Skip to main content

Full text of "Science"

See other formats 


Google 


This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project 
to make the world’s books discoverable online. 


It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject 
to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books 
are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that’s often difficult to discover. 


Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book’s long journey from the 
publisher to a library and finally to you. 


Usage guidelines 


Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the 
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we have taken steps to 
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying. 


We also ask that you: 


+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for 
personal, non-commercial purposes. 


+ Refrain from automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Google’s system: If you are conducting research on machine 
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the 
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help. 


+ Maintain attribution The Google “watermark” you see on each file is essential for informing people about this project and helping them find 
additional materials through Google Book Search, Please do not remove it. 


+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that just 
because we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in other 
countries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we can’t offer guidance on whether any specific use of 
any specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a book’s appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manner 
anywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe. 


About Google Book Search 


Google’s mission is to organize the world’s information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readers 
discover the world’s books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the web 


atthtt /books.google.com/ 








rer 


— oe ee 
SCIENCE. | 


AN ILLUSTRATED JOURNAL 


PUBLISHED WEEKLY 


VOLUME II 


JULY—DECEMBER 1883 





CAMBRIDGE MASS. 
THE SCIENCE COMPANY 
1883 





COPYRIGHT, 1883, 
By THE SCIENCE COMPANY. 


Franklin press : 
RAND, AVERY, & COMPANY, 
BOSTON. 




















viii SCIENCE. — 


Telephone, Philipp Reis’s (5 flus. 
‘Thormoictere, deep: Snes) 
Tricycle, water. . * 










2 


of nature, there is the germ of such an as 
ciation. He or she can easily gather togethes 
a dozen of boys and girls, men and women, 
who will find in open-air inquiry a rich reward 
for all the time and force that such setivity” 

demands. There should be as little of pri 
machinery of a society as the circumstances 
will admit: a council of three to five persons 


tary, will serve all the first needs of 
ciation. A few winter-time meeting) 
an interest in the discussion of the 
that the neighborhood affords, in the 
work that has been done, and of wor 
to do; but the most of the work ¢ 
done in the field-meetings. 

When there are enough engaged in 
to warrant it, it will perhaps be wel 
particular inquiries placed in speci: 

Each field-meeting should be for son 

ular end or ends; and, after the fielu 

done, the members should be gathered to- 
gether, still by preference in the open air, for 
a discussion of the results obtained. 

In those cases where the circumstances 
‘admit, it is well for such a society to begin 
the making of a little museum devoted to the 
illustration of the field with which they have 
to deal. The cost of such a collection need 
not be great; and the utility of the work is 
very great, provided it be not too much of a 
burthen to the association. It would best not 
be undertaken unless the club can see its way 
to a well-assured income of at least five hun- 
dred dollars per annum, beyond the rent of a 
room where it is deposited. Generally it will 
be possible in towns of any size, and where 
public spirit reigns, permanently to secure a 
‘room in some schoolhouse or library build- 
ing, large enough for the needs of the lit- 
tle museum. ‘The walls of a room twenty 
by thirty will serve for the storage of speci- 
mens for many years, and its floor-space will 
be great enough for mectings in the winter 
months. 

‘The first thing to be secured is as good a 
map as can be obtained, on a tolerably large 
scale, of the region to be studied; for the 


yeep Blaha hag st 






"mle of te eo 
“members is one of the best results that. can 
a field-club, In proper | 







great deal of fact which cannot be’Fep 
pe specimens that may be gathered 
field that it represents. 

‘The five hundred dollars’ revenue upon 


in such problems as its field 
ay of suggestions concerning 

Many naturalists will be glad to 
give aid in this way, either by a lecture, or hy 
written advice. Every field affords problems 
in geology, botany, entomology, etc., the solu- 
tion of which is within the limits of the 
simplest research if it only be patient and 
truth-seeking in spirit. More of the future of 
natural history lies in the prosecution of such 
inquiries than in all the work that can be done 
in the closet. 

Such collections, as soon as they are begun, 
will at once command the attention of work- 
ing naturalists. ‘They are sure to be visited 
and studied; and this interest they arouse 
will, in itself, pave the way to a quickened 
life, and better inquiry on the part of the 
members of the club. 

When these societies become numerous 
enough, — when there are a dozen working in 
New England, for instance, — it will be well to 
have a little joint action among them, such as 
could be obtained by an annual meeting of rep- 
resentatives from them, for the discussion of 
methods and of problems to be jointly investi- 
gated. The interesting experiment of a state 
metcorological system in Missouri has shown 
how useful local observers can be in this 
science. It might be well for the societies to 
























6 


cleaning lamp-chimneys. In this ball 
ber of roots also emerged from the lo 
of the ball, but only to re-enter it again 
the other cases. In no. 7 stems an 
came out together indiscriminately, 
all sides of the ball; the roots, 
after protruding from half an inch to 
re-entering the ball or withering. This 
ment was twice repeated. In the fi 
more stems appeared from the side ¢ 
away from the face of the clock, and t 
number of roots made their appearan 
opposite side of the ball. It was ob, 
this case, however, that the spind] 
about two degrees toward the clock 
next experiment the spindle was n 
zontal, and no difference as to place 
ging of root and stem was observed. 

These experiments in combination 
show with clearness the influence o} 
and gravitation in determining the 
the root, and to suggest that the ir 
moisture is the stronger of the two. 

The emergence of the sensitive tips vz we 
primary roots from the damp ball into the dry 
atmosphere I suppose Darwin would have ex- 
plained as the result of the persistence of the 
impressions in the root behind. The horizon- 
tally extending roots in the damp atmosphere, 
both dark and light, suggest that the response 
to gravitation in both cases was nil. May it not 
be true that the diageotropism of roots is such in 
no other sense than that of direction of growth? 
that it is in reality simply a growing toward 
the proper amount of moisture? ‘This would 
appear to explain the oblique direction of sec- 
ondary branches, and the largely indifferent 
direction of tertiary ones. The balls in the jar. 
placed in the horizontal attitudes indicate that 
the stem does not grow simply in a direction 
opposite to that of the principal root, for they 
were turned toward each other through an angle 
of nearly ninety degrees. The two inverted 
jars show that the stems did not seek a dry 
atmosphere, for in both cases they grew up 
into that which was more moist. ‘he inverted 
dark jar shows that the effect of the impact or 
absorption of light on the lower half of the ball, 
and the absence of these effects upon the upper 
half, did not produce a sufficient contrast to 
guide the stem into the light; but since, of the 
two jars placed in the horizontal attitude, only 
the ball in the mouth of the glass one sent 
stems into the jar, it seems possible, since 
other conditions were alike, that light may 
exert a small influence in guiding the stems 
from the ground. F.H. Kise. 

River Falls, Wisconsin, May 17, 1883. 














meriy considered a large terminal moraine, 
which lies squarely across the valley. Recent 
floods have swept away some of this moraine, 
and laid bare the country rock. This rock is 
found to be smoothly planed, and absolutely 
covered with glacial scratches all trending 
N.-20° W., or almost at right angles to the 
valley of the creck and the course of the former 
glacier. These scratches of the second glacier 
are now found in many places throughout the 
county ; and our old terminal moraine proves 
to be a medial moraine, and bears upon its back 
a line of huge bowlders with the same north- 
westerly trend. ‘These facts are recorded here 
in the hope that they may be of some .use in 
the consideration of a much-vexed question. 

Joun M. Courter. 
Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Ind. 


THE UNITED STATES FISH-COMMIS- 
SION STEAMER ALBATROSs.. 
I. 

Prowasy no department of scientific inves- 
tigation has made greater progress in its meth- 
ods of work during the past ten years than 
that of deep-sea research. The successful 
introduction of steel piano-wire for sounding, 
and of wire rope for dredging purposes, marks 
a new era in this class of exploration, for 
which credit is mainly due to American skill 
and energy. While-claiming so much in behalf 
of our own country, we frankly acknowledge 
that the only feasible method of using sound- 













































































































































































66 SCIENCE. 


rived at the present condition in every diree- 
tion in which human industry has been exerted, 
—a graphic history of the development of the 
human culture and civilization.”’ 

These are Mr. Goode’s own declarations of 
what seem to be the vital intentions of his 
scheme; and it is therefore a serious error, 
both practically and theoretically, when he 
places the natural history of man, in“ == 
his psychology and individual manifey 
at the head of his scheme, in place of 
this department the terminal one, to bi 
by visitors only after they had gone 
with all the other departments. 

The author has arranged the sect 
sixty-four topics according to a syste 
is artificial, and irreconcilable with hi 
tions and his general objects, and sli 


[Von IL, No. 24. 


ins the place assigned to mankind. Man is 
essentially the product of the forces which 
have acted upon this earth. Without going 
into the question of whether these forces were 
diyine or material, which is of no value in 
such a technical discussion, it is certainly very 
illogical to place the conclusion before the be- 
ginning, the consequent before the antecedent, 
~-~*-fore the earth. ‘This may be very satis- 
to those who need, or think they need, 
tually swing the censer before the old 
man’s supremacy in the universe; but 
one the less unnatural and illogical to 
se mode of arrangement for the parts 
jreat collection, and another for the 
future number we shall consider some 
ninor features of this elaborate scheme. 


LIST OF TWENTY-THREE NEW DOUBLE STARS, DISCOVERED AT CAROLINE ISLAND, 
SOUTH PACIFIC OLEAN, BETWEEN APRIL £7 AND MAY 7, 1888, BY E. S. HOLDEN 


AND C. 8. HASTINGS. 


























Star. a, 1880.0. 3, 1880.0 Pp. s Mags. | Observer. Date. 
A. m. 4. 
Btone, 5791 10 28 35 250° 2 8.: Q Holden 
ll 31 28 350 lk 8. 9.5 Holden 
ll 48 58 230 2 7 8 Holden 
il 57 «40 240 1 8.: 9.5 Holden 
12 31 24 205 1 1.3 a3 
13°41 «16 200 1 9. 9.5 
13° «6 (58 40 lk 1 0 
j 13 48 28 330 2 6.5 8.5 
290 25 6 3 
13°59 56 30 7 1.5 
146 14 180 3 7 9 
14 41 16 72 nu 1 6 8 
14 50 35 —67 30 0 5 * 10 
15 2 18 —0 31 70 4 7 8 
15°38 —51 38 220 3 7. 9 
15 6 36 —60 27 300 py 6. 13 
1b 7 2 —88 8 oO 1h 7 9 
15 8 40 —53 50 170 3 8 -10 
15 14 18 HT 2 225 rt 8.0 - 8.5 
1b 14 32 “4 1 15 3-6 
1 36 1 —50 2 210 2 7-9 
1 4 4 —60 23 85 1 65-9 
Btone. 9221... 1... 16 50 15 —56 25 125 2 7.5 -10 
Lac, 815. 6 6 ee 17 3% 16 —40 57 Ls 1 8.0 = 8.5 Holden 



































THE UNITED STATES FISH-COMMIS- 
SION STEAMER ALBATROSS.1—IL. 


‘Tue fitting-up of a small floating scientific 
laboratory, which might remain at sea for a 
month or more at a time, and yet include 
every necessary convenience, was a somewhat 
novel problem, and required a considerable 


1 Concluded from No, 22. 


amount of planning, based mainly upon past 
experiences of the fish-commission. ‘The gen- 
eral arrangements are now, for the most part, 
complete, but they are subject to alteration 
and improvement. 

The main laboratory (see figures, pp. 68, 69) 
is twenty feet long, twenty-six feet wide, and 
nearly eight feet high. The forward-end of the 
room is devoted to storage, and the sides and 






































































































































liz 


bo nee bern ontat Ter 
arte Sin panne inte the Arctic Coa — 
Bell, Aware. geuge. woe i383.) w. oo) aT 

The Connecticut Hiver in the glacial period — 
FrAcwor J. D. Dane contiouss bie studies om the 
former jines of flow wt the flooded Commectiont at 
theend of the ice lime, and fede evidenem, fram the 
height andl crareness of the terraces, thet some of 
the river's waters found thelr way soathwand aleog 
the Variunzion valley (where the Farmington Hiver 


HOW rona nonthwael) o u the oppere 
Quinnipiar, and thence direetly eouthwa 
present Mili River channel, to the Se 
Haven, and not 2!| the way along the 
an was formerly euppemed. —| Amer. fou 
Tans, 44., wo. 





aflonting no real 
































GEOGRAPHY. 
(Addy 

Mew Guinea. — \ ten-laye trip inka 
Moresby, made by W. G. Lawes and 
with a party of natives, led them over 
Mountain, about two thousand feet high 
valley of the Laloke Hiver, Frora the ne 
mit, they hal a fine view of sea and cor 
valley, intersected jry many winding streams, 20 vue 
valley, they visited tle Rouna Falls, —about two hun- 
dred and fifty feet in height, and a hundred and fifty 
feet wide. ‘The travellers saw many of the natives 
of the Koiari tribes, and found them all friendly and 
honest. They are smaller, darker, and more hairy 
than the coast tribes, and it way not uncommon to find 
aman with beard and mustache. They have a super- 
atitious belief, that, when a man dies, he has been 
bewitched by @ spirit belonging tw a neighboring 
tribe, who then must pay for the loss: fighting, 
there! always follows the death of aman of any 
consequence, Fruit is very plentiful and in great 
variety, Salt is highly prized, and makes a very ac- 
ceptable present. ‘The native method of getting fi 
Is peculinr: a piece of dry, pithy wood is split a little 
way, and held open with a stone; some tinder is put 
In the cleft, and a strip of rattan or bamboo is passed 
through It, and then pulled rapidly one way and the 
other tll smo! ud fire appear. In the ‘ Sogere’ 
istrict, the villages consist of only eight or ten 
houses, and two or three ‘tree-houses * which serve 
as forts. The occupants prepare for an attack by 
earrylng up a supply of stones into the tree-houses; 
and as they are sometimes over one hundred feet 
high, and command the whole village, they are not 
eantly taken, ‘Travelling was not easy, as there were 
numerous streams to cross, and leeches were very 
plentiful in the wet grass. — (Proc. roy. geogr. soc., 
vy. TEXAN, 300.) We SL. D. {119 

Indian surveys. — A general report on surveys in 
Indin during 1881-82, by Gen. J.T. Walker, an- 
nouncer the completion of the triangulation of all 
Indian on the lines long ago marked out by Col, 
Everest and sanctloned by the East India company. 
‘The latest part of this Great trigonometrical survey 
was the eastern frontier serles of triangles extending 
from Assam to Tenasserim, where It was brought to 









































ri, ismade the type of a new genus, Cint 
(racterized by the formation of the spores: 
circles, The curious io 
peri from the United States is figured, an 
ond species of Leersia is deseribed. The 
genus Doassansia, in which the spore masses are sur- 
rounded by a peculiar envelope, has one represen 
tative from North America which is figured by 
Cornu. — (Ann. sc. nat., xv. 269.) W. 6. F. (121 
Zygospores of Mucors.—Bainier has studied 
the conditions which favor the production of zygo- 
spores in Mucors, and finds that the conditions vary 
in the different species. The absence of free oxygen or 
of light is not a necessary condition, nor is a deficient 
supply of nourishment always required for the pro- 
duction of zygospores. Bainier cites a considerable 
number of cases where he has cultivated different 
species, and gives the manipulations required in each 
case for securing sporangia and zygospores; and he 
adds some observations on the chemical action of 
certain species. It appears that Phycomyces nitens, 
which usually grows on fatty substances, which it 
decomposes, can also be cultivated on cochineal, caus- 
ing it to assuine a deeper color, and rendering it more 
valuable commercially. Mucor racemosus, and a 
new species, M. tenuis, are described and illustrated 
in full. — (Ann. sc. nat., xv. 342.) W.G. FL (122 


Phenogams. 

