary
history of this work should be mentioned.
Fitzedward Hall, the Vaaavadatta, Calcutta, 1859,
Introduction, pages 22, 23.
George Biihler, On the Vrihatkatha of Kshemen-
dra, Indian Antiquary, i.302f, Bombay, 1872. Cf.
Weber's Remarks, ibidem, ii.57.
George Biihler, Detailed Report of a tour in search
of Sanskrit MSS. made [in 1875] in Kacmir etc., pub-
lished at Bombay in 1877 as an Extra Number of the
Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic
Society, with vol. xii. Preliminary reports had ap-
peared in the Ind. Ant., v.27f, and vi.264f.
George Biihler, Ueber das Zeitalter des Kacmi-
rischen Dichters Soniadeva, SitzungsbericMe der
phi). -hist. Classe der Kais. Akademie der \Viss.,
cx.545f, Vienna, 1885.
Sylvain Levi, La Brihatkathamafijari de Kshe-
tnendra, Journal Asiatique, 8.vi.397f, vii.!78f. Vol.
vi. contains chapters 1-8 in text and translation.
The text has been edited by H. Brockhaus,
Leipsic, 1839, 1862, and 1866. A complete trans-
lation has been given by C. H. Tawney, Calcutta,
1880-84.
47. The concluding verses of the work were printed from new and trustworthy
manuscript material by Biihler. a From them it appears that the author was named
Soma, i.e. Somadeva, and was the son of the virtuous Brahman Rama. Somadeva
says that he made this collection of stories to please the queen SuryavatI, and gives
some of the facts relating to the royal house of Kacmir then regnant. These facts
are supplemented and confirmed by the Rajataranginl or ' Chronicles of Kacmir,'
written by Kalhana, about 1148-1157 A.D. 2 Combining these sources, Biihler
reaches conclusions which may here be summarized briefly.
48. In the year 79, i.e. 4079, of loka-kala, 8 Saiiigramaraja, a descendant of
Satavahana (or C.ata-), succeeded to the throne of Kacmir. This was A.D. 1003. He
was followed in 1028 by his son Ananta. Anantadeva is described as weak-minded,
rash, and impetuous, but as brave even to fool-hardiness. He married SuryavatI,
daughter of the king of Jalandhar (jalamdhara). She brought him entirely under
her power, and induced him, in 1063, to abdicate in favor of his son Kala9adeva.
He soon repented his hasty step and got control of the government again. Mean-
time, Kalaca abandoned himself to every vice, and, in rage, his parents determined
to punish him, and give over the kingdom to his eldest son Harsa. In fact, Ananta
retired with his court to Vijayaksetra, the modern Bijbahar, in [41]55 = A.D. 1079,
and after two years of feud with Kalaca, took his own life in 1081, leaving the power
in the hands of Kalaca, who held it till 1089, when he was succeeded by Harsa.
SuryavatI burned herself on the funeral pile of her husband Ananta. Now since,
according to Somadeva, Kalaca was king when the work was finished, and since it
was written for SuryavatI, the date of the composition must fall between Ananta's
first abdication and bis wife's death, i.e. between 1063 and 1081 A.D.
49. The real source of the Katha-sarit-sagara is stated by Somadeva 4 to be
the Brhat-katha or ' Great Narration ' of Gunadhya. This work, according to
Biihler, 6 goes back to the first or second century of the Christian era ; but no manu-
script of it has yet been published. On the other hand, important evidence of its
general character and contents is afforded by the two works that have flowed from
1 Ueber das Zeitalter etc., pages 547-549.
4 Biihler's Report, p. 52f ; Zeitalter, p. 554, 557.
8 The popular calendar (loka-kala) of Kacmir
is counted from a date corresponding to 3076 B.C.
The era is connected in some real or fanciful way
with Ursa Major (saptarsayas see rst'2), and so
is called the Saptarshi era. It is still in use. In giv-
ing a date, the hundreds and thousands are usually
omitted. See Report, pages 59-60.
4 See Katha-sarit-sagara, i.3 and cxxiv.250, and
Reader 56".
* Report, p. 47. Cf. "Wilson, I.e., p. 119f.
F3331 (INTRODUCTION TO THE
,' KATHA-SAKIT-SAGARA.
it, the Brhat-katha-inanjari and the Katha-sarit-sagara. Each is a recast of Gun-
adhya's original. The former was made by Ksemendra Vyasa-dasa, a contemporary
of Somadeva. Its date is not far from the year 1037 A.D., and it is therefore some
thirty or forty years prior to Somadeva's work. 1 Both Ksemendra and Somadeva
distinctly assert that they translated from an original in the paigaci bhasa or
'Goblin dialect'; and internal evidence 2 confirms their assertions, and, further,
makes it certain that each worked independently of the other. But Somadeva seems
to have been well aware of the faults of his predecessor, and his work is a decided
improvement upon that of Ksemendra, whose recast is only about one-third as long
as Somadeva's, and sacrifices poetic merit in the effort to be brief.
50. Although Somadeva was a Brahman, there are yet many remaining traces
of the Buddhist character of his original, and even direct allusions 8 to the Buddhist
Birth Stories occur. Indeed, Weber maintained 4 that Gunadhya was a Buddhist.
The name paigaci bhasa seems to have covered a number of Low Prakrit dialects 6
spoken by the most ignorant and degraded classes in many different parts of India.
In one of these dialects the Brhat-katha is actually written.
51. It remains partly by way of introduction to selection xxvii. to com-
plete and summarize the half-mythical account there given of the origin of the stories.
In a retired spot on the Himalayan peak Kailasa, the god (/iva, to please his
wife ParvatI, w r as telling her (Katha-sarit-sagara, i.48) the adventures of the Seven
Fairy Kings. Unfortunately, he was overheard by his Gana or attendant (see gana),
Puspadanta. Puspadanta foolishly told the tale to his wife, and she recited it in
turn to ParvatI. This made it appear that Qiva had palmed off upon her an old
story. Even on learning the truth, she was still exceedingly enraged, and cursed
Puspadanta to be born as a mortal. She also inflicted the same curse on the Gana
Malyavant who interceded for him.
At their entreaty, however, she set a limit (anta) to the curse of each, speaking
(i.59) to this effect : " There is a Yaksa named Supratika, who, cursed to become a
mortal, is living in the Vindhya as a Pi9ca, under the name of Kanabhuti. When
thou, Puspadanta, shalt see him, and tell him the tale which thou overheardest Qiva
telling me, then thou shalt be released from thy curse. When Kanabhuti shall have
told it to thee, Malyavant, he shall be released. And when thou, Malyavant, shalt
have published it to the world, thou shalt be free also."
52. Puspadanta, accordingly, is born as Vararuci or Katyayana, meets Kana-
bhuti, narrates to him the seven stories of adventure in seven hundred thousand
stanzas (ii.26), and is released.
Kanabhuti, meantime, remained in the Vindhya, waiting the coming of Malya-
vant. The latter is duly born as a Brahman (vi.19, 20), with the name Gunadhya,
at Supratisthita (vi.8) in Pratisthana. 6 This is identified with Paithan on the
Godavarl (vi.72), about 150 miles from Bombay, east by north. After travelling in
the Deccan, Gunadhya returns to the splendid royal city of Supratisthita (vi.24) and
is appointed a minister (vi.70) of Satavahana, the king of whom the story in selec-
i! 3 .43f , esp. p. 48 and 50. Cf . also Jacobi, Ausgewahlte
Le>i, Journ. As., 8.vii.218-220.
* Ind. Ant., i.308-309. Journ. As., 8.vi.413.
8 E.g., at lxxii.120, to the Boar Jataka. See Weber,
Jndische Streifen, ii.367.
Ind. Ant., ii.57.
8 For the views of the Hindus and others concern-
ing these dialects, see Muir, Grig. Sanskrit Texts,
Erzahlungen in Maharashtrl, Einl. 2, 15.
Its Prakrit form la Paitthana; this is the II A I-
9ANA of the Utpiirkovt and the 'BaiOava of Ptolemy.
See McCrindle, Ancient India as described by Ptol-
emy, pages 175-6, and J. Burgess, Arch. Survey of
Western India, iii. (Bldar, etc.) p. 55.
INTRODUCTION TO THE
KATHA-SABIT-SAGARA.
[334]
tion xxvi. is related. In consequence of a wager with his colleague Qarvavarman
(52 3 ), Gunadhya forswears the use of Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the local vernacular.
Since he knows no other language, he is forced to keep silence, and so to give up his
position as minister. With two pupils he retires to the Vindhya, and, falling in
with a host of Pi9acas (vii.26), learns their dialect. In this he addresses Kanabhuti,
who exists himself at the time as a Pi9aca. Kanabhuti tells the tales in ' his own
dialect' (svabhasaya, 53 4 ), i.e. Pai9aci, to Gunadhya. The hearer writes them down
in Pai9aci, and with his own blood, since he had no ink by him. Kanabhuti is then
released.
Gunadhya, in order to " publish the stories to the world," sends the manuscript
to Satavahana. The king, puffed up by his newly-acquired knowledge of Sanskrit
grammar (52 28 ), rejects the stories on account of their dialect. Gunadhya, overcome
with grief, reads aloud to his two pupils six hundred thousand distichs and casts the
manuscript, leaf by leaf, into the fire, while the beasts stand about in a circle and
listen with tears in their eyes. 1 One hundred thousand couplets Gunadhya keeps,
because they especially pleased his pupils. At last the king hears of the strange
proceeding, comes, and takes what is left, 1 namely the Brhat-katha. The pupils
expounded the poem to the king and he composed the first book or lambaka, called
Kathapitha (56 10 N.), to serve as a general introduction to the rest, after Gunadhya
had ascended to heaven (56 4 ), released. 2
1 Compare the stories of Orpheus and of the |
Sibyl.
2 According, then, to Somadeva (and to Kseinen-
dra, as well, Ind. Ant., i.307), the TrapdSocris of the
tones is, in turn, from
1. Civa, to
2. Puspadanta (= Vararuci, Katyayana),
3. Supratlka (= Kanabhuti),
4. Malyavant (= Gunadhya),
5. Satavahana, and
6. The world.
NOTES TO PAGE 45.
LINE 2. SELECTION XXII. King Putraka
and the seven-league boots. Katha-sarit-
sagara, Taranga iii.45. Ksemendra gives
the tale in his Brhat-katha-manjari, at ii.48.
Tawney, i.14, adduces many parallels, among
them, Grimm's Fairy Tales, no. 197, The
Crystal Ball. See also Jataka, no. 186 (vol.
ii.) ; transl., i. p. xvi.f.
2-3. Seeatral. King Putraka's uncles
had bribed assassins to kill him. By a
greater bribe and a promise to go far away,
the king induces the murderers to spare his
life : this in explanation of the " meantime,"
the " promise," the " Vindhya," and the " dis-
gust." For Putraka, see 17 9 N. See
Vraj + vi.
4-5. The sense-divisions do not correspond
with the metrical divisions here as they do
in the Epos. U.f. bhraman ava_apa asau
-ekatatparau purusau dvau ; tatas tau etc.
see iti2.
6. U.f. maya_asura-sutau avam sc. svas.
8. 'On account of this (is) our fighting.
Who (is) mighty (= proves to "be the strong-
er), he may take it.* Brockhaus reads
tannimittam against the metre.
9. U.f. etad tad-vacanam pra^uvaca.
10. U.f. pumsas (394) ? tatas sam-
avocatam (see v'vac, and 854 and 847
end).
11. U.f. pari-dhaya ('by putting on')
ava^apyate.
12. U.f. yad (162) likhyate: see ya6.
13. SeeyaS. -'Is thought of.'
14. avadit, Vvad, 898, 899c. Aorists are
not very uncommon in this poem, though
very few have been met before in this
Reader. See 826. U.f. kim yuddhena?
astu ayam panas. See Ika 1.
15. U.f. sas eva etad (= dhanam) haret
(163).
16. See under iti2. -mudha, 223*.
17. U.f. adhy-asya, ud-apatat vyoma.
19. Vtr+ava, with abl.
[335]
NOTES TO
PAGE 48.
NOTES TO PAGE 46.
1. SELECTION XXIII. Story of Mousey,
the thrifty merchant. Katha-sarit-sagara,
Tarafiga, vi.28. It is introduced as a story
which Gunadhya hears on his return to
Supratisthita see p. 383, 52. It may be
called a kind of pendant to selection xix.
It is identical with the Cullaka-setthi Jataka,
no. 4(vol.L), transl., i.p.168.
2. 'By me, utterly without (vina eva)
capital, wealth was gained' (v'sad+a, caus.).
4. man-matus, abl., 'from my mother:'
man-, 161, 494.
5. tad-bhayat: tad- (494) =tebhyas, i.e.
gotrajebhyas. See garbha3.
7. 'And there was I born, (as the=) to
be the means of support of that excellent-
woman. 1
8. See Vvrdh, caus. kurvati, 714 5 .
9-1O. U.f. atha abhy-arthya. See
v'gakB 1. Lit., ' And then by her, the sad
one, having entreated a teacher, I was grad-
ually made to learn writing and ciphering
somewhat.'
13. For gen. w. v'da, 297a.
15-16. agamam, 846. so 'pi marks
beg. of new clause and is little more than a
6 df with vicjakhilah. 'Thus (i.e. as fol-
lows, lines 17-20) spake (854) to a certain /
17-18. See 1 idam, near end. panyena,
appositive to etena.
19. punar : the antithesis is between a
dead mouse and good hard cash.
The Roman denarius had long been
known to the Hindus. The borrowed word
appears, e.g., in an inscription of the time
of Kumiira Gupta (ca. 430 A.D., Ind. Ant.
xv. 192), given by Gen. Cunningham, Arch.
Survey of India Reports, iii. 54-56.
20. See \stha7. te 'pi (sc. dinaras),
' even the principal.'
22. tvattas, 1098a.
NOTES TO PAGE 47.
1-2. Construe: asya sampute (see this)
tarn ( = ' mouse') likhitva, gato 'bhuvam
(829) aham, so 'pi ahasat.
3-4. -yugmena, instr. of price, 281b:
mul-, appositive. marj- depends on krte;
and the other genitives go w. dattas, 297a.
7-8. Construe : aham grantagataya
-samghaya adam (829) ambhas, etc.
9-1O. dve dve, see dva : ' two apiece,'
1260. -U.f. vikritavan (960) apane.
11-12. See tatas5 : the second is a mere
stop-gap. See Vhr+a.
13-14. maya, logical subject of kritam :
tebhyas, abl.
15-16. Loc. absolute. The rains made
the roads impassable for the wood-men,
-pan-, 486b. -gatais, 281b.
19-20. ' A golden mouse was sent (1042d)
by me, making (it), to that V.; and he gave
(adat) .'
21-22. See Vsidh-fpra. -U.f. laksmls
iyam. sata, ' being.'
NOTES TO PAGE 48.
1. SELECTION XXIV. King Cibi, the fal-
con, and the dove. Katha-sarit-sagara, Tar.
vii.88. This story is famous, old, and wide-
spread. It is of distinctly Buddhistic origin
and character see S. Beal, Si-yu-ki, i. p. 125
and note. Benfey, Pancatantra, i. p. 388 f,
gives a great many Buddhist and other
parallels. It occurs in the Jataka as no. 499
(vol. iv.). It is frequently figured on Bud-
dhist sculptures : so on the tope of Amarava-
ti see James Fergusson, Tree and Serpent
Worship, 2 plate Ixxxiii. 1, and p. 225, and
plate Ix. left, and p. 194 ; also on the great
Javan temple of Boro Boudour. The Ama-
ravati tope dates from about the beginning
of our era see J. Burgess, Arch. Survey of
Southern India (Amaravati, etc.), p. 12, 101.
In the Cariya-pitaka, Pali text, ed.
Morris, p. 77, C, ibi appears as an incarnation
of the Future Buddha. Sakka, in the form
of a blind old beggar, asks him for one of
his eyes, and he gladly gives up both of
them. This is represented in a mural paint-
ing of a cave at Ajanta J. Burgess, Cave
Temples of India, p. 315. Beal gives a
Chinese version of the story in his Buddhist
Literature in China, p. 31-41. And the tale
occurs in Mohammedan forms with Moses
in place of C, ibi, and Michael and Gabriel in
place of Indra and Dharma (or Agni).
In Sanskrit works the C,ibi-story is
common. We find it in the Southern Pan-
NOTES TO i
PAGE 48. '
[336]
catantra, French version by J.-A. Dubois,
p. 173. It occurs three times in the MBh.
It is told at iii. 130.21 = 10557, of Uclnara,
the father of Qibi (translated by P. E. Fou-
caux, Le MBh., Onze Episodes, p. 231); a^
iii.!97.1 = 13274, of Qibi himself; and at
xiii.32.3 = 2046, of Vrsadarbha, the son of
C/ibi Asmara is the traditional author
of RV. x.l 79.1, and seems to be the heros
eponymos of a clan that dwelt between the
Indus and Akesines. See Zimmer, Altin-
disches Leben, p. 130, 431.
1. King Su9arman, having been deceived
by a Gana in the form of a Brahman, says,
" This is no Brahman, but a god come to
deceive me ; for such things are constantly
happening in this world ; and so (tatha ca
introducing the following story as a similar
instance), in old times, there was (abhtlt) a
king, etc."
2. U.f. sarva-sattva^abhaya-pradas,
' giving a feeling of safety to all creatures : '
see 29%.
3-4. The inf. denotes purpose: cf. 987
w. 982. ' Indra himself, having taken on
, pursued (anv-apatat) Dharma' see
dharma3.
5. U.f. ankam aQicriyat: see VgriS; for
aorist, 859, 864.
7. 'This (is my) proper food. Surrender
(758) to me (297a) .'
8. For Indra and the reader, who know
the secret of the dove's real nature, there is
a play upon the word dharmas.
9-1O. U.f. enam (274b) a-tyajyas; tad
('therefore') dadami anyad tava (297a).
11. See evam. atma-, see 18 16 N. See
747.
13. See yathaS. Vkrt+ud. aropayat,
1042e end.
15-16. See Vruh+adhi. - U.f. " tu
etad " divya vak ud-abhut. ' " That in-
deed is equal"', referring to the promise
contained in line 10, etat-samam.
18-19. U.f. tustau aks- (pred. adj.)
dattva (991, 955c) ca anyan tau
iyatus (783b2).
2O. SELECTION XXV. Story of Ahalya.
Katha-sarit-sagara, Tar. xvii.137. C, aci is a
pattern of wifely virtue, but Indra does not
requite her with equal fidelity. His amours
are as notorious as those of Zeus. Indra is
invoked with the words ahalyayai jara, as
early as the QB. (iii.3.4 18 ). He is reproached
for his affair with Ahalya, at MBh. v.12.6 =
373; and this is narrated at length in the
Ramayana, i.48 Schlegel, or i.49 Gorresio.
His attempt upon Ruci is told at MBh. xiii.
40. 16 = 2262, excerpted by Muir, Texts, i 2 .466.
Later books smooth over these immoralities
by interpreting them allegorically see
Miiller, Ancient Skt. Lit., p. 529. So Holtz-
mann, ZDMG. xxxii.302 (cf. 294); Muir,
Texts, iv 2 .48.
NOTES TO PAGE 49.
2. U.f. -lubdhas (Vlubh) tarn. - See
Varthaya+pra, 959 and 960.
3. Construe : matis pra-, vibhuti-andha,
dhavati avisaye.
4-5. U.f. sa anu-mene (794e) ; tad
('that occurrence') ca prabhavatas (1098,
291 2 ) buddhva (160), tatra agat .
6-7. SeeVlkr3. -See sthita4.
8-9. ' She answered her husband with a
speech, (provincially ambiguous, i.e.) am-
biguous on account of its dialect, (but yet)
having some regard for (verbal) truth, " This
is, of course, a cat or my lover"' see
majjao. Gautama takes it in the latter
sense and replies tvaj-jara.
11. ' He caused to fall on her a curse,
truth-regard-limited' (-klptantam), i.e. not
an endless curse, but one with a definite
limit, because she did not lie outright.
12. The curse. ava^apnuhi, 703.
13. The limit cf. p. 333, 51. -See
a 4 and 293c. -See 2antara 1. -'Until
forest-interior-wan dering-Raghava-sight, i .e.
till thou seest R. wandering in the wood.'
" Rama removed the guilt of Ahalya by
merely looking at her," says the Visnu-
purana, iv.4.42.
14. datta-capas, 1299, 1308. -yayau,
800c.
16. SELECTION XXVI. The king who
didn't know his Sanskrit grammar. Katlii-
[337]
NOTES TO
I PAGE 58.
sarit-sagara, Tar. vi.108-164, omitting 111-
112, 124-133a, 154-158, 161-162. Ksemen-
dra gives this story in brief at vi.35-52,
Journ. As., 8.yi.446. The king is called
Satavahana ; but this is merely the family
name of a dynasty that reigned in the north-
west of the Deccan in the first and second
centuries of our era. See Oldenberg, Ind.
