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'^^fiRAB^^^
N5«
SANTA FE COUNTY
The Heart of New Mexico
Rich in History and Resources
Written by
MAX. FROST and PAUL A. F. WALTER
Published by Authority of
THE BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION
OF NEW MEXICO
1906,
SANTA FE COUNTY.
Santa Fe County is the heart of New Mexico, geographically,
geologically, ethnologically, climatologically, politically, ecclesias-
tically and historically. It is an epitome of the Territory, and with-
in its confines are exemplified the climatological conditions, the in-
dustrial possibilities, the growth and the development of the entire
Southwest. It is an oblong table land, almost seventy miles long
from north to south, and thirty miles wide from east to west, at
no point less than a mile above the level of the sea and reaching
an elevation of almost two and a half miles in MouDt Baldy. This
tableland slopes from the northeast to the west and southwest. In
its northeastern corner is massed the • terminus of the Sangre de
Cristo Eange, the "Alps" of the Southwest. In its southwestern
corner tise the Ortiz, the San Pedro and the South Mountains,
less massive and less lofty, but very important geologically and
mineralogically. This tableland is furrowed by a dozen rivers and
scores of periodical streams and arroyos, all tributary to the Eio
Grande system, although a massive backbone in the eastern por-
tion sends some of the waters into the Pecos, which does not
join the Rio Grain de until after a course of nine hundred miles.
Along these streams are fertile valleys, which attracted the Pueblos,
and after them, the white settlers, hundreds of years ago. One-
tliird of the area of the county consists of mountains and valleys,
the other two-thirds are broad mesas, which furnish excellent range
for stock. The settlements are found i'n the valleys which have
been formed by the folds of the mountains or by the rivers eating
into the mesas and forming canons, most of them quite narrow.
From the summit of Mount Baldy the surface of the county pre-
sents a panorama of mountains, mesas and valleys, with streams
of watei- rushing down high mountain shoulders, over precipices
and boulders into deep and narrow gorges and widening valleys,
flashing in the sunlight like ribbons of silver in their race to the
Eio Grande on the west, and with the mountain peaks of southern
and 'northern New Mexico, swimming in the blue air of the dreamy
distance. The main range of the Eockies, or the Sangre de Cristo
system on the west shelters this favored locality from violent witids
a-nd renders the climate remarkably mild and equable considering
X6OT1l^
SANTA FE COUNTY, NEW MEXICO. 5
tliat the altitude of the valley varies from 5,500 to 7,500 and more
feet above sea level. This eirciinistance, together with the fertility
of the soil, excellence of the water, plentitiide of timber, and the
many marked manifestations of rich veins and deposits of gold
i\nd silver-bearing mineral, prompted the intrepid - Spanish ex-
])lorers to locate a permanent colony and mission at Santa Fe, or
the "City of the Holy Faith of St. Francis" as early as 1G05.
The wisdom of this selection has been demonstrated dnring four-
centuries which have since melted into the past. With the excep-
tion of the twelve years following the bloody and transiently suc-
cessful revolt of the Pueblo Indians in 1680, Santa Fe has been
I'ver recognized as one of the important outposts of civilization
and commerce in the southwestern country, being continuously
the political, ecclesiastical and military capital of this region, under
both Spanish and Mexican rule, and, though it has seen the fron-
tier line of the United States carried thousands of miles out into
the Pacific Ocean, it still maintains its supremacy as the capital
city of Xew Mexico, the county seat of Santa Fe County, and the
most delightful residence city in the Rocky Mountains. Bathed
in sunshine winter and sunmier, swept by fragrant breezes from
the pine-clad hills, colored with the hues of the sunset, hallowed
by the romance of the Cliff Dwellers, the Pueblos, the Conquista-
dores and the Franciscans, amply watered by the "Xile" of Xew
Mexico — the Rio Grande — and a score of its mountain tributaries,
endowed with untold mineral wealth, Santa Fe County is an em-
pire within itself, self-sustaining and self-sufficient, so far as min-
eral wealth and resources are concerned. Xowhere else in the world
is there found a more perfect climate, ard but few sections can
boast of a climate as good. It is not only a lovely day now and
then, not only a fine summer or a ])leasant winter, but a perfect
all-the-year-round climate which is making this section the sani-
tarium of the world, the refuge of those stricken by one or the
other of the many forms of lune, throat ard nervous troubles, and
of invalids froii> other causes. It is this fact which must be borne
constant) V in mind when read in <r of Sar«ta Fe County's resources,
develo])ed and undeveloped wealth, and its industries.
THE MOUNTAINS.
The great bulwark of the Sangre de Cristo Range in the north-
east is visible from every part of the county. The capital city of S\
Santa Fe lies in its lap^ for directly northenst of the town rises
\ Santa Fe Baldy to an altitude of 12,023 feet; beyond looms its twin
peak — Pecos Baldy — to 12,400 feet, while nearer to the city is Lake
E^&7
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 7
Peak, 12,380 feet high, in whose finely formed crater nestles the
Holy Ghost Lake, the source of the Santa Fe River. Nearer the
city and directly east of it is Thompson's Peak, 10,546 feef high,
and the Dalton Divide, over 10,000 feet high. Still nearer the
town, in the same direction, is Talaya Mountain, almost 9,000 feet
high. To the southeast are Penacho Peak, about 9,000 feet high,
and the Glorieta Mountains. Still farther to the southeast is
Escobas Peak, over 8,000 feet high. Far to the north, on the Taos
County line, rises Cobra Negra, over 10,000 feet high, at the foot
of which nestles Chimayo, Just across the county line and with
foothills extending into Santa Fe County, are the Truchas Peaks,
the highest in New Mexico, rising to elevations of 13,275, 13,140
and 13,0G0 feet respectively, and adjoining them is Jicarilla Peak,
12,944 feet high, while surrounding is a circle of peaks from 10,000
to 12,500 feet in altitude.
The Ortiz Mountains in the south, rise to 8,928 and 8,360 feet
respectively, while a spur, standing like a sentinel toward the east
and known as Lone Mountain, has an elevation of 7,310 feet.
Just south of the Ortiz Mountains and separated from them by
a narrow and picturesque valley are the San Pedro Mountains,
rising in two peaks to 8,376 and 8,325. feet respectively, and at
the foot of which lie the ,in4ning camp^ of Golden and San
Pedro. South of the San Pedro Mountains stands South Moun-
tain, over 8,000 feet high, from the foot of which stretches the
beautiful Estancia Valley of 5,000 square miles. These mountains
on their southern exposure are mottled like a snake. j
Directly west of Santa Fe, but across the county lines of Sando-
val and Eio Arriba, rise the Valles, the Cochiti and the Jemez
Mountains, over 10,000 feet high, from the eastern base of which
extend the broad mesas and flat-topped buttes of the Pajarito Cliff
Dwellers' Park to the Rio Grande.
Inside of the county line, near the Rio Grande River, is
am isolated extinct volcano, known as Tetilla, almost 7,000 feet
high, while nearer the city of Santa Fe is an extinct volcano with
a bottomless crater. The Rio Grande has eroded a deep canon in
the northwestern part, known as White Rock Canon, whose walls
at points are 1,500 or more feet high. Just north of Cerrillos
are the Cerrillos Mountains, rising in three peaks to an elevation
of 7,036, 6,980 and 6,500 feet respectively. Southwest of Galisteo
h the Cerro Pelon, which juts into the Galisteo Plain and Divide
like a bold promontory, although its height is only 6,874 feet. In
the far southeastern corner of the county the Mesa de la Mula at-
<.
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 9
tains an elevation of 7,424 feet, and on the southern boundary
El CuerTo Butte is 6,968 feet high.
These mountains, besides protecting the greater part of Santa Fe
County from blizzards and sand storms, give an extensive drainage
area. Most of them are wooded, therefore serving as water conser-
vators, assuring to the county a perpetual water supply which will
ultimately multiply the area under irrigatioD at least five times.
THE RIVERS.
The principal and only river system of the county is that of
the Eio Grande, cutting across the northwestern part from Santa
Clara, where the Espanola Valley begins to iDarrow, to the middle
of White Rock Canon, opposite the Pajarito Canon, the lower half
of the flow in the county being useless for irrigation purposes on
account of the steep declivities of the White Rock Canon, making it,
however, a good reservoir site owing to the river's strong and steady
flow, which would prove invaluable for water power. The Santa
Clara is the only important tributary of the Rio Grande in the
county from the west. Its waters are utilized by the Indians of
Santa Clara pueblo, the river being entirely confined to the Santa
Clara Indian Reservation.
The most important, also the most northern tributar\^ of the Rio
Grande from the east in Santa Fe County, is the Santa Cruz, which
drains the steep declivities of the Truchas and surrounding peaks
It is formed by the junction of the Chimayo, the Rio Medio, the
Panchuella and the Rio Chi quite. It flows in a general north-
easterly direction to the point where it leaves the mountaiiis at
Potrero, thence westward to its junction with the Rio Grande.
Irrigation along this stream is confined to that portion lying be-
tween Potrero,'-where the valley widens, and the Rio Grande. The
irrigated lands occupy the valley proper and extend almost con-
tinuously on both sides of the river between the limits mentioned.
The total acreage under ditch and served by the stream' is 2,500,
of which 900 acres are wholly within the upper portion of th«
Santa Cruz Valley. The remaining 1,600 acres, although- drawing
their water supply from the Santa Cruz, are really a portion of
the Espanola Valley. The flow of the stream during the fall,
winter and spring is large and is more than sufficient for all de-
mands upon it. With storage, the area under irrigation could be
greatly increased. There are several fine reservoir sites on the
river. Several of these could be utilized at small expense.
To the south of the Santa Cruz is the Las Truchas, a stream
NAMBE FALLS.
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 11
with a very small flow, emptying into the Rio Grande near Santa
Clara. Less than 200 acres are irrigated by the stream.
Next to the Santa Cruz, in volume of flow, is the Pojoaque,
formed by the junction of the Tesuque and the Nambe Rivers.
On the Pojoaque the irrigated lands^are confined to the rich bot-
toms on either side of the stream from a point half a mile
above El Salto del Agua to the mouth of the river near San Ilde-
fonso. At San Ildefonso the Indians have re-enforced their supply
by bringing water from the Rio Grande through the Hobart Ditch.
The total acreage under ditch is 1,200 acres, all of which is in
cultivation. During the fall, winter and spri-ng there is a large
surplus of water which might be stored above El Salto del Agua
at a small cost and would increase the irrigable area by at least
2,500 acres. In the Xambe are fine falls, which can be used for
power purposes. It rises on and drains the slopes of the two
Mounts Baldy, upon which snow is found the year round.
The Tesuque is formed by several forks draining the Lake Peak,
the most important of which are Bishop's Creek, the large Box
Camon and the small Box Canon. Several hundred acres are under
cultivation along its course, and there is at least one excellent
storage site along the stream. One of its tributaries is the Chupa-
dero, along which, however, only small patches are under culti-
vation.
South of the Tesuque is the Santa Fe River. It rises in Lake
Espiritu Santo, under the crest of Lake Peak, and, after flowing
ten miles in a southwesterly direction through deep canons and
over high precipices, veers to the west, and flowing nine miles
further between canon walls, which widen at intervals, enters the
Santa Fe Valley. Twenty-five miles from Santa Fe it empties
into the Rio Gra'C-de, just north of Pena Blanca, its flow reach-
ing the Rio Grande, however, only at flood times. Its waters have
been in use for irrigation from the first settlement of the city by
the Spaniards, indeed, even prior to that time by the Indians of
the ancient pueblo which then did and had previously occupied
the site of the present city. The irrigated lands are in two sec-
tions, the first extending from Perry's Ranch, nine miles above
Santa Fe, to Agua Fria, nearly six miles below, while the second
extends from Cieneguilla to La Bajada, on 'the lower stretch of
the river. On the upper section, in the canon above the reservoir
of the Santa Fe Water and Light Company, irrigation is confined
to small patches of land, the total area under ditch and in cultiva-
tion amounting to about 100 acres From this point, to two miles
below the city, the acreage under ditch is 2,400 acres, all of which
SANTA FE COUNTY, NEW MEXICO.
13
iS in cultivation. About Agua Fria the area is 800 acres, making
a total- of 3,300 acres -on the upper portions of the stream. From
Cieneguilla to La Bajada, including La Golondrina Springs and
Alamo, or Bonanza, the land does not depend upon the Rio Santa
Fe for water, but upon springs, the flow of which is constant. The
cultivation along the Eio Santa Fe is as intense and the duty of
water higher, perhaps, than in any other section of the Territory.
Many additional reservoir sites, however, are to be found in the
Santa Fe Canon and tributary arroyos, and the amount of flood
water annually running to waste is immense. In' 1892-3 a dam
was constructed across the river, north of Santa Fe, at the mouth
of Santa Fe Canon with an impounding capacity of 500 acre-feet.
Xevertheless, the annual surplus flow averap:es 2,500 feet, enough
to supply Ave such reservoirs with water. The Eio Santa Fe has
one important tributary, the Arroyo Hondo, along the headwaters
of which irrigation is practiced to a limited extent, only about 200
acres being under cultivation. There are several excellent reser-
voir sites on this stream, one of which has been surveyed. If con-
structed, it will have sufficient storage capacity to irrigate 8,000
acres, of land. Its cost would be $15,000.
South of the Santa Fe is the Galisteo, which, in flood seasons,
has a tremendous flow. Irrigation is at present confined to the
upper portions of the stream and to small valleys opening into it,
the greater area being in the vicinity of the settlement of Galisteo.
From the head of the streajru in the Glorieta Mountains to Cerril-
los- there are 1,200 acres under ditch, while on the San Cristobal,
a tributary, 400 acres are cultivated.
There are several lesser streams, such as the Manzanares and
the Canon cito, while along the San Miguel County boundary flows
the Holy Ghost Creek, carrying a large volume of water. On this
watershed also rise the ^lacho, the Dalton, the Indian Creek and
other tributaries of the Pecos.
In this connection must be mentioned tlie underflow in all the
river valleys and the ease with which water can be pumped from
a small depth in many parts of the county, but especially in the
valleys of the streams and arroyos. There can be no doubt that
with the storing of flood waters and development of underflow and
subterranean water coui;3es, the area under ijrigation in. the county
could be increased with profit to 250,000 acres, equal to the entire
area now under irrigation in the Territory.
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 15
AREA, RESERVES AND GRANTS.
The area of Santa Fe County is 1,980 square miles, and, except-
ing Bernalillo County, it is the smallest of New Mexico's counties ;
yet it is almost twice as large as the State of Rhode Island and as
large as the State of Delaware. Of this area, 470,000 acres are
subject to entry under the public land laws, 18,000 acres being
still unsurveyed. Of the Pecos Forest Eeserve, 200,000 acres are
in the county. There are two Indian reservations, that of Sajcita
Clara having an area of 33,000 acres, and that of Nambe with an
area of 7,680 acres. In addition, there are six Pueblo Indian
Grants — Pecos, partly in San Miguel County, 18,763 acres, now
abandoned by the Indians and claimed by white settlers ; Santa
Clara, greater part in Rio Arriba County, 17,369 acres; Tesuque,
17,471 acres; San Ildefonso, 17,293 acres; Pojoaque, 13,520 acres,
and Nambe, 13,586 acres.
Of the area appropriated to private uses, several hundred thou-
sand acres are in so-called private land grants, several of them
being already partitioned among many claimants, others sold or
leased, while the remainder are on the market for sale or leasing.
These grants, confirmed either by Congress or by the Court of
Private Land Claims, are as follows, in acreage: San Cristobal,
81,032; Ortiz Mine Grant, 69,458; Mesita de Juana Lopez, 42,022;
. Caja del Rio, 41,848 ; City of Santa Fe Grant, 23,040 ; Majada,
22,000; Lady of Light, 16,546; Pedro Sanchez, 15,502; Sebastian
de Vargas, 13,434; Juana de Gabaldon, 8,149; San Pedro, 7,680;
Town of Jacona, 6,952; Cieneguilla, 3,202; Santa Cruz, 3,067;
Santo Domingo de Cundiyo, 2,037; San Marcos Pueblo, 1,895;
Sitio de Juana Lopez, 1,085; Cuyamungue, 604; Pacheco, 581;
Sitio de los Cerrillos, 512; Canon del Agua, 341; Talaya Hill,
319; Alamitos, 297; Santiago Ramirez, 272; Town of Galisteo,
260; Salvador Gonzales, 200; Vicente Duran de Armijo, 57. Title
to these grants is perfect. The price of land ranges from $1 to
$400 and $500 an acre, according to the nature of the soil, the
water supply, improvements on land, proximity to settlements, and
other factors that generally determine land values.
CLIMATE.
Its climate is Santa Fe County's special boast and pride. There
are other portions of the Southwest which are blessed with climate
far superior to the best climate found in the humid portions of
the United States, but at and around Santa Fe the climatic con-
ditions of the Southwest come nearer to perfection than anywhere
else in the Rocky Mountain or Pacific Coast regions. An abso-
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 17
lutely perfect climate is unknown; there is not a country on the
face of the earth that does not have either occasional sultry days
or bitter cold nights; that does not at times have wind or dust
storms or snow or rain, but Santa Fe suffers least from extremes,
or storms, and a sultry day is practically unknown. Of course,
its location in the arid West primarily determines the aridity and
sunshine percentage; its altitude accounts for the lightness of
the air; the many square miles of growing pinion, cedar, pine and
spruce covering the landscape account for the fragrance and bal-
sam of the atmosphere, and the city's sheltered location accounts
for the small range in daily temperature so that even during the
coldest days of winter the minimum temperature is milder than
at points two or three hundred miles to the south and from 1,500
to 3,000 feet lower, and that at the same time in summer the maxi-
mum is less than at Denver or at Colorado Springs, 400 miles to the
north. In fact, the protection to the City of Santa Fe by the sur-
rounding hills and mountains is so complete that during both sum-
mer and winter Santa Fe is acknowledged to be the best climatic
resort in the Southwest.
Charles E. Linney, section director for New Mexico of the United
States Weather Bureau, speaks as follows concerning Santa Fe's
climate :
"It is easy to say that the climate of this or that place is the
finest in the world ; it is less easy to show reliable facts and figures
to bear out the statement, and it is least easy to convince the self-
satisfied public that some other spot can be, or is, the more favored ;
facts, however, if they are facts, should be given credence.
"It is. with these barriers in view that a few facts and simple
figures regarding the climate of central and northern New Mexico
are presented, this vast empire being, in many respects, nicely typi-
fied by Santa Fe, local contour, latitude and altitude being con-
sidered. Discarding fractional finesse, the annual mean tempera-
ture of Santa Fe, obtained from thirty-three years of carefully
compiled records by the United States Weather Bureau, is 49 de-
grees, a degree higher than that of Chicago, the same as that of
Boston, a degree lower than Denver, 6 degrees cooler than Ashe-
ville, Xorth Carolina, which has the same latitude, 7 degrees cooler
than St. Louis, and 20 degrees cooler than Jacksonville. This
comfortable average, too, is the result of balancing 29 degrees, the
coldest month (January) with 69 degrees, the warmest month
(July). In thirty-two years the temperature has never risen to
100 degrees, the highest record being 97, in the month of August,
1878, and since the following year, it has 'not touched 95 degrees;
SANTA FE COUNTY, NEW MEXICO. 19
the average number of days each year with 90 degrees or higher is
but two. The average daily maximum temperature, afternoon read"
iiDg, of the warmest month, July, is but 81 degrees, while the
average night temperature of this month is but 57 degrees, a sum-
mer temperature far more comfortable than that of St. Louis,
Washington, New York, Boston, Chicago, Denver or St. Paul, zero
temperature being rarely recorded. Many winters pass without a
record of zero temperature.