Lignification of epidermal membranes. — Be- 
sides cutinization, the change which characterizes 
epidermal cell-walls in general, the exposed wall may 
undergo two others: it may be converted into muci- 
lage, thereby becoming weakened, or it may be ren- 
dered firm by the deposition or infiltration of mineral 
matters, ‘Io these well-known transformations of 
epidermal cells, Lemaire now adds lignification, hith- 
erto supposed to be confined to internal tissues. For 
the detection of lignine, he uses the useful reagent 
suggested by Wiesner, phloroglucine. A section of 
epidermis is transferred from an alcoholic solution 
of the agent to hydrochloric acid, when the lignified 
membranes assume a rose color, the other parts re- 














114 





Lavorat, St. Hilaire. | Agawaia, 


Teco au-/ 


reg Ten- — j Epitym-{) 


poral.) parte, 





Hypo- 
tym. (1 
panie, ) 


Pitce in-/ 


férieure, | 758"! 





Pitce an. }) Tym 
lérieure. | 


{| Pretyms j | By 
panal.{| panie. 4 





picoty 
I, 





Symplec.)) M 
ttque. 4) 


Piéce pos.) 
térieure. | 





ANTHROPOLOGY. 


Domestication of the horse. — M. Cornevin, dis- 
cussing the earliest evidence of taming the horse, 
very pertinently sets out with the question, ‘‘ What 
is a domestic animal ?”’ and replies, ‘ One that partici- 
pates in the domus, submits itself to the domination 
of a master, to whom it renders its products or its 
services, reproduces in captivity, and gives birth to 
young, which become more and more submissive to 
control.’’ The idea of domestication comports with 
that of property in some form. M. Cornevin, for 
reasons mentioned in his communication, places the 
time of the event in the bronze age contemporaneous 
with the bronze bit. The fact seems incontestable 
that the use of bronze was imported into Europe and 
Africa from the orient. M. Pietrement, in his work 
on the origin of the domestic horse, and, before him, 
M. Pictet, in his Origines indo-européenner, have 
proved that the Aryans, of the central Asiatic plateau, 
utilized the horse at a time when Europe was in the 
stone age. In the discussion which followed M. 
Cornevin’s paper, M. Faure remarked, that, while 
the bronze bit was good proof of the domestication 
of the horse, the latter may have been tamed long be- 
fore bronze was known, Indeed, the Gauchos catch 
the wild horses with a simple lasso. Could not pre- 
historic man, after catching a horse by means of a 
lasso, like the Gauchos, have made a simple bridle of 
raw hide, and have managed the animal thereby ? — 
(Bull. soc, anthrop. Lyon, i. 116.) 3. W. P. [130 

The troglodytes.—M. Alex. Bertrand, conser- 
vator of the muscum of national antiquities of St. Ger- 
maine-en-Laye, delivered an address in December 
last on the cave-dwellers, now published with copious 
illustrations in the first part, vol. ii., of the Reoue 
@ethnographie (Jan.-Feb., 1883). The address is in 
popular language, and gives many valuable particu- 
lars, deduced from their remains, of the environment, 























Bojanns,. | M-dvands,| Bakker. | Roventhal, | Wallan, 
— |) Bphym- Symplee- ; . 
ue. H Pangoe.| | tian, | Os emrré 

! 

Symplec- | | Oe disco! 
tc 

i le } 
at 

| ( Symptee. 
Piet | A 

(hia h 








itensils, and art of the prehistoric inhabit- 
ants or nurope. Perhaps the most interesting points 
are the evidences presented of their domestication 
of the reindeer, and the parallel drawn between 
their supposed mode of life and that of the modern 
hyperboreans. — J. w. P. (231 
The Serers of Joal and Portudal.—Dr. A. 
Corre of the French marine service gives an interest- 
ing and illustrated ethnographic sketch of the re- 
markable people on the west coast of Africa, chiefly 
near Cape Verd, and mentioned by Brue, towards the 
end of the seventeenth century, as being strongly dis- 
tinguished from the surrounding negroes. In many 
particulars, these people show characteristics similar 
to those of tribes separated from them by half the 
circumference of the globe. A short sentence may 
be literally translated in illustration : ‘* They call the 
uncle, father ; the aunt, mother ; the cousins, male 
and female, brothers and sisters.’’ The writer of the 
sketch did not appear to understand, or at least to fol- 
low up, this evidence of the system of consanguinity 
and affinity so frequently found in the stage of 
savagery. — (Rev. d’ethnoyraphie, Jan.-Feb., 1883.) 
J. W. PY (132 
Roumanian ethnology.— Trajan conquered 
Dacia in A.D. 106, colonizing it with subjects drawn 
from various parts of the empire. When this same 
country became known to the inhabitants of western 
Europe, they found there a people speaking a lan- 
guage derived from the Latin, and evidently descended 
from Roman provincials. With their imperfect 
knowledge of the intervening centuries, it was but 
natural, says A. J. Patterson, that they should~ ° 
connect these facts together, and assume that the \ 
Wallachs of their own times were the direct descend- 
ants of Trajan’s colonists, and that they had dwelt 
uninterruptedly on Dacian soil. As soon, however, 
as the Rouman language and Rouman institutions 











118 


ture of the family and of society; 2°, 


or in harmony with the habits and sentiments of 


every-day life and law; 3°, impartial, affurding to 
both sexes equal opportunities for culture; 4°, e¢o- 
nomical, using school-funds to the best advantage; 
5°, convenient both to superintendent and teachers 
in assigning, grading, instruction, and d 

and, 6°, be: 
development of the pupils. The pamphlet coneludes 
by observing that “both the general instruction of 
girls, and the common employment of women as 
‘public-school teachers, depend, to a very gt 

on the prevalence of co-education, and thé 
discontinuance of it would entail cither 

creased expense for additional buildings ar 

or a withdrawal of educational privileges 

future women and mothers of the nation.’ 

— Mr. Charles B. Dyer, a well-known © 
Cincinnati fossils, died at his home on W 
July 11, after a painful illness of over thre 
duration. He was for many yeurs engaged 
ing one of the finest collections of loc 
tology in the country, which now repo 
Agassiz museum in Cambridge. [lis ra 
were collected by himself, aid lis indw 
pursuit of new and fine speciters was Unk, 
connection with Mr. S. A. Mill 
few years ago, at his own expense, a nphlet with 
two plates, containing descriptions of new forms 
from his collection, entitled ‘ Contributions to paleon- 
tology.’ Thirty years ago Mr. Dyer retired from 
business with a moderate fortune, and devoted all his 
time to collecting. He was an eccentric man, with 
strong feelings, but a fast friend and a pleasant com- 
panion. He was in the seventy-eighth year of his 
age, and had lived in Cincinnati for over fifty-five 
years. His name is attached to one of the comimon- 
est crinoids of the Cincinnati rocks, Glyptocrinus 
Dyeri, and to several very rare and beautiful forms 
discovered by him. 

— The Imperial geographical society of St. Peters- 
burg has awarded its great gold medal to H. W. 
Abich for his researches into the geology of the Cau- 
casus, 
Déllen of the Pulkova observatory for improvements 
in astronomical instruments; Vitkoffski, Barsoff, and 
Krasnoperotf have received medals for ethnographic 
and statistical works; Oshanin, for travels in Turkes- 
tan, etc. Silver medals were awarded to Brunoff for 
meteorological researches, and to Lessar, Schultz, 
Gladisheff, Kiseleff, Rodionoff, and Slovtsoff for sur- 
veys and journeys, chietly on the Asiatic frontier of 
Russia. 

—The observatory at Moscow was among the 
establishments of the northern hemisphere which co- 
operated with Mr, David Gill, Her majesty's astrono- 
mer at Cape Town, in securing observations of the 
small planet Victoria, at its late opposition, for a new 
determination of the solar parallax. The ninth vol- 
ume (livraison i.) of the Annales of this institution 
contains the results of these observations, together 
with several papers by its director, Dr. Bredichin, 
relating to comets and allied subjects. 

















cial to the minds, morals, habits, and 








The Liitké medal was received by W. K. - 







‘eels Went Koes 
pec Ramee Sie pees 


anler, G, Dix tegans de bomnlque. 


ot Hlao salen "soa esp pudatogeet 
ag at ‘von papy 
fone When, 1888, ea pate 
A, Te. Lon oleemisx de lu France, Promibre: 
wvidés, Hietoten naturelle et Dpariieuliéne des 
ylos cultrirostresobservés en Fraoce. Paris, 1588 
" Medical orn. vol. no, 1, Chicago, Grose & Delbridge, 
July, 18s 2p. Bean. 
Aine PaNGmee F. Monogratia botanica ed agraria sulla 
oultiva: jone del pintaecht in Sicilia, Palermo, Lauriel, 1883. 
v 


Nazzani, |. ‘rattato d'idraulica_pratica, 
Har pli, 1983. 648 p. 
Fatouiliard N. Tabulac analyticae Fungoram, Deserip- 
tions et microscopiques dex champignons nouveaux, 
cent. i. Poligny, 1953. illustr. 8°. 
Pattison, M. M. hemiste. London, 1883. (Heroes of 
science.) illdatr. roy. 8. 
Petermann, .\. Recherches de chimie ct de physiologte 
appliquees a Vagriculture, Analyses de maticres fertilisantes et 
slingentalres 1 Bruxelles, 1883. 448 p. 3’. 
















vol. 1. Milano, 






























Pete: Darstellung clliptiseher functionen dureh tehen. 

Kanesverty i848 32 y 

Pucci, K. F anu h gobi vol. i. Milano, Hoepli, 

Asa, dus'p. 8 

Rovelli, © ne potenziale dl Green ap- 
vitazione untversale. 





plicata allo’ st 
Como, Franchi, 1883. 6 p. 








Saint-. Lager. Des origines des sciences natorelles. Paris, 
S83. Mp. 8. 

Sauvage, Il. F. La grande péche (pistons). Paris, 1885. 
iMuste. 87. 

Slack, J. H. Practical trout-culture, New York, 1883, 
inane 





Strasser, H. 7: 
quergestreittcn muske 


Targioni-Tozzetti, 
illustr, 8”. 





kenntnise der funktionelien anpassung der 
Slat 133.115 p, 


\. Ortotteri agrari, Fi 








ze, 1882. 


T 
Bosnien und He 













Vallot, J. heat la aie 
1S8B.- 80 phe {To contain 6-8 

Vélain, Ch. Cours cémentaire de gévlogle stratigraphique. 
Varia, 1833. 316 p., luster. 1 






— Excursion géologique dans te Morvan. 


iMustr. 
Violle, J. Cours de pl 
laire, parte 1. Paris, 1883, 250 tix. 


Wernicke, A. Grundziige der 
Braunschweig, 1833. 448 p., illuatr, 8°. 


Zoltz, A.de. Principii della eguaglianza di poliedrl ¢ di poll. 
goni eferici. Milano, Brida, 1883. 43 p. 8°. 


Paris, 1883, 12) 





tome i. Physique motétge 





elementar-mechanik: 

















122 


aggressively if not successfully generous im 


supplying their wants with expensive gifts, 
accompanied by their business-cards. The fer~ 
tility of the imagination in the construction of 
wedges may certainly be counted upon as quite 
equal to the opening of any cracks which may 
present themselves ; and we think it would have 
been far more prudent to recognize and provide 
for these dangers, however remote th 

be considered. 

Weare, of course, conscious that th 
of hands between science and the ind. 
the general drift of the tendencies of 
especially in this country. That this 
vate the industries, we lave no do 
that it will also elevate the ideals of 
we do not believe. How will the fi 
rector, however scientific, avoid the 
of becoming, before the government 
country, the representative of great Comme:- 
cial and industrial questions and interests, 
and be in danger of having his interests and 
his thoughts drawn into the vortex of such 
affairs, to the exclusion and neglect of the 
purely scientific aims and objects of the mu- 
seum’ We do not claim that this will be sure 
to be the case, but simply that we do not see 
how he can avoid the natural results of his 
position at the head of the great industrial 
museum of the country. 

Mr. Goode’s pamphlet also contains other 
matters, which, when viewed in the light given 
by the past history of other museums, show 
the neglect of essential precautions. ‘There is, 
for example, no provision for limiting the ac- 
cumulations of specimens. On the contrary, 
overpowered by the wauts of his world-embra- 
cing scheme, he appeals to public-spirited citi- 
zens to come forward and deposit their valuable 
and extensive private collections; and it is 
especially recommended that the oflicers, by 
a wise forethought, should encourage this pro- 
pensity to the utmost. 