Ant., x.225 f. Carvavarman was a prote'ge' of
this family p. 334, 52. Somadeva, as
we saw, makes Harsa a descendant of C,ata-
vahana ; and for the last, he adds (vii.13),
C/arvavarman wrote the easy grammar called
Katantra Biihler, Report, p. 74.
16-17. Gunadhya, who had been inter-
rupted by Kanabhuti, resumes his story here
with tatas. adhy-asta, 620. tad,
'that' (garden), whose creation by Durga
(see deva2c), Gunadhya had narrated a little
before (vi.84). It was just outside of the
capital of Pratisthana (p. 333).
19. Vtr+ava, 957b. Inf. of purpose.
NOTES TO PAGE 6O.
2. ' C, irisa-delicate-limbed, i.e. having
limbs as delicate as a C. blossom.' U.f.
abhy-agat.
4. 'She said "Don't with water (ma
udakais cf. line 8) pelt me." ' He under-
stands it as " With comfits (modakais) pelt
me."
5. anayayat, \lni+a, caus. imf.
7. rajann, 210. See 2antara 1.
8. The order of the words is inverted to
remove the ambiguity. iti uktam tava
(297a), < Thus I said to thee.'
9. 'Knowest thou not the mere (matra2)
euphonic combination of the ma-word and
the udaka-word ? '
12. hasati, present ppl., loc. absolute.
-akrantas, 955a. See jhat-iti.
13. ' Having abandoned-water-play,' 1308.
14-15. U.f. pra_avigat muhyan
aharadi-.
17-18. Construe: " garanam me ('sti)
p- va, mrtyus va" iti . 'Having
bed-thrown-limbs,' v'2as+pari-ni.
19-2O. Construe: parijanas, drstva,
abhavat sambhrantas, "kim etad" iti
(' saying " What's that ? " ').
21-23. aham, i.e. Gunadhya. tarn,
i.e. avastham. pary-ahiyata, 770b.
pratar avam (' I. and C/.').
NOTES TO PAGE 51.
1-2. sarvasya, subjective gen. w. pravege,
which is loc. absol. w. ruddhe. See ka-
tham. mama begins new clause. See
pagca.
3-4. Construe: nrpas vijnaptas (1042d 2 )
maya, upavigya . See Vvrt7.
5-6. 'S., tho' he heard it, kept silent
(just so, tatha eva, i.e.) nevertheless.' See
Vlas4. U.f. tatas ca idam.
7-8. U.f . kuru " iti prak tena
adya nigi see adya.
9-1O. See svapna. U.f . nabhasas cyu-
tam (nom.) see Vcyu4. See Vkas+vi.
11-12. tasmat= ambujat. dhavala^
ambara, like the one Socrates sees, Crito4A.
13. iyat (451) drstva. See vmanl.
15-16. ' Q. having thus announced his
vision' see \[lvid+ni and 1308- U.f.
asta-maunas avadat.
17-18. The question goes to pandityam.
See Vgak Bl, pass, of caus. of desid.
kalena: for instr., 281c. Similarly var-
sais, line 21.
19. tena = pandityena. esa, 'this'
that you see about me. na pratibhasate
= ' sordet.'
20. Observe caesura, and see Ika 1.
' What pray has a fool to do with power, as
it were a block with ornaments ? ' i.e. he has
no more to do , than a block .
21-22. In the introduction to the PaS-
catantra, also, the time needed for learning
Sanskrit grammar is put at twelve years.
See muklin I.
23. See Vgak Bl, caus. tad = grammar.
NOTES TO PAGE 52.
2. kuryat, Vlkr 1.
5-7. Protasis ends w. ced : tatas begins
apodosis ; ' then by me are renounced (tyak-
tam) these three languages which pass cur-
rent ' (\/bhu-fsam3). See p. 334, 52. See
tadvat. Ksemendra (vi.52) has apa-
bhranga for Somadeva's degabhasa. Both
of these terms denote indeed a Prakrit
NOTES TO
PAGE 52.
[338]
dialect; but, in contrast with the word
prakrtam in this connection, they denote a
vernacular of a lower order than prakrtam.
8-9. U.f. na ced evam , -abdan (276)
vahami esas : esas, emphatic, ' I, this
one/ 'I, (y. here, (will) carry .'
10-11. tasminn=C.. agamam. 846.
See vman 1.
12. ca vihastah is Boehtlingk's emen-
dation for cavfhastah.
15. ' Without S., no other way of escape
appears.' She is led to look to S. or Kumara
for help, because a kumara (see this) opened
the lotus (51 10 ). Tawney. Weber con-
jectured that the war-god Skanda owed his
name and existence to Alexander the Great.
18. Caesura. 19. prapa, 783c 2 .
21. ' Showed (Vlkr 1) favor to him (tasya,
297a), i.e. to C. .'
22-23. ' Having magic power by K.'s gift.'
See cintitop- : for a like magic, see 45 13 .
NOTES TO PAGE 53.
1-2. U.f. pradus asan ca tas (sciences)
tasya ( = dat.) tatksanam. hi (163).
3. SELECTION XXVII. The pathetic his-
tory of the stories. Katha-sarit-sagara, Tar.
viii. It forms Ksemendra's eighth chapter
(of only 16 couplets), Jour. As., 8.vi.449.
For a general explanation of the Taranga,
see p. 333, 51f .
3-4. 'So, by G's request (vii.113), that
tale was told by K. in his own (pigaca)
dialect.'
5-6. 'And by G., likewise in (lit. with)
that dialect, in (lit. with, 281c) seven years
(varsais), it (sa) was written down as seven
couplet-lacs' (appositively).
7-8. U.f. ma (580) harsus (882) iti :
' Thinking " Let them not steal it," i.e. Fear-
ing lest they might.'
Both Somadeva and Ksemendra state
that the stories were written down in blood :
S. gives the lack of ink as a reason; K.
gives none. But the statement may rest on
a popular superstition like the Germanic
one which ascribes peculiar virtues to pure
spittle (cf. also St. Mark viii.23) and to
blood. Life rests in the blood, the " vital
fluid " ; from it a drink of immortality is
made; and with it pacts are made or sub-
scribed (cf. Faust, 1. 1383).
At present (1878), all available informa-
tion points to a Phoenician-Aramaic origin
of the Indian alphabets. Writing was prob-
ably introduced not earlier than 400 B.C.,
and was, certainly, little used in India before
250 B.C. So says Burnell, Palaeography, 2 p. 9.
See also Whitney, 2. The material was
the palm-leaf, and in Ka9mir, birch-bark.
Paper was introduced by the Mohammedans,
i.e. not till after 1000 A.D. For ink, see
masi in vocab.
9-1O. ' The sky (ambaram) became filled
(nirantaram) with S. etc., who came (aya-
tais) to listen, [became filled or covered] as
if (iva) with a canopy.'
12. See v'gam4. K. was orig. a yaksa,
see p. 333, 51. gapa-muktas would be
better.
15-16. ' I must make my B. famous on
earth; and this business (of making it so)
was enjoined on (lit. announced to, ud-Iritas)
me by Durga when she told how my curse
would end (lit. in the declaration, -uktau, of
the end, -anta-).' See p. 333, 51.
19-20. The two nominatives in 1. 19 are
in partitive apposition to gisyau ubhau,
the subject of ucatus.
NOTES TO PAGE 54.
I. Explained under sthana6.
4. pra^ahinot, 192c. -dattva: cf . 991
w. 955c.
6. The garden mentioned at 49 17 see N.
7-8. ' That MS. was shown to S. (geni-
tive, 297 a 2 ) with the words "This is G's
work.'" The gender of the pred. deter-
mines that of the subject, esa.
II. See pramana. " The length of the
poem (700,000 distichs) is a weighty argu-
ment in its favor, but " This is quite in
accord with later Hindu taste. As if the
100,000 distichs of the extant MBh. were not
enough, the preface (MBh. i.l.!06a = 104c)
tells us that there was a version of 3,000,000
couplets for the use of the gods. Fortu-
nately their years were lengthened out so as
to give them plenty of time to hear it see
[339]
I NOTES TO
I PAGE 56.
68 8 N. The Manes had to get along with a
version of 1,500,000. Gunadhya is said
(54- 2 , 56 1 ) to keep only one-seventh of his
poem ; but even this is an exaggeration (it
contains less than 22,000 couplets p. 331).
Similarly Manu is said to have been abridged
from 100,000 to 12,000 and then to 4,000.
It contains less than 3,000 strictly, 2685,
cf. p. 341, 56.
18. vivikta-ramya-, 1257 : Vvic+vi.
bhubhagam, in appos. w. gil-.
19-2O. Viks+vi. Mvac and gru, caus.
23. U.f. tasmin pathati, loc. absol.
NOTES TO PAGE 55.
1-3. These three lines and the preceding
line make one sentence ; the last word is the
subject. pari-tyakta-, ' having abandoned
grass-food, quitting their pasturage.' U.f.
asan abhyetya (Vi+abhy-a, 992) : cf. sam-
etya, line 10.
Compare the story of Orpheus. In the
MBh., iv.39.6 = 1290, horses shed tears. The
horses of Achilles lament the death of Pa-
troklos, II. 17.426 : cf. Pliny, Nat. Hist., viii.
42 = 64.
5. See Vvad4. Seeja.
8-9. U.f. ucus girau ko 'pi .
14-15. ' He saw him completely (abhitas)
overspread (V3kr) with tangled locks, (that
were) like (iva) the smoke of what was left
of the fire of his curse, which was [practi-
cally] extinguished ' [but still smouldering ;
for G. was almost, but not quite, released
from his ban p. 334].
Lit., 'as it were, the smoke-of-extin-
guished-remaining-curse-fire.' The long cpd
receives a fern. pi. ending to conform w.
jatabhis; but it is a genitively dependent
subst. (1264 not adj.) cpd, whose prior
member, praganta-gesagapagni, is a descrip-
tive noun cpd (1280); gesa-gapagni, again,
is a descriptive noun cpd (1280) ; and gapa_
agni, finally, is a descriptive noun cpd
(1280b),with a bold metaphor. Cf. Katha-
sarit-sagara, xix.104.
18 a . ' (The adventures) of himself as P.':
there is no objection to this grammatically
(cf. Tji ^ufj X e 'pl nauAoy) ; but G. and P. were
never identical see p. 334. The reading
puspadantasya ca svam ca would be correct
in sense and metre.
19. katha^avataram tarn is in apposition
w. -cestitam; 'the adventures (which were
that coming down, i.e.) which were the occa-
sion of that coming down of the divine story
from heaven to earth.'
20. See gana2. ' Recognizing him
as .' U.f. pada^anatas, \narn. See
p. 333, 61.
NOTES TO PAGE 56.
1. See lidam, end. ' But here are 100,000
(making) one story ; take that.' Compare
the story of the Sibyl.
3-4. See Vmantraya+a, and pada4.
5-6. Metre, arya, p. 316, 44. -U.f.
adaya agat (830) nija-. The long cpd
(q.v.) goes w. katham.
7-8. Metre, as before. The dual cpd
is in the accusative see Vbhaj +sam-vi 2.
For the long cpd, see 1253a.
9-1O. Metre, as before. ' And with
(the help of) those two, King S., having
comforted that Katha, in order to narrate
(vaktum) her or its descent-to-earth in that
(paigaci) dialect, composed (cakre) the
Kathapltha.' This is the name of the pre-
fatory lambaka ; but there is a double mg,
' he made the pedestal of Katha (personified),
the next book being called ' head of K./
Kathamukha. He consoles ( Vgvas + a, gerund
of caus.) Katha or Story, by studying it,
and so atoning for the indignity he had
offered it, 54 12 .
11-12. Metre, rathoddhata, p. 316, 43.
'And that Story, full of varied beauties,
made men forget the stories of the gods
[lit. (was) possessing forgotten god-stories],
by reason of its interest (kutuhalat, 291 2 ).
Then (atra3), after accomplishing that in
the city, it attained to uninterrupted fame
in the three worlds.'
INTHODUCTION TO THE
MANAVA-DHABMA-9ASTKA.
[340]
SELECTION XXVIII.
EXTRACTS FROM THE MANAVA-DHARMA-C.ASTRA.
53. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL. The Manu literature is now very extensive,
several of the most important and recent works need be mentioned here.
Only
Arthur C. Burnell and Edward W. Hopkins. The
ordinances of Manu. Translated from the Sanskrit.
With an introduction. London, Triihner & Co.
1884. 8. Price 12 shillings.
George Biihler. The laws of Manu. Translated
with extracts from seven commentaries. [= SBE.
vol. xiv.] Oxford, at the Clarendon Press. 1886.
8. Price 21 shillings. The volume contains an
elaborate and valuable introduction.
Julius Jolly. Manava Dharma-castra, the code of
Manu. Original Sanskrit text, with critical notes.
London, Triibner & Co. May, 1887. 8. Price 10
shillings 6 pence.
Burnell's introduction contains an argument on
the date of our Manu text. Professor Hopkins has
summed up and criticised this argument (JAOS.
xiii. p. xxviii = PAOS. May, 1885), and concludes
that it brings us not one step nearer a solution of
the problem.
Biihler's introduction (p. civ-cxviii) givesalearned
discussion of the date. Of this, Hopkins makes a
resume (JAOS. xiii. p. cxcviii= PAOS. May, 1887).
He finds Biibler's conclusions probable, but does not
think them absolutely proved by .the proofs adduced.
The text-edition of Loiseleur Deslongchamps
(Paris, 1830) is hardly obtainable now. It is safe
to say that Jolly's robs all preceding ones of their
value, inasmuch as it is the result of far-reaching
critical studies. The principal places in which Jolly's
text varies from that of the Reader are i.97; ii.11,76,
125; xii.23,37,42,45,90,95,96.
The general theory of the origin of the Laws of
Manu was summed up and criticised by Whitney
(JAOS. xiii. p. xxx = PAOS. May, 1885). Meantime,
however, BUhler's Introduction has put the question
in a new light.
The relations of our text to the Maha-bharata are
ably discussed by Hopkins, JAOS. xi.239-275 (cf.
PAOS. Oct., 1883). Here may be found, conveniently
assembled, quotations from Manu in the Sutras and
inscriptions, the legendary material about him in the
Epic, and a careful discussion of the passages in the
Epic which profess to be the declarations of a per-
sonal Manu.
By way of calling attention to the interesting sub-
ject of the knowledge of the Greeks concerning India,
occasional citations are given. The references to
Strabo's TeiaypafaKa. (of which book xv., chap. 1,
1-73 describe India) follow Casaubon's paging.
The following introduction is in the main a brief
abstract of some of the more important points of
Biihler's introduction.
54. The native tradition respecting the origin of the Manava-dharma-castra
takes the book to be the work of an individual law-giver. In accordance with this
tradition, until quite recently, it has been usual for English writers to call the
treatise ' The Laws of Manu.' And this designation may still be used, provided
only it be used with an intelligent mental reservation, which takes due account of
the results of modern criticism. For in the light of critical study, the figure of
Manu, as a historical person, fades away ; but, on the other hand, we find that Manu
as a name is one of the greatest and most reverend of the Hindu antiquity. Ques-
tions thus arise : Whence the greatness of this name ? What was the real origin of
this law-book, and how came it to be called Manavan ?
55. The word manu originally means simply ' man ' (see vocabulary). As
we speak of human beings as the ' children of men,' so the Rig-veda speaks of them
as the 'offspring of man ' (manu) ; and in this way arose the conception of a personal
Manu, the father of mankind. He is, in fact, the heros eponymos of the human race.
In the Veda 1 he appears as ' Father Manu, child of the Sun,' as a holy seer, the
originator of prayer, praise, and sacrifice, and as the object of the special favor of
the gods. In the Brahmanas, Manu is the progenitor of the new race after the flood.
That he was regarded as a type of wisdom, is evidenced by the ancient saw, ' What-
ever Manu said, that is medicine ' (TS.ii.2.10 2 ). And again, that he was an eminent
type of goodness appears from the fact that his actions came to be looked upon as
1 For the Vedic legend of his birth, see 85 15 N. The 27-31. For ancient legends about Manu, see Buhler's
ancillary books make Manu the author of RV. viii. Manu, p. Iviif; Muir, i 2 .161f, and esp. 181f.
P3411 I INTRODUCTION TO THB
L -I I MANAVA-DHARMA-fASTRA
examples highly worthy of imitation. Thus the Veda says (TS.iii.1.9 4 ), 'Manu
divided his property among his sons ' ; and this is quoted by Baudhayana in his
Dharma-sutra as such an example. Such simple beginnings are entirely natural ; but
they are also sufficient to show how, with the growth of legal literature, the authors
of law-books came to cite all kinds of (supposititious) sayings and doings of Manu as
authoritative precedent. For, after the custom of referring to Manu as authority
was once started, the oftener he was thus cited, the greater his factitious authority
and the temptation to cite him would become. Accordingly, if we examine the four
oldest Dharma-sutras, we find much more frequent reference to Manu in Vasistha,
the latest of them, than in Gautama, the oldest. And thus, at last, what had been
a mere name, a part of the traditional inheritance of the mythical past, attained to
greatness as a personal authority and actual law-giver.
56. Before proceeding to our other questions, let us rehearse briefly the native
account of the origin of the work. In Sanskrit, the book is entitled manava : and
this may mean either 'of Manu ' or ' of the Manavans.' The Hindus say, 'of Manu ' ;
and accordingly the opening stanzas represent the great sages as approaching ' Manu,
the son of the Self-existent,' and asking him to declare unto them the law. He
accedes ; but deems it necessary to go back to a time before the Creation, in order
to show how he derives his lineage (Manu i.33), and hence also his authority,
directly from the Supreme One, Brahmdn. 'He,' says Manu (i.58-60), 'composed
this law-book, and taught it to me alone in the beginning ; I taught it to Bhrgu ;
and Bhrgu will recite it to you.'
Bhrgu accordingly takes up Manu's cosmogonical discourse, continues with an
account of the Four Ages and of other matters, dwells on the excellence of Manu's
Laws, and ends book first with a table of contents of the twelve books of which
the treatise consists. And in order that we may not forget that it is all (or all but
i. 1-60) put into the mouth of Bhrgu, we are frequently reminded of the situation
by an ' I will next declare ' or the like, especially at the beginning of books v. and
xii., where Bhrgu is mentioned by name as the promulgator of the laws in question.
In accordance with all this, the work is entitled the Bhrgu-samhita of the Manava-
dharma-castra, and it may conveniently be so designated. It contains 2685 9lokas
or 5370 lines ; compare 54 U N.
57. For the incredibility of this native account the reasons are near at hand.
First, all the passages involving Bhrgu as promulgator of the work can be separated
from the rest as easily as a picture-frame from the canvas which it surrounds.
Indeed, the entire first book is a most palpable later addition. And, more than this,
Bhrgu himself is cited (at iii.16), with three others, as an authority on a disputed
point. Clearly, the later editors of the work were nodding here ; else they would
have expunged this stanza. And who knows how many more of a like sort they
may have expunged ?
Moreover, against the claim that Manu (to say nothing of the Supreme Spirit),
was the author and the first law-giver, the case is equally plain. For the work
appeals to the authority of Manu here and there, just as the other works of its class
do, thus showing that its earlier editors at least did not pretend that Manu was the
author of the whole. NOT .was he a law-giver without predecessors or rivals ; else
we should not find, as we do, divergent opinions of other ancient sages cited along
with what purports to be his. Moreover, the work itself (ii.6 = 58 14 f) admits that
INTRODUCTION TO THE
MANAVA-DHABMA-CASTRA.
[342]
the law is based on the Veda, the usage of virtuous men, etc.; and it plainly men-
tions (at iii.232) Dharma-^astras, which must be either contemporaneous, or else
earlier than itself.
58. Secondly, then, What was the real origin of the work ? The first half of
the answer is as follows. The Vedic works, as explained below, fall into the three
classes of Samhita, Brahmana, and Sutra. Chief among the works of the last class is
the Kalpa-sutra, or ' Ceremony-rules.' No Kalpa work had catholic validity among
all Brahman families. On the contrary, many of the most important old families
had each its own Kalpa-sutra. In these clannish differences, doubtless, originated
the Caranas or ' Schools,' in which Brahman science was cultivated and sacred tradi-
tion handed down from generation to generation. Thus among the adherents of the
Black Yajur-veda, we find the family of Apastamba; and, bearing his name, we find
not only a Brahmana, but also a complete Kalpa-sutra in its three subdivisions
of Qrauta-sutra or ' Rules for the fire-sacrifices,' Grhya-sutra or ' Domestic usages,'
and Dharma-sutra or 'Sacred law.' The Kalpa-sutra of Baudhayana doubtless had
a similar make-up. Good editions of various Grhya- and Dharma-sutras are now
accessible in text and translation. They treat l of the sacraments, of the duties of a
Brahman in the various stages of his life, as student, householder, hermit, beggar,
of the duties of a king, of the law of inheritance, and so on.