"The annual precipitation, including rain, snow, sleet and hail,
is 14.3 inches; Denver, the same; Chicago, 34.8; St. Louis, 41.1;
Asheville, 42.5; Washington, 44.8; Boston, 45, and Jacksonville,
54.1 inches. While the rainfall is low, it should be borne in mind
that 62 per cent of the amount occurs in the spring and summer
months, leaving the fall and wiinter months dry and invigorating.
July is the wettest month, averaging 2.8 inches, while but .70 of
an inch, or less, are measured in November, December, January,
February and March. The average number of days with .01 of an
inch or more of precipitation is 81, against 111 at St. Louis, 120
at Chicago, 121 at Boston, 122 at Washington, and 127 at Jack-
sonville. These figures for Santa Fe, however, do not represent
days with continuous rain, but rather days with showers of short
duration, for a day with continuous rain is practically unknown.
"The sunshine of Santa Fe is proverbial; there is annually re-
corded 77 per cent of the possible amount, against 69 per cent at
Denver, 65 per cent at St. Louis, 59 per cent at Washington, 54
per cent at Boston, and 53 per cent at Chicago. With all of these
cities, excepting Denver, Colorado, the greatest amount of sun-
shine occurs in summer, while here the highest percentage is in
the fall, spring and winter, in the order named. Expressed differ-
ently, this means that there is a partial veiling of the sun's rays
during the heat of the summer, but a full and free bestowal of its
glorious rays during the remaining nine months of the year. Oc-
casionally, the amount of sunshine reaches the marvelous total of
98 per cent of. the possible 100 per cent (December, 1903), and 96
per cent in October, and also in IN'ovember, 1903, and it has never
fallen below 48 per cent (February, 1905). In actual hours of sun-
shine, the record averages 3,352 hours in a year, 9.2 hours for each
day.
"The average relative humidity is slightly below 46 per cent;
it is highest, slightly below 55 per cent, int January, and lowest,
33 per cent, in June. The annual relative humidity at Denver is
50 per cent; at St. Louis, 70 per cent; at Boston, 72 per cent; at
Washington, 73 per cent ; at Chicago, 77 per cent, and at Jackson-
SANTA EE COUNTY, NEW MEXICO. 31
ville, 80 per cent. For the warmest months of the year (June,
July, August aind September) the average at St. Louis is 66 per
cent; Chicago and Boston, 75 per cent; Washington, 75 per cent
and Jacksonville, 82 per cent ; in other words, the humidity during
the heat of the summer in the eastern cities is considerably greater
than the annual average, while just the opposite condition prevails
ini Santa Fe, where it is a dry heat, thus always free from ener-
vating effects.
"The average hourly wind movement is low, 6.9 miles per hour,
and it is rare indeed that a storm velocity, 40 miles an hour ox
higher, is attained, there being but thirty-seven such records in
twenty-one years. There is no record of tlie wind ever having at-
tained a velocity of 60 miles an hour at Santa Fe.
"Summarized, the climate may be described as one that is mild
and equable, much givem to sunshine, free from great heat, high
winds, humidity, and debilitating effects so noticeable in the cent-
ral and eastern cities, free also from the cold, snow and storms of
other northern cities, a climate of clear skies, small rainfall, few
storms and those of short duration, one which is usually warm in
the sun in winter and cool in the shade in summer.^'
At Santa Fe in winter, on sunny days, and nearly every day has
sunshine, the temperature in the sun runs up from 50 to 80 de-
grees. Even a temperature of 97 degrees, the highest ever recorded
at Santa Fe, on account of the great dryness of the atmosphere and
the invariably cool summer nights, is not so oppressive as a maxi-
mum temperature of 83 degrees at Chicago or New York.
The year 1904 was by no means a favorable one so far as climate
goes, yet the official record of the United States Weather Bureau
at Santa Fe shows that there were only sixteen cloudy days during
the entire year. The sunshine averaged 80 per cent of the total
possible amount, or a total of 3,554 hours, almost ten hours of
sunshine every day — spring, summer, fall and winter. In the
month of December, when most needed, the sunshine percentage
reached its maximum, 98 per cent. In October and November,
other cool months, it was 96 per cent. August, when cloudiness
is grateful, had the minimum record, 69 per cent. The following
average is the monthly sunshine record for the past fifteen years:
January, 76 per cent; February, 71;. March, 73; April, 78; May,
75; June, 79; July, 69-; August, 72 ; September, 77 ; October, 81:
TTovember, 80; December, 79; average for the fifteen years, 77
per cent.
These are official statistics of the ITnited States Weather Bureau
and not manufactured to bolster up claims to superioritv of cli-
1
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 23
mate, which facts will not sustain. These same records show that
the precipitation during 1904 was 14.10 inches, nearly 12 inches
having fallen during the months from June to October, inclusive,
while during the other seven months it did not amount to three
inches. The wind movement during the year averaged less than
seven and one-half miles an hour, while the maximum velocity re-
corded was forty-six miles an hour, and there was but one other
record of a velocity greater than forty miles an hour. The relative
humidity, an important factor of salubriousness, reached only 42
per cent. The highest monthly average was 61 per cent, caused
by unusually l^eavy rains on a few days in October. In April of
1904 the remarkably low average of 28 per cent was recorded. Not
a single fog was observed at Santa Fe during the year. The coldest
month was January, with an average of 27.4 degrees, but an aver-
age in the sun of 54 degrees. The warmest month was July, with
an average of 69 degrees. The highest temperature recorded was 86
degrees, on July 10th. The lowest was zero, on December 27th.
The mean daily range in temperature was merely 22.1 degrees, while
the greatest daily range recorded was only 35 degrees. This equa-
bility in temperature is a great factor in the comforts of health-
seekers and of well persons, and helps to make Santa Fe the great-
est climatic summer and winter resort on the western continent.
It has been stated by medical writers that tuberculosis can be
treated successfully in any climate. All experience is against suo-i
a conclusion. It has been demonstrated beyond question that cer-
tain sections of the United States, of which Saicta Fe is the type,
possess climatic characteristics which are peculiarly adapted to the
successful management of the disease. The vast and salubrious
stretch of country, which is so many times alluded to as a '^and
of sand, sagebrush and cacti/^ possesses in an almost unlimited de-
gree those very elements which observation has proved to be of
the utmost value in the treatment of tuberculosis.
Where medicines have failed, the elements are succeeding. A
pure atmosphere, comtaining an abundance of oxygen and elec-
tricity, in conjunction with a large amount of sunshine, is today
fulfilling in an eminently satisfactory manner the mission hereto-
fore mapped out for such agents as cod liver oil, creosote and the
various remedies known as serums.
The importance of climate as a factor in the treatment of pul-
monary tuberculosis is daily manifesting more and more its value,
whether taken separately or coupled with the various specific plans
of therapy now advocated and employed in this important branch
of practice. Physicians are informing themselves more widely
SANTA FE COUNTY, NEW MEXICO. 25
upon this vital question, and the experiences gained by the prac-
titioner living amidst such ideal climatic conditions as exist in
New Mexico are being looked upon with more interest and kindly
consideration than heretofore has been accorded them.
The consensus of opinion, as expressed by the leading authorities
on tuberculosis at the International Congress held at Moscow,
Kussia, a few years ago, and later at London, England; Madrid,
Spain; Atlanta, Georgia, and at Paris, France, was unanimously
in favor of the climatic treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis over
all other methods considered.
The southwestern section of the United States has thousands of
residents who came as tuberculosis patients, some of them as long
as twenty-five years ago. They are today, and have been for many
years, in good health; have married and reared children who are
to all appearances absolutely free from tubercular disease.
Animals, as well as the human race, are likewise remarkably
free from tuberculosis in this region, as has been shown by the re-
searches of Herrcra and Lopez of Mexico, where the climatic con-
ditions are practically similar to those existing in Santa Fe. These
investigators report that they have found but forty-five cases of
tuberculosis in cattle out of 73,000 killed and examined at the
government abattoir in the City of Mexico.
It may be stated in a general way that all specific plans of thera-
peutic treatment thus far suggested for the cure of tuberculosis,
and especially of the pulmonary form, have failed, so that one must
look to nature rather than to the laboratory for the weapons to
combat this enemy of the race.
The early diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is of the utmost
importance, for it is in the beginning of the disease that the
greatest benefit is derived in the largest proportion of cases from
the climate or the out-of-door plan of treatment.
New Mexico is essentially a ^^and of sunshine and blue skies.^^
Here there is a dry and bracing climate, with no extreme heat nor
cold, a climate which, for the most part admits of an existence
out-of-doors almost all the year round. It is these qualities of air
and sky that have caused this favored region to be known today
over the entire civilized world as the "Land of Sunshine." The
peculiar adaptability of such a climate to the successful manage-
ment of consumption and other diseases of the lungs and respira-
tory tracts is causing invalids to flock here in great n-umbers, ex-
perience and observation having demonstrated beyond further ques-
tion the fact that the sea coast resorts have proved dismal failures
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 27
in exercising either a corrective or retarding influence upon the
disease mentioned above.
In the past few years the medical profession, as well as the laity,
has been made aware, through variaus chaninels, of the vastly
superior climatic conditions existing throughout the Territory of
New Mexico, and patients are seeking relief here by the hundreds
where formerly they came only by the score.
The famous Dr. Osier, recently much in the public eye, says:
^^The requirements of a suitable climate are a pure atmosphere,
and a maximum amount of sunshine." The purity of the atmos-
phere is the first consideration, and it is this requirement that is
met so well at and abound Santa Fe.
The problem of the prevention of the further spread of tuber-
culosis and its ultimate and complete eradication from the human
race will be solved when physicians realize the importance of at
once placing the patient suffering from or threatened with this
disease in a suitable climate. Children inheriting this peculiar
condition of the cellular structures and cell elements known as a
tubercular tendency will develop, in a favorable climate, a cell
antagonism to the disease which eam never be acquired in a climate
where tubercular diseases are more common and one which favors
the causes that lead to tubercular disease.
It is generally conceded by writers upon bacteriology that cli-
matic conditions play a most conspicuous part in both development
and retardation of microbic life.- Epidemic diseases which have
for their vehicles certain conditions of the atmosphere, such as
heat and moisture, constantly demoDstrate their power of spread-
ing contagion, the moisture contained in the air being the chief
factor in preserving the vitality of the germ.
To anyone familiar with the extreme climatic difference between
the Atlantic Coast States and the Southwest, the great role played
by the climate in each locality named will at once become strikiiDgly
apparent to the most indifferent observer. Epidemics, such as la
^ippe, so fatal and destructive in their train of sequelae, are un-
known in New Mexico. The climatic conditions; more especially
the rarity and purity of the atmosphere, together with the almost
constant direct rays of the sun, are the most powerful bactericides
known to science today. A climate where discarded animal and veg-
etable substances undergo prompt and rapid desiccation after brief
exposure to the atmosphere, with but little manifestation of de-
composition, argues most strongly against bacterial development.
The tuberculosis bacilli lose their infective power in a very short
SANTA FE COUNTY, NEW MEXICO. 29
time after exposure to the sun's rays in the arid atmosphere. This
clearly explains the curative effect of climate upon pulmonary
tuberculosis. Constant inhalation of what may be properly termed
an aseptic atmosphere, in time, brings about in the pulmonary tis-
sues, inflamed by tuberculosis deposits, that very desiccation effected
upon animal and vegetable substances exposed directly to the air.
Although there are many invalids, principally persons with tu-
berculosis, there is not a case of tuberculosis on record in New
Mexico that was communicated from the diseased to the healthy
through the medium of the atmosphere. That the native people
of this sectioDi experience such wonderful immunity from tuber-
culosis, especially of the respiratory tracts^ must have its explan-
ation in the very favorable climatic conditioDs.
In order to derive all possible benefit from such a climate as
that of New Mexico, the health seeker should live out-of-doors.
If he has the strength to get about at all, the best he can do is
to go into the forests and hills surrounding Santa Fe and camp
out. The life of the tent dweller is the best treatment for incipi-
ent pulmonary tuberculosis. A year's out-of-door life in the dry,
bracing air will arrest most cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, if
the sufferer has the necessary strength and vitality to begin such
a course of treatment and takes ordinary precautions against undue
exposure and over-exertion.
I^ecognizing the superior climatic advantages of New Mexico
for the treatment of diseases of the respiratory system, the United
States government has established, and now has in successful oper-
ation, two large sanitariums, one at Fort Bayard, operated under
the auspices of the War Department, and the other at Fort Stan-
ton, under the United States Marine Hospital Service, where cli-
matic and other conditions are almost as favorable to health seekers
as at Santa Fe. Hundreds of soldiers and sailors afflicted with
tuberculosis have been cured by the climatic and tent treatment,
which is the chief feature at both of these establishments. Fresh
air in abundance, both night and day, is the first and most im-
portant factor in this treatment. Coupled with this are sunshine,
healthful and abundant diet, moderate exercise, and amusements
and recreations of a suitable character to banish homesickness.
These constitute the plan followed at both places, and they are
proving each day the immense advantages they possess over the old
methods of treatment.
Another triumph for New Mexico climate as a factor in the cure
of consumption was achieved when, in the early summer of 1905,
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 31
the representatives of the Associated Fraternities of the United
States, after a searching and personal investigation of the climatic
features of the Southwest, selected for the site of the Fraternal
Sanitarium for the cure of consumption, Las Vegas Hot Springs,
forty miles east of Santa Fe, with climatic conditions almost
similar, except that the minimum temperature in winter is con-
siderably lower, the maximum temperature in summer several de-
grees higher, and the per centage of humidity a trifle greater at
Las Vegas Hot Springs than at Santa Fe, according to the official
Weather Bureau records. Almost a million dollars' worth of land
and buildings has been acquired for that purpose, and the results
that will be achieved would have been deemed impossible a few
years ago.
Care of Health Seekers.
Naturally, the first question asked by the health seeker, after
deciding upon a point at which to locate and try the climate cure,
is the character of the accommodations and their cost. Fortun-
ately, Santa Fe is capable of taking care of an almost unlimited
number of health seekers in the best possible manner. Sunmount,
the pioneer tent city in New Mexico, has been in operation suffi-
ciently long to demonstrate its success and permanency. Its ac-
commodations are elastic, for it undertakes to care for every comer,
tent aind furnishings being supplied on short notice, even If every
one of the sixty or more commodious tents is occupied. It is
ideally located on a tableland overlooking Santa Fe, yet sheltered
on every side except the south^ from which direction it receives
the grateful rays of the sun during the day. Although isolated,
it is still within fifteen minutes^ walk of the business portion
of the city. The pinion, cedar and spruce forests encroach upon
and partly surround it, while the shelter of the magnificent moun-
tain ranges to the west, north and east protect it from winds and
cold. Here the patient receives full benefit of the pure and ex-
hilarating mountain air and the copious sunshine, which tend to
up-build quickly his general health. Immediately upon taking up
residence one notices an infrequency of night-sweats, an absence
of fever, and almost invariably a gain in weight, which is apparent
from the very start. These facts, together with the endorsements
and recommendations of many leading physicians of the country,
are a positive assurance that tent life at Sunmount means resto-
ration to health for those suffering from tubercular or bronchial
diseases. Tours into the mountains and various other places of
interest near Santa Fe are features of frequent occurrence and
wt^
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SANTA FE COUNTY, NEW MEXICO. 33
»
promote the health and stren^h, of the patients. The latest sani-
tary tents are in use and they are furnished for light house-keeping
at the Tent City, whose cuisine is especially adapted to ttie require-
ments of consumptives. Physicians visit Sun mount daily, and the
telephone .connection with the city assures prompt attendance in
case of necessity. A casino, with piano and dance floor, lawn tennis
and croquet grounds, are provided, all being free to the residents of
Sunmount. The tents have ample space around them to assure
privacy without destroying that pleasant sociability that makes
life so agreeable to the stranger in a straDge land, and is the most
potent foe to homesickness. The rent for furnished tents is from
$10 a month upward, according to size, location and furnishings.
Meals at the restaurant are from $6 a week upward. The private
water supply is secured from pure mountain springs, and so great
has been the caution in piping the water to this model village
that it is absolutely uncontaminated.
A tent sanitarium with a resident physician and for a select
class of patients has been established in the southern portion of
the city. The cottages are of the latest design and the place is
known as the Glorieta Sanitarium.
It is proposed to establish a tent city in the Tesuque Valley,
seven miles north of Santa Fe, and also on the Pecos Forest Eeserve,
twenty miles east of Santa Fe. In and around the town, in fact,
throughout the entire county, can be seen tents here and there
occupied by health seekers or their families, and by owning their
own tents and providing their own meals, health seekers can live
at an expense of only $4 a week, without stinting themselves Qf
the essentials for recovery.
The Sisters of Charity maintain a sanitarium in Santa Fe, which
gives excellent service to health seekers from $10 a week upward.
This includes personal care by the good Sisters and a cuisine
that is especially adapted to the needs of invalids. The accom-
modations at this sanitarium are limited to a hundred persons,
but plans are maturing for enlarging it. Being situated in the
center of the city, fronted by a beautiful park, it is patronized not
only by health seekers, but by persons who have chosen Santa Fe
as their permanent home, even though not in the city for health
reasons.
Hotel accommodations at Santa Fe are ample. AHhough the
patronage of health seekers is not especially sought, yet they offer
pleasant homes for a temporary period until accommodations can
be secured els(»where. There are a number of private boarding
liouses where rooms and board can be secured from $6 a week up-
SANTA FE COUNTY, NEW MEXICO. 35
ward. Furnished rooms rent at $8 a month upward, according
to location and furnishings. Hotel and private accommodations
can be foumd, in addition to those at Santa Fe/ at Cerrillos and
Espanola, as well as in the smaller settlements. The stranger
may be certain of accommodations and a welcome in many private
homes, for hospitality is still a recognized virtue throughout the
Southwest.
INDUSTRIES— Agriculture.
Tilling of the soil is the principal industry of Santa Fe County,
although only one out of every fifty acres is under cultivation at
the present time. Ten times that area could be reclaimed at mod-
erate cost, either by the construction of irrigation works or dry
farming methods. The principal agricultural valleys are those
of the Eio Grande, from White Kock Canon to Santa Cruz; the
^ Santa Cruz Valley, with the settlements of Santa Cruz and Chi-
mayo; the Pojoaque Valley, with the settlements of Pojoaque and
San Ildef onso ; the Nambe Valley, with the settlement of Nambe ;
the Tesuque Valley, with the settlements of Tesuque, Tesuque
Pueblo, Cuymungue, Jacona and Kio Medio; the Santa ,Fe Valley,
with the city of Santa Fe and the settlements of Agua Fria, Cie-
nega, Cieneguilla; the Canoncito Valley, with Canoncito and sev-
eral other small settlements, and the Galisteo Valley, with the vil-
lage of Galisteo and a number of patches under cultivation- along
its upper course. Some farming is also done along the Arroyo
Hondo and lesser streams, while in the mountains dry farming is
successful. Although about 20,000 acres are under irrigation and
under cultivation, and the area cultivated without irrigation varies
from 5,000 to 15,000 acres, no real test of scientific dry farming
has been made thus far. The crop production in the county is
valued at from $1,000,000 to $1,500,000 a year. Along all the
streams and in the hills are many fine reservoir s-ites, and several
irrigation projects, especially in the vicinity of Santa Fe, have
been surveyed and found to be practical at comparatively small
cost.