Private collections have been made for the 
most heterogeneous purposes: and it is well 
known that their possessors usually demand, in 
return for their generosity in giving them, that 
they shall be kept together, or have a goodly 


SCIENCE, | 


proportion of exhibition space allotted to tl 
Such unqualified appeals, and the neglect of. 
other precautions ? against the unlimited 
sition of materials, are entirely at variance 
the selective policy previously announced, 
a complete surrender of the principles 
should govern a museum starting with a 
ideal, and bent upon ayoiding the errors. 
rand the unnecessary burdens which 
previously and truthfully deseribed: 
toode as the greatest obstacles in the 
2 older musenms, “4 
loes not require a prophetic eye to see in 
sar future, that assisted by the Fish-com~ 
on, the Geological survey, and other de- 
ents of the government, the yore. | ‘ 
y and liberality of the American citizen, 
‘ide, energy, and influence of the jaro, | 
if museam, uncontrolled by any pradential 
considerations, and stimulated by the universal 
field they are required to cover, will heap up 
materials not only faster than they can be han- 
dled, but in such masses that they will become, 
as in older museums, serious obstacles to the 
progress of the museum of education itself, and 
be still more serious in their effects upon the 
museum of research. The resources of the 
National museum, however great they may be, 
will inevitably find themselves, sooner or later, 
blocked by these accumulations ; and their care 
will occupy the time of the oflicers in an in- 
creasing ratio. Luckily for science, men in 
such positions have frequently found them- 
selves unable to resist the suggestive seduc- 
tions of research, and allowed collections to 
suffer while they studied ; but many, too con- 
scientious to do this, have been sacrificed to 
the mere preservation of materials, whose labors 
would have repaid the daily wages of many 
more lower-class laborers to any civilized gov- 
ernment. Large accumulations, however, not 
only directly discourage the investigator by 








1 “Phat we are not misrepresenting the spirit of the museum by 
this remark may be learned In Mr. Goode"s own words: “The 
clussification proposed should provide a place for every object 
in existence which it is possible to describe, or which may be 
designated by a name. When the object itself cannot be ob- 
tained, its place should be supplied by a model, picture, or dia- 
gram.” 


























130 


though perhaps more agreeably, in a hall of 


the same size by about two hundred jets. 
The expense of lighting some twenty falls by 
gas in this generous manner must be ph 
than by electricity. 

On the 18th of June the International fishery 
conference began its sessions in the seaNsre 
vatory of the Royal horticultaral society, ad- 
joining the exhibition gulleries. Meetings 
have since been held every day except Wednes= 
days and Saturdays. The inaugut — 
was delivered by Professor Huxle, 
an admirable introduction to the paj 
were to follow. First referring # 
tiquity of fisheries and their influ 
the history of mun, he spoke at se 
of the fisheries of the Phoenicians, th 
and the early Britons. Insisting 
importance of fish as food, he nex 
the question, ‘ Are the fisheries exh 
and, after tacitly admitting that certa 
may be destroyed, went on to de 
enormous abundance of cod, mach 
rings, and sardines, and to expres 
belief that their numbers cannot be emecvea 
by human agency. [le concluded with a very 
strong condemnation of unnecessary legis- 
lation. 

Upon this occasion the Prince of Wales 
presided, and there was an impressive assem- 
blage of diplomats and state officials. On the 
following day the prince again was present, 
and read a paper an hour and a half in length, 
written by his brother the Duke of Edinburgh, 
who is absent in Russia attending the corona- 
tion of the czar. This paper, entitled + Notes 
on the sea-fisheries and fishing population of 
the United Kingdom,’ is in many respects the 
most remarkable which has been presented to 
the conference. It is by far the most exhaus- 
tive and scholarly essay on the fisheries of 
Great Britain which has ever been published. 
and contains a great store of valuable facts 
gathered by the Duke of Edinburgh during the 
three years in which he served as admiral in 
command of the naval reserve, together with 
extensive statistics obtained at his instance 
hy the men of the coast-guard. On the 21st 
Sir James Gibson Maitland, the proprietor of 
the most extensive fish-cultural establishment 
in Europe, located at Howieton, near 
read a paper on the * Culture of Salmonid 
the acclimatization of fish,’ and the following 
day Professor Leone Levi of University college, 
London, on the * Economic condition of fisher- 
men,’ — an important contribution to social 
economy. On Monday, the 25th, the Ameri- 
can commissioner read a paper on the ‘ Fish- 

































On in Sth orate of the 
continen: Enropean n 
he fisheries of their respective 
on the 6th Capt. iemple bate an 
be antarctic seal-fishe 
he discussions have been in some instan 
important, though the usual disposition to 
ramble has been difticult to check. In fact, 
the ponderons British system of closing each 
session with four formal speeches, in connec- 
tion with the votes of thanks to the chairman 
and the speaker, has rather tended to encour- 
age the utterances of generalities. The ‘ prac- 
tical men,’ as they le themselves, who take 
the very unnecessary precaution of informing 
their hearers that they make no claim to being 
* scientific,’ have been rampant at these meet- 
ings. Professor IHuxley’s inaugural address 
has caused great unhappiness to those who 
believe in legislative protection without limit 
or reason. Close seasons for river-fisheries 
are needful and useful; but what is to be done 
with economists who claim that legislation will 
relieve the salmon from its pestilential para- 
site, the Saprolegnia fe 
The juries began their sessions about the 
middle of the month; and the galleries are 
still daily invaded by enterprising little groups 
of men with note-books. ‘Their task is not a 
light one; for the number of exhibiters must 
be at least three thousand. and the heat is 
ater than London has known since 1860. 
Science is well represented among the jury- 
men: Professor Flower. Professor Allman, 
Mr. John W. Clark of the Cambridge museum, 
Mr. Henry Woodward of the British museum, 
Professor Moseley of Oxford, Mr. John Mur- 
ray of the Challenger, Lord Russell, Dr. 
Murie (secretary of the Linnaean society), Dr. 
Francis Day, Professor IIuxley, Mr. R. H. 





























































































152 


Europe must have felt that this so¢ial element 
in our society left much to be desired. The 
writer recalls the time when he attended the 
Swiss association at Rheinfelden in one year, 
and the American the next, in a rather gloomy 
manufacturing town. At the Swiss meeting 
all the members dined together in a garden 
on the banks of the Rhine, after the morning 
session had been gone through with all dne 
solemnity. There was, be it confi 

wine, but so much wit and wisd 

that the very propliets of teetotr 

have been moved to sympathy. 

fire that only a table can provoke, 

mortals at least, these diverse folk 

by race and tongue, were fused int 
brotherhood. 

Making all due allowance for o 
need of taking diversions a little ss 
seem that we might heighten the 
ment in our mectings. Eyen the most august 
British societies descend to tea after the meet- 
ings, and find their profit in it from the closer 
and more familiar life that it gives. Although 
we use it little, our American folk have an 
unequalled capacity for after-dinner talking ; 
half our folk have the toast-master in them: so 
we need not fear that such gatherings would 
be dull. 

Coming to the apparently more scientific 
aspects of its labors, maintaining the while that 
the science of good-fellowship is the prince of 
all learning, let us consider some other parts 
of the association’s work. The experience of 
the British association seems to show that they 
succeed in avoiding the extreme haphazard 
nature of the discussions which mark our own 
association. This is in part due to the con- 
tinuity of attendance of its leading members, 
but it seems as if a part of its gain in this 
direction had been due to the fashion of having 
special committees charged with the study of 
large questions of public interest. Coming to 
the association with their minds full of the 
results of especially designated inquiries, the 
committce-men have been able to give an cle- 
ment of direction to its discussions that have 
often made them admirably deliberative, and 










aan we might have nya 
of matter which would insure 4 profit to 
who might attend. Giving these reports: 
their discussion the precedence in the | 
g8, the vagarists, the lost tribes of cirele- 
uarers, law-findera, and others who_ ler 
the wilderness, would not be able to: 


‘t unfrequently do, even in these ister 
the association. 
‘There is yet another chance of bet 
sociation-work. One of its highest 
foster the spirit of philosophical in 
iong the people with whom its lot is 
mm year to year. Something, but not. 
may be accomplished by the mere presence of 
notable men, and their wise words. Yet the 
odor of the sanctuary is but fleeting: it is not 
in the least a monumental thing. The ordinary 
citizens or the school-children mark the fact 
that fur a week some hall puts on a beehive 
look ; the papers have reports, mostly incom- 
prehensible ; and then the matter is forgotten. 
There seem to be several ways of increasing 
the local effects of these meetings. First, 
there should be a careful preliminary study of 
the scientific problems that the neighborhood 
affords, a sufficient presentation of those that 
are understood, and a suggestion of inquiries 
thereafter to be made. This should be printed, 
and would serve for a local guide for the use 
of the association, and as an incentive to local 
workers. Then, if it seems well, the associa- 
tion should offer some small prize to those 
students on the ground who would carry farther 
the inquiries that this report has shown to 
be desirable. If the conditions permit, the 
association would do well to see that some 
local society, such as the ficld-clubs that were 
recently adyocated in these columns, should 
be created, to remain as a successor to its 
objects and a fosterer of its work. In the 
inspiration that these meetings generally 

























































































182 


tion. What is vastly more important, it would 
rouse an enthusiasin for science at the locality 
of the meeting, which, if rightly fostered, 
would give permanent results. 

The association has sought to meet some of 
these wants and difficulties by creating a lar 
ger number of sections, exch of which has a 
presiding officer, who is expected to deliver 
a formal address. This is an ad~- 
only a half-way measure. ‘The pape 
in number every year; and the sever 
must all work at once and arduous} 
their reading in the allotted time. 
member, even to a specilist who 1 
gaged in two distinct lines of resea 
the disappointment of missing the , 
valuable papers when two or three are 
simultaneously. 

Many of these features must appt 
nently at the present meeting. The awenu- 
ance will consist in greater proportion than 
usual of the popular clement. The member- 
ship is now so large that there is no risk of 
the meeting being insignificant in size, as at 
Dubuque in 1872. But, since Minneapolis is 
the farthest point to the west yet tried, its 
distance must withhold many familiar faces. 
After this, we shall know better whether the 
kind invitations of San Francisco may be 
accepted two or three years hence. Next year 
the mecting should not be too far from the 
British association at Montreal. 

At least eight addresses will be given by 
presidents of sections, — excellent in their 
kind, but not quite a substitute for thoughts 
that breathe and words that burn. If free and 
wide discussion could be encouraged at these 
meetings, the retiring president’s address 
would now give abundant occasion. Dr. Daw- 
son hits hard where he thinks he sees a crevice 
in the armor of the evolutionists or of the gla- 
cialists, and many will chafe if there is no im- 
immediate opportunity to return his thrusts. But, 
while it may fail of excitement, the meeting at 
Minneapolis is very enjoyable. The city and 
vicinity are picturesque and delightful. The 
hospitality of the west is as broad as its 
prairies W. C. W. 








SCIENCE. 





[Vor. IL, 3 





THE 1GLOO OF THE INNUIT,—I. 


Tue wimaus of the urctic regions 
North adie call themselves * Innnits,* 2 
their winter-houses, built of ice and suow, * i 
loos.’ ‘This shortexplanation may be needed 
make clear my somewhat obscure title. 

These strange huts have been incidents 
described by many travellers in the accoun 
of their arctic explorations. Bat beyond # 
at they are rade domes of snow, in whi 
volar people live for the iter part o 
uw, little is known of the te of thei 
iction, their internal arrangement, or 
nditions which have led to their exisi 


many inquiries I have been called 

ver in regard to these northern cabin 

‘@ misconceptions I have found e 

the better informed of my questioner 

d me to believe that an neeount of 1 

$1 saw it during my life with the Innuil 

be of interest. ‘ 

origin of the igloo can only be guessed 

from the few facts we know of early man. TI 

will not discuss the ethnological problem which 

would identify the Innuit of the present day 

with the cave-men of Europe, but, assuming 

that it is true, will sketch a possible history of 
the ice-hut. 

These caye-men are known to have existed 
along the edges of the mer de glace, which, 
during the ice period, overspread Europe, and 
buried it as Greenland is probably buried at the 
present day. What caused this great flow of 
frigidity to the south, or its retrogression to the 
north, it is needless to consider; suffice it to 
suppose that our hyperborcans followed it in 
all its migrations. The liest evidences of 
their history are those they left in the caves 
of middle Europe when the glacier extended 
nearly to the Alps and Pyrenees, beyond which, 
with its outlying polar fauna of cave-men, cave- 
bears, cave-hyenas, mammoths, and reindeer, 
it never extended. 

‘These caves were the work of nature. When 
these people lived in their vicinity, it is proba- 
ble that they knew no other habitations, winter 
or summer, ind disputed their possession with 
the many animals whose bones are found beside 
the implements and bones of the cave-men 
themselves, 

As the mer de glace, with snail-like pace, 
withdrew northward, it was followed by these 
children of the cold (the cave-men), driven, as 
some suppose, by the more powerful river-drift 
men, or following that climate which was the 
more congenial. 



































184 






In the winter of 1878, hein; 
land in North Hudson's 1 
igloos on the Ist of Noveml) 
liam’s Land, next spring, we abandoned snow- 
houses, and took to tents on the 17th of June, 
having lived an igloo-life for seven months and 
seventeen days. That winter upon King Wil- 
liam’s Land we reared our first igloo om the 
25th of September, being one month and five 
days earlier than at Depot Island the previous 
season. This would give 1 total of tts" 
for the sonthern part of King Willian 
of eight months and twenty-two days, 
thiree-fourths of the year. This is the 
to the pole of greatest cold (be it the 
pole or according to Bent) that any 
have lived Q la Innuit. Assuming t 
Physical poles to be irlentical, and ¢ 
tion having been so near them, —bei 
only about a hundred miles dista 
must have experienced about the 1 
of annual igloo-life. Returning te 
Hudson’s Bay in the spring of 1880 
well as the majority of the Psquim 
ing around Depot Island, moved into vents 
about the middle of May, giving igloo-life 
for North Hudson’s Bay something over baif 
the year, which is probably near the mini- 
mum. 