Now these are the very subjects treated also in the Dharma-<;astras. But there
is one great difference, the difference of form. The Sutras are in mingled prose and
verse, the latter including both tristubh and anustubh stanzas; while the C.astras are
in the ordinary epic gloka. To a mind acquainted with the veriest rudiments of
criticism it is quite clear from their form and language alone that the Qastras are
later than the Sutras a view which is in entire accord with the stanza ii.6=58 14 ,
cited above. The conclusion, then, that the Dharma-9astras, in general, as shown by
their contents and form, are the outgrowth, by a very natural process of evolution,
from the Dharma-sutras, is unimpeached.
59. The other half of our answer is that the Manava-dharma-9astra, in par-
ticular, is a later metrical recast of a lost Manava-dharma-sutra : in other words, that it
is the 'Law-book of the Manavans.' This is a particular thesis, quite different from
the general conclusion just stated ; and, although very widely accepted, it is not
universally so. The theory 2 of this connection proceeds as follows. Among the
schools of the Black Yajur-veda, especially among those of the Maitrayaniya branch
thereof, we find the school of the Manavans. 8 According to the investigations of
Dr. von Schroder, 4 the Maitrayaniya seems to have been one of the oldest and most
important of all the schools of the Yajus-period. 5 Of these Maitrayanlyas there are
.still some representatives surviving in Western India ; and their Sutras are entitled
Manava-sutras. Manuscripts of the Manava-crauta-sutra and the Manava-grhya-
sutra are still extant. 6
60. Unfortunately, the Manava-dharma-sutra, the link most important to
connect our Bhrgu-saihhita with the Vedic schools, is still missing. The researches
1 Compare p. 358, 96f, below.
2 This theory was hroached by "Weber (I8t. i.69)
and Miiller (see SEE. ii. p. zi) in 1849. It was con-
firmed or elaborated by Johantgen in 1863, Das
Gesetzbuch des Manu, p. lOOf ; by West and Buhler
in 1867, see Digest, p. 27; by Schroder in 1879, Mo-
natsberichte der Berliner Akad. for 1879, p. 700, and
in 1881, ed. of Maitrayanl-samhita, i. p. XVIII; and
finally by Buhler in 1887, in his Manu, p. xviii-xlv.
3 Bee Carana-vyuha, I8t. iii.258.
4 In the places just cited.
8 Compare p. 356, 90, below.
See ZDMG. ixxvi.442-48, where von Bradke
describes some of them, and states their contents.
[343]
i INTBODUCTION TO THE
j MANAVA-UHAHMA-yASTUA.
of von Bradke, 1 too, failed to show any striking correspondences between the
Manava-grhya-sutra and our treatise. But, on the other hand, Buhler has dis-
covered 2 important correspondences between it and the Manava-^raddha-kalpa.
Moreover, as has been repeatedly pointed out, 8 the Dharma-sutra of Vasistha con-
tains a quotation (iv.5-8) which has every appearance of being a veritable fragment
of the original Manava-dharrna-sutra. In this quotation we have, first, the prose
rule (5) ; next, the stanzas which support it (6, 7), and which agree entirely or
nearly with Manu v. 41 and 48; and, last, a Vedic passage (8) to support both rule
and stanzas. This is the arrangement usual in the Dharma-sutras. And the prose
rule (5) is characterized by the words iti manavam as a quotation from the Sutra
of a special school ; for works valid for all Aryans are not so cited. 4
61. Other quotations 5 are found in Vasistha at iii.2, xiii.16, xix.37, and xx.18,
in close correspondence respectively with Manu ii.168, iv.117, x.120, and xi.152 of
our text, and introduced by the formula, ' And on this point they quote a Manavan
stanza.' From this, one might think that Vasistha was quoting from our Bhrgu-
saihhita. But this inference is barred by the evident posteriority of our text, as
shown by its form and by other general considerations, and in particular by the fact
that the stanza at xix.37 is in the tristubh metre. We conclude, then, that the
Manava-dharma-sutra known to Vasistha closely resembled our text, but was not
identical with it.
62. Now granting all that precedes, there is a very strong inherent probability
in the conclusion that our Bhrgu-samhita is a metrical recast of the Dharma-sutra
of the Manavan school. More than this cannot be said; for it is not a necessary
conclusion. Its probability, however, has been greatly increased by the considerations
respecting the occasion and method of the recast adduced by Buhler.
63. The occasion was the development (beside the sectarian schools which
studied exclusively a single branch of the Veda and the rudimentary works ancillary
thereto) of the non-sectarian schools of special sciences, whose teachings claimed
validity for all Aryans. In the old Vedic schools, the pupils had to learn the texts
of the Mantras and Brahmanas of their sect, and the short ancillary treatises, on
ritual, etymology, metre, etc., called Aiigas or 'Limbs' of the Veda. With the
development of these subjects to elaborate disciplines, it became impossible for a
student to master them all. He must either content himself with a thorough verbal
but unintelligent acquaintance with the texts and short treatises of his own sect ; or
else he must become a specialist in the ritual, the law, or some other subject, and
renounce an extensive knowledge of the sacred texts.
64. That this truly describes the course of things is shown by the present
state of learning in India. A good Vaidik is able to recite all the texts of his branch
of the Veda. But in order to have an elaborate sacrifice performed, there is need of
a Qrotriya specialist, who, though ignorant of the other Aiigas, is yet a master of
the ritual. In the case of two of the Angas, grammar and astronomy, the Vedic
schools possess no sectarian text-books of their own. These subjects, it would seem,
had been abandoned to the specialists at an early period. For a good while longer
the sacred law was cultivated in the Vedic schools, as appears from the existence of
1 In the ZDMG. xxxvi. 417-77 (1882).
2 Buhler's Manu, p. xlf.
3 See Buhler, 8BE. xiv. p. xviii f and esp. 26;
Manu, p. xxxi.
4 See BUbler's Manu, p. xxxvii.
* See Hopkins, JAOS. xi.242-43; and cf. Buhler,
8BE. xiv. p. xviii-xx.
INTRODUCTION TO_ THE { F344T
MANAVA-DHAHMA-C ASTRA. ) L J
the numerous sectarian manuals on the subject. But even in these (see Biihler,
Manu, p. lii, p. xxv,N.3) we find mention of persons who know several different law-
books, that is, who were specialists in the law. And this fact alone would lead us
to infer the existence of special law-schools.
65. Granting the existence of these schools, we have precisely the combination
of circumstances which would lead to the production of such a work as our Manu-
text. The schools had before them plenty of Sutra-material, sectarian, of only local
validity, unsystematic, and incomplete. In the very nature of things, the schools
would tend to be non-sectarian, to widen their influence, and to systematize and com-
plete the work of their predecessors. And this is exactly what they have done in our
Manu-text. It is absolutely non-sectarian. As contrasted with its forerunners, it
emphasizes the practical rather than the moral side of the law, treating strictly legal
topics at much greater length. It shows the signs of being a school-book. And
finally, it aims at general validity among all Aryans. This explains the fact that
our Manu shows so little correspondence with the texts of the Vedic Manavan
schools. The recast was the work of men whose interest in their subject exceeded
their interest in a sect.
66. Finally, the greatness of the name of the legendary and semi-divine Manu
suggests the reason why a special law-school should have chosen the Manavan
Dharma-sutra rather than any other as the basis of their new manual. In con-
structing a treatise that aspired to universal acceptance, they must ipso facto with-
draw any claim thereto which rested on the high standing of the Sutra-original as a
sectarian work. The problem then was, in accomplishing this task, to avoid too
violent a break with tradition. Had they taken the Gautama-sutra, and recast it,
waiving for it all claim to general validity on the score of Gautama's authority, it
would indeed have been a bold proceeding to father it upon Vyasa or Manu or any
of the great sages of yore. By choosing the Manava-sutra, after their silent waiver
on the one hand, they had only, on the other, to interpret its title expressly as
meaning 'of Manu,' when, presto without the smallest offense to tradition or
grammar, they had a name of unsurpassed authority to commend their work to the
Aryan world.
67. A great deal of the recast Biihler, p. Ixxiii, thinks one half cannot
have been derived from the Sutra-original. The entire first book is most clearly such
a later addition ; and such is likewise the twelfth book, whose classification of actions
and existences according to the three gunas (66 8 f) is based on the teachings of the
Samkhya, Yoga, and Vedanta systems of philosophy.
What now is the source of these later additions ? The Maha-bharata offers very
many correspondences with our Manu-text. A comparative study of the two works
shows that the editors of the latter have not drawn on the former, but rather that
both works have drawn upon a common stock of popular metrical maxims (Hopkins,
JAOS. xi.268), which embodied much of the traditional legal lore, and were ascribed
(as is attested by extant inscriptions) now to one and now to another of the ancient
mythical sages Vyasa, Manu, and the rest.
68. As for the method of conversion of the Sutra into our Manu-text, Pro-
fessor Biihler is of opinion (p. xcii) that it took place at one time, and that our text
is not the result of many successive recasts.
69. Coming, finally, to the date of the recast, Professor Biihler concludes
[345]
NOTES TO
PAGB 57.
(p. cxiv, cxvii) that it existed in the second century A.D., and was made between
that time and circa 100 B.C. General considerations make this conclusion seem far
from improbable. Our Manu-text is doubtless the oldest of the class of secondary
law-books, like those of Yajnavalkya and Narada, to which it belongs (p. civ). And
again, while it is doubtless posterior to the older portions of the Maha-bharata, our
Manu-text in some form or other is probably prior to the later portions of the
great Epic, books xii. and xiii. But we do not know the time of Yajnavalkya nor
of the Epic; and at present it seems quite vain to seek for an accurate date.
SYNOPSIS.
Darkness. The Self-existent 56
Creation of light and of water 56 18
Mundane egg. The Vedas. The castes . . . 57 J
Divisions of time for men ; for Manes ; for gods 57 17
The four ages of the world 58 2
Age of the gods. Day of Brahman .... 58 s
Praise of Hrahmans 58'
Foundations of the Law 58 14
The Sacraments (see Note) 59 1
Name-giving. Names 59 9
The Brahman's staff. Begging S9 23
The student. Om. Savitrl 60*
Etiquette of salutations 60 16
Dignity of Veda-teacher. Story of Kavi . . 61 15
Terms of study. Marriage 61 23
The householder. Precepts and prohibitions . 62 8
Virtue is the only true friend 63 7
The struggle for existence 63 21
Wanton life-taking. Etymology of maftsa . 64 2
Women. The faithful widow 64
The forest-hermit. Self-castigation .... 64 16
The pious mendicant 04 22
The four orders 65*
The lunar penance 65 5
Classification of actions 65 B
Rewards and punishments 65 19
The three gunas. Acts classed thereby ... 66 s
Triple orders of transmigration 67 1
Transmigrations entailed by special sins . . . 67 19
Means of gaining bliss 68 s
Warning against heterodoxy 68 10
NOTES TO PAGE 56.
15. This account of Creation (9lokas 5-18),
with others, is given and translated by Muir,
iv 2 . 30f. -See idam. -'Darkness ' cf.
RV. x.129.3.
16. adhya- 1, i.e. prathamo 'dhyayah.
17-18. ' He, (himself) not-manifest, mak-
ing manifest (vy-anjayann) this (universe),
the grosser elements and so forth, revealed
himself (u.f. pradus aait).
19-2O. U.f. yas aaau ati- etc., aaa
ud-babhau.
NOTES TO PAGE 57.
1-2. Join the ablatives w. siarksus.
U.f. apaa adau. Primeval waters: cf.
Muir, iv 2 . 24f ; also Strabo, xv.59, p. 713.
3-4. 'That (seed) became a golden (u.f.
haimam) egg, having sun -like splendor
(prabha).' Brahman is conceived as too
distant to be a father; cf. ZDMG.xxxii.295.
The idea of the mundane egg may be
traced to the Veda cf. 91 16 . It plays a
part in divers Indian cosmogonies : see
C,B. xi. 1.6 1 ; Chandogya Upanisad, iii. 19
(SEE. i.54) ; Vianu Parana, i.2.52f (see esp.
Wilson's Transl. 2 , i.39f and notes); these
passages are given by Muir, iv 2 .24f, 41f . Cf.
also Preller, Griech. Mythol., i 8 . 35f; and
Pott's Anti-Kaulen, 68f.
5-6. ' The waters are called " naraa,"
(because) the waters are indeed the offspring
of the Primal Spirit (nara). Since these
were his ancient place of motion (ayana),
therefore is he called Narayana' ('having
the nara = naraa as his ayana,' 1302). This
oft-recurring etymology, as found in MBh.
and Puranas, is discussed at length by Wilson
and Hall in notes to Visnu Purana, i.4.6,
Transl. 2 , i.56-8. Cf . Lassen, IA. i 2 .769. For
correct derivation, see narayana.
7-8. 'What (was) that cause (etc. see
sadaaadatmaka), thence-created (was) the
Purusa, (and) in the world he is called
" Brahman." ' Cf . ZDMG. xxxviii.193-4, 206.
9-10. atmano dhyanat, 'by his medita-
tion' (291 2 ). -See Vlkr 10.
11-12. See Vlma+nia. -See di.
13-14. U.f. -ravibhyaa. See brahman
3. U.f. yajna-aiddhi-artham rc-yajus-
saman-laksanam. Cf. AB. v.32.
15-16. The -taa puts the whole aggrega-
tive cpd hi an ablative relation (1098b).
The older designation of the second caste
was rajanya, which term is used at RV.
x.90.12, of which stanza this <;loka is a para-
phrase. For many other mythical accounts
of the origin of the castes, see Muir, i 2 .7-
160, esp. p. 10 and p. 159.
18 b . ' Day (is) for performance of works.
NOTBS TO j
PAGE 57. 1
[346]
19-2O. The dark and light lunar fort-
nights (= one human month) form respec-
tively the day and night of the Manes ; for
with them everything is reversed. See C. B.
ii.4.2 or AJP. iii.403. They are fed once a
month. The older Greek division of the
month was in two fortnights (cf. Hesiod,
Works and Days, 780): gukla = /*V lardnevos ;
krsna = priv <f>6iva>v.
21-22. U.f. ahas tatra (= ratry-ahnos)
udag-ayanam.
23 f. Lit. 'Attend ye to that (tan) which is
the extent both of a night-and-day of Brah-
man and of the ages.'
NOTES TO PAGE 58.
1. See tu 4. Respecting the ages, see
Roth, Ueber den Mythus von den funf Men-
schengeschlechtern bei Hesiod und die indische
Lehre von den vier Weltaltern, Tubingen, 1860.
The conception of a past golden age is com-
mon. The scheme of ages as here presented
is post-Vedic (see Roth, p. 24f ), and based
on the simple descending arithmetical pro-
gression, 4, 3, 2, 1. Description of the four
ages, MBh. iii.149.11 = 11234, f. Criticism
and numerical details : Whitney, JAOS. vi.
152f; Visnu Purana, i.S.lOf, Transl. 2 , i.49f;
Monier Williams, Indian Wisdom, 333. Gold-
en age described by the Brahman KoAacoy,
Strabo, xv.64, p. 715.
2-3. ' Four thousand of years, they say,
(is) the krta yuga (see krta). Its morning
twilight has just as many hundreds ; and its
evening twilight is similar.' 400+4000+400
=4800.
4-5. itaresu, sc. yugesu, i.e. the Treta,
Dwapara, and Kali, which last respectively
3600, 2400, and 1200. Total of all four,
12,000. See v'vrt2.
6-7. See adi 1. - ' What is that quad-
ruple-age, just now reckoned up completely,
that, consisting of 12,000 (years), is called
an age of the gods.' Cf . Whitney, I.e., 154 top.
8-9. sahasram etc., cf. Psalm xc.4; II.
Peter iii.8. brahmam ekam ahar: here
then are distinguished periods of Brahman's
repose (universal death) and of his activity
(" new heavens and a new earth ") ; see
ZDMG. xxxviii.191, 25.
1O-13 = MBh. v. 6. 1-2 = 109-110, with
variants.
14-15. No real difference between gfla
and acara. See also Biihler's Manu, p. Ixvii.
tad - vidam = veda - vidam. atmanas
tustis may decide in cases where no rule of
morals and no usage is involved. L. 14
agrees exactly with Gautama's Dharma-
fastra, i.1-2, except that it is in metrical
form.
16-17. -uditam, Vvad. See vi+pra.
18-19. Observe that gruti and smrti (see
these) or ' revelation ' and 'tradition' have
come to be important technical terms. Con-
cerning their significance, see M. Miiller,
Ancient Sanskrit Literature, 86f. dharma-
gastram, collectively : see Biihler's Manu,
p. xxv. U.f. sarva^arthesu am-.
2O-21. mule : Jolly reads tu_ubhe.
U.f. hetugastra^agrayat, 'from support of
or relying on hetugastras.' Such^ treatises
on dialectics are mentioned a number of
times in the Si-yu-ki (Beal), e.g. ii.218f.
22-23. ' What is agreeable to one's own
self ' same as atmanas tustis. See
laksana lend.
NOTES TO PAGE 59.
1-2. ' The body-consecration, having the
niseka as its first (rite), is to be performed
etc.' Samskara (see this) is here collective,
including the various single sacraments.
Observe that there are rites for all
stages of a Brahman's existence from before
his birth till after death. Megasthenes gives
an interesting account of the Brahmans (pre-
served by Strabo, xv.59, p. 712f ), and notes
that even from the time of conception in the
womb (^877 eii&vs Koi Kvofjitvovs) they are under
the care of wise men.
The samskaras or ' sacraments.'
1. garbha^adhana, ' conception.'
2. pum-savana, 'male-ceremony.'
3. simanta^unnayana, ' hair-parting.'
4. jata-kannan, ' birth-ceremony.'
5. nama-dheya, ' name-giving.'
6. niskramana, ' going out.'
7. anna-pragana, ' rice-feeding.'
8. cuda-karman, ' tonsure of scalp.'
9. upanayana, 'investiture.'
10. keganta, ' tonsure of beard.'
11. samavartana, 'return from study.'
12. vivaha, ' marriage.'
[347]
( NOTES TO
| PAGE 6O.
Most of these are described at length,
AGS. i.!3f or SEE. xxix.!79f or 46f or M.
Williams, Indian Wisdom, 246, 201. Number
2 is done to bring it about that the child
prove a male. No. 3 is a consecration of the
pregnant woman by the parting of her hair.
3-4. garbhais homais : ' the oblations
relating to pregnancy ' are involved in sacra-
ments 2 and 3. The ligation of the girdle
accompanies investiture (9). U.f. enas
apa-mrjyate.
5-6. See vrata4. U.f. ijyaya, 'offer-
ing ' to Gods, Rishis, and Manes, while he is
a student. sutais: procreation of sons is
a duty. ' A Brahman is born laden with
three debts. He owes Veda-study to the
Rishis ; sacrifice to the Gods ; and sons to
the Manes.' TS. vi. 3. 10 5 . - The ' great
sacrifices ' are five, to the Gods, Beings,
Manes, Brahman, and men : enumerated
QB. xi.5.6 1 or AGS. iii.l (= SEE. xxix.217)
orManuiii.69f. yajnais, such as a certain
Soma-ceremony called jyotistoma, says a
Scholiast. U.f. brahmi, 'holy, fit for
union with Brahman.'
7^8. See pranc3. 'Feeding of gold-
rubbings, honey, and ghee/ See AGS. i.15.1.
9. karayet : note that in Manu the pre-
scriptive use of the optative with indefinite
subject (' a man ' or ' one ') is very common.
10. Here the va's are = eva and mean
' just.' Scholiast.
11-12. Subject, nama. See Vyuj 4 sam.
See Vgup. "Nomen, omen." This is
an old belief : cf . QB. iii.6.2 2 *. The QGS.,
i.24.4-6, mentions two names, one of which
is kept secret by the parents to protect the
child from witchcraft. See Stenzler's note
to AGS. i.15.8. Cf. Weber's 2d Naksatra
essay, Abh. der Berliner Akad., 1861, p. 316f.
13-14. The scholiast Kulluka gives as
examples : Cubha-Qarman ; Bala-varman ;
Vasu-bhuti; Dina-dasa.
15-16. Sc. nama syat. See airv-.
17-18. U.f. yad va istam (see VI is) etc.,
' or what passes for auspicious in the family,'
sc. tat kartavyam. The rules allow some
latitude for diversities of customs in fam-
ilies, villages, etc. See 98 16 and note. Cf.
Manu viii.46.
21-22. See garbha 1. garbhastame =
garbhad astame. upanayanam . this
most important ceremony is described AGS.
i.19-22 or SEE. xxix.!87f.
NOTES TO PAGE 6O.
1. prad-, see 99*N. -U.f. pari^itya (992).
2-3. bhavatpurvam, see vocab. The for-
mulae are : bhavati, bhiksam dehi ; bhik-
sam, bhavati, dehi ; bhiksam dehi, bhavati.
Similar distinctions, 61 7 N.
4-5. vyatyasta-panina (V2as), 'by (sc.
the pupil) having crossed hands.'
6-7. adhy-esyamanam (Vi, 939) etc., 'To
(the pupil) about to recite, the teacher should
say, "Ho, recite (617)!" and should stop
(a-ramet) him with the words .'