Irrigation.
(Vops are raised in the mountain valleys much the same as in
the more humid east. On large areas, especially in draws, sinks
and former river and lake bottoms, the Campbell method of soil
culture will enable the energetic husbandman to do well without
irrigation, or with scant irrigation, but as a rule, irrigation is \
necessary to the successful pursuit of agriculture, and it is really \
SANTA FE COUNTY, NEW MEXICO. 37
the ideal conditio'm undcT which to raise crops, as has been proved
by five thousand years of history in the fertile valleys of Egypt,
Mesopotamia, Hindostan, China, north Africa and northern Italy.
Xo excessive moisture, no drouth, worries the husbandman who ■
possesses an irrigation right in a perennial stream, who has for-
tified himself with a reservoir, who has struck artesian water, or
who has wells from which he can pump the underflow. Irriga-'
tioDi means intensive farming, it means that the land will be fer-
tilized at the same time it is watered, it mean» certain crops and
a maximum production per acre. In its perfection, agriculture
by irrigation is as distinct an advance over the methods of agri-
culture in the more humid states .as manufacturing with machinery
is over manual labor.
There are in the county a few medium sized irrigation canals and
many small community ditches held hy the small farmers and the
Pueblo Indians. The origitDi of these ditches is lost, even in local
tradition, and it is probable that some of them were in use before
the advent of the Spaniards. Under the community system, each
ditch is held and controlled by the owners of the land it irrigates,
who usually live together in a village or pueblo. In the fall of
each year a mayordomo is elected, who has control of the ditch for
the following season. He assesses the land for the labor mecessary
to clean the ditch and keep it in repair during the irrigation sea-
son, apportions the water to each consumer according to the local
conditions, and in general supervises all matters pertaining to irri-
gation. While the apportionment of labor varies, it is generally
such that a farmer holding a tract of six acres is required to fur-
nish the labor of one man in cleaning and repairing the entire
ditch in the spring, whjpJo he who holds twelve acres furnishes a
man's labor when necessary during the whole season. The ditches
have no regular gates or sluices, and flooding is the only means
of irrigation. Corsequently the use of water is extremely wasteful.
The average cost of constructing: a ditch is $1,738 per mile and
$6.40 per acre of land under ditch. The irrigated farms make
greater use of the public domain for grazing purposes than do those
which are unirrigated, and an income i?; thus secured in addition
to that obtained directlv from the land owned or leased.
Sufficient irrigation has beon done to demonstrate what might,
and eventually will, be accomplished. The use of the underflow in
such valleys as the Santa Fe is also available, and the water can
be raised at slight cost bv wind mills or power pumps, in some
instances at a cost less than that of maintai^-sincr headgates and
irrigation ditches. The underflow is practically inexhau.^tiblo.
SA^TA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 39
Dry Farming.
It has been demonstrated^ however, that the real difficulty in the
arid regiom is not a lack of rainfall, but the loss of too much
water by evaporation, and this can be- properly controlled by cul-
tivation, especially by the Campbell method of soil culture, which
consists in cultivating the soil frequently and deeply and covering
the surface with a dust mulch, thereby preventing the evaporation
of moisture stored in the ground. It has been proved by careful
laboratory and field work that twelve inches of rainfall is sufficient
to grow good crops, providing the water is all utilized. The aver-
age rainfall for Santa Fe is fourteen inches, and in the mountains
is considerably more, most of it occurring during the growing
season.
A description of such a dry culture farm gives an idea of the
practicability of raising crops without irrigation in the arid region.
One writer says: "It is the cleanest, neatest ^ ranch conceivable.
The weeds lining every irrigation ditch and in every irrigated field
are conspicuous by their absence. The intense dark green foliage
of the trees strikes one^s attention upon approach, and the evidence
of thrift and health in every growing thing is so convincing that
one is utterly confounded. All the preconceived notions as to the
absolute necessity for abundant water to raise a crop in New Mex-
ico are swept; away at a glance^ One who has seen thousands of
dollars expended to bring a small stream of water for a few miles
to develop a little ranch is dumbfounded to see the desert bloom
as the rose under simply the magic touch of labor in common with
methods of good farming. It is only four years since the first
work was done on this desert farm. Several acres of land were
cleared of sage brush, and after cropping to corn or small grain,
fruit trees were planted. Many of these are bearing this year. It
will pay one to visit this ranch to see what can be done without
irrigation. One will find there a thriving crop of barley, and corn
six feet tall, all kinds of garden truck, and trees of many varieties.
There are large cottonwoods, and fruit trees loaded with blossoms
and fruit. Apricots, pcars^, poaches, plums, walnuts, apples, grapes,
hlackbo^ric^s and rhubarb are all doing well by the simplest method
of cultivating throughout the summer.
"There is more than one way to bottle up water., and the best
is to use the soil itself as a bottle. If the soil is deep it will hold
all that falls upon it without leaking out below. If the farmer
plows it deep, subsoils it in the fall and lets it lie rough through
the winter and spring, he opens the bottle ready to catch all the
water. If he keeps it blanketed with a few inches of very loose
SAXTA FE COUNTY, NEW MEXICO. 41
dry soil by cultivation when the soil is in a condition to crumble
nicely, and then cultivates frequently thereafter through the sum-
mer, he effectively corks up the bottle so tnat but a relatively small
part of it gets out into the air. He then also keeps all weeds
down and prevents the enormous leakage through the roots, stems
and leaves of the plants which would otherwise take place." The
Campbell dry soil culture involves processes that are just as bene-
ficial to irrigated ground as to dry farming.
The up-to-date Xew Mexico farmer is the aristocrat of his craft.
With twenty or thirty acres of fertile land and ample irrigation
rights he is independent. If his ranch is well located, he fears
neither excessive moisture nor droutji, neither hard times nor
panics. There is always a good market in which his products
command top prices, and as to crop failure, it is out of the ques-
tion if he knows his business.
There are many thousands of acres in Santa Fe County aside
from those already in use which can be utilized for agricultural
and horticultural purposes. The portions which are best suited
for cultivation are the river bottoms or valleys and the smaller
valleys along the mountain streams. There are also large areas,
commonly known as the mesas or uplands, which have the finest
soil, and parts of which will produce good crops by intensive cul-
tivation and the Campbell dry culture method. The soil varies
from a sandy loam to a heavy clay, and is ordinarily fertile enough
to produce good crops if water is obtainable for irrigation, or under
the Campbell method of soil culture. Its fertility is demonstrated
by the rapid growth in it of trees and plants.
In order to bring into play the favorable soil, water and cli-
matic conditions to the best advantage, the adaptability of varieties
of trees and plants should be considered. It is niot infrequently
found that some varieties, although they may be among the leading
ones in other states, are partially or entirely worthless in Xew Mex-
ico; particularly is this the case with the stone fruits. On the
other hand, some varieties less valuable in other sections succeed
admirably in Santa Fe County. In other words, the proper selec-
tion of varieties is an important factor in the success of as:ricul-
tural and horticultural operations, and this is being realized more
and more. Considerable success is also attending the introduction
ar-^^ propascation of crops especially adapted to the arid res^ions.
such as durum wheat, kaffir corn and bronco grass.
The prices of asrricultural lands under irrigation systems, public
or private, and with permar-ent water rights, are from $10 to $200
per acre, according: to location, nearness to railroads and towns.
SANTA FE COUNTY, NEW MEXICO. 43
crops, fruit trees, water rights, ditch systems and general condi-
tions. The soil of the valleys is superior in productive capabilities
to the alluvial soil of the prairie states. The secret of its produc-
ing power probably lies in the large amount of sediment contained
in the irrigation waters. The Nile Valley, with its waters loaded
with sediment, is considered one of the most fertile in the world,
and. in Santa Fe County there are a number of Nile Valleys in
miniature.
The crops are not seriously troubled by fungus diseases. In-
sect pests, formerly unknown, have made their appearance ini late
years, but not to such an extent as in the humid regions. Much
sunshine and dry air prevent the growth of fungi, and, therefore,
these are not likely to become troublesome. The insect pests that
nave found their way here can generally be conftrolled by proper
treatment.
Public Lands.
Santa Fe County has 470,000 acres that are subject, to entry
'under the public land laws. Of this area, 18,000 acres are unsur-
veyed. {^About 200,000 acres of the public land can be reclaimed
by the construction of irrigation works, by pumping the underflow
or by dry farming methods. This means free homes for five thou-
sand families and the possibility of increasing the annual crop
values of the county from one million to ten million dollars. This
land can be taken up under the homestead or desert land acts.jf
(JAll men and single women over 21 years old, widows, deserted
wives and persons under the age of 21 years who are the heads
of families and do not own more than 160 acres of land and are
citizens or have declared their intention to become citizens of the
United States are qualified to make a homestead entry of 160 acres?)
(The right to a tract of public land as a homestead can be secured
by settlement, which will hold it for ninety days, when or during
which time entry must be made. After fourteen months from
the date of settlement, the homestead claimant, if he has resided
upon, improved and cultivated his claim during the last eight
months, can make commutation proof and pay for the land at
$1.25 per acre. ) "'^
Land unfit for cultivation or grazing purposes, or only valuable
for its timber or stone, is not subject to homestead entry. Other-
wise, as a rule, all public land, not mineral, may be so entered.
The settler is required by law to make improvements upon the
homestead and to cultivate part of the same during the period of
residence. He must also make the tract his actual and bona fide
SANTA FE COrXTY, NEW MEXICO. 45
residecce and home. If the law has been fully complied with for
five years on a homestead, it is possible to make final proof at
any time before the cancellation of the entr}\ Before final proof
can be made on a homestead or desert land entiry, application
must be made in the land office and a notice secured, which must
be published in a newspaper to be designated by the Eegister.
This application and notice must give the names and postoffice
address of four persons, two of whom will be witnesses in making
proof. Thereafter and upon due publication, final proof can be
made at the land office or before a United States Court Commis-
sioner or a Probate Clerk or Probate Judge at the county seat.
The 1-and office fees are as follows:
Acres. Land.
Homestead land $ 1.25
Payable when application is made 40 6.50
80 8.00
120 14.50
160 16.00
Payable when final proof is made 40 1.50
80 3.00
120 4.50
160 6.00
Even' qualified person, a resident of ^N'ew Mexico, may eniter
320 acres, or less, of desert land that can be reclaimed by irriga-
tion. Desert land is held to be land without a growth of natural
timber, on which ordinary crops will not grow and mature without
irrigation.
Before the expiration of one year, after the date of the ent.ry,
the entry man must file in the land office a corroborated sworn
statemeuft showing how that $1 per acre has been expended for
reclamation purposes. Within four years from date of his entry,
the claimant must prove its reclamation and pay a further gov-
ernment fee of $1 per acre. Desert land entries can be assigned
to any qualified person who has never made or held an entn*, and
assignee can com])]y with the law and make the final proof.
The entry of agricultural land is restricted to 320 acres by any
one person, under- any or all of the agricultural land laws. For
instance: If a 320-acre desert entry is made, a settler is not en-
titled to a homestead, or if a homestead entn' of 160 acres is
made, a settler can then only enter 160 acres more for a desert
entry.
Under the act of March 3, 1891, any person, company or corpo-
iratdon mav locate a reservoir or reser^'oir site and ditches on
PERRY'S HOMESTEAD IN SANTA FE CANON.
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 47
public land for the purpose of irrigation, and can obtain a ri^ht
to the same and fifty feet each side thereof that cannot be dis-
turbed by any person or persons who may afterward obtain title
to the land on which such reservoir and ditches are located.
Sections 16 and 36 in each township are school sections and
belong to the Territory ; these are leased by sections and are under
the supervision of the Territorial Land Commissioner.
When an entry of any kind is to be made, evidence of citizen-
ship will be required. If the applicant is native born, his own
affidavit of that fact will be sufficient. But if he was not born
in the United States, in addition to his own affidavit, he must
furnish a copy of his declaration of intentioni to become a citizen,
or of his certificate as a citizen.
Persons desiring to settle upon the public domain, either at
homesteaders or upon desert entries, must "rustle" for themselves
in order to find suitable quarter-sections for such location.
The choicest lands along the water courses, great or small, per-
manent or transitory, are now about all in private ownership, title
having been derived from confirmed Spanish or Mexican land
grants or under the public land laws of the United States. Still,
by careful search, even in the oldest settled sections, good locations
for homesteads may yet be had.
There are no maps showing public lands open: for entry. Town-
ship plats can be examined at the land office at Santa Fe, and the
lands open for entry in the different townships can be found there-
on. The settler should select the locality in which he wishes to
locate, and then get a township plat or plats showing the vacant
land, which will enable him to examine such tracts as may seem
desirable. The plat of the particular township in which his loca-
tion may be situated can be procured by application to the Eeg-
ister of the United States La-nd Office at Santa Fe, and will have to
be paid for at the rate of from $1 to $4 per plat, according to the
amount of work necessary thereon, by the intending settler.
Alfalfa.
Alfalfa is grown in all the irrigated sections up to an altitude
of 8,000 feet and does well in almost every class of soil. The
chemical constituents of the soil seem to have little to do with the
growth of the crop, provided the surface is level and the proper
amount of water is given. It grows well on light, sandy loam, as
well as on the heaviest adobe. It is said bv an able writer that
alfalfa will not stand "wet feet." That is true if he means that
it would not grow in\ a water-logged soil. Where the soil is well
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 49
drained it will extend its roots to the water table and grow lux-
uriantly, even if the water table is only a few feet below the sur-
face of the ground.
The average annual yield is about three tons per acre. The
cost of production, including taxes, water rent, growing, harvest.-
ing, baling and placing on board the car, does not exceed $4.00 per
ton. There are some alfalfa farmers who are able to place alfalfa
on the car at a much less figure because they have perfected their
system of irrigation and handle the hay with improved machinery.
The net profit in growing alfalfa under irrigation is considerably
larger than the average net profits realized on wheat and corn in
the older agricultural sections. It is a crop that requires little
labor, if the field has been made level and the soil well prepared
before seeding, after which the operations are simple, resolving
themselves into irrigation and harvesting. On many soils, one
irrigation will produce one crop, which may vary from one-half
to two tons per acre. The price of alfalfa varies, depending upon
the demand, and at harvest time the price of alfalfa is compara-
tively low, usually not exceeding $8 per ton, but the forehaDded
farmer who holds his product until winter usually gets from $10
to $14 per ton. As to the feeding value of alfalfa, it is conceded
throughout the country that it leads all other forage crops in its
total digestible food constituents and nitrogen contents.
Forage Crops.
While alfalfa is the main forage crop, it is not the only one.
There are som^e twenty to thirty varieties of grasses that grow
wild upon the range and which are harvested for hay, the chief
and probably th^ most nutritious being gramma grass, which,
during wet years yields as high as two tons per acre. Large
quantities of it. are harvested on the public .range and sold dur-
ing the winter or fed to stock. Attempts to cultivate brome grass,
a drouth and cold resisting forage crop of great value to stock-
men, yielding three to four heavy crops per year, have proven
successful, especially on the Sparks Eanch east of Sanita Fe.
Clover does well, as do nearly all the other forage plants of the
temperate zone. Of late, the value of wild peas for the feeding
of stock has been recognized, and as the yield per acre in nutritive
value is equal to that of an acre of alfalfa, there should be a
future for those who will go into the feeding of lambs and beeves
in Santa Fe County, as the wild pea and lupine require very little
attention. Oats do very well in the mountain valleys as well as
on the plains farm, and the yield per acre is quite profitable. In
fact, oats have become a staple crop in the mountains, even where
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 51
the raising of other crops is not attempted. The cultivation of
the spineless cactus also opens vast possibilities to the stockman,
for cacti are as native as are the sagebrush and the pinion.
Wheat.
Wheat is a sure and good crop if sown early. The yield of
wheat per acre is equal to the yield in the leading wheat-growing
states. New Mexico wheat received first premium at the World's
Fair at Chicago and at other expositions. Eye, barley, millet and
the other cereal crops do equally well, and there is a good home
market for all that can be produced.
Corn.
Com stands next to alfalfa in acreage. Where water for irri-
gation purposes is plentiful the yield of com compares favorably
with the yield of this crop in the com belt.
Sorghum yields good crops and in several localities is grown
for its sugar contents.
Potatoes.
By many, the potato has been considered an impossible crop, yet it
can be and is grown successfully in the mountains east of Santa Fe.
The difficulties in growing potatoes seem to be those of varieties
and management under irrigation*. Colorado failed in its first at-
tempts to grow potatoes, but now this crop forms an important
source of wealth in the Centennial State. Sweet potatoes are
grown without difficulty. The best success with potatoes has been
achievjed in the higher mountain valleys. On the Viveash Ranch,
on the upper Pecos, for instance, at an elevation of 10,000 feet,
as well as on the Sparks Ranch, the yield of potatoes, both in
quality and quantity per acre, surpasses that of the potato fields
of Greeley in Colorado.
Vegetables.
Wherever water for irrigation can be had, vegetables thrive.
While truck gardening is not carried on very extensively, it is
nevertheless increasing every year. Celery can be grown to per-
fectioni where some care in growing *t is exercised. Santa Fe
Coucty is among the best celery-growing sections and its product
is superior to the product from California, Michigan and Louisiana.
Cantaloupes , and melons are raised successfully. The tomato can
be grown and ripened if given some protection against frosts.
Santa Fe County is famed for the superior onions which it pro-
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duces. It is not infrequent to see specimens weighing one and
one-half pounds. The yield per acre is large. The results of ex-
periments at the Agricultural Experiment Station at Mesilla Park
show that such varieties as the Red Victoria will produce in JsTew
Mexico 32,000 pou'uds per acre, and at the United States Indian
Industrial School at Santa Fe 16,000 pounds of the best onions
were raised on one acre.
Beans are a staple crop. Peas do equally as well, and the pro-
duction of chili or peppers is a distinctive feature of native hus-
bandry. Cabbage and beets attain an extraordinary size and the
average yield per acre would be considered phenomenal in the east.
The garden' vegetables all flourish and the openings for energetic
truck farmers are especially inviting. Okra, peanuts, spinach,
rhubarb, squash, melons, pumpkins, all do well, especially in the
river valleys.
Sugar Beets.
The Santa Fe, Tesuque, Santa Cruz and Rio Grande Valleys
rank first among localities best suited to the growth of high-grade
sugar beets. Here may also be found fuel, limestone and water
of good quality, as well as cheap labor. In the face of these facts,
it seems that Santa Fe should soon have a sugar factory, especi-
ally since beet sugar factories are exempt from taxation' the first
six years.
Dr. H. W. Wiley, who is undoubtedly the principal authority
on sugar beets today, has the following to say :
"It is evident that there are many localities in New Mexico
where conditions of temperature are most favorable to the growth
of beets. There are also large areas of comparatively level lands
which are capable of irrigation. Wherever the temperature of
these regions is sufficiently low to permit the proper development
of the beet, and where sufficient water for irrigation can be secured,
there is good reason to believe that the iDdustxy may be established
and will prove profitable. Beets grown in Santa Fe County show
a higher percentage of sugar than those of any other state which
has sugar factories in operation, the average being almost 18 per
cent, while the purity of the juice exceeds 82 per cent.