While, of course, climatic causes principally 
determine the annual longevity of the snow- 
house, they are not the only ones. As soon 
as the spring thaws commence tumbling in 
the igloos, or making their structure insecure, 
the native would gladly avail himself of a tent ; 
but this he cannot do, unless there be a clear 
spot somewhere near, on which it can be 
pitched. It may be a number of days from 
the time he would accept tent-life before the 
hilltops or ridges commence peeping through 
their winter covering. The inland ridges, 
higher and more marked, coyered with black 
moss, which, once through the crust, makes sad. 
havoe with the snow, appear much sooner than 
those facing the sea. which are flatter, enabling 
the inland reindeer hunters to occupy their tents 
earlier than the seal or walrus hunters of 
the coast. Some igloo-builders will wait until 
they can kill enough seal to make a new tent 
before using one. The QOoqueesik Salik 
Esquimaux of the Dangerous Rapids of the 
Great Fish River can be said to be practically 
without tents, securing nothing, or alinost. 
nothing, from which to make them. They hold 
to the shelter of an igloo late in the spring, 
and seck it as soon as one can be made in the 
early winter. 





near Depot Ts+ 
> we moved Tito 





























(To be continued.) 


SCIENCE. 


On King Wil, 








ON PSL en te Ep 
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THAT ORCA Z 
IN OTHER TYPES. " 

Ix the Quarterly journal of m C 
science (xxi. 750) L published a brief prelim 
nary secount of the development of the 
body in the lamprey, stating that it was fo 
from x part ot tie eee fe This ac 
of 4 method of formation so entirely 
fon soy thing that was known among the vee T 
+ was received with incredulity 
ho says (Comp. emb Vy ii 
‘© not mysell’ completely followed 
ment in Petromyzon, but 1 have: 

( slight diverticulum of the stomodacnin 

helieve gives origin to it. Fuller de- 

e in any case required before we 

6 great a divergence from the n 

ment as is indicated by Scott's stats 

' These fuller details have long | 

‘eady for publication, bat T have 

ed by circumstances from issuing they 

shortly to continue my series of stadics 
vu we emb of Petromyzon, but, in the 
mean time, think it advisable to present this 


preliminary account. 
My friend, Dr. 


Dohrn of Naples, has lately 
ubject. and has come to the 
conclusion that neither Balfour nor myself can 
be correct, but that the pituitary body arises 
from an independent invagination of the epi- 
blast between the nasal cpithelium and the 
mouth (Mitth. zool, stat. Neapel, iv. 1 heft). 
On examining Dohrn’s figures, however, I was 
much pleased to find that his disagreement with 
ne is rather about terms than ts; for these 
drawings corre nost exactly with those 
that I have already published, and many more 
as yet unpublished. 




















m, 
ay, 





The development of the pituitary body, as far 
as I have been able to trace it. is as follows. 
Shortly before hatching, the mouth is formed by 
a deep invagination of the epiblast (see fig. 1, 





( 








186 


organ opening into the mouth, or else a 
dular organ opening into the mouth."* Th seems 
to me that the facts of its development in Pe- 
tromyzon negative this hypothesis. It is there 
seen to have no connection with the mouth; 
nor is this mode of development so entirely 
exceptional as it would at first seem. Of 
known embryos of craniate vertebrates, the 
lamprey has perhaps the smallest brain and 
the least cranial flexure ; which state of things 
allows space for a distinct invagination from 
without to reach the infundibulum. ~~~ 
Amphibia this is seen to a less di 
invagination for the 
pituitary body is 
formed before the 
appearance of the 









Fra, 4. — Seetion thro? 
head of embryo of 


A = Beotion thre 
wz tadpole of 








a 





Bombinator (after Ner Gitte). Letters ua be 
Gitte). Letters as fore, 
before. 

mouth, and just above it; so that, when the 






mouth appears, the two | 
nection, being crowded t 
creased cranial flexure. 
as the selachian, bird, m: 
brain acquires a very great 
bryonic stages, and the crar 
sequently very much in: In these cases 
almost the only possible way for an epiblasti 
invagination to reach the infundibulum is from 
the epiblast of the mouth. If the reader will 
compare the figures given above for the lam- 
prey with those from Gétte (figs. 4 and 5) tor 
the amphibian and that from Balfour for the 
selachian (fig. 6), these progressive changes 

will at once be clear. If em- 

bryological evidence counts 

for any thing, it would there- 
4 fore seem extremely proba- 
ble that the connection of 
the pituitary body with the 
mouth is only a secondary 
one, brought about by the 
greatly increased cranial 
flexure in the higher types. 
Assuming that the invagination originally took 
place independently of the mouth, such a sec- 
ondary connection would be almost 2 mechani- 
cal necessity of the great brain-growth. 


€ an apparent con- 
rether by the in- 
other types—such 
mmnial, etc. — the 
in early em- 
flexure is con- 






























Balfour). 
as before. 


Lotions 











‘ body with | ul 
psec is not primitive, 


caused by the coalescence of two 


pituitary be 

t of some originally perder 
pened, not into the mouth, but 
of the bead. Almost. 

velonged to the invertebrate : 

fertebrates. What its function was, f 

ilf problem. Dohrn’s hypothesis th 
Wwewas sormed by the coalescence of a pair o 
gill-clifts | is untenable, not only for the reasons 
ven, but on account of the invariable 
origin of this organ, while gill-clefts 
always arise in the vertebrates os outgrowths 
of the hypoblast. Perhaps we may modify Bale 
four’s suggestion, snd assume tentatively that it 
was 2 sense organ or gland which, baving lost 
its function, has become rudimentary, At. all 
events, it will be a step gained if we can estab- 
lish the fact that the pituitary body is an organ 
originally independent both of the mouth and 
of ‘the olfactory Appar ae W. B. Scort. 
y, Princeton, NJ, 
























Morphological laborat 
® July 6, 1883. 





THE WEATHER IN JUNE, 1888. 


Tre monthly weather review of the U. S. 
signal-service contains in usual detail reports 
from all portions of the country of the weather 
conditions which hiaracterieea the month of 
June. There were no unusual meteorological 
featu the month exhibiting the * average 
weather,’ as far as this term can he realized. 
The destructive tloods in the lower Missouri 
River, and in the Mississippi River between 
St. Louis and Cairo, the unusual rainfall in 
that section, and severe local storms in many . 
of the states, are the special events of note. 

The mean distribution of barometrie press- 
ure is illustrated by the accompanying chart, 
which also contains the mean isothermal lines, 





































































204 


of authorities; for the element of personal 
knowledge is entirely wanting. Nor has the 
compilation the value it might have had if 
authorities had been quoted. Although the 
book is apparently by a New-Englander, he 
omits the limestones of Smithfield, Rul, and 
the serpentines of Lynntiell, Mass.,— both 
interesting, though. as yet, little-used stones. 
Any personal knowledge of the subject would 
have supplied a host of such facts, whieh are 
not to be found in books, though well known 
to geologists. ‘The same absence of 
knowledge leads to such misleading st 

as that the fossils around P1 are 

with those of the same age in Scar 
Russia, Great Britain, and North . 

While the book padded with thi 

pages on classification of fossils, ne 

given to the arts of quarrying or of | 
stones, — most important and most 
matters. 

The chromolithographic plates are 
well done: they fail to give the peculi; 
of depth or translucency, whieh is bey 
art, but which is the greatest’ charm 
finest decorative stones 

The style is not altogether bad, though it is 
frequently inverted ; and the author often gets 
into the subject very much as John Phoenix 
‘backed the transit’ into the plane of the 
meridian. Now and then it is strikingly epi- 
grammatic, as in the following phrase: ‘One 
of the caprices of nature is to anticipate the 
works of art.’ 

It is a pity that so much faithful labor 
should have been given to this work. The 
printing of the book, and the index, are very 
sfactory. Despite its defe: the book 
will have a certain value to those interested in 
the subject ; for, as a compilation, it is, in its 
way, remarkable. 













































A PRIMER OF VISIBLE SPEECH. 
Visible-speech realer for the nursery and primary 
school. By ALEX. MELV! Bew, F.EIS, 
ete. Cambridge, King, 1883. 4452p. 16°. 
Tue science of phonetics made. perhaps, its 
greatest advance through Bell’s Visible speech, 
though it has by no means remained stationary 
since that book appeared. It is this system 
which this primer sceks to bring into 1 cal 
use in teaching, and its alphabet is a great 
improvement over that which we now use. It 
cannot be said, however, that the phonetic 
analysis on which it is based has received 
in all respects the approval of phoncticians. 
With some changes, the vowel system has now 











SCIENCE, 


.sonants bas met with serions objections; 







[Vou IL, 
won wide acceptance, but the analysis of 
















instance, for such sounds as f, th, a, wh. 
English. A discussion of the system 
would necessitate reference to recent 
on ploneties, especially to Sweet's paper 
Sound notation in the Transactions of the 
ological society for 1880-81, and to Sievers's” 
Grandziige der phonetik, and such a discus-— 
would hardly be in place here. One may 
wish, however, that some of Sweet’s changes: 
isible-speech alphabet conld have been 
- Still, the imperfections of the sys- 
‘ht never attract a child's notice, and 
1 probably accept unquestioningly the 
ven for f and th, without understand- 
they were made to resemble the He 
Yor the scientifle study of living - 
and of the phenomena of linguistie 
some auch phonetic system as Visible 
we may hope, will be agreed neon 
ovisionally, whether it is found of a 
ne in teaching children to read or not. 
it of practice must show whether this 
is alphabet will do better than other 
pnonetie primers the work of teaching a child 
to read ordinary printed books. The primer 
is divided into three parts, —first, pictured 
words, containing pictures of a few common 
objects, with their names and some phrases; 
next, sentences in rhythmical form ; and lastly, 
a vocabulary of common words arranged ac- 
cording to the initial sound, beginning with 
labial consonants, and ending with vowels. 
All this is printed only in Visible-speech letters, 
‘These three parts are preceded by some direc- 
tions to the teacher; and at the end a key is 
added for the teacher’s use, containing the 
usual forms in Roman type of all the words in 
the primer. Exclusive of the key, the whole 
contains thirty-five pages. At the beginning: 
of the key are given a few ‘notes,’ which 
speak of the syllabic / and 2, as in castle, lis- 
ten, and of the glides, that is, the vowel van- 
ishes, or final diphthongal elements in such 
words as hear (the sound represented by 7), 
day, go. It must surprise an American stu- 
dent of phonetics to see that American pronun- 
ciation is credited by Mr. Bell with pure ‘long 
vowels in the last two of these words, instead 
of with diphthongs, especially if his own expe- 
rience and observation with foreign languages 
have shown him how hard it is for most Ameri- 
eans to learn the pure long sounds of e and 0 as 
pronounced on the continent of Europe. Pos- 
sibly the American vanishing vowel in these 
cases is less prominent than in England, and 
it may be that some Americans do pronounce 
















206 


METEOROLOGY. 

Observations on Ben Nevis. — A permanent ob- 
servatory is to be established at the summit of this 
mountain by the Scottish meteorulogical society, A 
road to the summit has been begun: the building 
will be erected this summer, and it is expected that 
regular observations will be made after Noy. 1. The 
records will be kept hourly, not only at the sumepit, 
4,406 fect above sea-level, but also at Fort William, 
which is situated twenty-eight feet above the sea, and 
at the base of the mountain. Since June 1, 1881, 
simultaneous observations at these points beve bean 
made at frequent intervals of the day, in 
mer-time, by Mr, and Mrs, ©. L. Wragg 
of whom made the ascen: y day until 01 
of October rendered this impossible. The r 
tained have been discussed by Mr. Buchan § 
to warrant the permanent establisiment + 
servatory. — W. U. 

The origin of lightning. —In explaining 
torily the phenomenon of lightning, a di 
encountered in accounting for the enormou 
tensions which are necessary to explain t 
length of the spark often observed. The 
advanced by A. Fick, that the high tensiom 
duced by the sudden concentration of e, 
already existing in a free state, This conces 
is caused by the formation of large drops of ram 
from the small vesicles of moisture existing in the 
clouds, by which the surface upon which the elec- 

’ tricity exists is greatly diminished. The sudden 
forination of drops of water from the mass of aqueous 
vapor may be due to the advance of cold-air currents. 
The author endeavors to answer two objections which 
may be urged against his theory: 1. That in every 
rain-storm lightning ought to be seen; 2. That it 
ought to rain whenever it lightens. To the first ob- 
jection he replies, that the drops may be formed grad- 
ually, and not suddenly, in which case the tensions 
would be dissipated gradually; and, to the second, 
that drops are always formed in connection with 
lightning, but that in falling to the earth they some- 
times encounter a layer of dry air, and are absorbed 




















in their passage. — (Naturforscher, June 23.) w. u. 
204 
GEOGRAPHY. l 
(Aretie.) 


News from Bering Sea.— News to July 8 has 
been received from the North Pacific whaling-fleet. 
The promise of a late spring had been fulfilled to 
date. Large quantities of drift-ice were afloat in 
Bering Sea some distance south of Bering Strait as 
late as the end of June, The whalers had taken but 
Sew whales, — only nine for the whole fleet. St. Law- 
rence Bay did not open until July 1. The Leo, 
hound for Point Barrow to relieve the party at the 
U.S. international polar station, had arrived at Plover 
Bay July 5. During the last few days of June 
strong southerly winds prevailed, driving the ice 
northward, so that at least one of the steam-whalers 
was able to reach ten leagues north of Cape Lisburne. 
The Corwin had not arrived. The bark Mary and 

u-an had been nipped, and was leaking badly; and 









SCIENCE, 











the steamn-whaler Balacna lad returned to 
Bay with the loss of her propeller-blades, 

the fleet met south of St. Paul Island, in Jat 

N,, in April, and were fast in the ice from fo: 
eighty days, encountering very heavy iee and 
cold, The whales in their northward 

passed Cape Chaplin about July 9, The bark Hi 
er bad been injnred by a serious fire in thenfé 
castle, A small numberof walrus had been 
in default of larger game. Notwithstanding 
unfavorable spring, a few weeks sultable wei 
may change the conditions sufficiently to enable 
nake a fair season's catch; but it must 

| that the prospect of this, as well aa for the — 
aching Point Barrow, and securing the 
‘bservations there, are not moana 





(Africa) 

I's journey to Somali-land.—M. G. 
intrusted with the direction of an - 
omali-land by the French ministry of publie 
m, left Zanzibar about the first of 
etentions at Aden and Zanzibar, collect 
ul history and ethnology were obtained, 4 
bers of the party instructed in the met 

Friendly relations were established 
hiefs of the Somali coast, who were on an 
fsit to Zanzibar, and recommendations to 
various tributary chieftains obtained from the sultan, 
M. Revoil intended to enter the country with Arwb 
guides at Mogadoxo. and to ascend the Wabbi River 
to Geledi, whence, after a short stay, he would proceed. 
to Gananeh on the Juba River, which he would en- 
deavor to map, while obtaining collections of all 
kinds. After this the Juba would be ascended to the 
region of the Ugadines toward the west, or he would 
enter the Galla country toward Kaffa and Shoa, 
where it is thought the friendly relations of the 
French with King Menelik would insure him a favor- 
able reception. It is expected that the journey will 
terminate by traversing the country to Harrar, and 
thence to Zeila on the Gulf of Aden, — (Comptes 
rendus soc. géogr., no. 11.) W. I. De [206 








ZOOLOGY. 