India presents a thousand striking and
interesting contrasts with the Occident. So
especially in her way of handing down lore
from age to age. This is described by the
RV. Prati9akhya, chap. xv. ; and reported
by Weber, ISt. x.!28f; Zimmer, 210; Kaegi,
Fleckeisen's Jahrbiicher, 1880, p. 451. Or see
SEE. xxix.l!2f,119f.
8-9. brahmanas (see brahman 2) limits
adau and ante. See Vlkr7. sravati,
subject brahma. Vlgr+vi.
1O-11. a+u+m = om. Prajapati belongs
to the period succeeding the RV., and is later
supplanted by Brahman. nir-aduhat, 635.
Seeiti4. Compare 57 18 .
12-13. aduduhat (856) see vduh, caus.
' Extracted one verse of the stanza begin-
ning with "tad" (74 14 ) from each of the
three Vedas.' U.f. tad iti rcas.
14. etam, sc. ream.
16. hi, ' for,' has pertinence only as con-
necting this 9loka with 119. U.f . sthavire
a-yati (619), loc. absol.
19. Hiatus, without combination, at cae-
sura: cf. 12 5 N.
2O-21. See param. ' Saying " I am so-
and-so by name," he should announce his
name.' The older one or the one superior
in station speaks or salutes first. Thus, when
the great Yayati is falling from heaven and
meets in mid-air Astaka and others, Astaka
asks him, " Who art thou ? " but not without
excusing himself, as the inferior, for bold
NOTES TO i
PAGE 6O. '
[348]
incivility in speaking first. MBh. i.88.10 =
3573. SoOd. 3.24:
aiSojj 5' o3 veov &vSpa ycpairepov QfpftffOai.
22-23. See abhivada. na janate,
from ignorance of Sanskrit. Cf. Burnell,
Introduction, p. xxvii. striyas : thus in
the prologue to act iv. of the Qakuntala,
Durvasas, behind the stage, cries out to the
women, ayam aham, bhoh, ' Ho there, it
is I.'
NOTES TO PAGE 61.
1-2. 'The word bhos one should repeat
(at the end of = ) after one's name in salu-
tation. For the use of bhos instead of a
person's real name is declared by the Rishis
(to be the same as) the use of the true form
of a person's name.' See bhobhava and
svarupabhava. The bhos is of course in
lieu of the name of the person addressed.
4. ' And the rowel a must be pronounced
(added) at the end of his name, with the
previous syllable protracted ' reading piir-
vaksaraplutah (see Buhler). Thus Deva-
datta and Harabhute are to be pronounced
Devadatta3a and HarabhutaSya see
Whitney, 78.
7-8. This rule is observed, e.g. in the
drama, by the Rishis and the king, Qakuu-
tala, mid. of act v. For other differences
in the modes of address used for or by the
different castes, see 60 2 N.; C.B. i.1.4 12 (or
SEE. xii.28 or Weber's Ind. Streifen, i.49).
The rule is disregarded in the Epos, e.g. at
MBh. 1.71.5 = 2899.
Analogous distinctions : E. W. Hopkins,
Mutual relations of the four castes, 6f ; Weber,
ISt. x.llf ; Manu, viii.88 and 113.
9-1O. 'A d- is not to be addressed by
name even if he is younger (cf. x. to 60 20 ) ;
but with bhos or (some case-form from the
stem) bhavant a dh- should speak to him
(enam).' Thus, bho diksita ! idam kuru!
or, bhavata yajamanena ! idam kriyatam !
For the long adverb, see vocab.
11-12. U.f . " bhavati " iti evam : see iti4.
13-14. U.f. rtvijas. ' One should say [to
those in line 13] " asau aham," rising up to
meet (them, even if they are) the younger.'
15-16. The ' second ' or ' spiritual birth '
of the 'twice-born' (see dvija) is the upa-
nayana. The teacher is the spiritual father.
See SEE. ii.3,174; xiv.9.
17-18. U.f. adhy-apayam asa (1042e,
1045) pitfn (see pitr 2) cjigus. See ha.
19-2O. 'They, (having arrived-anger=)
getting angry, asked the gods about the
matter. And the gods, assembling (sametya),
said (ucus) to them etc.'
22. See iti2f and 1102a 2 near end.
23. See sattringat and abdika. The
Brahmanical school-term lasted 4J months,
began with the upakarman and ended with
the utsarga see Biihler's Manu, p. xlvi,
and note to iv.95. See guru4. ' The
course (vrata) in the three Vedas is to be
followed, (lasting 36 = ) for 36 years.'
Twelve years for each Veda (see veda2),
AGS. i.22.3. This is sober earnest for a
Hindu. The idea would make a Greek laugh
cf., e.g., Lucian's 'Ep^Tjyuos, chap. i.f, and
esp. vi.
Not even mighty Indra can absolve
those who fain would know the Veda from
the necessity of studying it. See the charm-
ing tale of Yavakrita, MBh. iii.135.15-42 =
10706f, outlined at ZDMG. xxxii.318.
Caesar's account of the Druids (E.G.
vi.14) comes near the truth for the Brahmans
in several respects. Magnum ibi numerum
versuum ediscere dicuntur. Itaque annos
nonnulli vicenos in disciplina permanent. Etc.
Cf. also Roth, KZ. xxvi.53.
NOTES TO PAGE 62.
1. See 2antika: adjectives go w. vratam.
2-3. vedan (as contrasted w. dual and
sing. ) = ' 3 Vedas.' AV. not included.
yathakramam, first the Mantras, then the
Brahmanas, in order. Two principal ele-
ments characterize the ' course ' or vrata,
viz., study (adhy-ayana) and holy living
(brahma-carya). adhi^itya a-vaset:
cf. Megasthenes, in Strabo, xv.59, p. 712,
T77 5' tvra (!) Kal -rpuSuiovra. oSrtas ftffWTM
avaxwpeiv < r^v eavrov KTijffiv fKcurrov etc.
4-5. ' Him ( = the student), approved (on
account of [280] his = ) for doing his duty,
he ( =the "father," sc. pita) should pre-
sent with a cow.' pitus, ' from his father,'
[349]
I NOTES TO
| PAGE 03.
meaning his spiritual " father," i.e. (61 15 N.)
his teacher, who may also be his natural
father.
6-7. See Vman+anu. snatva, techni-
cal, see s'sna. He thereby becomes a snataka.
sam-a-vrttas, technical see sacrament
no. 11, p. 340. savarnam : OVK ea-ri ya/j.f'iv
e aAAou yevous, Strabo, xv.49, p. 707.
laksana-, cf. 98 7 - 8 .
8-9. ' Let him give up all affairs which
hinder his study (296b), but (be) teaching
anyhow (see yathaS) ; for that is the con-
dition of having done his duty or of having
attained his end.' 'Teaching anyhow,' i.e.
'maintaining himself as best he can while
teaching.'
1O-11. uklambara3: 'Ivdovs iaOijri \tvi<fi
XfTJffOo-i Kal ffivSdffi Aeu/ccus /coi Kapirdffois etc.,
Strabo, xv.71, p. 719. The castes wore
clothes of different colors. The priests
regularly wore white during religious cere-
monies. See yuj2.
12-13. There is so frequent need of water
for ceremonial purification that a Brahman
should never be without it (see Baudhayana,
i.6 and 7, esp. i.7.1, or SEE. xiv.!60f ) ; hence
the jar. See veda not v6da. 'Gold
ear-rings : ' xP u(TO< t >0 P " vra M eT P' ws ^" T0 ' s *'^
Strabo, xv.59, p. 712.
14-15. U.f. na ikaeta ud-yantam. See
\fsrj +upa and 23 1 x. See gatal.
16-17. See Vvrs. Seerupal.
18-19. ' Let him make (to be) stand-
ing on the right' see 99%. Prad- is an
adj.; and is neuter, since sexless things are
among the substantives. Places where
four ways meet have been the object of awe
and of many superstitions : cf. W. Menzel,
Die vorchristliche Unsterblichkeitslehre, i.145,
163. vanaspatin : for an instance of tree-
worship, see Katha-sarit-sagara, xx.26. Cf.
also J. Fergusson, Tree and Serpent Worship,
passim.
20. U.f. vayu-agni-vipram. apas : a
similar respect for the waters (which are
divinities 83 1 ) was shown by the Persians
(Hdt. i.138; Strabo, xv.3.16, p. 733) and the
Greeks (Hesiod, Works and Days, 757 ) .
pagyans, ' facing.'
22-23. If the earth be regarded as a Sat
surface, under which the sun passes by night
in the same plane of motion as by day, the
sun will be to the north of the dwellers of
Northern India at night, just as it is to the
south of them in the day.
The point of the prohibitions is that the
parts of shame be not turned to the Sun-god
or (as at 62 20 ) any other sacred or venerable
thing. The prohibition recurs in very many
Sanskrit books (e.g. MBh.xiii.l04.75=5029,f ;
VP. iii.ll.10f ; for other parallel passages,
see SBE. vii.194), and may be traced, with
similar ones, back to the AV. (xiii.1.56).
Entirely identical is the Pythagorean
irpbs Tfi\Lov rfrpa.nij.fvos fa^i oSpn Frag, philos.
Graec., ed. Miillach, i. p. 506. This coinci-
dence, with others, is discussed by L. von
Schroder, Pythagoras und die Inder (Leipzig,
1884), 31-39. But Weber points out that
the same thing occurs in Hesiod, Works and
Days, 727. Cf. Pliny, Nat. Hist, xxviii.6
end = 19.
NOTES TO PAGE 63.
1-2. a-caksita, 616. 'Nor let him tell
(the fact that she is drinking V2dha) to
any body ' (297a). U.f . divi in-.
3-4. U.f. -dhvanau ('at the sound of)
rg-yajuai (1253a) na adhi^iyita (616)
adhi^itya va api antam etc. See va 1 end.
Respecting this and the next gloka (SV.
impure), see Muir, iii 2 .25f, Aufrecht, Rig-
veda^, i. p. xxxviii, and Hopkins's note to
Burnell's Manu, iv.124.
7-8. See go3. ' Like the earth, iniquity
done in the world does not bear fruit at
once; but etc.' See Vvrt+a. mulani:
same figure at Proverbs xii.3. Vkrt.
Cf. MBh. i.80.2 = 3333,f.
9-1O. ' If (punishment falls) not on (the
doer) himself, (it falls) on his sons, etc.' Cf.
the second command of the Mosaic deca-
logue. See tu3.
13. Lines 13-20: these and 29 5 - 6 (= Manu
viii.17) are translated by Muir, i 2 .380; and
(with classical parallels) in the same author's
Metrical Translations from Skt. Writers, p. 26.
17-18. See 2sama2. vimukhas, very
naturally ! but the rules also forbid looking
around (103 17 ).
.NOTES TO |
PAGE 63. '
[350]
21-22. See idam.
23 f. See api 2 beg. -"Thus gazelles
eat herbs ; tigers eat gazelles ; men eat fish ;
lions eat elephants." Scholiast.
NOTES TO PAGE 64.
2-3. U.f. kuryat, 59 9 N. - See sanga2.
-SeetuS.
6-7. U.f. bhaksayita (1050, cf. 944)
iha admi aham. ' Me eat in t'other world
will he, whose meat in this world eat do I.
That the wise declare to be the meatness of
meat = That is why meat is called meat.'
An example of Hindu etymologies, which
are often little better than mere puns as
here, mam sa and marisam. Hopkins notes
that this is given in varied form, MBh. xiii.
116.35=5714. Cf. Whitney, AJP. iii.402;
also 94 16 .
8-9. See uposita. See Vcru, desid.
See yena2. Cf. Strabo, xv.59, p. 712:
TCUS Se yvvai^l rats ya/j.frals (ify <rvfji<j>i\o(ro<t>e?v
rovs BpaxM"" aj etc. Notable exceptions to
this statement are found in the ancient
legends of Maitreyi and Gargi SEE. xv.
108,130,136.
1O-11. ' Any thing disliked of her husband
(296b), displeasing to him.' It is note-
worthy that widow-burning (see p. 382) is
quite ignored here. It is not mentioned
anywhere in Manu; and the same is true of
Yajnavalkya, Narada, Gautama, Apastamba,
and most of the others. Jolly, Sitzungs-
berichte der Bairischen Akad., 1876, p. 447.
He thinks it originated among the lower
classes.
12-13. See kamam, adv. V2ksi, caus.
See Vgraho. parasya limits nama.
14-15. U.f. asita (616) a maranat.
\ksam.
16-17. evam, ' so,' as described in book iii.
18-19. Prescriptions quite the reverse of
those at 62 10 .
2O-21. U.f. pancatapas (see vocab.)
varsasu abhra-. Compare, e.g., the penances
of Yayati after he retires to the forest, MBh.
i.86.11 = 3544,f ; and those exhibited to
Alexander, Strabo, xv.61, p. 714; and see
xv.63, p. 715.
22. vihrtya,
NOTES TO PAGE 65.
2. pra-vrajan, technical (see vocab.),
describing the pravrajaka.
3. THE ORDERS. See acrama. Perhaps
the best English names are: 1. 'Student,'
for brahmacarin; 2. 'Householder,' for
grhastha; 3. 'Forest-hermit,' for vana-
prastha ; and 4. 'Ascetic ' or ' Pious mendi-
cant,' for yati.
The last is often called ' Beggar ' (bhiksu)
or 'Wanderer' (pra- or pari-vrajaka).
5-6. Lit. ' One should diminish one mouth-
ful at a time in the dark fortnight etc.,' i.e.
' diminish one's food by one mouthful etc.'
See trisavana. This, the diminuendo-
crescendo form of the lunar fast, is called
pipilika-madhya or ' ant-middled.'
7-8. 'One should follow the same rule
entire, in (case of) the yava-madhyama
(see this), intent, performing (carancj the
lunar penance with the bright fortnight
first.'
These are fully described, e.g. by Gau-
tama, xxvii. (transl. SEE. ii.296f), and by
Baudhayana, iii.8 (SEE. xiv.303f). .
9f. Cf. below, p. 357, 90. -For a
summary of this schematic exposition of
the doctrine of metempsychosis, see Indian
Wisdom, 280.
9-1O. ' Resulting in weal or woe (is our)
karman, which originates in mind, voice,
and body.' Thus qualified, karman com-
prehends ' virtuous and sinful thoughts,
words, and deeds.' See gati4.
11-12. taaya, sc. karmanas. See api2
beg. See dehin. ' One should know
that the mind is the prompter in this world
(iha) of this (action) which is three-fold
[viz. best, worst, and middling, cf. 65 10 ] and
has three manifestations [viz. as thoughts,
words, and deeds, 65 9 ], is connected with
the body, (and) has ten kinds [3+4+3 kinds,
enumerated in 9lokas 5, 6, 7].'
17. avidhanatas : hereby are excluded
from this category injuries to sacrificial
victims when required by the ritual, or to
a man when inflicted as a lawful penalty.
19. U.f. manasa eva ayam (lit. 'this one 5
= ' a man ') upa-bhunkte. See v'2bhuj +upa2
[351]
\ NOTES TO
I PAGE 68.
NOTES TO PAGE O6.
1. 'And (ca) he [if he does right for the
most part and wrong a little] enjoys bliss in
heaven, invested (Vlvr+a) with those very
elements (see bhuta5), i.e. with a corporeal
body.' ' Those very ' before-mentioned at
Manu xii.16.
3. ' Deserted by the elements ' = ' after
death.' Scholiast.
4-5. See jiva. See the mention of the
five elements, Strabo, xv.59 end, p. 713. The
spirit, after purgation, takes on a human
form again. The purgatorial idea is promi-
nent in book xviii. of the MBh.
6-7. 'Considering (drstva) these gatis
(which result) from right-doing and from
wrong-doing' (1098). -See Vldha3.
8-9. See sattva2, rajas4, tamas-3, and
esp. guna3, and also atmano, and mahant2,
all technical terms here. ' One should
know goodness, passion, and darkness as
the atman's three qualities, with which the
mahant constantly pervades all these exist-
ent things without exception.' See p. 344,
67. Line 9 is explained under sthita4.
10-11. ca ca : the sense requires ' or
or.' '"As having the quality of darkness
as its attribute : ' tamasam modifies only the
prior member, guna-; the verbally strict
phrase would be tamo-guna-laksanam (cf.
line 15).
14-15. 'What (deed) one wishes (to be)
known by everybody etc.' jnatam: con-
jecture of BR. at vi.489. lajjati, metri
gratia, for -te.
18-19. See ya6 and sarva2c. ' But
the transmigrations which (a man) enters
upon by reason of any (quality of them=)
of these qualities, these (of all, i.e.) through
all this world in order I will briefly state.'
2O-23. A summary of the scheme fol-
lowing.
NOTES TO PAGE 67.
1-18, clokas 42-60. Scheme of the nine
sets of gatis. On him who is governed by
it, each guna entails a gati : to wit,
I. tamas, the gati of a beast (42-44) ;
II. rajas, the gati of a man (45-47) ;
III. sattva, the gati of a god (48-50).
Each gati is of three kinds :
a. lowest; b. middling; c. highest.
The scheme is not strictly adhered to. In
line 1, for instance, 'plants' are put among
the beasts ; and in 15, the ' Vedas,' among
the gods. But we are not surprised to find
' Qudras ' (line 3)among the beasts, and ' Brah-
mans' (line 13) among the gods (see 94 18 ).
6. U.f. tamasisu (sc. gatisu) uttama.
7-8. See jhalla. vsanj+pra.
11-12. ye merely fills out the verse see
ya3 beg. 'Likewise all Apsarases.' On
the Apsarases, see Holtzmann, ZDMG.
xxxiii.631f.
17. Technically used words see vocab.
19-2O. 'A Brahman-slayer enters the
womb of dogs (cjvan), swine, asses, camels,
cows, goats (aja), sheep (avi), etc.,' in order
to be born therefrom as dog, etc.
22-23. U.f. pretas antyastri- : pronounce,
pretantyastri-, in violation of 177. 'By
stealing grain, one becomes a mouse; (by
stealing) water, (one becomes) a duck; etc.'
The same construction runs on to 68 3 . Note
that some of the gatis have a special
appropriateness.
NOTES TO PAGE 68.
45. ' Women also in like manner (see
kalpa) by stealing would incur guilt. They
become mates of these very creatures (men-
tioned above).'
8-9. See pravrtta and nivrtta. eti,
'one attains to.' aty-eti etc., 'gets rid of
the five elements,' i.e. ' obtains final libera-
tion.'
10-11. ' And whatsoever heterodox philos-
ophies (there are).' See Ika2b: the first
ca = ' and.'
12-13. 'Whatsoever doctrines (yani kani
cid, sc. gastrani), differing (anyani) from
this (atas = vedat), spring up and come to
nought, these (tani) etc.'
14-15. See crestha and 2vara: and for
abl., 292b. vyava-, 'the resolute' who
practice what they learn.
16. SELECTIONS XXIX. and XXX. Two
specimens of vakrokti, ' play on words ' or
Norss TO i
PAGE 68. '
[352]
' Calembourg/ Both come from the Subha-
sitarnava, and are taken by me from Bo'ht-
lingk's Indische Spriicke, 2d ed., no's 1428
and 6846. Other specimens are no's 4042
and 6389.
16-17. 'Nineteen wives went to the wood
to play. Twenty came home. The rest were
eaten by a tiger.' Solution : ekona vingatir
naryah = ' wives twenty lacking one ' (477a) ;
or, dividing eko na (stem nr ), ' one man (and)
twenty wives.'
18-19. U.f. mama ajnaya. Solution:
na tena, ' not by him,' when joined, gives
natena (v'nam), 'by him bending over.'
SELECTIONS XXXI.-LXXV.
EXTRACTS FROM THE VEDIC LITERATURE.
70. Selections xxxi. to Ixxv. comprise Mantra
(or " Veda" in its narrower sense), Brahmana, and
Sutra. They are taken for the most part from the
Rigvedic literature (or " Rigveda " in its broader
sense). Professor Kaegi's little work, entitled Der
Rigveda (2d ed.), and described above, Brief List,
p. zx, no. 23, is recommended as a most useful intro-
duction to Vedic study, on account of its general
excellence, and, in particular, on account of the ful-
ness of its bibliographical details. It is, moreover,
now easily accessible in an English version by Dr.
Robert Arrowsmith, published by Ginn and Co.,
Boston, 1886, price $1.65. Kaegi's book will be fre-
quently cited in the sequel, as " Kaegi," with the
page-number of the translation first, followed by that
of the original in parenthesis. The Note-numbers
are alike in both.
71. For grammatical forms peculiar to the Veda,
reference to Whitney will be made when needful;
but the student should read systematically the sec-
tions that describe Vedic noun-inflection and verb-
conjugation. For the former subject, the small-print
lines of 330, 340, and 342 are important ; and for the
latter, the paragraphs on the subjunctive, 557-563,
736, 700, and those on the mode-forms of the different
aorists, chap. xi. The accent, explained by "Whitney,
80-86, is important for the exegesis and otherwise.