It is estimated that the people of New Mexico consumed 16,-
000,000 pounds of sugar last year. Not one pound of this sugar
was manufactured in the Territory, notwithstanding the fact that
natural conditions are better suited to sugar beet growth and beet
sugar factories than in almost any other place in the United States,
and possibly in the world.
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Tobacco.
Wild tobacco, called "puncha," grows along the foothills of the
mountains. Many farmers continue to grow tobacco of seeds from
the original plant, preferring it to Havana or any other variety.
The cultivated plant is very similar to the native. The native
farmers do not sow the seed in beds and transplant, but drill in
rows. The plants are from five to five and a half feet high and
have about forty leaves. They are small and resemble Turkish
more than any other variety in growth and shape of leaf. Tobacco
of all varieties will grow well and has an unusually fine flavor and
aroma if sown early and protected well.
Canaigre and Rubber Plant.
Both of these plants grow wild. The first named is valuable on
account of its high contents of tannic acid, a necessity in tanning
leather. Eecent experiments . have shown that the rubber plant
will yield a good quality of crude rubber, and that its cultiva-
tion for manufacturing purposes can be made profitable. A com- •
pany has been organized at Santa Fe to utilize the wild rubber
plant for that purpose.
Horticulture.
Of all the fruits, the apple is the most extensive and the most
profitable crop, and it has been placed in competition with the
world at the great expositions. Id- 1901 at Buffalo the apples
from New Mexico were conspicuous and received a first prize,
while in 1900 the New Mexico apples were carried across the con-
tinent and the Atlantic Ocean to the Paris Exposition. There
New Mexico was counted with the best apple growing sections
in the Union, as specimen apples received second premium. Sim-
ilar were the results of the exhibit of New Mexico apples at the
Chicago and St. Louis Expositions. This may give an idea as
to the kind of fruit that can be grown. Not (5nly is the fruit of
superior quality, but the crops produced are enormous ; as a rule
the trees tend to overbear. The apple orchards vary from small
family places to very large commercial orchards. The Dockweiler,
Miller, Wise, Hickox, Buena Vista, Harroun, Boyle, Hobart, An-
drews, Jones and other orchards are particularly noted for their
fine fruit. The most profitable varieties of apple grown are the
winter apples, such as Ben Davis, Gano, Missouri Pippin, Wine-
sap and Mammoth Black Twig. In a lesser degree, the early
varieties are also prolific. Among the leading kinds may be men-
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tioned the Early Harvest, Red June, Yellow Transparent and the
Maiden's Blush.
Other pomacious fruits, like the pear and quince, thrive as well
as the apple, but these are not so important, nor are they planted
in such large areas. The pear has a marked adaptability, the trees
usually bear early, are among the best drouth resisters, and are
long-lived and hardy. The fruit, especially of the larger varieties,
like the Bartlett, 'Idaho, Beurre, Easter and Clapp's Favorite, grows
very large and is of fine quality. There is a bright future for the
extensive planting of this fruit.
Peaches are ^own in all the fruit growing sections and find
their way into the Colorado and Kansas City markets. The early-
ripening varieties, such as the Alexander, Sneed, Waterloo, Ar-
kansas Traveler and Hyce's Surprise, are among the successful
and sure bearers. This is due to the fact that, as a rule, the early
varieties are the late bloomers, blossoming late enough to escape
the late spring frosts. The peach trees usually begin to bear at
three years from the time of planting. The tendency of the trees
is to overbear, and it becomes necessary to thin them in order
that the fruit may not be too crowded. In size and quality, Santa
Fe County peaches are not exceeded by peaches from the best peach
growing states. It is the* common opinion of those who have tasted
both California and Santa Fe County peaches -that the latter
are the better in quality. The fruit is, as a rule, highly colored,
due, perhaps, to the more continuous sunshine during the ripening
period. Probably, the profitable period of the peach tree here is
from ten to twelve years. By replanting an orchard at intervals
of five to eight years, a profitable orchard can- be maintained almost
indefinitely.
The apricot has given evidence of greater longevity than that of
any orchard tree, with the possible exception of the pear. It is
not uncommon to see very old seedling apricot trees growing in
the native home places, and at Santa Fe seedling apricot trees are
known to be about 200 years old. The fruit from the improved
kinds is as large and as good in quality as the California apricots.
The Blenheim, Moorpark, Royal, St. Ambroise and Luizet are de-
sirable for home planting.
Cherries are grown on a lesser scale. The trees of both the soiir
and sweet groups grow well. Varieties of the sour cherries are the
best bearers, but the fruit 4s not so large as that from the sweet
varieties. The latter attain a size and flavor that are unknown
to the product of eastern orchards. The sour varieties predom-
inate, as they have proved to be more regular and surer bearers.
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 61
profitable, and a pursuit especially adapted to those who are able
to do only light out-door work.
Poultry and Poultry Products.
Annually thousands of dollars are poured inio the pockets of
Kansas and Nebraska farmers in payment for poultry and eggs
consumed in Santa Fe County and yet the county is well adapted
to the raising of poultry. It has most of the advantages with but
few of the disadvantages of other sections. Insect pests are no
worse, while disease is rare. Prices are high, being governed by
the price of the foreign product plus the transportation charges,
therefore the home product has the best of it. Eggs bring from
25 to 45 cents a dozen, and chickens from 12 to 22 cents a pound.
Dairying.
Dairying has kept pace with the demand in the vicinity of
cities and towns where the products are sold in the form of milk
and cream. There is not enough butter and cheese manufactured,
however, to supply the needs. Outside of three dairies at Santa
Fe, the dairying industry has been but slightly developed, although
the profitable opportunities for modern dairy methods are very
promising. The markets for farm and dairy products are nearby
and pay good prices, and thousands of dollars are sent annually to
Kansas, Colorado and other states for agricultural products that
can be raised at home. There is not a single creamery in the
County.
Fruit Preservation.
Santa Fe has an evaporator, but it has been idle the past few
years, not for want of fruit or lack of market, but because no
enterprising man, skilled in the business, could be found to operate
it. On the Eound Mountain Farm at Hobart is a small evaporator
and several other orchards contemplate installing such evaporators.
Flouring Mills.
There are two modern flour mills, one at Hobart and the other
at Santa Cruz. There are in addition two or three old-fashioned
grist mills.
STOCK.
IN'ext to agriculture, stock raising is the principal industry of
Santa Fe County, its valleys and mesas being covered with nutri-
tious grasses. The fine climate and good water are also factors
that, materially contribute to make stock raising profitable. There
SANTA FE COUXTY, NEW MEXICO. G3
are about 60,000 sheep on the range, 10,000 head of cattle and
15,000 head of goats. The broken hill country and mountains
are ideal grazing ground for goats.
Cattle.
Santa Fe County has 400,000 acres of public range and 400,000
acres more of private range. For large herds of cattle it is im-
portant to have ample water, for water controls the range. But
it is not diflScult nor costly to secure home ranches with water
rights that are adjacent and control a large extent of range. On
the Pecos Forest Reserve grazing permits can be secured at slight
expense and a nominal charge per head and, since the range is
protected, it is the best in the Territory. It is f oimd advisable to
make more or less provision for winter feeding to guard against
umexpected losses. But with feeding during winter storms, with
a good home ranch and water, the cattle business proves very profit-
able. The business of feeding beeves for market, while practically
untried, should prove very remunerative on account of the mild
climate and the abundance of forage plants.
Sheep.
The mild winters, the grassy mesas and watered valleys, the
sheltered canons, help to make sheep raising very profitable. The
wool produced annually is between 300,000 and 500,000 pounds,
and as railroad facilities are ample, there is no diflBculty in get-
ting the wool clip to market. A moderate capital invested in
sheep, a home ranch and ample range will bring success to the
sheepi raiser if he possesses good business tact and experience. In
1906, for instance, most sheep owners doubled their herds by
natural inierease or were paid as much for their lambs as their
ewes were worth during the year 1904, receiving for the unsecured
wool as high as 25 cents, and for the scoured wool, 65 cents per
pound.
Goats.
Equally as profitable and as free from difficulties is the raising
of goats. Especially in the foothills and on the mountain mesas,
goats do better than sheep. There are many thousand acres of
such pasture in Santa Fe County. Incidental to the profit from
the hair of tlie Angora goats, their skin and their meat, they will
clear land from brusli and thus make it available for cultivation.
The goat is very hardy, can subsist upon a range that would starve
any other animal, and is free from diseases which often play havoc
with other stock.
SANTA FE OOUKTY, NEW MEXICO. 65
MINING.
Santa Fe County can truthfully claim to be the section in the
United States where mining was first prosecuted by the white man.
The fame of the county's turquoise and gold mines had probably
more to do in bringing the Spaniards up the Kio Grande and
Santa Fe Valleys before even the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers
at Plymouth Eock than any other cause. Two hundred years be-
fore gold was discovered in California, ^old nuggets were picked
up by white men in southern Santa Fe County. In the winter
of 1542 Coronado and his Conquistadores, so the old chroniclers
say, secured turquoise and gold in this part of New Mexico. The
Mina del Tierra and the turquoise mines near CerriUos were the
first lode mines systematically worked in the Southwest and the
only mines in New Mexico of which there exists any evidence of
their existeiDce before the year 1800, excepting, perhaps, the tur-
quoise mines in the Burro Mountains in. Grant County. But it
was the placer mines in southern Santa Fe Couniy that produced
most of the gold of the period of the Spanish occupation. The
Pueblo Indians, prior to the advent of the Spaniards, took gold
from the superficial gravel beds south of the Ortiz Mountains.
However, it is only since 1828, that the extensive areas of auriferous
sands and gravels which surround the basal slope of the Ortiz
Mountains have been worked continuously, and it was eleven years
later that the New Placers at Golden were rediscovered by white
men.
The following account of Santa Fe County's mines is principally
from the pen of Professor F. A. Jones of the United States Geo-
logical Survey, and is, therefore, authentic and accurate:
The New Placers.
The new placers or Silver Butte District lies to the south of
CerriUos, a town on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Eailway
and near the west line thereof. Most mining districts in New
Mexico are very indefinite in regard to their extent or area; gen-
erally embracing a whole cluster or range of mountains or con-
tinuous mineralized belts, regardless of size or shape. Thus it
is with the New Placers; they are supposed to include everything
to the plains each way, from the north slope of the Ortiz Moun-
tains south, to the plains south of South Mountain. This em-
braces the Ortiz Mountains, the Old Placers, Dolores, Golden, New
Placers, San Pedro and South Mountain. As a gold mining dis-
trict this is the oldest in New Mexico; it is also noted for its re-
cent production of copper. Nuggets of gold were no doubt picked
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 67
up occasionally in this area by the Pueblo Indians, though no real
mining was ever conducted in this field by those people, so far
as any evidence can- be obtained. It was in the year 1828 when
gold was first discovered in this district. The point of discovery
is what is known as the "Old Placers" and was made by a herder
from Sonora. It is said that some of his herd strayed into the
Ortiz Mountains, whither he went in search of it. Seeing a stone
which he thought resembled some of the gold-bearing rocks of
Sonora, he examined it and the rock proved to be rich in gold.
News of the discovery soon spread and the excitement was intense.
The most crude appliances imaginable were used ; notwithstanding,
considerable gold was taken out. Winter seemed' to be the most
favored time for mining. By melting the snow with hot rocks
the miners were able to work until the dry season of the year. The
ore was washed or panned out in a ^T)atea/^ a sort of round wooden
bowl about the same diameter of the modern gold pam. The mode
of operation was first to fill the ^T)atea'^ with the auriferous sands
and gravels and then immersing the whole in water, and by con-
stant stirring and agitation, of the sands and gravels, the gold
remained in the wooden vessel; this mass of black sands and gold
was them reduced in a clay retort to obtain existing values, after
the largest nuggets and particles of gold were first removed. Ac-
cording to Prince's History of New Mexico, between $60,000 and
$80,000 in gold was taken out annually between the years 1832
and 1835. The poorest years about this period yielded from $30,000
to $40,000. About this time an order was given prohibiting any
person from working the mines excepting the natives. Foreign
capital and energy were thus excluded, which greatly hampered and
handicapped development. Under this new regime, each Mexican
miner held one claim, the size of which was ten paces in all direc-
tions from the main discovery pit. Any claim not kept alive by
labor after a certain length of time was subject to relocation. The
gold was mainly in nuggets and dust; one nugget claimed to have
been found was worth $3,400, which netted the finder only $1,400.
If true, this was the largest nugget ever discovered in New Mex-
ico. The fineness of this gold is about 918. It would be hard to
estimate the exact amount of gold taken from the "Old Placers,"
but it must have been considerable. Thomas A. Edison, the cele-
brated American inventor, erected in 1900 an experimental plant at
Dolores to operate on these rich gravels. After making several trial
runs the plant was closed down indefinitely. The process was held
a secret, but proved a failure. Much rich grouind yet exists in
this section; but owing to the Ortiz grant having passed into the
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 69
hands of a syndicate, "which holds it under a 99-year lease, little
or no work has been done of late. This land grant covers all of
the Ortiz Mountain and the best part of the placer grounds of the
district; it embraces an area of ten square miles, having the Old
Ortiz mine as the center of the grant. In 1833 a vein of gold-
bearing quartz was discovered on the Ortiz property, which was
on the famous Sierra del Oro, and now known as the Ortiz mine.
The claim made by some that the Ortiz mine is the oldest lode
mine in America is a mistake; Mina del Tierra, in the Cerrillos
District, exceeds it by 100 years, at least. In fact, the Santa Rita
mine, Grant County, is a century and a quarter old. Juan Cano,
the discoverer of the Ortiz mine, came to Mexico from Spain in the
early part of the Nineteenth Century. The owmer of the property,
named Ortiz, took into partnership a Spaniard by the name of
Lopez, a person well skilled in mining of that day. Through the
management of Lopez, their mining operations were successful
and a considerable sum of money was realized. Wishing to retain
the full production of the mine, Ortiz sought a channel to rid him-
self of his Spanish colleague. The plan was carried out under the
pretense of an obsolete decree which forbade any Castilian from
residing or operating in New Mexico. Accordingly, Lopez was
forced to leave the country.
Ortiz then formed a co-partnership with several of the officials
who were connected with the expulsion of Lopez, and proceeded
to work the mine. The new management not being familiar with
mining operations was wholly unsuccessful; history tells us that
they did not obtain "one grain of gold." This famous mine has
been worked at intervals ever since its discovery, recent years
excepted. The vein apparently is enclosed in syenite-porphyry;
its strike is north 13 degrees east, and its dip is 75 degrees toward,
the northwest. The vein outcropping is an oxidized iron-stained
quartz ; below the depth of 85 feet the ore becomes base, carrying
sulphurets of both iron and copper. The top portion of the vein
was first worked out on account of its free milling qualities. The
New Mexico Mining Company, which acquired the Ortiz grant in
1864, was first organized in 1853 and incorporated in 1858. In
1865 this company began the erection of a 20Hstamp mill, which
was completed in the early part of the year following. This stamp
mill was the first erected in- New Mexico. A certain de^ee of
success crowned the efforts of this company: and in 1869 it
added an additional 20-stamps to its plant. The ore was con-
veyed from the mine to the mill by means of a tramway. After
a few intermittent mill runs, the mine was closed. Some vears
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 71
later another company erected a large amalgamating and concen-
trating plant at the mine, which was never operated successfully
The Cunningham mine, in Cuniningham Gulch, near Dolores,, is
also well and favorably known. This is among the earliest loca-
tions of the district ; belonging now to the Sandia Gold Mining and
Milling Company. The outcropping is immense ; the width of the
vein is about 600 feet and can be traced for a long distance. So
bold is the outcropping tliat it can scarcely be classed as a vein,
but more properly what miners term a "blowout.^' The whole
of this mineralized dike consists of quartz and feldspar with rich
seams or streaks passing through it in various directions. The
quartz is more or less stained with oxide of iron at and near the
surface; with depth the ore becomes refractory. The hanging wall
is a syenite-porphyry and the foot wall a quartz-porphyry. The
dip and strike of this lode conform with the Ortiz vein. Among
other and familiar lodes may be mentioned the Candelaria, belong-
ing to the Glorieta Company; the Brehm lode originally worked
under the management of the New Mexico Mining Company, which
owned the Ortiz mine; the Hutchason lode, discovered and lo-
cated by J. S. Hutchason (Old Hutch), the discoverer of the
Magdalena District, who was in the Old Placer District as early
as 1884, and at one time owned the Candelaria mine; the Brown
lode, and the Humboldt 100th; the latter lode named in honor of
Humboldfs centennial. The Shoshone is also a prominent lode
which has been more recently located. All of the 'above lodes lie
near Dolores and the gold from the Old Placers evidently came
from these veins, due to the action of erosion.
The New Placers, from which the district takes its name, are
situated some four or five miles to the south of the Old Placers,
in the Tuerto (San Pedro) Mountains. This new field was dis-
covered in 1839, eleven years later than the Old Placers. Much
gold has been taken from the gulches at this place. The San Laz-
arus Gulch is quite a steady producer at the present time. In the
vicinity of Golden, which is the newest part of the placer district,
much activity is manifested and considerable success attends the
efforts of modem mining. The gravels in this section average
from twenty-five cents to one dollar per yard of material handled.
Scarcity of water, as at the Old Placers, is a serious obstacle in
working this ground. The fineness of the gold is about 920. Con-
cerning the geology of the New Placer District, it seems that the
trio — South Mountain, Tuertos (San Pedro) and Ortiz Mountains
— are most intimately connected in their origin and had their birth
in one common disturbance. The orographic line of weakness was
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 73
north and south; on this line the three pustilles of syenite-por-
ph}Ty broke through the horizontal sedimentary capping of the
overlying carboniferous and cretaceous series. Generally speaking,
the topography of these groups is identical. South Mountain is
not so familiar to the general public as the other two groups, inas-
much as this section appears to be less mineralized than the Tuerto
and Ortiz localities. In the Tuertos (San Pedro), which are about
three miles north of South Mountain, the sedimentary series have
been partly elevated and dip about 15 degrees toward the east. The
Oroquai Mountain, which is the eastern member of the Tuertos,
is entirely stripped of any former sedimentary covering, exposing
the rugged character of the syenite-porphyry, having its counter-
part in the Ortiz Peaks, some four miles to the north. The now
deserted village of Dolores stands to the northeast from the Ortiz
Mountains, near their base. Gold, silver, lead, copper, iron and zinc
are found in this district. In the classification of the mode of oc-
currence of the ores, three divisions would seem proper: (1) De-
position due to erosion, placer gravels. (2) Deposition due to
descending and ascending waters and the filling in of fractured
zones and true fissures, which carry gold. (3) Deposition due to
contact metamorphism, from which the copper, lead, silver and
zinc ores are intimately associated. In the first of these divisions
the placer gold has its origin in the universally accepted manner
ascribed to such deposits; that is, through disintegration of the
rock-complex of the second classification, as above given.
Since there appear to be two distinct features which character-
ize the occurrence of the gold under the second division, the veins
are divided into fractured zones and true fissures. The first of
these has no banded structure and the walls are undefined, greatly
crushed and shattered. In the second case a true banded appear-
ance is recognized while the w^lls are definite and intact. It would
appear from a close inspection of the two classes of veins that the
first was filled by a leaching process of descending waters ; some of
the seams and pockets have proven immensely rich in gold. But,
in following this shattered zone down, the values grow less as the
crevices grow smaller. Sulphides usually appear from seventy-
five to one hundred feet below the surface. Eventually, the frac-
ture becomes so small at increased depth, as to disappear apparently
and the vein is completely lost or said to have ^^pinched out." These
crushed and shattered mineralized zones are by far the most numer-
ous of any types of deposit in the district. The relative position
of their planes approaches perpendicularity and their general strike
is nearly east and west.