Mollusks. 

Existence of a shell in Notarchus.— Vays- 
sitre has demonstrated the existence of a minute 
internal spiral shell in Notarehus, ‘Taken into con- 
sideration with a similar discovery by Krohn in Gas- 
teropteron, the author thinks it very probable that 
both are persistent embryonic shells (in Notarchus it 
is about one-fiftieth as long as the animal itself), and 
that an analogous appendage will be found eventually 
in most tectibranchs, which, up to the present time, 
have been considered shell-less, — (Journ. de con- 
chyL, xxii. 4.) WwW. Hw. De [207 

New abyssal mollusks.—Fischer describes a 
number of new species from the deep-sea dredgings 
of the Travailleur in 1882, They belong to the gen-" 
era Dentalium, Mitra, Sipho, Pseudomurex, and Belo- 
mitra. The latter is a new genus resembling Bela,” 
but with numerous small plications on the columella. 











208 


early stages of humanity, The discussion iskept up 


by the French society, and most elaborate measures — 


ments are reported. M. Dally is not quite satisfied 
with the methods, however, and makes the following 
remarks, It is very wrong to confound things dilfer- 
ent inter se under one abstract term, and to study 
them as a natural group. Assassins, murderers, 
criminals, and even the assassinated, constitute 
juridical categories; but surely they are not plillo- 
sophic, Highwaymen, ravishers, the jealous, mono- 
maniacs, avengers, nihilists, etc., may be assassins; 
yet they have nothing in common, except that their 
actions lead to the same result. The ot 

ditions which lead to murder are quite d 

each case. Again: every onv knows that os 

more rare than a perfectly symmetrical sku 
establishing the proportions of anomal 

among criminals, it is necessary to fix thi 

among the virtuous, In fact, all men 

heavy lower jaws are not necessarily asa 

can we assume that all crime is evidence w 

and argue, hence, that in tle anatomy of 














INTELLIGENCE FROM 


PUBLIC AND PRIVATE INSTITUTIONS. 


University of Michigan. 

Central laboratory for microscopy and aeneral 
histuloyy —Instruetion is given in this laboratory 
in the following subjects, 1. Microscopical technics, 
or the science and art of microscopy, comprising, 
(a) the theory and construction of the instrument and. 
its various accessories; () the methods of determin- 
ing magnifications; (c) the methods of microscopic 
drawing, microscopic photography, and microscopic 
projections; (d) the preparation of objects of various 

2. Human histology. 3. Comparative his- 

4. Vegetable histology. 5. Dental histol- 
6. Pathological anatomy, 7. Completion of 











ogy. 
microscopic study in such other subjects as may be 


desired by professors in charge. 
following is the plan pursued in the principal 
ions: — 

Normal human histology.—This course con- 
sists of thirty lectures in the amphitheatre on the 
use of the microscope and on histology. In laboratory 
work the student is taught the manipulation of the 
instrument, use of accessories, etc. Then follows 
the study of such subjects as blood, epithelium, bone, 
tooth, cartilage, elastic tissue, mmsele, kidney, 
stomach, liver, intestine, brain, spinal cord, and 
various miscellaneous subjects, as the oesophagus, 
tonzue, skin, ete. The students are given instruc- 
tion in mounting, so that each specimen is preserved 
as itis studied, The average number of mounts per 
student is about twenty. ch student is required 
to have at least twelve mounts, and some ambitious 
ones mount as high as fifty or sixty. Over six 
thousand mounts are carried away cach year by 
students in this department. ‘Lhe object of the 




















SCIENCE. 


’ 
[Vor. I, No, 2 


we have the portralts of our prehistoric ancestors. — 
(Built. xoe. anthro, Parls, ¥. TIR.) a. Wee ie 
Baster Island. — Commander Bonverle F, 
in June last, visited the Easter Istand, faniling at dhe 
village of, Maluvevi, where the vessel was boarded 
Mr. Alexander Saath seo of the Maison Bi 
of Tahiti, who purch: the property of the mia- 
sionaries four years ago, The latter then left for the 
Gumbier Archipelago, taking three hundred native 
with them, The natives now number a hundred 
and fifty, and are decreasing. About five han 
were shipped to Tahiti eight years ago, to worle 
itations of the Maison Brander. Among the 
ng people are no traces of the missionary 
They are divided into several small clans; 
ir chief quarrels are about bhe first eggs of 
Ideawake* eveg year from Needle rock. 
‘th or tradition of their arrival is given by 
ader Clark, who also speaks hopefully of 
ility of the island, as well as its value as a 
n station. — (Pree. roy. yeoyr. soc, ve 40) 
[aa 


~ 


SCIENTIFIC STATIONS. 


wourse .4, first, to make the student better acquainted 
with the structure of tissues, and, second, that he 
may become familiar enough with the microscope 
and its manipulations to work to advantage without 
the aid of an instructor. 

Vegetable histology.—The first course con- 
sists of work in structural botany for a term of twenty 
weeks. Special attention is given to the correct re- 
presentation of microscopic objects on paper, Sixty 
acettrate drawings of the various structures examined 
during the course are required of each student, the 
specimens being prepared by the students themselves, 
Vegetable protoplasm is studied with the special 
view of ascertaining the e 8 of the various re- 
agents employed in general laboratory work. Then 
follow lessons on the vegetable cells, diatoms, and 
other miscellancous subje 

Course two in vegetable histology consists of work 
in pharmaceutical botany, three forenoons of labora- 
tory work each week for twenty weeks. At the 
close of the course each student chooses a particular 
drug, studies it thoroughly, and presents the results 
of his Jabors in the form of a thesis. 

Advanced normal and pathological histology. 
— Any student who has completed the primary course 
in the histological laboratory, or who has performed 
an equivalent amount of work in some other institu- 
tion, can enter the class for advanced work. The 
first work here is in testing objectives with test- 
plates and diatoms, and in becoming more familiar 
with a few useful accessories, The art of injecting 
is then taken up, and the frog and cat are experi- 
mented upon, as well as individual organs from 
larger animals. Each student then chooses some 
particular organ or tissue, and prepares it in as 
many ways as possible fur study. He thus become: 























210 


by people who did not know their own agesy but 
probably only a small part of it is due to that cause, 
at least in the more intelligent portions of the popula- 
tion. In so intelligent a state as Rhode Islund, for 
instance, we find for the years 29, 40, 51, the numbers 
3,965, 6,550, 3,112; which is not much better than in 
the aggregate of the United States. How much is 
due to guessing by relatives, servants, masters, ete, 
and especially to suggestions and guesses by the 
census-gatherers themselves, — who, of course, do 
not regard the exact ages as important, and most 
of whom have probably no strong views on the 
subject of the ‘personal equation,’ — ne 

tell, but probably very much more thar 

ple’s ignorance of their own ages. An ex 

and comparison of the original note-bo« 

various census-takers would furnish mater 
interesting exercise, if nothing more, in stat 

search, and might reveal approximately the 

which the personal qualities of the census-t 

affected the result; while a comparison of 

with well-established tables of mortality mig 

us to estimate the force of the teudency 

state age which would doubtless be found 

The whole thing makes a very pretty prol 

serves to illustrate in a rather gross and exe 

way the complexity of statistical investigatic. 

—We learn from Nature that a meeting wow 
may have an important result upon seicnce and art 
instruction in England has been inaugurated at 
Manchester. An association has been established to 
effect the general advancement of the profession of 
science and art teaching by securing improvements 
in the schemes of study, and the establishment of 
satisfactory relations between teachers and the Sci- 
ence and art department, the city and guilds of 
London institute, and other public authorities. It 
proposes also to collect such information as may be 
of service to teachers professionally; and it will en- 
deavor, by constant watchfulness, to advance the 
status and material interests of science and art 
teachers in all directions, The president of the new 
association is Professor Huxley, and the vice-presi- 
dents are Dr. H. E. Roscoe, Mr. Norman Lockyer, Pro- 
fessor Boyd Dawkins, Professor Gamgee, Professor 
Ayrton, Professor Silvanus Thompson, Dr. John 
Watts, Mr. S. Leigh-Gregson, Mr. John Angell, Mr. 
W. Lockett Agnew, Mr. C. M. Foden, and Mr. J. H. 
Reynolds. Mr. W. E. Crowther, of the Technical 
school and mechanic's institution, Manchester, is 
the honorary retary; and all communications 
should be addressed to him. especially by those who 
ave desirous of forming affiliated unions in other 
districts. We believe that branches are already 
being established at Neweastle-upon-Tyne and Liver- 
pool. 

— The attorney-general of the United States has 
approved the title to the proposed site of the fish- 
commission establishments at Wood's Holl, Mass. ; 
and the contracts for the work on the breakwater, 
pier, and basin, will, it is expected, soon be made. 

— King’s Dictionary of Boston, after the manner 
of Dickens's Dictionary of London, has recently 

















SCIENCE. 


been published. Edwin M. Bacon ia the editor. 
short introduction is written by George EB. Ellis, T 
‘The brief notices of the libraries ae selentifie 
clations of Boston are come and well | 
down to dite, 

—For the last two years snl of buck 
tain sheep have been running with the flock of Mr, 
Bailey of Bull Run Basiu, Nevada; and thereare 
between twenty and thirty lalf-breed lambs in 
lot, According to the Tuscarora mining news, 
are mostly covered with hair, although there ts 
wool amongst it. They carry their heads high, 

(heep, but are as easily herded as those 

astic blood, ‘They are of no value ee 

re said to make excellent mutton. 

subsidence of land in the Cheshire walt-d 

lugland is again becoming alarming. 

(river Weaver las widened out below Ni 

ing a lake of about two miles square, 

ss. Oraterdilke holes suddenly fall in, 

ty or two deep ponds of saltish water, 

hee, two years ago, the river itself 

S into the subsidence for the space of two. 

filling up several old rock-salt mines in they 

wod: from these the water is morn 

is brine, Land-owners in the 

bill into Parliawent during the sessiou of 
acvey ow vitain compensation for the damage done by 
the salt-works; but it was argned that subsidence 
woull occur by natural filtration, even if the brine 
were unworked, and the bill was thrown out, 

— Mr. Albert Marth, F.R.A.S., has succeeded Dr. 
W. Doberck as astronomer at Col. Cooper's observa- 
tory, Markree, Ireland. 














RECENT BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS. 












Albert-Levy. Les nouveautés de In science. Parks, a- 
chette, 1883. 192'p. 18°. 

Alvarez Elvctricidad catitien. Madrid, 4ér. 
militar, 1883 8, 

Bell, A. Melville. Visible-ape for the nursery and 
primary school, Combridy: + 1 





fmolin, H. Cat 

du ‘Tournninix, av 
Vournai, Vaxseur-Dr 

Kritische chung der clektrixchen 

Hen gebrivehlichsten mechaniechen kraft. 

Berlin, 1383. 

Prodromul tlorel romane san enumeratiunes 


xpontanges: et 
alités ott on les 
12, 


‘ip. 








Beringer, 
keaftilierracaing ai 
bertragungesystemen, 








Brandza, }. 








plantelor pan Je cunoscute in Moldova si Valuchia, Bu- 
curescl, 1833. 8 

Bureau, ‘| chnologic des matiéres textiles. Gand, 
1883, 235 p!, 17 pl. et figures. antogr. 4 








Biologie cellulaire: tude comparée de le 
polnt de vue anatomique, 
3 


Carnoy, J. B. 
cellule dans lex deux régnes, au trip 
chitnique et physiologique. | Licrre, 1983. illustr. 8% 

Centralbureau der curopiiischen gradmexsung, Verband. 
lungen der vom 11 bis zum To September, 1982, im Tang verel- 
) permanenten commission der curupiiixehen gridmessungy 
yon den schriffihren .\. Hirsch, und Th, vo 1 Oppolzer, 
albericht, fir lie 1881 und 1882. 
p.2mape. 4°. 














fch mit dem gene 
Derlin, Reimer, 1383. 6 

Cervera Bachilier, Creencias y superaticiones, tradl- 
ciones, leyendas, consejas, historias mistiousy preocupaciones 
populares de todos lox shglos y de todos lox pueblos, Madrid, 
impr. Riva, 1833. 24 p. 8°. 

Chamberland, (. le 
neuse apres len tavauy’ re 
Sed p. 









rbon et la vaccination charbon- 
ts de M. Pasteur. Parks, 1883, 






















































































































































































272 


naine of the Oneida tribe ditfers on pp, 42 


and 78? Before leaving this interesting sub- 
ject, we would call attention to note 4 on 


p. 147: “It is deserving of notice, that the 
titles of clanship used in the language of eere- 
mony are not derived from the ordinary names 
of the animals which give the clans their desig- 
nations. Okwuho is * wolf;’ but a man of the 
wolf clan is called ‘ Takionni.’*’ ‘The simple 
explanation is, that, in both tle Seneca and 
Oneida, * Tai-hyo-ni’ is the name of | 

mal. One might be tempted to theori-.« 
this; but so much is yet to be learned reg 

ing this intermingling, retention, and eoi 

of words, that for the present we haye hey 
collate facts which can only be ch . 
plained or understood by a more full | 

plete comparison of the Iroquois dialeguss 
has heretofore been obtainable. 

The chapter entitled the * Book of rites” 
plains its origin and character, the manne 
its discovery by Mr. Hale, and the chapras 
of the Indians in whose possession it was 
found. ‘That it is a genuine Indian produe- 
tion there can be no manner of doubt; and 
Mr. Hale’s conclusions concerning its age are 
in all probability correct. 