The accent-rules are given at 92-97, 314-320, 591-598,
1082-86. The notation of the accent is explained at
87-90.
72. The Vedic literature is based on the songs of the early Aryan tribes
immigrant into India. These tribes were life-loving, brave, and warlike, and show
their nature clearly in their songs. But they were remarkable above all for the
strength of their religious instinct. This is a cardinal fact the prime determinant
of the character of the early Indian literature ; for that literature is one of prevail-
ingly religious content. The Veda is thus distinguished from the later literature
of the Epic and the Classical periods by its contents, and also no less by its
language and style. But within itself, the Vedic literature (or "Veda" in the
broader sense of the word) shows differences which serve to divide it into three
great groups.
73. To assign a definite chronological period for each of these groups is
neither feasible nor necessary. 1 But it is interesting and quite possible to establish
an inner chronologic sequence among the groups themselves and the sub-groups, and
even among individual books and parts of books. To the first group belong the
ancient songs themselves, which are in metrical form and are known as the Vedic
hymns or Mantras. The term " Veda " is often used in a narrower sense to denote
them. To the second belong the Brahmanas, the oldest Indo-European prose extant,
which presuppose and are dependent on the Mantra-literature. The third group
comprehends the Sutras, collections of brief rules upon liturgical and other subjects,
which, in turn, presuppose both of the foregoing groups.
1 Indeed, to do so would give a very false impres-
sion. The periods overlap; and the styles of litera-
ture shade off from one into another so, for
example, in the Yajurveda.
T3531 5 INTRODUCTION
L -I { TO THE VEDA.
74. A great mass of Mantra-material originated and was handed down by
memorial tradition orally from generation to generation long before the existence
of any such collections of Mantras as have come down to us. 1 The Mantras fall into
several different classes. To one belongs the hymn-stanza (fc) ; to another, the
sacrificial formula (yajus) ; and to another, the magic charm (brahman). From the
stock of Mantras of one class for example, the yajus a certain collection with
definite arrangement became established by popular usage in a certain community,
and thus arose a Veda, for example, a Yajurveda not a certain definite book, but
some one of many possible and probable collections of Mantras of a certain definite
class. From the same stock of the same class another collection was formed in
another community, and thus arose another Veda, for example, another Yajurveda.
The period in which the oldest hymns of the Rigveda originated may be set back
into the second pre-Christian millennium; 2 but this only on certain general con-
siderations not as a matter of precise argumentation. Geographically, the early
Vedic Aryans may be referred to Kabul and the Panjab. 8
75. The Mantras have come down to us, for the most part, in several collec-
tions, diverse in form and purpose. There was, besides, more or less Mantra-material
which was never embodied in any collection, 4 but of which we find remnants scattered
about in various books. The great collections of Mantras are the Rigveda, the
Samaveda, the Yajurveda, and the Atharvaveda. The text of the Mantras forms
what is often called a Sarhhita. To each Samhita is attached a body of dependent
or ancillary works of the Brahmana and Sutra groups : so that the oldest Indian
books are classed, first, according to the Veda to which they belong; and, secondly,
according to their character as Mantra, Brahmana, or Sutra. It is to be remembered
that "Veda" has a narrower and a broader sense, and that "Rigveda," for instance,
may mean either the Rigveda-samhita or also the entire body of works belonging to
that Veda.
76. The Sauihita of the Rigveda is a historical 6 collection. It consists of
1017 hymns, each containing on an average about ten double lines, 6 so that the text is
in volume somewhat less than that of the two Homeric poems together. There is
a purely external and mechanical division of the text into 'Eighths,' 'Lessons,' 7
' Groups,' and ' Stanzas ' (astaka, adhyaya, varga, re) ; but this need not specially
concern us now. Of deep historical significance is the other division into ' Books,'
' Chapters,' ' Hymns,' and ' Stanzas ' (mandala, anuvaka, sukta, re).
77. There are ten ' Books ' (literally, ' Circles '). And of these, books ii. to
viii. are the so-called "Family-books" that is, they contain each the hymns
ascribed to a single family or clan, in which they doubtless originated, and by which
they were handed down as a sacred inheritance. Thus, book ii. contains the hymns
of Grtsamada and his clan. Those of Vi9vamitra and his tribe follow in book iii.;
and then in order those of Vamadeva (book iv.), Atri (book v.), Bharadvaja (book
vi.), Vasistha (book vii.), and Kanva (book viii.). The ninth book is made up of
1 See Roth's Atharvaveda in KascJimir, p. 9-10.
2 See Whitney in The Century Magazine, 1887,
xxxiii. 921 ; or Kaegi, note 38. Cf . Ludwig, iii. 178f .
See Whitney, I.e., p. 913; Kaegi, note 39; Lud-
wig, iii. 198f.
The Hindus say that the Vedas are infinite. See
8 As distinguished from a liturgical collection
see 86. Respecting the purpose of the RV. collec-
tion, see Roth, KZ. xxvi. 56.
6 For the number of stanzas, words, and syllables,
and for some convenient tabular statements, see
Muller, ASL. p. 220f.
Ludwig, iii. 15; Muir, iii 2 . 17. " There are eight ' Lessons' in each ' Eighth.'
INTRODUCTION
TO THE VEDA. '
[354]
hymns addressed to the deified drink Soma. The tenth comprises hymns ascribed
to very different authors ; 1 while the first consists of fifteen 2 minor groups, each
attributed to some ancient poet-sage.
78. The general history of the text of the Rigveda was touched upon by Pro-
fessor Roth in a very instructive little essay 8 entitled Vedische Studien. Some of
his conclusions may be briefly stated. The assembling of the Mantras into a collec-
tion was accomplished by the aid of writing. 4 The first Rik collections were probably
single books and parts of books, each an aggregation of material of such moderate
compass as to be easily handled by a single collector. The small collections were
later united into one large collection, which, completed by the addition of books ix.
and x., and uniformly edited, constitutes our RV. Samhita.
79. Roth recognizes three stages in the tradition : 1. the oral transmission
from the authors to the time of the collectors ; 2. the reduction from the oral form
to the written form; and 3. the transmission of the written text to us. We may
admit that in the last stage the text carefully preserved as it was, see 98 has
suffered no very important corruptions. The collectors themselves, however, did
not by any means write down the texts precisely as they heard them. The reciters
from memory must have recited rhythmically. The collectors (writers redactors
or diaskeuasts) have often destroyed the rhythm by putting the texts into the
strait-jacket of the rules of grammar, and especially by writing the words accord-
ing to the later rules of samdhi. To the first stage are to be referred the many
mistakes which are ascribable to carelessness in listening, 5 and which may be called
blunders of the ear rather than of the eye.
80. That the hymns themselves are of diverse origin, both in respect of place
and of time, is probable a priori and is shown by internal evidence. 6 Accordingly,
if we find, for example, two hymns involving inconsistent conceptions of the same
deity or of different deities, this is to be deemed quite natural, inasmuch as they
originated among clans dwelling in diverse regions. Moreover, after the aggregation
of the small collections into the large one, interpolations and later additions were
still made. To discriminate between the different elements that now make up the
canonical Vedic text is therefore an important problem.
81. Again, in the course of time, and in part as a result of the wrangling
pedantry of narrow teachers, the stock collections became ramified into slightly
divergent recensions. These were called gakhas or ' branches,' because so related to
each other as are different branches from the same tree-stock. The (gakhas often
supply to criticism the various readings for which the classical philologist looks to
good and independent manuscripts. The community in which such a Qakha attained
definitive authority was called a carana or ' school.' There once existed, presumably,
many branches and schools 7 of the R\ r . The school of the Qakalas, 8 however, seems
1 The orthodox Hindu conception of the hymns is
that they had existed from eternity; it recognizes no
human authors. The Hindus do not call Atri, for
example, the "author" of a given hymn, hut rather
the " Rishi," i.e. the " seer," who was so fortunate
as to " see " it the last time it was revealed. Muller,
A8L. p. 95.
* Bergaigne, JA. viii.8.263 (= Tl).
s Published, 1883, in KZ. xxvi. 45-68. See espe-
cially p. 52-62.
1 This is entirely consistent with the facts that the
tradition in the schools was oral and by memory, and
that the open use of a written text was disgraceful.
Compare, e.g., Sarva-sammata Ciksha, ed. A. O.
Franke, rule 36. But this thesis 'of Roth is denied
by some scholars.
8 Such as ndmasa for mdnasa, etc., Roth, I.e.,
p. 62.
6 Cf. Ludwig, iii. p. IX.
i See Muller, ASL. p. 368.
s See Muller, RV. Prati9akhya, Einleitung, p. 7.
[355]
i INTRODUCTIOB
! TO THE VEDA.
to have gained exclusive predominance, and the extant recension of the RV. Samhita
bears their name. The Qakha of the Baskalas is also mentioned.
82. The manuscripts of the RV. Saihhita exhibit almost no diversities of
reading ; so that, in the absence of akha-differences, the criticism of the text has
to rest on intrinsic evidence, and on a comparison of the other Samhitas, and on a
study of the RV. citations in the RV. Brahmanas and Sutras. Other criteria have
been brought to light by the study of the arrangement of the collection. Thus,
within each of the books ii.-vii., the hymns addressed to the same deity are grouped
together and arranged according to the decreasing number of stanzas of each hymn.
The same simple principle goes farther, governing, for example, the order of the
groups within a book. 1 Violations of the principle may arouse suspicion as to the
originality or genuineness of the passages concerned.
83. The first written form of the text would seem to have been the samhita-
patha or ' combined reading,' wherein the words are combined according to the more or
less artificial rules of grammar. 2 These combinations often admit of several different
resolutions. To obviate the resulting uncertainties, there was constructed the pada-
patha or ' word-reading,' which aims to give each word in its true independent form
without reference to any rules of combination. The Pada-text of the published RV.
is attributed to (^akalya, 8 and is the oldest conscious exegetical work upon the Veda
now known. It is far from infallible. 4 For its secondary use, see 98x.
84. The Samaveda is a Veda of samans. A saman is properly a 'tune*
not a text ; but in this connection the word means an re so modified 6 as to be better
adapted for chanting, especially during the ceremonies of the Soma-sacrifice. Of
the 1549 stanzas of the Samaveda, 1474 occur also in the Rigveda. 6 The SV.
exhibits many variations from the readings of the RV. Sarhhita, some of which
are of value for the criticism of the latter text. 7 In general, the relations of the
SV. to the RV. still present many difficult problems. 8
85. The Samhita of the Atharvaveda, as compared with that of the RV.,
represents a lower plane of life and thought, as it is also later in respect of form
and language. It contains magic incantations for the warding off of the most
diverse malign influences, and prayers and charms for success in the various affairs
of life, as love, gaming, quarrels, journeys, and the like. It has a high degree of
interest for the student of popular superstitions. The Samhita has come down to us
in at least two recensions. The one is called the Paippalada Qakha. 9 The other was
published in 1856 by Roth and Whitney. 10 About a sixteenth part of the RV. stanzas
occur also with more or less interesting variants in books i. to xix. of this text.
Shankar P. Pandit of Bombay is now editing the AV. with Sayana's comment.
86. The Yajurveda belongs to the period 11 of the highly developed ritual,
and originated in the sacred and famous Madhyade9a. 12 The Sarhhitas contain the
1 For details see A. Bergaigne, Recherches sur
I'histoire de la samhita du RV., JA. 8.viiU93f
(esp. p. 199), and 8.ix.l91f. Cf. also Oldenberg,
ZDMG. xli.508f ; and Bergaigne, JA. 8.x.488f.
2 This is the text given in the Reader.
See Weber, HIL. p. 32f.
4 A critical estimate of its exegetical value is given
by Roth in the afore-mentioned essay, KZ. xxvi.45-52.
6 By protraction of vowels, insertion of sundry
sounds, repetitions, etc. Whitney, OLSt. i. 13-15.
6 See Whitney, ISt. ii.347-63.
7 Whitney, JAOS. xi. p. clxxxiv=PAO8. Oct. 1883.
8 See Oldenberg's interesting discussion, ZDMG.
xxxviii.439-80, and esp. 464-65.
Described by Roth, Der Atharvaveda in Kasch-
mir, Tubingen, 1875.
10 See Brief List, p. xix, no. 18. For bibliography
of translations, see Kaegi, note 13.
11 The civilization of this period is treated with
especial fulness in Schroder's Indiens Literatur und
Cultur eee below, 100.
" Cf. p. 297, 2 : also Schroder, ILuC. p. 163.
INTRODUCTION j
TO THE VEDA, i
[356]
formulas (see yajus in vocab.) which accompanied the sacrificial ceremonials, and
are, as it were, the hand-books of the adhvaryus or priests who did the actual
manual labor of the sacrifices. 1 With the growth of ritualism and its spread over
a wide extent of territory 2 there naturally grew up many differing usages in con-
nection with the sacrifice, and many centres of ritualistic study. 8 In this wise it
happened that the sectarian schools of the Yajurveda were especially numerous and
flourishing.
87. The Black Yajurveda. The various schools of this, the older Yajurveda,
bear the names of men reputed to be the pupils directly or indirectly of Vai9am-
payana, a name great in the Epos. At least five schools 4 possessed special Sariihitas,
of which four are still extant : to wit, the Sariihita of the Kathas (Kaftuoi) or the
Katbaka; that of the Kapisthala-Kathas (Ka//./?i<T0oXoi) ; that of the Maitrayanlyas ;
and that of the school of Apastamba, a subdivision of the Taittiriyas. The one last
mentioned, the Taittiriya Samhita, was the first to be printed in a scholarly edition. 6
The Maitrayam Samhita has recently been published by Dr. L. von Schroder, Leip-
zig, 1881-86. The others are still unedited. In all these texts of the old Yajus
Samhitas, the sacred formulas are commingled with prose passages, explanatory and
prescriptive. A single such passage is a Brahmana, 6 ' the dictum of a brahman or
priest,' ' a priestly discourse.'
88. The White Yajurveda. To remedy this confusion, a new school of
Adhvaryus, called the Vajasaneyins, arranged a Samhita of ' clear formulas ' (guklani
yajunsi), i.e. a text in which the formulas or Mantras were separated from the
priestly discourses or Brahmanas. 1 Not without some little animus, doubtless, they
turned to account the double meaning of gukla, 'clear' or 'white,' and fixed the
name of "Dark" (krsna, 'dark' or 'black') upon the mingled or uncleared texts of
their older rivals. The Samhita of the White Yajurveda or Vajasaneyi Saiiihita has
come down to us in the recension of the Kanvas and in that of the Madhyaihdinas, 8
and was published by Weber, Berlin, 1849-52.
89. The separate collections of the formulas naturally suggested a similar
treatment of the priestly discourses. In the school of the Vajasaneyins, the result
of this treatment was a collection of the formerly detached Brahmanas, which collec-
tion is itself also called a Brahmana, 9 and is practically an encyclopedic digest of the
wisdom of their school. 10
90. The oldest collection of Mantras, the Rigveda, is in the main the reflex
of the life of a vigorous, active, and healthy people a people that prayed most for
length of days, for sturdy sons, abundant cattle, doughty retainers, and victory over
their enemies ; a people whose religion was a simple worship of the deified powers
of nature. But even during the Vedic period, there comes a profound change. The
Yajurveda represents a turning-point in the development of the Hindu character.
The centre of Vedic life is shifted to Madhyadeca; and here were made the first
Ludwig, iii.27.
1 Schroder, ILuC. p. 164-5.
Cf. Schroder, ILuC. p. 88-89: also Eggeling,
SEE. xii. p. xxv f.
* Schroder, Einleitung to his ed. of MS., book i.
p. IXf. Of. ILuC. p. 89.
By Weber, as vol's xi. and xii. of ISt., 1871-72.
See this in vocab. and cf . it with brahmand.
7 See Eggeling, SEE. xii., p. xxvii; also CB. xiv.
9.4> or SEE. xv.226.
Or HaStavSivoi: see HIL. p. 106.
8 Specifically, the Catupatlia Brahmana. It was
published by Weber, Berlin, 1855. Books i.-iv.
have been translated by Eggeling, SEE. xii. and
xx vi.
10 Eggeling, SEE. xii. p. xxiif.
[357]
( INTRODUCTION
j TO THE VEDA.
great advances in the arts and institutions of civilization, in trade, and in science.
Here also priestly families and warrior-families attained to such importance as to
assert their independence of the people, and so bring about the strongly marked
class-distinctions that grew into the rigid system of caste. And here, with the
waxing power of the priesthood, the old Vedic religion was converted into an
infinitely complex system of sacrifices and ceremonies. To this period belohgs the
belief in metempsychosis a dreadful and universal reality to the Hindu mind.
With the growing tendency of the Hindu character towards introspection comes the
system of hermit-life and the asceticism which are so prominent in -the Hindu
Middle Age, and which in turn led naturally to the habit of theosophic speculation.
The sultry air of Ganges-land has relaxed both the physical and the mental fibre of
the Hindu, and he has become a Quietist.
91. The Hindu character has been transformed almost beyond recognition.
The change is wonderful. It would be also incomprehensible, but for the literature
of the Brahmanas. 1 As a whole and by themselves, they are puerile, arid, inane.
But as the sole and faithful reflex of an immensely important phase in the develop-
ment of an ethnic type, they have a great interest an interest heightened by the
fact that the annals of human evolution hardly present another type whose history
can be studied through so many centuries in unbroken continuity.
92. The sacerdotal class, ever magnifying its office, has invested the sacrifice
with a most exaggerated importance and sanctity. The sacrifice has become the
central point of the Brahman's life and thought. About it he has spun a flimsy web
of mystery, and in each of its events he sees a hidden symbolism. 2 Everything is
not only that which it is but also that which it signifies. So lost is the Brahman in
these esoteric vagaries that to him the line of demarcation between " is " and " signi-
fies " becomes almost wholly obliterated. 8 What we deem the realities of life are as
pale shadows. The sacrifice and its events are the real facts, and to fathom their
mysteries 4 is omnipotence and salvation.
93. It must not be forgotten that the phases of development represented by
the Mantras and Brahmanas are not separated by hard and fast lines. The oldest
Yajus texts are of the transition type. They are called Saihhitas, and contain
indeed Mantras in abundance ; but the Mantras are mingled with prose passages
which are the first Brabmanas. Descriptions of the sacrificial ceremonies, attribu-
tions to them of hidden meanings, accounts of their origin, legends to illustrate their
efficacy such are the contents of the older Brahmanas. Conscious philosophic
speculation plays a subordinate part : its beginnings we can trace to the RV.
Samhita; 5 but the great mass of it is contained in the later Brahmana literature.
94. In this, the later Brahmana period, the descriptions of the ritual are
relegated to systematic treatises ( 95) ; and the theosophic and philosophic passages
become more lengthy and important, and receive as containing material appro-
priate for the meditations of the vX6/3ioi or Forest-hermits the special names of
Aranyakas 6 or ' Forest-treatises ' and Upanisads. 7 Some of the best of these have
1 Characterized by Eggeling, SEE. xii. p. ix f, esp. See selection Ixll. and N.
p. xxii-xxv. Enumerated by Kaegi, note 14 a. 8 See Deussen, System des Vedanta, p. 8; Miiller,
2 See Oldenberg, Buddha, 19(20)f. ASL. 313f; or Kaegi, note 16.
3 A point of prime importance in reading the end- " Upanisad : lit. ' a sitting at the feet of another,'
less identifications of the Brahmanas. and then ' the hidden doctrine taught at such
4 Hence the constant refrain, ya evam veda cf. session.'
IHTBODUCTION J fSoS"!
TO THE VEDA. ) L J
been handed down by tradition as separate works with separate names ; and other
tracts of the same general style and contents have been written ; but it must be
remembered that the original Aranyakas and Upanisads were integral parts of the
digested Brahmanas. 1
Brahmanical speculation culminates in pessimistic Pantheism, in the doctrine of
the misery of all earthly existence, from which we can hope for redemption only
through reabsorption into the universal All-in-One. This is the result of Brahmanical
thought, on which as a foundation was built up the doctrine and order of Buddha ;
this the link that unites the Brahmanic and the Buddhistic chains of development. 2
95. The Brahmanas presuppose a thorough acquaintance with the course and
details of the sacrifice, and do not undertake a systematic exposition thereof. But
when the ceremonies had grown to tremendous length and complexity, it became
necessary to have manuals giving full and orderly directions for the use of the
celebrant. Such works are the ' Rules for the sacrifices ' or Qrauta-sutras, so called
because they stand iu most intimate relation to the Veda or ' sacred texts ' (gruti),
and continually cite these texts, and prescribe the manner and the occasions of their
employment with the various ceremonies.
96. Usage and observance, crystallized into sacred ceremony, invest the whole
life of an Aryan Hindu nay, even his pre-natal and post-mortem existence. These
usages differed considerably in different localities, and in the lesser details among
the different families of the same locality. In part, perhaps, to counteract the
tendency to diversity, books were made describing the observances recognized as
normal in a certain school or community. They are called Grhya-sutras, or ' Rules
of domestic usages.' Here, too, as well as in the sacrifice, everything proceeds with
the recitation of Mantras ; so that these books also attach themselves to certain
Vedas or Vedic schools. The legitimate subjects of these Rules are the ' Sacraments'
(samskaras), and the 'Simple-sacrifices' (paka-yajnas) of the householder.