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 76
TJiider the true fissure of veins only one or two of any consequence
have been noted. The most prominent of this class is found in
the famous Ortiz mine. This vein is completely encased in syenite-
porphyry and has a banded appearance. Descending water or lat-
eral secretion is responsible for the mineralization of this and sim-
ilar lodes of the district. Some very fine specimens of leaf and
wire gold have been taken from the various properties. Beautiful
specimens enclosed in calcite have been found in the Gold Stand-
ard mine. Deposits under the third and last division are the most
important in the district when viewed from a commercial stand-
poiot. Here may be seen plainly the effect of pneumatolytic action,
induced by the porphyritic magma, which was forced upward
against the carboniferous limestones. The effects wrought in the
overlying sedimentaries by this intrusive eruptive is very notice-
able at the mines of the Santa Fe Gold and Copper Company. This
property is by far the best developed of any in the district, the
workings are quite extensive, embracing several miles of develop-
ment. The ore is principally of a low grade chalcopyrite, and in-
timately associated with garnet, lime and shales. A large smelter
has been erected, but both mines and smelter are idle at present.
Massive limestones in some places have been converted into gar-
net, exceeding one hundred feet in thickness, in some instances.
The superficial limestones and shales at the copper mines are fre-
quently penetrated by andesite dikes. It was observed that the
best ore bodies were found at or just above the main porphyrite
contact and along the contact planes of the andesite dikes. From
the foregoing, it would appear that the segregation of ores along
or near these planes of contact is largely, if not wholly, due to
the action of aqueous, acid and gaseous vapors in their effort to
escape from their magnetic prison; under released pressure their
metallic burden was thus necessarily dropped. At the Lincoln
Lucky mine the deposition of ore, no doubt, was similarly induced
by the porphyrite intrusive beneath. Since the ore occurs in lime-
stone along a shattered zone and not in direct contact with the
porphyry, this view, at first, does not seem well taken. Upon' closer
investigation it will be found that cavities in the limestone have
been mineralized, only where communication with the igneous mem-
ber existed. On the eastern and northeastern slopes of the Tuertos
are some iron properties which have been not yet fully exploited.
The Pern^ group ^ is prominent. A company known as the Oro
Quay Company has been organized to develop and exploit this
group, which, in addition to extensive iron deposits, is rich in gold
ore.
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Some of the principal lode claims are the San Lazarus, Gold
Standard, McKinley, Lincoln Lucky, Anaconda group, Stockton
group, Alto group, San Miguel, Gold King group, Hazelton group.
Shamrock group (San Lazarus gulch), and the Old Heliable (on
the Ortiz grant). The San Miguel is having its ore treated at the
Lucas stamp mill at Golden.
The more prominent of the placer properties and operators may
be enumerated as the Monte Cristo Mining Company, Baird Mio^
ing Company, Ltd., Morning Glory, Gold Dust, Eed Bank, Santa
Secivel, and Viola. On the Gold Bullion, $50,000 worth of ma-
chinery was installed in 1906, including a large traction dredge.
The Racine Mining Company is also installing machinery and will
do extensive work on the placers.
The Cerrillos District.
From a historical standpoint no section in the United States
is possessed of so much interest as the Cerrillos or Galisteo Dis-
trict. The ancient workings at Mount Chalchuitl, due to the
existence of turquoise in that locality, seem almost incredible
considering that the work was accomplished with the crude appli-
ances of the stone age, and yet such was the case. Fragments of
coiled pottery, stone hammers, lichen covered rocks and trees over
a century old, growing on the old dumps and in the working pits,
when first brought to the notice of American explorers over fifty
years ago, were then hoary with age, and prove beyond the shadow
of doubt the great antiquity of mining in this region. This cele-
brated district lies on the north side of the Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe Eailway at the little village of Los Cerrillos, near the
center of Santa Fe County. The first description of the region
was given by Prof. W. P. Blake, who visited the old turquoise
workings in 1858. Professor Blake's article was published during
the same year in the American Journal of Science. Other distin-
guished scientists and writers paid visits to that section prior to
the modem discovery of metallic ores. It was in the year 1879
when the modern' prospector drifted into the region after the great
excitement at Leadville, Colorado. The discovery of sulphide ores,
zinc, lead and silver was heralded abroad and the boom started.
Two town sites. Bonanza City and Carbonateville, were staked out
in the early '80s and a tidal wave or mining craze swept over the
district. These once thriving villages are now scarcely more than
piles of rubbish and fallen walls. It was in the old hotel at
Carbonateville — some of the walls are yet standing — where General
Lew Wallace, when seeking recreation in the mining camp, read
some of the proof sheets of "Ben Hur."
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 79
Turquoise.
Mount Chalchuitl, which lies to the north of the Cerrillos
railway station some three miles, is where the most extensive pre-
historic and Spanish work was done. In the elaborate ancient ram-
ifications of the old workings at Mount Chalchuitl, which were
extensively prospected a few years ago, many stone hammers, whole
vessels of ancient pottery and various crude mining implements
were found. It is said that some twenty Indians were killed about
1680 by the caving of a large portion of the works. This was
claimed to be one of the chief causes which led to the general up-
rising of the Pueblos who shortly afterward drove the Spaniards
from the country. Immense excavations and old dumps, with
which are associated relics of the stone age, practically verify the
antiquity of those workings. Coiled pottery, the oldest known
type, is in evidence, fragments of which are found in the old dumps
both at Los Cerrillos and in the Burro Mountains. It is said that
a stone hammer weighing some twenty pounds, with a portion of
the handle still intact about the groove, was taken from these same
excavations a few years ago. These stone hammers are made from
a hornblende andesite, common to the Cerrillos hills. The desic-
cated condition of the drift in which this latter relic was found
would account for the preservation of the wooden handle.
Apparently the aborigines and early Spaniards exhausted this
particular place of marketable turquoise, as considerable develop-
ment was done a few years ago without success. This hill or
mountain is of a white or yellowish appearan^ce and is different
from the surrounding hills; decomposition by kaolinization seems
well advanced. Whether this alteration has been hastened by es-
caping heat vapors or is due solely to surface and atmospheric
agencies it is somewhat difficult to conjecture; the former action
seems most probable. The numerous intrusive dikes which tiraverse
the district have, no doubt, played an active part in the general
metamorphism of the associated rocks. Bluish-green stains and
streaks traverse this kaolinized rock in various irregular courses;
it is along such lines of fracture that the marketable turquoise
is likely to be encountered. Small seamlets and concretionary
nodules, encased by the white or yellowish decomposed matrix are
likely to contain valuable gems, although several tons of rock
may frequently be broken' and yet no valuable stones be found.
Three miles to the northeast of Mount Chalchuitl will be
found the old Castilian mine, formerly worked by the Spaniards.
About the year 1885 the property was exploited and located by a
man bearing the name of Palmerly. The Muniz claim, one of
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 81
the most important locations in the district, was made in the
year 1889 by F. Miuniz. In 1891, C. J. Storey located the Sky
Blue, Morning Star and Gem claims. These latter five claims
were bought by the American Turquoise Company of New Jersey
about 1892 and are at Turquesa. Also, near and adjoining the
properties of the American Turquoise Company, J. P. McNulty
has three locations which were made since 1892. Mr. McNulty has
been the mine manager for the Tiffany people for a number of
years. There are a number of other properties in the district which
have produced beautiful gems, among which may be mentioned
the Blue Bell and Consul Mahoney. Only lately Komolo Valles
and others have made new locations in this section, from which
they are taking large quantities of fine turquoise.
Other Precious Stones.
Other precious stones besides the turquoise are found in Santa
Fe County, the most plentiful gem being the peridot. Many
beautiful garnets are found, these gems occurring in the grav-
els, and are more or less associated with the peridot. A wide
range in the variation of color is displayed in the garnets,
which vary from a light rose to a bright red. This gem is fre-
quently termed "ruby-garnet." A few valuable emeralds or beryls
have been picke^ up from the gravels near Santa Fe and are highly
prized for their great beauty. On a few occasions small sapphires
and even diamonds have been accidentally found in gravel beds
in Santia Fe County. Their occurrence, however, is very rare.
Agates, amethysts, tourmaline, quartz crystals, cameliaji, moon-
stone, chalcedony and other gems are more or less common in the
mountains. While definite figures are not at hand, yet it is known
that the annual turquoise output of Santa Fe County has reached
the value of $100,000.
Mina del Tierra.
Besides the ancient turquoise mines in the Cerrillos District,
there exists a metal mine which was worked for its silver and
lead and that is almost as old as the Chalchuitl working. It is
known as the Mina del Tierra. In this mine exists the only real
evidence of ancient lode mining in the Southwest; it antedates the
first work done in the Ortiz and Santa Kita mines by at least a
century. The old workings consist of an incline shaft of 150 feet
which connects with a somewhat vertical shaft of about 100 feet in
depth. Extensive drifts of 300 feet connect with various cham-
bers or stopes; these chambers were formed by stoping or mining
out the richer ore bodies. The full extent of the old workings
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 83
has been never definitely determined, since the lower depths are
covered with water, which would have to be pumped out to explore
the mine fully. As late as 1870 the remains of an old canoe
were still in evidence, which was used for crossing the water in the
mine or as a carrier for conveying the waste and ore to the main
shaft ; from this latter point it was carried by Indians to the sur-
face in raw-hide buckets, or "tanates/^ The shaft had step-plat-
forms or landings every twelve or fourteen feet, which were gained
by climbing a notched pole (chicken ladder), similar to what some
of the Pueblo Indians use at the present day. Many crude and
curious relics, such as stone hammers and sledges, fragments of
pottery, etc., have been taken from both the mine and the dump.
It is thought that the Jesuits had this work performed by Indian
slaves prior to 1680. The labor involved, when we take into con-
sideration the crude manner of doing the work, is something tre-
mendous. Throughout this district are a number of smaller pits
and openings which are thought to have been made at that time
from the association of similar crude implements found about
the works. The ore from this mine is a sulphide of lead and zinc,
carrying rather high values in silver. Silver was, no doubt, the
principal metal sought and utilized.
The Lode Mines.
A smelting plant of two stacks, one for lead and the other for
copper, of 50-tons each, was erected in- 1902 at Los Cerrillos, on
the railroad, but was never operated steadily. The ores of the
district, without first making a separation of the lead from the
zinc,. cannot be successfully smelted at a profit. The Cash Entry,
Grand Central and Tom Paine mines have been more extensively
developed than most of the other properties and are credited with
some production.
The Golden Eagle, M. & L., J. B. Weaver, Galena Chief, Fair-
view, Sucker Boy, Evelyn group, Astor group. Empire State, Beta,
Little Joe, Suonyside, Whalen group and Ingersoll constitute the
principal claims. There were fully one thousand locations made
during the primary impulse of the excitement. The principal work
is being done at present on the Keystone group.
The ores of the district are heavy sulphides of zinc and lead,
carrying some silver and a little copper and gold. The region is
thoroughly mineralized and on the west is traversed by numerous
andesite and basalt dikes. The central core of the district about
Grand Central Mountain is an augite-andesite porphyry; and in
the region of the turquoise mines, at both Chalchuitl and Tur-
quesa, it is much altered by kaolinization. Immediately east of
SANTA FE COUNTY, NEW MEXICO. 85
the augite-andesite area, embracing the Arroyo of San Marcos,
the porphyry is recognized a© a hornblende-andesite. Since the
andesite formation embraces all of the metal mines in the district,
it is attributed as being the chief carrier of the metalliferous values.
This mineralized area is traversed by innumerable veins and vein-
lets more or less irregular, but all having a general strike of
about north 30 degrees east. It would seem that the numer-
ous systems of veins and veinlets that abound in the district are
due to the cooling of the andesitic magma, which resulted in ex-
tensive checking and fracturing in adjusting itself to the changed
condition'. Escaping gases and aqueous vapors in their effort to
escape along the lines of least resistance, deposited their metallic
burden under released pressure. In addition to this phenomenon,
circulating waters at a later period must have also given aid in
the segregation of the metallic sulphides along these fractured
zones.
A valuable contribution to the scientific literature on the Cer-
rillos District is "The Geology of the Cerrillos Hills," by Prof. D.
W. Johnson', formerly of the University of New Mexico, which
appeared as a reprint from the Columbia School of Mines Quar-
terly during 1903.
Xear Glorieta and north toward the Kio Pecos, K. A. Bradley,
the hermit miner, has done extensive development on several
properties of gold, silver, copper and lead. The Kennedy iron
mines at Glorieta have been developed considerably, and the ore
at one time was extensively mined and shipped. The nature of
this deposit is somewhat different from the other deposits, although
its genesis is virtually the same.
Within three miles of Santa Fe are found mineral indications
that will doubtless receive attention some time. This latter region
abounds in copper, gold, silver, coal and iron. The Sunset group
of claims lies about three miles northwest of Santa Fe and is
being developed. Near Monument Kock, about nine miles east
of Santa Fe, large ledges of low grade gold ore exist ; considerable
development has been done there on the Montezuma mine. In
the Santa Fe Canon, six miles from Santa Fe, are the Owen molyb-
denum claims and a number of other properties. In the Little
Box Canon of the Tesuque, four miles northeast of Santa Fe, ex-
tensive development has been done on the Ingersoll and other
groups which has uncovered large veins of copper, zinc, silver and
gold. In this vicinity rich float has been picked up that assayed
more than $600 gold to the ton-. On Indian Creek is the Annie
Jones group, which is very favorably located and seems to have
MONUMENT ROCK.
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 87
a future. Along the "Scenic Highway" leading from Santa Fe
to Las Vegas a number of lode claims are being developed, especi-
ally in Dalton Canon.
The whole of the country lying to the northeast of Santa Fe,
covered by the Pecos Forest Eeserve, is known to be mineralized,
and very promising finds are reported from time to time.
Mica.
The first mention of mica in New Mexico was made by Lieuten-
ant Pike in his Keport of 1807. He saya: "Near Santa Fe, in
some mountains, is a stratum of talc, which is so large and flexible
as to render it capable of being subdivided into thin flakes, of
which the greater portion of .the houses in Santa Fe and all the
villages to the north, have their window lights made." This mica
evidently came from Nambe, northern Santa Fe County. Down
to a period of time as late as the American' Occupation in 1846
there were no glass windows in Santa Fe, excepting in the
Old Palace. These mines at Xambe have been developed, but are
not being worked at the present time.
Ocher.
In the vicinity of San Podro are large deposits of ocher which
partake of most every tint imaginable.
Brick, Ciay and Lime.
The only paving brick made at present in New Mexico is by
convict labor at the Territorial Penitentiary, Santa, Fe. Much of
this material is being laid in walks. This vitrified brick is of
superior quality and finish; the clay comes from deposits just
northeast of the City of Santa Fe, which are practically inexhaus-
tible. From it, also, the Territorial Penitentiary makes the finest
pressed building brick, l^ear by and all around are mountains
of lime that is burned in crude ovens. Lime is also burned at
Lamy and other points, for, with g^^psum, it is the mineral that is
most plentiful in Santa Fe County.
Coal.
The second coal mine to be opened in the Southwest was at
Madrid, in the Cerrillos field, in 1869. Work was done here in
two localities by the Xew ]\rexico Mining Company. At the first
of these places the development consisted of two openings, from
which 280 tons were mined, which the company used for steam
purposes in its stamp mill at the Old Placers near by. The
other point of work was a short distance to the southwest from
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 89
the first openings; 100 tons were piled on the dump ready for use.
In both localities the work was done on one of the anthracite veins.
These observations were made by K. W. Kaymond in 1870; and
both were on the anthracite vein. Some of this anthracite coal
was tested at Santa Fe by M. Brucker in his assaying furnace at
that time. He states that he was able to obtain' a white heat in
a very short time and that its lasting qualities were about three
times as long as that produced by an equal weight of charcoal.
Coal was known to exist in 1870 at several other places — at a point
about ten miles south of the anthracite deposits at Madrid, and
near Galisteo Creek, as well as on the Pecos Kiver.
The extraordinary condition found at the Madrid field is scarcely
paralleled in any other region on the globe. Here are four dis-
tinct workable veins of anthracite which are the nearest to the
surface; below these are several workable veins of bituminous
coal. It seems that these conditions were effected by intrusive
dikes or laccoliths in proximity to the coal. Since anthracite is
nothing more than metamorphosed lignite or bituminous coal, it
is always expected to find associated intrusives in the immediate
vicinity of such deposits of coking coal.
A section of the Madrid field shows, besides the four anthracite
veins, twelve others which may be eventually worked. The Madrid
coal mines have produced as high as 100,000 tons of coal a year,
but owing to a mine fire have been closed and the camp of Madrid
with its hundred and more of company houses, store, public school
and church has been temporarily abandoned.
Analysis of Cerrillos anthracite: (Analysis furnished by Colo-
rado Fuel and Iron Company at Madrid: (W. D. Church, analyst,
December 2, 1903).
Water, per cent 2.00
Volatile matter, per cent 39.00
Fixed carbon, per cent 53.76
Mineral ash, per cent 5.24
Total, per cent 100.00
Coke, per cent 59.00
Character of coke, strong and tough ; color of ash, light yellowish-
gray ; character of ash, ^oH and light.
Sulphur (as sulphide) 010
Sulphur (as sulphate) 022
Phosphorus 006
Specific gravity 1.410
1 cubic foot weighs, in pounds 22.135
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 91
. Analysis of mineral ash :
Silica, per cent 26.93
Alumina, per cent • 32.41
Oxide of iron, per cent 3.96
Calcium oxide, per cent 24.68
Magnesium oxide, per cent 10.32
Calcium sulphate, per cent 21
Alkalies and loss, per cent 1.49
Total, per cent 100.00
Analysis of Cerrillos anthracite : (Analysis furnished by the
Colorado Fuel and Iron Company).
Volatile combustible matter, per cent 3.18
Fixed carbon, per cent 88.91
Water, per cent 2.70
Ash, per cent 5.21
South of the Madrid coal mines is the Block coal mine, also idle.
It is owned by the Santa Fe Gold and Copper Company. Other
veins or continuations of the same coal veins have been partially
developed in that section and have proved to be part of the Hagan
and Coyote coal fields in Sandoval County. In the immediate
vicinity of Santa Fe, openings have been' driven into coal veins
which produce a good quality of bituminous coal, but which, owing
to lack of capital and other causes, are idle. In the Dalton Canon
coal seams crop out at several points, and in other parts of the
county there is visible evidence showing that a largo area is under-
laid with coal.
Building Stone.
The county is not destitute, by any means, of good quali-
ty buildinc: stones. The beautiful cream-colored sandstone
used in the Capitol building came from a quarry on the hilltop
at Lamy. Marble and good types of granite are found in the
vicinity of Santa Fe. Quarries of fine red sandstone and blue
limestone are being worked by contractors in the immediate vicinity
of Santa Fe.
Lumber.