The Book of rites comprises the speeches, 
songs, and other ceremonies, which, from the 
earliest period of the confederacy. are sup- 
posed to have composed the proceedings of 
their council when a deceased chief was la- 
mented, and his successor installed into office. 
The fundamental laws of the league, a list of 
their ancient towns, and the names of the 











AMERICAN A 





The evidence for evolution in the history of 
the extinct Mammalia.! 


BY E. D, COPE OF PHILADELPHIA, 


Tue subject to which I wish to call your attention 
this morning requires neither preface nor apology, as 
it is one with the discussion of which you are perfectly 
familiar. My object in bringing it before the general 
session of the association was in view of the fact 
that you were all familiar with it in a general way, 
and that it probably interests the members of sec- 
tions which do not pursue the special branch to which 
it refers, as well as those which do; also, since it has 
been brought before us in public addresses 
for many years, during the meetings of this associa- 
tion, I thought it might be well to be introduced at 
this meeting of this association, in order that we might 








1A lecture given in general session, Aug. 20, 1883, Steno- 
graphically reported for SCLENCR. 





SCIENCE. 


[Von IL, No. 3% 


chiefs who constituted their first council, all 
chanted in a kind of litany, are also compriged 
in the collection. These contents are snid to 
have been preserved in the memory for many 
generations, and were written down by desire of 
the chiefs when their language was first reduced 
to writing: This mannscript, the original of 
which had been lost, Mr. Hale has, with the 
most competent Mohawk assistants, transiated 
into English, and drawn fiom it most interest= 
clusions regarding the character aud 
if the Iroquois tribes, quite dissimilar 
bse generally accepted. The transla- 
tes, and glossary exhibit the work of a 
student. In the free translation ren- 
; Mr. Hale to the songs, he has given 
metre almost suggesting the peculiar 
which, in the original Mohawk, was 
i by intovations; for it must be re- 
od, that it is one orator who must un- 
continue to sing and chant, sometimes 
ity-four hours; and only by varying 
-note is he able to accomplish this 

v. 

A book which is as suggestive as this must 
bear good fruit. We have called the attention 
of our readers to many disputed points in the 
hope of awakening a spirit of inquiry upon 
subjects of such vital importance, many of 
which are here presented for the first time. 
We feel assured that the hopes of the author 
regarding it will be fully realized, and that 
students of history and of the science of man 
will here find new material of permanent in- 
terest and value. 


JOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. 


not omit to have all the sides of this interesting ques- 
tion presented. 

‘The interests which are involved in it are large: 
they are chiefly, however, of a mental and metaphysi- 
cal character; they do not refer so much to industrial 
and practical interests, nor do they involve questions 
of applied science. They involve, however, ques- 
tions of opinion, questions of belief, questions which 
affect human happiness, I venture to say, even more 
than questions of applied science; certainly, which 
affect the happiness of the higher grades of men and 
women more than food or clothing, because they re- 
late to the states of our mind, explaining as they do 
the reasons of our relations to our fellow-beings, and 
to all things by which we are surrounded, and the 
general system of the forces by which we are sur- 
rounded. So it has always appeared to me: hence I 
have selected the department of biology, and have 
taken a great interest in this aspect of it, 








274 


applicable to the other. Here is a question of ration~ 
al processes, of ordinary reason. If the roles of 
chemistry are true in America, I imagine they are 
true in Australia and Africa, although I have not 
been there to see. If the law of gravitation Is effee~ 
tive here, I do not need to go to Australia or New 
Zealand to ascertain whether it is true there. Bo, 
if we find in a group of animals a law sufficlent to 
account for their creation, it is not sary to know 
that others of their relatives Lave gone through # 
similar process. I am willing to allow the ordinary 
practical law of induction, the practical law of Infer- 
ence, to carry me over these gaps, over these ir 
ruptions, And I state the case in that way, bee 
this is just where some people differ from me, 
that is just where I say the simple question of rat 
ality comes in, I cannot believe that navure’s |-~ 
are so dissimilar, so irregular, so inexact, that t 
which we can see and understand in one place . 
not true in another; and that the question af =. 
logical likelihood is similar to the question of = =~ 
graphical likelihood. If a given process is tre 
one of the geological periods, it is true in anothe 
if it is true in one part of the world, it is f 

in another; because I find interruptions in 
series here, it does not follow that there need 
interruptions clear through from age to age. ‘is 
assumption is on the side of that man who asserus 
that transitions have not taken place between forms 
which are now distinct. 

We are told that we find no sort of evidence of 
that transition in past geological periods; we are 
assured that such changes have not taken place; we 
are even assured that no such sign of such tran 
from one species to another has ever been observed, 
—u most astonishing assertion to make lo a biolo- 
gist, or by a biologist; and such persons have even 
the temerity to cite special cases, as between the wolf 
and the dog. Many of our domestic dogs are nothing 
but wolves, which have been modified by the hand 
of maifto a very slight extent indeed. Many dogs, 
in fact, nearly all dogs, are descendants of wild 
species of various countries, and are but. slightly 
modified, 

‘To take the question of the defini 
Supposing we have several species well detined, say 
four or five. In the provess of investigation we ob- 
tain a larger number of individuals, many of which 
betray characters which invalidate the definitions, 
It becomes necessary to unite the four or five species 
into one. And so, then, because our system requires 
that we shall have accurate definitions (the whole 
basis of the system is definitions: you know the very 
comprehension of the subject requires definitions), 
we throw them all together, because we eaunot define 
all the various special forms as we did betore, until 
we have but one species. nd the eritie of the view 
of evolution tells us, LD told you so! There is but 
one species, after all, There is no such thing asa 
connection between species: you never will find it.” 
Now, how many discoveries of this kind will be neces- 
sary to convince the world that there are connections 
between species? How long are we to go on finding 
































on of species. 



























SCIENCE. 


[Von. IL, No, 80. 


connecting Minka, and putting them together, as we 
have to do for the sake of the definition, and them 
be told that we have, nevertheless, no intermediate 
forms between species? The matter is too plain for 
further comment, We throw them together, simply 
because our definitions require it. If we knew all 
the known individuals which have lived, we should 
have no species, we should have no genera. That is 
all there is of it. It fs simply a question of a antver- 
sal accretion of material, and the collection of infor 
mation. Ido not believe that the well-defined groups. 
will be found to run together, as we call it, in any 
ogieal period, certainly in no one reeent 

We recognize, however, that they diverge to. 

fal extent: one group has diverged at one 

ad another one Was become diversified in a 

period; and so each one has its bistory, 

ginning farther back than others, some 

far back. beyond the very beginning of the 

n fossils could be preserved. 1 eail atten- 

iis view, because it is a very easy matter for 

e words for the purpose of confasing the 

F, next to the power of language to express 

as, is ils power of expressing no ideas wt 

+ we all kiow, we can say many things which 

ot think, It is a very easy thing to @ay 

‘is equal to six, but it is impossible to think 








is 

I would cite what I mean by variations of species 
in one of its phases: I would just mention a genus 
of snakes, Ophibolus, which is found in the United 
States. If we take the species of this snake-genus 
as found in the Northern States, we have a good 
many species well defined, If we go to the Gulf 
States, and amine our material, we see we have 
certain other species well defined, and they are very 



















nicely defined and distinguis) If, now, we go to 
the Pacifie coast, to Arizona and New Mexico, we shall 





find another set of species well defined indeed. If 
we take all these different types of our specimens of 
different localities together, our species, as the Ger- 
mans say, all tumble together: definitions disappear, 
and we have to recognize, out of the preliminary list 
of thirteen or fourteen, only four or five. That is 
simply a case of the kind of fact with which every 
biologist is perfectly familiar. 

When we come to the history of the extinct forms 
of life, it is perfectly true, then, that we cannot 
observe the process of descent in actual operation, 
because, forsooth, are necessarily dead. We 
cannot perceive any activitie: “use fossils have 
ceased toact. But if this doctrine be true, we should 
get the series, if there be such a thing; and we do, 
as a matter of fact, find longer or shorter series of 
structures, series of organisins proceeding from one 
thing into another form, which are exactly as they 
ought to be if this process of development by de- 
scent had taken p! A 

Tam careful to say this; because it is literally true, 
as we all must admit, that the system must fall into 
some kind of order or other, You could not collect 
bottles, you could not collect old shoes, but you 
could make some kind of a serial order of them. 














































stricted, it preangts ty the meet energetic dleplers 
a matter of cecessity (het geental 

the back olution, proved 
. kot the arpument— 
that motion has ever affected creche —be tree 
That is a point which. of comre, adevite of mock 
dincussion. I have placed myself oa the affieeative 
aide of that question: and, if I live long enomgh, I 
expect Wy see it absolutely demonstrated. 

Of course the development of mind beeames pow 
sible under such cirenmstances. It is pot Hike & mam 
lifting himself up by bis booty: whieh it would be if 
he had no snch thing as memory. But with? 
ory Which accumulates, which formulates fits, 
and then structures, especially jy (he solfa | 
nervous tissue, the development of Ube melt 
as the machinery of the mind becomes perl 
sible, We develop our intellect through thy 
lation of exact facts; through the collation 
truth, no matter whether it be a bumllle 
truth, — as the knowledge of the clanges ab 
sone, Which induces some aninuals to lay up te — 
ter's store, — whether it be know ledue of the fact & 
the ting of the bee is very unp, unt, or knowle 
of the fact (of which the ox, no doubt, is Chorong 
aware) that the teeth of the wolf are mot pleaSene 
to come in contact with; or whether it be the cou 
plex knowledge of man. When the cereural matter 
has become Jar nd more complex, it ves and 











































retains ame ter numberof impressions, and the 
antinal becomes amore highly educated being 
ds the department of emotions or passions, 


Ithvalko much stimulated by the environment. Ani- 
mals which live in a state of constant strife, naturally 
antagoni passions much developed; 
ble, pympathetic sentiments are better and 
more largely produced by peace-loving animals. Thus 
It Is that the various departments of the mind have 
the beautiful results which we now find in the human 


















partments of the mind which 
line to admit having had such 
an origin, The moral faculty, for instance, is ex- 
cepted by inany from this series. But the 
why they object to its production in this wa 
my mind, not valid. 


‘There are some de 
some Of our nis d 













re, to 
The development. of the moral 
faculty, which ix essentially the sense of justice, ap- 
pears to them not to fall within the seope of a theory 





of descent or of evolution, It consists of two parts, 
First Iv the sentiment of benevolence, or of sympathy 
with mankind, which gives us the desire to treat them 
aw they should be treated, It is not sufficient for jus- 
tee that itis unmixed merey, or benevolence, which 
Is sometimes very injurious, and very often mis- 
| placed. It requires, in the second place, the criticism 
of the judgment, of the mature intelleet, of the ra- 
tonal faculty, to enable the possessor to dispose of 
his sentiments in the proper manner. The combin 
thon of rational discrimination and true judzment, 
with benevolence, constitutes the sense of justice, 
which has been derived, no doubt, as a summary of 
the development of those two departments of the 
mind, — the emotions and the intelle 
























SCIENCE. 


{Vou IL, Ne. ai 


Tk ts eald_ that a sense of jnstier enuld not be de 
rived from the sease of no justite> tat it 
have been derived from the state of things 
Gnd in the animals, because no animal is known1o 
exhibit real jastiew: and that objection is valid as far 
ws it goes. I ensp et that no animal has been ob- 
served to show a troe sense of justice, That ther 
show sympathy and kindness, there is mo question; 
bat when it comes to real justice, they do oot display 
it. Bat do all men display justice? Do all men muder— 
Mand justice? Lam very sure not” There are a goad 
many ten in civilize! communities, and there are 

§, who do hot know what justice is, Indoes 

\s a part of every mental constitution EF 

J among the Bushmen, and do not know 

tat thelr mental constitution is; but in @ 

iy the justice of savages Is restricted to 

matlest possible circle, —that of their tribe 

own family. There isaciass of people who 

lerstand justice. Ido not refer to people 

what right is, and do not do it; but to 

(ve state of inoral character, in which, as in 

sense of Justice isunknown. I call atten- 

€ fact, because some of our friends have 

much afraid that the demonstration of the 

wav tution, physical and metaphysical, would 

resul! langertosociety. Isuspect not. The mode 

in Whice T understand this question appears to me to. 

be beneficial to society, rather than injurious; aud-I 

therefore take the liberty of appending this part of 
the subject to its more material a-pect. 

‘To refer to another topic, and that is to the origin 
of life, the physical basis of life. The word ‘life’ is 
so complex that it is necessary to define it, and so to 
define it away that really the word ‘life’ does not 
retain its usual definition. Many phenomena of life 
are chemical, physical, mechanical. We have to 
remove all these from consideration, because they 
come within the ordinary laws of mechanical forces; 
but we have a few things left which are of a differ- 
ent character. One is the law of growth, which is 
displayed in the processes of embryonic succession; 
secondly, the wonderful phenomena of sensibility. 
Those two things we have not yet reduced to any 
identity with the ordinary laws of force. In the 
phenomena of embryology the phenomena of evolu-> 
tion are repeated, only concentrated in the early 
stages through which animals have to pass. So 
whatever explains the general phenomena of evolu- 
tion explains the phenomena of embryology. 

What is the nature of physical sensibility? In 
this planet, it is found residing only in one form of 
matter, which has a slightly varied chemical consti- 
tution, namely, protoplasm ; so-called from a physi- 
eal standpoint. Now, this world, as you all know, 
has passed through many changes of temperature. 
Its early periods, it is probable, were so very hot that 
protoplasm had a very poor chance. The earth has 
passed through a great many changes of temperature, 
mauy of which weuld not permit the existence of 
protoplasm, Again, can we assuine for a moment 
that this little speck in the great universe is the only 
seat of life? I suppose scarcely any scientific man 





















SCIENCE, 





[Vou 11, No, 80. 











NATURAL Sc1uNeEs; 


TxonvANig Navunn; 


Onaanio Navone. 








| Doseriptive Astronumy. 


Desciurrive. MINKMAL PH YSTOO RAPHY. Biorayswanaray. 
General Physlographys Descriptive and Systomathe Organography ; 
or Mineralogy; Deseripdsy and Systematie 
Natural His Geownory 5 Goouraphys many and Zoslogy. 