97. There is also a third class of Sutras, called Dharma-sutras, which pre-
scribe rules for the every-day life of those who would conform to the example of the
virtuous. Since they have to do with ' agreement-conduct,' i.e. the ' conduct ' (acara)
which has for its norm the 'agreement' (sam-aya, lit. ' con-vention ') of those who
know the law, they are also called Samayacarika-sutras. The matters belonging
more properly to the Grhya-sutras are sometimes treated also in the Dharma-sutras.
But the legitimate subjects of the latter are far more varied than those of the former.
They embrace all sorts of injunctions and restrictions relating to etiquette, to
eating and sleeping, to purification and penance, and to the details of the daily life
of the student and householder and hermit, and even extend to the duties of the
king and to the beginnings of civil and criminal law. In the order of development
they are plainly posterior to the Grhya-sutras.
98. As the sacred texts of the Mantras grew in sanctity, their dialect and
style of thought became obsolescent. For the transmission of the sacred lore, a
learned apparatus became necessary. To preserve the written text of a given
'branch' (gakha) of the Veda from any change in "one jot or one tittle," by
establishing the relations of the samhita and pada pathas ( 83) of that branch,
there were composed the phonetic treatises, which, because attaching each 'to a
1 See Whitney, AJP. vii.1-2. I manism is admirably sketched by Oldeuberg,Buddha,
1 The genetic relationship of Buddhism to Brah- , Introd., chap's ii.-iii.
[359]
t INTRODUCTION
( TO THE VEDA.
(certain) branch' (prati-gakham), are called Prat^akhyas. 1 These give with the
utmost minuteness of detail the rules for the retroversion of the pada to the samhita
readings, and thus enable us to establish with great accuracy the text as it was
in their day. 2
99. To preserve the knowledge of the sense of obsolescent words, there were
made collections of synonyms and of hard words (yA.o><r<nu), called the Nighantavas, the
oldest Vedic Glossary. Upon the Glossary there was written, by the ancient sage
Yaska, a comment called Nirukta, which is the oldest extant work of formal Vedic
exegesis, but which itself acknowledges a number of predecessors. Among its
successors, the most famous is the great commentary of Sayana 8 Acarya, ca. 1350 A.D.
The Anukramams are little works which give the divinity, the "seer," and the
metre of each hymn of a Samhita.
1 See Whitney, JAOS. vii.339-40; iv.259-60.
2 The word -texts were thus converted "from in-
struments more especially of exegesis, into a com-
plete and efficient apparatus for securing the
preservation of textual purity." L.c. iv.260.
3 Weber, HIL. p. 41-42.
100. It remains to give a brief bibliography of the literature of the Rigveda
Samhita with mention of the principal ancillary works appertaining to it. For the
bibliography of the other Saihhitas, reference may be made to Kaegi, notes 8-26,
or to Weber's History of Indian Literature.
1. Rigveda. Saiiihita. a. Text-editions. The
first complete edition was issued by Aufrecht, 1861-
63, as vol's vi. and vii. of the ISt. Miiller's great
six-volumed quarto, with the full Sarahita and Pada
texts, Sayana's commentary, an index, etc., was
begun in 1849 and completed in 1874. Then came
the editions mentioned at the beginning of this
Reader, in the Brief List, no's 11 and 12.
b. Exegesis. The greatest achievements in Vedic
exegesis must be ascribed to Roth. They are con-
tained principally in the St. Petersburg Lexicon,
Brief List, no. 5. Grassmann's Dictionary and his
Translation are described in the List, no's 13 and 14.
Professor Alfred Ludwig of Prague has published a
large work in five volumes (Prag, Tempsky, 1876-80) ,
entitled Der Rigveda. Vol's i. and ii. contain a
translation of the hymns arranged according to deities
and subjects. Vol. iii. contains an introduction to
the translation, entitled Die Mantra-litteratur und
das alte Indien. Vol's iv. and v. contain a com-
mentary on the translation.
c. General "Works. Abel Bergaigne's work en-
titled La religion vedique (Paris, Vieweg, 1878-83.
3 vol's) is a systematic and encyclopedic exposition
of the religious and mythological conceptions of the
RV. The work of Geldner and Kaegi (List, no. 15),
and those of Weber, Zimmer, and the rest (no's 21-
26) , all bear more or less directly on the study of the
Veda. Whitney's Oriental and Linguistic Studies
(New York, Scribner, Armstrong, & Co. 1st series,
1873) contain among other things valuable essays on
the history, interpretation, and contents of the RV.
Very recently has appeared a book by L. von Schro-
der, Indiens Literatur und Cultur in historischer
Entwicklung (Leipzig, 1887), the first third of which
is devoted to the Veda, and especially to the period
of the Yajurveda.
2. Rigveda. Brahmanas etc. The .Aitareya
Brahmana was edited by Aufrecht see List, no. 16.
Haug had already published the text with a trans-
lation (Bombay, 1863), criticised and corrected by
Weber, ISt. ix.177-380.
The Aitareya Aranyaka is associated with the
Brahmana of the same name. It has five books and
was edited with Sayana's comment by R. Mitra in
the Bibliotheca Indicd, 1876. See 8BK. i. p. xci f.
Aitareya Upanisad is the name borne by certain
parts of the Aranyaka, viz. book ii., chap's 4, 5, 6
see SEE. i. p. xcvi. The text was edited and trans-
lated by Roer, BL, 1849-63. Miiller gives another
translation, SEE. i.200f.
The (pahkhayana or Kausltaki Brahmana was
edited by Bruno Lindner (Jena, Costenoble, 1887).
A translation is soon to follow.
The Kausitaki Brahmana Upanisad was edited
(with amkara's comment) and translated by Cowell,
BI., 1861. Another translation, by Miiller, SEE.
i.271f ; introduction, ibidem, p. xcviii.
3. Rigveda. Sutras etc. Afvalayana's rauta-
sutra was edited by R. Vidyaratna, BI., 1874.
A9valayana's Grhya-sutra was edited (with trans-
lation) by Stenzler see List, no. 17. English ver-
sion by Oldenberg, SEE. xxix.
ankhayana's Qrauta-sQtra was edited by Alfred
Hillebrandt, BI., 1886.
ankbayana's Grhya-sutra was edited in 1878 by
Oldenberg, ISt. xv.1-166, with translation. English
version by Oldenberg, SEE. xxix.
No Dharma-sutra is certainly known to be attached
especially to the RV. Samhita.
The RV. Prati9akhya was edited by Regnier (JA.,
1856-58), and by Muller (Leipzig, 1856-69). Each
editor gives a translation .
The Nirukta, with the Nighaijtavas, was edited
and elucidated by Roth (Gottingen, 1848-52).
The Anukramani of Katyayana was edited with
valuable accessories by Arthur A. Macdonell in the
Anecdota Oxoniensia, Oxford, 1886.
NOTES TO {
PAGE 69. {
[360]
NOTES TO PAGE
Selection XXXI. KV. i. 1. Hymn to
Agni, the Fire-god. Translated by "Whit-
ney, Century Magazine, 1887, xxxiii. 915.
Respecting Agni, see Kaegi, p.35(50)f, and
N.119f.
THE METRE is gayatri. Each stanza
(re) consists of three octosyllabic padas with
iambic cadence see Kaegi, p.24(34) and
N.85. Observe that, if the stanza be a triple
one, the strophe usually consists of three
stanzas and the hymn of a multiple thereof.
In respect of frequency, the order of
the metres in the RV. is : first the tristubh
(about | of RV.); then the gayatri (about
J) ; then the jagati (about \ ) see Haskell,
JAOS. xi.p.lx = PAOS. May, 1881.
LINES 1-2. ile, v'ld : accentless, 592 : for
the new letter, see p. 291 If 8, and Whitney,
5 end. RV.x.2.5 plays on the etymology
of rtv-ij thus : agnlr devan rtu-g6 yajati.
For superl., 471.
3. purvebhis, 330, Vedic instr. : for r
final w. initial r, Whitney, 14 end.
4. U.f. devans a ihd. This interesting
combination is really the result of a historic
survival, and is fully explained at 209.
Observe that an, though transliterated with
two letters, is a simple nasalized vowel, 209 a.
a vaksati : position of prefix, 1081 ;
accent of verb form, 1082 ; v'vah, aor. sub.,
893 1 .
5-6. agnavat, 700: use of mode, 576:
subject indefinite, dive-dive, 1260.
yagasam, 1151.2a.
7-8. agne, acct, 314 3 . asi, acct, 595 a.
Position of clauses, 512a. Locative,
304 a.
1O. a gamat, true aor. subjunctive (836 2 ),
corresponding to the ind. agan (833): see 558.
11-12. tvam may be read tuam. Observe
that in the Veda, when rhythmically read,
hiatus is common 113 3 . agne is at the
beg. of a new pada, 314 3 . U.f. tava id
tad satyam. Lit. 'Just what pleasant
thing thou wilt ( wiliest to) do for the
pious man, of thee' indeed that (is) real or
unfailing ' i.e. ' Whatever blessing thou
dost purpose to grant, that thou never fail-
est to bestow/
13-14. U.f. upa tva (491 3 ) agne (accent-
less) a imasi (548 1 ), Vi+upa^a.
15-16. The accusatives are to be taken
w. tva. We may pronounce adhvaranaam
(113 3 ), or leave the pada catalectic. U.f.
gopam. In pada c, we must pronounce
sue, in order to produce an iambic cadence.
17-18. S& bhava, see ta 2. - U.f.
sunave agne: for treatment of the acct in
combination, see 135, example 4.
Observe that as the metre here shows
padas a and 6 are always independent of
each other as regards euphonic combination,
and that as here the written text, with
perverse consistency, always combines them
when this is possible.
sacasva, pada, sacasva, 248 c. Pro-
nounce su-astaye.
NOTES TO PAGE 7O.
SELECTION XXXII. RV. i. 32. Indra
slays the dragon. Respecting Indra and
the natural significance of the myths about
his battles, see Kaegi, p. 40(57)f, N.141f;
and Perry, JAOS. xi.H7f.
The "hymn" appears to consist of two
separate pieces see N. to 70 20 . The catenary
structure is noticeable in some pairs of stan-
zas (1-2; 3-4) see Kaegi, p. 24(34).
THE METRE is tristubh. The old Vedic
tristubh is much more free than that of the
classical Sanskrit; but its most important
feature, the cadence, is the same see p.
316, 43.
For statistics, see Haskell, JAOS. xi.p.lxii
= PAOS. May, 1881. For a discussion of
its development, see Oldenberg, ZDMG.
xxxvii.55f.
1. Pronounce viriani and (line 3) svariam,
and see Whitney, 84 b. pra vocam, aug-
mentless aorist (847 end), as improper sub-
junctive (563), with future mg (576).
2. U.f. ahan (637) ahim; anu apas ta-
tarda. Note juxtaposition of perf. w. impf.
and see 823 2 . -pri abhinat, vlrtiid, 692.
[361]
NOTES TO
PAGE 7O.
3. gigriyanam, 807. Indra's special
attribute is his " beloved thunderbolt," of
which the Epos fables much, ZDMG. xxxii.
296.
4. ' Like lowing kine, flowing suddenly
to a sea, down came the waters.' The point
of comparison is the noise. samudrdm,
perhaps ' to a gathering of water, so as to
form one ' not necessarily ' to the ocean.'
5 a . Pronounce avrmta, 135 4 (important):
in the AV., ii.5.7, the augment is written.
Cf. 70 17 N. -s6mam: see Kaegi, p. 72(99),
and notes 288-94 ; also Roth, ZDMG. xxxv.
680f and xxxviii.!34f.
5 b . Pronounce trikadrukesu a-, and ob-
serve that final -u is almost never to be
pronounced as -v when so written. Cf. RV.
ii.15.1, which seems to consist of reminis-
cences of the beg. of this hymn.
6. ' The Rewarder took the missile bolt
smote him, the first-born of dragons.'
ahan (593) has for direct object the enclitic
enam, ' him,' or, more correctly, ' im,' since
the English pronoun him loses its h when
enclitic. The enam is then explained by an
appositive. So 79 7 .
7-8. U.f . yad indra ahan , at mayinam
aminas pra uta . ' When, O Indra, thou
smotest , and (uta) thereupon broughtest
to nought the wiles of the wily, thereupon
bringing forth the sun, the day, the dawn,
then soothly foundest thou no enemy.'
The first at continues the force of yad
through pada b, as the acct (595a) of aminas
(\/2mi) shows. Position of pra, 1081 2 .
Order in pada c is unnatural : expect ' dawn,
sun, (full) day.' Pronounce suriam.
dyam, 361d: vocab., under div. usasam
and kf la : see references in vocab. ; the pro-
longations are in the even syllables of the
cadence. vivitse, 798a.
9. Pronounce viansam : cf . Whitney, 84a.
10. kuligena, 248b. vi-vrkna, nom. pi.
neut., common in Veda, for -and: Vvragc.
gay-a-te, transition-form (749) from root-
class, for ge-te (629).
11. a hi juhv-e (alternative form for
juhuv-e), Vhu+a: acct, 595d: subject, Vritra.
12 a . ' He (Vritra) did not escape (Vtr,
899a) the shock of his (Indra's) weapons.'
12 b . 'The (cloud-) rifts he crushed
together, who had Indra as his conqueror.'
That is, the monster, in his retreat or his
fall, crushed into a shapeless mass his
already riven cloud-castles. This is forced.
If we dared emend the air. \. rujanas to
rujanas (840 3 ), we might render, ' Broken,
he was (then) completely crushed* (998b).
indra-gatru: later books, e.g. C,Br. i.6.
3 10 , lay great stress on the correct accentu-
ation of this word ; indra-gatrtL, ' conqueror
of I.,' would be blasphemy. See Indische
Studien, iv.368 ; or Roth, Nirukta, p. xix.
13 b . U.f. a asya jaghana, see Vhan+a.
Subject here is Indra.
14. See vfsan. See \bliu, desid.
agayat, 629. Pronounce vi-astas, Whit-
ney, 84a.
15. 'Over him, lying so, crushed like
(na) a reed, the waters go, flowing for man-
kind (lit. the waters of man, flowing, do go).'
So Pischel, ZDMG. xxxv.717-24. P. thinks
that the original text was manoriihanaati,
i.e. manos (cf. 73 19 ) uhanas (Vvah4, pres.
mid. ppl., 619 8 ) ati, and that the author of
the pada text divided it wrongly, mano
ruhanas, changing, of course, n to n.
If manas, like anjas, could pass for an
instr., we might render ' (With a will, i.e.)
Lustily rising, the waters overwhelm him.'
amuya, 'so,' w. a sneer: cf. atra, 89*N.
16. pari-atisthat, acct, 595a, 1083.
tasam limits only the first member of the
foil. cpd.
17. Note relation of acct and mg in
vrtraputra. U.f. indras asyas: observe
the accordance between the written and
spoken form here see 135 4 , and cf . TO 5 *!*.
vadhar, 'weapon' of V's mother, not of
Indra.
18. Translated, 777b. danus, fem.,=
V's mother. gaye, see 613 : similarly
duhe, 80 16 , ige, 92 8 .
19-2O. ' The waters overwhelm V's hid-
den body, that was put down in the midst
of . In long darkness lay (a^agayat,
629) he who was vanquished by Indra.'
Here the narration comes to an end,
Stanzas 1-10 form a brief but complete epic.
The same general theme is treated again by
N'OTES TO |
PAGE 7O. i
[362]
stanzas 11-14. Rik 15 seems to be a later
addition
21. dasapatnis: after I's victory, the
waters are called (x.43.8) arya-patnis, ' hav-
ing the Aryans as masters,' or ' having a
gracious (god) as master.' panineva
gavas (see g6) : the rain-giving clouds are
often called ' cows.' These are pent up by
a malicious demon (Pani), and their milk,
the refreshing water of heaven, is withheld
from man.
Curiously, the natural basis of this simple
myth is so far forgotten that the myth itself
is here made to furnish a simile for the very
phenomenon from which it is the poetic
outgrowth.
NOTES TO PAGE 71.
1. 'The orifice of the waters which was
closed up he who slew (805, 209) Vritra
opened that.' Waters conceived as if pent
up in some mighty cask.
2-3. ' A horse's tail becamest thou then ,
O Indra, when on his lance he (V.) impaled
thee. As god alone, thou conqueredst .
Thou didst let loose the seven streams (but
see sapta) to flow' (lit. 'for flowing,' v'sr,
970b, 982).
In fighting with demons, Indra some-
times gets roughly handled for a while (so
iv.18.9). Such I conceive to be the situa-
tion here. Pada a is the crux. Possibly a
magic transformation is intended. V. im-
pales I. on his lance; but straightway the
god becomes a great sweeping trail of vapor.
Very differently Bergaigne, Eel. Vd. iii.
61-62.
It seems unavoidable to join deva ekas
withe: cf.i.33.4andi.!65.6 = 73 1 *. -Second
ajayas begins a new clause : hence acct, 593" 2 .
4. Explained under ya4 : asmai means
Vritra. -akirad dh-, 163. -Cf. what is
said of Yahve at Psalm xviii.13,14.
5. yuyudhate, 800a. U.f. ut apari-
bhyas (see apara). vi jigye, 787.
' Indra was victor (both for the time) while
he and Ahi fought and (utd) for the future.'
6-7- ' What avenger of Ahi sawest thou,
Indra, when in the heart of thee having slain
(him) fear did come when nine and ninety
streams as an affrighted hawk the skies thou
didst cross 1 ' This may refer to a time
when after all the aerial commotion (i.e.
Indra's battling) the rain refused to fall
and the uncleared heaven signified Indra's
retreat. Reminiscences of this legend occur
at TS. ii.5.3: cf. MBh. v.9.27 = 255 and
10.43 = 334,f. -jaghnusas, 805.
8-9. See \ya 1 and \sa. U.f. sas id u
(176b) aran na . -Gen., 297c. -
Tenses, 823 2 .
SELECTION XXXIII. RV. i.50. To Surya,
the Sun-god. Respecting Surya, see Kaegi,
p. 54(76). The hymn is rubricated at 106 3 .
It is still used in India, at the Midday Ser-
vice. It was made the text of a linguistic-
mythological comment of 225 pages by W.
Sonne, KZ. vol's xii.-xv. !
In the textus receptus, the hymn has 13
stanzas. I have given only 1-9. In the
first strophe, stanzas 1-3, the god is men-
tioned only in the 3d person. In the second
strophe, he is addressed in the 2d person;
and so also in the third strophe, excepting
as often the final stanza (9).
That stanzas 10-13 are later additions is
proved by their contents and language and
their (differing) metre. This proof is con-
firmed by the fact that the corresponding
passage of the AV., xiii.2.16-24, has only
stanzas 1-9 ; and also by the fact that only
1-9 are prescribed to be used in the ritual
see Bezzenberger's Beitrage, viii.198, ZDMG.
xxxviii.475, JAOS. xi.p.cxcii = PAOS. May,
1884, and AGS. ii.3.13 and comment, and cf.
87 10 N. Moreover, the addenda are at the end
of an anuvaka cf. JA. S.viii. 207=15.
1O. See u2. jatavedasam, see vocab. :
although 'All-possessor' was very likely the
primary mg (Whitney, AJP. iii.409), yet the
mg 'All-knower' also seems to have been
associated with the word early and commonly
(Eggeling, SEE. xxvi.p.xxxi). For analogous
cases, see h6tr and yama in vocab.
In the present very unusual applica-
tion of the epithet to Surya,
&s ira.vr' e'cpopa /cal KO.VT' tiranovfi,
the latter phase of mg predominates.
[363]
NOTES TO
PAGE 72.
11. ' That every man may see the sun,
lit. for every one for beholding the sun.'
See dig and read 969, 970a, and 982. -
vigvaya, 524-.
12-13. ty6 belongs logically with nak-
satra ni;, but is conformed in gender to
tayavas. With this simile, cf. RV. x.
189.2. See yatha4. yanti, no acct,
595a 2 . suraya, 'for the sun, i.e. to make
way for the sun.' Render:
Off like as robbers slink away
Yon constellations with their beams
Before the all-beholding Sun.
14. adrgram (834b end) vi (1081 2 )
passively, 998b : equiv. to vy-adrksata, 882.
janan, 209.
18-19. See pratyancS. Pronounce de-
vanaam, 113 3 . pratyann, 210. Pro-
nounce siiar (Whitney, 84b) : reg. written
siivar in TS. siiar drge, 'a light to be-
hold' (cf. 6av/j.a Itieadai), here equiv. to 'a
glorious light.'
2O and 72 1 . yena, 509 end. pavaka:
see ref "s in vocab. ; this word the redactors
persist in miswriting ; it is a typical mistake
belonging to the second stage of the tradi-
tion see p. 354, 79, and KZ. xxvi.60.
janan anu : if joined w. ppl., render
'stirring or busy among (so RV. viii.9.2b)
his fellows;' if w. pagyasi (acct, 595a),
'over the peoples thou dost look on busy
man.' Pronounce tuam.