It is characteristic of Santa Fe County's mountains that they are
well timbered. At one time saw mills at Glorieta furnished nearly
all the timber needed by the Santa Fe Railway for its construction
through l^ew Mexico, including ties and bridge timbers. The es-
tablishment of the Pecos Forest Eeserve in the eastern part of
SANTA FE COUXTY^ NEW MEXICO. 93
the county has restricted lumbering operations somewhat, although,
with permission of the government, considerable timber is cut on
the Eeserve. The Yellow Pine Lumber Company has established
a camp six miles ' northeast of Santa Fe and is running a steam
saw mill. Six miles southeast of Santa Fe a portable saw mill is
cutti^g building timber. Until lately, the most extensive saw mill
operations were carried on at Buckman^s, and though the camp
has been abandoned, yet the timber belt which supplied it is by no
meame exhausted. In the mountains directly east of Santa Fe
railroad ties continue to be cut. Most of the timber is white and
yellow pine and spruce. The mesas are covered with pinion and
cedar, which furnish an abundance of firewood, besides giving
the landscape for miles and miles a park-like appearance. At
Santa Fe there is a planing mill.
Manufacturing.
Only a beginning has been made in manufacturing enterprises;
in fact, scarcely a beginning, although Santa Fe County offers
every advantage to large manufacturing enterprises. There is the
coal and the wood, the water power, the railroad transportation
and competitioi]', the markets, the cheap land, the supply of labor,
the raw material, including wool, hides, lumber, ores, clay, lime,
sugar beets and fruit.
By legislation, various lines of manufacturing enterprises are ex-
\ empt from taxation for the first five years, and Santa Fe^s Board of
I Trade is ready at any and all times to procure for bona fide indus-
■j trial enterprises free building sites and other advantages.
' Lime ovens are operated near Santa Fe, at Lamy, at San Pedro
and other points; charcoal is burned at Lamy; Cerrillos and San
Pedro have smelters ; Golden has ore mills ; Lamy and Santa Fe have
roundhouses; Santa Fe has brick ovens and brick machinery; a
planing mill, electric light works, a fruit evaporator, and is a cen-
ter for the manufacture of filigree jewelry. It has the largest print-
ing plant in the Territory. At Hobart and Santa Cruz are modern
flour mills, and at Santa Fe is a grist mill. Near Santa Fe are
^ two saw mills. But the number of people employed in manufac-
turing establishments in the entire county at present does not
V exceed two hundred. The opening is especially promising for woolen
mills, tanneries, shoe and glove factories, furniture factories, paper
mills, beet sugar mills, cement mills, glass works, canneries, dis-
tilleries, furnaces, iron and steel mills, brick yards and such other
industries for which the raw material can be obtained in the im-
mediate vicinitv.
SANTA FE COUNTY, NEW MEXICO. 95
RAILROADS.
It was in' 1880 that the first railroad, the Atchison, Topeka &
Santa Fe entered Santa Fe County. But even prior to that, Santa
Fe was an important, in fact, the most important commercial
center of the Southwest, merchandise and wealth pouring in over
the historic Santa Fe Trail to be distributed from Santa Fe as
far south as Mexico, and as far west as the Colorado Kiver. The
Texas, Santa Fe Northern Eailroad, now a part of the Denver &
Eio Grande, a id arrow gauge line, was the second to build into the
county, and in 1903 came the Santa Fe Central. These three
railroads form a jun-ction at the City of Santa Fe, the only city
in New Mexico and Arizona, excepting Doming, with three in-
dependent railroad lines. Santa Fe County has 140 miles of
railroad, of which 60 miles belong to the Santa Fe Sys.tem; 50
miles to the Santa Fe Central Kailway, and 30 miles to the Denver
& Rio Grande. The Santa Fe enters the county four miles east
of Glorieta and leaves the county seven miles west of Cerrillos, the
entire distance being 39 miles. From Lamy, a branch line eighteen
miles long runs to Santa Fe. From Waldo, a three-mile line taps
the coal camp of Madrid. The Denver & Rio Grande Railroad
enters the county from the north at Santa Clara and has its ter-
miiDus at Santa Fe. The Santa Fe Central starts at Santa Fe,
where it has its main offices, and leaves the county two miles north
of Moriarty. The county is thus bisected from north to south and
from east to west by railroads, and is thus placed in a very ad-
vantageous position as a commercial and tourist point. The Santa
Fe System gives every through passenger on its main line, who
desires it, a free side-trip to Santa Fe from Lamy.
ATTRACTIONS FOR THE TOURIST.
There is probably no other part of the Umited States which,
within so small an area, has so many scenic, prehistoric and his-
toric attractions as Santa Fe County. The most accessible Cliff
Dwellers' region is the Pajarito Park, but one day's overland trip
from Santa Fe, in which 20,000 cliff dwellings and caves are situ-
ated within a comparatively small area. The scenery of this nat-
ural park is superb; ^Vonderful" is the only adjective that will do
justice to the caves in the cliffs, high and inaccessible almost as
eagles' nests, but showing many other signs of occupation besides
the peculiar picture writings in the soft volcanic tufa, of which
the cliffs are composed. In addition to the cliffs, there are remains
of communal buildings of later occupation, some of them contain-
ing as many as 1,200 rooms. There are also burial mounds with
remains of ancient pottery. Along the eastern foot of this steep
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 97
plateau flows the Eio Grande and are the villages of San Ildefonso,
Santa Clara and San Juan, while to the west rise the stupendous
mountain masses of the Valles, the Cochiti and the Jemez Kanges,
with their deep forests and canons, their famous hot springs, their
Indian villages and their mines.
The federal government is about to set apart this beautiful
region as a national park, which, besides its cave, cliff and com-
munal buildings, contains the mysterious Stone Lions of Cochiti.
the Painted Cave and other archaeological wonders that have puzz-
led scientists. Where else on earth is there so much of the beau-
tiful in scenery, of romance, of historic monuments, of prehistoric
remains, of the ancient, the unique, the picturesque, the sublime,
to be found as within a radius of fifty miles of Santa Fe? One
day's trip will take the wanderer from the historic Old Palace and
San Miguel Church in the City of the Holy Faith, over the foot-
hills of the Sangre de Cristo Eange, from which rise in full view
mouintain peaks almost 13,000 feet high, into the picturesque
Tesuque Valley and by the ancient Indian pueblo of Tesuque. The
road winds over sand hills that the air and the rain have cut
into grotesque shapes, huge as Titans and weird as the rock forma-
tions in the Garden of the Gods. Then come once more fertile
fields and the village of Cuyaniungue, formerly an Indian pueblo,
now a native settlement. Along the iSTambe Kiver, with its grand
falls, close by the Indian pueblo of Nambe to the pueblo of San
Ildefonso on the Rio Grande; then along that river through the
laughing Espanola Valley, past the Black Mesa, a famous Indian
battleground, into the large Indian pueblo of Santa Clara and its
mission church to Santa Cruz, also with a quaint and ancient
church building, threads the wagon road across the river into Espa-
nola. From there the road ascends the wildly beautiful Santa Clara
Canon, along a rippling trout stream up to the steep cliffs of the
Puye and the Shufinne, with their hundreds and thousands of
prehistoric caves and communal buildings. And all that in one
day's journey overland ! If the trip be prolonged another day or
two, the remarkable hot springs at Ojo Caliente and the hot springs
in the deep chasm of the Rio Grande at Wamsley's, the Indian
pueblos of Picuris and Taos, the finest trout streams and best
haunts of wild game, or the Jicarilla Indian Reservation, the Jemez
Forest Reserve, as well as busy lumber and mining camps, can be
visited. And that is only in one direction from Santa Fe ! Going
south, one day's trip will pass through the quaint settlements of
x\gua Fria, Cienega and Cieceguilla, by the Tiffany turquoise
mines, the old mining camp of Bonanza, the smelter at Cerrillos,
the Ortiz gold placers, worked three hundred years before gold was
SANTA FB COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 99
discovered in California and still yielding gold dust and nuggets,
the coal mines at Madrid, where bituminous and anthracite coal
have been mined from the same hillside, the placer and gold mines
of Golden and San Pedro, not to speak of sheep and cattle ranches
and the beautiful scenery of the Cerrillos, Ortiz, San Pedro and
Sandia Mountains.
Another trip of one day from Santa Fe will take the traveler
by the pueblo ruins of Arroyo Hondo, over Apache Hill, the battle-
ground of Apache Springs, the interesting native settlement of
Canoncito, over Glorieta Pass and the battlefield of Glorieta, to
the upper Pecos Kiver, by the ancient and historic Pecos Church
ruins, the village of Pecos and through the most beautiful sum-
mer resort country in the world, where trout streams babble
in every canom' and where from one summit can be surveyed the
hoary heads of eleven of the twelve highest peaks in New Mexico.
Another day's trip out of Santa Fe will take the visitor up the
rugged Santa Fe Canon, by the large reservoir and the Aztec min-
eral springs to the Scenic Highway, which crosses the Santa Fe
Eange into the upper Pecos Valley and unfolds at every step new
mountain! views and panoramas magnificent beyond description.
'Not do these trips exhaust the interesting points in and about
Santa Fe, for there is the ascent of the Lake Peak and Mount
BaJdy, comparatively easy and yet taking, the tourist to an eleva-
tion of almost 13,000 feet. Near the summit of the first named
is the crystal Espiritu Santo or Holy Ghost Lake, reflecting the
crags that form the rim of an anci^it crater. Them' there is a
trip to a bottomless crater, to ancient Indian pueblos, to canons
and gulches, to forests and mountains, to sparkling trout streams
and waterfalls, or to the lairs of mountain lion and bear.
Foremost in interest and value* in historic archaeology are the
old mission churches of the Franciscans. In every occupied Indian
pueblo and upon the site of every abandoned pueblo, there is
one of the monuments of those pioneers of Christiamity and civili-
zation, the Franciscan Fathers. Many of these are in a good state
of preservation, while others are in ruins, but every one is an object
of historic interest.
Mission Churches.
The old mission church of San Diego, which is the oldest of the
California missions, was founded in' 1769. It is almost a total
ruin ; only the front remains in a good state of preservation. The
side walls are still standing, but no portions of the roof or interior
remain. This is the most venerable and venerated historic monu-
ment iaii the State of California, and is annually visited by thou-
SANTA FB COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 101
sands of tourists. It has stood for 104 years. It marks the be-
ginning of civilization and Christianity in California. And yet,
in New Mexico, on the upper Pecos, twenty miles east of Santa Fe,
at the site of the abantloned pueblo of Cicuice are the ruins of
the old Pecos Church. The church is 300 years old. It was nearly
150 years old when the Sajn- Diego mission was founded. It was
projected before the Spanish Armada was destroyed and antedates
the coming of the Mayflower and the settlement of Jamestown.
The churches at Santa Cruz, San Tldefonso and Santa Clara are
in a complete state of preservation. They are nine years older
than the oldest of the California ruins. The old Sain^ Miguel mis-
sion in Santa Fe has been rebuilt. Its walls date from 1650, the
roof from 1694, or possibly a few years later. It has a bell dating
from the Fourteenth Century. From the old church at Algodones
was taken a bell cast in Spain in 1356, and at the Cathedral at
Santa Fe and other churches are ancient relics amd art treasures
of old Spanish and Italian masters. " Every one of the pueblos is
worthy of a visit, both for historic and present-day interest.
The Old Palace.
Xor is there any other building in this country to compare in
historic interest with the Old Palace at Santa Fe, which has been
more to New Mexico than Faneuil Hall to Massachusetts, or Lib-
erty Hall to Pennsylvania.
To quote from the words of a history of Xew Mexico by ex- Gov-
ernor L. Bradford Prince :
"Without disparaging the importance of any of the cherished
historical localities of the east, it may be truthfully said that this
ancient palace surpasses in historic interest and value any other
place or object in the United States. It antedates the settlement
of Jamestown by nine years, and that of Plymouth by twenty-two
years, and has* stood during the 308 years since its creation, not
as a cold rock or monument, with no claim upon the interest of
humanity except the bare fact of its continued existence, but as
the living center of everything of historic importance in the South-
west. Through all that long period, whether under Spanish, Pu-
eblo, Mexican or American control, it has been the seat of power
and authority, whether the ruler was called viceroy, captain-gen-
eral, political chief, department commander, or governor, and
whether he presided over a kingdom, a province, a department, or
a teyitory; that has been his official residence.
"From here Onate started in 1599 on his adventurous expedition
to .the eastern plains; here, seven years later, 800 Indians came
from far-off Quivaro to ask aid in their war with the Axtaos;
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 105
well as to the Indian pueblos, is worth many miles of travel,
even from the scenic standpoint alone. The Scenic Highway that
is being built between Santa Fe and Las Yegas, through the Pecos
Forest Keserve, and over the highest and steepest divides of the
Sangre de Cristo Ramge, opens to the traveling public as beautiful
scenery as any in the world. It is being built by convict labor up
the Santa Fe Canon, over the Dalton Divide into the upper Pecos
Valley, and thence to Las Vegas. It ascends the rugged backbone
of the Sangre de Cristo Range by a dozen switchbacks on a grade
not exceediiDg three per cent, and is hewn out of rock or blasted
out of mountain sides, a marvel in modern road building, ascend-
ing from an altitude of 7,000 to 10,000 feet, and then descending
to 6,400 feet.
The immediate surroundings of the Capital City^are beautiful,
picturesque, romantic and interesting. The Santa Fe Cainon, the
Tesuque Valley, Xagel's Sunny Pine Grove Ranch, the Indian pu-
eblos, the cliff dwellings, the Cochiti gold mines, the turquoise
mines, the Bishop's Ranch, Box Canon, the Divide, the mountains
towering to 13,000 feet m height, the lava fields, the crater, and
many other grand and mysterious sights of ^^ature's handiwork
are within an hourV to a day's journey by foot, burro, horse or
carriage.
The mountain and summer resorts combine many advantages
and attractions difficult to find anywhere else. Santa Fe has an
atmosphere aind color of its own. Here the civilization of cen-
turies ago and of today meet ; here are found prehistoric ruins and
historic monuments, the history of yesterday and of today have
left their impress side by side; the civilization of the Indian, the
Spaniard, the Mexican and the Yankee commingle. Still, Santa
Fe is strictly up-to-date in its hotels, railroad accommodations, its
colleges, its public schools, its sanitariums, its charitable institu-
tions, in its progress and in its prosperity. Churches, newspapers,
together with fine stores, banking institutions, and every safety,
comfort and luxury that the centers of civilization of the east
afford, are to be found at Santa Fe.
Mineral Springs.
About four miles east of Santa Fe is a spring, the waters of
which are favorably known and have been used to a considerable
extent by the people of Santa Fe aind elsewhere. This spring is
known as the Aztec (Ojo Gigante), since, like other watering
places, it was frequented by the aborigines. While the solid mat-
ter contained in the water is not so great as that found in many
SANTA FB COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 107
other springs in New Mexico, nevertheless the water has beneficial
effects iin stomach and liver troubles.
F. W. Clark of the United States Geological Survey gives the
following analysis of the Aztec Spring, which was made at the re-
quest of an army surgeon who^had been drinking the water when
stationed at Fort Marcy, and whp first recognized its beneficial
effects on himself and troops:
Calcium carbonate 1538
Magnesium carbonate 0605
Sodium sulphate 0225
Calcium sulphate 0050
Sodium chloride 0193
Silica 0220
Parts in 1,000. Total 2831
(In a foot note the chemist adds: "The water contains enough
carbonic acid to retain the- carbonates of calcium and magnesium
in solution as bi-carbonates. )
West of Santa Fe is another mineral spring containing iron.
The county has no hot springs, but is the gateway to the famous
hot mimeral springs at Ojo Caliente, Jemez, Wamsley^s and other
springs in Sandoval and Taos Counties, if not as well known, yet
as efficacious.
Among the hot springs which ought to rank among the most
remarkable in the United States are those at Ojo Caliente, Taos
County, north of Santa Fe, and 6,290 feet above the sea level.
There are four of these springs io a small area, each peculiarly
adapted for the cure of particular diseases. The dissolving power
of their waters is very great and they are especially recommended
by physicians for rheumatism, gravel and other calcareous affections,
gout and other kidney, stomach and blood disorders. The temper-
ature of the springs varies from 90 to .122 degrees Fahrenheit, and
the largest is classed as a chalybeate spring, as it carries a large
amount of iron carbonate. Its waters contain 1,686.84 grains of
alkaline salts to the gallon, and no organic matter. The fourth
spring of the group pours forth lithia water. The combined flow
of these springs is 300,000 gallons in twenty-four hours. Ojo
Caliente is reached by a short stage ride from Barranca on the
Santa Fe-Antonito brancli of the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad,
and has hotel accommodations.
There is a good sulphur spring at Rio Pajarito, in Taos County,
with a temperature of 68 degrees. The water contains carbonic
acid, hydrogen sulphide, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, cal-
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SANTA FE COUNTY, NEW MEXICO. 109
cium and magnesium carbonates. At Ojo Sarco, on tlie Kio Grande,
north of Santa Barbara, Taos County, is a fine group of mineral
springs. In the same county, three miles north of Ojo Caliente,
are soda springs. Five miles south of Taos, as well as between
Penasco and Mora, on the Eio Pueblo, are sulphur springs of rare
medicinal virtue. Among the best thermal springs in the Terri-
tory are those known as Wamsley's Hot Springs. They are located
in a deep gorge of the Rio Grande on the road from the station of
Tres Piedras, on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad to Taos. The
water is lukewarm and im that respect similar to another group
of mineral springs situated at (llenwoody, eigliteen miles south.
Hotel accommodations are provided.
There are two groups of fine medicinal springs less than fifty
miles directly west of the City of Santa Fe, in the Yalles Moun-
tains, and they are counted among the most efficacious mineral
waters to be found in the Rocky Moii?ntains. They are situated' in
the picturesque San Diego Canon in Sandoval County, and are
known as the Jemez and the Sulphurs, or the upper and lower
Jemez Springs. The lower group embraces ten springs varying in
temperature from 94 to 168 degrees Fahrenheit. The tempera-
ture of the hottest of these is the highest of ai)y sprimg in the Ter-
ritory. Their altitude is 6,620 feet. The waters of the hottest and
largest spring run about fifty gallons per minute, with escaping
carbonic acid gas and depositing white carbonate of lime. One
spring, with waters of 103 degrees, carries free carbonic acid gas,
and its deposits are reddish brown. A third spring, of 119 degrees,
is impregnated with sulphuretted hydrogen and iron'. The other
springs of the lower group are impregnated with sodium, lime and
magnesia. Their solid constituents are about .24 per one hundred
parts of water.
The upper springs, or Sulphurs, are situated two miles above
the lower group, at an altitude of 6,740 feet, and their tempera-
ture varies from 70 to 105 degrees. They flow from caves of lime,
forming a ridge 30 feet high and 200 feet long, and varying in
size from a few iinches to twenty feet in height. The waters are
strongly impregnated with sulphur and resemble those of Marien-
bad. The springs are both mud and vapor, and their principal
constituents are chloride of sodium, sul])hate and carbonates of
soda, lime and magnesia. They are especially potent in rheumatic
and syphilitic disorders. Their solid constituents are .3726 to every
one huindred parts of water. Hotel accommodations have been
provided at both groups.
In the same section of country is "the San Ysidro mineral spring,
near Jemez, whose waters are carbonated and carry .5632 parts of
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SANTA FE COUNTY, NEW MEXICO. Ill
solids in every one hundred parts of water, mostly sodium chloride,
sodium sulphate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, iron
carbonate with traces of silica, potassa and lithia to every one hum-
died parts of water.