General Vays ign 
or 
Natural Pulosophys 


ces 








PROCEEDINGS OF SECTION 


PAPERS READ BEFORE SECTI 


(Continned.] 


Orbit of the great comet of 1882. 
BY EDGAR FRISHIE OF WASITEN 





TON, D.C. 

Tis is a partial record of observations at Wash- 
ington. Mr. Winlock is preparing a description of all 
the physical phenomena of the comet which were 
there observed. The first Washington observation 
of the comet was at two o'clock on a September 
afternoon, and a comparison was then made with 
the position of the sun. Good observations were ob- 
tained on the meridian for three days. The calcula- 
tions from these served to fix the place of the comet 
with fair approximate accuracy for three months, 
which was a somewhat rer ple success, After- 
ward a difficulty occurred in obtaining accurate ob- 
servations; because there were several different points 
of light presented in an ill-defined nucleus, and it 
was uncertain whether the observations always re- 
ferred to the same luminous point. ‘These observa- 
tions were made in October and November. The fol- 
lowing ephemeris was calculated: — 


@ 89° 13’ 42.70” 











log. a 1.933 1366 
log. ¢ T8047, 
period 


The author compared the foregoing with the obser- 
vations of other astronomers. The most prominent 
variation was in respect to the period, which others 
gave as 650, 007, & and 654 years. A contrivance 
was exhibited, showing the respective positions of 
the earth and comet, and their directions of motion, 
by means of pasteboard planes attached at an angle. 





The rotation of domes. 
BY G. W. HOUGIL OF CHIC 





40, ILL. 

OBSERVATORY domes are in general ve 
As they grow old, owing to the settling of 
changes, they are apt to become almost un- 


y heavy, 









MinnnaL Parsioniar. 


\ BIorwyalaLoay. 
en Blatien. 
Organogeny; Morphology: 
Phy alologien! 
ra Botny and Zoblogy, 








sMATICS AND ASTRONOMY, 


mble. The dome at Chicago is very welghty, 
hing about the observatory being bailt in a 
stantial manner, When Dr Hough first 
‘move the dome, he found its two sites work- 
h unequal friction; and this was afterward 
af to some extent, but by no means fully. 
an two months ago a gas-engine was placed in 
position to revolve the dome. It was a great satisfac- 
tion to see the dome go round continuously, without. 
hitches. The cost. of moving the dome by such 
means is a mere trifle, aside from the first cost of 
the engine. ‘The use of w sower where that was 
easily ible must, however, be preferred in many 
instances where a sufficient lead is supplied by street 





















scussing the foregoing, 
that when he came to Princeton he found a very heavy 
dome there, One man, using thirty pounds pressure 
on a two-foot crank, was very tired after giving the 
dome one turn. A gas-engine has since been put in 
below, and the power is coinmunicated by a belt. A 
revolution can be made in four, minutes, and the 
shutter raised in two. In general, the dome is placed 
and the shatter opened within five minutes. Dr. 
Young expressed a hope that the Brush storage bat- 
teries would farnish electrical illumination and power 
for the work of observatorics, as the electricity might 
be stored even from a gas-engine operating a dynamo. 
during hours of the when there was no other use 
for its power. At present the direct action of a gas- 
engine on a dynamo, with no intervention between 
the dynamo and the light, was tuo irregular to serve 
the purpose, 















Descriptive-geometrical treatment of surfaces 
of the second degree. 


BY J, BURKITT WEBB OF ITHACA, N.Y. 


For the purpose of greater conciseness the speaker 
confined his remarks to the general ellipsoid, remark- 
ing that the usual treatment of problems upon this 
surface —as, for instance, such problems as finding 
the shade and shadow, or drawing tangent planes — 
is lacking in generality; the body being taken in such 








282 


air very sultry, we have two causes; and it is only by 
observation that we can find out its true manner. I 
do not lay very much stress wpon the electrieal theory, 
But it is an presting point, to me, to notiee that 
flashes of lightning have been observed between these 
two clouds, showing that they were (lfferemtly elec 
trified, and that there was some plausibility for the 
theory which I sent to the signal-service, 

Prof. F, E. Nipher continued this diseussion the 
next day, as follows: One matter connected with the 
effects of this tornado contained a point, it seems to 
me, of sufficient interest to call the attention of ob- 
servers to the matter, in case any one should b 
an opportunity to observe (he effect of a tor 
upon water. Mr. Ferrel, | think, in lis deseri 
of a tornado, states that we have a rising of the ¥ 
forming a sort of cone in (le centre of the torn. 
the effect being, of course, ascribed to the diminw- 
of pressure which is known to be there, Ty 
cyclone proper, where we Jiave a | area, We 
a storm-wave as the principal element in the ce 
and there is an upheaval of the water in the apes 
Jow pressure, In the tornado it seems to me v 
questionable whether that occurs. I base that ¢ 
this observation: A smaller wind-whirl whieh 
observed by myself in northern Missouri, whiel 
rather violent though not destructive, —a colum. 
dust several hundred feet high being raised, 
out upon a pond of water five or six feet « 
depression was formed in the water, extending to the 
bottom of the pond,—an immense cup. The water 
was revolving rapidly; and it was thrown into rota- 
tion with a centrifugal effect, —the same effect as 
when a vessel is whirled, It seems to me that this 
is an element which has not been considered as it 
should be. If the whirl is small, and you have not 
only a diminution of pressure in the centre, but of the 
whole body of the water, the friction producing a 
rotation of the water, if the result is sufficiently 
small you might get a depression instead of an ele- 
vation. I call attention to this, so that those who 
may be fortunate cnough to see a tornado on the 
water may not take it for granted that it is all 
known. 

As to the remarks of Professor Rowland in regard 
to the possible electrical origin of a tornado, I know 
that he was very careful to say that he did not think 
any of the destructive effects could be ascribed to the 
action of electricity. I gathered the idea that he 
thought a tornado mizht originate in that way, — that 
two electrified clouds will attract each other, and come 
together; and he calculates the energy of the attrac- 
tion which bodies can have for each other in ai Tt 
seems to me that the simple observation that was 
made by Mr. Hoy, together with another fact which 
we know, — that when the discharge passes between 
electrified bodies they are almost wholly discharged, — 
would show that when that happens the cause for 
that motion has disappeared. When these two clouds 
approach, a spark passes, and the whole thing is 
gone. So long as there is no spark passing, we know 
very well that the attraction is very much less than 
the maximum attraction of #fj of an ounce on the 












































SCIENCE, 


(Vou IL, No. 90. 
1 


square inch. I think, perhaps, that is a matter Pro- 
fessor Kowland did not consider, It doea not seem 
to me at all likely that any suclf origin can be as- 
cribed to the tornado. When it is developed, you 
may have a rarefied column which may be very highly 
rarefied, connecting the earth with the upper regions, 
which is precisely the reason that the lightning whieh: 
was observed in the case of the Racine tornado was 
not accompanied by thunder. 

Prof, J. T. Loyewell said it ocenrred to him, from 
his observation, that a good deal of care is necessary 
in order that the observer may know exactly what 

, Tt was my fortune, said he, to witness a 

hirl at a distance of three or four miles, I 

-~* funnel-shaped cloud descend toward the 

ul it Jooked to me as though there were a 

of water. Many people who saw it spoke of 

vaterspout. It might have been water, for 

at we could have said fiom our point of sight, 

lately drove to the spot, and it appeared that 

, op of rain liad fallen in that track. The 

d been sufficient to overturn a few stacks of 

a hay, and a man was thrown about with his 

(he road, I think, if it had struck a body of 

. should be slow to believe that it lifted any 

timn of water into the air one hundred feet. 

5 uu have made a grand scattering of the water, 

ana a great deal of it would have been thrown up 

into the air. I believe that a good deal of that whieh 

is commonly ascribed to columns of water rising up, 

and pouring down the sides in cataracts, is optical 

illusion. I should be slow to take the testimony of a 

person seeing them, unless he had his mind disabused 

of the common notions about these waterspouts. So 

far as their electrical origin is concerned, I quite 

agree with Professor Nipher that it is not by any 

means proven that electricity has any thing to do 

with them, except that it is a necessary adjunct, of 
course, to all such disturbances. 


A method for the calibration of a 
galvanometer. 


BY 8. F. THOMAS OF COLUMBIA, MO. 


A BATTERY of any sort is joined in circuit with 
ascnsitive galvanoscope J/, a galvanometer G, and 
any variable resistance J. When the circuit is closed 
at Ky, the current is so adjusted by varying R, as to 
give the highest desirable deflection of the galvanom- 
eter needle. The needle of J will be forced against 
the stops. By means of magnets m and im, the needle 
of J is brought back to zero. If these magnets and 
the galvanoseope be undisturbed, the original current 
strength will be indicated when the needle stands at 
zero, Whatever changes may have been made in the 
cirenit, 1f now the shunt S be connected at 1, 2, 
and the resistance of the shunt is made equal to that 
of the galvanometer (positively determined), and the 
needle of Hf brought back to zero (by increasing R, 
as insertion of the shunts lowers the total resistance 
of the circuit, and therefore increases the current 
strength, deflecting H), a new deflection of the gal- 
vanumeter needle will be produced, the deflection 














284 


to a vertical plane containing the centre of gravity, 
Taking a second marked spot in the plane thus 
found, the operation is repeated, with the plane 
horizontal, This gives a second plane through the 
centre of gravity. A third operation, with the inter- 
section of the two planes in the line de, locates the 
centre of gravity, 


The kinetic theory of the specific heat of 
solids. 


BY H. T. EDDY OF CINCINNATI, OBTO, 

Tuts paper was based upou the well-known views 
of its author respecting the use to be made 
different degrees of freedom of motion among 
atoms of solid ,bodies, in deduci theory that 
explain their diverse powers of conducting hea 
of transmitting or causing the transmission “! 
ant energy. The theory is base upon the 
tion that all bodies are constituted of equal 





















atoms, whose combination, in different dy 
freedom, in different molecules, gives rise LO eme 
acteristic differences of elementary substance 
paper shows that the same hypothesis wo 
solids, which are kept in equilibrium by radu 


be also in thermal equilibrium when bronght 
contact; the equilibrium depending upon collh — » 
of the molecules. 
A kinetic theory of meiting and boiling. 
BY H, T. EDDY OF CINCINNATI, onio, 


In a solid in which the molecules are evidently 
held at nearly fixed mean distances by cohesive and 
elastic forces, there are two kinds of partially con- 
strained freedom of motion possible for each mole- 
cule as a whole: first, a motion of its centre in a 
small orbit of more or less irregular shape about a 
mean position; and, second, a more or less irregular 
pendular motion of oscillation about a mean direc- 
tional position. Both of these motions can be treated 
as vibratory motions; and the laws of force under 
which the motions occur, though somewhat unlike, 
have a general resemblance. 





Two forms of apparatus for Boyle's law. 
BY B. F, THOMAS OF COLUMBIA, Mo. 


THESE pieces are intended to enable one to adjust 
with accuracy and ease the mass of air to be experi- 
mented upon. 

V is an iron cistern into which the open or pressure 
tube O, the closed tube ©, and the reversible air- 
syringe S are screwed air-tight, and the cistern nearly 
filled with mercury. The syringe being connected 
for exhausting, and operated, air is withdrawn from 
C, until the mercury sinks to the bottom of the open 
tube, when air eseapes from it, and rises through the 
mercury. No more air can be withdrawn from C. 
The mass of air remaining in C will evidently depend 
on the difference in depth of immersion of Cand 0. 
Let d = this difference, and let it be required to find 
such a value of d as will permit just enough air to 
remain in C to fill it from the zero 8f the scale, 





SCIENCE, 





[Vou IL, No. 30. 


when at atmospheric pressure H. Let L = length of 
€ from top to zero, and let 1° =the length from zero 
to the open end of C. I now the mass of air whieh 





he length [ at be expanded to fill the length 

basure 4” at the buttom of € by Boyle's law is 
- i 

Er ia 

‘yy essure at the open end of O= H. ‘The dif- 
ference in pressure at the énds of C and O is that 
due to acolumn (d) of mercury. Hence H’= H—d. 
a Ht gue 
ERE OE 

On reversing the syringe, and forcing air in, the 
mercury will be found to rise and stand at zero in 
both tubes together. The demonstration is continued 
by forcing in more air. 

A second form consists of two glass tubes con- 
nected by a strong rubber tube, and mounted on a 
stand with scales. The closed 
tube C is sealed into the screw- 
cover of an iron cistern D. 
Mercury being poured in, it will 
expel the airin D, and rise in 
an open serew-hole S in the 
cover. ‘he hole being sealed 
by insertion of tbe screw, and 
O lowered, the air in C ex- 
pands, filling Cand D. On rais- 
ing O, the mercury rises, and 
cuts off communication between 
Cand D, preventing the reuurn 
of some of the air. By making 
D of proper volume, the desired mass of air will 
remain in C. Let the volume of C above the zero = 
V. Let the entire volume of C = V’, and the volume 
of D above the open end of C=V”. Following the 
above steps it will be seen that a volume V’ at A be- 
comes a volume V’+ V” at H’; also that a volume 
V at H becomes a volume V’ at H’. Hence the 
proportions Vi: V’ Vest Vy, Vr = 


(V’-V) ve The use of the rubber tube is not 





Equating, H — 








new: the method of adjusting the air-mass is be- 




















290 


The prevalent theory of the action of mass {8 @x- 


Gt = kup... in which the differential 


expresses the rate of change in any substance, u and » 
represent the masses taking part in the change, and ke 
is a constant. Some observations by Ostwald and 
others indicate that some modifications of this theory 
are needed. Determinations of the speed of reaction 
require special care, both to measure time in relation 
to mass, and to control temperature and other condi- 
tions, The chemical sectlon of the Ohio mechanics’ 
institute has recently undertaken some we 

sort, and invites co-operation, 

The following provisional system is sugg 
volume, one cc.; for mass, the chemical 4 
expressed in mg.; and for time, one hour. 
of speed would be the transformation ¢ 
each active body per unit of volume a 
Possibly the comparison of the constants 
or of chemical affinity with those of h 
tricity, etc., could be better made from th 
one second or 1,000 seconds, At least tw 
tions of time and two of mass are req) 
preferably several, to determine the limit, 
Determinations which do not accord witi 
pothesis that diminished speed and diminis] 
uct vary in the same ratio, need special duro 
tion. In reciprocal reactions, some of the ratios 
may be combined with constants of speed already 
determined, By bringing all the facts into syste- 
matic order, these data can be made of use for com- 
parison in other physical-science fields. The paper 
concludes with an extended bibliography of the sub- 
ject, which will be very serviceable to workers in 
this branch of research. 


pressed, 


Average percentage of nitrogen, a 


SCIENCE. 