STROPHE 2, stanzas 4, 5, 6. Some join
6 with 7 possible, but very hard. It is
better to regard 6 as a parenthesis in which
the poet turns suddenly from Surya to
Varuna. The latter is the personified vault
of heaven, and the sun is naturally his eye
(RV. vii.63.1), and to mark the deeds of
restless man is his proper function [Kaegi,
p.65(90)]. Yena then refers to stiar, and
cakaasa is in explanatory apposition w.
yena. We may render 4, 5, 6 thus :
Thou goest onward, all-beheld.
Thou makest light, god Suria.
Thou shinest to the end of heaven.
Turning thy face upon the folk
Of gods, of men, or all the world,
Thou risest up, thou glorious light
With which, as eye, bright Varuna,
Over the peoples thou dost look,
To mark the deeds of restless man.
NOTES TO PAGE 72.
2-3. U.f. vi dyam (see div) esi, rajas
(171*) prthri, aha (425d) mimanas (Vlma4:
see 661, 655) aktiibhis ('with beams'),
pagyan (202 2 ). 'Beholding (in pregnant
sense) the generations, i.e. while generations
come and go.'
4-5. J. Burgess, Arch. Survey of Western
India, Kdthidwdd and Kacch, p. 216, men-
tions temple-images of Surya with a halo
(cf. gociskega) and borne by 'seven steeds,'
see plate lxv.2. Cf. Kaegi, N. 205.
6-7. ayukta (834b), 'hath just yoked.'
See 356 and 356*. svayuktibhis, Sayana
rightly, svaklya-yojanena.
SELECTION XXXIV. RV. i.97. To Agni.
See Preface, p. v, note 4. Rubricated at
106 3 . Recurs AV. iv.33. The refrain or
burden, pada c, of each stanza, is a mere
repetition of pada a of stanza 1 ; it has no
necessary connection with the rest of each
stanza, although it happens to fadge well
enough in the first and in the last three.
Grassmann and Ludwig make apa
g6gucat of the refrain a 3d s. subjunctive
(1008 2 ) ' let him drive ' ; but this would
require an accentless gogucat.
We may therefore disregard the refrains
entirely and group the remaining eight
couplets [each consisting of two octosyllabic
verses], two and two, into four stanzas of
four verses each.
8-11. See Vguc+apa and guc+a: apa
g6gucat is pres. ppl. of intensive conjuga-
tion (1012) no nasal, 444. U.f. gugugdhi
a, perf. impv. of primary conjugation, 813.
Three instrumentals (line 10), 365.1.
STANZA 1 [made by grouping stanzas 1,2]
may be rendered:
Driving away with flames our sin,
Airni, bring welfare with thy light.
{Driving away with flames our sin.]
With prayer for fertile fields, for wealth,
And prayer for good, we sacrifice
[Driving away with flames our sin.]
12. With pra, supply jayeta in a and
jayeran in 6. bhand-isthas (superl. to
bhad-ra, v/bhand, 467) ,' brightest, luckiest ' *
asmakasas, 330 end.
NOTBS TO i
PAGE 73. i
[364]
14. pr& yat sc. jayeran (760.3), 'that
they may be propagated = that offspring
may go forth from them ' and so in the
other clauses of lines 12 and 14.
In lines 12 and 14, the yad's seem to
introduce final clauses expressing the pur-
pose of yajamahe, line 10. In line 16,
Whitney makes yad= ' as, just as.' For all
the yad-clauses, Grassmann seeks principal
clauses in the refrains.
STANZAS 3^ and 5$. ' [We sacrifice,] in
order that (offspring may go) forth from
the luckiest of them (?) ; and forth from our
patrons ; that offspring may go forth from
thy patrons, Agni, forth from us (who
are) thine,
'As forth from mighty Agni on all sides
go the rays. For thou, (God) who hast a
face on all sides, on all sides dost protect.'
2O. ' Bring us across the (stream of) foes
as with a boat.' See nad and v'2pr+ati.
NOTES TO PAGE 73.
2. Pronounce B& nah sindhviva navdya,
w. elision of -m and combination : instance
of a text-error of the second stage of the
tradition see p. 354, 79 and KZ. xxvi.61,
and cf. 78 7 . See i&2 end. ati parsa
(248c), >/2pr, impv. of s-aor., 896.
SELECTION XXXV. KV. i.165. Indra
and the Maruts. Respecting the Maruts
and their relations to Indra, see Kaegi, p. 39
(56), and Bergaigne, La religion ve"dique, ii.
369f, 392, and esp. the interesting article of
Oldenberg, Akhydna-hymnen im R V., ZDMG.
xxxix.60-65. The hymn is the first of a col-
lection of eight Marut hymns (165-172),
concerning whose arrangement, see Olden-
berg, I.e. We have here the beginnings of
poetry in epic-dramatic form cf . Preface,
p. iy, note 7. This hymn has been admi-
rably translated by Roth, ZDMG. xxiv.302
(or Siebenzig Lieder, p. 84) ; English version
by Whitney, North American Review, 1871,
cxiii.182 = OLSt. i.144. It is also translated
with comments by Max Miiller, R V. Sanhita,
translated, etc., i.!62f. I give the "story of
the hymn " abridged from Roth-Whitney.
STANZAS 1-2. The poet inquires whither
the Maruts are going and how they are to
be detained at the sacrifice. The implicit
answer is ' With praise.' This then is accom-
plished in the dialogue, where, although
greatest glory is given to Indra, the god in
turn lauds them generously.
STANZAS 3-4. The Maruts ask why Indra
is going alone, without them, his usual com-
panions. Indra answers evasively that he
is on the wa}- to a sacrificial feast.
STANZAS 5-6. The Maruts are eager to
go with him. He retorts that they were
not so eager when he went, alone, and slew
the dragon.
STANZAS 7-8. The Maruts remind him
that they have helped him do great things
and can be most useful allies in the future.
Not inclined to share his glory with them,
he boasts again of his exploits.
STANZAS 9-12. The Maruts acknowledge
his might this time without reserve and to
his satisfaction. Indra, vaunting himself
once more (10), thanks them for their hom-
age (11), and declares that the sight of them
delights his heart (12).
STANZAS 13-15. The poet (Agastya) turns
to the Maruts directly and asks them to
recognize and reward his skill and devotion.
4. v'myaks+sam, perf. (785, 794b) as pre-
terito-present. Lit. ' With what common
course (? ) have they kept together ? i.e. upon
what common journey are they together 1 '
5. mat!, Classic matya, 340. U.f .
kiitas a_itasas (v'i, 330 end) ete ? arcanti
(accent-combination, 135 2 ) usmam ace.
as in aytavi^fffOai ira\T]v. vasuya, as at 72 10 .
7. See manas2. Vram4 : read 869,
864, and 856.
8. Pronounce tuam indra, as 5 syllables.
mahinah sann, 'being (usually) gay':
Roth-Whitney, 'though (else so) blithe';
concessive force doubtful: perhaps they
mean a gentle reproach for his slighting
their company ' Why go'st thou alone,
and so merry withal ? '
9. 'Thou talkest (usually), when going
along with (us) moving onward.' See
Vr+sam. Both ppls are of the root-aorist,
840 3 . voces, 854. harivas, 454b.
yat te asme (loc. 492 2 ), 'which (is) to thee
[365]
NOTES TO
PAOK74.
on our score, lit. on us,' i.e. 'which thou hast
against us.'
10". gam, ' (are) a joy," pred. to all three
subst.
lO b . See 9\isma2. iyarti, v'r, 643c.
pra-bhrtaa, ' (is) ready,' begins a clause.
11. ' They [men] are making supplication
(to me) ; they are enticing (me) with invo-
cation (uktha, as instr. s.). These two
(ima, 501 end) coursers here are carrying
me (lit, us) unto (iccha) them ' (ta = tani,
495 end: the good things mentioned in
pada a).
12. vayam, ' we,' i.e. the few who are
conceived as speaking for the whole troop.
See Vyuj3 : cf . 840 3 . Pronounce tamiah
gumbh- : notation explained by Whitney,
90b-. See tana under tanii and see \f2c_ubh.
The spokesmen designate their ' compan-
ions ' as ' free ' in order to magnify the value
of their readiness to follow Indra.
13. U.f. etan (not etan) : the Maruts
drive a dappled team of does or mares.
See Vyuj+upa: yujmahe is a root-class
present (612a), used with future mg (Ilia.).
-U.f. mi | indra (314 8 ). -See IsvadhaS.
babhutha, 798b.
14. kv& sya, Whitney, 90b 2 : pronounce
kiia sia svadhasid. sya, 'that' (wish
for my company), just mentioned, line 13.
They did leave him in the lurch once see
82 1 N. U.f. ydd sam-adhatta : see
Vldha+sam and 668.
15. Pada-text aham hi ugrdh. See
under v'nam : for gen., see 297c end, and cf .
77 8 .
16. bhuri, ace. n., may be either pi. (340)
or sing. Pischel shows that asme may be
used as instr. (or gen.) also. 'With (=in
company of) us combined, (and) by our
united prowess.' Pronounce yiijiebhis,
pauhsiebhis.
17. krnavama (248c), pres. subjunctive
(700) of v'kr, 71-5. -kratva, Classic kra-
tuna, 342. maruto, voc. : the spokesmen
call on their companions to bear them wit-
ness. But the reading maruto, nom., has
been suggested. Seeyad4end. vagama,
614.
18. vadhim, 904a. -babhuvan, 802.
19. Compare 70 15 N.
20. See a-nutta and dnu-tta in vocab.
-Seea3. -See V2vid3and 619 3 . -Either,
'Entirely invincible for thee is surely nothing.
Not (one) like thee is found among the
gods ' ; or, ' Entirely granted thee is (the
fact) that' surely no one (nakis mi, double
neg. = single) like thee etc.' Cf. KZ. xxvi.
611 and JAOS. xiii.p.c = PAOS. May, 1886.
NOTES TO PAGE 74.
1. nigate: acct, 596 and 597, cf. 89 9 N.;
the object (tva) is to be understood from
what precedes. Roth emends to karisyah,
see 938.
2. Pronounce ekasya cin me vibhii astu
6jas. ya=yani. See nd3. 'Whatsoever
things (I am) having ventured, (those) I will
accomplish (subjunctive = fut. ind., 576)
wisely (365.1).'
3. This vidanas may be referred to Vivid.
cyaVam, 563, 743. ige, as 1st pers. here.
What things I may undertake, just T,
Indra, am master of tliCm.'
4. U.f. amandat ma marutas st-, 17oa :
cf. 74 12 N. yad brdhma cakra, a subject-
clause co-ordinate with st6mas.
5. mdhyam, appositive to me. sakhye,
343a. taniie tanubhis, 'for myself, by
yourselves (vestra sponte), i.e. for me, spon-
taneously or heartily.'
6. See evd 1 end. Roth suggests the
emendation anedyah (anediah), as nom. pi.
m. ; or else anedyagravah. U.f. a isas
dadhanas.
7. sam-caksia, 993a. acchanta (cch,
227 ), for a-chant-s-ta, 883, 233b. See V2chad.
-chadayatha (248c), subjunctive, 1043.2.
'In very truth these (are) appearing
good unto me, blameless, putting on glory
(and) strength. Ye of shining hue have
delighted me, upon looking at (you), O
Maruts, and delight ye me now.'
8. See s'mah. pr& yatana, 618.
sakhlnr, 209.
9. See Vvat. bhuta, 835. navedas,
415e, as nom. pi. m.
The accent-rules for the oblique cases
of the pron. root a (cf. 502) are simple and
entirely natural. Thus :
NOTES TO i
PAGE 74. '
[366]
A. If the form is used adjectively, dis-
tinguishing ' this ' thing from others, it is
accented (74 9 ; 92 8 , 79 18 ). B. So also if used
as an emphatic substantive pron. (83 15 , 103 4
asmat).
C. But if used as an unemphatic sub-
stantive pron., 'his, her, him, their, them/
it is accentless (83 16 , 70 3 , 71", 74 3 , 88 17 , and
very often). In this case the form cannot
stand at beg. of pada.
10. The a has pregnant mg (cf. Vguc+a
and -rapa) and goes w. both duvasyat (562 2 )
and cakre. Both verbs depend (595) on
yad. Pronounce maaniasy a. ' When
the singer entices (you) hither as to an
oblation, (and when) the wisdom of Mana's
son has brought us hither .'
Roth would expunge one d and read
duvasya, instr. (365.1) of duvasya (1149 6 ),
' with an honoring, i.e. reverently.' The
passage is a desperate one.
11. U.f. a u su vartta (irreg.. 839)
accha. See su 1 and Vvrt+a. ima =
imani. arcat, 743.
12. va st6mo, u.f. vaa st6mas, 173a:
similar combinations at 79 17 , vipras st-;
81 17 , ajayas sp- ; 87 1 ; 92 8 ; 74* ; per contra,
47 U . iyam here refers back see 1 idam.
See gir.
13. U.f. a isa yasista (914 3 ) vidyama
(\2vid, a pres. opt. of the root-class) isa-m.
Pronounce vayaam ? ' Hither with re-
freshment come ye. For ourselves as a
strengthening may we get refreshment (and)
a well-watered dwelling-place.'
It would seem that the poet Agastya
was the son of Mana, of the race of Mandara.
This entire final stanza recurs at the end of
hymns 166-168. The awkward repetition of
' refreshment ' leads Roth to suspect that the
original pada d of the stanza is lost and
replaced by the one in the text, which is a
stock-verse recurring at the very end of
twenty subsequent hymns.
SELECTION XXXVI. RV. iii. 62. To
Savitar. Respecting Savitar, see Kaegi, p.
56(79). The last " hymn " (62) of the third
mandala is really a collection of six short
hymns to various divinities. Each hymn
contains three stanzas, and the triad to
Savitar is the fourth of the six.
The first stanza of this triad is the most
celebrated stanza of the RV., and is called
the savitri (sc. fk), or the gayatri tear'
f^ X^ v - I f nas held, and holds even now,
the most important place in the worship of
the Hindus. In the Proceedings of the
International Congress of Orientalists (1881)
at Berlin, ii. 2.160-187, and in Beligious
Thought and Life in India, p. 399f, Monier-
Williams discusses the place of the RV. in
the religious services of the Hindus of the
present day.
He says that the worshipper must first
bathe, then apply ashes to his limbs and
forehead, bind his hair, sip pure water, and
inhale pure air and retain it in his lungs for
a while. The worshipper then utters RV.
iii.62.10, which like the Lord's Prayer
among Christians and like the Fatihah
among Muhammadans takes precedence
of all other forms of supplication. [Cf.
Manu ii.lOlf.] Later on, the gayatri is
muttered 108 times with the help of a rosary
of Tulsi wood.
Much has been fabled about the stanza
and its virtues. See, for example, Manu
ii.77-83. And it recurs frequently in the
other Vedas; thus, four times in the VS.,
twice in the TS., and once in the SV. "No
good and sufficient explanation of the pe-
culiar sanctity attaching to this verse has
ever been given." Whitney, reprinted in
Kaegi, N.222. The stanza has naturally been
imitated a great deal : so even in the RV.
(v.82) we find verses run in the same mould.
And it is interesting to find the RV. stanzas
iii.62.10 (gayatri) and v.82.1 repeated in
juxtaposition in the Taittiriya aranyaka at
i.11.2 and i.11.3. After the pattern of the
gayatri have been made a good many wooden
and halting stanzas: so TA. x.1.5,6.
14-15. dhimahi, root-aor. opt. mid. (837)
of Vldha see VldhaS. See also Whitney
in Kaegi, N.222. -y6 pracodayat (1043.
2), 'and may he inspire.'
16-17. puramdhia, perhaps ' with exalta-
tion (of spirit ) .' imahe. see v'i and reference.
18. naras, nom. pi. of nf.
[367]
I NOTES TO
I PAGE 75.
NOTES TO PAGE 75.
SELECTION XXXVII. RV. iv. 42. Indra
contests the supremacy of Varuna. Re-
specting Varuna, see Hillebrandt, Varuna
und Mitra, 1877, and Kaegi, p. 61(85), notes
241f. This hymn has ten stanzas ; but the
last three have nothing to do with the rest.
Varuna is by far the noblest and loftiest
character of the Vedic pantheon, and seems
to have held the most prominent position in
the earliest period. Later as appears if
we consider the RV. as a whole the war-
like and national god Indra is plainly most
prominent. The gradual supersession of
Varuna by Indra 1 is reflected in a consider-
able number of passages among them, this
hymn and especially in x.124.
In stanzas 1-4 of this hymn, Varuna
claims the godhead, supreme and from the
beginning, in virtue of his creating and sus-
taining the world. Indra responds (5-6)
by asserting his irresistible might as god
of battle. And the hymn ends with an
acknowledgment on the part of the poet
(st. 7) of the claims of Indra. This is essen-
tially the interpretation of most of the
authorities. 2
But the general drift of the hymn has
been no less than its details the subject
of very much discussion and difference of
opinion. Bergaigne 3 considers stanzas 1-6
as a monologue of Indra. Barth 4 rejects
the theory of the decadence of the Varuna-
cultus and regards RV. x.124 as one of the
few survivals of a class of myths in which
Varuna is not the god of a smiling and
gracious heaven, but a malignant divinity.
Finally, Whitney urges that this is not a
question of supremacy and subordination,
but rather of comparative prominence.
This selection, I confess, is out of place in
a Reader.
1 Discussed by Muir, O8T. v.H6f; and, in con-
nection with RV. x.124, by Hillebrandt, p. 107-111.
See also Grassmann's introduction to x.124 and his
translation of it.
2 80 GKR., p. 26; Grassmann, Translation; and
Hillebrandt, esp. 72(159), 104-105.
3 La religion vedique, Hi. 142, printed 1877.
4 The religions of India, p. 18.
I. mama : note that every one of the
stanzas 1-6 begins with an emphatic form
of the first personal pron. dvita, if ren-
dered ' equally,' means ' as well as thou, O
Indra, who disputest my sovereignty/ or
else ' as well over all creatures as over
gods ; ' but Kern defines dvita as ' from
everlasting ' or ' to everlasting : ' the mg is
uncertain and has been so since the time of
the nighantavas (cf. Nirukta, v.3). Pro-
nounce rastram. See vigvayu in vocab.
Grassmann would emend yatha nah to
yatanah, root-aor. ppl. of Vyat, ' joining
themselves together, united:' 'mine (are)
all immortals together.' Otherwise we must
take nah as plural of majesty and equiv. to
mama.
'To me, the ruler, forever (belongs) the
sovereignty over all creatures, just as all
immortals (are) ours, i.e. our vassals.'
2 b . Taking vavri in mg 1, ' I am king of
the folk's highest cover, i.e. king of heaven,'
or else ' I am king of the folk of the highest
cover, i.e. king of the folk of heaven, or king
of the gods.' GKR. quite otherwise.
3. raja as pred. prathama(ni), 'first'
in order of time. See Vdhr5.
5. Indro : excellent authorities emend,
and read indra. 16 urvi (342) etc. are
accusatives dual neuter, object of the verbs
in next line. mahitva (330) ' by might.'
6. sam airayam, vir, 585. dharayam
ca makes a new clause, hence acct, 593 2 .
7-8. ' I made the dropping rains to stream.
I uphold heaven in the place of eternal order.
And in accordance with eternal order, the
sacred son of Aditi (i.e. Varuna) spread out
the threefold world.' The sending of rain
is a function proper to Varuna cf. Hille-
brandt, p. 85-86. In the assignment of this
stanza the authorities differ and waver most.
9. Pronounce maam suagvas. vrtas,
'the chosen ones, 7rptf/uax<>' (v'2vr), or else
'hemmed in, sore beset' (Vlvr2) : opinion
about equally divided. \hu.
10. maghava^aham indras may make a
sentence by itself or be taken appositively
with the subject of krn6mi. See vr and
reference.
II. cakaram, 817, 818 2 . -nakis begins
NOTES TO i
PAGE 75. '
[368]
new clause. varate, \flvr3, rootaor. subj.
(836).
12. mamadan, perf. subj., 810a. yad
uktha(ni) sc. ma mamadan. rajasii, 138a.
13. U.f. vidiis (790a) te, 188b: similarly
80 15 . ' All beings have knowledge of thee
as such a one (tasya). These things thou
proclaimest to Varuna, O true one.'
14. Pronounce tuam, both times.
grnvise, 699 2 end, see v'c,m2. ' Tu hostium
interfector clues.' jagh-, 805: cf. 71 1 .
vrtan, v'lvr2. arinas, 725.
SELECTION XXXVIII. RV. iv. 52. To
Usas, the Dawn-goddess. See Kaegi, p.
52(73). The monograph by Brandes, Ushas
og Ushas-hymnerne i Rigveda, Copenhagen,
1879, gives translations of all the 21 hymns
in juxtaposition. Cf. also Easton, JAOS.
x.p.lxix = PAOS. Oct. 1873.