Four to six miles west of the Sulphurs are the San Antonio
Springs, which resemble the Jemez Springs and are equally effica-
cious in kidney and stomach disorders.
Historical.
Up to the time of the occupation of Santa Fe by United States
troops, almost sixty years ago, the history of Santa Fe was prac-
tically the history of New Mexico. Tradition speaks of two pros-
perous Indian pueblos upon the site of the City of Samta Fe, prior
to the coming of the Spanish Conquistadores, over 350 years ago,
and it was within the confines of Santa Fe County that the first
permanent white settlements in the United States were made. A
house occupied to this day is still pointed out as a survival of the
Indian pueblos on the site of the City of Santa Fe and, therefore,
has a just claim to be called the oldest occupied house within the
boundaries of this nation. The romance of the early expeditions
of the Spaniards into tJie Southwest, the story of the incessant
warfare with Indians and with the elements, the accounts of the
Christianization of the Pueblos and the martyrdom of mamy dis-
ciples of the cross, all form an intensely interesting narrative. In
1680 the Pueblo Indians drove the Spaniards out of New Mexico,
and it was not until 1692 that De Vargas reoccupied the City of
Santa Fe after a sanguinary battle on the outskirts of the city.
The revolutions and counter-revolutions that followed the estab-
lishment of the Kepublic of Mexico found their echo in New Mexico
and less than three generations ago Governor Perez met a tragic
death at the hands of rebels near Agua Fria, in the suburban
part of Samta Fe. It is quite natural, therefore, that so many
buildings and spots in the county are hallowed by historic associa-
tions, and that, aside from every other attraction, this alone makes
a visit to Santa Fe worth the while.
InFiabitants.
Santa Fe County has about 17,000 inhabitants, of whom one-half
live in and about the City of Santa Fe. Fully three-fourths of
these inhabitants speak the Spanish language, but many of these can
speak, or at least understand, English. They are peaceable, con-
servative and hospitable, and, to a certain degree, independent,
nearly every head of a family owning his own home and patch of
ground, which he cultivates. There are 310 Pueblo Indians within
SANTA FE COUNTY, NEW MEXICO. 113
the couoity,. occupying the villages of San Ildefonso, Tesuque,
Nambe and Pojoaqne. The pueblo of Santa Clara, formerly in
the county entirely, is now in greater part within the county of
Rio Arriba. These Pueblo Indians are peace-loving and industrious.
Each precinct has a public school and every settlement a church.
The county is well supplied with roads that connect the different
villages and towns, all of them leading to the Capital City. Gen-
erally speaking, these roads are good, having solid bottoms and,
owing to the dryness of the climate, very seldom muddy and never
impassable. The "good roads" movement has reached the Capital
City, and a model roadway has been constructed from the city to
"the Tesuque Valley, a distance of six miles, while other roads are
contemplated. The Scenic Highway has been referred to, and is
feeing built by the Territory with county aid. It will eventually
extend from the northern boundary to the southern boundary of
3'ew Mexico, with branch roads in every direction. At present,
rork is being prosecuted on the section between Santa Fe and Las
Tegas, which is m earing completion. Convict labor is employed,
|nd the road opens to tourists the most magnificent scenery in the
[southwest.
CITY OF SANTA FE.
The Villa Keal de Santa Fe de San Francisco, to give its original
[ nd full name, is the historic seat of the government of the Terri-
tory of Xew Mexico, as well as the county seat of Santa Fe County
fud the see of an archbishop of the Roman Catholic Church. It
[in joys the distinction of being one of the oldest towns and the
, Idest capital in the United States. Its permanent settlement b>
[Europeans antedates the founding of Jamestown and also the land-
jng of the Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth more than twenty years.
[The thrilling and romantic incidents composing its history — the
[protracted and bloody struggles with hordes of savage Indians, the
I capture and pillage by hostile Pueblos in 1680, the general massa-
fcre of missionaries and explorers and flight of the governor and
! a few followers in the night to El Paso, the reserving of some of
the handsomest Spamish maidens for wives of favored warriors,
the desecration and destruction of some of the Eoman Catholic
Churches, and the restoration of the worship of stone idols, the
reconquest by Diego de Vargas twelve years later, the terrible pun-
ishment visited upon the rebellious Pueblos, the change from Span-
ish rule to the rule of the triumphant Republic of Mexico, the cap-
ture by the United States forces under General Kearny and the
building of Fort Marcy, the stirring scenes accompanying the dis-
tribution of the immense traffic of the Santa Fe Trail, the wild
SANTA FB COUNTY, NEW MEXICO. 115
deeds of desperadoes and the fabulous hazards at cards in the days
before the advent of the railroad — afford the material for an epic
poem of deep interest. However, from the strenuous life and tur-
bulent times of the past, the City of the Holy Faith has become
as modem and peaceful as a New England city, looking back with
pride uponi the part it has played in history, and forward hopefully
to its future.
Railroads.
Santa Fe enjoys the advantage of three railroad systems. It is
on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Kailroad, the Denver & Rio
Grande Railroad, and the Santa Fe Central Railway, giving it con-
nection with the outside world and great railroad systems in every
direction. If is the only city in the Southwest that receives nine
railway mails a day and dispatches as many. It has a free delivery
mail service, electric street lighting, the purest drinking water to
be foumd in New Mexico, a local and long distance telephone
system, and many other advantages of a thoroughly up-to-date
community.
/ Environed by protecting hills and thus exempt from strong j
winds and sand storms ; surrounded by enchanting natural scenery ; >
beautified by orchards and gardens of flowers; blessed with a cli-
mate that is free from extremes of heat amd cold, and air that is
pure and tonic; supplied with an abundance of pure water for
domestic, manufacturing and irrigation purposes from the exten-
sive storage reservoirs in the mouth of the Santa Fe Canon; fur-
nished with competing rail, express and telegraph communication
with all outside poiiits ; the headquarters of the federal and Terri-
torial oflBcials, the meeting place of the Legislature, the Supreme
Court, the United States and Territorial District Courts, and the
various Territorial Boards ; the see of the Archbishop of Santa Fe ;
the headquarters of the New Mexico Historical Society, the New
Mexico Horticultural Society, the New Mexico Pioneers^ Society;
of the District Attorney for Santa Fe and Taos Counties; a city
having started a modem sewerage system; possessing a public
school system with a good high school and four ward schools', and
endowed by the national government for public school purposes
with the Fort Marcy Reservation of almost seventeen acres in the
heart of the city; having eight churches, as well as colleges and
private schools, many fraternal societies and social organizations,
Santa Fe is naturally forging to the front as a popular residence
town.
Santa Fe is first of all a health resort, a tourist center, but it
SANTA FB COUNTY, NEW MEXICO. 117
does not depend alone upon tourists, health seekers and officials
for its existence. Good crops are raised in the Santa Fe and ad-
jacent valleys; the orchards of Santa Fe are revenue producers;
dainty filigree jewelry is made here; an excellent quality of
brick is manufactured ; in the surrounding Indian pueblos bas-
kets and blankets are woven, pottery produced, and beadwork
is made that finds a ready sale all over the United States. Sant^
Fe has the largest printing establishment in New Mexico and Ari-
zona, employing twenty to forty men. Santa Fe is a thriving
railroad and mercantile center, supplying a vast region, and there
are manifold natural resources that are just being developed. Not
only historic memories and landmarks make Santa Fe a spot well
worth a visit, but the beauty of its location, like a jewel in the lap
of the mountains, its perfect climate and its many present-day
interests, make it the most interesting spot between New York and
San Francisco. Santa Fe with its suburbs has a population of
8,700. Its altitude at its lowest point is 6,920 and at its highest
7,240 feet.
Resources.
Draw a circle of fifty miles radius with Santa .Fe as the center.
It will take in the heart of New Mexico. Within it will be found
a score of producing mining districts. Not only gold mines, but
mines of silver, copper, zinc, lead, iron, coal, turquoise, quarries
of marble, building stone, limestone, beds of clay, deposits of
gypsum, veins of mica, and prospects of other minerals in abund- *
ance. In that circle are found some of the best agricultural lands
in the Southwest. There are raised the best fruit, the best sugar
beets, the best grain in the world. Take a peep at the Espanola,
the Tesuque, the Chama, the Taos, and other valleys. Within that
circle there is room and chance for profitable irrigation enterprises.
In that circle flow the waters of the Rio Grande, the Pecos, the
Chama, the Santa Fe, the Tesuque, the Nambe, ^^^" U'o Pueblo,
the Truchas, the Pojoaque, the Santa Clara, the Galisteo, the Rio
Medio, the Chupadero, Bishop's Creek, the Arroyo Hondo, the
Manzanares, the Canoncito, the Dalton, Indian Creek, Holy Ghost
Creek, the Mora, Willow Creek and other streams, all perennial
rivers with a never failing water supply in their upper courses.
In that circle are found the water power, the fuel, the raw material
for a hundred great industries. The circle is the most densely
populated area in New Mexico or Arizona, and offers cheap and
plentiful labor for industrial enterprises and at the same time a
good market. Mexico, Central America and the Orient are nearer
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 119
with their markets to it than they are to the eastern and northern
manufacturing centers. ^ In that circle . are. viery superior sheep,
cattle and goat ranges, and extensive virgioa* forests.
New Mexico has the finest climate in the world, and in that
circle is the best climate in New Mexico. Within the circle are
the great Pecos Kiver and Jemez Forest Keserves, which insure
forever a bounteous supply of water, a summer retreat for tourists,
health seekers, pleasure seekers, sportsmen, or the tired man and
woman who seek rest in communion with nature in its most
sublime or gentlest moods.
In that circle are located the world famous cliff dwellings, the
pyramids of America, ten Indian pueblos, the oldest buildiugs in
the United States, the • Scenic Highway, the Santa Fe Trail, a
hundred spots which awaken memories of the romance of the great
stretch of time between the coming of the Conquistadores and
the supplanting of the Santa Fe Trail by the steam railroads.
It is a circle invaded by three great railroads and their important
branches and connections, a circle near whose circumference are
located the cities of Albuquerque aud Las Vegas, which, with Santa
Fe, form the three largest and most important towns in New
Mexico. The center of the circle is the most advertised spot in
the United States, a town whose name is one to conjure with, a
name given to one of the great transcontinental railway systems,
a town whose very name is an invitation to the health seeker, to
the tourist; the capital of the coming Sunshine State, the county
seat of one of the most densely populated and richest counties of
the Territory, an archbishop's see, the location of many Federal,
Territorial, Catholic and Protestant church institutions, a town
most charmingly situated, with a peerless climate all the year
around, and a better summer climate than possessed by any sum-
mer resort in the world, free from excessive hea.t and protected
from the icy blasts of winter with the sun shining almost every
day in the year. These and many more are the advantages, re-
sources and attractions, the hub of which is the City of Santa Fe.
The city and suburbs contain about 8,700 people, and this popula-
tion is steadily on the increase.
Nor must it be forgotten that the vicinity of the city offers good
hunting of bear, mountain lion, coyotes and smaller game; that
the Pecos, the Santa Clara, the Santa Fe, and other streams are
splendid fishing grounds; and that the peculiar fauna and flora
of this arid mountain region offer . much that; is interesting
and worthy of note. The intending home seeker should also re-
member that in Santa Fe and surroundings agriculture is carried
SANTA FE COUNTY, NEW MEXICO. 121
on with the aid of irrigation, which means that the farmer is
always certain of his crops, for he can apply moisture to them
when they need it and withhold it when moisture is not needed.
Antiquities.
Here, so carefully preserved that the marks of its three hundred
years of age are not perceptible, is located the noted Adobe Palace,
which was the official residence of the Spanish and Mexicam' gov-
ernors, and since the Mexican war has boen the headquarters of
all the Territorial governors or secretaries appointed by the different
Presidents of the United States. The men who lived and conducted
the affairs of state in- this building include some of the fore-
most, not only of the Territory, but of the nation. Here the
postoffice, the Kepublican Territorial headquarters, the Territorial
headquarters of the Daughters of the American Kevolution and
the museum of the New Mexico Historical Society are located. The
latter is open to the public every day and its collection contains
historical articles of priceless value.
San Migue^ Church, the oldest Christian' Church building in
the United States, is situated in the oldest part of the city, called
by the Spaniards "Analco," adjoining St. Michael's College. It is
about seventy-four feet in length, by thirty in width, and thirty-five
feet high. The walls are massively built of adobe, and the roof,
like those of all the old churches, was constructed of strong vigas,
supported by carved timbers at each end, the whole being covered
originally with straight branches of poplar or willow, surmounted
by a layer of earth. In modern days, boards take the place of the
branches. This church dates from the earliest occupation and has
long been held in special veneration. In the Pueblo revolution
of 1680 it was, to a great extent, destroyed, though the walls re-
mained standing. Immediately after the reconquest by De Vargas
the church was repaired and the entire building was completed
in 1710, as appears from the inscription- still plainly visible' on
the great square vigas near the door, which reads :
^^El Senor Marques de la Penuela hizo esta fabrica.
El Alferes Eeal Don Agustin Flores Yergara su criado
. ano de 1710."
The trauRlation is:
"The Marquis de la Penuela erected this building. The
Eoyal Ensign Don Agustin Flores Vergara his servant.
The year 1710."
Among other paintings in this church are the ones of St. Michael
and the Dragon and of the Annunciation. In the church is an old
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 123
bell cast in Spain in the Fourteenth Century. The edifice is still
used as the chapel of Saint MichaeFs College and of a part of
the Eoman Catholic parish, and perhaps no scene will impress
itself so vividly upon the mind of the visitor as that of "Vespers"
on a Sunday evening, attended by the Christian Brothers and pupils
of the College.
The oldest house in the city, which is reputed to date back be-
fore the tijne of the Spanish conquest, and thus is the "Oldest
House in the United States," is situated just northeast of the
Church of San Miguel. This building until recently was two stories
in height, the second story being very low and the floor between the .
upper and lower rooms being of adobe. Some years ago the upper
story of the eastern portion fell, and quite recently the spirit of
iconoclasm, which is fast ruining many interesting historical
landmarks, caused the second story of the remainder to be removed.
The first story, however, remains as it has been for centuries, and
there seems no reason to doubt that it is the most ancient building,
continuously inhabited, in the entire United States.
The Cathedral of San Francisco de Assisi is a modern' building,
not yet completed in accordance with its design, but has been used
for worship during the past twenty-five years. It was built over the
former adobe Parish Church under the auspices of the venerated
Archbishop Lamy. There are many fine paintings and beautiful .
stained ^lass windows in the structure ; behind the altar is a richly
carved and painted reredos, erected by Governor del Valle and his
wife in 1761. Back of the altar of this" Cathedral are preserved
many fine old paintings and rich vestments. There are buried the
remains of two Franciscan- Friars, who were murdered by Indians,
as attested by the inscription upon a beam set into the massive
wall.
Old Fort Marcy is situated on a high hill northeast of the Plaza,
and the view from the summit is admired by every visitor. His-
torically, it is a place of great interest. A moment's notice will
show its commanding militar}^ position, and that the army in
possession of the hill controlled this city. In the old wars this
was a scene of many a warlike encampment. When General Kear-
ny came, in 1846, one of the first matters undertaken after the
occupation of Samta Fe, on August 18, was the erection of a fort-
ress to command the city. The site was naturally chosen. It was
built by details of vohmteers, who complained grievously of having
to do this laborious work when they had simply entered the army
to fight. The fort was large enough to contain a thousand troops
and mount many cannon. In shape the fort was an irregular tri-
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 125
decagon. Behind the fort was a block house. The height of the
fort -above the Plaza was 229 feet.
On the east side of the main road entering the city from the
south stand the ruins of the Garita, the only Spanish fortifications
of which any remains now exist in New Mexico. It was built with
two bastions and occupies a commanding position on a hill. Under
the Mexican government it was used as a custom house station,
and all wagons coming from the north were stopped here until
the exceedingly high duties of those days were paid. On the west
side of the Garita, close to the wall, the four leaders m the revolu-
tion of 1837, Desiderio Montoya, Antonio Abad Montoya, General
Chopon and Alcalde Esquibel, were executed by command of Gen-
eral Armijo in January, 1837.
The oldest cemetery in the Southwest, except the graveyard im-
mediately surrounding San Miguel Church, was very near the Gar-
ita, and the high adobe wall surrounding it is still in quite good
repair. On one side of it was a small mortuary chapel where
funeral services were conducted. Many celebrated historical char-
acters are buried here, but, unfortunately, no monumental stones
distingTiish their last resting places.
Guadalupe Church is situated just south of the river, at the
western edge of the city, near the Santa Fe Kailway depot. Owing
to the modem appearance of a shingle roof and wooden steeple,
it often escapes attention, but is really of much historic interest.
The walls are very massive, and the carved supports of the vigas
are the best specimens of their class in the Territory. Prior to 1883
the church was only opened once a year, on Guadalupe Day, Decem-
ber 12, but in that year it was renovated, many windows cut in its
walls, and it has since been used by the English-speaking Koman
Catholics for regular services. The altar-piece is a large group of
pictures about 14 feet high by 10 feet wide. The large central paint-
ing is of the Virgin of ' Guadalupe, copied from the celebrated
^Imagen" in Mexico, and it is surrounded by four scenes in the
well known legend, representing the appearances of the Virgin
to Juan Diego, and the visits of the latter to the Bishop; the whole
surmounted by a representation of the Trinity. The church and
sacristy contain many interesting paintings, the most curious and
valuable being one painted on a plate of copper, 28 x 18 inches in
size, by Sebastian Salcedo, in 1779. This also represents the Virgin
of Guadalupe, a small portrait of Pope Benedict XIV being intro-
duce* The statuette of the Virgin standing in the crescent of
the new moon, is a beautiful specimen of antique wood carving.
The place of the assassination of Governor Perez is about two
SAN MIGUEL'S CHURCH AT SANTA FE.
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 127
miles southwest of the Plaza on the Agua Fria Koad. It is now
very appropriately marked by a neat stone monument erected by
the Daughters of the American Eevolutiom in 1901. It was here
that the Governor, in the Revolution of 1837, while retreating from
the Capital, was killed by an arrow shot by a Pueblo Indian from
Santo Domingo. His assailants then forced Santiago Prada, by
threats of death, to cut off his head, which was carried to the in-
surgent encampment, near the Eosario Chapel, and treated with
great indigmity.
The Plaza, in the center of the city, is of historic interest. Here
Onate camped and set up .the banner of Spain, and here General
Keamy first floated the Stars and Stripes, in 1846, when he pro-
claimed American government in New Mexico, a spot marked with
an appropriate stone by the Daughters of the American Revolution.
In this Plaza the Indians burned the archives and sacred vessels
of the church during the Revolution of 1680; and here De Varga&
entered in triumph twelve years later. The Territory has erected
a handsome monument in the center of the Plaza in memory of
the soldiers who fell on New Mexico soil in the various Indiajn
wars, and the war of the Rebellion, and the Woman^s Board of
Trade has there placed a handsome bronze drinking fountain in
memory of Archbishop Lamy, who was beloved by all. The
Woman^s Board of Trade has been in charge of the Plaza for the
past five years, by direction of the city government, emd to this
organization of energetic ladies is due the present beauty of the
place. A stone, suitably inscribed, marks the spot where General
Keamy first floated the Stars and Stripes.