[Vou. IL, Ro, 30. | 
y atthe M | 
Ten aera 


BY E, L, STURTEVANT OF GENEVA, N.¥. P. 
Tue lysimeters were described, ‘They are . 
of peculiar constrnetion, containing selected § 
of soils in layers, The relative percolation of 
fall through these different soils, and the evap 
are determined by observations of the instr 
‘The results are summarized as follows: Sod I 
allowed 11.98 of the rainfall to percolate; soil « 
which the surface was simply bared allowed 25,88 
lation; the cultivated soil pussed 37.03 

ae evaporation from the first of these was, 

, 88.82 per cent; from the second, 74.125 { p 

, 62.07; the sum of percolation and 0 

g held to account for the entire rain-fall, 


yposition of American wheat and corn. 
FFORD RICHARDSON OF WASHINGTON, D.C. 









/ | 
aper gave an account of results obtained by 
or in his work as first assistant chemist of | 
department of agriculture. More 200, 
of wheat, and 100 of corn, have been made ] 
J 


te last ten years under his supervision. — 
hat while our wheats are of somewhat 
hey contain less water, about the same ash, 
un., less fibre, and less albumen, than the foreign 
wheats. Among our wheats, only those from Colo- 
rado, ota, and Minnesota equal the European in 
albuminoids and in size of grain. The wheats of the 
Atlantic states are poor in nitrogen. Corn, compared 
with wheat, contains twice as much oil, less starch, 
more water and fibre, and less of albuminoids. The 
following table gives a condensed statement of the 
wheat analyses: — 





lbumen, etc., in wheats of the world. 



























































i Per cent | Per cent Weight 
No. of Highest | Lowest Highest | Lowest 
Counrnins. aualyses. | ait egen, albeen, | albumen. |albumen.| ,°f 10 | weight. | weight. | Authority. 
Rusia... 2. | ott 12 | 19.48 10.68 - | Laskowsky. 
Rowias 22D Dll] 6 ‘at | 14.63 14.24 2.000 | Von Bibra. 
North Germany |.) | 25 24 | 14.00 0.80 4.000 J“ 
South Germany | 2] | 13 nt | 13.56 10.21 287s foe 
Germany... 1 ae - ma | 1319 : - ~ | Kuhn. 
= 08 | 13.09 a 5 = | Wott. 
8 10 | 1313 | 1520 | 1126 3.275 | Von Bibra, 
S 13.00 = 5 . set. 
Beotland | u 12:56 = = 4.250 | Von Bibra. 
‘Australia | 2 1.50 | 10.00 z = - fee 
Bespt an 5 17 9.19 9.92 8.15 = ofa 
All but Russia |) 1)! 176 220 | 13.05 | 19.10 5.33 = | Koenig. 
America... 254 102 | 1200 | 17.15 8.05 1.830 | Various. 
‘America, except Co 163 iss | 1162 | 16.63 8.05 1.830 “ 
Colorade, 188 3 214 | i340 | 15.9% | 1110 3.851 | Richardson. 
Colorado, 1882 2 200 | 1306 | 14:88 | 11:55 3.978 “ 
Minnesota 12 205 | 1279 | 3715 | 10:85 3.116 “ 
Michigan 38 192 | 1200 | 14.47 9.13 ~ | Kedzie, 
Missouri | oe 10 uss | ava | azisa | 10.60 3.008 | Rie . 
Oregon. 2 Dr 140 17 | 10.63 8.05 7 “ 
Atlantic States) 2 2 2 1 1] 56 Vio | 1118 | 14.00 8.93 1.830 “ 
Pennsylvania a) vgo | 1125 | i278 | 9.45 2.526 “ 
North Carolina, 2 2]: a er | i046 | 12.43 8.93 2.780 “ 
Alabama... mags sat is2 | i132 | 13.65 9.50 2.011 “ 
















































































































































































































































































‘Serre , . - 
inch holes concentric with the disk, the number 
amicaeac: On cae ct oe te 
. one Y Ol 
poles was horse-shoe with its 
ry ate yaad er bolea tion the other 


two corresponding induc- 
tener rage The circnit: was ennined 


i Upon ouning te either bobbin at pleas- 
‘isk ‘rapidly, a clear 


musical sound was pro- 
—, eae at 

the pitch rising with 
the rapidity of rota- 
tion, oreover the 


upon the proper osrwagetanaaig so the 
lines of force proceeding from a magnet may 
be rendered periodically intermittent in their 
action onan induction bobbin by a similar 
metallic disk, set in rapid rotation; and the 
pemogh eet arising from the periodic 
agnetism in the core of the bobbin, 

a eee tone in a telephone, the piteh 
Bee in both cases hich el pon the num- 


Gisataaitogt in unit t 


SCIENCE, 





393 


o in opposite directions through the telephone. 

fos Laser ease, an almost perfect neutraliza~ 
tion beet currents took place, so that the sound 
was scarcely audible. 

Non-magnetic metallic disks produce 
musical notes by the periodic modification of 
the magnetic field by means of the distortion 
or bending of the ‘lines of a acu 
parts of the f 
disk deflect the eee 
force in the direction of 
the rotation; but upon 
the of @ hole, 


will, therefore, take 
place when the disk 
rotates. Disks of zinc 
and copper produce a 
clear musical sound,. 
somewhat less intense 
than’that given by iron under the same con- 
ditions. Any discontinuity in the rotating 
disk recurring periodically will produce cor- 
responding induction currents in the bob- 
bins. Thus, V-shaped notches round the 
circumference of the disk are quite as effi- 
cient as the holes in effecting the requisite 
modification of the magnetic field. Moreover, 
it is not necessary that the holes extend ep- 
tirely through the disk. Two disks of zine, of 
the same diameter and thickness, were placed 
together on the same rotating spindle, one 
pierced with a circle of holes, and the other not. 
The combination proved as efficient in lu 
cing the sound as the single perforated disk. 





EYYKOT OF SCREEN OF AEEET HON. 


experiment was modified by so placing 
6 of the magnet that the same circle 
passed ther in succession. By the 


oper connections. the currents from the two 
Fhettnn were made to pass either in the same 





EFPEct OF MOLES THROUGH THE ION sOnEEN. 


A sheet of tinfoil, with a circle of small holes, 
was pasted on the continuous zinc disk. The 
perforations, extending only the thickness of 
the tinfoil into the compound disk, constituted 
a sufficient discontinuity to produce a clear, 















































' ———— a ——— ey ot Washing- 

— == <== would ignore 
= 

— Te» wat because we 


= = <> often lost sight 
= ee nation, that 

ey, —— the first class 
= Se == <i that its opera- 
a =— “== i Lable for every 

=) = “Meat. Such an in- 
= — ~~ => whatever name 
7 Question of its 

ad =" > me of interest to 
i. ~ mag need of such 
<=an be made only 
s3eneral principle 
~~~ scientific control 
©. conceded in the 
¥>een acted upon. 

\- ty-five years ago, 
tat astronomer of 
neiple in a pub- 

- » then near the 
notice was taken 

iate. From that 

icy has remained 

“the navy. The 

- high @ charac- 
~pect, to pretend 

‘ov nob possess : 

it happens that 

‘on of an estab- 

‘ons are outside 
qualifications. 

» given official 

is understood 

teel authorized 

nich had been 

iv. Precedent 

- basis of the 

« present sys- 










































































































































































































































































the room are smaller aquaria to be devoted to 
special purpose The water from these aqua- 
ria passes out of the front of the building, and 
supplics other aquaria in the open air. Tt is. 














time tables thus a 
at case when the 
if these were too 














ARAGO LABORATORY, SEEN FROM BANYULS. 


however, upon the first floor that the arrange- 
ments made by Professor Lacaze-Duthiers 
attain the maximum of convenience. A hall 
runs lengthwise through the middle of the lab- 
oratory ; and from this hall open out at each 
side the separate rooms, consisting of a store- 





room, another tabl 
and shelves, are a 
salt water will b: 
ailable for smal 


‘ooms. Thr 
nevs. and ara me 








































































































































































































































































































































































































SCIENCE. 709 


thatof the times on a revolving cylinder. Tk seemed 
tous better to obtain, also on the plnte, the indi- 
cations of the times elapsing between the sueces+ 
sive images, This result was obtained in the 
following manner. In order to know the frequency 
eecoean ce of the disk, we have only to photograph 
the successive positions of a body moving with a { 
Uniform and known velocity, Fig. 4 shows, above 
the héad of the walker, an apparatus which answers 
‘this purpose, and which we will call a photographic 
chronograph, It is a black velvet dial,on which 
bright nails, arranged in a circle, divide the cireum- | 
ference Into a certain number of equal parts, A 
bright needle on the face of this dial is in continaal 
Pitre eke See | 
ident, if the disk of the photographic 
‘Apparatus revolve only once a second, we shall have 
cogiea lade or ua needle on the dial; if the 
disk make six revolutions a second, we shall have 
six images, etc. Since the velocity of the disk Is 
uniform, the Images on the dial are separated by 
equal distances. These divisions allow us to easily 
estimate the fraction of a second corresponding to 
the interval between the images. 

This method will be better comprehended if we 
consider its application. Fig. 6 represents a runner 
jumping a bar. Tho series of photographs com~ 
mences at the moment when the leaper started on 
the preliminary spurt, and ends when the leap is, 
finished, and the fall to the ground has partly de- 
steoyed the velocity, Let us analyze this figure, 
We see the subject represented nine times; that ia, 
the disk revolved nine times during the experiment, 
Kach rotation, bringing the opening of the disk in 
front of the objective, has permitted light to enter 
for a brief instant, which has sufficed each time to 
give an image. ‘These successive images were pro- 
dneed at different points on the plate, because the 
e same speed, leaper himself occupied different positions before: 
1e number of openings were the same for all the screen when cach of the iluminations took 
we should only have to determine once place. The pace traversed either on the ground, 




















sicbacie would a4 
it the rapidity oi 
the disk varies with the experl- 
ment: it must; then, be con 
trolled. This contro! can be 
obtained by means of a chrono- 
graph which shall indicate the : 
‘tn ra of thei sing 
Lid Fro. 5. 
‘Buk this meth- 
a eon i two kinds of Independent indications, or in the air, between successive images, is easily 
the spaces on oo plate, and = measured by means of the divisions In the planks 

















































































































































































































































































































































































































850 " _ SCIENCE.— INDEX TO VOLUME Il. 





Woromeziy A. Seoularincrease of earth's 
WrtckELL, N.H. Cla pebbles from 
Princetown, Minn. 


strength of Minnesota ind New.ling. 


granites, 
Winalee Silurian strata near, 1 
Winslow's Roporton the oyster: veda of the 
Chesapeake, reviewed, 
Wire, ure of, in sounding, 12. 
Wisconsin agricultural experiment-station, 


Wisconsin, mounds of, 278. 
Woods, Cuban, Tso. 
Woosrse, L. C. ‘The thickness of the 
tee to New England in glacial times, 


Page 61, col. 2, 5th line from feos beoeie for * Mes 


“148, 2, 6th line from bottom for vTAgres’ read ¢ Ayers. 
“109, “2, line 18, for ‘twenty-five bundred * reed ‘atx hun- 


*3,87090 inches’ read 
nreed ‘July? 


and n! 
‘+ 280,“ 2, last line of firat article, 
3.87087 ini 






4s, 


wer.’ 
82, for ‘ Pur: 


‘ Kobl 


805, in inscription of cut, for  Ragast 
403, col. 1, line 28, for ‘ Fosell read ‘ Torell.” 
1, 34, for ‘ lithogical’ read ‘ Ithologtcal.’ 

43, for ‘Irving in’ read * Irving on.’ 

11, for ¢ sirotlar’ read ‘ only.’ 
12, for ‘poorer oxidizing’ read ‘oxidizing 

agau' read ' Plarzgau.’ 

25, for ‘refine’ read ‘define, 
10’ of second article, for “ioblanck* read 


lank.” 
13, for * practical’ read ‘ practised.’ 


38, for oF the surface’ eed" on the sur- 
face.’ 


‘Worm with remarkable nervous system, Zest feng, 208. 


Worms, notes ob, 489; paperson, 578. ciation af Mio ‘28; um 
rms, o! Hi OD, can Hi 
‘Worthington pus 1 aT. seal revere of ngs n foe summit of 


SP ike qlasial Goustary’ betwean New chtus carboneria, 808. 
Soraay tod inca, 816; supped giatal Zen, hybridisation of, 488. 


despre in Boyd county, (ota eo Zi 
a growth of, and tetrs- 
Xonicidse, 280. hedrite Ba be 


Yard, inyerey relation between, and Ponts Coes of Forth, 418; 


ERRATA. 


» winds’ age 687, col. 2, 11th line from bottom, for + tn the orayfich* read 
1, tine 1, for "0.168 Sek" read , 
y ai eee 


i 
rr te Seas erred for ‘3 # read ib 
ine ia 7 oe 
last line, for * Ifuagos * read!" Thugs f 
Hine 15 of second articl for £ cavisortria’ 


z 
2, ae] 
2, 








2 

1, 5 

2; last line but one, for‘ San Joan’ read ‘ Sen Juan.’ 

1, line 18, for ‘or Vancouver ’ read‘ on Vancouver.’ 

2) 9, for ‘catalogue of mollusks * read ‘ cata- 
logue of his collection of mollusks.” 









2, note, for * ‘No. 41.’ 
2, “ 38, for Fiectatintinas * read ‘ Nectarinlinae.” 
735, in inscription | of cut, for ‘1876" ery 1870.” 


toa, col. 1, line 38, for ‘ Lanicera’ read ‘ Lonicera.’ 
938, “ 2, “ 11, for‘ Dearborn’ read ‘ Davidson.”