-Stanzas 1, 2, 3 (= SV. ii.1075-7) form a
strophe. Stanzas 5, 6, 7 seem to form a
second. Stanza 4 seems to be an addendum
to the prior strophe.
15-16. U.f. sya, 188a. -Vlvas+vi. -
svasus, cf. RV. i. 113.3. prati adargi
(844), note force of prati.
17-18. citra as pred. mata, cf . Hesiod,
Theogony, 378-82. -gavam, 361c. The
' kine ' are the fleecy morning-clouds, the
children of Dawn cf. Kaegi, note 197.
Seertavan: the idea in Job xxxviii.!2 b
or Psalm civ.!9 b is similar. "The sun
knoweth his going down."
Bright as a ruddy steed became
The faithful mother of the kine,
Usas, the friend of Agvin* twain.
19. Note how all three padas of this
stanza begin with uta. Pronounce sa-
khasi, u.f. sakha asi.
NOTES TO PAGE 76.
1. ILf. uta usaa (voc.). vasv-as, 342,
297c. Igise, 630.
3. prati abhutsmahi (Vbudh), 882 and
155 : ' we have awaked with praises to meet
thee (tva) ' vocab. wrong.
4-5. prati adrksata (Vdrg), 879b, 882,
218. -U.f. a usaa apras (889).
Gladsome before our eyes appear
Her beams like herds of kine let loose.
The wide expanse of air she fills.
6-7. a-paprusi, sc. jrayas, or with Sayana,
jagat, 'the world,' 'all': the stems of this
perf. ppl. are paprivans- and paprus-, cf.
803 and 459. Pronounce vi avar (Vlvr,
831 2 , 585 2 ). -'According to thy wont.be
gracious.'
8-9. dyam, see div. U.f. a^antarik-
sam, sc. tanosi (Vltan+a, 698B). See
priya3. Note the radical connection of
the assonant words and render by ' radiant
ray,' ' effulgent flame,' or the like.
SELECTION XXXIX. RV. v. 24. To Agni.
The stanzas are dvipada, i.e. consist of
two padas, one of 8 and one of 11 or 12
syllables. Most nearly like this hymn in
metre is RV. x.172 ; but the stanzas of RV.
viii.12,13,15, and 18 are essentially similar
(8+8+12).
It is very worthy of note that three of
the stanzas occur in immediate juxtaposition
in the other samhitas, and as follows: in
the order 1, 2, 4, at SV. ii.45t,458,459, at
VS. xv. 48 a ,48 b ,48 c , and at VS. iii.25 a ,25 b ,26
(here stanza 3 follows as 26 b ) ; and in the
order 1, 4,2 at TS. i.5.6 and iv.4.4. Finally,
to judge from the legend given below, and
from the prescriptions of the ritual of the
sacrifice to the Manes, for example this
hymn would appear to be a trca or triad of
riks (see Sayana to RV. v.24 and to PB.
xiii.12.5).
Tradition (Katyayana) ascribes this
hymn and also x. 57-60 to the Gaupayana
brothers, Bandhu, Subandhu, C.rutabandhu,
and Viprabandhu. In his comments to x.
57-60, Sayana gives the pertinent legendary
material taken from ancient sources ; and
this, with other matter, is given in transla-
tion, in JRAS. NS.ii.441f, by Max Miiller,
who discusses the legend at length.
The Brhaddevata says that king Asa-
mati sent away the four brothers who were
his priests, and put in their stead two Brah-
man wizards. These took shape as doves,
bewitched Subandhu, and plucked out his
soul. In order to cause the spirit to return,
[369]
NOTES TO
PACK 76.
the three remaining brothers recited x.58 etc.,
and ' praised Agni with the dvipada hymn
as it is among the Atris,' i.e. in the book of
the family of Atri, the fifth. Then Agni
gave back to Subandhu his soul, and the
brothers, delighted, sang the rest of x.60
(7-12) and laid their hands (cf. 91 2 N.) on the
one thus resuscitated.
10. agne, acct, 314 8 . Pronounce tuam.
bhava, 248c : so urusya and grudhi, line
12.
11. accha, 248a. - naksi, V2na, 624.
-Superl., 471. -das, 835.
12. sa, see ta2 end. nas, 297b.
bodhi, see 839 end : here from Vbudh, see
Vbudh3. grudhi for grudhi: aoristimpv.,
839 : acct, 593 2 mid. - no, u.f . nas, 194.
aghayatas, pres. ppl. ablative, 290: acct,
316, 318a. -See Isama.
13. See under ta2. didivas, Vdi, perf.
ppl., voc., 462a. imahe, see Vi.
SELECTION XL. RV. v. 40. Indra and
Atri, and the sun eclipsed by the demon.
For a critical analysis of the hymn, see
Grassmann, Translation, i.190 and esp. 540.
Stanzas 6, 7, 8, here given, are quite inde-
pendent of the rest.
Ludwig identifies the eclipse here re-
ferred to with that of April 20, 1001 B.C.,
O.S. see Sitzungsberickte d. bohmischen
Gesell. d. Wiss., 1885. His argument is
reported by Whitney, JAOS. xiii.p.lxif =
PAOS. Oct. 1885, and by Bergaigne, JA.
8.vi.372f . No fair interpretation of the text
furnishes data precise enough for an exact
identification.
Stanzas 6 and 8 are spoken by the poet;
stanza 7, by the Sun. The Sun's foe, Suar-
bhanu (accent!), is 'he who has the sun's
beams,' and is later identified with Rahu,
the demon who ' swallows,' ' devours/ or
'seizes' (\f2gr, \fgras cf. 23%., Vgrah) the
sun or moon, and so causes eclipses. The
Sun is in terror, and implores Atri for help :
and the latter rescues the orb by prayer and
praise.
Atri's mythical exploit is often men-
tioned in the Brahmanas (see texts in Lud-
wig, v.508; and cf. SEE. xxvi.346). Thus
the PB., at vi.6.8,11, narrates how, at the
request of the gods, Atri restored to bright-
ness the sun, which the demon had smitten
with darkness. On this account, it continues,
a present of gold, the symbol of brightness,
is made to a descendant of Atri at a sacrifice
now-a-days.
Interesting are the Greek ideas about
the TrdyKoivov rtpas that bringeth to nought
men's strength and wisdom see Pindar's
Fragments [74], Bergk 4 i.411f and notes.
14. ava^ahan (593), cf. 70 7 and note.
15. gulham, Vguh. apa-vrata, ' having
action off, i.e. baffling,' or, as in vocab.
' The sun, hidden , Atri found (avindat)
by the fourth prayer.'
Ludwig reasons thus : The other priests
had a regular liturgy of three prayers for
combating eclipses. On this occasion, these
proved ineffectual. Atri knew a fourth, and
that brought the sun out. Hence the totality
must have been very long. This matter is
discussed in full by Whitney, I.e., p. lxv(=xxi).
Bergaigne, I.e., p. 383(=14), says it is a
mere case of the use of a sacred number
plus one cf. Rel. ve'dique, ii.128.
16. mam (pronounce maam) imam, ' me
here, i.e. in this plight ; ' Sayana, Idrg-avas-
tham. U.f. atre : the Sun is addressing
Atri. irasya, 365.1. bhiyds-a, ' (me,
who am thine) with fear, i.e. who am thine,
(but) sore in terror : ' or, the word may be
taken actively, as the accent (1151.2c) and
Say ana's gloss ('fear-inspiring') suggest,
and joined with the subject ' with a
frightening.' ma ni garit: V2gr; aor.,
899a ; combination w. ma, 679.
17. Pronounce tuam mitr6 asi tad
mehavatam. mitr6, 'friend.' U.f. tad
(see ta2 end) ma iha avatam: 'so do ye
two help me here, (thou) and V.' With the
peculiar omission of tvam compare that of
aham, 79 10 N. So RV. viii.1.6.
18 and 77 1 . brahma= atris of next line.
yuyujanas (807), see \fytij2. kiri may
rather mean ' praise. ' upagiksan, see
Vgak+upa. U.f. caksus a_adhat (830).
- apa aghuksat, v'guh, 920, 916.
NOTES TO I
PAOB 77. \
[370]
NOTES TO PAGE 77.
SELECTION XLI. RV. vii. 55. Magic
spells to produce sleep. Ascribed to Vas-
istha. The hymn consists of three parts
differing in metre and disconnected in con-
tents. For a general discussion of it, see
Colebrooke's Essays 2 i.27, and Whitney's
note, ibid. p. 112; JAOS. iii.336f ; and esp.
Aufrecht, ISt. iv.337f. Sayana reports the
native traditions about the hymn. Thus :
Vasistha came by night to the house of
Varuna to sleep, say some ; to steal grain,
say others. He was assailed by the watch-
dog, which bayed at him, and fain would
have bitten him; but he laid the hound
asleep with the stanza beginning,
When, silv'ry Sararaeya, thou,
and the one following. Later superstition
uses the hymn to quiet uncanny creatures
at night : see Rigvidhana, ii.26.
FIRST PART. The hymn next preceding
this in the RV., vii.54, is to Vastospati, the
Lar familiaris, and consists of three stanzas.
The first part of our hymn, vii.55.1, is a mere
addition to these three stanzas, and belongs
accordingly to vii.54 rather than to vii.55,
as appears from the fact that the four
stanzas are all recited together in the cere-
mony of moving into a new house. See
(^GS. iii.4, AGS. ii.9.9, and esp. PGS. iii.4.7
all in SEE. xxix.; and cf. MS. i.5.13.
The joining of this stanza to hymn 55 is a
simple misdivision of which the NT. shows
many parallel instances. Thus Mark ix.l
belongs to viii. ; chap. ix. should begin with
the Transfiguration. A converse misdivision
is at AV. vi.63-64 as compared with RV.
x.191.
SECOND PART. Stanzas 2-4 are part of
a scene at the entrance to Yama's kingdom
or the regions of the blessed. Yama's two
watch-dogs (cf. 83 17 N. and introd.) guard the
pathway and keep out the wicked. Here
one of them barks at some who would come
in; and these, in turn, protest that they
are godly men, and so have a right to
enter in peace. See Kaegi, N.274 ; Zimmer,
p. 421.
THIRD PART. Stanzas 5-8 are the in-
cantations by which the entire household is
put to sleep. According to Aufrecht, I.e.
(or Zimmer, p. 308), it is while a maid is
receiving the visit of her lover; but that
seems a little doubtful because \ve have
plurals nas and sam hanmas and vayam,
lines 12, 13, 15, and not duals.
With stanzas 5, 6, 7, 8 correspond respec-
tively stanzas 6, 5, 1, 3 of AV. iv.5, and the
variants are interesting. The third part has
nothing to do with the second ; but the dia-
skeuasts have juxtaposed them because in
both a dog is put to sleep.
2-3. vastospate, see above : for s, see
187. vigva for vfgvani, 330. edhi, 636.
Yaska, Xirukta x.17, says yad yad rupam
kamayate devata, tat tad devata bhavati.
Sayana quotes him from memory thus, yad
yad rupam kamayante, tat tad deva
viganti.
4-5. See dant. viva, accent !, 128 end :
cf. 83 15 . U.f. vi iva bhrajante rstayas.
See iipa2. - See vbhas and 678. - ' They
(the teeth) shine like spears, in the jaws of
the devouring one.' ni su (188a) svapa
is a refrain.
The dog here addressed is partly white
and partly reddish brown, as Sayana rightly
observes ; and this is in accord with the adj.
gabala, 'brinded,' applied to both of them
at 83 17 .
6-7. punahsara: for the mg, see vocab.
and cf . Hamlet i.4.51-53. kim. ' why ? '
8. For the genitives, see 297c end, and
cf. 73 15 . -See v'ldr and 1010 and 1011.
Probably the swine as a domestic animal
is meant here. In that case, this stanza is
a later addition to 2 and 3, and is based on
a conception of the situation such as the
native tradition presents.
10. Quoted at 593 2 , which see.
11. In the Veda, ' complete ' is sarva and
'all or every' is vigva. Later, vigva dies
out and sarva does double duty. In the
Veda, the use of sarva in the proper mg of
vigva (as here, 77 17 , 85 20 , 91 1 ) marks the
passage as late. See vocab. under sarva.
ayam etc., 'these here people on all
sides, all the people around here.'
[371]
! NOTE s TO
PAGE 78.
STANZA 5 may be spoken by maid or by
lover or by both. With the AV. reading,
svapantu asyai jnatayah (see 365.3), it must
be spoken by the lover. Stanzas G-8 may
be spoken by both.
12-13. nas, expect nau see above.
See under yatha2 and cf. ya2.
14-15. See vrsabha 1. tena sahas-
yena (248b), ' by (aid of) this mighty one.'
vayam, expect avam ? Vsvap+ni, caus.,
648.
16-17. naris, nom. pi., 365.2. Pada c
may be read as catalectic.
SELECTION XLII. RV. vii. 56. To the
Maruts or gods of the storm-winds. Com-
pare selection xxxv. (73 4 ) and introduction.
The hymn consists of two parts, of which
the first, here given, ends with stanza 10.
Number 11 is only the fragment of a stanza.
The rest (12-25) is in an entirely different
metre.
The metre of the ten stanzas is without
doubt a secondary one, being simply a form
of the tristubh syncopated at the sixth place,
i.e. with the prevailingly light sixth syllable
left out (cf. JAOS. xi.p.lxiii = PAOS. May,
1881). Thus,
Each of the parts into which the verse is
broken is a ' syllable-pentad ' or aksara-
pankti; and each is an independent pada,
since verbs at the beginning of the even
pentads are accented, e.g., at vii.34.3 b , 3 d , 4 b ,
6 b . A pentad-couplet is sometimes joined
with a simply broken but unsyncopated
tristubh verse to form a half-stanza or
stanza (e.g. i.67.8 cd ; 70.4 cd , 10 cd ; x.46.1 h );
and this fact seems to suggest the derivative
character of the pentads.
The gayatri-stanza has 3 verses of 8
syllables ; and the strophe has 3 stanzas, a
multiple of the number of verses. The
pentad-stanza has 4 or 8 verses of 5 syl-
lables ; and the hymn has 6, 10, or 20 stan-
zas, a multiple of the number of syllables.
The hymns RV. i.65-70 have "each 5 stanzas
of 8 pentasyllabic verses ; while vii.34A and
vii.56A and ix.109 probably consisted origi-
nally each of 10 or 20 stanzas of 4 penta-
syllabic verses. Compare Bollensen, ZDMG.
xxii.572f.
18. U.f . ke im viaktas adha suagvas.
NOTES TO PAGE 78.
1. U.f. nakis hi esam : cf . John iii.8, OVK
olSas Trd&fv tpx^rat (rb irvev/.ia). vidre,
790b, 798a.
2. sva-pubhis, ' with their (sva-) wings,'
taking -pii in the sense of pavana. Pavana,
lit. ' a cleaner,' from Vpu, sometimes means
a 'sieve' or a 'fan.' At 104 13 (see note),
the pavana used to clean or winnow the
ashes from the bones of a cremated corpse
may perhaps be a ' wing-like winnowing-f an ; '
and observe that German Schwinge means
' winnowing-f an ' and ' wing.' abhi va-
panta, ' bestrew, cover.' asprdhran, see
v'sprdh and 834b end.
Here the storm-gods are pictured as
lusty eagles, each sportively striving with
the others for precedence, and spreading his
wings over them in turn, to put them down
and master them.
Ludwig interprets, 'They vie in over-
whelming each other with their blasts'
(pavana has also the mg 'wind'). This
view accords with the character of the play-
ful, boisterous, and roaring gods, but not
with the conception of them as eagles ; and
it would seem to require the reading abhi
* vapantah.
Roth, and after him the vocab., suggests
that svapu is a ' besom (that raises the dust)':
' they bestrew each other (in sport) with
dust.' At best, the line is doubtful.
3. ciketa, 787, Vcit3. -See yad2. -
The storm-gods are cloud-born, i.e. children
of the cloud conceived under the figure of a
dapple cow, pfgni. This stanza (4) ought
to come immediately after the second.
4. See vig2. sahanti, active : the forms
are usually middle. See Vpusii. 'The
host heroic, with the Maruts (as a part of it
or as allies), must be ever victorious, display-
ing deeds of manhood. ' Similarly stanza 7.
The vit seems to mean the Maruts in
alliance with Indra (cf. p. 364) or with some
mortal prote'ge (cf. vii.66.23, i.64.13).
NOTES TO i
PAGE 78. !
[372]
5. Lit. ' As to going, the best-going ; most
adorning themselves with adornment ; united
with beauty; terrible with strength.' Their
abundant ornaments are much spoken of
(e.g. v.54.11). Note the radical connection
of 6jas and ugra.
6. ' Terrible is your strength ; steadfast
your power; therefore (adha) is a troop,
with the Maruts (as allies), mighty.'
7. knidhmi, nom. n. pi., 340. Pro-
nounce miiniva (cf. 73 2 N.) or miinir 'va.
'Clear is your whistling. Your hearts
are wrathful as the wild onward-rush of a
doughty troop.' Otherwise Bergaigne, Me-
langes Renter, p. 85.
8. yuy6ta: irreg. impv. (654) of V2yu; ac-
cented, as standing at the beg. of a pada (see
above). pranan nah, u.f. pra-nak (192a,
161) nas: nak, for nak-t, v^nag, 833, 218 3 ;
augmentless aor. as subjunct., w. ma.
9. Classic, priyani namani (425d).
huve: we should expect huve. U.f. ayad
trpan (3d pi., 848 end : pada-patha wrongly
trpat). See yad3 and \lva,q2. We have
here an unsyncopated verse see above.
Grassmann emends. ' I invoke the dear
names of you the mighty, in order that they
(among you) who desire (our praise) may
be gladdened, O Maruts.'
SELECTION XLIII. KV. vii. 86. To Va-
runa. Respecting Varuna, see vocab. and
cf . p. 367. The hymn is rendered by GKR.,
p. 6. The comments of Ludwig, vol.iv.p.88,
deserve careful attention.
The poet is ill and deems his sickness
a punishment sent by Varuna for some sin.
He acknowledges the wisdom of the majestic
god; but ventures to approach him with
confession of sin and prayer for forgiveness
and renewed self-consecration to the divine
service. Compare Kaegi, p. 66(92).
10-11. dhira-dhirani. -See tti2. -
mahina, poss. like colloquial Eng. ' mightily,
i.e. very.' urv-f, acc.du.f. paprathat,
classed doubtfully as an augmentless re-
duplicated aor., 869 s . Note how the accent
or the lack of accent of the verb-forms
affects the exegesis.
' Wise in sooth is his nature (with
might) and mighty [? or Stable in sooth
are the creatures by his might], who propped
asunder the two wide worlds, even. He set
the great lofty firmament in motion, the stars
(collectively) for ever [or the stars as well,
cf. 75 1 N.] ; and he stretched out the earth.'
-Biblical parallels, Kaegi, p. 62(86).
12-13. Accent-marks, Whitney, 90b 2 :
taniia sam nu antar. bhuvani, 836 1 ' 3 .
See kim3. abhi khyam, 847 middle.
'And with my (svaya) self I say this
(take counsel thus), " When pray am I to
be in Varuna's presence 1 " etc.'
14. tad enas, rb a/xdprr;yua, ' the (admitted)
sin.' U.f. didrksu | upa u emi see u2
end. Ludwig takes didfk-su as loc.pl.m. of
didfc,, ' seer.' Thus case-form, stem-form
(see 1147b), and construction (cf. German
bei Jemand anfragen) are entirely regular.
Others take didrksupa for didrksus upa
(nom.s.m. with elision and crasis, cf. 78 17 x.);
but the acct is wrong see vocab.
'And unto the wise (\'cit, 787, 802) I go
to find out by inquiry' (Vprach+vi, 970a,
981 3 ).
lo. kavaya cid not my conscience only.
U.f. ahus, 801a. -V2hr.
16. ' What was, Varuna, the sin most
grievous (lit. principal) ? ' See yad3.
See Vhan and 1028 e and f.
17. pra vocas, 'tell,' 848 3 , 847 end. -
U.f. svadhavas | ava (135 2 ) tva anenas
namasa turas iyam (616 3 ). Pronounce,
with elision and combination, tureyam.
18-19. See v'srj+ava 3 and 2. Note
prolongations of finals in srja, srja, and
cakrma. With the second ava, supply
srja tani : ya = yani. Pronounce damano
(425f end), abl. Vasistha, the seer to
whose family all the hymns of this seventh
book are ascribed.
2O. ' It was not my own will, it was in-
fatuation .' Note how the pronouns con-
form in gender with the predicates.
' Liquor, dice ' ancient and perennial sources
of crime : cf . Tacitus, Germania, xxiv.
NOTES TO PAGE 79.
1. 'The older is in the transgression of
the younger. Not even (canal) sleep itself
[373]
NOTES TO
1 I 'A. . K 8O.
(id) excludes wrong.' I, Vasistha, have not
entirely overcome the sins of my youth.
Thoughts of malice or impurity trouble 