Eosario Chapel, in Rosario Cemetery, commemorates the victory
of De Vargas over the Pueblo Indians in 1692, and is the terminus
of the annual historic De Vargas procession, which, with the two
annual Corpus Christi processions and the custom of celebrating
Gua-dalupe Day, Christmas Eve and other holidays by the lighting
of numerous bonfires, is an echo of "ye olden^' days that gives
Santa Fe a charm peculiarly its own.
Cemeteries.
The National Cemetery is a beautiful burial ground where re-
pose, the bodies of over a thousand soldiers who fell in the war
of the Rebellion, the Indian wars, or died at Santa Fe and vicinity
in more peaceful days. It is the .only National Cemetery in' New
Mexico or Arizona since the abandonment recently of the ceme-
tery at Fort Sumner and the reinterment at Santa Fe of the bodies
in the National Cemetery. Other burial grounds at Santa Fe are
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San MigueFs Cemetery, the aDcient cemetery surrounding Guada-
lupe Church, the Odd Fellows^ Cemetery and Fairview Cemetery,
the two last named being under the care of the Woman's Board
of Trade.
The Capitol.
The Capitol is a stately building of modern construction, and
a view from its dome is one of the sights that no tourist should
miss. It is surrounded by a fine park. In addition to the beau-
tiful Hall of Representatives, the Council Chamber and the Su-
preme Court Room, it contains the offices of the Governor, the
Secretary, the Superintendent of Public Instruction, the Treasurer,
the Auditor, the Traveling Auditor, the Game Warden, the
Supreme Court Clerk, the United States Judge of the First
Judicial District, the Land Commitesioner, the Insurance Com-
missioner, the Territorial Law Library and rooms and offices for
the various Territorial Boards and Commissions, and assistants
or clerks of the Territorial officials enumerated. The Capitol was
partly constructed with the aid of convict labor and material man-
ufactured by convicts. Considering its size, its cost was less than
that of any other Capitol in the United States.
Federal Building
The Federal building is a fine stone structure of classic design
and is surrounded by oval grounds, partly in lawn. In front of
the building is the Kit Carson monument. Kit Carson having
made his headquarters at Santa Fe for many years. In this build-
ing are the offices of the Register and Receiver of the Santa Fe
Land District, with their clerks; the headquarters for the Special
Agent of the United States Land Office for the Southwest, of the
Internal Revenue Collector and his clerks for the Territories of
New Mexico and Arizona, the United States Surveyor General for
New Mexico and his large force of clerks, of the Supervisor of
the Pecos and Jemez Forest Reserves, the United States Attorney
for the Pueblo Indians, and from time to time of other officials
of the United States.
Court House.
The Court House is a brick building of attractive design and
is the headquarters for the First Judicial District, which, besides
the County of Santa Fe, includes the Counties of Rio Arriba, Taos
and San Juan; of the District Clerk, of the Probate Clerk, As-
sessor, Treasurer, District Attorney, Board of County Commis-
SANTA EE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 131
sioners, Surveyor and other county oflBcials. On the second floor
is the court room, also much used as an auditorium for entertain-
ments of a public nature.
Educational and Other Institutions.
Saint Michael's College, conducted by the Christian Brothers,
is the oldest college for boys west of the Missouri Kiver and recently
celebrated its semi-centennial. Its main building is a large struc-
ture of French architecture. A modem brick building with class-
rooms and gymnasium adjoins it. The athletic grounds are the
best in the Southwest. The course is mainly commercial, and
many of the leading men of New Mexico, Arizona and of the
northern States of Mexico are proud to call Saint Michael's Col-
lege their alma mater. The attendance is between 200 and 300
students, coming from all parts of the Southwest. The faculty
is an especially capable one.
The Sisters of Loretto conduct, the oldest school for young women
west of the Missouri Kiver and recently celebrated their semi-cen-
tennial. The Academy is of unique design. The Chapel adjoining
is one of the finest Gothic structures in the West. The large con-
vent, a brick building of unostentatious design, adjoins the Chapel,
while in the rear is a brick auditorium that will seat 'almost a
thousand people. The grounds of the College are beautiful.
The Archbishop^s residence is a brick structure which, together
with the homes of the Bishop of the Diocese, the Vicar General
and other priests, is contiguous to the Cathedral and borders on
the famous ^^ishop's Garden," with springs, lakelets and a fine
orchard that offers sylvan retreats of rare beauty.
St. Vincent's Hospital, St. Vincent's Orphans' Home and St.
Vincent's Sanitarium, all modem structures, are grouped together
northeast of the Cathedral. The Sanitarium fronts on a beautiful
park.
The United States Indian School is just south of the city limits
and is a community in itself of about a dozen fine brick structures.
It ranks with the Indian School at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and
has an attendance of over 300 Indians, representing a score of
Western tribes, the pupils ranging in age from six to twenty years ;
has a school farm and is surrounded by a beautiful park.
St. Catherine's Indian Industrial School is situated just west
of the city's boundary line. It is attended by almost 200 pupils
and is in charge of the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament. A beaii-
tiful garden surrounds the school, which consists of several massive .
buildings.
SANTA FE COUNTY, NEW MEXICO. 133
The Territorial Penitentiary is located just south of the city
line and consists of a number of stone and brick buildings sur-
rounded by a high wall. Large gardens are cultivated by the con-
victs, who number almost 250. The institution is a model in many
respects and is well worthy a visit.
The Territorial Deaf and Dumb Institute consists of two mod-
em brick buildings and can accommodate one hundred pupils. It
is located in the southern part of the city.
The Presbyterian Mission School is beautifully located near
the heart of the city and consists of a fine three-story brick build-
ing and a brick annex in a well-kept garden. It is attended by
about one hundred girls of Spanish- American birth, who come
from all parts of the Territory. It is proposed to erect a similar
school for boys in the same part of the city.
Public Library. ,
The Woman's Board of Trade has just let a contract for the
erection of a handsome Public Libran^ building wherein its library
will be situated. The structure will be built of brick and stone,
commodious and of Moorish architectiure. It will be erected on
a lot donated to the Woman's Board of Trade by the Territory
of New Mexico, just north of the "Old Palace'' and fronting on
Washington Avenue.
Hotel Facilities.
The hotel facilities of Santa Fe are good. The Palace Hotel
is famed for its cuisine. It is three stories high and can a9-
commodate 150 guests. The Claire Hotel is a modern brick struc-
ture, steam heated, and can accommodate over 100 guests. The
Normandie is a modern, low-priced hotel. The Coronado and
others conduct rooming houses together with restaurants. In ad-
dition to the accommodations offered by Sunmount Tent City, the
Glorieta Sanitarium, Saint Vincent's Sanitarium and the Pine-
croft Kanch, there are a number of private boarding houses in the
city and ranches in the vicinity that take boarders.
Newspapers.
Santa Fe has one daily newspaper. The Santa Fe Daily New
Mexican, issued every evening, except Sunday. It has four weekly
newspapers. The New Mexican Review, The Eagle, El Xuevo Mex-
ieano and El Boletin Popular.
The Daily New Mexican and the New IMcxican Eeview are the
oldest papers in wliai is now New Mexico, Arizona, Southern
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California, Westerm Texas and Colorado south of Denver. The
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Churches.
In addition to the three Catholic Churches enumerated, the
Cathedral, Guadalupe Church and San Miguel Church, Santa Pe
has five Protestant Churches. The First Pre&byterian Church is
a brick structure with a pipe organ and a brick parsonage. The
congregation is self-sustaining. The Church of the Holy Paith is
a stone edifice belonging to the Protestant Episcopal denomination.
It has a pipe organ and a brick rectory. The St. John^s Methodist
Episcopal Church is a new brick structure in mission style. The
Presbyterians and the Methodists each have churches for Spanish-
speaking members.
Fraternal Organizations.
The Fraternal Associations are well represented in Santa Fe.
The Masons own their temple, a two-story brick business block
facing the Plaza. The Masonic bodies of the city are Montezuma
Lodge No. 1, A. F. & A. Masons, the oldest Masonic Lodge west of
the Missouri, excepting a Lodge at Salem, Oregon; Santa Fe Chap-
ter No. 1, K. A. Masons; Santa Fe Commandery No. 1, Knights
Templar, and Santa Fe Lodge of Perfection, No. 1, A. & A. S. K.
In the Masonic Temple are interesting relics of the early days of
the Americani occupation, and among its members were many of the
early pioneers who blazed the way for the thousands who came after
them. The Odd Fellows, who organized a Lodge at Santa Fe over
fifty years ago, are represented by Santa Fe Lodge No. 2; the
l^ights of Pythias by Santa Fe Lodge No. 2, and the Fraternal
Union by Santa Fe Lodge No. 259. Numerically, Sanita Fe Lodge
No. 460, B. P. 0. Elks, is the strongest fraternal organization. It
will build a $25,000 Opera House and Lodge Hall. The Order of
United Workmen and other fraternal orders have Lodges in the
city. There are several social organizations, including the Capital
City Club. There is a Board of Trade and a Woman's Board of
Trade, the latter a unique organization that dispenses not only
charity, but maintains the Plaza in the center of the city; a Public
Librarj^, for which it is about to erect a fine building, and looks
after other movements for civic improvement. The city has two
brass bands, two orchestras, several Spanish and a number of
church societies.
Banks.
The First National Bank is the oldest and best known bank in
the Southwest. It was oro:anizod in 1870 and was the first bank
SANTA FE COrXTY, NEW MEXICO. 137
in a great stretch of coiintrv, namely, western Texas, Xew Mexico,
Arizona and southern California. Its capital stock is $150,000
and it has a handsome surplus and undivided profits. It is con-
sidered one of the safest banks in the entire country. It is located
in a handsome brick structure on San Francisco Street, the prin-
cipal business thoroughfare of the city.
The United States Bank and Trust Company has just been or-
ganized and will be ready for businesis by the first of July. It
will work under the Territorial statutes, liaving a charter from
the Territory. The capital stock is $50,000. It is believed that
there is a good field for this new ])ank.
Building Associations and Business.
The city has a flourishing Building and Loan Association. All
lines of business are fully represented, wholesale and retail. The
stocks are large and everybody can be suited to such an extent
as he wants in every line of trade. The stores are modern, carry
large and well selected stocks and the merchants are enterprising
and energetic.
Among the more pretentious business blocks are the Catron,
Laughlin, Salmon, First Xational Bank, Masonic and Kahn.
Public Schools.
The Central High School Building is a modern, three-story
building, just completed, and is the finest school house in Xew
Mexico. The grounds surrounding it are extensive and will be
beautified with ornamental trees and shrubs. The city has in
addition four ward school buildings, one of which is about to be
replaced with a modern brick structure. The graded public school
system is modern in every respect.
A Home City.
Santa Fe has many beautiful homes and gardens and a number
of modern brick residencies have been recently constructed or are
in the process of erection. In a city as old as the Capital City,
naturally, there are many ancient and quaint buildings, but these
are being gradually replaced with up-to-date business blocks and
homes. Socially, Santa Fe, as the Capital, and owing to its an-
tiquity, enjoys pre-eminence throughout the Southwest.
Orcliards.
Santa Fe takes great pride in its orchards. There are scores of
these within and around the eitv, and the fruit that is raised, as
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SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 139
stated elsewhere, has no superior. Among the larger orchards in
the city are Buena Vista, the orchards of Arthur Boyle, E. S.
Andrews, J. P. Victory, the Manderfield and Quintana orchards,
the Bishop's Garden, and many others.
Water and Light.
The Santa Fe V/ater and Light Company has two power houses
for generating electric current, one with steam power plant of 150
horse-power, and the other a water-power plant. The company
has four reservoirs, all deriving their water supply from the Santa
Fe Kiver, which has its source on the Lake Peak at an altitude of
12,400 feet. Above the reservoir that supplies Santa Fe with drink-
ing water there is not a single residence or home, and almost the en-
tire watershed is within the Pecos Forest Keserve. The supply is,
therefore, absolutely uncontaminated. The water is free from
alkali or other deleterious mineral ingredients and has been de-
clared by experts to be the purest and best drinking water fur-
nished any city in the Southwest. Under the city flows an under-
current, which, in many instances, is pumped for domestic and
irrigation purposes by windmills.
* The Denver & Eio Grande and the Santa Fe Central Kailroads
have a modern brick Union Depot at Santa Fe. The depot of the
Santa Fe System is within one hundred yards of the Union Depot.
A start has been made in paving the sidewalks in the city limits,
which, owing to the continual dry weather and hard-packed soil,
is not so urgent a necessity as elsewhere, but now that a city ordi-
nance provides for paving, several miles of sidewalks have been
and are being constructed.
From climatic, scenic, health, historic and social standpoints,
Santa Fe is undoubtedly the most desirable residence city in -the
Eocky Mountains.
OTHER TOWNS AND SETTLEMENTS.
Lamy is the junction point of the Santa Fe branch with the
main line of the Santa Fe System. It has a roundhouse, a depot-
hotel, a postoffice, store, a church and a public school. It has a
sandstone quarry, charcoal and lime ovens. It is also the head-
quarters of the Onderdonk Livestock Kanch, at present under lease.
Galisteo is a settlement of farmers and stockmen in the southern
part of the county, with church, school house, postoffice and stores.
It is on the Galisteo Eiver and two and a half miles from Kennedy
at the junction of the Santa Fe and the Santa Fe Central Eailways.
It is the headquarters for the Eaton Land Grant.
SANTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 141
Cowsprings is a settlement on Galisteo Creek, with postoffice and
store.
Kennedy, at the junction of the Santa Fe and Santa Fe Central
Kailways, is a supply point for a large area, with a postoffice and
store.
Golden is a mining camp on the northern slope of the San Pedro
Mountains. It has a church, school house, postoffice and stores.
Bound about it are gold placer fields and gold mines with mills.
A few miles south of Golden is the mining camp of San Pedro,
where the mines and works of the Santa Fe Gold and Copper Com-
pany are located. It has a large smelter and in the vicinity are a
number of important mining properties. A public school, church,
postoffice and stores indicate that San Pedro is a trading center.
Madrid is an abandoned coal camp with several score of frame
company houses, school house and church. It is the terminus of
the Santa Fe branch line from Waldo.
Cerrillos is the principal settlement of southern Santa Fe County.
It has a smelter, at present idle, stone quarries, a fine public school
building, church, business houses, and in its vicinity are a number
of mining properties.
Glorieta is on the Santa Fe System and is beautifully located on
Glorieta Pass at an altitude of 7,600 feet. Xear by a sanguinary
battle was fought in the Civil war. Upon the site of the battlefield
still stand the ruins of an old road-house of considerable importance
in the days of the Santa Fe Trail. Here is also a well sunk by
the government through the solid rock at an expense of $4,000.
Xear Glorieta are iron, copper and other mines and coal deposits.
It was formerly an importanit shipping point for timber, and to-
day is the most convenient point from which to reach the upper
Pecos eountry and the Pecos Forest Eeserve.
The other settlements of Santa Fe County are all north of the
Santa Fe Railway line. Xear Santa Fe are the agricultural set-
tlements of Agua Fria, Cieneguilla, Cienega and Tesuque, all with
orchards, churches, school houses and stores. Xear Tesuque is the
Indian pueblo of Tesuque, of much interest to tourists and anti-
quarians. In the Tesuque Valley are the rural settlements of Cuya-
mungue and Jacona.
Santa Cruz is the most important place of northern Santa Fe
County. It has a quaint old church that antedates the mission
churches of California, a flour mill, a public school house, a post-
office and a number of stores, and is surrounded by some of the
finest orchards and agricultural lands in Santa Fe County, deriv-
ing their water supply both from the Rio Grande and the Santa
SAXTA FE COUNTY^ NEW MEXICO. 143
Cruz Kivers. It is two miles from the Denver & Eio Grande Rail-
road at Espanola.
Chimayo is another pretty settlement in the Santa Cruz Valley
at the foot of the Cobra ISTegra Peak. It has beautiful orchards,
a church, a school house, a postoffice and stores
Hobart is an agricultural settlement in the Rio Grande Valley
and on the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad. Here are the Round
Top Mountain Fruit and Truck Farm and the Black Mesa, an
Indian battlegroimd r»f some fame. Here is also the head of the
ditch built by the government to carry the waters of the Rio Grande
to the Pueblo village of San Ildefonso. Hobart has a flour mill,
a postoffice and a store.
San Ildefonso is the largest Indian pueblo in Santa Fe County
and, although it is situated in the Pojoaque Valley near the con-
fluence of the Pojoaque with the Rio Grande, yet its water for irri-
gation purposes is, to a great extent, derived from the Rio Grande.
San Ildefonso has an interestimg mission church, a school, stores
and a postoflBce. Many nice f i:uit farms are situated in the vicinity.
It is in the southern extremity of the fertile Espanola Valley.
Nambe and Pojoaque are small but pretty and quaint Pueblo
Indian settlements, although the latter has been practically aban-
doned by the Indians, most of whom have intermarried with sur-
rounding settlers. Near Nambe are the most beautiful falls in
the county, which are about to be utilized to furnish power for an
electric plant to be erected by Santa Fe capital.
CONCLUSION.
It is not only what Santa Fe County has been or what it is, but
what it promises to be in the future that should attract the atten-
tion of home seekers and of capital. The superb climate in itself
means eventually the establishment of many sanitaria for health
seekers, the founding of summer resorts and the building of hotels
and homes for people who seek an ideal summer and winter climate.
Its large area of grazing lands must sooner or later bring cattle
to cover its thousand hills, and sheep and goats by the hundred
thousands to browse upon its mesas; its perennial water supply,
which is increased largely at a certain season of the year, must
lead to the building of irrigation systems that will make the
county rich in farms and orchards, not to speak of the dry farm-
ing possibilities; its undeveloped mineral wealth must in time
make it one of the richest mining districts in the west, giving
employment to thousands of miners, and last, but not least, its
industrial possibilities are such as destine it to be a manufac-
SANTA FE COUNTY, NEW MEXICO.
U5
luring center. Its great bqds of fuel that can be mined cheaply;
its possibilities for the development of water power; its compara-
tively dense population, which would furnish labor; its climate, so
conducive to continued activity; its nearness to the Oriental, Mex-
ican and South American markets; its great supplies of raw ma-
terial, such as wool, hides, lumber, mica, ores; its transportation
facilities, which will be added to from year to year, should make
Santa Fe County an industrial beehive with a pojuilation ten and
twenty fold its present number. Woolen mills, beet sugar factories,
canneries, brickyards, tanneries, smelters, furnaces, steel mills, pot-
teries, glove, shoe and furniture factories are a few of the manu-
facturing possibilities of this section, which is richly endowed by
nature and evidently designed by Providence to be a center of in-
dustrial activity.
New Mexico, and Santa Fe County especially, have within them
the great natural resources which are bound to make them prom-
inent in the industrial world, and the wise mans who invests his
capital in such enterprises at present, before the grind of compe-
tition is felt, ought to reap a rich reward.
For information concerning Now Mexico in general and Santa
Fe County in particular, address ^lax. Frost, Secretary, and the
members of the Bureau of Immigration, Santa Fe, New Mexico.
THE SCENIC HIGHWAY
Officers and Members of the New Mexico Bureau
of Immigration.
Granville Pendleton,- IJresident Aztec
W. B. BuNKKR, Vice President Las Vegas
J. W. Bible, Treasurer Hanover
Alfred Grunsfeld Albuquerque
W. E. LiNDSEY Portales
Ramon Armijo Socorro
Max. Frost, Secretary Santa Fe
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